SOIL NITROGEN AVAILABILITY INDEXES AND EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM CARRIERS I AND LEVELS OF POTASSIUM AND NITROGEN. FERTILIZATION ON THE f YIELD AND QUALITY or SUGAR BEETS, V Thesis for the Degree of Ph. .D. MICHIGAN._ STATE UNIVERSITY GARY JOHN GASCHO' 1968 IIII This is to certify that the thesis entitled SOIL NITROGEN AVAILABILITY INDEXES AND EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM CARRIERS AND LEVELS OF POTASSIUM AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF SUGAR BEETS. presented bg Gary John Gascho has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Ph. D. Soil Science degree in MKS Major professor Date June 10 68 0-169 oz 2 JUL 0 392803 ABSTRACT SOIL NITROGEN AVAILABILITY INDEXES AND EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM CARRIERS AND LEVELS OF POTASSIUM AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF SUGAR BEETS by Gary John Gascho Chemically and biologically estimated fractions of soil nitrogen were evaluated for their relationship to nitrogen availability to sugar beets. Evaluations were based on the degree of correlation of these fractions with sugar beet yield and quality factors and on relative difficulties in performing the determinations. Coefficients of multiple determination (R2) were low for curvilinear regressions of sugar beet yield, percent sucrose, percent clear juice purity, and recoverable sugar on soil nitrogen tests. However, most of the variation in sugar beet yield and qual- ity could be accounted for by regressions when coefficients for other independent inputs in a given experiment were included in the regression equation. Coefficients for ap- plied nitrogen and phOSphorus soil test values were of particular value in accounting for crop variations. Mineralizable nitrogen (N03_ + Nog- + exchangeable NH4+ released from soil organic nitrogen during a two week Gary John Gascho incubation), nitrogen extracted with boiling water, total Kjeldahl-nitrogen, and a fertility factor (equation con- sidering total nitrogen, total carbon and fine soil separates), were found to be inferior to the mineral nitrogen determina- tion (N03- + Nog— + exchangeable NH4+) as potentially useful indexes of nitrogen availability to sugar beets, when based on soil samples taken in April. Effects of potassium carriers and levels of nitrogen and potassium application on sugar beets were studied at three locations. Sugar beet yield and quality were affected similar- ly by rate of potassium with four potassium carriers: KCl, KN03, K2804, and K2804 + MgSO4. Application of 150 pounds of nitrogen reduced percent sucrose, percent clear juice purity and recoverable sugar in comparison with application of 50 pounds at one location. Significant increases in yields of beets and recoverable sugar could be attributed to the application of 166 pounds of potassium when 60 pounds of nitrogen was applied but not when 50 pounds of nitrogen was applied. Percent sucrose of beets was reduced by applying 166 pounds of potassium as KCl in comparison to 83 pounds as KCl or 166 pounds as KNOs. The application of 500 pounds of NaCl to one-half of the potassium carrier plots on Houghton muck had no effect on yield or quality of beets but accentuated substitution of sodium for potassium in sugar beet petioles. SOIL NITROGEN AVAILABILITY INDEXES AND EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM CARRIERS AND LEVELS OF POTASSIUM AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF SUGAR BEETS by Gary John Gascho A THESIS Submitted to MiChigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Soil Science 1968 TO MARILYN This thesis is affectionately dedicated to my wife for her unfailing encouragement, ready assistance, and willing sacrifices during this investigation. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author expresses his appreciation to Dr. J. F. Davis and Dr. A. R. Wolcott for their interest, assistance, and guidance during this investigation. The COOperation and assistance of Grant Nichol and R. A. Fogg of the Monitor Sugar Company; and M. G. Frakes and W. Sellers of the Michigan Sugar Company in carrying out field experiments and analyzing beet samples is appreciated. Acknowledgment and appreciation is also expressed to the Farmers and Manufactures Beet Sugar Association and to the Southwest Potash Corporation for financially supporting this investigation. *************** iii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART I SOIL NITROGEN AVAILABILITY INDEXES FOR SUGAR BEETS LITERATURE REVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nitrogen and Sugar Beets. . . . . . . . . . . . Nitrogen Availability for Plants. . . . . . . . Estimates of the Availability of Soil Nitrogen. Biological methods . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . EXPERIMENTAL METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferden Farm Rotational Experiment . . . . . . . Monitor Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Nitrogen Experimental Areas . . . . . . . Nitrogen Survey Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . Harvesting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soil Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laboratory Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . Statistical Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Effect of Nitrogen Application Rate on the Yield and Quality of Sugar Beets . . . . . Seasonal Fluctuations in Soil Mineral Nitrogen. Mineral and Mineralizable Nitrogen as Indexes of Soil Nitrogen Availability. . . . . . . Ferden Farm Rotation Experiments. . . . . . . . Monitor Residual Phosphorus Experiments . . . . Bay County Tests in 1965. . . . . . . . . . . Bay and Saginaw County Tests in 1966.. . . . . Combined 1965 and 1966 Experiments. . . . . Graphical Analysis of Interactions with Applied Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Page 32 54 56 57 45 51 59 65 68 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Page Graphical Analysis of Interactions with Residual PhOSphorus. . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Other Measures of Soil Nitrogen Availability. . 76 PART II EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM CARRIERS AND LEVELS OF POTASSIUM AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF SUGAR BEETS LITERATURE REVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Nitrogen Availability Indexes for Sugar Beets . 105 Effects of Potassium Carriers and Levels of Potassium and Nitrogen Fertilization on the Yield and Quality of Sugar Beets . . . 105 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page 1. CrOp rotation sequence, fertilization levels, soil type, and location of the Ferden Farm Old Rotation Experiments, Saginaw County. . . . 22 2. Description of the fertilization levels, soil type and location of the Monitor Plots, Bay County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5. Identification, location, nitrogen levels and soil types of nitrogen test plots in detailed area experiments of 1965 and 1966 . . . . . . . 26 4. Identification, location, nitrogen levels and soil types of area nitrogen survey plots in 1965 and 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5. Effect of five nitrogen levels on yield and quality of sugar beets on Monitor low residual phOSphorous plots in 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . 55 6. Linear correlation of sugar beet yield and quality factors with mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, Ferden Farm, 1965 . . . . . . . . . . 58 7. Linear correlation of sugar beet yield and quality factors with mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, Ferden Farm, 1966 and 1967. . . . . . 59 8. Coefficients of multiple determination for re— gressions of sugar beet yield and quality factors on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, Ferden Farm, 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 9. Coefficients of multiple determination for re— gressions of sugar beet yield and quality factors on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, Ferden Farm, 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 10. Coefficients of multiple determination for re— gressions of sugar beet yield and quality factors on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, Ferden Farm, 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Vi LIST OF TABLES - Continued TABLE Page 11. Coefficients of multiple determination for re— gressions of sugar beet yield and quality factors on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, Monitor low residual phOSphorus plots, 1965. . . 47 12. Coefficients of multiple determination for re— gressions of sugar beet yield and quality factors on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, Monitor high residual phOSphorus plots, 1965 . . 48 15. Coefficients of multiple determination for re— gressions of sugar beet yield and quality factors on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, Monitor low residual phosphorus plots, 1966. . . 49 14. Coefficients of multiple determination for re- gressions of sugar beet yield and quality factors on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, Monitor high residual phOSphorus plots, 1966 . . 50 15. Coefficients of multiple determination for re— gressions of sugar beet yield and quality factors on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, Eisenman Farm, October 4, 1965 harvest . . . . . 52 16. Coefficients of multiple determination for re— gressions of sugar beet yield and quality factors on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, Eisenman Farm, October 26, 1965 harvest. . . . . 55 17. Coefficients of multiple determination for re- gressions of sugar beet yield and quality factors on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, L. Groulx Farm, 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 18. Coefficients of multiple determination for re— gressions of sugar beet yield and quality factors on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, Knack Farm, 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 19. Coefficients of multiple determination for re- gressions of sugar beet yield and quality factors on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, Walraven Farm, 1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 vii LIST OF TABLES — Continued TABLE Page 20. Coefficients of multiple determination for re— gressions of sugar beet yield and quality factors on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, Schian Farm, 1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6O 21. Coefficients of multiple determination for re- gressions of sugar beet yield and quality factors on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, Gwizdala Farm, 1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 22. Coefficients of multiple determination for re— gression of recoverable sugar on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, combined experiments 1965 and 1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 25. Correlations and regressions for recoverable sugar in relation to applied nitrogen and April soil tests for mineral nitrogen and soil—test phosphorus, Ferden Farm, 1965. . . . . . . . . . 75 24. Coefficients of multiple determination for re- gressions of sugar beet parameters on three measures of nitrogen availability, Ferden Farm, 1965 and 1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 78 25. Locations and soil types of potassium carrier experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 26. The effects of two rates of application of four potassium carriers and two nitrogen levels on the yield, quality and nutrient uptake of sugar beets at location 1 (Kawkawlin loam) in 1965 . . 96 27. The effects of two rates of application of four potassium carriers and two nitrogen levels on the yield, quality and nutrient uptake of sugar beets at location 1 (Kawkawlin loam) in 1966 . . 97 28. The effects of four potassium carriers on the yield, quality and nutrient uptake of sugar beets at location 2 (Sims clay loam) in 1965 and 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 29. The effects of two rates of application of four potassium carriers and sodium chloride levels on the yield and quality of sugar beets at location 5 (Houghton muck) in 1965. . . . . . . . . . . . 99 viii LIST OF TABLES - Continued TABLE 50. 51. 52. 55. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 40. The effects of potassium carriers on potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium in the petioles of sugar beets from plots receiving no sodium chloride at location 5 (Houghton muck) in 1965 . Effects of interaétion of potassium levels with nitrogen levels and potassium carriers on yield and quality of sugar beets at location 1 (Kawkawlin loam) in 1965 and 1966. . . . . . . . Effects of crop rotation, fertility level, and rate of nitrogen application on yield and qual- ity of sugar beets, Ferden Farm, 1965. . . . . Effects of crop rotation, fertility level, and rate of nitrogen application on nitrogen and phOSphorus soil test values, Ferden Farm, 1965 . Effects of crOp rotation, fertility level, and rate of nitrogen application on the yield and quality of sugar beets, Ferden Farm, 1966. . . Effects of crop rotation, fertility level, and rate of nitrogen application on nitrogen soil test values, Ferden Farm, 1966 . . . . . . . . . Effects of crop rotation, fertility level, and rate of nitrogen application on sugar beet yield and quality and on nitrogen soil test values, Ferden Farm, 1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of residual phosphorus level on sugar beet yield and quality and on nitrogen and phos— phorus soil test values, Monitor Plots, 1965 . . Effect of applied nitrogen level on sugar beet yield and quality and on nitrogen and phOSphorus soil test values, Monitor Plots, 1965. . . . . . Effect of residual phOSphorus levels on sugar beet yield and quality and on mineral and miner- alizable nitrogen, Monitor Plots, 1966 . . . . . Effect of applied nitrogen level on sugar beet yield and quality and on mineral and mineraliz— able nitrogen, Monitor Plots, 1966 . . . . . . . ix Page 100 101 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 125 LIST OF TABLES — Continued TABLE Page 41. Effect of applied nitrogen level on sugar beet yield and quality and on mineral and mineraliz- able nitrogen, Eisenman Farm, 1965. . . . . . . 124 42. Effect of applied nitrogen level on sugar beet yield and quality and on mineral and mineraliz- able nitrogen, L. Groulx Farm, 1965 . . . . . . 125 45. Effect of applied nitrogen level on sugar beet yield and quality and on mineral and mineraliz- able nitrogen, Knack Farm, 1965 . . . . . . . . 126 44. Effect of applied nitrogen level on sugar beet yield and quality and on mineral and mineraliz- able nitrogen, Walraven Farm, 1965. . . . . . . 127 45. Effect of applied nitrogen levels on sugar beet yield and quality and on mineral and mineraliz- able nitrogen, Schian Farm, 1966. . . . . . . . 128 46. Effect of applied nitrogen level on sugar beet yield and quality, Gwizdala Farm, 1966. . . . . 129 47. Effect of applied nitrogen level on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, Gwizdala Farm, 1966 . . 150 48. Effect of applied nitrogen level on sugar beet yield and quality factors and on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, nitrogen survey areas, 1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 49. Effect of applied nitrogen level on sugar beet yield and quality factors and on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, nitrogen survey areas, 1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. IRelationships among nitrogen rate, rainfall, and mineral nitrogen present in the plow soil of Wisner clay loam, Gwizdala Farm, 1966. . . . Regression of recoverable sugar on soil mineral nitrogen in April. Combined experiments, sugar beets, 1965 and 1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regression of recoverable sugar on applied nitrogen level. Combined experiments, sugar beets, 1965 and 1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regression of recoverable sugar on soil mineral nitrogen in April at five levels of applied nitrogen. Combined experiments, sugar beets, 1965 and 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regressions.of recoverable sugar on applied nitrogen level at four levels of soil mineral nitrogen in April. Combined experiments, sugar beets, 1965 and 1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regression of recoverable sugar on soil mineral nitrogen in April. Ferden Farm rotation experi— ment, sugar beets, 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . Regression of recoverable sugar on applied nitrogen level. Ferden Farm rotation experi- ment, sugar beets, 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . Regressions of recoverable sugar on soil miner— al nitrogen in April at four levels of applied nitrogen. Ferden Farm rotation experiment, sugar beets, 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regressions of recoverable sugar on applied nitrogen level at six levels of soil mineral nitrogen in April. Ferden Farms rotation experiment, sugar beets, 1966 . . . . . . . . . xi Page 55 66 66 67 67 69 69 7O 70 LIST OF FIGURES - Continued FIGURE 10. Regressions of percent sucrose of beets on soil mineral nitrogen at harvest. Monitor sugar beets, 1965. . . . . . - . . . . . . . . 11. Regression of recoverable sugar on nitrogen extracted from April soil samples with boiling water. Ferden Farm rotation experiment, sugar beets, 1965 and 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Regression of recoverable sugar on nitrogen ex- tracted from April soil samples at four.levels of applied nitrogen. Ferden Farm rotation experiment sugar beets, 1965 and 1966. . . . . 15. Regression of recoverable sugar on applied nitrogen at three levels of nitrogen extracted from April soil samples with boiling water. Ferden Farm rotation experiment sugar beets, 1965 and 1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. Percent potassium and sodium in sugar beet petioles as affectdd by rates of potassium and sodium fertilization. Location 5, Houghton muck, 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii Page 80 80 81 81 102 INTRODUCT I 0N Cultural practices for the production of sugar beets have changed extensively in the past 20 years. Included in the rapid changes were large increases in the amounts of fertilizer applied. Since sugar beets are a high value crOp in relation to most field crops grown in the Saginaw Valley of Michigan, the amounts of fertilizer applied are not limited by economic considerations to the extent they are for many other crops. Soil fertility experiments with sugar beets have shown that in many cases, an oversupply of nutrients is being pro- vided, resulting in a reduction of the quantity of recover- able sugar produced on an acre. The effects of an oversupply of nitrogen are particularly undesirable as the percents sucrose and purity are greatly reduced by high nitrogen nutrition late in the growing season. Agronomists have at their disposal soil tests which will predict quite accurately the phOSphorus and potassium fertil- ity status of a soil. Correlation work has also been quite successful for these macro-nutrients so that the amounts which should be applied to a sugar beet field with a given soil test can be predicted. In addition, micro-nutrient problems are becoming quite well defined and the amounts of these nutrients necessary for sugar beets have been set forth. Even though nitrogen is, at least dollar-wise, the most important nutrient for sugar beet production, no routinely used soil test is available which will correlate well with the yield or quality of this crop. A primary objective of this study was to evaluate several nitrogen soil testing methods in terms of their ability to quantify a form or several forms of nitrogen which bear a relationship to the yield and quality of sugar beets. A secondary objective of the study was to determine the effects of the application of various potassium carriers on the yield and quality of sugar beets. Tobacco and certain fruits are reduced in quality by high application rates of potassium chloride. The Specific gravity of potatoes is also reduced by this carrier. Effects of potassium carriers on sugar beets are not well known. PART I SOIL NITROGEN AVAILABILITY INDEXES FOR SUGAR BEETS LITERATURE REVIEW Nitrogen and Sugar Beets Nitrogen is an essential element for the growth of all plant life. In the past, biological fixation of nitrogen was the chief means of supplying this element for cultivated crops; in recent years nitrogen fertilizers have become more available which, when used to supplement the nitrogen sup- plied by natural processes, can increase yield and improve quality of crOps (Stevenson, 1965). Viets (1961) found that the relative number of atoms of nitrogen in plants is greater than any other element coming from fertilizers. Therefore, an effective program of nitrogen fertilization is a major concern to farmers. Nitrogen is eSpecially necessary for rapid, early growth of sugar beets as it stimulates the growth of new leaves which are the photosynthetic factories for sugar production (Went, 1957). Early development of a full canOpy of foliage lengthens the time for effective use of the leaves for photo- synthesis, thereby increasing sugar yields (Stout, 1961). Tremendous increases in the levels of nitrogen applica- tion to this crop have taken place in the last 20 years. A corresponding decrease in the quality of the crop is associated with this increased nitrogen fertilization. The term sugar beet quality usually refers to factors which determine the quantity of sugar bagged from a given weight of sugar beet roots. For any factor to be useful for the assessment of quality, it must bear some relationship to the factors which determine the extractability of sugar by factory processes. In addition, the individual factors should be additive so that their sum will measure factory extractability of sugar. The percent sucrose of beet roots is a very important factor. This factor is measured by the polarimeter. The purity of beets is the other quality factor which is commonly measured. Purity of various extracts from beets are measured. The determination of clear-juice purity appears to be one of the better methods. Carruthers and Oldfield (1961) found that their method of determining clear-juice purity was very highly correlated with the purity of juice after two carbonations in the factory. They found that about 70 percent of the impurities consisted of potassium and sodium salts, amino acids and betaine. The importance of clear juice purity measurements is brought forth by the calculations of Dexter (1964). He cal- culated that a 1 percent decrease in clear juice purity will cause approximately a 6—pound or 2 percent decrease in extractable sugar per ton of beets, percent of sucrose remain- ing the same. Carruthers, Oldfield and Teague (1962) derived the relationship of (5.5 X sodium) + (2.5 X potassium) + (10 X amino nitrogen) which accounted for a high percentage of the total impurities in beets. Recoverable sugar for 100 pounds of beets can be calcu- lated from the following formula: Recoverable sugar = (% sucrose - factory loss) x 1 _ (molasses purity, (100 - clear juice purity) 100 — molasses purity clear juice purity Usually standard figures are entered into the equation for factory loss (0.5) and molasses purity (62.5) (Dexter, Frakes, and Snyder, 1966). Viets (1965) found that the effects of too much nitrogen are the development of excessive leaf area and a drop in the average net energy assimilation rate per unit of leaf area to a value near zero before harvest in the autumn because of the self—shading which results from too much foliage. An early account of the cause and effect type of relation- ship between nitrate uptake and low quality of sugar beets was given by Headden (1912). This observation has been con- firmed by many studies and has been estimated to amount to 1 percent decrease in sucrose for each 0.025 percent nitrate nitrogen present in beets at harvest (Gardner and Robertson, 1942). The importancecxfearly rather than late nitrogen ferti- lization is brought out by the work of Ulrich (1955). He found that sucrose percents greater than 18 were observed in sugar beets which had nitrate eliminated from their other- wise complete nutrient solution for a period prior to harvest. Beets which had a complete nutrient solution until harvest averaged 12 percent sucrose. The downward trend in the percent of sugar in beets in recent years was found to parallel an even greater loss of sugar extractable from beets. The loss due to low extract- ability is approximately five times as great as the loss due to decreases in the percent sugar (Haddock et al., 1959). Therefore, it appears that the reduction in the purity of beets is the major factor in determining recoverable sugar, and purity is greatly reduced by over fertilization with nitrogen (Stout, 1961). Dexter, Frakes, and Nichol (1966) found that about 1.5 pounds of sugar were lost in the molasses for each pound of impurities which accumulated in the clear juice under condi- tions where large amounts of nitrogen were applied to beets. Nitrogenous compounds accounted for a major quantity of the impurities present and were highly correlated with non- sugars and ash in a study by Rounds et al. (1958). They also found that high amounts of potassium and sodium accumu— lated in beets when excess nitrate was available and suggest- ed that they were taken up by the beet for the purpose of balancing the negative charges from the excessive amounts of nitrate anions. However, nitrogen usually accumulates in beets as amino acids rather than nitrate. Woolley and Bennett (1959) found that glutamic acid content in beets increased linearly with nitfogen fertilizer levels. Stout (1961) observed a general trend toward increased beet yields associated with lower sugar contents and puri- ties and suggested that yield and quality may be negatively correlated. On a given farm under uniform field practices, other than nitrogen fertilization, this negative correlation usually held. However, results from many farms within a given area did not show this relationship. Frequently, lhh-ll- . farms having the highest yields produced sugar beets far above average in sugar percent. He stated that high yield, high sucrose percent and high purity are evidently not in- compatible, but the factors responsible for their concomi- tant occurrence have not been clearly recognized. Went (1957) summed up the environmental and nitrogen requirements of plants by stating that there should be early feedings of nitrogen at warm temperatures for maximum growth followed by low nitrate nutrition in sunny autumn weather with night temperatures near freezing. The thermal tempera- ture requirements set forth are fairly close to those observed in many sugar beet growing areas. Temperature can- not be modified economically at the present time, therefore, the nitrogen nutrition of the plant is probably the most im— important factor subject to some measure of control. Nitrogen Availability for Plants Available nitrogen is defined as nitrogen in a chemical form that can be readily aflkorbed by plant roots or readily converted to such a form, with the assumption that this chemical form is present within the root zone (Scarsbrook, 1965). Although plants are capable of utilizing organic forms of nitrogen such as amino acids and amines, practically all of the nitrogen taken up from the soil exists in two inorganic compounds, ammonium and nitrate. In well-aerated soils, the oxidation of ammonium to nitrate proceeds so rapidly that ammonium seldom persists; thus nitrate is the form available to plants (Stevenson, 1964). Nearly all of the soil nitrogen exists in organic forms in most soils. Less than 2 percent occurs in available forms. The ways by which nitrogen may directly or indirectly become available to crOps can be summarized as: 1) organic matter mineralization, 2) symbiotic and nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixa— tion, 5) addition in rain water, and 4) addition as ferti— lizer. Soil organic matter can contain 2 to 5 tons of nitrogen per acre, but this organic nitrogen is released to inorganic nitrogen compounds at a rate of only 1 to 5 percent per year (Woodruff, 1950). The relationships and transformations between soil organic nitrogen and available mineral forms have been studied extensively. The conversion of organic 10 nitrogen forms to more available forms occurs by two microb- ial processes: 1) ammonification and 2) nitrification. Nitrification can be further subdivided into two oxidative steps which account for actions of two species of obligate aerobic bacteria. Mineralization may be depicted as: Mineralization Ammonification Nitrification. _ . + - - organic N —-———>' NH4 ——->‘ N02 ;. N03 The reverse process is called immobilization. Harmsen and Van Schreven (1955) have summarized the generally accepted conclusions from studies on mineraliza— tion. 1) Nitrite and ammonium do not accumulate in soils except under abnormal conditions. Under normal conditions, the rate of oxidation of nitrite to nitrate is higher than that of the formation of nitrite and the latter again is equivalent to or higher than the rate of ammonification. 2) In fallow soil, the mineral nitrogen content is lowest during the winter, rapidly rises in Spring, is highest dur— ing the summer and once again decreases to a low level in autumn. 5) In cropped land, a second minimum is observed in midsummer during maximal growth of plants, followed by a second maximum after harvest. 4) The winter minimum was ascribed to heavy leaching in humid climates coupled with reduced mineralization due to low temperatures. The rapid rise in the spring was recognized as a result of the “partial 11 sterilization" effect of frost on the soil, whereby a flush of microbial activity was released upon advent of warmer temperatures. 5) Under grass vegetation, the mineral nitro- gen content remains very low during the whole year. 6) The C:N ratio of organic residues added to the soil must general- ly be narrower than 20:1 for mineralization to occur. Jansson (1958) employed N15 techniques to study nitrogen mineralization-immobilization processes in the soil. His findings led him to the conclusion that there is an internal nitrogen cycle in soil which, to some degree, is separate from the mineral nitrogen pool. In his scheme, there is complete interdependence of the biological nitrogen and carbon transformations in soil and there cannot be minerali- zation without concurrent immobilization of energy and nitrogen in microbial tissue. He states that a continuing transference (biological turnover) of biological decay products into products of synthesis can be anticipated. When Jansson studied nitrification in the mineraliza— tion-immobilization turnover, he found that nitrification and nitrate assimilation do not normally occur simultaneously. Ammonium is normally preferred to nitrate in the nitrogen assimilation by the heterotrOphic flora. These and other results led him to state that the ammonium phase of soil nitrogen is an integral part of the internal nitrogen cycle, subject to continuous consumption and renewal, whereas the nitrate phase becomes a more or less temporary storage pool 12 of surplus inorganic nitrogen not needed in the internal cycle. Allison (1956) lists the factors which affect rate of releaSe of nitrogen from soil organic matter as: 1. nature of soil organic matter, 2. temperature, 5. moisture, 4. aeration, 5. reaction, 6. supply of inorganic nutrients, and 7. nature of soil microflora. Mineralization—immobilization studies in soils are often made more difficult due to the nonbiological fixation of ammonium. It is always necessary to bear in mind that clay minerals with eXpanding lattices can sorb ammonia and in some cases hold it so tightly that it is not readily or completely available to either higher plants or to micro— organisms (Allison, 1966). Legg and Allison (1959,1960) found the amount of soil nitrogen mineralized and thus made available for the use of either the crop or the soil microflora, increased slightly, but only slightly, with increased additions of fertilizer nitrogen. They concluded that this slight increase may be attributed to the larger root system with the accompanying larger numbers of microorganisms in the rhizosphere and that mineralization was essentially a constant regardless of the rate of nitrogen addition. Significant additions are made to soil nitrogen by pro— cesses of nitrogen fixation. This subject will not be reviewed to any extent here, but good reviews are available 15 (Jensen, 1965; Nutman, 1965). Stevenson (1964) stated bio- logical nitrogen fixation by the symbiotic relationship between members of the bacterial genus Rhizobium and legu- minous plants is still extremely important since, even with the tremendous expansion in facilities for producing ferti— lizer nitrogen since World War II, legumes are still a major source of fixed nitrogen for the majority of the world's soils. An average fixation of 50 pounds of nitrogen per acre for the 75 million acres of legumes planted each year in the United States amounts to a total of over 1.8 million tons of nitrogen, or about one-third the amount sold as chemical fertilizer in 1966, are fixed annually. Symbiotic relationships with non-leguminous plants, and fixation by free-living bacteria and blue-green algae are also functional in adding nitrogen to the biological nitrogen cycle by the processes of nitrogen fixation. Important quantities of nitrogen added by atmOSpheric precipitation have been reported. The values of ammonia and nitrate in atmosphere precipitation for EurOpe and the United States range from 0.7 to 19.6 pounds per acre per year (Eriksson, 1952). Estimates of the Availability of Soil Nitrogen Estimations of the availability of soil nitrogen for plant uptake and growth are most commonly divided into the two broad categories of biological and chemical. Each of 14 these two categories are again divisible into categories which reflect the form or forms of nitrogen determined, or differences in reagents employed for extraction. Biological methods With a reasonable degree of certainty, it can be said that a quantitative measurement of the total concentration of nitrogen in a plant grown without the addition of nitrogen to its nutrient medium constitutes the most accurate method of measuring the availability of nitrogen to that plant. However, the procedure for estimating the total nitrogen in a representative sample of a crop is not feasible as a rou- tine procedure as it is too demanding in terms of time and monetary expense (Bremner, 1965b). The estimation of total nitrogen in plants is a very useful tool for initial corre- lation studies and as an index of the effectiveness of other less demanding procedures. Bioassays employing microorganisms, where growth or pigment production is measured as an index of nitrogen avail— ability, have been proposed. These methods are based on the supposition that the rate of growth or rate of pigment pro- duction by such microbes is proportional to the available nitrogen in a soil sample, providing that all other necessary growth factors are present. Work by Boswell, Richer, and Casida (1962) is an example of these methods. They obtained highly significant negative correlations between pigment 15 production by the proteolytic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and soil nitrifying capacity. Their assay only required four days. These methods have not, however, received wide accept— ance as indicators of soil nitrogen availability (Keeney and Bremner, 1966) and they do not seem well adapted for routine analyses. The estimation of the amount of mineral nitrogen released from a soil sample during an incubation period under carefully controlled conditions of temperature and humidity has received much attention as a method for evaluating the potential of a soil to provide nitrogen for crops. The amount of nitrogen mineralized in a given amount of time is assumed to be prOpor- tional to the amount which is mineralized under field condi- tions and, thereby, made available to plants. In the simplest type of incubation experiment the analysis for mineral nitro- gen is performed only at the end of the incubation period (Fitts, Bartholomew, and Heidel, 1955, 1955; Stanford and Hanway, 1955). In methods developed more recently (see Bremner, 1965b) the analysis for mineral nitrogen is performed twice: at the beginning and at the end of the incubation. The difference between the two values obtained is the nitrogen mineralized during incubation. Bremner (1965b) lists over 50 methods of this general type. The methods listed differ according to weights of soil sample, amendments, pretreatments, amounts of water added, temperature, method of aeration, time of incubation, and forms of mineral nitrogen estimated. One method which is probably somewhat representative of work with an incubation method is the Iowa test. 16 Fitts et al. (1955,1955); Stanford and Hanway (1955); and Hanway and Dumenil (1955) found that under the conditions of their methods the nitrate formed during incubation was an index of nitrogen availability which predicted the nitrogen requirement of corn in Iowa when the preceding crop was a non-legume. In their experiments corn yield response to nitrogen fertilization was negatively correlated with miner- alized nitrate nitrogen. They were able to develop their procedure to a point where it was suited to the mass produc- tion methods necessary for a routine analysis. A modified Iowa test has recently been deveIOped (Bremner, 1965b). Results with this method show that it correlated more highly with nitrogen uptake by rye grass than did seven other biological and chemical methods (Keeney and Bremner, 1966). I The estimation of mineral nitrogen released on incuba- tion is generally considered the most satisfactory of the methods currently available for assessment of the potential ability of soils to provide nitrogen for crOp growth (Bremner, 1965b; Harmsen and Van Schreven, 1965). However, Harmsen and Van Schreven warn that the artificial conditions under which incubated soil samples are kept make the results in no way comparable with the mineralization process under field con- ditions. Smith (1966) recently evaluated several methods for pro— viding an index of the availability of soil nitrogen by 17 relating laboratory soil test values to yields of dry matter and uptake of nitrogen by orchard grass in the greenhouse. He found a measurement of nitrate nitrogen initially present in soil in the early spring before cropping and mineraliza- tion was superior to measurements of nitrogen released upon incubation. In the incubation methods which were evaluated, disregarding the initial mineral nitrogen content of the soil, which is commonly done, severely reduced the validity of the tests as measures of nitrogen availability. A second general category of incubation methods involves the estimation of carbon dioxide produced on incubation of a soil sample with nitrogen-free, readily decomposable organic materials such as mannitol, cellulose or glucose. These tests are based on the assumption that the amount of carbon dioxide produced on incubation of the mixture will depend upon the amount of mineral nitrogen originally present in the sample and the amount of nitrogen mineralized during incuba- tion. The validity of this assumption is open to question, because nitrogen may not be the only nutrient which limits the mineralization of organic carbon. It is known that treat- ment of soils with nitrogen-free, energy-rich materials promotes fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil microorgan— isms (Bremner, 1965b). Chemical methods Chemical determinations of available nitrogen fractions in the laboratory are in general faster, easier to perform, 18 and more precise than biological methods. They do have some very serious drawbacks in that chemically extractable frac- tions of soil nitrogen may not be the same or in any way proportional to fractions which are important for plant growth in soil under field conditions. Another common criticism of chemical methods is that no reagent is likely to simulate the activities of soil microorganisms (Bremner, 1965b). Some of the more common chemical methods are based on the determination of ammonium nitrogen released from a soil sample by sulfuric acid (Purvis and Leo, 1961), sodium hydroxide (Cornfield, 1960) or hot alkaline permanganate solu— tion (Troug, 1954). These types of chemical tests have not gained wide acceptance, although Boswell et al. (1962) found that results from the sulfuric acid and hot alkaline perman- ganate solution tests were highly correlated with the nitri- fying capacity of the soil as determined by incubation. In Michigan, the hot alkaline permanganate method and nitrogen mineralized by the Iowa method were correlated with each other and with previous nitrogen application rates to such a small degree that Anderson (1958) concluded the corre— lations were of no practical significance. A chemical method in which interest has been shown re- cently is the hot water extraction method of Livens (1959). In this method, soil nitrogen extracted by boiling water is determined by the Kjeldahl procedure. In a modified pro- cedure, Keeney and Bremner (1966) found that nitrogen 19 determined by a micro-Kjeldahl procedure (Bremner, 1965a) after hot water extraction was more highly correlated with nitrogen uptake of ryegrass than was nitrogen extracted by dilute sulfuric acid, released by distillation with alkaline permanganate solution, or released by microdiffusion with normal sodium hydroxide. Hot-water—extractable nitrogen also correlated highly with nitrogen mineralized during incu- bation in this study. The estimation of the mineral nitrogen of the soil has not been considered a satisfactory index of the ability of a soil to supply nitrogen for plant growth (Bremner, 1965b; Harmsen and Van Schreven, 1955). However, Smith (1966) re- cently found that nitrate nitrogen present in soil in the spring was a superior index of nitrogen availability over nitrate nitrogen released during incubation. -Determination of total nitrogen (Kjeldahl) or organic matter contents of soil have a very limited range of use for nitrogen availability purposes. They are probably only of value for detecting gross differences in nitrogen fertil- ity between distinctly divergent soil textural or soil management groups. This is because so many factors such as climate, vegetation, parent materials, and management influ- ence the rate of conversion of unavailable to available forms of nitrogen (Scarsbrook, 1965). In one recent study (Nieschlag, 1965) it was proposed that an index of soil fertility for sugar beet production 20 could be derived by applying the following equation: (100 x percgpt N)2 (5 x percent C) + percent of soil separates < 20 u in diameter where N and C are total Kjeldahl-nitrogen and total carbon respectively. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Eleven nitrogen soil fertility experiments on sugar beets were carried out in 1965, 1966 and 1967 on eight experimental locations. Data were collected for 5 years from one location and for 2 years from another. Differential levels of nitrogen were applied on the plots. In addition, 17 fields where farmers had applied two or more rates of nitrogen on their sugar beets are included in this study as a survey. Ferden Farm Rotational Experiment Soil nitrogen and sugar beet yield and quality data were obtained from five of the seven crop rotations maintained at the Ferden Farm in Saginaw County. These plots were estab— lished in 1941 and have been maintained for the purpose of studying the effects of crop rotations, fertility levels, and nitrogen levels on crop yields and soil properties. The plots are set up so that four replications of sugar beets in a Split~split plot experimental design appear in each rotation each year. Two levels of fertilization are applied each year on each rotation. Fertility levels are again Split with one— half of each fertility level receiving supplemental nitrogen. Information regarding the rotations, fertilization practices, and soil is given in Table 1. 21 22 Table 1—-Cr0p rotation sequence, fertilization levels, soil type, and location of the Ferden Farm Old Rotation Experiments, Saginaw County Rotation 1. alfalfa, alfalfa, beans, sugar beets, barley (livestock rotation) 2. sweet clover (oats),1 sugar beets, corn (gm),2 beans, wheat 4. alfalfa, corn, sugar beets, beans, wheat 5. sweet clover (oats),l beans, sugar beets, soybeans, wheat 6. beans, wheat (gm),2 soybeans, sugar beets, corn (gm),2 (cash crop rotation) 1Cover crop of oats. 2 Clover green manure crop. Sugar beet fertilization Fertility Supplemental Nutrients Supplemen- Total N level N level banded (lb/acre)1 tal N2 applied N P K (lb/acre) (lb/acre) Low 0 20 55 29 0 20 Low + 20 55 29 40 60 High 0 80 140 117 0 80 High + 80 140 117 40 120 _ lBanded beside and below seed at planting as 8-52-16 contain— ing 2 percent Mn and i-percent B 2Sidedressed as NH4N03 Soil Sims clay loam Location Section 55, Chesaning Township, Saginaw County. 25 Sugar beet plots in rotations 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 were chosen for study. Soil samples were taken from 80 plots in these rotations in April of 1965, 1966, and 1967, July 1965 and 1966 and October 1965 and 1966. No cover crop was grow- ing on plots when April soil samples were taken. Monitor Plots A 5-year rotation of cash crOps is maintained by the Monitor Sugar Company, Bay City. Plots are arranged in such a manner that sugar beets, pea beans and wheat appear every year. The original experimental design consisted of three repli- cations of five phOSphorus levels as a split plot. Plow-down applications of 0-46-0 at four rates were made in the fall of 1959. Additional phosphorus was plowed down on one-half of the plots when sugar beets next appeared in the 5-year rotation in 1960, 1961, and 1962. PhOSphorus plots were Split into five nitrogen levels for the 1965 experiment and three levels for the 1966 experiment. Thus, the experimental design in this study was a split-split plot. Information concerning the fertilization practices and soil is given in Table 2. Soil samples were collected from selected plots in July and October of 1965 and 1966. Other Nitrogen Experimental Areas Nitrogen was applied in randomized complete block de— signs to four sugar beet experimental areas in 1965 and two 24 Table 2--Description of the fertilization levels, soil type and location of the Monitor Plots, Bay County. Low residual phosphorus plots Main effect plots—-0, 87, 174, and 548 lb residual P/acre1 Sub plots 1965--50, 60, 90, 120, and 150 lb N/acre2 1966--40, 80, and 120 lb N/acre3 High residual phOSphorus plots Main effect plots--0, 174, 548, and 696 lb residual P/acre4 Sub plots 1965—-50, 60, 90, 120, and 150 lb N/acre2 1966--40, 80, and 120 lb N/acre3 lPlowed down in fall of 1959 2N banded beside and below seed at planting 340 lb N/acre banded at planting as 8-52—16 containing 2 per- cent Mn and fi-percent B, additional amounts side dressed as NH4N03 4One-half of the P was plowed down in fall 1959, the remain- ing half when beets next appeared in the 5-year rotation. m Soil Kawkawlin-Wisner silty clay loam complex. Location Section 51, Monitor Township, Bay County. 1 ———v— 25 areas in 1966. Areas were chosen on the criteria of having the whole experiment on uniform soil and drainage, as well as being representative of a range of soil management con- ditions.in the beet-growing area of Michigan. Plot locations, nitrogen rates, and other information concerning these plots are given in Table 5. Soil samples were taken from each replication of the experimental area before beets were planted. All plots in each experiment were soil sampled in late July and again just prior to harvesting. At the Gwizdala Farm (location 5). samples were collected eight times during the period from late July until harvest to evaluate the soil nitrogen avail- ability during this critical period for quality determination. Nitrogen Survey Fields Soil samples and beet quality data were obtained from beet grower's fields where differential levels of nitrogen had been applied. These fields were scattered throughout the Saginaw valley beet-producing area. Information about these plots can be found in Table 4. Harvesting From 50 to 100 feet of row were harvested from each plot for estimating yield. In 1965, beets were lifted either by Scott Viner beet lifter or with a shovel. TOps were removed from roots with a beet knife. The beets were then weighed Emoa oumfl> meo Hmcmflz e mmfi.mMH.mOH.m>.m¢ mmmfi Bocflmmm mcmsm mm Smasom .0 m >Mao WMMMAB m oea.o«a.om.om.om mmmfi hem uuflhuoz ma MHMUNHBO .m m 6 Ewoa Hmcmflz m oma.omd.om.om.om mmma hem DDHHHOS N co>muam3 .2 d 9S>MHU WMMMHB m omH.ONH.om.om.om mmma xmm pufluumz hm MHSOHO .A m mmHU WMMMAS m omd.omfi.omfl.om.om mmma mom ppfluuoz mm wacM .O N GHHHmemM m omd.omd.omfi.om.ow.om mmma NWmm Houflcoz e cmEammflm .m a omwa HHom mCOHuoU AmHUM\QHV ucmfiflummxo hucsoo mflnmc308 SOHqum mEmz “@9852 Iflamon mo 2 Umflammd mo Meow GOHDMUOQ HoQEDZ .mmma 6cm mmmd mo mucoeflummxo mono oedemaoo SA mpoam umou somouuflc mo mmmwa HAOm paw mao>wa cwmoupflc .GOHHMUOH .GOAUNUHMHDGOCHIIM OHQMB 27 eas.em ewes menu mesons some zmeemmm mume> memsm mm mamxmum .m we omH.ONfi.oe EmoH moSMm ocflm coomsmz mmmd mom coumEmm ON HOB cm> .m we 0m.om smoH ceasmxsmm some mam umsaemxcmnm ma nomemncemq .o ma ooa.om SmoH ceasmxsmm some mam guacamunom ea enmsmmm .m es om.oe SmoH emcee: some mam nonmemm em ememm .e ma omd.Nm EmoH HoSmHB mmma mom uuflunoz as N xasono .b Na oma.mm SmoH seemm ween commune some smm refinemz as a xasoeo .e ea oma.moa .om.om.m¢ EmoH moan hogan mpflumno mmma omcmn¢ Hocuse «N opposzom .m oa o>a.mm Smoa ceasmxzms mama mmm ummmnm m someroe .m m NNa.Na Emoa HQCmHB mmma mom coumEmm ON whom: .U m dmfi.maa EmoH Hoamflz mmma mom coumEmm em HOE cm> .m n omm.oma Smoa SHHSmxzmm meme mam guesses em emumflm .m m mma.moa EmoH meo HoSmHB mmm« mmm Deanne: mN Hommsnsn .m m mm.0w.m¢ pawn ocflm mamoa mncmuw mmma maoomDB couxd m owsum .m e «m.Nw.om EMOH Goumxooum mmmfi mHOUmDB maQEDHOO ma HHDHM .m m mm.em.mm SmoH coumxooem meme maoomse gouge am cosmeeenmm .e N Om.mm.oe Emoa coumxooum mmma waoomsa conx¢ afi Haom .O a IOHUM\QHV omNu Aflom >m>usm mucsoo mangBOB coauumm mEmZ HmQEDZ Z mo :OHumoOA powammd “mow .mmma ecm meme :e muoam mo>nsm :omouuflc mono mo momwu Aflom paw wHo>oH somoneflc .SOHDMUOH .GOHDMUHMHDGOUHIIe magma 28 in the field and 10 beets were selected from each plot in such a manner as to avoid extra large or extra small beets. These were bagged and transported to the Sugar Analysis Laboratory of the Michigan Sugar Company. In 1966, all plots except the Ferden Plots were lifted and tOpped with a modi- fied 1-row Farmhand beet harvester. Beets from a given plot were lifted, topped, and weighed in a basket above the storage hopper. After 10 beets were selected for sugar analyses, the rest were dropped into the hopper below and the next plot was harvested. Soil Sampling Experimental plots were soil sampled at the dates previously indicated. In each case, 20 soil—probe cores were collected in a random manner from each plot. .A uniform sampling depth of 10 inches was obtained whenever possible. In a few instances, the dry soil was too hard and would only allow the probe to penetrate to a depth of 6 to 8 inches, depending on the motivating force present. Samples were pushed by gloved hand through a 4 mm screen. A subsample of the screened soil was placed in a 1-pint ice cream carton and sealed. After transporting samples to East Lansing, they were spread on heavy paper and allowed to air dry. Drying usually required 5 days and was evaluated visually. 29 Following drying, samples were pushed through a 2 mm screen. .A representative portion was sealed in a 4 ounce, air—tight glass bottle with a screw-on cap to await analysis. Keeney and Bremner (1966) found that, on the average, storing soil samples in an air-dry condition for 8 to 24 weeks had no marked effect on the results obtained in their incubation experiments. Laboratory Procedures Analytical procedures which were employed in these ex— periments involved the determination of 1) mineral nitrogen (N03- + NOg- + exchangeable NH4+) both before and 2) after aerobic incubation, 5) total micro-Kjeldahl nitrogen in soil and 4) in hot water extracts of soil, and 5) total carbon in soil. All determinations were made in duplicate. Sugar beet quality measurements, including percent sucrose, percent clear juice purity, and amino nitrogen, potassium, and sodium in beet juice were also performed. Mineral and mineralizable nitrogen were determined by the aerobic method of Bremner (1965b) with the exception that 2 mil polyethylene was fastened to the top of the incubation bottle by means of a rubber band to allow free passage of gases without losses of moisture. Nitrogen extracted from soil by boiling water was de- termined by method 2 described by Keeney and Bremner (1966). 50 The micro-Kjeldahl method of Bremner (1965a) was em- ployed for determining total nitrogen in soil samples ground to pass an 80-mesh sieve. A model 750-100 Leco high induction combustion furnace was employed for measuring the total carbon in soil. An 80- mesh .1 to .2 9 sample of soil was combusted with 1 g of tin and 1.5 g of iron catalysts. In this instrument carbon dioxide is released into oxygen upon combustion. Carbon dioxide is quantified by a measurement of the thermal conduc- tivity of the gaseous mixture. The percent of the soil existing in a size fraction less than 20 microns in diameter was determined by the soil column— hydrometer method of Bouyoucos (1928). Particles were allowed to settle for 16 minutes and 12 seconds according to a calcu— lation made from Stokes' Law. Brei obtained from 10-beet samples was analyzed for per- cent sucrose and clear juice purity (Brown and Serro, 1954; Carruthers and Oldfield, 1961). Some of the samples were analyzed for the clear—juice impurities potassium and sodium (flame photometry) and amino nitrogen (Moore and Stein, 1954). Statistical Procedures Statistics were calculated and graphs were drawn by use of the Control Data 5600 computer. Routines used were written by the personnel in the Agricultural Experiment Station and are available in the Computer Library. 51 A least-squares-delete statistical routine was used for certain portions of the data (Rafter and Ruble, 1966). In this routine, multiple regression equations and coefficients of multiple determination are calculated by the computer from coefficients which are selected by the computer on the basis of some programmed threshhold criterion. .For this in- vestigation, coefficients for the amount of nitrogen applied and its square were programmed to remain in multiple regres— sion equations while other coefficients were dropped from the equations ifthey were not significant at a pre-determined level of probability. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Effect of Nitrogen Application Rate on the Yield and Quality of Sugar Beets Data from the low residual phOSphorous plots at Monitor in 1965 (Table 5) are judged to be quite typical of results obtained when the rate of nitrogen fertilization applied to sugar beets was varied in the Saginaw Valley region of Michigan. Neither yield nor clear juice purity of sugar beets was significantly changed by varying the rate of applied nitro— gen. There was a trend toward lower clear juice purity values with higher rates of nitrogen fertilization. Application of 120 or more pounds of nitrogen reduced the percent sucrose and quantity of sugar recoverable from an acre. The greatest amount of recoverable sugar was produced when only 50 pounds of nitrogen was applied. Nonsignificant decreases in the percent clear juice purity were accounted for by increased concentrations of amino nitrogen, potassium and sodium in the clear juice. Similar data from sugar beets grown on different loca- tions and in other years are presented in the Appendix (Tables 52 through 49) and will not be discussed individually. Data ifimam other locations differ in some respects from that col- lected at the Monitor location in 1965. However, at nearly 52 55 .mCOADMUHHmou Na mo mamoE mum meHm>m ma nm em mme mz m.o mz Amo.v nmq om fiend NmN mmme m.mm m.¢a m.mfi owe me mafia nmN emme m.mm o.ma m.wfi ONa em fiNHH OON mwmm m.em ¢.ma m.mfi om we SNOH mew Nmmm N.mm m.mfi m.mfi or we NmOH mmfi moem N.mm m.ma a.mfi om Eswpom Esammmuom .z OGHE< AmHUM\QHV mufiusm omouosm AoHUM\:0pV AoHUM\QHV Aummsm mooa\mEV Hmmsm medsm umoHo unmouom oaoflw Z poflammd ooflsfl Hmoao SH moHpHHDQEH oaflmuo>ooom Damouom m.mmmfi CH muoam msouonmmonm Hmsoflmmu 30H nouflcoz so muoon nmmsm mo muflamso new oaoflw co mHo>oH cmmonufla o>Hm mo poommmllm wanna 54 every location the amount of recoverable sugar from an acre of beets was reduced by one or more of the higher rates of applied nitrogen. This result agrees with work done in the Saginaw Valley by Nichol (1966). Seasonal Fluctuations in Soil Mineral Nitrogen Mineral nitrogen (NOa- + NOg— + exchangeable NH4+) in the soil of a sugar beet field varies during the growing season. Figure 1 shows the effect of two rates of nitrogen application on the mineral nitrogen content of the plow soil of Wisner clay loam at the Gwizdala Farm in 1966. Fluctua- tions noted may be associated with rainfall during the grow- ing season. From late May until late July mineral nitrogen decreased for both rates of application. .During this period beets were growing rapidly with adequate moisture available. .Extraction of mineral nitrogen by plants was high. By the end of this period the soil was dry because of low amounts of rainfall. The sharp rise in the mineral nitrogen content of soil about August lst may have been due to inadequate moisture for beets to utilize nitrogen as fast as it was being mineralized. Upward movement of nitrate from moist subsoil to dry plow soil by capillary action as described by Stout (1964) may also have contributed to the sharp rise in the mineral nitrogen level. Resumption of rainfall in August increased growth 55 .mmma .Enmm MHMUNHBO .Eon Moan nonHB mo Hflom BOHQ may QH uaommnm somonufln Hmnonfle new .HHMHGHSH .oumn cmmouuflc mQOEm mmHQmGOHumHom £43322: MES S. _\_o_ .3 .3 E :e , __._ : _________ __ _: _ _ F _ _ _ 2 2:2: .a onsmflm ,2 N fiuuw uu44 SW .0 . I... In 383V/°‘II NHOOHLIN "”783le 'IIOS 56 and utilization of nitrogen, thus reducing soil mineral nitrogen to low levels. When ,110 pounds of nitrogen was applied per acre, a slight increase in the mineral nitrogen level was observed in late September. Any such increase in available nitrogen is undesirable late in the growing season as it favors growth and is incompatible with high quality (Gardner and Robertson, 1942; Stout, 1961). In this case (see Table 46) the yield was highest and the percent sucrose of sugar beets was lowest for the 110 pound nitrogen per acre rate. Mineral and Mineralizable Nitrogen as Indexes of Soil Nitrogen Availability Attempts were made to correlate both mineral and min— eralizable nitrogen (nitrogen released from organic sources during a 2 week incubation) with yield and quality factors of sugar beets. Soil samples were collected from all sugar beet plots in late July and just prior to harvest in October. The July sampling was taken to correspond to the maximum de— pletion of soil mineral nitrogen due to crop uptake (see Figure 1). The October sampling should represent the soil nitrogen status at the period which is most critical for quality determination. Samples were also taken from each plot in late April at the Ferden Farm. At the other locations samples were taken from each replication in late April but not from each plot 57 as the plots were not yet ordered at this time. Mineral nitrogen in April samples was determined because it repre- sented a value before significant mineralization or plant removal had begun. Ferden Farm Rotation Experiments Determinations of mineral nitrogen and mineralizable nitrogen from soil samples collected from sugar beet plots at the Ferden Farm should be of Special value if such factors as past fertilization, crop rotation and residue additions are considered. Simple correlations among soil mineral or mineralizable nitrogen and sugar beet yield and quality factors for data collected in 1965, 1966 and 1967 at the Ferden Farm were low (Tables 6 and 7). They were, nonetheless, frequently sig- nificant statistically. Mineral nitrogen was significantly correlated with sugar factors more frequently than was mineralizable nitrogen. Simple correlations between soil tests and recoverable sugar were not significant except for soils sampled in July of 1965 and 1966 but were significant for April samplings tested in 1967. The clear juice impurity, amino nitrogen, was significantly and positively correlated with mineral nitrogen more times than were any of the other sugar variables measured. Correlations of mineral nitrogen with quality factors were significant more times in 1966 than in 1965. A possible 58 Ho>oa pcooumm H am pcmoflmasmwm ** Ho>oa pchHom m we DSMUHMHcmHm * ooflsh “moan SH moHuHHSQEHm Ha. e0. 80. so.I *mm. we. meswoom mo. No. mo. mo. *eN. ma. SEDHmm8pom **mm. **mm. ma. ma. **am. HN. oZ OSHE¢ ON. *SN. ma. ON. *mN. do. Hmmsm manmno>oomm **Hm.u AH.I eo.I mo.I *om.I *mm.n sneeze muesfl emmHo nemoemm No.I mH.I eo.I NH.I **mm.l HN.I omouosm pcoouom *wN. *mm. ma. I*¢N. **fi¢. ma. paoflw .uoo maze Henna .uoo mash Henna Z OHQMNHHmumcHE Z HMHGQHZ Amm. N MUV quOHUHHMOOO COfluNHOHHOU HMOGHQ .mwmfi .Enmm copumm .Gomoupflc manmuaamuocflfi paw amuocwa QDHB mHODUMM wuflamzo Ucm band» noon Hmmzm mo COHpmHoHHoo HmoaHAIIm magma 59 Sump 0Z10m Ho>oa ucoonmm a um DSMUHMHGmHm Hm>mH psmuuom m pm DGMUHmacmflm** ooflsn Hmoao CH mmeHHDmEHM % % *mm. mo.l Ofi. **m¢. **Om. *QN. MEDHUOm % % *fim. ma. NN. **m¢. **hm. **>m. MEDHmmeOm % % NO. NO. Nd. **mm. **mm. **om. mZ OGHEN Hmmsm **mN. *mN. no. **me. Nd. oa.I wfi.l ma. manmum>ooom . muflnsm ooflsfl mo.I ¢H.I mo.l mo.I mfi.I **N©.I **mm.l **mm.l Hmoau unmouom fifi.l No.I **mm.l ON.I *wN.I **Hm.l **mm.l mo.l omouozm Damoumm **Om. **Nm. ma. **mw. *NN. no. HO.I **>N. UHOHM Haeme Henna .uoo mash Henna .uuo mash Sense Z oHQMNHHMHmGHZ Z HomoCAE Z OHQMNHHMHOSHZ Z HmuoCHZ wmmfi mmmfi Amp n mpg wussaoflmmooo COHpmHmHHOU Hmoeflq .hmmd Uam mama .Eumm sopumm .comouuflc mafia INHHmuoSHE pew HonoSHE SDHB mnouomm muflamsv new paoflm Down Hmmsm mo coaumaounoo “moSHQIIS manna 40 explanation for the differences between the two years is given by the dry period during the 1966 growing season. The actual amount of water available to a given sugar beet plot was probably directly dependent on the physical condition of the soil which was dependent on the crop rotation. It is suggested that water limited growth (note low yields from Table 54 in comparison to 1965 and 1967 yields in Tables 52 and 56). Soil mineral nitrogen was related to clear juice purity and the Specific impurities, amino nitrogen, potassium, and sodium more frequently than to yield. Curvilinear relationships were investigated (Tables 8 through 10). At the Ferden Farm curvilinear regression analyses were carried out among mineral and mineralizable nitrogen values and sugar beet yield and quality factors. In addition analyses were performed so that the two levels of fertility at this location were taken into account by use of the following equation: Y = a + b 8N1 + cSN§ + d 8N2 + eSNS Where: Y = yield or quality factor SN; = soil nitrogen test at low fertility level 8N2 = soil nitrogen test at high fertility level Creation of new (dummy) variables was handled by the method of Rafter and Ruble (1966). Coefficients of multiple determination (R2) for regres— sion of sugar beet yield and quality factors on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen at the Ferden Farm were low. One 41 Hm>mH pSooHom H pm uSmoHMHSmHm** kHoe/SH pSoonm m an HSMUHMHSmHm * mmzmm + mmzme + szm6 + Hmzmn + mnfiw "eon emeesooom Hm>mH SSHHHuSme no uumemmIIm.Hmzme NZSU + ZSQ + m n M "SOHquSUSH mSHHSU commoHoH Z oHnmuHHmHmSHEIIZMU < NMZZo + NmZZo + HMZZU + HZZEQ + m n W “now oouSsooom Ho>oH muHHHuHom mo HoomonIN HZZEQ NZZU + Z29 + m n W "SOHHMQSUSH onomon Z HmuoSHEIIZZm . . . . : . . . N.fim $0 mo **ON **mN *NH #0 **mm mh ZM mo. HO. **md. *mo. **NH. mo. **mH. Sh ZM .uUO Ho. mo. **mH. **mm. mo. mo. **mm. me N Hmzm HO. HO. **MH. .*m0. m0. m0. **Nfi. Nb 2% %H5b . . . . . . . N.Hm m0 m0 **>H **HN Ha mo **mm mm UZm mo. mo. **NH. mo. *OH. *m0. *m0. >5 UZm HHHQ¢ Ho. mo. so. **ma. Ho. So. **mm. me m Hmzz do. mo. #0. $0. HO. NO. NO. Sh Z2 .HUO . . . . . . h N.Hm *NH OH **Nm *md **mfi **mfi **>N mm ZS no. mo. **®N. *m0. *m0. **ma. **mH. Nb Z2 wash mo. 80. **mm. **HH. OH. 80. *SN. me m HMS: *Ho. mo. **mm. *mo. *oa. mo. **SH. SH mzz ASHES ESHUom ESHmmmuom Z OSHES Hmmsm INHHHSQ Eopowum oHQm ooHSn HmoHo owonosm NC Home dump ooHSr HmoHo SH moHuHHSSEH Iuo>ooom uSooHom uSooHom pHon moonmon HHom mSHHmEmm m N .mmmfi .Enwm Smwumm USS UHon Home Hmmsm mo .SmmoanS oHQmeHmumSHE USS HmumSHE So muouomm thHmsv mSOHmmonon How SoHHMSHESouoo onHuHsa Ho mucoaoawmoooIlm oHQoH 2 4. Ho>mH HSSUSSQ H HS HSSUHHHSmHm ** Ho>mH pSmoSmm m HS HSSUHMHSmHm * zmm + mzmS + Hmzmo + Hmzmn + m .@ "Mom Smeesooom Hm>ma muHHHuumN No pommmmIIN Hmzme szo + ZSQ + S u "SOHHSQSUSH mSHSSU UmmSonS SmmoupHS mdQSNHHSSoSHEIIZMU 22m + mzze + Hmzzu + Hmzzn + m w "How Swansouom Hm>mH SSHHHSSSS mo eommmmIIN Hmzzn NZZU + Z23 + S "SOHHSQSUSH whommn SmmOHuHS HSHSSHEIIZES . . . . . . . N.H.m **©fi **¢N **mfi **mfi **mH **md **mN mu ZM **SH. *mo. Ho. Ho. Ho. **SH. no. He Sm .eoo HH. **NN. **SH. **HN. **NH. So. **Nm. SH N Hmzm *oa. So. So. **mH. So. So. **NH. NH zm mass So. **SN. **SH. **HH. **NH. mo. **HN. SH N Hmzm mo. **HH. So. So. *mo. Ho. *mo. He ozm HHSSS . . . . . . . N.HS **mN **Om **¢¢ *UH **H¢ fiH **®H m5 ZS **NN. **¢N. **NU. HO. *mm. *Ofi. HO. Nb Z2 .HUO **HN. **HN. **em. **SH. **mm. **NH. **SH. Se N Hmzz **mN. **SH. **Nm. So. **om. SH. HO. He 22 mass *SH. **NH. **NH. **SN. **ON. So. **mm. me N HMS: *mo. **SH. **SH. **HH. **NH. mo. *SN. He m2: HHHSS ESHUom EDHmmSHom Z OSHES INMHHQmI EOUSSSM . I HSmSm SUHSn HSSHU mmouosm mo ummu muSU SUHSH Swede SH mmeHSsmSH SHSSSS>oomm SSSUSSS Nemonwm SHSHN mmmummn HHom mSHHmsSm ZHHHSSW USS UHmHm pew .mmmH .EHSZ SSUHSZ .SmmouuHS mHQSNH Q HSmsm mo mSOHmmmHme How SOHuSSHE HSHSSHE USS HSHwSHE SO mHOuUSM HGDOU mHmHuHDE wo.muS®HUHMM®OUIIm wHQSB 45 9m>m9 HSoUHmm H 9S HSSUHMHSmHm ** HS>SH uSmUHmm m 9S HSSUHHHSmHm * NWZMS + NZZMU + HWZMU + Hmzm9 + S n W "How UmpSDoooS Hm>m9 ZHHHHHSSH mo HoommoIIN HZZSU mZmo + ZS9 + S H M “SOH9S9SUSH mSHHSU UmmSmeH SmmOHHHS mH9SNHHSSmSHEIIZm m NS HS Hm < N.Hm o NNZ2m + Z2U + NZ2U + Z29 + S n Q "How UmuSsoooS Hm>m9 ZHHHHHHSM mo Hommmmll Z29 NZ20 + Z29 + S u N "SOH9S9SUSH muomm9 SmmouuHS HSHSSHEIIZ2S < **mm. So. no. **me. me N Hmzm *mo. 00. 90. *mo. NH ozm **Nm. mo. So. **Hm. SH N Hmzz *mo. No. 00. **MH. NS SZ2 HHHmm MHHHSQ SOUmmHm HSmSm ooHSfl HSoHo mmouoSm mo ummu SSSU 099S9e>oomm pSwonmm uSmoSmm UHSHZ mmonmmn HHom mSHHmESm mm .SmmH .EHSZ SoUSmm .SmmonuHS SH9SNHHSHSSHE USS HSSmSHE So muouoSm ZHHHSSS USS UHme 9om9 HSmsm mo mSOHmmmHmmH How SOHuSSHEHoumU SHQHuHsa mo muSwHUHMMSOUIIOfi SH9SB 44 probable reason for the low R2 values is that the five dif— ferent crop rotations were not taken into account. Separa- tion of fertility levels increased the R2 values in most cases indicating phosphorus and potassium fertility levels played a large role in the determination of yield and juice constituents in these beets. Although absolute values of R2 were low, highly signifi- caiut correlations were frequently encountered, together with si4gnificant to very highly significant regression coefficients which are not reported here. Amino nitrogen in the clear juice was significantly correlated with all soil tests except for the mineral nitro— gen test values for samples taken in October of 1965 (Table 8). In general, percents sucrose and clear juice purity were less highly correlated with soil test than was yield in 1965 and 1967 (Tables 9 and 10). However, significant correlation between soil test values and clear juice purity in 1966 (Table 9) were possibly due to the dry growing season, as noted above (page 54). Recoverable sugar in these experiments was largely a function of yield. Significant correlations between soil test \Nilues and recoverable sugar were only obtained when signifi- carrt correlations were obtained with yield. Potassium and SOCiium as clear juice impurities had essentially no curvir liJIear correlation with soil test values in 1965 but were SJlgnificantly correlated in 1966. 45 Nitrogen soil tests must be made on soil samples col- lected before June to be of practical value for predicting the amount of nitrogen fertilizer to apply. This is because all nitrogen should be applied by mid-June to be fully effective for promotion of growth and still not result in a harmful excess late in the growing season (Baldwin, Davis, and.Broadwell, 1965). Therefore, results from samples col- ]exzted in April will be viewed with Special interest. Mineral nijzrogen present in soil samples taken at the Ferden Farm in Apuril was as highly related to yield and quality of sugar beets as was mineralizable nitrogen from the same samples (Tables 8 and 9). This result agrees well with the work done ‘by Smith (1966). Beet and sugar yields were Significantly correlated as :flrequently with soil test values from April samples as they tmere with values from July and October samples. This was 'true also for clear juice impurities in 1965. In 1966, how- every amino nitrogen, potassium and sodium increased in iassociation with plots where mineral nitrogen accumulated in tins plow soil during periods of dry weather in the latter half of the growing season. Monitor Residual PhOSphorus EXperiments Effects of residual levels of phOSphorus on coefficients 0f Inultiple determination for regression of sugar beet yield auki quality on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen were studied 46 at the Monitor plots in 1965 and 1966. Coefficients of multiple determination are shown for plots which received four rates of plow-down phosphorus in the fall of 1959 (Tables 11 and 15), and plots that received a second applica- tion when sugar beets next appeared in the three year rota- tion (Tables 12 and 14). The total amounts of phOSphorus apqplied were 87, 174 and 548 pounds for the low residual gfluosphorus plots and 0, 174, 548 and 696 pounds for the high lassidual phOSphorus plots. Effects of residual phOSphorus lxrvels within the individual experiments were statistically acxzounted for in regressions of beet parameters on soil Iritrogen tests in the same way that fertility levels were enscounted for in the Ferden Farm experiments. The degree of correlation between mineral or mineraliz- able nitrogen and sugar beet yield and quality factors were increased by accounting for residual phosphorus levels. 'The moderating effect of residual phosPhorus level in 1965 Inas most marked for the October sampling from plots that :received one phOSphorus application (Table 11). In 1966 the taffect was more pronounced (Tables 15 and 14). Accounting Iflxr residual phosphorus levels greatly increased R2 for plots tfluat received either one or two applications of phosphorus. 11: appears that dry weather in 1966 enhanced the importance 0f? inherent soil fertility factors in modifying the nitrogen responses to sugar beets. 47 9m>m9 pSmonm H 9S HSSUHMHSmHm** HHS>SH HSSUHSQ m 9S HSSUHMHSmHm* em mZMS + mzmH + .. +9MZSU + HmZm9 + S n M “Mom UouSsoooS HS>SH msuozmmonm HSSUHSSH mo Hommmmllw..HmZMU 1\ w szu + ZS9 + S u N "SoHuS9SUSH mSHHSU UmmSmHmS SSmOHHHS mH9SNHHSHmSHEIIZMU 1‘ «MESH + «$229. + .. SS Hm I . e..HN + NZ2U + Z29 + S I W .HOm USHSSOUUS Hm>m9 mDHOSQSOSQ HSSUHmmH mo uommwmll Z29 mZ2o + Z29 + S n M «SOH9S9SUSH whomo9 SmmouuHS HSSSSHEIIZ2S < SH. SH. mo. HH. HS e..9mzm 90. No. No. me. HS 2m .euo **SS. SH. SN. *SN. HS e..9mzm **HN. So. **SH. *HH. HS ozm Sass *SN. HH. **SS. HS. HS e. Hm2: So. So. So. 90. HS 22 .eoo **mm. U0. **mm. *NN. Hm H..HMZE **SN. «0. **He. *SH. HS mzz Sass muHHSm EOUSSHM SSmSm SUHSfl HSSHU Smonusm mo ummu SDSU SH9SHm>ouom HSSUHSS uSmUSmm UHSHN mmmumma HHOm mSHHmESm m N .mmmH .SHOHQ SSHOSQSOSQ HSSUHmmH 309 SODHSO2 .SomOHuHS SH9SNHHSHSSHE USS HSHSSHE So muouoSw ZHHHSSU USS UHmHm 9mm9 HSmsm mo mSOHmmmHmmS Mom SOHHSSHEHSHSU mHmHuHSE mo muSmHoHummovllHH SH9SB 48 9o>o9 uSmoHom H 9S HSSUHHHSmHm** Hm>m9 HSSUHSQ m uS HSSUHMHSmHm* HmzmH + «SSS: + .. 9m 9m . H..Hm + NZSU + Zm9 + S n W .Sow USuSsoooS mHo>mH m9909mwo9m HSSUHmoH mo uoommmll ZSU mzmo + Zm9 + S n W "S0H9S9SUSH mSHHDU UmmSoHoS SomoanS SH9SNHHSHSSHEIIZMU HmzzH + Haze: + .. + HMZ2U + HSZ29 + S n W "How UouSsooUS m9m>m9 SSSOSQSOSQ HSSUHSSS mo uoowmmIIH..HmZ29 mZmo + Zm9 + S u m "SOH9S9SUSH muomo9 SmmouuHS HSHSSHEIIZ2S ON. So. So. SH. HS H..Hmzm mo. Ho. NC. SC. Hm ZS .900 SH. Ho. Ho. SH. HS H..Hmzm Ho. Ho. No. Ho. HS ozm .33. SH. SH. SH. SH. HS H. HESS mo. **mH. *OH. #0. mm Z2 .HUO mH. **Om. **NN. SH. Hm H. HMZE mo. **®¢. **HN. HO. hm SZE ZHDU NHHHSQ SOUSSHM HSmSm ooHSh HSSHU mmouosm mo ummu muSU 0H9Sum>oomm uSmUme MSSUHSS UHSHM mmmnmwn HHom mSHHmESm m N .mmmH .mpon SSHOSSSOSQ HSSUHme SmHS SouHSo2 .SomOHuHS SH9SNHHSHSSHE USS HSSSSHE So mnouoSm ZHHHSDS USS UHSHZ 9m09 HSme MO mSOHmmmHmmH How SOHHSSHEHSHSU SHQHDHSE mo mpSmHUHHHSOOIINH SH9SB 49 9m>oH uSmonm H 9S HSSUHMHSmHm * Ho>o9 HSSUHSQ m 9S uSSoHMHSmHm mzmH + emzmr + Hm Hm * ..+ NZmo + ZM9 + S u M "How USHSSOUUS 9S>SH SSHOSQSOSQ HSSUHSSS mo Hommmmlle..HmZMU < NZSU + ZM9 + S n M "SOH9S9SUSH mSHHDU UmmSSHSH SSmOHHHS @99SNHHSHSSHEIIZmo /\ HmzzH + H..HSSS + .. Hm Hm . H..Hm + mZ2U + Z29 + S n W .Hom UouSSOUUS Hm>m9 SSSOSQSOSQ HSSUHme mo uommmmll Z29 NZ2U + Z29 + S H W "SOHHS9DUSH mnomm9 SmmOHuHS HSHSSHEIIZ2S *OS. OS. HH. *OS. SH H..Hmzm **H¢. MH. mH. **H¢. HN ZZ .900 SH SN HS. SH. SH S..Hmzm SH. Ho. Ho. SH. HN ozm HHSS 0H. SS. HS. SS. SH H..Hmzz #0. mm. **mm. m0. HN Z2 .HUO SN. HH. HS. SN. SH H..Hmzz *mm. HO. mH. *mm. HN SZE hash muHHSQ EOUSSHH HSmSm SUHSH SSSHU mmouosm mo ummu SHSU SH9SHm>oumm HSSUHSS HSSUHSS UHSHM mmonmma 9Hom mSHHmESm S N .mmmH .SHOHQ msuonmwonm HSSUHmoS 309 HouHSo2 .SomouuHS SH9SNHHSHSSHE USS HSHSSHE So muouoSm ZHHHSSS USS UHmHm 9mm9 HSmDm mo mSOHmmmHmSH How SOHHSSHEHSHSU SHQHSHSE mo muSmHUHmmmoollmH SH9SB * 50 Hm>ma unmouwm a uS ucSUHwHGmHm** Hm>ma unmunmm m uS “GSUflmHGmHm* Hmzmfl + Hmzmn + ..+.Hmzau HS I . m “S H..Hm N + 2mg + S I w .uom UmucsouoS Hm>ma Sumo: mo: HSDUHmmH mo uommmmll zmw NZMU + zmn + S n W. "coauSQsocH mcHHDU UmmSmHmH cmmoupflc SHQSNHHSHSCHEIIzmo HmzzH + HmzHE + . .. am am I . Hm m H..Hm + NZEU + zzn + S 1.9 .HOM USuCDOUUS Hm>ma wsuos won HSSUHSSH mo uummmwll 229 NZEU + 229 + S H W ”GOHpSQDUGH muowmfl :mmouufl: HSHSGHEIIZES *SS. HN. SN. *NS. SH H..Hmzm **NH. No. HH. **SH. HN zm .Soo HS. SH. . NS. SS. SH H..Hmzm So. So. SS. HS. HN ozm SHSS SS. SS. SH. NS. SH_ H..Hmzz No. HN. SH. Ho. HN 22 .S00 NH. *SS. **SS. SS. SH H..Hmzz .*SN. **SS. **SH. SH. HN mzz mHsb muflusm EOUSSHM HSmsm moasfl HSSHU Smouosm mo ummp mpSU SHQSum>OUmm ucmoumm ucwunmm UHSHN mmmummn Hflom mCHHmESm m N .mmmd .muoam SDHOSmmOSQ HSDSHSSH Swag HOpflcoz .cmmouufla SHQSNHHSHSGHE UGS HSHSGHE co mnouoSm wuHHSsv UGS Uaoflm ummn HSmsm mo m20HmmmHmmu mom COHpScHEumgmU mHmHuHDE mo SpamHUHMMSOUIISH SHQSB 51 Mineral nitrogen was significantly correlated with sugar beet yield and quality factors more times than was mineraliz- able nitrogen. This gives little justification for carrying out the more demanding incubation experiments for determining soil nitrogen availability for sugar beets. When the residual phOSphorus interaction was ignored.significant correlations with soil test values were noted more frequently for July than for October samplings. Bay County Tests in 1965 Coefficients of multiple determination for regressions of sugar beet yield and quality factors on mineral and mineraliz— able nitrogen from experiments conducted in Bay County in 1965 are presented in Tables 15 through 19. Analyses were made for two harvest dates at the Eisenman location (Tables 15 and 16) . The number of degrees of freedom for error was low for the four locations, therefore, the number of significant relationships tended to be lower, even though R2 values were frequently much higher than in the large experiments at the Ferden and Monitor farms. Values significant statistically at the 20 percent level are denoted so that attention may be directed to relationships which may have agronomic signifi- cance. The different levels of nitrogen application were accounted for in alternate solutions by the same method as 52 HG>0H #QQUHQQ H #m HGMUHMHQUHW HS>SH usmonmm m uS ucSUHMHGmHm** Hm>wa unmoumm ON HS uGSUHMHGmflm* Hm WZME + mzma + ... + wzmo + Hzmn + S u ©.uom SoussouoS Hm>ma UmflammS smmouuflc mo pommmmllm...azm© mmzmo +mzmn + S H W "GOHuSUDQGH mCHHDU USSSSHSH cmmouuwc SHQSNHHSHSGHEIIsz NZZE + 22H + ...+ MZZU + HZSQ + S n Q "How SmuCDOUoS Hm>ma omflammS ammonpflc mo uommmmllm...azzn mzzo + 229 + S u.¢ "GOHuSQDUcH muommn cmmouufla HSHSGHEIIZES . . . . m...a SS NS *oS SS S zm SON. SH. kSH. So. SH zm .uoo an. mm. finm. mm. m w...wzm SH. *HN. *HN. So. SH ozm SHSS SN. SS. SHS. SS. S S ..sz %SN. *SS. %SN. SH. SH 22 .poo HS. **sS. SSS. SS. S S M22 NH. **NS. wSH. SH. SH S22 SHSS wuflusm Eoommum HSmsw mUHDn HSSHU mmouozm mo ummu muSU SHQSHm>ooom unmoumm uswoumm pamflw mmmnmma HHom msHHQESm m m .umm>umr SSSH .H Hwnouoo .EHSm GSEcmmHm ~swmonufls SHQSNHHSHSQHE SGS HSHSGHE so muouUSm MuHHSDv UGS CASH» ummn HSmDm mo SCOHmwSHmmH MOM coauScflfiumump mHmHuHDE mo mpsmfloflmwmoollma SHQSB 53 Hm>ma pnmonmm a uS uGSUHMHGmHm * Hm>ma unmoumm om uS usSoHMHcmHm% wzms + SzmH + ... + MZMU + Hzmn + S H W "wow UmussoooS Hm>ma UmflammS cmmoupflc mo pommmmllw...azmp mzmo + 2mg + S n W “COHuSQsosfl msflnso USSSSHSH :mmouufls SHQSNHHSHSGHEIIZMU maze + SzzH + ... + wzzo + H223 + S H.% "How USuCDOUUS Hm>ma USHHQQS smmoupflc mo pommmmllm ..HZEQ NZEU + ZED + S n W ”coauSQDUcH muommn smmouufls HSHSGHEIIZES SSS. SSS. SSS. SS. S S...Hzm HH. SSS. OH. Ho. SH 2S .Soo SS. SSS. HS. HS. S S...wzm SSH. *oH. 5H. So. SH ozm mHsb SN. Hp. *SS. SS. S S...sz No. NH. mo. ma. ma ZS .uoo NS. SS. SS. HS. S S...mzz SSN. *oH. **SH. HH. SH m2: mHsS muflusm Eoommnm HSmsw mUHDn HSSHU SSOHUSS mo pmmu muSU mHQSHm>oomm usmoumm usmonmm UHSHN mmmHme HHom mGHHmESm NM .umm>ums SSSH .SN Hmnouuo .EnSm GSEsmmHm .smmouufls SHQSNHHSHSSHE SGS HSHSSHE so mnouoSm muHHSDU SQS mama» ummn HSmsm mo SCOHmmSHmSH How QOHpScHEHSuSU mHmeHDE mo mpcmfloflmmmoollmfi SHQSB 54 Hm>mH “QmUHmm ..fi UM UGNUHWHGm-fim Hm>ma psmuumm m pS ucSoHMHamHmw* Hm>ma pamoumm ON uS uGSUHMHGmSmW wzmx + SzmS + ... + wzmo + Hzmn + S H W "How UmussoooS HS>SH USHHQQS somonufls mo uommmmllm...HZMU szo + 2mg + S n W "GOHuSQSUSH maausp UmmSmHmn cmmouufls SHQSNHHSHSGHEIIzmo wzzx + Szzfl + ... + wzzo + H229 + S H W «How USuGDOUUS Hm>ma USHHQQS cmmonufls mo uommmmllm...azzn NZZU + 229 + S u © "GOHHSQDUGH muommn ammonufls HSHSGHEIIZES HS. HS. SS. HS. H S...Hzm SSS. So. *HH. fiHN. NH 2m .poo NS. SH. Hm. om. H m...Wzm Ho. So. So. HH. NH ozm SHsS SS. SS. SSS. SS. H S...sz *SN. SN. SN. NN. NH as .p00 SH. oS. SS. NS. H S...mzz SHS. So. *OH. *SN. NH mzs SHSS hpflnsm Eopmmum HSmsm Smash HSSHU wmonosm mo ummu mpSU SHQSHm>oomm usmonwm unmonmm UHSHN mmmumma HHom maHHmESm m m .momfi sEHSm xHDOHw .q .Gmmouuwc SHQSNHHSMSCHE UGS HSHSGSE so muouUSw muHHSDU Sam SHSHS umma HSmDm mo macammmumwn Mom GOHuSGSEHmuSC SHQHUHDE mo mpcmfloflmmmoollSa SHQSB 55 Hm>ma USmUHmm H US uSSUHMHSmHm * Hm>ma uSmUHmm ON SS SSSUHMHSmHm * Hm wzmx + SSSS + ... + wZMU + Hzmn + S H W “Mom UmuSsoooS am>ma SmmouuHS USHHQQS mo uummmwllm...asz mzmo + 2mm + S n W «SOHSSQDUSH mSSHDU UmmSmHmH SmmouuHS SHQSNHHSHSSHEIIZSU wzzx + Szzfl + ... + wzzo + HZEQ+ S H W “How USuSsoooS HS>SH SmmouuHS USHHmmS mo uommmmllm...azzn N220 + 223 + S H W "SOHSSQDUSH mnommn SmmOHuHS HSHSSHEIIZES SS. SS. oS. SS. H S...Hzm **mm. fimm. *mm. fimm. NH zm .poo SS. SS. SS. HS. H S...wzm No. SH. SSN. So. NH ozm SHSS mm. ON. 0%. #5. fl m HZ: No. HH. mo. HH. Na ZS .uoo mo. HN. mo. mo. NH SZE >a5b wvflusm EOUSSHM HSmDm SUHSn HSSHU mmonosm mo uwmu muSU SHQSH0>Oomm uSmoumm uSmUHmm UHSHM mmmumma HHom mSHHmESm Nm .mmmfi .EHSm MUSSM ~smmoanS mHQSNHHSHmSHE USS HSHSSHE So muouUSm huHHSsv USS Uamflm ummn HSmsm mo mSOHmmmummH How SOHuSSHEHmumU mHmHuHSE mo muSmHUHmmmoollma SHQSB 56 H sz« + SZSS + ... + NZSU + SSS + S u NSSU + SSS + S wzzx + stS + ...+ mzzu + zzn + S M .< HN>NH SSNUHNQ om uS SSSUHMHSmHm S "How UmpSsoooS HN>NH SNmOHuHS UNHHmmS mo uummmmllm...asz W "SOHSSQSUSH mSHHSU UNSSNHNH SmmoanS SHQSNAHSHNSHEIIZSU W "MOM UNUSSOUUS HN>NH SmmouuHS UNHHmmS mo Sommmmllm...azzn NZSU + 229 + S u N "SOHHSQDUSH NHOMNQ SNmOHUSS HSHNSHEIIZZS /\ SS. NS. NS. NS. H S.. HZS So. SH. SH. Ho. NH 2S .poo SS. SS. HS. SS. H mS wzm So. SS. HS. So. NH ozS SHSS HS. SS. NS. SS. . H S Hz: So. So. So. 0H. NH 22 .uoo NS. HS. NS. SS. H S MS: huflusm EOUNNHM HSmsm NUHSn HSNHU NmOHUSS mo ummp NuSU NHQSHN>OUNM pSNUHmm uSNUHNm UHNHM mmmummo HHow mSHHmESm mm .mmma sEHSm SN>SHHNS .SNmOHuHS NHQSNHHSSNSHE USS HSHNSHE So muonoSm muHHSsv USS Uamflm SNNQ HSmsm mo mSOHmmmHmNH mom SOHSSSSEHNHNU SHQHSHSE mo muSNHUHMMNOUIImH NHQSB 57 for fertility levels and phosphorus levels. This method involves the use of dummy variables and a loss of degrees of freedom for error. As a result, fewer significant R2 values are noted for the stratified analyses, even though the actual R2 values are usually much larger. In Tables 15 to 19, R2 values for percents sucrose and clear juice purity ranged from .46 to .97 for mineral nitro— gen (MN) and from .46 to .95 for mineralizable nitrogen (RN) in the stratified regressions where fertilizer nitrogen rate ‘was taken into consideration. Most of these R2 values were greater than .70. In spite of their low statistical sig- nificance, the agronomic implication is apparent: Nitrogen nutrition is an extremely important factor for determining the sugar and impurity contents of sugar beet juice. The low statistical significance is a consequence of experimental design (inadequate replication for the number of independent variables considered) rather than of a weak expression of a very real effect of nitrogen fertilizer. The rate of nitrogen fertilizer applied early in the sugar beet growing season was the only input variable in these experiments. Variations in mineral nitrogen values were themselves very strongly influenced by the amount of fertilizer nitrogen applied. Variations in mineralizable nitrogen were affected less by fertilizer nitrogen. Simple correlations (r) between applied nitrogen and soil test nitrogen ranged between .55 and .95 for mineral nitrogen 58 (with only one of eight values being less than .69) and be— tween .04 and .55 for mineralizable nitrogen. This strong intercorrelation between applied nitrogen and soil test nitrogen is in itself evidence of the diagnostic usefulness of the soil test. The test for mineral nitrogen is sensitive to the current year's application of nitrogen as well as to levels of nitrogen availability which signifi- cantly influence quality factors in sugar beets. In terms of sugar beet response, the sensitivity of the soil test for mineral nitrogen is attested by R2 values for ;percent sucrose ranging up to .45 (Table 16) and for percent clear juice purity up to .52 (Table 15). Both of these co- efficients ignored applied fertilizer nitrogen and were significant at the 1 percent level. In the case of mineralizable nitrogen, R2 values, ignor- ing applied nitrogen, ranged up to .41 for percent sucrose (Table 17) and to .40 for percent clear juice purity (Table 16). Both of these coefficients were significant at the 5 percent level. In contrast with the quality factors, yields of beets showed very little relation to soil tests in July and October. Beet yields were, however, strongly influenced by the level of applied nitrogen. The R2 values for stratified regres- sions ranged from .54 (Table 19) to .85 (Table 15). These effects of fertilizer nitrogen on beet tonnage must have been the result of increased uptake to support vegetative develop- ment prior to the July sampling. 59 The amount of recoverable sugar is an integrated value which includes beet yield, percent sucrose and percent clear juice purity (see pages 4 and 5). When R2 values for recover- able sugar in Tables 15 to 19 are compared with those for yield and for percents sucrose or clear juice purity, it is apparent that soil test and/or fertilizer nitrogen effects on sugar yield were compounded of effects on beet yield and on one or both of the quality factors. A number of the R2 values for recoverable sugar were significant at 20 percent or less. Larger values of R2 for recoverable sugar were obtained ‘when applied nitrogen was considered in stratified regres— sions. These values tended to be equal to or larger than the corresponding R2 for beet yield. When larger, they were associated with equally large or larger coefficients for per- cent sucrose and/or percent clear juice purity. Thus, recoverable sugar per acre reflected early vegetative re- sponses to applied fertilizer nitrogen as well as quality factor responses to levels of available nitrogen at midseason and/or at the end of the season. Bay and Saginaw County Tests in 1966 At the Shian Farm in 1966 (Table 20) mineral nitrogen in April was significantly correlated with yield of beets, percent sucrose and recoverable sugar. Mineralizable nitro- gen in April also contributed a highly significant 47 percent to variation in percent sucrose. This was due to significant 60 HS>NH SSNUSNQ H uS uSSUHMHSmHm ** HN>NH uSNUSNQ m 9S SSSUHMHSmHm .x. HN>NH uSNUSNm ON 9S SSSUHMH..HSHSHmgm H szw + SSSH ... + ... + N2m0 + 229 + S n W "Sow UNSSSO00S HN>NH.SNmOSpHSr.UNHHmmS mo uummmmllm H2SU NSSU + SSS + S W "SOHUS930SH mSHSDU UmmSmHNS SNmOHSHS NH9SNHHSSNSHEII2SU m m H N229 + SSS S...H + ... + N220 + 229 + S H W "90m UNSSSOUUS HN>NH SmmouuHS UNHHmmS mo uUNmmmll 229 N220 + 229 + S n W "SOHSS950SH muom09 SNmOSpHS HSSNSHEII22S SNS. SS. SS. SSS. S S HSS *SS. So. SNN. SSN. SH 2S .poo SH. HS. SHS. HS. S S HSS SH. 8. HSN. SSH. SH 2 :3. SN. SN. SSS. SS. S S sz So. SH. **SH. Ho. SH ozS HHSSS SSS. HH. SN. SSS. S S Hz: No. Ho. mo. Ho. SH 22 .uoo SH. SH. NS. SS. S S Hz: So. HH. SH. So. SH 22 SHSS SSS. SN. SS. SSS. S S SSS **SH. No. *SS. SSS. SH SSS HHSSS WSHSSQ EOUNNSM SSmSm NUHSfl HSNHU NSOHUSS mo ummu SSSU NH9SHS>OUSS SSSUHNS USNUSNS UHSHM mmmSmmn HHom mSHHmESm NS IILHNMHHHW .ll .mmmH Em mu m SEHM . .. ,. H. . s , m H H> paw m cmwzom SNmOHuHS NH9SNHHSHNSHE USS HSSNSHE So SSOSUSM muHHSSq a Smasm So SSOHSSSSSSS Sow SOHHSSHSSSSSS SHSHSHsa So SSSSHUHSSSOUiuoN SHSSB 61 differences among replicate blocks in mineral nitrogen, mineralizable nitrogen, and sugar beet parameters. The vari— ation in inherent fertility over the experimental area at this location was reflected in significant between-block differences in mineralizable nitrogen in the October sampl- ing. .As a result, the R2 value for recoverable sugar against mineralizable nitrogen in October was significant at the 5 percent level. The contribution of inherent soil variation (as reflect— ed in incubation release of nitrogen) to yields of beets and recoverable sugar increased progressively through the July and October samplings, whereas its contribution to percent sucrose decreased. In the July and October samplings the contribution of mineralizable nitrogen alone to variation in these three beet parameters was about one-third to one-half of the variation accounted fOr when applied nitrogen was also considered in the stratified regressions. By contrast, neither mineral nor mineralizable nitrogen influenced clear juice purity which appeared to be much more strongly af- fected by level of applied nitrogen. At the Gwizdala Farm in 1966, variations in mineral and mineralizable nitrogen were negligible (Table 47) and there was little if any correlation with any measurement made on the beet crop (Table 21). But, variation in all four beet parameters was strongly influenced by the level of applied nitrogen. 62 HS>SH ucmunmm H SS SSSOHSHSSHS HO>®H “SOUHOQ m um pcSUHHHSmHm** HN>SH SSNUHNQ 0N 9S uSSonHSmHm* H NSSm + SSSH ... + ... + N220 + 2S9 + S n W "How UNuSSOUUS wHN>SH SNmOSuHS USHHmmS mo uummmmllm H2SU N2S0 + 2S9 + S u "S0H9S950SH Snowm9 SmmoupHS NH9SNHHSSNSHEII2SU H SE E# + m22n ...H + ... + N220 N+ 229 + S H W "Sow UNuS5000S mHN>NH SmmouuHS USHHSSS mo HUNMMNIIm 229 N220 + 229 + S W. “SOHSS9SUSH muomm9 SNmOSpHS HSSNSH51122S NS. SS. *HS. SSS. H S...HzS mo. No. SH. mo. NH 2S .u0o SS. oS. SSS. SNS. H S...Hzm So. SH. So. Ho. NH SS SHSS SS. SS. SS. SS. H S ..WZS Ho. Ho. Ho. No. NH 02S HHSSS *SS. HS. *SS. SSS. H S...sz mo. mo. mo. No. NH 22 .900 HS. *SS. **SS. SSS. H S Hz: mo. So. OH. SH. NH 22 299b NH. SS. SSS. SS. H S. was Ho. Ho. Ho. No. NH Szz HHSSS WSHSSQ EOUNNSM HSmSm NUHSn HSSHU Nmouonm mo ummu NuSU NH9SSN>00NS uSm0Hmm SSNUSNS UHNHw mmmumma HHom mSHHQESm m N .mmmH .EHSm S HSUNHKU HSNmOSuHS NH9SNHHSHNSHE USS HSSNSHE So mSOSUSm MSHHSSv USS UHNHm 9009 HSmSm mo mSOHmmmummn Mom SOHuSSHEHNuNU NHQHSHSE mo muSNHUHmmmoutlHN 0H9SB 65 Combined 1965 and 1966 Experiments Results from individual experimental areas generally showed that determination of mineral nitrogen in soil samples collected in April was as good an index, or a better index, of nitrogen availability to sugar beets than were any of the other five combinations of soil test and sampling date. This observation is confirmed by the relationships found when the data from all locations for 1965 and 1966 were combined (Table 22). However, in Spite of the fact that highly significant correlations were obtained with mineral nitrogen, the prOportion of total variation in re— coverable sugar accounted for was small (only 11 percent for the April sampling). Figure 2 shows that there was a wide scattering of points when recoverable sugar was plotted against mineral nitrogen in April. The 195 observations in this experiment were a result of combining the data from the four experiments where April samples were collected (Ferden Farm, 1965; Ferden, Schian, and Gwizdala farms, 1966). The overall regression relationship with soil mineral nitrogen was highly signifi— cant and all coefficients were significant at 1 percent. However, the small proportion of variation accounted for (11 percent) is obviously not adequate by itself for pre— dicting recoverable sugar. Other factors of soil, climate, and management accounted for 89 percent of the variation in recoverable sugar. 64 Table 22-—Coefficients of multiple determination for re— gression of recoverable sugar on mineral and mineralizable nitrogen, combined experiments 1965 and 1966. Sampling Soil Degrees R2 date test of Recoverable freedom sugar April MNa 192 .11** July MN 417 .05** October MN 417 .05** April RNb 192 .02 July RN 417 .02* October RN 417 .02* A aMN——mineral nitrogen before incubation: Y = a + bMN + CMN2 RN——mineralizable nitrogen released during incubation: Y=a+bRN+cRN2 * Significant at 5 percent level. *-X- Significant at 1 percent level. 65 Nevertheless, two features of the regression line in Figure 2 are of practical significance: (1) The basic response to soil nitrogen was curvilinear and (2) the prob- ability that excessive nitrogen may have limited or depressed sugar yields increased sharply when April soil tests exceeded about 25 pounds of mineral nitrogen per acre. Figure 5 shows that fertilizer nitrogen alone accounted for no more of the variation in recoverable sugar than did mineral nitrogen alone (9 versus 11 percent). Coefficients associated with applied nitrogen and its square were not significant at the 10 percent level. The basic response in this case was nearly linear. Both April soil test values and levels of applied nitro- gen were taken into account by the regression function in Figure 4. All coefficients were significant at 1 percent except the coefficient for the square of applied nitrogen. The proportion of the total variation accounted for was in- creased to 25 percent. The probability that use of fertilizer nitrogen would reduce recoverable sugar increased markedly as soil mineral nitrogen in April increased above 25 pounds per acre. The nature of the interaction between soil mineral nitrogen and applied nitrogen can be better appreciated by comparing Figure 4 with Figure 5 in which the same function is plotted using applied nitrogen on the abscissa. The combination of applied nitrogen in excess of about 90 pounds 66 COMBINED EXPERIMENTS I965 8 I966 7soo~ 6500~ °°3 o 2 0 OO 0 0° 5500- ° 0.9 88$ °o 0 eg ° 9 4500 - RECOVERAB LE SUGAR (lb/cue) e 6 O oe§§8 go 3500 - 08 o 9-” won 0 e 25 Islam. IINERAL N O 0 ° 0 O O O O 2500‘- l l l l 1 l I 0 IO 20 30 40 50 60 70 SOIL MINERAL NITROGEN IN APRIL (Ib./ocve) Figure 2--Regression of recoverable sugar on soil mineral nitrogen in April, Combined experiments, sugar beets, 1965 and 1966. 9 = 5725** + 98.65** MN — 1.98**MN2, R2 = .11**, s = 890, df = 192. COMBINED EXPERIMENTS I965 8 I966 7soo~ fiasco» 2 o 8 0 ° 0 _ O 7' 9 0° °§ § 3 ° 3 35500” g 08 O 53 334500- a: < m LU 33500— 8 a: 2500~1 . . . J IO so 90 I30 I70 APPLIED NITROGEN IIb./acre) Figure 5-—Regression of recoverable sugar on applied nitrogen level. Combined experiments, sugar beets, 1965 and 1966. Y = 4091** + 10.11 ApN - 0.02 ApN2, R2 = .09** s = 898, df = 192. N (J1 O O I 05 (1" o o I RECOVERABLE SUGAR (In/am!) 67 COMBINED EXPERIMENTS I965 BI I966 5500* APPLIED N=l60 Ib./acre 60 I‘m/acre \ ’ \ 4500- .:::::;::—_-— 20 l0./acro 2500* 80 Ib./ocre I20 lb./0cre l l l J l l J 0 IO 20 30 40 50 60 70 SOIL MINERAL NITROGEN IN APRIL (Ib./acre) Figure 4-—Regression of recoverable sugar on soil mineral Figure N 0‘ o o I RECOVERABLE SUGAR (It/am!) N U! C O I nitrogen in April at five levels of applied nitrogen. Combined experiments, sugar beets, 1965 and 1966. 9 = 2780** + 20.66** ApN + 0.01 ApN2 + 102.8**MN — 1.25**MN2 — O.67** ApN-MN, R2 = .25**, s = 825, df = 189. COMBINED EXPERIMENTS I965 8 I966 MINERAL N= 24 Ib./ocro / 36'lb./ocre m 48 Ib./'acre 3500- ’ IO 50 90 I30 I70 APPLIED NITROGEN (It/(me) 5—-Regressions of recoverable sugar on applied nitrogen level at four levels of soil mineral nitrogen in April. Combined experiments, sugar beets, 1965 and 1966. 9 = 2780** + 20.66** ApN + 0.01 ApN2 + 102.8** MN - 1.25**MN2 - O.67** ApN‘MN, R2 = .25** s = 825 df = 189. 68 per acre with a soil test greater than about 50 pounds per acre in April was associated with no reSponse or sharply reduced recoveries of sugar. Graphical Analysis of Interactions with .Applied Nitrogen Figures 6, 7, 8, and 9 show the regressions of recover- able sugar on mineral nitrogen in April and on applied nitrogen for a single experiment (Ferden Farm,.1966). Soil mineral nitrogen in April accounted for only 17 percent of the variation in recoverable sugar (Figure 6) while applied nitrogen alone accounted for 8 percent (Figure 7). As in the combined experiments, an interaction was apparent between mineral nitrogen and applied nitrogen and their effects on recoverable sugar. Consideration of both mineral and applied nitrogen in one function accounted for 22 percent of the variation in recoverable sugar (Figures 8 and 9). This func- tion has coefficients which are significant at the 1 percent level for mineral nitrogen and its square but the coeffi- cient for applied nitrogen is only significant at the 10 percent level while the coefficient for the square of applied nitrogen is not significant at the 10 percent level. The low levels of significance for applied nitrogen coefficients in the combined equation would have been ex- pected from the small, nearly linear contribution of applied nitrogen to total variation in Figure 7. Nevertheless, inclusion of applied nitrogen terms in the function improved RECOVERABLE SUGAR HbJOflOI 69 FERDEN FARM ROTATIONS I966 I- O O ?=qumuu o 32.5 Ib./ocro MINERAL N I l J I 0 20 40 60 80 SOIL MINERAL NITROGEN IN APRIL (Ib./acreI Figure 6——Regression of recoverable sugar on soil mineral nitrogen in April. Ferden Farm rotation experiment, su ar beets, 1965. ‘2 = 2700** + 102.5** MN - 1.58** Figure MN 6500 0'! (II o O 4500 3500 N U'l O O RECOVERABLE SUGAR (lb./0creI I500 7——Re R2 = .17**, s = 754, df = 77. I FERDEN FARM ROTATIONS I966 O O h 0 O O 8 8 -8 8 § 8 O 0 9 W 7: O 8 8 8 g o _ O O O 20 4O 60 80 I00 léO APPLIED NITROGEN (Ib./acre) gression of recoverable sugar on applied nitrogen level. Ferden Farm rotation experiment, sugar beets, 19 s 66. 9‘: 5407** + 15.58 ApN — 0.07 ApNZ, R2 = .08*, = 775, df = 71. 7O FERDEN FARM ROTATIONS I966 6500~ E 5500 r ; APPLIEO N=80 Ib./ocr’o 5 450° ' 60 Ib./acn D ‘\ U) \ // 3 3500 - / I20 Ib./acro “<9 20 Ib./ocre l m LIJ A > 2500 _ Y-IIA‘SIIUI 8 30 Ib./ocro MINERAL N LL! 0: I 500 b l l l l l O 20 4O 60 80 SOIL MINERAL NITROGEN IN APRIL (IO/acre) Figure 8-—Regressions of recoverable sugar on soil mineral nitrogen in April at four levels of applied nitrogen. Ferden Farm rotation experiment, sugar beets, 1966. 9 = 2255** + 18.25# ApN — 0.10 ApN2 + 95.67** MN - 1.59**MN2, R2 = .22**, s = 725, df = 75. (# = sig— nificant at 10 percent) FERDEN FARM ROTATIONS I966 6500- i 5500 ~ g 4500 _ MINERAL N=50 Ib./oc\ro __ ”2;” I?) '4 lb.\/ocn 24 "Home UJ a! 3500 - \ 56' Ib./am < 8 Ib./ocre *— 0: Lu I ~ (>3 2500 __ 50 Ib./0¢IO :3 CE |500- A, 1 I 1 AJ 20 40 60 80 I00 |20 APPLIED NITROGEN (IO/acre) Figure 9——Regressions of recoverable sugar on applied nitrogen level at six levels of soil mineral nitrogen in April. Ferden Farms rotation experiment, sugar beets, 1966. Y = 2255** + 18.25# ApN — 0.10 ApN2 + 95.67** MN — 1.59** MNZ, R2 = .22**, s = 725, df = 75. (# = significant at 10 percent) 71 the prediction value of soil test nitrogen. The R2 value was increased from .17 in Figure 6 to .22 in Figures 8 and 9. The comparable gain in the preceding section for func- tions based on all available data from 1965 and 1966 was from R2 = .11 for soil tests alone (Figure 2) to R2 = .25 when applied nitrogen was also considered (Figures 4 and 5). These gains in information demonstrate how the useful— ness of a soil test can be improved by taking into consider- ation other factors which influence total variation. In both of these groups of data, the contribution of fertilizer nitrogen was essentially linear, and the ApN2 term could have been left out with no loss in information. The MN2 term, however, gave expression to a highly signifi- cant curvilinear component of reSponse to soil test. In both cases, the probability for reduced yields of sugar increased as April soil test values increased above about 50 pOunds per acre. The probability that these reductions would be substantial increased sharply as soil test values greater than 50 pounds per acre were combined with fertilizer nitro- gen in excess of 90 pounds per acre. Graphical Analysis of Interactions with Residual PhOSphorus The level of residual phosphorus in the soil is another source of variation in recoveries of sugar from sugar beets in Michigan's Saginaw Valley. The Monitor experiment gave opportunity to examine relationships between beet parameters 72 and soil test nitrogen at four levels of residual phOSphorus in the soil. Soil tests for phosphorus were not available for all plots of the experiment, so the fertilizer phOSphorus inputs made in 1959 were used to represent the residual soil phos- phorus variable (see page 24). Of several relationships examined in this experiment, the largest amount of informa- tion (R2 = .55**) was obtained for the stratified function involving percent sucrose and soil mineral nitrogen at’ harvest time in 1965 (Figure 10). Where the 1959 application had been 0, 87 or 174 pounds phosphorus per acre, percent sucrose decreased with increas- ing soil mineral nitrogen. However, at the 548—pound level of phOSphorus, an exponential response to increasing mineral nitrogen was expressed. It should be noted that this dramatic response was expressed over a range of soil mineral nitrogen values from 4 to 18 pounds per acre at harvest. Mineral nitrogen at harvest time is not directly compar— able with mineral nitrogen in April. Mineral nitrogen at harvest however represents the available supply of nitrogen to sugar beets at a period which is important for quality determination. Results very similar to these were obtained when mineral nitrogen tests from soil samples taken in late July were used (R2 = .56**). Further evidence for interaction between soil nitrogen and soil phOSphorus on sugar beet response was obtained from 75 the Ferden Farm in 1965. The computer solutions in Table 23 are presented for consideration. The relationship between recoverable sugar and soil mineral nitrogen, ignoring other factors, was essentially linear and accounted for 15 perCent of the variation (equations 1 and 2). It was, therefore, more informative than the curvilinear relationship to soil mineral nitrogen alone (equation 4) or the essentially linear relationship to soil phOSphorus alone (equations 5 and 6). There was little gain in information when applied nitro— gen and soil mineral nitrogen were considered together as independent variables (equation 7). Nor when the curvilinear response to soil mineral nitrogen was stratified to take into account the two fertility levels (equation 8). There also was no gain in the statistical significance of term coeffi- cients. Because of the design of these long term experiments, the fertility levels of equation 8 included variations in level of applied nitrogen and variations in residual soil phOSphorus (see Experimental Methods, Table 1). These two components of fertility level were broken out and considered, along with soil mineral nitrogen, in equation 9. To derive equation 9, the computer was instructed to consider linear, quadratic and all possible interaction terms for these three independent variables. It was further instructed (LS Delete routine) to reject all terms other than 74 ApN and ApN2 for which regression coefficients were not sig— nificant at 20 percent probability or less. The terms which met this threshhold requirement appear in equation 9. Of the linear and quadratic terms considered, only the linear reSponse to soil phosphorus was significant at the 15 percent level. However, one first order interaction (MN-P) and the second order interaction (ApN-MNoP) were sig— nificant at the 5 percent level. In the design of the eXperiment, the ApN terms in equa- tion 9 were related structurally to the fertility levels of equation 8. The availability of soil nitrogen and phOSphorus was related residually to both applied nitrogen and fertility level. This high degree of intercorrelation in long term field experiments is a weakness for soil test correlation purposes. Nevertheless, it may be inferred that strictly additive effects of fertilizer nitrogen, soil nitrogen and soil phosphorus are reflected in the linear coefficient for ApN in equation 9. The statistically significant interaction effects in equation 9 have important agronomic implications: (1) Poten- tial recoveries of sugar can be increased by increasing nitrogen fertility if other fertility factors, in this case phosphorus, are also increased (+0.97 MN-P), and (2) exces- sive nitrogen fertility can result in reductions in sugar recovery if other fertility factors are limiting (-0.01 ApN°MN°P)‘ . Hm>ma usmoumm a pm unmoamacmflm ** Hm>ma unmoumm m #0 MGMUflMHcmHm * A Hm>ma uomoumm ON um unmoHMAcmHm .Ammv Hm>ma suflaflpumm sow: .Afimv Hm>mH muflafluumm Boa .Amv msuonmmonm HHOM OHQMHHN>N .Azzv :mmouuflc HmumcHE HHom .Azmfiv cmmouuflc Umflammm .Ammy Hmmsm manmnm>oomm "mooauMH>mMQQ¢ 75 Amy **NN. H mm .m.22.2m¢ wao.o I m.22 *sm.o + m Nmm.m I m2m4 80.0 + 22¢ ms.s + **mmfi¢ H mm Ame *Isa. H mm .mmzz m¢.o I N222 mm.m¢ + Hmzz mm.o + E22 5m.ofi I **mwma u mm 25v **>a. H mm .mzz am.m + 22 om.m I N222 No.0 I 222 mm.m + **mmm¢ H mm Amy 80. H mm .mm 80.0 I m ms.ma + **mmm¢ H mm Ame so. u mu .m os.m + **masw H mm 25v *mo. H mm .m22 ma.a + 22 5m.¢ + **mam¢ H mm Ame *so. u NM .22 *sa.am + **o>m¢ u mm Amy **mfi. H mm .mzma No.0 I 222 mm.oa + **mmm¢ u mm Asa **ma. n mm .222 **mo.m + *Immaw n mm .mmma .Enmm ampumm Nmsuonmmonm pmmuIHHOM tam cwmouuflc Hmumcafi Mom mummy HHOM Hflum< 0cm ammonufla owflammm ou Goaumamn :fl Hmmsw manmum>oomn How MGOHmmmummH pom mCOMomHOHHOOIImm OHQMB 76 When these interaction effects were taken into consider- ation in equation 9, the usefulness of the April nitrogen soil test was enhanced over the less Specific factoring employed in equations 7 and 8 (R2 = .22** vs. R2 = .17**). These conclusions from the Ferden Farm in 1965 are the same as those from the Monitor residual phOSphorus experiment in 1965 (Figure 10 and text). It appears that a soil test for mineral nitrogen can provide information useful for guid- ing fertilizer practices for sugar beets. An early Spring test appears to be the most useful. Its usefulness can be considerably improved by taking into consideration other factors of fertility and management. Other Measures of Soil Nitrogen Availability Soil samples collected in April were chosen for three other soil tests for nitrogen availability. April samples were chosen because mineral and mineralizable nitrogen values from these samples were as highly or more highly correlated with sugar beet yield and quality factors as for samples taken later in the growing season. Also, April samples represent the only sampling date in this study which could have practical significance for predicting the amount of nitrogen fertilizer to apply to the current year's crop of sugar beets. The three availability measures were (1) nitrogen ex- tracted from soil by boiling water according to the method 77 of Livens (1959) as modified by Keeney and Bremner (1966), (2) a fertility factor for sugar beets as described by Nieschlag (1965) and (5) total Kjeldahl-nitrogen. Quantita- tive values obtained by these methods were examined for their correlation with sugar beet yield and quality at the Ferden Farm in 1965 and 1966 (Table 24). In 1965, R? values for regressions of yield, percent clear juice purity, recoverable sugar, and amino nitrogen on nitrogen extracted by boiling water, when the fertility levels were accounted for, were .41, .19, .52, and .29 respectively. These R2 values are higher than those for fertility factor, or for total, mineral, or mineralizable nitrogen in April samples (Tables 8 and 24). In 1966, boiling-water nitrogen was no better than fer- tility factor or total Kjeldahl-nitrogen in predicting beet or sugar yields or quality factors. All were less useful than the test for mineral nitrogen (Tables 9 and 24). Kjeldahl-nitrogen was more highly correlated with beet yield and quality than was fertility factor. Kjeldahl—nitrogen is a necessary input for the fertility factor equation (see Table 24). Therefore, it appears that the other inputs: total carbon and clay plus fine silt add no agronomic useful- ness to the equation. It should be mentioned that in this case no additional variation was added 13y putting the (clay plus fine silt) factor into the equation because this factor was essentially A: o m v.022m + swaov R + 0mm x m u 0000mm mpHHMpMmm ~22 x ooav U .HOuMB mGHHHOQ um wouomnuxm cmmoanZU .mmmfi Ucm mama mo HHHQ¢ CH UOuUOHHOU OHO3 MOHQEMm HHOm muflafluumm 2822 pm ummu wflom ummn Hmmsm u N 0Hm£3 NNme + mm Hm Q .Hm>ma m .Ho>wm wuflaflwnmm 30H #0 ummu aflom H Zm .Hmpmfimumm m 2mw + 2m0 + 2mm + m u.w eMom 020 mo 0M8 macaumsvmm N N.Hm mo. **Nm. **NN. *NH. **¢N. NO. **mm. Z HMHOB Ha. *Imm. **ma. Isa. **mfi. 80. **mm. m amuouomm AOAHAuumm 8 s 7. Cd. **mN. HH. **mfi. ma. mo. **©N. N HmZONm mmmfi . . . . . . . N.fim no mo **HN **mm Ofi m0 **>N Z HMpOB no. so. *Isfi. om. Hg. mo. **5m. m AMMOAOGM 202220002 mo. 80. **mm. **mm. **mfi. mo. Ida. N szomm mmmfi EDHUom Enammmoom z oaflad Hmmsm moansm mmonosm ummB OUHDn Amman cw mmfluduamEH maanm>oomm moasn HMOHU usmonmm UHOHN Hflom Homoumm .mmmfi tam mmmfi .8202 200202 .muflaflnmaflm>m ammoupac Mo wmusmmmfi mmnnu co mHOumE Imnmm ummn Hmmsm mo mooammmummu How GOMHMCHEHmumU mamfluasfi mo mucmfloflmmmoollwm magma m 79 the same for all plots at the Ferden Farm. However, it is recognized that this expression of soil texture may be very important when different soils are considered. Fertility factor was probably not fairly evaluated by these experi- ments. When data from the Ferden Farm in 1965 and 1966 were combined, nitrogen extracted from soil with boiling water had a very low degree of curvilinear correlation with recover- able sugar when other fertility separations at this farm were not taken into account (Figure 11). Recoverable sugar increased with nitrogen extracted by boiling water up to a value of 144 pounds per acre and then decreased at higher values. Coefficients of multiple determination for regressions of sugar beet yield and quality factors on nitrogen extracted by boiling water were increased by considering the rate of applied nitrogen (Figures 12 and 15). The patterns of re— sponse to applied nitrogen at varying levels of nitrogen extracted by boiling water and to boiling water nitrogen at varying levels of applied nitrogen were very similar to the patterns obtained with mineral nitrogen (Figures 4 and 5). However, R2 was lower. It can also be noted that R2 for the regression of recoverable sugar on water-extracted nitrogen was not as high when two years' data were combined and nitro- gen applied was taken into consideration as it was when data for the individual years and fertility level were taken into 80 MONITOR PLOTS I965 I?- 3 I6 _ Residual P level 8’ o . ““““““ 348 Ib./ocre 3 5 I5 - 0 ° '\° ...... I74 lb./acre E A\g\_/:\\\.A 3 8 , ““““ O lb./acre $I4- . o a O ----- 87 Ib./acre l3 - I l l l l j 0 5 I0 I5 20 25 SOIL MINERAL NITROGEN AT HARVEST (Ib./OcIe) Figure 10-—Regressions of percent sucrose of beets on soil mineralAnitrogen at harvest. Monitor su ar beets, 1965. Y = 15.88** + 0.05 MNPl - 0.01 MNPl + 0.05 MN 2 — 0.01 MN2 — 0.05 MN — 0.01 MN25 - 0.51% MN:4 + 0.02** Mfig , R2 = .55** s = .765, df = 51. [j — 0.15 P/acre, 3 = 87 lb P/acre, A = 174 lb p/ acre, 0 = 548 lb P/acre. FERDEN FARM I965 8 I966 7500- .§ 6500- 0 ° °% 0: 5500- 4 <9 78 0.4500L I; < S o . o 5 35°° o o .o 8:8,:55517522. g 0 060 o 0 2500-1 . . . ° . . J 90 IIO I30 I50 I70 I90 2I0 NITROGEN EXTRACTED WITH BOILING WATER (IO/acre) Figure 11——Regression of recoverable sugar on nitrogen ex— tracted from April soil samples with boiling water. Ferden Farm rotation experiment, sugar beets, 1965 and 1966. 9 = 5555 + 158.7* H20N — O.48* H20N2, R2 .08**, s = 867, df = 157. 81 FERDEN FARM I965 BI I966 7500- .13 6500 - 3:: 5500 - ‘39 ApN = 60 Ib.\/acre 8,0 Ib./acre U3 - 2,4500— ‘ “7-~— 3 / IZO Ib./ocre g I. I; 3500 L 20 Ib./acre o 0 LL! I: 2500 1 l 1 # I I I 90 IIO I30 I50 I70 I90 2I0 NITROGEN EXTRACTED WITH BOILING WATER (IO/acre) Figure 12——Regression of recoverable sugar on nitrogen ex— tracted from April soil samples at four levels of applied nitrogen. Ferden Farm rotation experiment sugar beets, 1955 and 1966. Q = -75.47 + 49.21** AgN - 0.01 ApN2 + 52.49** H20N — O.55** ApN'HgONI R = .14**, s = 845 df = 155. FERDEN FARM I965 BI I966 7500 - E 5500 — a: 5500 >- 3 H20" 3 (‘35 Ibo/CC“ I60 "II/CC“ (I) \ \ g 4500 - a: g ’/\| L; 3500 - IIO Ib./ocre 83 LL! c: 2500 1 l l l l l l l J 20 40 60 80 |00 I20 I40 I60 APPLIED NITROGEN I Ib./acre ) Figure 15-—Regression of recoverable sugar on applied nitrogen at three levels of nitrogen extracted from April soil samples with boiling water. Ferden FarmArota— tion experiment sugar beets, 1965 and 1966. Y = —76.47 + 49.21** ApN - 0.01 ApN2 + 52.49** HgoN —O.55** ApN'HZON, R2 = .14**, s = 845, df = 155. 82 consideration. This difference in R2 value (.14 versus .52 or .18) may be attributed to differences in years and/or to the importance of fertility other than nitrogen. From these results it appears that both mineral nitrogen and nitrogen extracted by boiling water represent potentially useful indexes of nitrogen availability. There was a strong linear correlation between the two (r = .70**). Mineral nitrogen in April likely represents nitrogen that had already been released from a readily mineralizable fraction of soil organic nitrogen. The nitrogen extracted by boiling water may provide a realistic quantitative estimate of this mineral— izable fraction since the quantities extracted (100 to 170 pounds per acre) bear a reasonable relation to quantities which might actually be removed from soil nitrogen sources by sugar beets at yield levels encountered in these studies. However, the water solubility method is much more time consuming than the mineral nitrogen procedure. The remarkable consistency of results with the mineral nitrogen, in this study, gives promise that criteria for its useful interpre- tation can be develOped through appropriate field calibra— tion. In spite of the time-consuming nature of the hot water extraction procedure, it does appear to measure a significant fraction of soil organic nitrogen. Further studies with it, in conjunction with the mineral nitrogen procedure, are i needed to deve10p sound soil test interpretation principles 85 based on more intimate knowledge of the dynamics of soil organic nitrogen transformations. The role of mineral colloids in soil fertility also bears further investigation. The fertility factor, as calcu- lated in this study, was based on the hypothesis that the potential productivity of a soil is determined mainly by its content of mineral and organic colloids and by the quality of its organic colloids as reflected in N:C ratios. The possibility that an extracted fraction of nitrogen might be combined with an estimate of colloidal size fractions in deriving a useful "fertility factor" should be investigated. With regard to any test which may be selected, its usefulness for estimating fertilizer nitrogen requirements of sugar beets will depend upon the extent to which other fertility and management factors are taken into account in calibration studies. PART II EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM CARRIERS AND LEVELS OF POTASSIUM AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF SUGAR BEETS 84 LITERATURE REVIEW High levels of potassium in the petioles of sugar beets are conducive, if not essential, to the production of high yields (Powers and Payne, 1964). High levels of potassium in the root at harvest are undesirable, however, as potas— sium, along with amino nitrogen and sodium, account for a large proportion of the non-sucrose contaminants of the clear juice extracted from beets in the sugar factory. Cuthbertson (1960) in a review of the use of potassium by crOps found that sugar beets have a marked power of uti— lizing soil potassium so that only moderate dressings are necessary. This would tend to indicate that over-application of potassium would result in high uptake and decreased quality of beets in much the same way as over-application of nitrogen. Boyd (1956) cites the importance of nitrogen-potassium interaction. He found that increased amounts of potassium had a much more favorable effect on the recoverable sugar obtained from sugar beets when the rate of nitrogen applica- tion was increased. One possible fault found with his data was that both nitrogen and potassium fertility were at low levels for all rates in this experiment. It would be inter- esting to see how this relationship changes with increased fertility. 85 86 Considerable research on the effects of potassium carriers on the quality of crOps other than sugar beets has been reported. KCl applied at high rates was less effective than K2SO4 for increasing yield of potatoes (Yung, 1965). High rates of KCl decreased specific gravity (Rowberry,' Sherrell, and Johnston, 1965; Timm and Merkle, 1965) and starch content of potatoes (Yung, 1965). Workers cited found that the detrimental effects of KCl on potato quality were not present when K2SO4 was the potassium source. Su and Li (1962) found KCl retarded bearing of pineapple and reduced the percent of high quality fruit in comparison to K2S04 applied at the same rates. Nichols, Davis, and McMurtrey (1962) found the quality of tobacco reduced by KCl in com- parison to K2SO4. One possible explanation of these results is that the number of soil bacteria is reduced by chloride-containing potassium fertilizers. Yung'(1965) found that these ferti- lizers reduced the numbers of nitrifying and cellulose de- composing bacteria and increased the proportion of fungi in the microflora. Conflicting reports indicate that sodium may or may not substitute for potassium in plants. Kaudy, Troug, and Berger (1955) found no substitution. They stated that potassium was absorbed and translocated separately from sodium. Harmer and Benne (1941,1945) observed substitution in sugar beets grown on muck and reported a 6-year average increase of 4.5 87 tons from the application of 500 pounds NaCl where the average annual rate of potassium was 115 pound per acre. Davis (1955) reported increases of 1 to 1.8 tons per acre for beets when NaCl was applied to plots receiving 280 pounds potassium but, no response was found on plots receiv— ing 498 pounds of potassium. Shepard, Shickluna, and Davis (1959) found NaCl increased the yield of sugar beets when 85 or 166 pounds of potassium was applied. Tissue analyses gave evidence of potassium—sodium interactions. Tissue with the highest potassium concentration had the lowest sodium concentration and vice versa. No differences in the percent sucrose of beets were observed in these studies and purity measurements were not included. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Potassium carrier experiments were conducted at three locations in 1965 and were repeated at two of the locations in 1966 (see Table 25). Two of these locations were on mineral soils typical of the sugar beet producing soils in the Saginaw Valley area of Michigan. Location 1 was a Kawkawlin loam with a high test for potasSium (240 pounds ammonium acetate-extractable potassium per acre) and loca— tion 2 was a Sims clay loam, also with a high soil potassium test (200 pounds). Location 5 was on an organic soil (Houghton muck). Four potassium carriers: KCl, KNOs, K2804, and (K2804 + MgSO4)1 were applied in replicated plots in randomized complete block designs at each location. At location 1 potassium was applied at rates of 85 and 166 pounds potassium per acre, nitrogen at 50 and 60 pounds in 1965 and 50 and 150 pounds in 1966. Potassium was applied at the rate of 200 pounds at location 2 and nitrogen at a constant rate of 70 pounds. At location 5 potassium was applied at rates of 166 and 498 pounds and 60 pounds of nitrogen was applied. A 500 pound NaCl application was made on one-half of the plots at location 5. lSul-PO-Mag--available from International Minerals and Chemical Co., Skokie, Ill., and composed of a mixture of K and Mg sulfates containing 18% K and 11% Mg. 88 89 Eumm MUSE Hmucmfiflummxm MODE counmsom coucflau spam 5H huflmum>flcb mumum cmmflnoflz m EMOH mmHo mEHm Bocflmmm mCHQMMOSO mm Eumm ampmmm N EmoH-cflHBMxBNM mam Monaco: 5 E202 cmE:OMHm a waxy HHom mpzsoo mflnmn3oa . GOHuomm mEmz HOQEDZ GOHDMUOA .mpcoaflummxo Hmflnumo EDHmmMDOQ mo mmmhu HHOM pom MQOHumooqllmN OHQMB 90 Petiole samples were taken from all plots in late July and early October by randomly selecting the youngest mature petiole from 20 plants within a plot according to the method of Ulrich et al. (1959). After the petioles were dried in a forced air oven at 600C. and ground they were analyzed for potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium. The Michigan State Soil Testing Laboratory performed the analyses by the methods of Jackson (1958). Harvesting, beet sampling, sugar analyses, and statis— cal analyses were carried out as described in Part I. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Four potassium carriers: KCl, KNOs, K2504, and (K2SO4 + MgSO4) each affected yield of beets, percent sucrose, percent clear juice purity and recoverable sugar per acre in a similar manner. Tables 26 through 50 show no significant differences in yield or quality of beets due to potassium carriers for any of the five experiments. If a given potassium carrier were injurious to the quality of sugar beets it seems likely that this detrimental effect would have appeared at locations 1 or 2 where the potassium soil test was high. When the two levels of applied potassium at location 1 were ignored in Tables 26 and 27, no significant average effects of carriers were expressed. Clear-juice impurities: amino nitrogen, potassium and sodium were affected similarly by potassium carriers in 1965 at location 1 (Table 26). Application of KCl at location 2 in 1965 resulted in beets containing more potassium as an impurity of the clear-juice fraction than beets that received no potassium or beets to which the other three carriers were applied (Table 28). More potassium was taken up during growth by the KCl treated beets than by beets treated with other carriers. This was shown by higher petiole contents in July, as well as in October. It appears that an excessive amount 91 92 was taken Up above what was utilized by.tfie plant. The excess then appeared in the root as an impurity after harvest. No differences in the yield or quality of sugar beets were found when the average effects of two potassium ferti- lization rates were compared for location 1 in 1965 or 1966 (Tables 26 and 27). Nitrogen rates of 50 and 60 pounds per acre gave similar values for yield and quality of beets grown in 1965. The higher rate of fertilization was raised to 150 pounds nitrogen per acre in 1966. Plots that received 50 pounds of nitrogen produced beets with higher percent sucrose, percent clear juice purity and recoverable sugar per acre than did plots where 150 pounds nitrogen was applied. This nitrogen effect is consistent with many studies reported here and elsewhere (see Part I). Significant interactions between nitrogen and potassium fertilization levels were noted at location 1 in 1965. Table 51 shows that, at 50 pounds of nitrogen per acre, higher beet yields and more recoverable sugar were produced when 85 pounds of potassium was applied than when 166 pounds was applied. Applying 60 pounds of nitrogen reduced the amount of recoverable sugar on areas where potassium was applied at 85 pounds. This result may be caused by an im- balance of nutrition and agrees with the findings of Boyd (1956). It should be remembered however, that Boyd was work- ing at low levels of potassium fertility (O to 100 pounds 95 potassium per acre) and results reported here were obtained with high potassium fertility. In 1966, plots where KN03 was applied at the rate of 85 pounds potassium per acre, sugar beets with lower percent sucrose were produced than on plots receiving other carriers (Table 51). This may have been due to inadequate uptake from KN03,, as- indicated by the petiole analyses in Table 5. When 166 pounds of potassium was applied as KNOs, the beets produced had a higher percent sucrose than when the . same amount was applied as KCl. Possibly the higher uptake of potassium from.KCl during the growing season resulted in harmful storage of potassium in the root while the lower uptake from KNOs resulted in less harmful levels of unassimi- lated potassium in beet juice at harvest (Table 27). This explanation may also be suitable for the increased percent sucrose for plots receiving 166 rather than 85 pounds of potassium as KNOa, and the reduced recoverable sugar for plots receiving the 166 pound rate of KCl in comparison to the 85 pound rate of KCl. An alternative explanation for the decreased recoverable sugar with the higher rate of KCl is the possibility that an unfavorable soil microbial p0pula- tion developed in the presence of the chloride ion, as sug— gested by Yung (1965). Highest concentrations of potassium generally occurred in petioles of sugar beets to which KCl had been applied. When 150 pounds of nitrogen per acre was applied at location 1P 94 sugar beet petioles contained higher concentrations of mag- nesium and lower concentrations of potassium than did petioles of beets receiving only 50 pounds of nitrogen (Table 27). Higher concentrations of potassium were found in petioles from beets supplied with 166 pounds of potassium in comparison to beets with 85 pounds of potassium supplied. In general, the concentrations of potassium in beet petioles were higher in October than in July, while the opposite trend was noted for the concentrations of sodium, calcium and a magnesium at the mineral—soil locations. Sugar beets grown on Houghton-muck contained high concen- trations of potassium in their petioles with the relative concentrations being lower in October than in July (Table 50). The values given for petiole potassium in July probably indicate a luxury consumption. Potassium is quite mobile in this organic soil and the supply would become more limiting with progression of the growing season. Therefore, much of the potassium taken up early in the growing season was prob- ably utilized after July thus accounting for the lower values in October. Table 29 shows there were no significant differences in the yield or quality of beets where 500 pounds of NaCl was applied, although it appears that both yield and quality were slightly lower than when no NaCl was applied. Figure 14 indicates that there is a negative relationship between fertilizer additions of potassium or sodium and the 95 concentrations of the complementary cation in beet petioles in October. When no sodium was applied, the concentration of potassium increased greatly and the concentration of sodium decreased with increased potassium fertilization. The application of NaCl to plots which received no potassium increased the concentration of potassium in the petioles. However, when the beet received potassium fertilizer, addi- tion of NaCl decreased the concentration of potassium in petioles and increased the concentration of sodium. The depressing effect of NaCl on petiole potassium was less at the high rate of potassium addition (498 pounds) than at the lOwer rate (166 pounds). These results strongly indicate a negative relation between sodium and potassium in the petiole which could be interpreted in terms of a substitu- tion of sodium for potassium. 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The results from these experiments are summarized as follows: 1. Recoverable sugar was not increased by applying nitrogen at rates comparable to those commonly applied by beet growers. In some instances the maximum amount of sugar was produced when as little as 50 pounds of nitrogen was applied. 2. Increases in the yield of beets with increasing rates of nitrogen were frequently offset by de— creases in quality (percents sucrose and clear juice purity). 5. Seasonal variations, in the level of soil mineral nitrogen (N03_ + NOg— + exchangeable NH4+) in a sugar beet field during the growing season were attributed to variation in rainfall, crop removal, and movement of nitrate from a moist subsoil to a dry plow soil by capillary action. 105 4. 104 Soil mineral nitrogen was curvilinearly related to recoverable sugar to a greater extent than was mineralizable nitrogen (mineral nitrogen released from soil organic nitrogen during a two-week incu- bation). However, coefficients of multiple deter- mination (R2) among either of the soil tests and sugar beet yield and quality were low when other variables in crop culture, such as location, soil type, year, applied nitrogen, crop rotation, and levels of other crop nutrients were ignored. Most of the variation in sugar beet yield and quality was accounted for when several independent inputs for a given experiment were included in a multiple regression equation along with the nitro— gen soil test. Coefficients for applied nitrogen and either residual phOSphorus levels or soil phos— phorus tests increased R2 when they were included in the multiple regression equations. Soil test values from soil samples collected in April were significantly correlated with sugar beet yield and quality as often as were soil test values from samples collected in July or October. Nitrogen extracted from soil samples by boiling water, total Kjeldahlfinitrogen and a fertility factor (including measurements of total nitrogen, and carbon along with an expression of soil texture) 105 were found to be inferior to the mineral nitrogen test as potentially useful indexes of nitrogen availability. For the soil mineral nitrogen test to be routinely useful for predicting, in advance, the amounts of fertilizer nitrogen to apply to sugar beets, a method for accounting for crop differences due to location and year must be found. However, the diagnostic usefulness of this soil test is evident from the data presented. A grower could use this soil test result as an additional piece of evidence for the need to alter his nitrogen fertilization practices in a subsequent year. Effects of Potassium Carriers and Levels of Potassium and Nitrogen Fertilization on the Yield and Quality of Sugar Beets The yield and quality of sugar beets grown on three soil types and in two successive years were affected similarly by the four potassium carriers: KCl, KN03, K2804, and (K2304 + MgSO4). In the experiments carried out, rates of potassium (up to 200 pounds per acre for mineral soils and up to 498 pounds for organic soil) applied in combination with a high potassium soil test did not affect the yield or quality of beets. Sugar beets supplied with 150 pounds of nitrogen were of lower quality than beets supplied with 50 pounds of nitrogen per acre. 106 A reSponse in yield of beets and recoverable sugar was attributed to the application of 166 pounds of potassium when 60 pounds of nitrogen xwas applied but not when 30 pounds of nitrogen .was applied. Some evidence is given to indicate that KCl applied at a rate of 166 pounds potassium per acre reduced the quality of sugar beets in comparison to KCl applied at 85 pounds per acre and to KN03 applied at a rate of 166 pounds per acre. Highest concentrations of potassium generally occurred in petioles of sugar beets to which KCl had been applied. When 150 pounds of nitrogen per acre was applied, sugar beet petioles contained higher concentrations of magnesium and lower concentrations of potassium than did petioles of beets to which only 30 pounds nitrogen per acre was applied. Higher concentrations of potassium were found in petioles from beets which were supplied with 166 pounds of potassium in comparison to beets to which 85 pounds was applied. In general, the concentrations of potassium in sugar beet petioles were higher in October than in July while the opposite trend was noted for the concentrations of sodium, calcium and magnesium at the two mineral soil locations. Sugar beets grown on Houghton muck had high concentrations of potassium in their petioles. The relative concentrations were lower in October than in July. 107 The application of 500 pounds of NaCl had no effect on the yield or quality of sugar beets grown on Houghton muck. However, there was some substitution of sodium for potassium in beet petioles. BIBLIOGRAPHY Allison, F. E. 1956. Estimating the ability of soils to supply nitrogen. Agr. Chem. 11(4): 46-48. Allison, F. E. .1966. The fate of nitrogen applied to soils. Adv. Agron. 18: 219-258. Anderson, G. R. 1958. .An economic evaluation of three soil nitrogen tests. M. S. Thesis, Michigan State University. Baldwin, C. S., J. F. Davis, and C. E. Broadwell. .1965. An analysis of production practices of sugar beet farmers 1961-1965. Quart. Bull., Mich. Agr. Exp. Station 48: 56—65. Boswell, F. C., A. C. Richer, and L. E. Casida. .1962. Available soil nitrogen measurements by microbiological techniques and chemical methods. Soil Sci. 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