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Smeitth t0 th pchodl of Gr:¢u2ta :tgul
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n~dummmtcd for'tfi4313wonniw-
f :10; :ltctrfinfi in 1 S.
-‘c that 1C3? cv QlLCCTOH
c ‘7.5 3 5” ion—pairs on
i'uiri'ytiJ371 ()f’ Ti, t21c oxzcirww

an ion-pair, to be

of 1000 cv elect

rcmovcc from the ioniZfitvon ch? her by gouty? c electri
fields thh thu curr«nt hue to the clectpons cntejinq

:6 ratio

course cannot bc mbaSUTLU simt

s

aver "c nu? f3

g)

electron. If thc low cncrgy c

produces K ion—pairs For initi

encrty rcouirco for thc

the ratio L/K.

The prancnt instrumcnt

rpnpe of electrons, as ncll as
twccn 200 cv onu 8900 cv. it

EXEC

L

rimcntally

"~r~‘.
‘/
4L."
“

D. U

}._1

yer unit track cngth,

’9‘

lltancously, Ticlds K
0

nl clcctron, G

formation of

5.4
.

P

of“ tnfixse cuiriwxits, <3:

-

_ -,~~ _ " o v‘ ‘o
i‘llxk/ Ln liLJ.

per

lcctyon nith L cv

‘ an qir

h

ion—p

electrons of

a. —L

{l T“: L1.

r‘I °

information

L |
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trincntnlly c

'1 _ ‘ _ ‘ 'Y‘ 1‘ I, 'f ‘ 1' _‘ J r r‘ 5
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svcrcgva

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tile

known Specific ionization ion-pair formation

"v A TI <‘ | 4‘

I? W" O": .
‘ .4 ‘ _ .._
---..U.Lu.. _. (1b-.--o.a..;_u

Ioniza ion Processes
Ionization Mccsurcmcntq

The Im;ortmnce of Ucltn-rny Ioniz ::tion

bxocrimcn“el ObserW ti oos on Ulcctroos in gir
chi 9n Con<loeritioos

Vacuum Requirements of thc Ioniz?; ti)n
011a; ab (3 1°

A

'n 77 ° a 1 . an,” N '61—. “3,:
VC.CUL4‘.LI1 “b. ll..Ll'c1.1‘u; 1L 3 Or one Juli UlIalLJVl‘

f

Llectrical and Ulcctronic Components for
the Llcctron Gun

Other glcctronic on; Llcctricel Componcnts

a" ,. ~._ _ ‘ 4r. ‘ ‘ ..‘b .-.. ‘ \ .‘ . "“1 .. i ‘ ..‘» .. ’ ' . .-
rrctsuie mbdbulli- gflfilydxfit

Vacuum Utals

U4

V1 or Ir:

UlCiflllK CL? VUCLuhj oniikmzfis
chrati one 1 Jctails
igvacua tic n of 101i ation aim; Gun 0113;113ch

Care of the Forepgmps ono Uiifusion Pumps
n? and FocusinQ of Btum on Small
Determination of thc incr’v UJ L,Iibution
Of‘lJLCctITn1s Iatnfijlf thrwurfi; the innall
Orifice into the Ionization Cln:1ucr
The idoition of t
Removal of tnt Ionization Iroiucts
betcdflnlnhtiOflflf thc E: Ml?”tlffll Como;

Dif;usion and ncconbinotion lffccts

30003-6

O;

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U. U. CUTLCJt “cyliuicr
Uncrpy bistritu ion Curve
an Ion Collection Serve
in Ion Collection Curve

An Ion Collection Curve

C»)
1...:

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IIII fiLluthb Ion fitld 01

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r
A”

OF 1000 VOLT hhncInOIS I; AIR

w‘ ' r. ‘

“‘1‘ 1-1. nz-r-‘lvr‘~v 4 "\ .
IKJ-‘ILJJ‘-.LJ..\)AR I _'.\’C.LJ'...'._,’.L.JL_J

Various particles, such as aloha-particles, neutrons,

X-reys, etc. are often

plnotons, electrons, gamma-rays,

tlrought of as possessing difftrent over—all patterns of

fly throu;h matter. The differ—

-, 1 “ ‘(" ’L. ' I‘
es ne yolvlClbo

kL.

icxnizetion

ernses in these patterns are more frequently emphasized than

tfilc=ir common features. as rill be indicated in the follow-

irlgg sections, a very significsnt fraction of the total

)

3A>rlizstion caused by the initial gerticle is due to delta-
Delta-rays are the low tnergy (a few hundred volts
) electrons ejected by the initial particle from the

I11031.6:cules with which it collides.

When the initial particle traverses a medium with
Galenbgy equal to the ionization potential of the medium,
there is a finite probability that the particle will yield
alil its energy by an inelastic collision and an electron

v-‘ .
“LJJI be eJected from the target atom or molecule with

neisligible velocity. It is vastly more probable that the

a ‘ 1 “I
tRDEH or molecule is merely excited and later returns to its

{berlan state by radiation. The stem or molecule may also

ht . , .
C1V*3 its kinetic energy increased by tne collision.
.

0

{4

As the energy of the particle is increased, the prob-

ability of ionization (electron ejection, ion—fair iormation)

increases greatly. When the energy is increased to twice

the ionization potential it becomes possible for two ion—pairs

to be formed by the initial particle. The initial particle
is itself not necessarily involved in forming the second

icni- air, for the positive ion or more probably the electron
of‘ the first ion-pair may be ejected with sufficient energy

tc> cause ionization by collision. hence it is not only the

'beliavior in collision of the initial particle but also those
(if the positive and particularly of the slow electron or
Ch31.ta-ray which contributes to the observed collision phe—

As the energy of the incident ray or particle becomes

fossibilities for

no Illena .

lflruge enough to form many ion-pairs, the
tkha sequence in ionization become very numerous. Iowever

tENB total ionization can only be due to the ionization caused

by” fine components.

For an alpha-particle traversing air the ionization

— ‘0
Pfiuarromena must be due to the alpha-particle, ejected electrons,

‘0 . - g . o 'v
4~0533.tive ions, anu negative ions. The negative ion is formed

b\ r ,
J. Clttacnmcnt of an electron to a neutral molecule or atom.

S . . ‘7
illCle oxygen is electro-negative,20 the negative ions in

a _ - 1
15b ‘Woulo be 02, etc. For some target atoms and molecules

t1 .
1‘31N3 are further complicating effects such as the creation

Of ‘ . ‘ Y 'T ,— 3.
“Uiltlply charged ions of mercury, hg’, ng**, hg***, hg****,

e1; . . .
(3° which may be formed by relatively low energy colliSions.

C-l

J.

Ionization by electro-ncgutive rolecules, multiple ionization,
uissociation of the tar;ct molecule, etc. are effects of
seconuary inportance except in isolatca cases.

Lven in the abse1ce of the secondary effects mentinned
the collision phenomena remain conglex. Hence we Ligr ss

:from.the present account to she oh the {nTsical situation

, J- ,— , I, v , . - D ‘ 1 1n —, —. - ‘ J»— ‘w ‘ ' x ‘ .l '1 ‘9 1 t" ‘ fl ‘ ‘
51.nL4 UO (:I)OEJQIlt a ‘ 7,731.1 V!_"‘)l L11-".>-L:1Lbl Ll Eight Egalicll -L-L\(‘ LI'.)T..\1

..J

(nonstructea. Tne follo in“ remarks are confines to ulcctrons

C J-
u u L;

hcd~viar of other inciuont

,-

1“. . 3 '- ‘ ‘ ,V_ .0 _' , \
ilk; lnclo out wart- (:16. file

“’ Li‘l " ’w w' « ~~»'v.m
1"}-IOLJ 0. L5) 5) ("L/.1.tt_/ L‘J-i.1'_:wi .

' -. ,w- , . 4—";-
._Iieu‘\“j lzszas bilfljl

.-

iu31li§bTVtiJWTl I)31§LY‘lXLfil

  
  

,1. 1... 1...”- . _ --LW‘
[10 LJ'.’]_ LIJ. C‘.(JL\. 1v1‘19_UJ.;’ S

The Levin; track is ch r cheristic 0f the tith of a;
eliscztrorfixg startilnj'sith {filxflltrvj’alb v (J xrtror1\mvlts rqul
ethIlNg,xfluD.lfll® clx,ctlrn1 is IN) lorqy r cxg;walt><3f Inmmxucirn,
1911 pairs. The rznve of the electron, l, is taken as the

1.1

.0
r“ V ‘ ‘fi H ' " "V! _ ‘ ‘ — ‘ ”r. "17': ’3 ’ v't r. '7 I. .” '2‘. ' ,‘ u L a ‘
li11&~1*cistance bbtubpfl the onis oi the lies Oi the {loCbelo
:£‘\ . ‘. —-\ < — -‘~. -‘ - o'a‘x ~- ( 1' " 4‘1" ’ 'L-l " . ‘ - ' "'-'-‘
iwv total length of the LTan oi bun clccclon, s, is alciJS
e‘filu. 1~ A V,Lm - -u ,v—an n Ln, la.t- M. a
st]. to or pi'UU.t‘fi.L cuflfl Lin; 1 «.th6.) OJ. mm. L cc 1017.. lulu L.
i
Q .-_. l ‘.:."-l,1 x .1. J.°.Pr. .‘ 0-. °
" C>f ecurse COHLLUUFleb statiStic l varia ion in
~ ~ ». - .A ,. “n. - ”a w n. —
for elections of a given enuipd. hence n ”nu s are
tii‘1“ -’ I‘ s ‘j‘ ‘ " ~ '~ *"u a -- ‘ r‘;« 1 x 'v t ‘- A 1“ -"~ 3 '- ' ,. L.‘ “y '(\ ‘ "
‘- v mic aVLLKKJ; r age .ari deikk}; track ltxr,ml For “law

-. *9'~;-F

b a _ ,V
l‘vctrons of the s;ue cnc VJ.

4

Lxgerimentally it is mucn less eifficult to Measure 3
than to measure s for a particle of given energy. In
fact at the present state of anouleupc it goes not as 6??
yossible to measure s. however, in an indirect manner some
knowleeée of the behavior of s can be obtained:

Let I be the ion-hairs formed yer cm 01 the track of
the electron, ana let L be the total hunter of icn-

'1 ..1 1... C'- P'} _fi
1

formed along the (. gnen on = l us, or lor a pflrticlc

of energy V electron volts EV =‘I I ds. The limits are
given in terms of the energy of the electron.
fhe yroblem.is to inte iwfin;‘fi is (Xpres ion for EV.

"i

,tnot ventrally be done because cl the unknown track

F7
H J
p.—
H.
CI‘
0
(‘1‘

t ». A ~ ., h”, ,...‘,. .2 re... 0 ’- _ , .. 1 .0 , n
of the electron. no GVwr the egUCLJlC ldfllmthQN I cun

‘ _‘ ., 0 , .-s ., ,- --, _,°.,, ,,‘__ .~. -V‘ , v . , ry, 1-: ‘_
Db \)6l,*:zl‘.1;li’l.b;t ”-1. tie: {JO-ht; Lawn-Joli”(papal (JUL/411.10] {.35 8. loIleiOfl

‘ " '~ -‘/“ v‘ , ~r v- s,. ". ‘ 4‘7" "a '__ "A ~ V ‘. 1 3 p . 32".” H ‘9 Y _
of‘ LIN: CnLeI§,y arAtL 1.41 t, oi. LAID (Bltlltifxl, <31 \.e 1iay witLeC:

\J

J

I = f(V)o Obviously some relation exists between s :nd the
- _-A . i “I , .7— ~ - .i \ —

energy anu ran;e of the electron. Let s - r(J) - '(
d8 can be Genoted: as = L'(V) JV 2 T'(1) QR. hence the

integral for KV carlln; stated in these forms:

'7

' W - .9 . 3- -- ‘ ~ ~. \ p. ‘ n -. " a, . , n :-
pair. rrom the first lhtuu‘hl aLQVe eflw a tflgnivd_b oi l(
' A’ ' ' - a “ - . - ~- '1‘- A "i 7 ~' 4.1-, ..—

V, anu ”V’ We ought to be able to menuCU L(V)o EUTbALP:

' 1

. "’ -W ' ~ I -‘ /'\ "'~ ’ .‘ --' ~ ,2, ~ ‘ . _7) ‘ »" .1 '\ ‘\ v f 'n‘ ‘t‘ '. ‘1 I 'n
K7,]. bil ELCClll'e ka: ..AICEHII‘L'AMLI.LLB Oi pile, T« .11 (c , -L, ((11.3 d .L LANG b 1.3.. ; ~31-

the initial eneilg*(fi711n: electron, V; 3(3) Hwy b: deternlneJ

(”N ,
.._ ___ l

4
<,

O
KV 2] f("v’)J'(li)L'(V)
v

CF.

I

t...)
A
<
V
h.
C,
b I
r/

II
b:
A
«1
C

<

Providing we write A
The coal of the eguiwmunt yhich is to be eescribeu is

.L

to measure both the ever: e enerby for the formation of en

V

ion-pair, E, and the range, R, as a function of the initial
energy of the electrons. The present work deals only with

the aspects of the first problem, the determination of the

energy for the formation of an ion-pair. The following

discussion returns to the more general case of the ionization

phenomena of a particle.

0)

‘fi‘-" ._-'. ’v‘A‘v - . . .._ ‘
IV‘-‘~~I‘J6;J_‘—'—~k/l\ J‘....—.~ov./1K.£5k.‘._.1.L41‘T5

The average energy, U, for the formation of an ion-pair

.|

has often been assumed to be a constant independent of the
energy of the incident particle. It is now known that this
condition holds only as long as the velocity of the particle

"renter than the velocity of orbital

g)

is comparable to or
_ 1 1 o o 1 I" 8 18

electrons. In the case of air, this is about o x 10 cm/sec

which corresponds to lOOev electrons, o.3 Lev protons, and

1 points out that the

0.8 hev alpha-particles. fiilliamsé
constancy of U is implied in the theoretical result that the
relative numbers of excitation collisions and of light ion-
ization collisions (in w ich the energy losses are of the
order of the ionization potential) are practically independent
of the nature and velocity of the moving particle. The
frequency of more violent collisions will of course depend
upon the particle velocity, but this is relative y unimportant
as nearly all the energy is ultimfltely dissipated in light
ionizing collisions. Below the velocity of orbital electrons
there is no theoretical guide. however, experimental work
with electrons, protons and alpha-particles indicates that W
is not a constant but increases with decreasing energy.

hxperimentally the determination of W PCGUiPOS the

3

knowledge of the total energy dissipated by the moving
particle for the number of ions formed. The determinations

divide themselves into two groups. Absolute determinations

., MI! ‘., .h \7 ,‘1 , . _ .7.i,-.l _ in in - w ,O, , ‘,-.i,_' ,.. y-“ ‘ V,
in ‘.‘.i-J.C;.L ti; ’ 7. inleI‘ (,1. i '1 J a“ i \ 1133/},11 ,.’:;".5,_L{,]-. ye)

isiovni fYXDnI‘Jliflfllll tile tji “if: H»r~t :wiC_ tin; ifilfffel"0f‘ irui-Tiaig/s
f“. . .1. ..~..—‘. .4—: q s .. r- . ‘ ' ., 1-] . Q
K.) i L-LL/CJ. i. ‘y J. '..i k) s_ ’ I t 3k. LL 1 l' _ C - I. ‘ , a} I, '-_ 1 \I K. L ‘ l - C ‘J -e i k L 1.1
__ j 1 ..‘. , -_ .1 . l . l . , . n - ....., H -.L- O
ClOUL; CiiJlqu’ Sinusiti; O: ,- \/ L p"- 3,, 31.5 i 1 bL03rJS
‘ ‘0 A. I ‘, 1 . c ‘ \ - 1., V, 1 ‘ v“.
(as .Lfl TOFLLLHJLL’DJ. C, W i'-i ck- L L). ..-C>' a, i‘eL lVC’
W , -. ‘ O O O .1_ r‘ 7 ‘ ' |_) f. _ ‘ ]_ . ,- ( p
(detainlflu ions in IJCJ iii ._ LJL, .i\ a? uCtLVkaci oi
4' '9 1" . " V‘ ‘ V . | ' ' 1“ f r\| n ‘ . u
CUi lQHLLan u ent is c3 J" l|l {it H 9' ll- -‘¢Ili'lp
iiinisatiod.
The 11!? C' 3-1:}? - u 1 t7- :1- 'L i t : .i t ”r 3 , " Ar H‘osol LI L3
1.- , - ..- .1-.. _ ,- ‘ r . , - x f1 .L , .' V- 0 ,‘ .-~ ‘ .. .1 “
e LzCl'hLliilei'31150 in; steep w. w 1.-., f): e n ; 1 Ltd: accola-

“‘, m
1-

' . r- -,x .- O t . ”2 f. - -’,- ' 7- -,. u' ' ' - . - - I 1-.
to AJ1JO~ erri nut 1.;faio, \w-gihicr- m.d iii_m_
—,. 1..-- ,. 1.. 1 rs ”cw. r i .. r. . _ . 1.”, . .1
Liftely nflOun to oc {.-o h 104 av. inc Fhififlgui r
J- “'1 .0 .. ‘ . .. V n L 7. .‘., t _ ”I” _ , ,.. .1-.. .0 ..
‘ L17 L’.";|1L ’3", Lliix " 1 (pt-L ‘. r!C/k. LXI}. L'c')‘

ESQ; be measured flCCHTUbCLJ

_‘

1-,. ”,1”. .,-v°:.-.. 7V, . A“ ,
iiLcL- i3.i‘el0]n£. emleLi-Al le‘i fiUCOILLL ,._‘-L=.L' Virgil

('1‘
Iw—J
‘ I
(D
(.1
("I
5;].
(7‘
’2‘
O
F")
:0
H

n "O '\ I~ 'V 1 _ 1 0
0L 1?aeiiti is Lavish to Lm3.s.71 ){IlOlO. ifijlcb rumni bflfi acri-

O
r r -- . . m .r 1,“ .. __ 1... .fi , .0 7‘ .y _ . -‘, , - r.
léhithion of .31 ' ulyum-ifli1olClpS lg>iuw48dfbmj ..llid be

Calxlulsted for a 7.08 x lOU ev alpha-particle. fhe vnri tion

0 I x . . ‘. _0 x. 1.13 , “x .,- ..—-- » “is »’ . ’ -—° .2 -~ - - ° \ " . r~ ‘ ' “ " “ . "V

f .. “lin; etc-(L;LIQJ {if the JJLLLlul Lmuftlclb leilore -w;silu

1.13:; ‘9‘. r - u -. - ,. -1- r .0. 1- .0 L 0 . A. -.9 h. . ,. . . h- ( , ,
\<e~sLired alufll inc lth‘lLl imifiiicle (Lxl be KfifllbfthNi ovri*;a

“d*4éi ranvc of energies, as in th; CCLe of electrons where
m9fh3<eneréetic electrons of the desired en rqy can be for ed
letll considerable case.

It :flr3uld.lx3 emnluasized.iflu t the i Iitiel :xxrticle.r$ st
136 totally absorbed 1? its iflitial enerpy is to be used as

t'1~ ~~’I O I I 1 K o -\ a
12, sole criterion of tne VfingJ tisripsted L,

I, - ~ " , J-.. -- ‘ . l , . ., WAV . ,. r ‘. .. .t , ,.2. ‘0 .-1,
f‘ total absorption does wst ocear, L)Jh HKHSUHBAQ b oi the

residual energy of the particle must be made to determine
the energy expended in ionization. The lrtter procedure

of course introduces error.

Tim Int Oh'falfG}; 0F unLTrl- 11.5.}? ILI.IZ’..- :iIOII

In 1916 by photographing the tracks of alpha-particles
in hydrogen at a low pressure in a Iilson cloud chamber,
Bumstead6 becaie the firs t to obtain definite evidence of
electrons radiating from an alpha-particle track. Bumstead
estimated 2000ev to be the maximum enersy of these slow
electrons or delta-rays. Only a few exceptional electrons
had.sufficient velocity to emerge distinctly, but there
appeared to be large numbers of delta-rays with small veloc-
ities, which formed projections on the track ;ivin; it a

- r . 49

ragged edge. In 1998 C. T. R. Wilson “ studied the angular

GistIibution of delta-ray as a function of their energy.

In his eXperiments n'ilson estimated that the delta-ray of
maximum range had a velocity about twice that of the alpha-
Particle. It aereared; however, to be ejected nearly at
right angles to the direction of motion of the alpha-particle,
and not along the line of motion as the simple collision
theory would indicate. In 193 6 Chad and hmeleus8 p01 inted
Out that the results obtained by Wilson were misleading since
the first 0.2 mm of delta-rs y track cannot be 002 erved be-
cause of the ioni . ation surroundinc the alpha-particle track.
In hydrog en at normal temperature and pressure they point
Out that the most probable number of deflections through an
angle greater than forty five degrees in the first 0.2 mm

Of a 2 m delta-ray is 0.7 and in the first 0.5 mm of a 0.6 mm

10

delta-ray, it is 5.4. hence the longer tracks should have

a fowwarg direction. This was observed. iince in air the

range of a delta—ray of a given enerQy is only one-fifth

tfliat in hydrogen; and the number of scattering electrons

arni the charge on the nucleus are rou;hly seven times as

grweat, the chances of deflection through a large angle are

sc> greatly increased that the delta-rays will emerge from

trre alpha-track at random. Chadwick and Lmeleus conclude

tireir study of alpha-tracks in hydrogen, ielium, air, and

armgon with this summary:

"is far as our observations 30, the results are in
accord with the View that the delta-ray arises from

the collision of the alpha—particle with an electron
in the atoms through thich it gasses. 3e assume that,
the

for the distances involved in these collisions,
alpha-particle and the electron behave as point charges,

and that the law of force between them is that of the

inverse Square."
1ience it has been established that delta-rays are formed in
a Eitraidht forward manner as the initial particle traverses
inatrter. However the ionization phenomenon of particles can-
Ik3t3 be preperly understood until the magnitude of the ioniza-
tJADIl due directly to the delta—ray electrons has been

estlablished. The following sections will deal with this

point.

There appears to be little question that a major portion

0:? the ionization caused by the incident particle is due to

tflle secondary ionization of the delta-ray. In an extensive

Series of eXperimental observations on the effects of radia-

&) .
tion on living cells Lea“5 reports the following importance

11

.N/‘
,'._

1144:31-44—‘1 I ‘J K)

7‘

uhLTd-hAYS nKCnLDIIG lOOeV lrnle FhOJLCnp BY

1“

'1 "4'1", ’W"Cj ‘, """."Y"""‘ 1' ' " ‘ " "l __ .‘ '} ‘ ‘3ij "‘ . .
Laublskvl'nu, I;LU.L\/-1LJ, .‘i_.U [Xi—11-1.. -14‘LJ&.LILJJ—‘.~4U

Llectron Energy *Iumber of Ions Produced by
Kev Delta-rays per Primary Ionization
0.5 0.295
1.5 0.504
500 .597
6.0 0.672
24.0 0.780
192.0 .891
b84.0 0.920
Alpha-particle hnergy
Lev
1.0 0.718
4.0 0.907
5.0 0.925
6.0 0.959
8.0 0.959
Proton Lnergy
ltev
1.0 0.905
2.0 0.956
5.0 0.978
4.0 0.981
000 10006
8.0 1.015
10.0 1.018

*Including tertiary electrons,
delta-rays produced by delta-
rays

of delta-ray ionisation. The column at the left of Table I
indicates the EQGTQJ of the incident particle. She column
at tliie right indie: tes the ratio of the ninilm‘ar of ion-pairs
formed by the delta-rays of greater than 100 ev energy compared

formed directly by the initial

'UD the number of ion-pairs
pairticle. hence for a 5 Lev alpha-particle 0.925 as many

ioris are produced by delta-rays of energy exceeding 100 ev
as 'by the fllflha-pirticle. it the same time many delta-rays

arm; formed uith less than 100 ev energy. These low energy

Q~ .., _ " - _ O o ,‘ __o,, ,7 “ 0 ,.> ‘1 _ _r_-
Cus1_ta-rays and their iQijxdm.uiguxthcts increase the over-

; 0
,fi If.)

ifiLJ. number of ions created by delta-rays. . T. h. Hilson
Ci\fes the following eXperimtntel data for a reasonably fast

alpha—particle o

‘12::th II

1 I: . a-- 7g "“7 Ah _ ‘9 r j‘ 1"," ‘1 ‘ 1'" Zfiii‘f’f‘l - ‘. ‘H’
l—‘L‘.J_.‘~;(,l.‘$'4.‘.‘.\l.1. U7"? log-Cid pining Cbizlhillr

-

L.)

. n». u— A

.‘ - -. »‘ (a ‘f-r-l - -.‘ v“ A‘y .r‘ -r—--\ ~v- "\ ‘ 1’" F," ‘ . ' “
V:.nIUO.;; l'JLJlHLJLQLLQ Ui‘ .LUIkléJxLLLK/L:

CS

4 >4 Total

3
|'--’
[\3
(fl

4‘30 ‘of Ion-Pairs in the Cluster

F1‘6qtmncy of Cluster of this Size .43 .92 ~12 010 .15 1°00

1

.V B‘-

[‘

Let us assume that ten is the average number of ioni
«I. .
b10113 in the group having more than four ionizations. This
(.1‘ ‘ 'D ’ 1 I , - ,. .9 . .. . —‘
“*Ubuld be adequately large for even the fastest initial

T‘) f 3 _O , _ _ 4 .a _V. __. I s . ' _‘ . . ~ n . -* '\ - “a 1 n ‘. . .‘
”Cirtlcles because of the raiid decreaSe in the plODUbllltj

01‘ hi”h energy ionizatioqs. One can then approximate the

H-
O
:3
f—v o
N

ation yield of the various ion-clusters.

15
TABLE ILI

i—ihLATIVL ION LIL-.14) OF CLUL-fi'ihs
E0. of Ion-Pairs in the Cluster 1 2 5 4 :>4

fkalative Ion Yield of this Cluster .43 .44 .3 .40 1.50

Since a lOOev electron can on the averag yield about
tknbee ion-pairs, approximately forty-two per cent of the
ioriization due to delta-rays is acconolished by delta-rays
Of‘ lOOev energy or less. ”his is probably a lower limit of
tflieair importance. One can tnen show that 1.535 ion—pairs
arm; formed by delta-rays for every ion—pair formed directly
bY' the alpha-particle. hence a little more than sixty per
CCIlt of the total ionization is due to delta-rays. For
PFC>tons of the same energy this percentage is apparently
Sonaewhat higher. Thus the ionization due to moving electrons

is .an.important fact in the total ionization of heavy

Particles.

lé

(\ ~r \ . v\ r \ -r r-\- . ,\ f' - -' a I"! /\ 1 Y n -
, .. - y . .0, .. » . l —r T: y T
I‘U—J;L J --J. -._‘v -.Ld i~'.~\ “L—c‘JJ-‘ikl; .5.) ...'u 4-...-L

1,“- .-...‘ m... .
u¥ifidlLil-;iigi;u v...

‘- great amount Of work has Lacet‘i unlit; bu" 1.1.111'13' ObSrr-.l"VLI‘S

é-

eozm>(1f the
,07

With_considerable uisaQreenent betncen them.
ti store are: J 1 'sgoou” ,

L)

1;;

<1

CO

e

A - a o ‘ ‘
lei? SenhitzU ,

‘1

sent—'0, 1931; E‘reund ,

winv emyirical relation for

anti Osgood proyosed the follo‘
” the number of ion-pairs formeu in air by an electron of

fi'.’

enfiilgy V electron volts.

K = 0.0225 (V - l7) BCOeV 5 V 5 1000ev
Ehe) accuracy of the ceterminution has probably of the order
0f 'ten per cent. in 1951 this relation was confirmed by
Thcnnson for 50 to 270 ev electrons, as well as for thh
81191753] electrons. Thomson changed the constant "0:
K = 0.0270 (V - l7)
anti uoon the assumption thet the linearity holus for electrons

of‘ all energies, 3 becomes:

5 ev

Till B 937 : 0/
(V-17) V 1-177V

1‘ o -\ o J_1 1” , . _’ J... > n .1 , . ~
Tsmése relations uisagree with the ObSUTVthOflS Oi breunu.
he: found the energy for the formation of an ion-pair to be
57 ‘3 - A 1.1, ‘ .0 _ _ J- ..8—3

ev for 10 ev electrons, howeVer there is reason to question

tfle valiuity of this result.
In 1955, Gerbcs, a student of hisl, preposed the

fOlloa-tin; engirical relation for h
i

Vi is the ionization gottnti l in Kev. Eerbes based tlis
relation upon the LOTK of -isl (9 to 00 Rev electrons)
msich he theoretically corrected for th‘ unusually l rqe
Collection potentials Lisl useu, and uton the tork of
fi;;9e16 nith 200 ev to 1000 ev electrnns in nitroLen.

ine: plus or minus 0.08 ev can harul; be the accuracy of
the: absolute me;nituue of

J, for the individual determina-

L-Q _. - wow 0.. ~ 0 ,_ fi‘ _ 1 .1 ° - — ' -l~1-
MLJLLS of n by hisl vary by HLOut five per cent. Further,

”L A ’ . vtg ‘ 1 fl 0 ... , _ _1 _
tun: conVerSion of xiqge's worn in nitro en to the enuivalent

in <3xy4en is subject to least some e110131f'not serious
ePIrar. The Gerbes' relation for U uoes not holu for
file observations of Ereunu. Ap;arently J has not yet
bCAirl uetermineu nith sufficient accuracy to uetermine a
Val;id.re1;tion between N and V.

‘Fhe xuark Lhascritmml in inth tntmkz"
Vfillle of W for 1000 ev electrons absorbed in air. fiith
'mlb Imany technical improvements siHCe 1035 anu the re-
POIVEs of earlier investigators as a guide, the
in53trunk-lot has been so constructed that ultim tel; in-
C11-Vi(’1ual oeterninations of U as a function of V may be
“Eflée with an accuracy of plus or minus one per cent. Th_s

““3CUracy will be sueduate to ascertain the valiuity of

tfle expressions thich have been auvnnceu by Gerbes and

r—l

enmann anu Osgood, for electrons thiXQ energies between

‘ZC'O all-ti 2090 3V0

1&3

*" , I! -r -‘1- w "\

, A v , ‘4.
'3.) k’i‘ ##a .L a-..) L. ,1; '- .A - .. ‘v n 0“

t’)

X.._4.L.A,
I‘- O ‘. r. I’

m1 7 ‘(...'3 .0 WI, A . ‘ . ,-,.
11:6 1.2491 '3‘ L LLLJCLL ifl ‘JL‘ L...- “11.1.7; .1." [aka (A: L\'l';.x1.fl;

ill first be e:4;=l:~=ine«-L in ”(grout crtltlfiiic. Later, retails

n 1'1‘ ." -' ~“ ‘1 1' . . ' O ‘ . >‘ ‘1‘ . '-‘. x 3 .. A '71-
0 cut 001.15. t1 -!.C pl. ‘11 ..111 .o vuvm.‘ . -;1o 1 J'LK'C/_l.: lo 01 LLL
' ‘1 \ .(" ‘ ' I '. ‘1 “ n . . ".
bu 'L11.1( tit \. 1 It 1 H-.1 L. th , 1. .LL , L H it we» 1 1e . l
J J- U ‘ U

.0 'v-O " K’f ~14 ‘I_ ‘ a ; . y. A _ 4 . ' ' -.- :1_‘ _ ‘
irfln IlUJ¢TJ:Lo fine Lmfluu o1 (L1<Ctr;:w);b7rutu.ili the \ful

‘.-.-‘ 1' . ‘ H -1.“ .t W . ,..‘.o 7-: _, 0,1- ., 0. 0,“...9 .1“ .7
0.1:..10tl' 15) 5:64:15 Luii‘OuUi-l but; 011.1100 .1 {to ell LOllla--.LI-LQI’1 Ludhnlbl"

Ha

,.
V
[.—
,_,
ant-h
a.
"' <
..J

Where tin: CDCIIJf of {Aug btl;l is ~..isri

Of ion-pairs erunzl other troctsiies. She Illlhi‘Ut-i’ of ion-padre

101*..1eu is met-sure; amt; thi i's c“\1;';'.-_-;:--‘1 it}; tin number of
inccninv eleciavris to LWeL r L m;e UVLI Vb :u1:xr.<3f Lon—ysirs
n .. ..m‘ V. . . -.p - . w - . n 1 ‘. . . ,. r .. , 1
iOl‘iiLCU PLI' li'liLL-Cil {ZlUCLl‘Ofl’ no .alt‘l ‘LJLU ixllll‘.-.3-l--.-pk) 0.: _ filLL

the energy of the initi;l electron V, the UVePfgé e:t19y for
P

mmzformit ion 0. an ion-yair L mag be c lcul-teu b; tfie

relatior1}V = V/QE.
_,..-o gjalVCIKNHCLGI'

collector
o o w , ‘ U '1 _ __ \ ~ _ _ V
IOTKLZfltLU)H Chlbnnnur ; E lfiu;a§ (V300

GL3 :t low gressure I Jorifice
(ao‘Dut o0 microns); b]'# .._4>_
[electron gun] to
I #pumps

 

_ ,3,
to liuntws GTUI Clfithxwor

var; high vacuum

 

‘3 ,. ..‘-. ‘ w,“ 1.,v ‘. 5 0 m _- _.‘ , w. ‘ :1'. .. g ‘f 01__-‘
‘D‘VI‘ If” (D n L41. 'lil'cl'kl {it n .Okl ”LLCJ. “\I Lt; ').L 123:3: O .14." .L 1‘; Lu}- 3]-

. ‘ J- . ,1. . . , ' “ l—‘ 1 , .L. ‘ ]_‘l

t 1 6’ C LI, 0 Til b I - 1 K1 U1- ‘uC m -4. i- U L. l - 'J J bl l . J Lll \ ‘ ‘ ‘ I Isl L
A. 3 _0 . j- 1 I ~ N >0 1 I o ‘ o ’ 1 . ‘ ‘ 7'. j .,
OllfiCQ SO Lug: t bu; l 1‘“ (A- 1_ .) . (_ L} a: U L 1_ ) k“ l (1..
U ..

-77.. _ T. ‘ t O 3 O J-_ ‘_‘ . ‘ .. ' J_ ' 4 o ‘ 1 -_ J - . —.<
4-1L .fl'uluLI‘ oi irLLt1.il L. -c ci”>1& I~»<itrcti‘ a L L xvi b"‘ #1319
t 1 0 ¢ L: c. (‘fir . .' -i .— » .t‘yf ..) f . ,‘ ,. L, - ( K-

A (#4511 Lq d _L "r I‘Lii‘vxk' ‘ t‘ KJ . ‘-l\. i V (.2 . .1 ' it.) .{3 ‘EL L -LL )

J \_2 " ‘ J u

tn; t i_t cotjii Lb Ix xave;i;frox1 U c Li 1; of tin: irciia;nt

Cil'JC‘E’HIS "O {Ill-r311. time-o voltctI-oib t3 wispyiorte tipuaselves

t0 Iforce electrons or voe7tive ions to the collector. Tao

v— 11

~‘ » . .. r , 5 ~‘ l. _ ‘41-. , t\ “H- .-.-° 0 _ .,, «-7
~tJC’? e ;.€Lw3 fhguCtCLL L») (n35; 1‘1uC ).t, otja.,r\LalLL3:1 (mi ;-, bliL {lV‘mL-

I‘
O

‘T‘fi ‘ , " ~ ~ - r “ v , .m'. -- a A - -. T‘--
“u" I111...ue1' Oi 101-1):le IL)iH;uL~,LL L'eI' luitlel election. :11 Lt,

J..fi\
*' . ~‘ -. -. ' ~"~ ‘ , .‘ 1‘“ ‘\ y ' V. .'V (‘ . r‘| .. ‘.‘ n - ' i_/- “\ r 1 ‘~ I‘ f,. . ‘u‘ v
*0 1“. tl:)l LJlK/Ctr().l CHI; .1. b]t x.‘:‘;‘,kj Lib"; AJHLL KI‘ [J'J' lJLJD L‘~.I‘{l'-1\J'_ J

" ‘g e ' $000 an , t '1: K; :1’ : I‘Lttfixjf C L: ‘m x. “ S 1."-‘CLmV’LJJ. Li? 1g; L771 .‘3 C LII‘I‘L: at
O f . 1" (‘ f. “' ’r I’\ ~— 1 V“ "‘ (‘ " ' ' ‘ ‘ q ‘Iy.’ ‘ -, ' (x f“! ‘ - “ “'1 1'\ -u +—' r 1 ' )
loio icymeo ed bMLub electrons t.s av»; rem QJ one collector.

“6 these measuremnnts comlq not be 2toe simultaneously, care

‘fliis taken to minimize the vari:tion in the numter of initial
Elfictions cuterinu the io;izution chambtr curing an observa-
t33.011 of K. ihe oetcrminetiow of K concisted of a congarison
‘39 two currents revisterec by a p'greonval tall galvanomtter.
To fiiulj the relation W = V/K to determine the average
©“er7” require; in the for ation of an ion-pair, two COHui-

tions must be sativfieo. Virst, the initial electrons must

suffer so many collisions mithin the was of the ionization

18

chamber that the terminus of their track lies 2-'.'it1iv.in the
limits of the ;as in the chamber. This conuition, called
total absorption, must aggiy as well to the uelta-rays
fo*meu by the initial electrons. beconq the initial electrons
which enter the ionization chambzr through the orifice should
be identical, mono-energetic. The first conuition was satis-
fied mainly by adjusting he pressure in the ionization
chamber. The details of this mill be LlVUfl in a later
section. The second conuition cannot be satisfied exactly.
However, as will be seen later, it was possible to satisfy

'ood apgrrximation. The energy uistri-

V

this condition to a
bution of the initial electrons was determined by applying
retarding potentials to the Faraoay cage to prevent the
collection of electrons having an energy less than the
retaruing potential. Unfortunately these retaruing potentials
could not be applied with the gas in the ionization chanber

at the normal pressure for total absorption, for a gaseous
uischarge was formed in this case. This is a source of error
which ca not be removed from this method for the determination
of W. The present work has done much to reduce this error;

it is now believed not to be significant.

19

DEQIGN COEcIueRATICIS

For the Ionization Ciember

The body of the ionization chamber illustrated in
Efiigure 2 was fabricated from three—eiths-inch boiler plate
811d the thirtveby‘forty-inch door from one-inch hot rolled
sizeel. It was designed to withstand an external pressure
OI? five atmosbheres with safety. A twelve-inch spherical
CKDlleCtOP used in preliminary work is shown in position in
F343ure 2.} The major dimensions of the ionization chamber
wears chosen to allow the tank to enter the laboratory with-
Ollt the removal of any walls. While it is desirable to have

tile tank as large as possible to reduce the pressure

0

ddafferential betWeen the ionizst on chamber and the gun

Cilamber, it did not apgear feasible, for reasons of eXpense,

tC) ”o beJond a volume of one hundred cubic feet. The use—

U
-fttl volume of this tank is about fifty times as great .

11843 been used in previous experiments. The Shape of the

iOI'lization chamber has chosen to approximate the envelope
()I\ ‘the furthest penetrations of the initial electrons.

(“fin
i‘11s CNVBlOpe has an axis of symmetry along the line of

ftL5§;ht of these electrons; its dimension should be greatest
111 the forward direction. For the large scattering angles
CJKLJQCted:th8 forward portion of the envelOPe would be

& ' v.“ o w o A
EJLWPOleately a MGWlSphereo

A ‘w‘fi'fi’w- :- uo' v wu

 

Figure 2. A General View of the Equipment

21

—‘.

.t,» ._V_ J-.,, .7 L..,. ‘\ , j o _ .x '1‘ , h," ~ . " - -
.LJJL/ but/1’1 DJ- 03’ ttL]..thu““ir-ICI_L {J’jdl‘ 1‘11ufti‘ffiztbii .1 f1 11;:131‘0
5 allows “coono t t“- 9~+ -- 3 »n Lu, u..u n v -.V~ n

. II, C!- V Q V) O A LL! L L] Uku l ,1- x) l -) J. Lil-1k" bk}: ’-}fl- 'L C) ‘L‘ 01“ 1 ‘_' 14 ‘LJ .
Q

‘n‘; ‘ ’. ('« . ‘3 '\ xiv , ..‘ ‘ ,.. V. . _ __ V ~ ‘ ,‘ i I - t_‘ ,. 0 .- .0
hLio laivb tuuir ls l firtiCdl3lflw (zfibuHLiCJ-_bfif an:IUl£ePLlOU

I" -‘l - - w "- 0
Cl tie large SHLEt metal Llutes useu to collect ions.

Vacuutlliwuxirements of the Ionization Chamber

To obtain a clean sea le of air on naich to Determine
fl} it is necessary that the ionization chamber first be evac-
uated to at least one-hundredth of the oger:tin¢ greusure of

fifty microns before the introuuction of tte eir. Ertssures

as low as 0.05 microns can be obtained Eitl‘iin twenty-four

hours pumoing tin“.
A potentially large source of laaKEQ? “95 b5 CITGCtGfi

along the one honored tWeuty inches of vacuum seal rebuirc
for the ionization chamber uoor. The Seal employed was

[Hiseu Lgxni recotiiuuultbvne Vblvr\lillngly {Rue _sL€i oy‘lwh-

F"

(éirt one Laboratorg, buiVereity of C liforlia. A section

#1)

318 illjstrated in Fi;ure 4. A 00m§arison of Figures o and
iuqeicates that the seal cansists of two rubber gaskets mounted
ir1;iooves so machined into the uoor thet the maximum squeeze
affilied to the rubber gasket is limited. The major :ortion
Of’the ei¢htcen thousani found force exerted on the door
bH‘GtQOSgheric gr ssure is sugportgu bJ metal to metal con-
tact. Eumg-OJt holes A emu 3 allow the evacuation of the
VOlume between the two rubber Qeskets if desireu. ioe reason

0 v o o i. . e ., .’.-
ior the Emmy-out moles is two iolo; first, io twt CVde of

leaks the greesure miffereotisl across the inner Sufil COhld

22

 

 

Figure 3. Interior Surface of the 20" by 30" Door

23

TANK WALL
+ /

 

 

 

 

 

 
  

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I
L‘Z: __..
"no THREAD \+—| fig. “7 fii’
3 \ IOO I. psuern ATION
14% WELD
F311::
“i: 3*. ‘ l
— 555555: 3—2:: 45' cumrans
LI: 2'...
':: :1.
i , gill fl? til 3F/‘ozoo: .OOI
‘ _l* -._-i-I -:-'-‘.:—'--I- - - --- _-_ - --
f4" "'"--.‘?:€=F53%.‘- ' ' "
- {———— :tzi‘jsg—AV—
152.23:
i1" : 5321.! \
‘U \
I
-<——-|— | . E
ZHOLes I'S EDRILL goes?
-'- mm. 21—6 2 nous
. 2. I
21505” 5 o zoo oo
iDRILL- 1mm
7"“ THREAD
'DEEP
Figure 4

SECTION OF DOOR SEAL

‘9‘
H;

,,-7 ‘ ._ “s -. i , -n—1.— 1‘ -, «A: ‘ 0 . ,, . 1 r. i m ‘
bi) IDLLUCGU. glut/L {11 bLl i t tub IIL' -V L L pulled... C).- L’iJ,(./ lx. vi (3 ..iCCOllkL,

! . .0 _ .0 -L.
]-aw yrs lil thisirxr

1
.L

r—.
L—..
’t
‘ N

’i‘
a
r.)
f-
F
r.
,_
¥

.

in the location of emks i

of the gaskets may be located if the rekion between the
Qassets can be evacuateu eta the exhaust of the pumyiuds
analyzeu. Ziualuoor sesl iiszx> s tinfoctory'iflhytziolg one
gssxet is used anu the bu y-out holes Lave been sealed.
The rubber 3askets are formeu from sixty-uuroaeter round

quarter-inch Neo»rene rOue fij cutting the rose at a forty-

‘—

km

0 ([17,

five degree angle ens vulcnriain; at the corners. ine

maximum squeeze on the "askgt was intenoeu to be ttenty
per cent of the diamete~ of the ‘8Skct, a factor of two
' aer cent s ueeze uhich is usually

greater than tie ten

satisfactory for vacuum sesls. It is fortunate that a twenty
per cont squeeze was uses, for it the process of vulcan-
izing the gasket at the corners, the diameter was reluccd
by about ten per cent, leavin; ten per Cont for an auewuste
seal.

helos of the one hundred per cent penetration tjpe

ti tfiiiwjir41n311t tile

CL)

Which are inoiceted in figure 4 were us
ionization chamber with excellent results. For a one
hundred per cent penetration weld, one or both of
in; pieces are ground to e ”V" edge and the weld

t0 both surfaces, thus greatly reducing the possibility

éDirice consiuerable heat is generated in the weluin; 09ers-
'tlon, it is frequently difficult to prevent the warping

017 pieces that are being jofned, particularly if their

C77

thicknesses and hence their host carr;iv; capacities are
quite different. The fabricator can OVurcone warping to
a considerable extent by ueluin; at numerous Sgots to join
the two pieces with little heating and then proceeding with
the runlin; meld. Some WClUli; strains are inevitable but

the warring is usually not bothersome if the strains are

symmetrical to the meld. The desirner can do much to in-

(

crease the symmetry of weldin, strains.

The thnty-four bolts at live and a half-inch intervals
forced the door and the mating glate to yield to each other.
The door and its mating plate are duitc plane. However, in
the unbolted condition, there has a wedge between them of
about one-fourth inch at the greatest Hoint. This was due

to lack of alignment of the hinges of the door.

Vacuum ;;ecuirex';1ents of Gun Chamber
Upon the assumption that the dimensions of the small

'

orifice connectinb the gun chamber and the ionization
Chamber were small comynreu to the mean free path on either
Side of the orifice, one may calculate the net flow of gas
from the tank into the gun chamber. This assumgtion was
not strictly valid but could be relied upon to yield the
Order of magnitude of 'he effusive flow of gas. at fifty
microns the mean free path of an electron is of the order
of 1 mm. For a tank pressure of fifty microns cygosed by
tile gun chamber pressure of 0.05 microns on Opposite sides

of‘ an orifice 0.01 inches in radius, according to equations

developed by Dushmann, the ”conuuctence” of the orifice
was 20.1 emu/sec gwmilnnnne the effusive flow into the ;un
chamber was calculated to be 1.0 micron-liter per second.

(Whe choice of an orifice 0.01 iqches in radius hill be

uiscusse; later.)
To remove this 9&3 at a 131;” rate compared to one
micron-litcr per second a diffusion yump was cncsen with

pin; sgeee of fifteen micron-liters £6? second at

89-

1
-lb '- o , o o o
10 mm. of mercury. A micron-liter is a unit proyortionel
to the nunber of gas molecules; one micron-liter e uals a

liter of 1&3 at a {reseure of one micron, or ten liters of

L)
385 at one—tenth micron, etc. The Distillation PrOuucts
Inc. VLF-£60 three-stage Oil uiffusion pump was chosen

because it had an aueguats sumainv sweed. The choice of

Burns is restricted to oil diffusion pumps because of the

¢\
:5

Slow *umping speed of mercury uiffusion pumgs of compersble

00st.
The VHF-860 re uires a forepressure or exhaust pressure

..p q-..

Ck? one-tenth mm. of mercury or lower for satisiactoid Opera-

tion. The pumiing action stalls if the gresnure differential

T p-

0\7er the bump becomes too lFIQGo A Cence-Lypervnc-So :s

U)

“"- -‘ A b - M _O r ‘v, r“. r‘1..' ‘ 7' L .‘ I" T r». ‘ .,.--‘ HA .2 V-..
Cliosen for tnis tees. rue VLflCO-udwtrVnC-JO nab a :QHHLHQ

Cf

Liecu of Lbout t tnty-five uicren-litcrs per secnng at one-
tgrgth 1.11;" of 1'31‘31"(fi:‘.,l";;‘ .3511 1161108 it is capable of CI’CCVtil-QQ {1
Efllfficiently low forepresfiure for the VLF-3&0 uiffusion

lfiump. SullivanW (l? 3) gives a fine account of modern

\‘ ~ «.. . . L 1— -. V..-
luluujlnp tC:CL1le,luc;So

f3". " . ._ ..v‘ . - ‘ , _ , 7 o .1
lnc uesi-n of a vacuum rUMnin" s steu is TUltc line

0‘
C
9‘
C
(D
L
r‘
C‘
(I:
3'
0
Ha
I -
T
r
H
i,
F.
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(T)
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r ‘
F...
(f;
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c
(I:
c
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.a
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G
D
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;
C
'2")

(v,-- pwya’ - ~ - f‘ v -; u'x '.\"~,1 " I “"1 W. I "'|I"“‘.““O
e.mr uijiLUEWLOII yawny s.blt: c »; e(,tec1 bJIIfOtLL-igicil Utuglv' ,

. .
0 .
I {-

.---. .- 4-‘ A . . .. 1- -- ‘.V’ k 3 ~.---- .- ‘H .‘ _. J.‘ . 'j.0
Caubb Of ullb COJS _«Ul’HHlJ .Lllvilcl L. L‘s-inwd'é) wet-nee: tum. all-'-
'~ 9. ~..-\ ..a‘ .". . ~ , -.-.‘ ‘0‘ W ,.._1.‘ _
l JSJNDII jfhmi’ la the l OI‘C'W. v.17 {i ’3 ;.».<..,-_L;”1(;.-'.l page S une- tilQLC

'1- A ‘ 1 r' n "v. ‘ ,~, ---4‘ u '. '4‘~ (" a ' " Ii 1“ ‘ -..- '\ '~1 “, “ 3 . ' T O ’ 3
LAGT“o .a VuCflhud velv::\nzs lwocIlAA. bbLnEALl thU kLLfwaLQL

x;
L.
e
1
L.
p—.

- r_ 1“; -, .-,\~‘ ‘-. -1.‘ . - 1‘ V «A ‘r'.’ ’ . .-.'r'.'1\- ~-,’,-~ -‘~.~ ‘, . ~
Ll tim;_forei;1up 1y) LflulIiJlU «orxxn lg, zaufll not all

oiéreifl.wl, C‘ol. In: retul*u..1x, ztznssz ric ' xxg. re Hiflfr)-t
l‘ri(] 1:1: ilgc jresut cm? int; 0.55tui1 t”) at 41. llLICLC 7\Im_st .00.
g, k.) v
} I 3 ‘ -- ~.~ 1 7' ‘ 1 ( .v r‘ L 34‘
$-1L/ L4H C'I'uUK/f “u Dunn/"lily LUSLL 1 L“; .N-Ohfl cit L H- I"- [lo
of‘ tilt LL11: in Eighze 2.
Llectricsl emu llcctronic UngOlfintS for
the 1.1sz 'LLI'OH 31111

:‘1‘ .— .. -.1 12° ‘ J49 \ 3. q. - —° . ,- . ., :‘ 4h 1-. -

lne nOLK of Lisle anu Particularly of garnes n3
incicsixxl that tin: local Inmiilitiim5<¢ere EKDt eme;murtc to
form hi;hl; uniform electron ;uns. This groblcm nus elim—

insted b; the use of the electron an from s convtztifinol

L .

4.
. LJ_L.'O

éGPI C:

..J)

\

" (~" "5 ’\' r "w. "o ". -‘ O u ".1: ‘ _'. "‘ 1‘ V, r‘ ‘ v 7 I
c ruJ tote, a yOlLLJn Ol “.osc luss tuvcliyc

llad tun n lfyUDVUGJ

}-

y-

.-2
(D
C. 1
'vi
[_J
c't'
;

”J
C.
I— O
,1 4
-- 0
CT
(N
O
HI
:4-
1‘“
_‘W
H
J
C
V

(1“
w
L;
H.
._/
C

H
c:-
.‘T‘
Q

“" "-‘ ' "m —" L ' I‘ 1‘ ‘« -|‘ 'u‘. -\ ‘p‘~ '\ ’ I'11*.. ~ . j :‘ ‘ 1 4- ' x ‘
(3-; 'tile nullii 1.8 the (3; lift, L_un c_i«a uqk>l'o iILL.c i.s i-Ll Uftl 1"1,: 1 iii

‘ '9

sausage-taunt:

Figure 5. Electron Gun Mounted on Endplate

 

«A

2 C’

Yd illustumflxml in 11

C?

R. _‘ - . --_ 40 i, 1.
Sila-‘bu. 9‘1.“le S L:
.- L v

1

conductor scen fastened to the endplpte in the sum: fivure
is en ei9ht-c016uctor cable delivering the electrical scr-

3&I“f fOI"UlQ kjhl. .ni<3ctwl_ sockad;:i3unlmnl froul

U

ViCcS neces

'rn

the outside of the end late and en octsl alu; inineu to
the end of the eight—couuuctor cable allaacd convciient
connection and aismc WtCrLfifi o? th electricsl c-1VlLLo to
the ;un.

J-

hie electric l ”'IVlCc- mere passed nlou h the vacuum

wall on eihht co: er cuss wires which were insulated from
each other by a quarter-inch tisc oi uskelite. Holes snu;ly
fittin;;1fin:‘buss rjuxes were brillfimi'UlF0ugh the tnnmalite and

a ball of solder was placed on each of the buss Wires so that
the solder in contact gith the irkelite sn:;orted the thrust
of stucs heric gressure. The vacuum seal was made by melt-
ing Elicene to COVer the noints of contact of bekclite and
metal. Eek eli te was used rather than bctter insulators,
such as polystyrene, for polystgrene will not stand up

“ti factor ily at the ten craturc needed for melting Plicene.
Enrther, in this experiment, ~olystyrcne showcd a tcndcncy
to dry in vacuum and devclOp a crackin; or craz in; of the
surface exposed to the vacuum. This was very troubleson

al ClCPEAlJS trporl tin: ccxwui.tior1

(1‘

as the quality of a vacuum s
of the sur ace for sealing. The bskclite insulrtor has been
in Service for two years without si;1s of dutcrioretion.

As is shown in Fi ure 5, the glass enve10pe of the

1

cathode ray tube is hrogen at soozxt t11€ level of the

deflection plates. The remaining portion of the glass envelo;e
serves as a sugp01fi;fknfilM; vibe elements. inns electron gun
after removal of the QlLES enveloge could be returned to a
reasonable vacuum within five minutes. however, tubes which
were Open to the air of the laboratory for two weeks did not
appear to be apyreciably effected. hence there was little
reason to hurry the installation of a new tabe. The author's

J—WA

results are in agreement tith tnose of Bachhang.

The electronic circuits enhloyed to Operate the electron
gun are shown in Figures 6 and 7. a ne ative potential of
1000 v or less was stabilized in a straightforward way by a
series of voltage regulating tubes. A well regulated voltage
supply, capable of providing more than the necessary current
can be obtained in this manner if the VR tubes are chosen
carefully. About thirty per cent of new VR tubes are noisy;
that is, their conduction pattern and hence their operating
VOltflQGS change in a random manner. It seems that the dis-
charge moves about within the tube causirg the variation in
voltage. If the VR tubes have been used before, their be-
havior is further complicated by their past Operation. liis
difficulty can usually be avoided by Operating the tubes at
the desired level for a period of a meek or so. even new
tubes should be Operated at the desired level for several
days to see if they will develoy a stable mode of discharge.
Best results were obtained if the VR tubes are kcgt in

continuous operation.

 

 

 

 

l _
i:
_>

«444 4

 

 

.-(
O<

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘3
g
-l

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.——__.J.
H 02

R.fi§5OOK ”T V.- V’° VR I50 B-OONTROL GRID
n,.n,- 50K POT v; \g- vn IO5 Arlst ANODE
R53. 200 K V,- 2X2 Aim": ANODE
R,’ ZOHM POT RP'REMATED Dn-DEFL. PLATE
R. ' I35 K POWER SLPPLY 01- DEFL. PLATE
n,- :00 K POT. c- Bmf T.-2ooov TRANSF.

ELECTRON GUN 8 VOLTAGE SUPPLIES

Figure 6

32'

.s. xoo. ..c
3.. .8. ..c
3. xoo. ..c

3. ..o. ..c
.3 go: .6
39 v3. . .c

3.5, . w
2.3 ....
86 .«h
8 L»

>.._n_n_3m wagon. awkdqaomm >Oom

J]

..~. . 3....
>02. :5. . 5
>082... . .u
.63 :50. . no
>03 .._... . .o

>03 25 ...o.~o..o

 

II

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I
fif

 

‘>O:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 7.

’47 ’7
U‘J

An excellent account of electronic volts e re4ulators
is éiven by hunt eiu iicknsn“ . For low current, hi“

\J

negative volts e, constant loau the "nu" type regulation is
exceedingly goou. A ”mu” tgye reQul‘tor mus used in early
work with good success. Lowevcr, the method of voltage
measurement unich was used rebuireu currents of the oruer
of 5 me. The ”mu” tyge requlxtlon cannot uelivcr Currents
of this oruer because of excessive re uircuunts on tubes.
The VR tube network shown nukes u somewhat inferior VOltSQG
regulator but has the necessary currert cuwscity. Subse—
quent voltage mousurcmen s sho.lu be n;de iith e'uiumctt
of higher interuul iupcumuce, in giich case the ”mu” tyre
reQulstion may be used, for the current re~uirenunts of
the electron gun is of the orcer of ten microemgs.

Figure 7 illustrates the reguleted low VOltUQG power
supply used for the deflection voltages. This eugloyeu the
gete-tyge regulwtion in w ich varying loses emu Varying line
voltage are re;ul'ted. The output impeuswce of the tower
sueply was three ohms at sixty CJClLS. Ehe output ingeurnce
is freyucncy dependent bccuusc of the presence of the con-
denser C4. . ser es of try cells were sometimes used es a
voltage supgly for the deflection plates to avoid sixty cycle
llUfilo ‘

The great stability re uircd in these two power su; lies
was necessary to obtain 8 sufficiently mono-encrqctic been

of constwnt mipuituue. Ine ecctlcrwtiu; volts e, of cv.r:c,

V

-, ‘ 4. 1 ._ .-_ 3-- .3. .7 . v.0 _ -. v.1, .

liciu. LA) 0:; C(DIlL t; lit -2: iuL .u.. i:ic; r.~. iii) cult, n)f‘ t- e: L: grl Elli}
.‘ -_ . .9 _ .. 4.“ _-, v ‘ .. o . . _ . . ' . -1
UIlLCl‘i‘HQ but; _L)?1LZ'J:. L}- ‘11 Ci" .Luzi

upon the position oi the stem )Lth rcs,ect to the small

carborlcxrifice. iflme gosifiitiu of‘ Hue bosxxpuupends orxlxvth
the deflection voltage and the acceleration VOlCLQC. Ehe
ingortence of the accelerating voltage in maintaining a

constant initial electron current increases tith increasing
deflection voltsQe.

The deflection sensitivity of the SGEl at 1000 v ac-

celerating potential is abo t fort; volts per inch. The

n

deflection is electrostatic. I; the focus of the beem is
sharp (of the order of the dimensions of the smell orifice)

1_ ._

tilt) ‘30 S l. t

[
..L

on of the beam may not var; b, LOLC th

H

F. O

ent of the diameter of the small oriiice filthOdt a consid-
erable cimur}: in the nuggiitude oi‘iiie electutu1 stretm1<miter-
inf the ionization chamber. If on the other hand the focus
of the beam is 1 rue compared to the small carbon orifice
and if, as was found to be the case, the current density in
the electron beam is upyroximutely constmqt over the whole
cross section of the beam, the position of the beam is a much

t'cel fiuuytion of tin: currtru;(1f initial eflxxztrons

I»

less or

w

entering the ionization chumbtr. Finally, if the focus o the
beam could be made small compared to the dimensions of the
small orifice, the requirements on the position of the beam
would be less than in the case of a team having a focus
compereble to the dimensions of the orifiCt. The electrons

which were used were not capable of forming a focus small

Oomyalfifll'UD the uiilgistons of'iflrs oriifixn:. fhis cenlnrinly

was >artlj cue to the .uelit; of the electron ogtical

L
.L

‘

ywstenl. Jiovn:veaé, i_t :liwtjin Lje ;L::~tirr1tt; truit cilaxfige (sorr-
ccntreflxbons COtfliille forwri;.in the Tmuun'wf the gnn1 such.tflrit
f

on . focus small

0

r“
03

mutual repulsion woulu LrCVent the form t
compared to the orifice. .xuxiriin; to Enchnwna, the out-
ward rauial deflection of the outer electrons of a beam of
raoius rO cm accelerated by V volts enu carrginq a current
_, s n 4

I am eres alon; a uiS‘ance h cm is given by 0.70 X 10 I

V L r0 . ror 1000ev electrons, let I be 10 angeres,
let L be 20 cm, anu let r0 be 0.005 cm (one-fifth the radius

0 "t

of the small carbon oriiice), then the outward radial de—
flection of the outer electrons becomes 0.002 cm, which is
com,arable to r0. Therefore if a high quality electron
Opti'al system mere useu, for lOOOeV electrons, currents
less than 10"7 amgcres should be useu to greven masking of
the qualitv of the sttem.

If currents of the orccr of 10"9 amperes mere used,
at which mutual reyulsion wOild no lender be a factor, this
current must be read (for one per cent accuracy) to about
10'11 amperes. This in turn would re uire the insulation
used in the isolation of the current carrying netxzorks to
meet more stringent conuitioni. For exs441e in the F raczy
cage net ork, where as high as 1000 v is agglieu to nettrmine
the velocity distribution of the electron stream entering
the ionization chamber, a leakage current as Smull as 10"11

amp would re tire a correctton of the ObfimTVCl oats. fo

obtcin so 84911 a conouction current tho iagcdancc of all
(3r Eha cwliwuit cainm ifl;;1iotwoli{
A A.
must be 101* ohms. IQ the rc ion of 101* ohms, tht concgction

of moist air becoocs a factor, wood bccqmcs a conductor, even

r?l¢ SS crandiuzts {nircugvh_a1 sxunfncc:-?fls1<3f lyuieflxirc.

Q.)

'14
‘40

~~'..~-.— —. .- ‘2. ‘-- 7 ‘wr.1 ‘tv
f!) 1'“- L ’1' (,1. Illnwll ‘_‘LAL‘3._L t0!

’or tfiuasc rctxxM1s, irmxtcag OJ
eilect1£m1<ipticcfl_ ijLtfllfilu ‘Kfiifllfl"lflkG vm113 strirkynrt in-

. , .0 _o ,- .9 _ .V .- . fl ,_. - so 7. , . -. W- , r, . i!
sulctlon fc;ulrbmthtb, a CanvLLLlon.l clcctron pun “cs hscd

i -9 ,
at currcats of scout C x lO ‘ amporcs. Tue gun was usually

Operatco aith a broxd iocus to Mid leC ocflcction rcmuirc-

incij;s.

‘

It oid.:M)t a;3£nir to in; lngIWIUX whethca"mic cloctnans

:xovexi ir1 sli.lxtlgr cornrargaxit Ol‘xxiNleWQRt ix th5321s blur; gauascc

\J

through the orifice. Jithout sgccial study of the problcm

it \thhl Sccultfiuit a all twig; convcixfnit bcaulzwnwlq tx:;yrcf-

’s.)

torinu from tnc walls of tho OIlllCQ :Wulu

Hi; i «yidcifl; clcxgtronxs: is lWhJiCOC,
1316 iig OIWRiLCE (if ifiic nl‘tuh].IFbfiflfilfllfillifif 1316 tflkatlTfils lyi-
cumc Qrcotcr. lortunrtnlg anochpr aficct tcfifls to 'arccl

4.3. ‘0 -° ‘ -W- -l V. -‘ - .1. .13. o . 0 ,r . r- _‘.,r‘ l
cll’ ulff .1-C~..;. 5 (um, ('i}\ kcti, uric; c0 Linn .‘;‘%1_c..:\.,l:3 ’).1. Lu“. upon;

I
o'. a V

1_I,‘ H _O , ._ _. ,I' ‘o ‘. , LU": ,., . .0 .~ \‘ > .‘ U) ,. u. 1.- w . L‘ (.1 I H a -,.. J... :i‘l.’
Lnfltb l5, .Lfli'lxiwcl (muoivj Jdlciuulic Clfll,b103c»c«:L3npl cl

" ' - “‘a" . V ‘ ' 1'1‘ . n ‘ “ ‘6 ‘ ‘0" 1' \‘ '03" ‘. I ‘. 0 ‘q T: 1' A-""n\ J“ . "
ill/Edwina; (2 lb lIU\_;\.J._Ll bu. fOI LOLA]. c1boOlr tlxhl OJ- LL L. {IL-4.“; Links.)

"I
in turn allows the mac of a lrrqcr orifice COlnchiHQ tub

J‘_ 7

'.' ‘ '. r'fW". -‘ a ‘(3 ‘1‘\' a". I “"' "“ u-I'ow'j’ :‘ V',."":4 " ‘ '. ‘» - ..;. r3," ‘
iIDI’l] (J'L‘t [1.333).]. (ullfi'f.;!.uJC'lj ’.-':1‘-L hil‘j VHF] (JJ.|.1_.C:‘.[_)(_vI. h. .1. (1.10 ”4 L _L [IL/l (‘a k’_L.—1 L): [L

ciiusivc flow begonfi tolcrzblo limits.

37

The heater voltsQe for the electron gun was snpulied

-.« :1‘-~ ~~ .\ .- -. 3 __~, r
'05- ;L‘zt: K’Oltm‘lqg’I S til/--.s_li.;f._;lf::

~

He

by two Luison cell b“ttcr

' ') ,J. . _ .' 2-1. F . ‘ v, ,. ” 9- , av“- .. ,, ,\( . .-t . ,
111 1...; V SL.<;"J{:. “loll c. 11.0 0 :al rut-tutu.) (”$le l'e.~.,i§.lti..act: fOl‘

aejustment within these stews. nuisoq cells retain their

charge for s conriocr file length of time with the low current

urein requirei 1* the electron gun (0.6 amps). A good
quelity leuu storage cell woulu maintain a more constant

VOltage. She constanc; of the heater voltage ’s important,

for any variation in emission of the filament till cause a

.-. r» -7 . .3
current ousslnl
4. \J

corresponuin; varietion in thv electron

thrmxrgi the small orifice.

The controls for the electron ;un were centralized on

a board illustrated in FiQure 8. The functions controlled

fronlthis board include fine and coerse vertical anu hori-
zohiel deflection voltages, control grid hiss for the gun,
etml. ““ ZGPI cathode ray tube shown in Figure 8 was
el<Betrically in parallel rith the unit mounted within
Cull ch fiber. Its purpose was to singlify the pfOblGfl of

or the stream of electrons on the swell orifice

poffiition

CC3I1giec3ti41; 'thr; Qidfl (flittd)er* arml tile :iorrizzrticni cfliuifi3c1*. ZEt

“its particularly useful to indicate she focus of the gun
Oiflirutin; tithin the gun chqnber. fhis conuitivn was ac-

ccfiuglished by placing the orifice in th~ gun chamber at thb

pC’Sition formerly occupied by the fluorescent screen of the

Ccrthoce re" tube. Lhile the commercial cathoue rev tubes
J .1

vgirv‘slightly in operating conuitions, they ere amez n91

Ho
“<1

lL‘l‘czntical, and one is never fer from a sharp focus condition

 

 

Panel

The Control

Figure 8.

r/ n

(7/ L’

..1. ‘ O ‘-, ,l‘ _‘., 1‘ o u_\ _ o o 1 o
or1 {are ~ url lIl tin: wun CgA..u:LI‘ i 1416 .ITllliflllfljlb; tLUJc :is

U
3;. l= f .uesi o 1 ~ Kw Lt; p r we. r. »
SAA'--.Ip J OCLAUCU. O $-53 ORV LA LL" L'LAL/ fOCUtJ ()l1 L.‘..U ULJI]. in Lfle

J_‘i

‘1 1 r $y‘-\ '5 'n.u‘ ', 4 -1 . {fi- -‘-.’ .. I. ~ ‘1. .
ciui Cfl;uuuCI \HJS 1.219c1 enur1 LUL)\311J.lCC, a filfirrfitlf focnls

:,__J.

could be accouglieheu by m nimisin* the eeflection voltage

K.)

n

reguilwnl fOL'ifiJe elxxztron innan to :nw;cp tine orilitma. The

l 'I

Fareuuy cage or the collection plate was useu as a detector.
the monitorin; tube furnishes a visual account of the
1

deflections applieu to the 'un; this aided in locating tne

beam on the orifice. Once the orifice is located for a

5‘

ourticuler gun inserted in the

A

‘{n chamber, the location

of the image formed on the monitoring tube was iseu to return
the electron beam to the orifice es lon; as the Q.un had

not changed or been uisturbeu. Io cvmyensete for the ne-
terioration of the emission of tne gun in the gun chamber

without burning tne fluorescent screen of the monitorin

tube, the monitoring tube was su3;lied by an independent
filament suygly consisting of 6.6 V transformer LhOSG pri-
mary voltage was controlled by a variuc. The emission of
the monitorinQ tube was set to COTFBSgOnd to that of the
gun in the Qun chamber.

The use of the monitoring tube grovideu a means of
visualizing the Operation of the gun in the gun chwmber
WithOth the need Of more COMi:'rlJC‘L-!tbd measures which might
be taken to View the Operation of the gun uirectly. It
was more satisfactory then a bank of meters indicating tne
voltages or currents uelivered to the gun. The monitoring

tube was placed in a location convenient for continual

observation.

r.

emite;ixq
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Hence the elactroq strtim e tor-
c x=lt1 ba- CL -tuiwod.()r :.llrnseLL to

.

J1 , _0 __Oh. ! :r _I .‘ ‘ .1 ‘; ~~‘_,‘;A_'\ ,.
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ori ice. ire bdtbhh SthLL

use oi‘zni O—riglg SeulQ‘o C310 large

'1

tolerances used on the hinQe on

rototee rm intaiihnl:11 schdewe‘verticnl

~a~11 orif

stream entering

id.

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— . .. -‘ .- . -~.‘———~ , r. ‘p:
.L" 151m», 31’ C :1 5.7 ,_l 5) \.LL/ Db _'.' 1; fl. uLL 1 v’ {27

Figure 9. The Faraday Cage 8: Carbon Orifice

 

“(W
suitable stop against which thz TBPEJEJ C195 rtsbeu

tension fatnn the aldfilxd'brfifig

anthzr

The portion of tile : Ind-“y org: visible, in :‘i\;‘o.r’e 9
is a shielq thich fittca ovtr tn. 4 raguy cage to protect

7|

4.1,- -
Lil 'C?

zit fronl stray (filargc. ‘Ihe 4(3tquLm: :j1iulu xuzs

of‘tfiu3 ioniiwztion_cflmadb«15 gground. ‘Uao CthwiCtOl’

(-
,

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=\_L C “.T -. 6- ,~ 7-. S Sal (3 1 Lie L_L
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the charge from the fur: C also

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stray chvrqe 0y luxi tubular cnqductar at gym nd

1...
LL;

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:iat the bular conuuctor

rn

tulltixal. EH16 Airuaulxgtj_wrl i

sualj.;;hnss tutdjyg'brokun.i31(vnc-huli'ijufi1 lcniflfins to

fluxibilitg.

_J

the necessary

£Jlen.1flac Lbluuxhy wait w 4: in ;r>siticn1 to ctagture
€1c;ctronts<3ntalflgy4 into tfln; tank, tfm;:5yucin; 01‘ U10 5:

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w , ,- -. A - x A. - . 1 n ..2 up
18 Line} apu m7: t.lCC lflChpSo It 13 over bJLu lbuian uzt
U1 .v-~nwr--»‘ -! -. n - a - :4 ‘ -nxno
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///////

 

 

 

 

l""l
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RAM—’- rl~

 

ORIFICE OF FARADAY CAGE

.._..wi " \N
532%? \\\\\\\

SCALE I"= .050"=.l27 GM

 

 

 

////////

 

 

DETAIL OF VACUUM INTERFACE

Figure IO.

 

An Ian Collector

Figure ll.

I
l x)

\J
r \
C.
I
7—4.
1
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r———J
i
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rr
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1
V

- . .~ _. f .
from “1.1.1.0..

- .1;- . v 1 ‘ 1 7 V " _ "v =‘
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1 Lin, ire-H, -~\J |' xx»- .l_w‘A (hi. .?1 IL-:1')\/1J{~-Lo Lii‘x. w '_'.L“./

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’ I " 7.7 '_: ".‘A‘ . u“- J". A 1‘1 -»--‘r' “a 1 t j ‘ "-4 ‘3 v’
"U. 1.1 Lllk‘x L');'1/_:". L; L )n CiL ".‘.-.\'UJ. u'.'_'«l.L if) y‘JIVB

'-.2

rr
p.4
l

i“

511a extenein
e
£15 an electric;l coon ctiwn to the sghrrc. This SphcriCul
(Bollector was usefgl if migntei conctfi
Spherical snsle of th; lJQlZUCLdn 'hmmher. one couli then

<3£lcul te to a ooh Aggroxin t on the electric fielus ex-

w-
111 gnqy £«31%,ior1 of“ tin- i Miizv tirui cfi1si33ez“. Tins
collector’illustrsted in Fivurt 11 has a consid,rably
JJE'SCP surfsCe eras. It was inuul tee from the ionization
cfliamber“ gall in.aigibaoe apPIOPflJmfitbly HOthJ_’UD the
Qirtction of flight of the incident electrons

The collection of the ions formeo in the ionization

Chamber must be at such a rate that none ere lost by recom—

)

'binetion (an electron recombining with a pOSitiV“ ion); enc
Eit the ssme time the ions must not be removed vitfl such
high electric fielos that they are capable of forming more

j-Ons by collision with the ~es molecules within the ioniza-

bl

r." (v)

tlion chamber. J. J. Zhnmsonuu discovered that the strongest
Ella weakest fielcs that satisfy both these conditions differed
irl magnituoe by a most a factor of one hunered. Lessurchsnts
idith the spherical collector inuiceted that recombination
libsses became ne¢ligihle for electrons at electric fields
{firester then 0.01 v per mean free path. This is calcul ted
OII the a sumption that at 0.3 microns the mean fret path

01? a loooev electron is twenty five centimeters. The prosuct

1.1,‘A .,- ‘ ‘ ‘ . ~ ‘ .- . L5 . _... .,,, _-.._. _9 h u , .- o__fl_;,, s-
C31? blib hlcénrl Iire:e waitii ciifli LiiL? liltp; Stilt; _LC» .pgiiru): 1,4w-btilv

.L'

constant, increasing sli htlfi';iflii fins cner;y of the electron.
The Mean free path of an electron is aggroximatcl; 4f? tines
tflist of an ion.

At a field of one volt per warn free path, s detectable
rhinbcr of ion-pairs were forged h, the charge migr ting to
tkm:colltctor. Lince int fields develOpcd in the ionization
cflfembtr were nCch u;iform, the voltages anglicd to the
(Bollector could not be vsried by n factor of one hundred

eind still collect all and only all the ions being formed.

1318 electric fields evurjwhere in the ionization chamber

 

nuist fall between 0.01 v and 1.0 v her moon free path.

.A usable collector is one ghich does not form fields in the
;ionizstion chamber wnich differ in magnitude by a factor
{EPCater than fifty and hence allows a factor of two varia-
‘tion in the collector potential. The sphere in Figure 2
IRDrmed fields differin; by a factor of about thirty, the

Stainless steel sheet collector illustrated in Figure 11

Ikbrmed fields differing by the some factor, mainly due to

(D

ecnqe effects. To reduce thes edge effects, the edges of
tile sheet were rolled over three-eighths-inch steel rods.
3318 performance of these collectors till he described in
the section on operation.
The measureMents of the currents from the Firsday cage
Erna the ion collector were made with J'Arsonval well galvsnom-
.,.. 1 -, o o _o 1, D "g .
Erter. ihe Sslvsnomttcr use a sensitiVLtj Oi 10 amp, a full

. g - 6 - .‘ ‘ ‘ 7".
S<lele (35 cm) deflection for 10 amp read to g mm. ihe

e’lectricsl system used is indicated schematically in Figure 12,

47

TO COLLECTOR— r-TO FARADAY CAGE

 

 

J.
\

 

 

 

 

 

 

.._.I llllllF—J

 

 

CURRENT MEASURING NETWORK

Figure l2.

The collector or Faraday ea"e and the 9a1Vunoneter oyersted

at the smnx>lwotentiel. jig; insuluijxni vroblesmsrmnme singler‘

(it

with this ELI‘l'HLIQCIM-filt than with the gate; ial applied only
to the collector or Faraday cage. howevtr, the letter more
conventional orieitation was tried in order to verify that

no unusual effects exist due to the hi;h potential of the

galvanometer. both yositive end ne;utive potentials could

be aiglied for the collection of either electrons anfi nega—

tive ions or positive ions. Letardin; totentials could also

go

be , wlied to the Farnuwy cm 0.

‘r‘ ~r
L- a_
A. L

11

To extend the sensitivit? of the galvanometer to 10-
amps, a DC anglifier was used. The circuit for the amplifier
is shown in Figure 13. A series of five amplicstion scales,
each differing o, a factor of ten, permitted measurement of

currents of a tide range. The scales vere consistent with

each other to one—half per cent. The calibration of the

“b

amplifier has sccomgli Led b; determining the deflection O

(r

the galvanometer as a function of the volto;o arplied to

the grid of the first triode of the CEEV. rrom this and

the known frid resistances fil—6 the current generating a

U
Particular grid voltape and the accompanying galvanometer
deflection, the gain of the amplifier was calculated. :e-

CEuise of the line ritr of the res onse of the tube over’

‘Uie ligited region of operation, small Qrid leakage currents

 

Caused no difficulty. Since 111 this e:»;m_.ri;;1cnt there

[.10

S

‘J

irite-rest orflv';Li the-initio of‘iflr; Firheff. che cu1imnfi: t

U

m

tEiCB iorl colhlecytiori Cltfl%dlt ifiie :ECCLLrsc;r<of :huplio.icn ti n1

49

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.182
X
. BEE
3: T
R2 3R4 5R6 ER“,
RI ’
G- D'ARSONVAL WALL GALVANOMETER
R,-98.94ni% °/. R; IOK POT.
R2-989.4n:t£ °/. R9- 400 _n_ POT.
R3-9894. 11:1: 1.70 R"; |00Kn
R, - SHORT R" - In
R5-98.94Kn;t},% c, "000M. 15v DC
R6-989.4Kfl ii°/° B, -22gv DRY CELL

R7-484f1 DAMPING RES. 82 ‘6V STORAGE CELL

DC CURRENT AMPLIFIER

Figure l3.

f r:
c)

‘lStQUCCS

lTiethflS

1 c _ " , 1,, _9 i ‘1 o ___ _ o a v
11 tul‘OU-Uh :16, (1'11). m» ll? (Writ; O. tlib umlfllliitl’. V”!
fiddm tulxa to tuti,zmwt‘verl tmtwis in 3"m \_pc1w1u’n1 of a_;;rven
tnibe utuin; its life -ic not effect the >Jo urtion lit; of

rarits QGVClOICQo

large Che-«id, s in the l"'ero
to £305,218. It has (”.37 LT)
Becaus~ of tLC ‘i‘h
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C“ Queer Mbl c: are Lei 4L “1-“. .L til 4.-C..L_'~JIO‘-L fill, L; o A I ll'e: all 3.1 e
V ‘1 V V

‘v (I h P.”- l. ‘1 (L. f 3 12“ ~‘ " ' ‘ "‘ (" '(‘L aw "' ni' ~ \‘r ‘r'r ‘o 1“ '10 r “ ‘
v.';-O St)? _LL‘-.. L») LiLelei V7 C'Jvlu‘. cU-QUC‘J..J ht) CJECJC/J. ‘VQI Val/01..) "‘ile‘.

_. -1 . ..-‘ '1. ,3, 1 . ‘.l_9_r.. .! .i ‘ .‘ ,‘ ‘ ..,-.'1 ,
LO trfiir‘Vb 113:5 9 ,Lc11,_-11.-.:511J L D\/_LC1‘.10 AOL'LOT‘IC 1:515) Sprfij'kt Ofl

susifsces there lemme .are :ssjecteu. Iec;use of acetone's
1‘ .0 ,- .1. , -. _ 1 . . 3 7 ,1 j 1 .. ° ,, ...n ....» ° m ‘
Iht_g1 coleeul r Leibbt, it coaleu the ;iIJ.i Uxupe e_lament
r -. .' ~ . _‘- .- , “ ‘—: ,- ,_ , \ , - ,° ~. ~., A, Z ,
dt; 61 faster rate Lu1fl .ir an, bdu V UQU Iuvlhtereu as if

theul'€:Zheul lieell a. suluienl ivlClN;D(;c :irl 51w;san:re:. -;s zice;tor1e

_ . _0 _1 .
‘ uscl in the

\00
H
Q
'0‘
k,
9’
H
(1
{f1
3
O
C

153 El ;ooe solvent of Vlgptal

Vscuam Seals
hetal-to-metal vacuum joints were melded, eiler soldereu,

or SCDIt soldered. Qtfllufltfiblb MEtHl-tO-Hetfil joints were

\I.

ma
Y"£'..' V . . -~ 7 _ _o‘_ w ' ~; " “f", 9 ("—
1¢*U*J ‘usin; O-riw; Queeets es uesCrioed DJ J. m. u. hurie in e
r‘eCQ P ’x'L. “-7.- (1 -~r~(‘7r« tn .vW’afN 5. f 1‘); 8" 2311-1 . ”11'
th alblClU. inese UNDWk o ,i1Veu .o te ACLLU~LV-J
SC! ‘ - x - _ ’ _ _ 1_ _. - 0 ‘
‘tfiLESfectorg though a Veror ;re tire of euo t one nicron is
as (3' o 1- _. 1, _ _
”O C isteu filth. JbliU 97.1 EAGLE».
mhe metal-to-erss seals used coqsistcu of grOPnu glass

1.

{Ma-.‘ 1. _ _ , :mn .-‘ w
‘ '1 t’ESIflatiIKLJU&CUl'kAlilbtRl (X:J1Lcr,nnxts. ilk} seal .mas COJP

£Ll€3t43u by wettin¢ both .urfeces mith PliCeme snu allowing it

f7

his methou mes rayiu snu earahle. hork h; blond

tc>
C11001. ‘f
a__ 'H' “~ . '7 1o ‘1 . __ .1._o_“ o (l 1 o :1
Riki .thilip inuicetes that anyl acetate uMlCn is agelie in

2’ (V1 C~‘

t} e

l“ same manner as IliCene, has s lower vagor pr soure.

EX) ,
Iptfiqnatelj no seals .ere re uireu to onerate st eleVateu

te:..

‘ L

I I

£>~ratures, at which “lywtal is a satisfactory sealant.

Vepor Trays
The oil uiffusion ramps were e_uipgel uith ”line of
flsisht” V390? baffles. Ehese mere not sue uate to renove
alLL traces of oil VULCH‘tfllCSTlfl; the vacuum systemh -11

1:39 esee to i prove tine performance

of the puny.
chamber has enuip-

("N
lu—Jo
O
H.
[\1
m
c 9"
}—-o
L.)
,3

For I€vaal Of VULOIS, t5;

ter stainless steel thimblc suspended

.peei with a three li

.tion chamber. The neck of the

O
} l

fruaru the top of the ioniz

I

G

txiirnble extenceu through the VLCJum wall an; serveu as a

fiflllging port. The thimble was usually charged Mlth an
aCEEtxane-dry ice mixture and, because of the large surface

the ionization chamber,

.Ll

tile thim‘ole exposeu to me e5 O

W

rt"?

acllexl as an excellent vapor conccnser. ine gas which from

tilfl€3 'U) time was caused to entcl'tflusihanization chamber

ein11CLr for the hetermination of 5 or to return the ioniza-

t1‘3rl chamber to atmospheric :ressere for repairs, passed

;lsss vagor tray innersed in a dry ice-acetone

tn r' ‘3 11511 a

ileCtngre. The ionization ch mher was exposed to moist air

(3

aQ o , on 0 -0 . _v ‘-.‘ 0,- -..- . _",.
° lditele as fossiole Lith Quite mermwu lmpPOVBmcnt of the

r}u%'—,- ., . w- ,-._ . 0 '1 ~
‘ ‘*“£%~uown tine (roughly five nours).

Cleaning of Vacuum Surfaces
The techniques which were used are essentially those

P g, V, . -. ’7 f' -.. . “
t“’(30Licenced by J. u. otrongdd. retal surfaces were scoureu

‘l~ ? s
I” "1 '1 ~ 'I‘ "\ '- v ~, -. - -
:L‘t311. a.\nil e larilsri ox? sytemsl \zor)l erhi txaeqi XVRfMlel (U3Wf1 ;th11

Q ‘7‘; 3 _ , . a , ‘ f" . o
(‘1 bums tetrachloxdiuaznrl acetone, 3:) Dist oruer. JJMBLleEl

r- , ..
ix153:3 was with aCetone, as caroon tetrachloriue leaves a

sli¢ht resiuue. sanu,3ter was not useu because the binder

3-

'9br2sive idwyfiyy‘tlj na5321 ii;h

(:-

ussecl to liolil tin; p’illflc (3?

VC4 43f uressure. Ehe bincer clings to the metal surfaces

wirich huve been sanueu. Glass was cleaned tith potassium

ui_cilr0oute clzxuiinq :Cflxgtivn, Ifigzscu, evru theiwwlghly‘nuished

mi_tli water. Frehucntl; the glass tas wet with alcohol to

Efl)€€%i the urginQ. hutb r LES yashcu 11th a solVent such as
aceetxone unless more elaborate {recautions hau to be taken

’d
CT
I I
0
C1"
[.1
cf‘
H4
..J

‘ _‘.7 V ‘ l . _‘\ ,. “1’_‘O , ‘3‘ ,’ _ I j _0 -
ass j.r1 tut: caax; of r Wfijel' tuliuig in) b;,\is;il if] co:

It was found that Ciisiuerahlg cleaner vacuums are

Otftélirme.if the metal surfaces *xrosed to a vacuum were

Cleaalied rather fre u utlg (six months or so). The vayors

tnart auhcred or were loosely absorbed on fifty square feet

Of’ IKDth.mctal surface re mired considerable time to pump

the rather tedious cleaning process

Oafi; (much lonPer thin

re‘i‘llireu).

A‘.
I

53L DhThILS

f‘ v' ‘ ..«3—
bf.)LL-L'...L

evacuation of Ionization anc Gun Changers

'——I.
:3
m
m
o:
i
m

The small carbon orifice, because of its th:

(gli.te fragile. Zecause of the leak through the small orifice,

a. liarge pressure uifftremti;l ciu not ueveloe between the

k

two vacuum chambers unless the rrc:-.,;n,1re as chamjed- V‘s-I‘d"

Iwisl1JilJ- idifll tit iflMD-hOUI‘INHi -dovu1'tiue f01*1fiu3 iorflyuation
Cu 5: _ _w . t1, . -‘ c' k. , 1. 9 f“ (t ..1',‘1,‘2- 0 to l 1" ,A .‘ 1 6 3 "j :. r") 5'“ T f
IlmeLCNJr, 1&3 pltsssflllb ~AlijuL-t/-blii iufliel vgxc:xaietx U., 031 o

melficnurv thn air was allowed to reenter the ionization

te pressure differentials occured. As

10115P a;s the adj? aas alergeu to Lurter the iordnaitiou clunflmer

g
fOI“ i7ifteen minutes or anQer, the pressure differential

dig; riot affect the orifice. If it was necescery to intro-

“a2id rate sige air was ivtrouuceu to

L1

V :1 — I, __ . , ,e « - .v -. r ~ -",»-: , ['7‘ L“ “ . f ‘- “. ‘r " J'E’ L. _, - ‘ j
hilt- $1,111 Clluinbpl t0 g: 7,\,_;_]-_LL u “6, 1‘1 Les. L119, le‘LJw Lnlb u-Cl.'€OLl
— '5“ 1' ‘ .-
V L108 3 .8 Ci Ouiut‘) 0

~ - - ‘ , 7'» ' ... - v ~ \ y- 1.1,
BVLCublell.£Lj to use on.d the

iol‘elfiuim on the ionization chati‘rrer until the ionization
‘ -L‘L ._

';1_been reduceu to 90 cm of mercury, then

1

‘fi _ . .... ... _ «.‘ ’
lies .Ikyreuauro for‘iluo Qun CVHJIMJ?1HES starteu. .thh Lima small

V0 . , ,
\- " —' - ’ ~ ~ '1 ' . .' ' ‘ 7‘ ‘1' ‘5 ‘. .. ' l- ‘ -" 4‘ K W C‘ ’ 7 ‘ ‘V
l k-‘~u‘1€, of the gun 011.;uu0x,1" in 1a. oil/c ill-vii bx «Jed Oi slit in“ 1p ,

\«x
id 1" M" C‘ - ‘ ,-‘ - A. - “\ 3-1“. .1”- 'I ‘ ‘ '1‘ 3 ‘A ‘ +- ‘ h! r.‘ j ’ 1-7 :3
C ‘u) S 1.11.6 S O f ti 16:, O I‘LL 5;} 1' «Q r L511 ..LJ. C ..L ‘1) 11E.) ‘. 1 \1 1 (J O L) UH J. 1.1L, LL .1. :1 DJ [(1

7‘.
“K11. n ,_ -, 3“: ”-1” L .--‘ 5, '. .,
Clumkmi‘aiter ten minub;c() Lali,ig. hf - ,

Of 4‘ :1

w h . ' ‘I .' \ - _. '~ "‘ - _‘ 1““ . ‘ H O f‘ _‘ . ‘7'
bile; “gm VP.“S alt; SlI’CCJ, a S 80’)» as 110 f; sifllc , blur. Ml J. _- L1: _ng

1;) kllr:T\ , '7 D V _‘ ‘ ’V {1A V {ML -\ Chiyvu‘} y}‘, 11'} "‘.‘]HC- t111'lf‘1‘f" 1 0‘1 (1‘!-
.“~) E'Ll'l'-’ [$119 _1 K3 I‘t/ :7“ 1,11, {i} ll ,\.". AJ; [‘3 gli‘n . iu_'1 t J‘ K/.. v ’ - ‘u , (H. J

‘4 ‘ .V J- ° -.
‘KQfUL'C blL'b’O

til)
‘1 I .1“ “'~_ ( 71 n L o L -« -
bc'I’E" Hf IAN, _, ‘1< 1.1 i, ) _flu 4L1r411. in?! 111115
1, V, . "“ 5 fl 1 .‘ ‘3" ‘ I 7n D A ' f‘
«1f -flu-JoO 1n] ii;C»L _ 11 . to CL, (on? Ljfl) Oi tcdxunl—s
L1iun Ilflio Lieu .ws c 1Lco I 1 tu\ fltiL ~igcoloret. fife
V\’_ 4 f; (1") _O O K H -v‘ _‘. ‘ I _L l f .
{axt;()aallt, 13 z J_i_t,iL- L‘. > U \12 l (,. l 1 c glh .f 3 L .,J I <3 11_ f 313 1

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111 lair; L ‘. o Iii; ill]-

‘ 1' 1 1 1 - - ~- 1 — "1 ' 17',— . : , V- a- -9 1 . V - V.. .,- .. . ,..
uO k- E) 1101b :V l'fl 191k,- M ‘17: 1 ..a 1.; «J 7 {lulu 7’31' Hal‘VO {—1 luv. ._, E_;='.~..f1:l
“"1Ct'33 “116‘ 7'1 f ‘1 . .11) .BV .‘ it 111e‘ : (ml fci‘ P“ c-

Ciyi, 'to i_ c’ F?(3f« t 3- __ , h L; 17 l (l”-C}Cl ,; (3_ 1312 ()i]_)
<1“ “_L 1414, )il - itcfilru'z, \. r; .L - it 1; ‘7. f‘ 1331 t’ 1.1 a 1‘. U‘L 1' 111‘-
3:41:15 0; L}. 9] "1131' 0,!" if c L»: i5 Ll ’1 b 1t in OLfi'1.‘l"1Li1"’ 0
PM» level ’W' ’1 1- 1.1.1 S GEM-(:11 ti. vv Ea 8.1; 3 < n— -1 $1. “.0 t 0
lfiDiltflls or Coutiwuous OLt&“§L[Ml, b; ru.ovi‘k)ijni gasp from

it38 mount you iwwtrti>‘ tut ’Wwf to train it. fPe nil Lam

._e. \.1

CL1L3FL_QAl co;L]i,te1J'auy,rogilp tcld';1wce £1 TQLIH

..L u

— “ I‘ "‘ ' "‘1 t1">u ’ ‘ l" ’\ . .x'. I .-\J--. ' 1‘1".“X'.
;ll\, - “-3320 “O )b‘ LA; I’ J’._1LL1.1LA) Uch. 2):! o'W‘.) 1(D;LL,’.fI'.3.UL)11 Cmrizlgpl‘
K) V; , ‘ r-a ° ,. . - _,, .V 0 _ 7 .. .\1 .P‘- _ n w L. _ . ,_ w f 1r _-: o ‘ f. o
i 11-, ‘13:) _l_ mu L1 L911 If; : li'bku. ,1', wk! C -. 1'3 L DU. by _1 DC Q 31(4 d tb , all .L U. 31011

I‘, ‘L , ._ fl 1 1 O J-
i- Ll- ~. ‘ .o “1-. ,_. , 177 W0 1 < 1 .-..,-,.‘. . ,« _
‘ ““1) 0 ll 0 LliC {L'UALL/ L‘L“L’.l 1...1._1_1,L-J.L (.11_L"-1J’ to Ulil S ’. r; \ 8- 8 t0 bile

. 7‘; .\A ,‘ _ __ _ .. , ,- . , - . ~a .‘ (\vxj 1“
"~’~‘ ~ 2300. but“? Ebbacc‘ltu "i :5 rel; Livel; C13 "~1‘"~’-..~_5 flUJ—U- 1 L ti”

{) ‘L ‘.- 1 - _ j _ L‘ w _o _ .. L. :_- ' _
* l““ 'maj On, 3t small cost, CuerCQ tith a total OF U00 LO
Q).

‘“C) (30 of fLmid rat? r than check the oil level fregupntlao
Ore HJDS re tired xbout two

_I‘L «fl ._ , , rm in m . A . ..
* 1a"l‘ts of li;ut Lot» 011 (tunco :eC U). git oil leVel in-

‘*—L rx -, 0 ~. _ -' _, C " ..3- - ...\#.°
C"Cator on tht.flnwj is not rtliaole. flLe iiwica OT COHLlStS
(Di?
E: glass hi:¢oy gositinnod wt tLe proper oil lCVcl; its

-I-\ ‘. .v. j .‘.C‘ .- 5“ -\ “ -. '\« f. (‘ ,‘ :. A. ‘1' 3.‘ ‘r; (-‘u‘u ‘, ‘1‘ “L ‘DL‘ .'." n ‘
«¢C)se hes LfimeitLQ b 51lyiiile 141ica Lixqii-_olj fluAflJ1de

e) o

-'I_ ‘ 9-: n (V. . ‘ o .1 ‘ ‘ V t 1,_ 1-“-.- .. ~~ L,_ _.,
L116 O_LJ_ .I Gaul, .iLlC'll ‘.L\/V1_7]_()L to” .uw‘l L/JLU («lap ”€18 ()ficl‘titcd,
~ ‘_,. - -. (—_ j... .,.-‘ ' ', - _‘ .9 _.—l 4- 31, A ‘1 .« .._ TX, -0, - ‘LV _ .. _- -‘M ' r. W ,L
from I‘euClilz 1.; e -1. .1. 1K1_L(-wf-_-1’).L _’.L» S . will JL tulle; La- 1&1 this 0.. ffle

, .0 -,- -- .. 2:71- 1-1 .1 ‘ . r1 .0 _ .‘-~ ‘ "H n- H
9.150 interfereu 1.... t1; ere ..-.0Ve~..;di.t Oi Oil LO=..=21.1‘L; Oi’ 81.151“; il‘fhu

L"-_ L“ . 111 _ _ ,9 ... L, ,‘ H1, _ '1 '3 r. y' , 9 Lo_ -‘, .. L .. L “NV n
L'ii "3 lCin.) iwkticlt‘? (4K)]. 0 .g‘h.’ _LKJ\ICJ_L fiI 5.21:1; ‘31.]. .Lll in“; l_"s.l-.-£) “<10

U
auQEQsteu satisfactorily t; Lu ovin; the cover plate of the
Pre,esovac unit of the gen; one observing the level of the
Oil. directly wLile the Ludo one in Operation. The servicing

A

ailwsctions Furnisheu b; e otral Lcieitific Congeod

Lygnervsc-BS pMMy are aLguchtl] quite reliable.

Petitioniw; and Eocusior or eean
on Small Orifice
The electron L;w was oger tea at greISJres below 0.5
'“iillvons with regsqutle results, tiounh the oyerution of the

Prior to the

F'
( -
U"
CF
r"
H
*‘1’.
([1
CO
0

"9‘ a - .~: '1. - ‘J-
our) ilflil‘OVbu C.l..‘;.l.LLLJ.‘ ‘1’ JD 1“)“th

019(91‘6rticn1a3f ifi;e :gnl in_tfl;e 7W31 ch Nfllfir, ifllO LKNTltOIdJl“ inure
U V \J
"mags lsut in 0 &fl% LL38 emu observeu fo11gzxfiiile to eneek tue

Ob*31%ltion of the electrical eLuigment. If the Vh tubes in

t—‘fi '_I - l o ‘ 1 ‘ _ O
Lie. aicceleratin; voltage power su.glj neu not been in ogera-

.L

k
A

t 0 ‘ 1 ' O n
:iCDIl for“ sorm: ti «3, a.llfilf‘iYOUI°'LJfllmllng YHiS Ix jiircmz;uar
Str—i o —-1 o - o o o -
‘113]_e oymawrtron. .JMQJBVCI‘{Alltfiblf3(3pOrblfljflj CDflUllJJNlS

K‘v' E; - L . , A. . . ‘0 -. . -
IVS 1ttainee, the CletTiCil SG“VlCCS were euLglieu to the

l
c...

«311 i 1 _ . .1 i - . . M
13- 2111 t 6i LUII ch: IQCI‘ ey' COLEZGCiLLHy; tux: eiélit-cx);ttuzto;1

1‘
ll

SQ 5‘ o ., ... — j - n
l Vche caele to tre receptacle mounteo on two enuplate o;

4K3
L41 r
E: ,W
run Cll'dri'.(.>‘:.ro

If the gun hau been Operate; previous y, the electron

SVE
I? mall orifice eituer

L‘_"
A—»’

r v t: v
k; L} -

;" ‘v D \, 1'. ’ ‘ ' "- w-‘fi - . '7 1 J‘ ‘ ..‘i 1\ ‘l‘ '
K«£1,411 iron: “he Gun Mae-.8 (zllicz'Cl/CLL (it; L

Vfiith_the aid of an ink uot which had been placed on the
‘fauze of the monitori“; tube tith u pen or more usually by
trme existing ecflection potentials which were not chnn;ed

unity the deflec-

(I)
f.,

‘utuless necessary. If by accioegt or nec
ticvn voltage mes altereu, the ink not serveu as a guiu: to
reztinni the tflififi to the futnxgr locutioru .us tne tnwnustic

fiEBld was approxim'tely the Same :ithin the gun Ch mber and
at the site of the monitoring tube, the ink uot locateu the

infill orifice onite indepeneent of the accelerating potential.

U)

new tube use in Operation, the gun was defocused to

H

f

m

uric!

IEDIBRL an imuQe 5 to 5 mm in uismeter and then the beam,m o
Sifsftenetically Stept over the area which include& the orifice.
Tile: passe e of electrons throth the orifice was inuiceted
eifibller by collecting then in the Feraony cage, or by col-
l€3CVtinQ the ion prouucts formed b, the electrons as the;
S£3€fllt themselves in the ionizfition chamber. The letter

ve for a weak beam as each electron

H.

t

H.

me thou was more sens
”Ely” form many ions. Once the aggroximate location of the
01"ifiee was found, the focu was sharpened until the location
CDI‘ tflne orifice was accurately determineS. filth ex crierce
itlle orifice can he lOCmted in seversl minutes.

It was auvsntsgeous to have the gun in the Qun chsmver
(11*bfiicteu quite accurately towsru the orifice, for than the
éiLEjCLtron stream PaSsed through tne orifice with the least
Q<3I113act with the wells of the orifice, ivin; a better velocity

HL¢
\_J

CijL . -
S>"‘:ribution. On the otner hnno, if the electron stream was
Q4.

J‘Iétuzteu tonaru.tfln:rmrifice uithorfl;1firel1se of neflectdxui

Iflainsntiel, ormacrrild nota {mg‘qfls conVerflxirt, reflove iflus'hesm
.fIXDm the orifice and reinst ts the team to its former position

bgr Opening and closing s snitch n ich congletgd a short b3-

J
tmwgen a Pair of deflection Platte. If the sdestmewt of the
(ii: ection of the axis of tLe gun Mounted on the endplste was

that no deflection voltage was

insgie by eye, the

TGCTuired mas satisfn’nvlv SM ll. in auxiliary voltage co ld

haxfe Lten p°Cd emuelly EUCGSBlelJ for the above purpose.

i—o

As mentioned earlier th: focus conuit ons oi

IHOIULi to; in ‘ txflje :iqv tin, ,iin.1notnitsti irl tin: @gni (fl rnflyex* mwgre

u ..-4..

L.

fleazAJrfly’ tin; swank; (hie “to ttuc JADCLFthfll ()f ttn: ragsljl (I'idoori
OITii?ice in the tlane formerlv occugied tv the fluorescent

cereaen. ihe exact con itions for fine focus of the ;un

C")

TIT. ‘ . -1 .- . - . ~. -. 1- v - , —-~ , w - l— ,- ‘ - 1». -‘. .A. \-- ~,. .- - ~. (1.. “(-3
“‘Ql-lilted in Lime U111]. Cufwtiuel‘ more db cr;;i';_.},-n-L_1 L"; lilliinilgiliu

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ifl1€i varia

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CT'

'miC; loesm across the or:

the cross section of

H-
L‘:
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lcnflts as tie orifice

...-4

trio b (-3 am .

hetcrminution of tnc snervy Distribution of

1 - J.-. i ‘ 1'; n ‘ ‘3 -. -1.‘ .i V‘\ 4.1»: “in“
LlcCei'O (”LS instill, t; IQLLHLL one .._;m.-;:.].l

‘3

r fice into the Ion'zntion Chagbgr

C)
}—'o

‘11“. v" I. . l—‘. r, r“. H 1‘ n I'T' ‘ " .1 ". L . ‘ .. B. W. “ ", [r ‘ ,3 1
'iiic: l. 111-)..11c11t OJ. with cleCtIOII Van S Oink/itieu cut
I“. .
(_k ;\
A; :3 ~. "0“”. 1..- .--. rm , L P 1... 1-9 x . A! 1-1 M. k 1* 1- 1. ,,,. "1h. ,
“‘ +1 1 01.1; mi to]; lrer V new. til/'6 1.41-1;1]. .Ll:71S‘1‘it.130 L; U) UL ohm-L. .‘JAC
C1
“63c:
-' s, n , . 1-1. V .. .V .- J. -1 .i it. 1 J- . ' .2 .i .. ‘ ..
‘3fhl anot¢;<of rim kiln Lrhglzu tht1tm;.e poLAmtti l in; JLe

Q

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sharply 501.11.011.13 £10111 1.110 1.2.1.1113 05‘ the orifice. {311011. .1
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fk>13 the Hot 1 Mbsor: ti3n 3f 'nc electrons, the Faraday cage
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“.— V. ,, - -‘1‘-. . -.4. l‘. , A ( ‘ t ' O ‘
biib 85,1511]. ULLUO'W 01211.1. 166 [1.21.0 CU :3 1,1130%-- FOCUS

‘ ‘ “ A" '* ”T. ‘ I' ‘ ' ' "." 3-1; a ‘I‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ' 'Wr‘ “""\ ’x " LI“ \ 1‘.“‘ro ..1
fkacub b.1n Clu not a~.,rCnL1J C wnvu Lha Suajfl of wa LuLVC

Ju

1:1 the 800 v to 1000 v ravidn. It Ci; mat appear to matter
\rzitztiuir 1210 13L1c1 man; 0 WIVLflPhflx t ()T gJiv; FVC It (as i-t Crlhulwsd

.L_-~ _ , - _ . _ _ 'M 7.
bile; Ollifixxs. piwflm;qzlv?I31hCIflKNIS Icug1bu ”1,21“; ll;ws(WF JHG

7‘5
«34‘ .t‘ ‘ )r‘ . '1’.— 1r " ”I J‘ ‘a IFI ‘,-. .. ~ ,7 I, In 31 L1 'nf. m V > 1 .- A
~--~ dLLo‘ 3' CI Cr 1 (31 (:5 IV.) D I I, c) ’(‘)v.1:-,1Li_;_:_ V ,., 13.; L1 '0: 1 _- CC, C a ..» ~ 1 1.- ~
I , .'.

I‘Cnu b wags IX) Celfiyvn lflqfis filxxmACCLLIvU VV1131CLUr?
I'j\ A . ’ ‘ ‘ _ _ .- ‘ A_ w ‘ _ ,. ‘ J. ' ._ ‘ _ o -,v ..
“*”‘{wculiar effect is not hue to tlu Cquwa-CJTFJL~U “T
‘ - . . _. . ;. . .  . _ .3 _- .o x 1
Q "J~ 171%; 1 ‘t-mt a-‘asur L I" r-'. L1} "7:197:13 f") 1‘ 31!) D L}? i S 411.224 91.11 Cl 1 '1 11:",

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' 0 N v J v 0
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‘ ”...-Lt“ \ . \_ _' f: 1 ¢ \ x: _’_'J_ t L' (-¢)'£ 1 z ( . ‘ U ‘,.‘.L\,
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{TC J'L' Cr: 11c )1 f‘ w J L ' 1' Cl.» ) ..

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SCE.'.tt€l -Lflv, tub '..-L‘LO dJIvl-cziz, Lin; <3 J11- .113; LOfl 0.11.1 littLEwl‘lilfl

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'—C)E©—lbic' O “V ~¥1 eAJLUXW ta 1A - ..Ltuowliox1 ezni L;u; cu- rexl,

(EOllnCtCQ bJ file Tu~qua crqe snoulg decrenuc. Other factors

“ ‘ . t ' V ‘ 1" ’ w | x ’» —‘ ‘ n " '. "‘\ ' "‘ ‘. " "’1 , (‘ “ ‘\ ' " a 7‘ ’fl '
COUld. Cudiwfl: 11mg: .2 1.1.: Crlcrbt, Lilo Liv but a:l_)&»(;:rlC.L; OI o UGCI’Uf-ltfie

"‘ V ‘. x x ‘ 1A.. Y ‘m -' W -. v," "L ‘ - “ 1 ‘
QUE) .1118?) linC {Au-r1 fonlLll LfiflQOthzlj

in current all tinge 00:14:11;

saitisfied.

h-
l

y.-.)
0

Tie neaeurtmerts comyririv" the curve in Sigure li (

enteruy uietrioution curve) were node bv fliglifl" the electron

tn. n.. p h

13¢;an1 orl aiui ()fi‘ til; Exnfi:il (3:1430r1 o: L;_LCCJ l’JL' MC? 1; re ‘eIH iii;
Exatcntiel recorkuml. Qflcnce effects one orflg'iX) Mae prcSence

.. 3- ‘

lie TDeeii'weiwa 1%;c01mged4 EIWJQUfiHlC cflzecflie XMJPG ineuue oi‘ blH3

c6]-

01?
O;jeration of the electron gun by returning to previous re-
tmxrling gotejtiuls to check the consistency of results.

I

i316 beam was flin ed off of the smell carbon orifice b5

beonndinv one of LLe deflcction Vfilticcs 0f th‘ qun.

~

The :gulition oi lira Sto;ufi1t3 mas

Elie :3torw YPV fi$3s llSGLi mvis (try 5311* téfiier) flwnn {file

A-" V L)

I“.

lialmaratorg. imra laboratorgrlras an ecevnr te circulridxM1

tXD reduce iflxijfijseibilities oi‘cxnfixxlflvvtion cue to
CNDAJMOH laboratory vagors coca as oil, acetone, bcntene,

Qélrton tetrachlorioe, etc. Ire air has dried in a cry

31(38 one acetone t‘ep of such a volume, that the volume of
tlle tJep filled uith :93 at atnosyhcric pressure filled

tile ionization ch mter to a FTEESHTG of seven j-fiV” micrors.

Liquid air or liouid nitroqun are n0t entisiec;

dis Irefrigcrants for the trap f01‘&1\jYNJlj gortion of the

(f, 8
11it1<n;en.iil the: SU1£JJ3 frfxazes (Hit orl Hie \wlllssc)f LAle
'trep end the Eflmyle 1f gee introuuced to the ionization

for careful control

[— O
D
J
(‘1'!

" “2‘2, " ‘o *9 rV V3; - o "a ' ’3 1’\ ‘ ' '- ».-
Chamoel _LQ not ..ull. Elie beet-:51:

CDI‘ miiq ~oint vmdschumonetrmteo_ix;2ni ircidtsme.<DDScrva-

‘bixan. .flhml a Eflkggle of’;y:e wax ixrtroduceml thitnle ligfiiid

{lir (presumably ot the t.y;en tea cruture), a strikiUQly

1livihcr value of U, the ener;y

- 4
J
VI

[- 1
D~
p.
F9
7"
v1

L411? was meSUTCU. velue was apmroxim tel; .i tiges

d
h
..J
[17‘
Cr
0
*“3
0"
F0
"5
C

.emovul of 110 Ionization Proencts

gs he_s been mentioned, electric fi elos were required

txb remove the ionization products at a rate each that few

313ns were loet hue to IBC‘MUL ti:vn ago yet none were formed

‘bsf he too en5‘ r etic moveMunt of the ions tonerq the collector.

_’1

Elle e-stcm us co con ieteu of two electrodes; one, the _on-

b

3~Z €3t:ion cLu finer at Qrouru1133tential smuiifire secone, at]

1rlsuloted collector whose ot~i‘igl could be variee Lien

T6339ect to gronnd. Ihe co11tnts COllL—C ted t; the second

€3.00trooe were register 1 b" the Well Qalve;omcter whose

Ifiiir e was EQHJJTWJCQ tgr‘U1e ot;at_eli.f ier. Iflie ceiiwuqt

"U

-“ - ~~ r v‘u 4 1—, ‘2‘". '1 . ‘. “‘c-{‘. I.“‘ 3““ ‘
’11e yiell ;,;lv myont tel lS :LaoJAL tell in

1.69115) teled of,
of the collector

'!

'3n;ure 15 as a:finufiflon.of the potentifil

\ -;r -0 _‘_ _ , - _ ‘ :77“ . ‘ 1.» _4 . _ n _ _p ' ‘ .0 r: ,u___ a
“J—L&1 resguect LA) grot hi. 1am111 ae13<mxrvc, an. iHUJIbebd,

LSlees the electron current (electrons and negative ions)

QC>1].ecteui; the lo er carve,the pouitive ions collected.

'1‘ o 7 _. L“. . , .-1'. M”, a .— "
‘16 OlClin.,‘10ffS of itht; CL 1V5 (Lilli Bl“ Dy (,1ch 1il~iv_41_Li‘,utdc Hi

A COLLECTION

69

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

40- PRESSURE IO%
' CURRENT 1 /
.36 -
I, [Q
.32" ,’ //
0” ’l
.28 "' II, //
©‘Q-®-®--- -O- ~®~ - - *' ’0’ I ’Q’//

<3 1 ,.
.24“. ..-e--L®--—o--—o”

D {(5) #
ZO-r'é

. 1......
.l6--;5 0 +ION CURRENT

.' 1 —e ELECTRON CURRENT
14%
.oe--
.04..
.o%\ . votTACE IBETWElEN CQLLECTCR a. TANK

20 40 so so I00 IZO I40 I60
VOLTS
Figure l5.

x)
O

the initicl electrmi currtgt ovxgr tin; re-ion of the plateau:

.1

where all emu only all the ions foimcu b; the 111i ierl electmns

are collected.

At voltigpe below the ”k‘rieéfi’ of’ the curve (at the low
voltepe end of the 1;:l.*.‘:.ter::u) e. SLffiCiuflJ' field does not

exist, at least if; some farts of‘ the ionization cl:r1::1:.:er,
to rem-eve ionizflzivn grooucts ~i
recombination. gt vol tigers above the ale-teem, at least
some _;__w;..-rts of thr: i_oni'“,.a:tion C11::=;1otr hxv: f:’Lu‘.-;l!:fis 1;~'i‘:;:).ch
impart enough ensign: to the ionizutiovi yar;'odu(:;ts :_-:o thitt
ilev meg form ion-pairs my collie on vita the $88 Heleculee.
Ionization by: collision in air re _tli"LI"Cf: ebout 17 v for 11'1-
.p

EJXC i ted 1:101 ecul c , mu co rre s;ont";._°u_gr;p y le 53:; ll the 1.101eculc

_teu.

Ho
(/2

LKC
I‘WV «n. (~ ‘w.vl---rg.' ’7 r. ’- 7 ',~:~, ° m" r- -9 ,,~.v'-', ,
.Llle Ink/1.x u LLJ. (... :‘g cl DC) ')‘.1 5111 51011 (Jib 10-1.1. (..8.LJ.‘- 1'1 C(311LCJ b L )(l

1, ‘ _ J 1_‘01 W

we 1;;.=. 1;}le 88 tile

“ , . , «pH-7' ,. -<r,4 _ '3 ' : ,-..
CLLI‘VGS quwi'e [.1 ’(3LJCL, ”Li (.2 ‘1.-'-\--’V{ZV _Ll-l xILJV iji,‘

1, - ...‘ .0 1‘
CECIL/S wirLLCii

fibre not gt.» to L! e run-30013 ”if.“ 11;}:1 i ii titil ”-‘ltcii,ro.~"»s (heel:-
Ql‘rr lu. curre t, p.033 L‘L W1" 3 v lv- D uttL ‘ 1L Cede t
2).. Ulifier, etc” t .. 135 L 1 3,. incl. ill; eltctrmisz an: : thhul
011 P JUL 0f" luv, -)1'1 P101‘ Eu.) 1‘47: 5; 'i“ 1,. fl ('li- li‘l'f‘. fillfl ‘
Silorti J; r. it<h co 13.1.1, - l: i T ‘1‘ ..> '1'” ”1 Ct")?
l—>1E:‘t<;:s.° Fret ue‘it c‘im;c‘:{e 1711c to LLtQt‘Sl" the Statis-

l

- 5%.Ct01‘3' Orrin-titan, of t»; Cltflthi‘Olfll @111. Other ~-i<‘-»J‘J5“-‘3‘~-"‘-4‘5 ‘7’

v a 0-3 I 1‘
.._. .... .- A

. '. "1
t i 1 _L b

I
L
r.
\r
C
I
r—o
- o
C..-
C‘
fr
r.
C.
r
t.
C
C
{—
rx)
V
UK
0
('7
I
l...
...I
C
,_

, .
,.
,_,
(I)
L
C.

L.—

Q

U

1,.

FJ

,.

O
_1
(l

(

F
(
g,
r: -

V.
L...
C
_I
3
O
O
{

I

C.

f

C‘

I.
l
i.
O

1

Hitn the {id of t;c collector thgo in ?i arc 2, it

oossiblc to celcolrtc thnt 9 glctcox choulo be obtaincd

L
.L

W Li S

j, ‘ .0 ‘ ..., x ,. . 0,, _'-" . 0 - Hi l. !...O l n . 0 n
Wilen fltlus CV'.1’J .u 21%.: ll tilt, law‘LLZI: t. 1.311 Civi-iziLJLJ. ‘=.=‘.'Cl":j himllll

4J- A " . _o- ' (... , 2.1 ‘4. ,1‘ 1. .r. . ,, _. ,_ .._ . pr. ~.
of cncbc tum3.iicloo Hid.‘;icc c fla.li;<). lULJViak)_LNlb lost
_ 1‘ 4. _. -w.‘ , .. ._ |_ 4-1, ‘ _g .‘ _‘ . -..-\.,‘~~° ~. _1-: .~ v‘ ‘1 - ., c. _-, ‘A no .. ,
GDOdwli L10 iii bV‘oJl L: tilt: .LJ. 1 UL, Hung-l“ :J-L’.'Hl ; ;_1Ll L119 li‘~.i’\_-,'Jl” l luld

1-Y1\ '. '1 \W 1‘ ‘vv _. l 1 / 3 'r ~\‘ . . ’, " " W, ‘ '.‘-‘ I' "‘ . r ‘ n a“ $ I‘ ‘ . o
H C1 S J LL 0 b h‘.‘ 6.: c. I]; 'x. .110 LLVLL LO LIL C‘J k; l . L ‘41:") F0 1 -Il'j)..'J,L')1—l 0.1. CI (1&1; _LCb-

eble {IOLOILlOfl of ion-gnirc by the ions an; clcctrons in
the course of thir Aluiutlifl to tithe? collector. Loticc
t at thc clcctron collection glntcou cxtcnlc over a twelve-

fOld.l%ni‘é fronlagg roxi-:tcl;'£3il Do 30 v collxuztton yotcn-
tial, thc positive ion collection platoon from apyroxixutcly

20 v to 30 v, a four-fol; Fangs.

O
r- ..a
I
:3
F!
(D

Conoitianc basil; occurred hnocr which space l;'§
Concentrations ccvclOpco pOtUfltiflls nhich more troublesome
to the collection of the ionization prooucts. Figure 15

_‘.

illustrates tgis cffcct b* ahouin" the collcction curve

OJ - \_)
9 ~ w J~-‘- a ‘ -~,- ,' I“ II t» ‘n . “' - ‘1 ‘1‘ I ‘ ‘ J‘ a f 5‘ 2' 1‘ 3"." , n.
OIDtairmxi if lulb it“ Hi iri< Ol lAlb b1JpCblTHl b lgwwfl QflLkduLflQ

"
C‘

time ifinlizatiOfl(filamber‘xfijs irmuxyisco imam-fold- ifiii_ oi‘cxigrsc
increased the collcction currcmt by a factor of ton. All
Offlicr Vciiglilcs xkaw:1&cpt cozmfixuflz. The glutm%ulluis o_scp-
lficaried, soul orm;‘;0cs vilinoot [moisc flfnfl a reggxn1 in VHLUCh
iOrls are lost by rccogbioetion to a revion uncrc ion-gairo

:‘1

“If; formed in the collection groccss. ihC rc:ions co not

Joiil; the; overlav. A collection current of pro microa gs
IfHfireSUnts a collcction of rocghly lOlQ electronic ChETQCS

961‘ secono- HEM; s*rfacc BITXIQIF the collcct£n*sjmnni in

L”

32

. 3.6..

32--

2.8--

0.3+

0.4.-

00 . vougma BETWEEN COILLECT‘OR alTANK
'0 2'0 40 so so IOO I20 I40

 

 

 

I
OFAA COLLECT ON

CURRENT

 

'———o

 

 

(D ELECTRON CURRENT

72

PRESSURE IOO p__

+ ION CURRENT

 

 

l60
VOLTS

Figure l6.

r, r!

l (J
V’ O O f} '7 Q .~'- ‘
‘ ‘ - , / inr\r\ - 1‘ r -1 w
.‘ 1 “L1 I (I l] 3. L ),,, V .11" ’3: '. ._.’ l )‘..‘K " ‘ C Alb , al.- (v" i I (r V J {.3
V
J_ '\ « I O 1 O O
0311‘- 0 UCLA. C .‘ o ‘ l~ C , ._ _ c ;' _'. '- ,’\ L 1 1’7)
1 U
{1.1 t C. t‘ .0 'N .7 C ‘i.. V " o "‘ I f - l ( .'V'. I "‘ _“ ’ " . -‘ . " T" {n - ' . I . >
L . .L -;-- (Minx V‘v' 4.1 .rc‘C .: . in w > ., Lil 'n.) 0-. '. viii; . i, II» C
0 f1 0 n _ r. 1 _ O " J
').1 -l ' c1 _L.;.=.;_..~J. OJ U0]. V ,(.l' ‘ ‘ U i. ‘ w . ' ’l ., C "I" -l’
L
_ D f r‘ 4-. I ‘ O a "
(-1. d .LCV u-_(.) C) 1.1 Ck'lel .t:'\ .L‘ r 21' Sec ) _'.. --.:f "-.“v L~-:}

L 1- L .-. - , .7 , °~ . -, ~ 1 - , ~
Cunl c to cc Li*.ul‘ylt.c «c s»J,TLc vlcctrimic Cffii'kf‘ hie

,v n J , , -.-o \l..- ..l .. -,--nv ,. 10.,4 .._ -.‘_.
OIuCr o; 10 clmCtLJ ic city at rtr Cubic emotiacttr. Dyis

‘ I V“ I v ” . \ V ‘. v J— I ', I - . ‘ '-
L L El (-‘ ‘3 : 1k! \ ' ’1 ' 1 ._ \ \J n: ‘_ _’.. L J ‘ j -1. C (I C- ‘ 1‘ .. I) 1L.) « jJ'J L l t- O .F
V - ‘ J.
‘ I“ ‘ ’ 1‘ . | 31 . 1‘ . r * ‘- r . r . r‘ 9
th or CT 1; l v ;Lr C *ML CLri L» ' 15 ifio ti 1 ”W'ILQ; At

:11“ . (" '. r) . " + . ‘ \-- a " ‘ - 1" L" ,' ‘L-, ' “ "‘ ~ '. 1 ‘ 5 ‘ " l: . ,'_. f.
Lilia \ilflnictiltd- 1:) c <; 1]”, i», o ..tlr ttml «u :1. ill», la! 1o l.c.
171-. ' .-. -' . . . ' , ""' . .- H ., \ Ltd. a
lag collection c PVCL thnl ii -Lu is l/ Maj: t. ;1
,V o #1. 1‘.“ T , '1 . L- _o . _0‘1 _, v—jo ...--‘,_‘ r) i"“'— . a" o >3__o_ 17 v V..- ,
vital: but; (-/31J.klc L101” V.L;i--1C _Lfl -J. lilC .‘Jo iu'fi _-.'..Lcl-,-l : -L-CC‘C:1!)I1

\5 5‘. “ 4" r~c' ' '~, _A . j. - - ", l ‘ .‘. 3 1'21" n. _1 v" ‘ ‘ '., "~ f- fl“, PV '7" .“
Civil 1(fl1‘b 1H\ -E) l LLLuCL/k‘. : 0 LA' [J S; '. CC 01.- —-1 UL CC)! ‘\ .l '1}. ILL" L _‘. _1‘ )L‘ ‘-’tj'~_'.
’ '.J". ' 3 ‘ ’\“ " ' '- ' f" 3".., ' r. " A‘ 'o . ‘ L 1"
for LOLLCLVC inns, Cdb :ot 1Nr L1UCbLJH¢o 40 s lbwulb, ti

'3 ‘\ 1’ ‘ ‘ l‘ 1; r ,‘1‘ '~
1.10m, Dub but} but

unmictekitle pl tcou L35 forncd for @120

positive ion; rare collectcd on the eyvll sorfece oi toe

elemhso—irmni sgln tic CL coll «3t013 :3gtcc (fliKFQO (xii e Wiu=tionzs
develOgel because of the low nobility of the foeitive ion
tilfil rCS~éllt to tfluit of 1343 eliuztrvn. ‘jte LVMQLUEVC.LQDIS

( .
H
C
f...
D
L.)
U‘
C
;..
L"
(‘3
l..J
t-
0
C
F5
J
{n

did not ocvelcp soccc Chor;c coy

were collected on the ionization chamber wall for thc arcs

oi Lil; iOJiZfl9thl cim:,

I

tnrt of tte eleven-io.n

to

Q sitivo ion colltction cecomc wore s y'utricvl to ¢~ch other

.'- h ..o -. ‘ - L‘ -. _o _ ‘ . 1‘. V“ . , 1-7 7.
BS lib Sal‘ihCU {:l'C/‘ELLS Of LIHL 10571,-"1711 L-LOEAJ CL-W.7LI\';1‘ ..A 11 ',~-..:L wile

74

 

 

 

 

 

so A COLLECTION PRES URE 70 w
CURRENT .
.36» ;
g5
'32" ELECTRON CURRENT—v;
0
.28“ '9" I')?
x9" 06- -0.-.© _____ 6,0. I
.24.»: 0’
J:
.20; ,
.0’
16¢ ’ , ’0' '
a’o’
.12» , ’01—— + ION CURRENT
[6/
DR» ,9’
0.
pm
.00 5 voquE B§TWE§N cogLechR a JANK
o 20 40 so so .00 IZO I40 160

VOLTS

Figure l7.

Q
C31

collcctor become more ncarly the same. It is 'wncrully

\ I
U

1

advanta;eous to coll ct tn: electrons on the smaller aur-

face and allow the goojtivc ions to neutralize thomselvcs

As lCCOcv cltctrsns more stipged uithin the ionization
chamber at firehourcs Of tho Olga? of CO microns, a Sftififfic-
tory collectiin goturti l for saturation at this jrtsuure

PILL coLfiLl be Jwalucell'hy

7’)
F'?‘
Ll

was 10.5 v. This collection gott‘
‘OP of thrcc EUJ still rbmflifl on tho platoon. So 3mall
Otbfltlll TC ovco a trcnchcrous source of

error: tLe ctftct o? th CulléCtlifl

L‘

. ' ' ’. ‘ ‘II I T. - "l "' "‘ " ’ " “ I'~ “ _|’_ ". W ’0 7L ‘ 1“ ”)3 C
lZC1 [31'er U _LUlLer :13 L‘ JUI'LJ ‘1‘5/5)';J‘ E ‘1‘.)L'X, L-.L 14‘le ;'l L15..111(J lfip"

V .0 A ‘i - - _ _ , V ,o , d - , .- V ,- J_-A ‘ . ‘,-,
quirco for total afirorutioq of the initial elccbroas, toe
collection gottctinl requircd to? o? tho orQBr of one yer
ctvt of t t origincl 01or95 of t-o cltctrons.

. _- 3V -.9 1-..“- .‘-- '1- ..L. {\fi J :V ,- -..)
Eil CJJHHLJJB, Ll“: LQlLLéCkuUJQ LHUOUAKLDS (x? pr/Obv'(Jlk(yqu1J3
_ .9 . . 0 ‘ - A ,.. fi . _,.J.- ,, ._ ‘ . A -_ L. O ["1 q -.
absorbco it GLP more COllCCLuu h; r 1008 v yotantia”. ihc

_'-

”‘4‘ - 4- ‘ '~ - - "‘ ‘ E \ ' I ,. E - \.“ ‘ 1*,r v‘ “ I" w -‘.-" H‘ . ._ 1 1", f‘ ..A J‘ ' (‘
'CJJ, LhU I) be 1 l. CVV‘Q S i I“ p" .1 4.1.331 'a:«:. J 1‘.C.V‘C3 L. 2 L11 l kin-1.1 l ,- ') Lu.) 1L1. L.) C, Lvfl @ we

—-‘..-A‘_ '7“..—

'r

v 0 '1 _,. _ '1 N ‘ _ ‘ ‘ . _.
largo COllCCElOQ yotonti ls w ownic o? ~gncc CMLPQu CflflulthDSo

1- _ ‘ \ ._ . a > >. "-1 ‘ .0 ‘ N C.“ r‘, 1 ,, C:

T116 I‘EZ‘Cj. bx): [_L -119 _L b i L3 J f) -L] O H u:
"1,. ~- .1, _. i v V. V - ”'13., _‘h, ‘3‘” M“ r1-“ '1. X V‘L‘ ,, .2
lhie IfUnd)Cl‘()f :wowrl leib ii luxL' J zwlio_Co. 70; LJU. frc04>:i.gJ

f \
r‘
:1
fl)
1"
Ff)
W

of an cloctrnn of a ;ivon untr'* is r) )flld
,, | _ A ‘ ‘_ I l h /;" A ‘, ‘ .'..7_,‘ '_ , 3' 1‘_‘ f. V,
iven E" {93-1. 1 L111; Nd. ..lurl' Of null-1‘. l .L < w C 1111.1) 0V Ll A. .1. All

' ‘« ~ .. ,\ ‘4 , .. -, -. , ~ - 1 J- "V ’» L 1‘.» 'I‘“ "2‘ ‘ . \ I: . l ‘. . “ L '-
{IE-:2 i ‘ ‘Ll AZ' '7 Lil." ) l l'()\_1 “C Li: "log: L; .J'-) (l'r):‘1_lbt"\_'k.‘l 1. .r": _‘- L (N . L l L"- 1')

H ‘b
(\_.t
i 1 ‘ _ ‘ o l
11.0 b- .k Iiuunsul' of‘ a 1 fl'»c _t11s 3.. Irrit.l i 1 tirn i it
0 ’ 0L! _ H {... ’ 11> _ I . _ _ ‘3 ._ v__o
initial ClCCLLQUo males for a ‘lVCH collcctiwn volto.t

,4‘
I

.L {1,t Ivttio (if Lino t1u3r931<3f EJLc lJlCloufllt

) ‘ O O O

clcctrwou to tha collcctiwu rota tial for tsair ionization

procauits shoulCle: sogroyjim tel; a (Xiiatpnt, lflluvhly'Gfllhsl
to one iuumjrcl. .fifiglin broam1ILL its this i“ ixuxawwrjcnt

of tho unciLJ ‘fi"1gm.j_ 1:iclo - o dl.m’n 1W1? 01 tbt ch.urmi‘
(nulCh cflVL1b tic 1<21 1<,1A,1111wl Fi- *otol absorption).
fhercforc it i; ..itc grub ole th=t lisl'o lurgc collection
potcotials hulffiL114233: Cbtwry by agacc cf mg}: coqditions.
lotc that tho ”knee” of tic Lositivo ion collection carve

‘fi‘ . ‘ .7 -. I -“vn" “ I‘ . . ‘ .r‘ 1' ‘l' "~k‘ . 1‘." ',"\ "T‘ W, . ‘ . L. '. :1 31f“
boown in gigolo lo L; Lalo ab cogpiicrotld uiwhcr ficluo

'1'» 4'- L r'. y. a '; /'1‘ ~ , . I _. .v ",v- . 3 1 ‘ '. A “ c 4 A I I -‘,‘. a ' ‘. ‘ f' T I" ‘ I; I .A
t;mqi hole It, oilti..lar LJs: blCCldtfll collttfilu>n loiec . .is
the space chuch contitioo becomes more carious the

aimarcotlr mons to the 11.1n; lLl'LCI rotmooia 3) until
i; J K. J.

H
R1
1"
j
T.
"3
co.
0
i- l
('7
Ho
(2‘
"5
O
C
'1')
C
H
(E
("1"
F 1
CT.
l
...I
f

the plateau final

convioclwijymirxf Space ctigrw: canoitiorwu Ifluitcvcr the

g)

_‘

validity of Gorbcs'lU theorcticmi correctirn for large

(

collection potuotialc tho absolute error in the knowledge
of R is rcouccd if lowcr collcction potcotials can be USCdo
Gcrbcs‘ correction is small; thwt is, a correction of 3.6
ESI‘CMmJt is Ifwllircd.i11'd fox1€Nm Gov i1mflihmit clcctaxm1s
whose ionization prooocts acrc colloctco .itn a Lotcntiol
of 1000 v. as Gcrbcs was a awrcqtl; a stuocnt of lisl, it

is likely that 1.4151 :15; conscious of the objection to high

collection potontials.

uctcrginotioo of the turution

go eiscggwugin {fins glmxgadr

”ollo

.1.“

well below tout

ljl the lfiimite of‘ifln: ioni:cd;cxt ch~,lx;

will rrrivc at
hex/_'iiriv 31:1,"
trons coming;

may be ocutruli

! O 1. L‘ ‘ . L ;- 1. ‘1‘ n‘ A .1 . I y » ' '7‘ ' " -

ELL {u LCI ’ k1 LIC o ’_ til 11 Hi.» L; _L 135 C» 3 :l m C L:Ilk£I"\)J (3.1x; (J:

r- '-,-,_ r1 9 ..‘~.\. 0,..- ., ‘ . V _,, .-_
iormu1ti3n.tu lOH-lkuLLb l_11£u at. --s the isresuli'

° ., ‘ r7 ‘ ‘ 3 J. . 1" I .. -“ ~ - 3 ‘ ,- f: 1“ . ,_ _
lOLLL &ti¢M1 CH Mlfiof ii. an1(.;ooo (M10 CDQKJ

‘ r ”L 1 ~ "‘ N ‘ a '1 " u r' |' \' . c " q ' 1 ‘1 ’I ‘ f
Cfltl) L11) Ll K.) LLUC/I U L». {CDC/)C’. C!.‘1'-L L) L) (l. 1.6 L111 1L) C

Ol 10; l-L '1L.\u per liltifll

electrons are totv_ ‘oorbed mithin

Beyonu the gresourc

"G nu.finu1ryf

should not ch n'c umlt

the eleveimi1..ras. re.
'“1e vvoww c HUJWWI' 1’ ’3? ion-peir
.Li 1-1. J- \J . ,.l _ V , L, \ _- 4-1-

electron is 10Lith a a function

oni .ncr i; :licro1u3 (Ii

ion choiler tall or
o3.

I _O _ 1- l 1‘
c ‘71:] (3:181.l:

.151")

eltmitror1

l-‘ -‘ ,
wilt:

of the

whys l?

Gongitiorl

i;i16;

‘m

electrc-

t11c
ru:t 511c1%;
until

StOH
.L‘

increase oi L with the 10 wiéution c1‘1nnbcr oros .,c
0 j 3 n '1 '3 A {W
Int L 1t I.l bli 'tL1C C>0L 1 l‘V'L 1:3!18 1.: llcllg1tiirl a::1u- L)k “L3k1"

_1_, ,.'|.~, ,h" .
tilt) V at. _LL. (3 Jl 1:. Li

AS greoicth,

J-"-"-‘ 5 ~ "' ‘3 ‘-"’",rA"'"‘ "'.v r) 1i "9 .A:“|‘L
L'iJKJ CLVL'IC‘UL c-4K/lv'} 0,1- i;¢(J_Lk,L.,/,-LI

oeviate aggTCClbbly fr3n ti

Cloctr

0 1'1?» 5*

ro't}1t.i1

rim“

Q

lilitixil

The inlti

I‘-

a

\v.
EKJ.

ICSRu

cloctrons

1:

L

CS

' ' '. 1/1
RI -L Ul-L

clectrons

Wit

al clcc-

tall

not lo {5.15

SCd

7"
.‘

C1?

the

electron

l0:

(.0

of

nu; :11“; e r

Jltlfll

‘.

.i.‘ ,1: .l 4.1 31,.
11.1. OLL 406d. UJ’

agree-

‘iZition

78

 

27'

24‘

I81-

'2.-

 

_ IL

IBEAM 9’9

 

- --- -59.---0

_TANK PRESSURE m Mlgaows

 

 

25 50 75

Figure l8.

IOO

79

chamber hrevsure. fiotic; the aggsrent decrease in the ac-

. D ~ '
i

,. -, J-{.11‘ . -1- ~'.«.«1---- , \ ’ L .0 11.1. / .-. 7.0.- . 1,”. .1 ,.
Gul’chJ Of the deterniloc;bionb D L- 1 .L 1,11 31.1-1:th 'lCiL} id'bfibtll‘tfi.

..-

Inis s of observatiows resulteu chiefly from the

O
C:
CT"
(,1
"i

i 7

f the electron gun as the ionization
chamber nreseure bee3mes ler;e. Since even with

creaseu effusive flow, the pressure of the ¢un chamber

remaineu satisfactorg, it is belieVeo thet gositive ions
forMeu in the revioi of the small carbon orifice follow the

trajectory of the electron been in the ofgosite eirection
to boMbaru the filfifie t of the Hun. If this uifficulty
cannot be removeo in other tags, a magnetic ion ejector

such as tsod in moetrn television tubes uill certainly

remove the houbardment. fiithin the accuracy of measurement,

1]- .‘II

1

U}
H.

no variati3n has bten found in the value of K uith increa
pressure.

If the incident electrons more scattereo upon enterin;
the ionization chamber thr3th such Lise anvles thut en
wrecinblc numb r of them collided uith the ionization
Chflhbe'VJJHL‘LQPF thCll‘fiDPt o? tcflij" Hie totnl ixnmizetion

produced b. the incidtat electrons should have deCTGaSeQ.

U

C'.

‘Ehis Liniueticni in ixniizati1n1 bhOLflAL inclmxise tififii iHCI“€lS-HJ
pressure. lo Visufilize the situation, one cup think t
envelogc of th; f2rthest penotrstion of the inciuext electrons
as not orflg*:fl1rinxi¢r::u1 siZ3 Lust vlso mefferirx;ai trans-
lation in the direction of tie Cl;CtL)fl 9J9 alon; the axis

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cluees tflmx1 Mitt ft“ iil::n; or iflug inciaur*t electuwnis ere

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i iti l clcctran c rrcwt OI

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- ,l , - . A 'r ...- ...3 (L in” .‘ :"'I.I,.. 2 J .1 .I,. _o . ...L _ .,
CIJJCIJ-tdfi. .czm; toiflxliJI bcxx3iuw-u. L-LLS Vx'LiI1LLTHJ iLL L340

ion bombardnc t of the pun fi aLcit 33g tnc slow dischzrqe
of thc'battcgics LnglJin; ‘hc heatcr VOltGQC for tgc pun

ihc valuc of h was taken as th; uv-r5;c of twcnt; scts

of mwabulbhfl.bSo a act 0L abbSdrbxhibS concictcu of a dbbb-

b

urcxuait of tflmc iflitflfifiL blCCiflTNfl CUIiHJLt, tL&w1 tgc ixni

currcut, gnu thcn oucc again thc i.itial electron current.
To avoid a SJQtLMLLiC error age to thc steady decrease in
tQEI‘bcELn (nirimwit \pitL.‘tiux., tflzc (niriwa t 1m9acigi; iY3r LL&C11
set were {yucca at cormmyuit Li L i;rt;rv 13?. rhese igrtcrvals

varied frnm thirty 5cc3nds t3 fivc minutes. Ihis varihtion

of tho intcrvnl gas chicfly cwuscd IJ thc LiCTOyhOUiC

sensitivity of tho DC cmgllficr. Tuc SC in of agilificutimn
o J I

of? thc'zwagliiiicr Iaui t» In, ch IRJJJ be: prtl<xxCh IW&bILHg; cue
EH itcfli TK3136: rcs+.lixin';jfr0:n ‘IMQ clr;n\;3 31‘ bczfllc EARS LALB

source of thc difficclty. Etc data N594 in thc gctcrgimwtimn

OJ. 3‘. lb .lejHI‘. LIL J.:’ EJ-ILL_: ‘I0 .I_.&' JZ; {UL or U? LB 13 l'CKWI'k/(QL'IlLC/U.
OI e Horizontal lluu of‘rugtuaxs. La were;theses at the

,- .1. 1.1.. 3. . -‘ .. '1- ‘ ”.0 .0 . \ ‘ r‘: . V3 .7 . 2 ..--
left of one CDLJJQ hceeea initial Llectr»n eurrc t' are

0
-L

Ina_ti¢11 blq;0i,T“fll c iriwsnI, rexm;igi_

U1
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the t II: I3

r H - . . ._g __ __. 1,- ,9 .. - . - . ,. . ‘_ 0 ._ _ 0 .‘ .V . ,, .
and followiw tuv Lon Cdfik t ruaquq Jive; 1Q tLe next

, _. '1_ 1."; ‘0. I.1. in I‘. .’_"l. 0 ‘ .‘I p -. .-
COle-Hfilfilo gab Lucie. l Lye; D J}. J‘ull, Weir”? I’lL/I'IQ PCS 15) LII (x UV“ 1) vi ‘7 L

the tuo initial electron currents. Ls the ion current

IlesSUJHAi incluueil the i riti J lepctifxns as wclJ_2 s tneix‘

D6Q8tiVUlJ charvee wroélcts, tVe ratio of the ion current

L

~,-

to the initial electron currtnt is A plus one. Lech of
the grougs of fogr sets of fists were taken on a fresh sam<
of eir'tuwiw1.from the lglr3ratorg timinggi a vapor*1nfiuf. There
were intention:l eifierenccs in the ionizwtion cuumtcr
pressure gnu collection potentials u5ed.

The values of I plus one in Table 4 are surprisiany
cozsistent. The probable numerical error of the sveraJe
of K plus one has been calculate; to be 0.05 or 0.8 per

cent of 7 plus one. The author noes nos believe this error

to be inuiCstive of the accuracy of the deteriinition. use

I

data was :TCSLRth in the mmnner of Tuble 4 to emyhasize

the highly lincsr nature of the decrease of the initial

curiwant. ifiiis Imirk Zens (Mater;fl,1ed

Irr
’(
.'

5A.

- f) [7—- '7 ,
"' 11.7.0 i 0,.)

ion-pai“s yer initial lOPOev electron.

Tina thiiLJe easexrwr of"tue il~ciocmdt Glxlctlffllfi V&IS twdten

I
V0

{is tfl1e lfl)tt¢ltlfi]. Pk WillWfll i1) reuulce. the; FalHJQFQ; cque CfllrlKJit

O 3 fl 0 __o o -.__- __ fl, . (.3 _ 7“” «‘I.—-V~3-,\
18 to one—half tnc lhltlhl Curyent. HpCLUDu or Lhc spwir

LAJ\LL‘ ._42. L..L .' L;- 1

Ir tiel Llectroo
‘C, :1

u t

C“) I“

t

H

:OILLZELClOil clyialner
Positive collection
(15.7, ) 15.5
(13.0, 3.5) 13.7
(11.5, ) ll.“
(1" " ) 23.7

L’OU’

\J

L.- _ .9__ w ~ 7._‘
I ulZut on miJibl
sitiv c lectI\I

Ionization ch? bur

Positive collection

15.5
11.3

C O
... . ‘1

(15.9,
(13.1, 11.9}:\
(11.7, 10.70)
(1005, Cod)

Ionization ch Leer
Positive collection
(11.0, 8.5) 9.7“
(8.2, 7.5) 7.75
( 505’ 5:07) 50
(10000’ Joe) (jot/I3

Ioanetiog cl ngvr
PorntiVe collectiwm
(15.0, l‘fzoij) l‘i’o‘:
(1”0xrx, ”;0L3) lflgojc
(lé.7, .5.1) 15.9
15.0 C. lj.7
( , )

"I A L _\ 1., . A ,
31¢: £le LIV I' t,
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4

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1.11176
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11.__< J1.1_'. _L-.--_.--\_‘;. Ur 1‘.

1'!- u\\ _.
r u u 4 l UCVL

microns

- 4 v
570 8 .9
554 27.8
509 27.5
97 28.0
4:".V 1: r4" . (LO

1‘0 HS

7) (1 . J K
t--‘._. . IfJU
!/ “1.377 R1
, _I\_I a'l-J .

UK;

séé 27.9
..‘LV (:7 o 87

- 05 microns
iwl - 40 v
580 37.9
5&8 27.3
807 27.4
250 ;8.5
iv 27.05
c - 50 Licrons
i - 25 v

1441

H19
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-.Tl 0.1191. ...L\' Lil clove

L11 (g. C 1,1“ 311

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V _ "1‘. {i 1 ‘ _g v v 9 __ _C“-_l_. - __ .. ._‘uA V
Ctdxwaif 01 .111 Valjn;1t, t-1st11;1pl;11 '11st, liL‘JJJ c11o17

‘9 Q‘ . '\ J- ‘1" ‘r‘ ' l ‘. . . ‘- ..‘7' ‘ !'-. .- \ A. 1“ .- - . '- - . . . . .
.Lu l;i'JJ.y‘:)p‘_'kCL‘vL “J 1:11.... k«L)-_".V.4‘ L,1i"7,1. _‘.." _ 1".vlv’.i‘:s'.J_'l "1) LC 11,111.:

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:nc th1 up VHuEQJ oi 1.c lzCLuk'L clcctlons was Laysurcd

Tho actual Vi no of Q for 000 cv tlcctrons in 21? sbogld

'Q 1" j— V“ ' N . - ‘ . ' (I n r! a. Q - a‘! ' 2 ‘7) ‘-. ." " a '. 1" '.~. (N '
lie ULDHLLJ tLM 1twhtc o; oo.u cv fi‘u 42.; cv Lur 101-biir.
3’ 1 . A . . . ' f" . . . , . V. V. 1 ‘ H ,. ..
fins Vulot of n :or 1000 6V (ltCLfQHS 11 gir from 7o

1 v7 M
((17 (‘C .0 I"

..-~ .1. 7.’. -. ., ‘I ~ "\‘ “-"' ’1 ' "I' ‘J' ‘ .I '
foruul1u‘. 14‘" )(OLJKJH ' L‘4111.1H..1.!; 1. .4. -‘uVQOd lo "Au/0.3 6V .7311

moan frcc £?tho Ehis result is corrected b; fhomson‘o ”o

.1

become 37.0 cv for inn-gmir for 1000 cv electrons absorbco

in siru iBLc rolriflxn1 aovanccd_11; GtrbchJJ scts licyqlal to

1»
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37.0 av 10? ion-lair for 1000 CV electrons alsorbhd n a

' '. ’ “*‘~"‘-. “N" ". fl .- -'r’ - \v~.,:
or his mattrmLugtLQH o; J u~s “toe

with 9000 ev to 00,000 cv electrons.

a, .
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1"~4'\ '\ '7" -- {11.7
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L71“ ' 1. 2‘ ‘ “t' ‘ " ‘t r‘ '\ * f" "'1' '~ ' I: . ' I' ’. A " w" ‘ ‘ ,. " 3’ . “ f' ‘- "‘r
ILC‘t L'lJL ’ wL'L‘: C:.t' C' lick: )1 Lji'fl’i Valli LLJqo L’n' L.in;L«1.0i'.:-' 01"}

the 1cuglction of tho 10001'1 ti ' volts w goalc be in,rov:fl

l

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(LS 1.1-1-1.;K:

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rout as the Leatmi'cwquxfl;113ticeaoly aiminis

went on. ifliis Vfirlutio;lljlxi tcr cu11Vrrt cgn be vilwwnifl l

"1

cliginctcd if a 11~n ~ur. Llity load storu99 buttcr; is rgd

"9 ‘-1 V‘ J‘ "a . l.‘ fl ' l i' | ' 0 ~ A :] fl fi . I" -’4 . r"‘ ‘ ‘ V r- I7 " , ‘. ”.1 ‘. K V ‘ "~'l' a '7 A L
V4.1. 11 '13. L11 101.19 (1:151 Vak I? U.Cz.L_LV\./.L lug 81 (;i£_‘1.POIJl.LULC Cid. J. (.‘l'lb
D :1. . ° . —. .- - 2-2., . n -. J. -.
to 01.1 o C1 t Li. A: u. _L bCh: ZI'QC' CLUB 1;?) L.) C 1;, citbl“ .L 31.7 L112" V9-11] o
v _\ -_ o 7’ ‘ .’ ‘ _O y“ ,_‘|_ J j_,‘-.. o P _0 _‘ . ‘ 1" {1: ,U.‘ “_r J- O 3_‘17“- ”3“
V111‘_L: f.) 1.0-1 1.41 (4'1 (I IV. 1.1. s; g ,L (DI/1 Q) .1. 1-11 L1.» .1 .L ]. £1-14 ' 4. L) O -2. L'I AL) k.) ',‘.n

wa" also causco b” its honouront1t b; positch ions. sOMc

cury Vsoors 01 bhb miffusion good you tsc 101001 *au c.
. . . . . . . ".1 .1 1 - -. z . - , 1. . .y.‘ . ‘ .
A s~~11 fra cm.1 n CL tic V830? may still be out-Ussllgs f104

‘I_‘ r, . .._..f, .. a“. ‘ j~_ ‘7 _r. r.“ ‘ _0 __fi ‘._ p_ H 7‘ J-.- In ‘0 , . _g r? _ L. _o .»
the VaCdum ,slls. 1nd CJ.M¢1V6 110” LLUfl th 1711,4t13n

cns.ocr into the gun ch .bcr is limb 11; Le,slic1L cyan

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L1 L1 l-~LL'LU C- UK; ' - 11 -1- l ‘ K’-4 '11. U \ ‘ L1- - l .1. 8 CK) 11 {.31. LLC' 1) '2.le u" l K} S C' :1-» 1 Ir.‘ 1. pl." K1 [/0
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DO:'LD~"1J.‘1-LL.CI‘}LIO ling 1.1.,l-- ,1- Calls; LJT’I 3’ 1.1111; 03-11.» 1.6-CO'“ L01 {5:11:1-

ment used Wes not exgloiteC because of the sysce ch rQe con-
citions unich us V1lome4 in tLe collectian of the ionization
Lil‘OQ Ctiv o

fhc:.follii;irtJ ea {fistio NS tilfiL renniee (Dr “nimave Ijie
vators inlCh are reagvnsirle for much of the nositive ion
bombaittusnt fi‘Linlw1 siwlieii't3 the ixntizetier1(fiiumber

.!

Probably will re ave Rh“ Peculiar "HiP on the uis ' iuution

curve. 4n ‘ 1t lie 1 trag for oil vsgors shoxlg be inserted

betuecn the hign vacu1m VOlJJb L11 ta: Liiffus10n gum s. TAGPG
are many agejusix;iagmwsaif traps for this guugmmms. The trap

vfl1ici1 is) net; i: the: rmrl Clu.mULI? p1uu;ir\; StIPl Luis nxmle :1
considergb-e i NFOVCMunt in tge oyeretion of the gun, but
its effectiveness is limited by the lack of an adequate

cooling 83stem. The water limbs whi01 were used are too

small am“ too lon: to ecliver water a¢e<uetelv cola to the
L - 3

trees. :3) i11c1tauus U1e efirxytivenesss‘xf the aLuLLt icn=l
L
trap, the ccils of the trap in the gun chumbér pumping line

m1 LLt M011 ce used as the expansion coils of a small house
hold refriQeretion unit. A trap for tne iOHlZUtiOH chamber
pasting line caulu be served b5 the sage refrigeration

unit. -

O O
k.’\/‘

1

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. ‘. ' I‘ - V'A" (‘4 - -/‘ .' A " ‘ « “a A’ ' ‘- V f“ ‘ “ ‘” ‘ ‘1‘
uuCLnU a “L; 100 J,4 ;Cctono, 01 a liqui4 air trap into tue
-. \ u ». ‘ ‘ ‘ ,‘ .. y— ' - 7' -' L) ~. "' I‘ ’ l- 1 > -. ." " ' ' .'I 1 " ' , ‘ \ ’ p ~.- ‘ --_- ‘s ‘ ‘v.
lljkss coymezh;au LAA,;Wch¢gL\JAqu aunt the :tyst o; kih» Subtfiuh
Ix q .. ‘. 1‘ 3 r 7 p L N‘. l ‘-‘ =1. :7 I 4- r 3 ~. " - . I 1' :3 r v; . v. \ ~ -' "- ‘wfi‘ .r- ~
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«‘ l ('\ ', . 1," "‘2 r‘“‘ "a" c“ " r "3". ‘ . ‘ 'fi” ‘. H“. " v" -“ ”‘- ‘ ‘ '
of ludioon;klx; cwiicth’Libfi 1 NA) LLL \_M1 on muMiP itSLJJé to
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‘ayiulg lQMDVb Luv chOio CVOleu :104 tJu Halls of bid

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Clitluuui‘o

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until some _ 1.;ri-1v'-1._~;.-;1LL30. 01 mm 0A,]. CVPJ’ ~. in uiiLa “all 8 0.: C115

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ifl;e z;g_lif?g r 3;; Ligq l; Luwf slaflgigkj: fOIfiflir: i11 “:valgr.yng

construction, {flu it” CEM‘Lt¥Wt hmfigliig 3181QS accurate

rcuultng. Jh‘ :ui;lifltr‘j;5?jd Io stV“s pvwwr to ogcqwdna but

is ratgor Lilhmlfigmgitfllo 40uCVL13 gfi1fl1 SIQKFlGWCe tub

aggliflvr 1b reliablp. pom? ogtlem det1 u coalitijxs

m J 1c H fucfior of tufi fr\1 tfle uysigu ‘CtuhilJ mung. O‘D

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Graq , L. H. rcforonce 17, pa;e Cl.

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1 “e mogulttors. Lev.
sci. Instr., 10 (1933), yo. 6—31.

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Johnson, J. 3. Total Ionization by blow Llsotrons. szs.
Lov., 10 (1917), pp. 609-335.

fiorff, s. A. Lloctron ano Euclssr Counters. ed. 1, J.
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norff, s. 4. TL tance no, pole o3.

Lorie, F. I. p. V:Lcuum L"StCnS, goals, and Valves. Rev.
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Lt , o. L. Lotions of fifi uiotlons on Livin” Dolls. ed. 1,

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ITOC. hOjo QOC. (LOUQOU) *3 115 (1997)) DP. COG-334.

Mono, G. Recherchos sur L'Lbsorption oes Layons<i,
UL]. i11JSo’ l (13.19%), 013-. 107-531.

J.

Nisle, E. 7 Lo LX3¢r1mentll Lleotron Gun. Lnnutllonto

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