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moo crewman

EXPLORING THE BASIC CAPABILITES OF LABVIEW

By

Heidi Lynn Bartlett

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Electrical Engineering

2000

ABSTRACT

EXPLORING LABVIEWS BASIC CAPABILITIES

By

Heidi Lynn Bartlett

Industries are not only looking for college graduates who are
knowledgeable in their areas’ theory and concepts, but they are also looking for
individuals that are familiar with the common software tools in use at their
company. Due to this need, the more experience a student has with industry
products the more favorably they will be in demand in the job market. This paper
is geared towards being a resource and a stepping stone for learning an industry
used software product named LabVIEW. In order to achieve this goal, five
demonstrations are utilized to illustrate basic LabVIEW concepts. Each
demonstration uses electrical engineering concepts to show the different aspects
and features of the product. They also outline the process required when
developing an experiment and the lessons Ieamed from each. The five
demonstrations are a beginning look at the capabilities of LabVIEW. Additional
features and capabilities can be explored to find more ways to enhance ones

knowledge of LabVIEW.

Dedicated to my family.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank and acknowledge the continued support and
assistance of Dr. P. David Fisher. I would also like to thank Roxanne Peacock,
Brian Wright, John Kelley, Pete Semig, and Nathan Robinson for their

assistance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ v
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. vi
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................. ix
Chapter 1 : Introduction ......................................................................................... 1
Chapter 2: Background ......................................................................................... 2
2.1 DA TA ACQUISITION ................................................................................................................................ 2
2.2 SIGNAL PROCESSING .............................................................................................................................. 3
2.3 LAB VIEW .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Chapter 3: Demonstrations ................................................................................... 9
3. I TIME DOMAIN MEASUREMENT: SIGNAL PROCESSING DEMOSTRA HON ...................................................... 9
3.2 QUASISTA 77C MEASUREMENT: THERMSTOR DEMOSIRA HON ................................................................. l7
3. 3 DYNAMIC MEASUREMENT: ACCELEROMETER DEMOSTRA HON ..................................... 26
3.4 FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT? TACHOMETER DEMOSTRATION ......................................................... 34
3.5 INTERFACING: SIMPLE SORT DEMOSTRATION .................................................................................. 40
Chapter 4: Conclusions ....................................................................................... 45
APPENDIX A ...................................................................................................... 48
PCI-MIO E SERIES NI-DAQ [/0 PIN ASSIGNMENT89 ................................................................................ -. 48
APPENDIX B ...................................................................................................... 49
THERMISTOR RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS — TEMPERATURE DEMOSTRATION ....................................... 49
APPENDIX C ...................................................................................................... 5O
VOLTAGE READINGS FROM HARDWARE CIRCUIT — TEMPERATURE DEMOSTRATION ................................. 50
APPENDIX D ...................................................................................................... 51
CALCULATED EQUATION VALUES — TEMPERATURE DEMOSTRATION ........................................................ 51
APPEDNIX E ...................................................................................................... 53
DATA COLLECTED TO FILE FROM - ACCELEROMETER DEMOSTRATION .................................................... 53
APPENDIX F ...................................................................................................... 62
MS VISUAL C++ SOURCE CODE FOR CIN DEMONSTRATION ................................................................... 62
APPENDIX G ...................................................................................................... 63
TUTORIALS .......... - ..................................................................................................................................... 6 3
Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 66

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.2.1: Measured and expected values of resistors ................................................... 24
Table 3.2.2: Measured data and calculation data samples ................................................ 25
Table 4.1: Relevant features for each demonstration ........................................................ 45

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.3.1: ‘Tools’ platelet details ........................................................................................ 8
Figure 3.1.1: Signal generation vi............. ............................................................................ 11
Figure 3.1.2: Sine wave vi ..................................................................................................... 11
Figure 3.1.3: Fourier Transform vi ........................................................................................ 12
Figure 3.1.4: Amplitude spectrum ......................................................................................... 12
Figure 3.1.5: Diagram view of generated sine wave with Fourier Transform ................... 13
Figure 3.1.6: User interface for generated sine wave with Fourier Transform ................. 14
Figure 3.1.7:Resulting frequency domain graph In MatLab ............................................... 16
Figure 3.2.1: Wheatstone bridge circuit ............................................................................... 18
Figure 3.2.2: Displays the data acquisition controls ............................................................ 20
Figure 3.2.3: Parameters needed for simple analog input channel ................................... 21
Figure 3.2.4: Diagram view for single input voltage .................... ....................................... 21
Figure 3.2.5: User interface for single input voltage control ............................................... 22
Figure 3.2.6: Resistance range of thermistor from 0 to 100 degrees C ............................ 23
Figure 3.2.7: Calculated verses measured voltage from O to 100 degrees C .................. 25
Figure 3.3.1 Accelerometer equivalent circuit3 .................................................................... 27
Figure 3.3.2 Accelerometer demonstration structure .......................................................... 28
Figure 3.3.3 Close-up of accelerometer base ...................................................................... 29
Figure 3.3.4: The four components of analog data capture ............................................... 31
Figure 3.3.5: Diagram view for accelerometer demonstration ........................................... 32
Figure 3.3.6: User interface view for accelerometer demonstration .................................. 33
Figure 3.4.1: Schematic for transmissive optoschmitt sensor‘ ........................................... 35
Figure 3.4.2: Spinning wheel with sensors .......................................................................... 36

vii

Figure 3.4.3: Graph and calculate phase difference vi ....................................................... 37

Figure 3.4.4: Power and frequency vi ................................................................................... 38
Figure 3.4.4:Diagram view for tachometer demonstration ................................................. 38
Figure 3.4.5: User interface for tachometer demonstration ................................................ 39
Figure 3.5.1: Code interface node ........................................................................................ 41
Figure 3.5.2: Diagram view of CIN demonstration .............................................................. 43
Figure 3.5.3: User interface view of CW demonstration ..................................................... 43

viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CIN ......................................................................................... Code Interface Node
dc ...................................................................................................... Direct Current
"0 ....................................................................................................... Input/Output
Ni-DAQ ....................................................... National Instruments Data Acquisition
vi ................................................................................................. Virtual Instrument

Chapter 1: Introduction

In industry, software applications are used to help engineers develop and
produce new technologies. These tools are used throughout a range of fields
including, but not limited to, mechanical, chemical and electrical engineering.
When students graduate from a university, additional to theory and concept
knowledge, industries are looking for individuals who are familiar with and even
are proficient with the common software tools used in their company. In order to
provide students with that experience, these tools need to be introduced at the
university undergraduate and graduate levels.

One tool that is used in the industry for testing and simulation is LabVIEW.
LabVIEW was introduced to Michigan State University (MSU) in 1997. This
software tool is available to MSU students, though its use is limited to a few
select courses. This paper will give an overview of LabVIEW with
demonstrations that can be recreated by anyone wishing to learn LabVIEW.
Although the demonstrations use electrical engineering concepts, the general
tools and understanding of LabVIEW can be applied to other engineering and
physics fields. If any student wants to become familiar with LabVIEW due to a
future job or just to have the knowledge of the product, this thesis is a first start

resource to some of the features and capabilities of LabVIEW.

Chapter 2: Background

Both data acquisition and signal processing are used in a wide range of
applications. This chapter will cover the background needed for a general
understanding of the concepts of data acquisition and signal processing. These
concepts are used and referenced throughout the paper. Additionally, an

introduction and preview of LabVIEW will be covered.

2.1 DA TA ACQUISITION

Before describing the demonstrations that illustrate the different aspects of
LabVIEW, we first have to understand the underlining concept of data
acquisition. Data acquisition is one of the key components demonstrated in the
following experiments. By definition data acquisition is simply the collection of
data. The data in this case is either a voltage or current source from an external

device or circuit, and LabVIEW is the tool that is collecting it.

An interface between the external source and LabVIEW is needed. The
card is installed on the same machine that the program LabVIEW is located. A
data acquisition card or GPIB to an instrument is needed for any machine that
needs to collect data from an outside source. In the following experiments, a Ni-
DAQ PCI-MIO-16E-4 card is used. This card allows 68 different "0 pin
assignments. Pins are referred to as channels. Channel options include analog

input and output pins, digital input and output pins, reference grounds, voltage

source (+5V), triggers, counters and converters just to name a few.9 The pin
assignments can be found in Appendix A and also the PCI-MIO E Series User
Manual. LabVIEW and the Ni-DAQ card are products of National Instruments

Corporation.

This data acquisition card is the connecting line between the hardware
and software portions of all the experiments. The Ni-DAQ card is considered to
be a ‘device' by LabVIEW. One station may contain many devices. For the
following experiments, there is only one device. Each device is assigned a
number with the Ni-DAQ drivers that are installed on the system. The first device
is noted as 0 (zero) and additional devices increment starting with 1. The data

acquisition controls used are explained, as needed, within each experiment.

2.2 SIGNAL PROCESSING

Signals can be acquired through the data acquisition process detailed in the
above section. Once a wave signal is obtained, on some occasions, the signal
needs to be processed. LabVIEW has built in signal processing tools that make
it easier to process a signal. Signals that are imported through the Ni-DAQ card
are in the time domain. The time domain is the representation of the signal at the
instant of time at which it was sampled. In many cases there is need to view
signals in the frequency domain. The frequency domain is the representation of
the signal in terms of its individual frequency components. The frequency
domain is more useful in determining characteristics of the signal and possibly

the system it came from.

The discrete Fourier transform (DI-T) algorithm is used to transpose the
signal from the time domain into the frequency domain. A Fourier series is the
combination of sinusoids at the signals fundamental frequency. and integer
multiplies. Given N number of samples sampled in the time domain signal x, the
discrete Fourier Transform is Xk, where

i=N-l

)(k = ine—jZHI‘k/N
i=0

for k= 0, 1, 2, N-1.

The time domain and the frequency domain have the same number of
samples, N. WIth a given sampling rate of f8 Hz, the sampling interval in the time
domain is At, where

At=—l—.

f..-

Corresponding to At in the time domain, the frequency spacing in the

frequency domain Af, where

Afzaz;

N NA! '
To increase the resolution of the frequency Af you must either increase the
number of samples for the same f5, or decrease the sampling rate fs keeping the
number of samples N constant.
In the discrete Fourier series, Xk will always be complex, although the
imaginary part may be zero. Because this is complex, the amplitude and the

phase of the signal are the two pieces that can be derived from the

transformation. Given a real signal x[i], the transformation is symmetric if the

magnitude has the properties

|X[k]| = |X[N — H]
and the phase has the properties

phase(X[k]) = —phase(x[N — k]).

Knowing the transformation from the time domain to the frequency domain
is important for knowing the behavior of the signal. The above equations are
built into LabVIEW, though in order understand the output that is obtained, it is

helpful to know where the values have come from in case additional processing

is needed.

2.3 LAB VIEW

In most engineering fields, engineers need tools to help them design, build
and manufacture their creations. In today’s technology driven world it is easy to
find a variety of tools to help with almost every situation. However, deciding on
which tool to use can be difficult. Hardware tools such as lab instruments and
software tools such as programming languages are commonly used by an
electrical or computer engineer. LabVIEW, a programming tool that has been out
on the market for a while since 1986, targets engineers who need to work both in

the hardware and software environments.5

Developed and marketed by National Instruments, LabVIEW is a graphical

programming language. Its graphical interface gives the impression that it is just

an application that converts its ‘pictures’ to lines of code where they can not be
seen, but this is not the case. The language, called ‘G’, is made up of graphical
components that are stringed together and configured to get the desired results.
There are no limitations that inhibit the user from creating a standard component
that does not already exist. The program does have to be compiled after each
change is made before the changes will be active in a run of the program. When
compared directly to conventional programming languages LabVIEW will appear
to be slower on performance but when compared to other graphical programming
languages the speed increase is noticeable. There are no text lines of code to
write or to scan for errors. There is no need to search through code to find a ‘0’
(zero) that was typed instead of an ‘0’ or a single quote that needed to be a

double quote.

LabVIEW interfaces with standard lab instruments. There is also internal
software that can simulate lab instruments internal to the program. This feature
allows the user to test and simulate a program in an ‘ideal’ setting in order to fine
tune the program before connecting it to the real circuits or instruments. Data
acquisition cards called Ni-DAQ (National Instruments Data Acquisition) cards
are available for interfacing to other instruments and hardwired circuits. Cards
have connections, or channels, that support analog and digital signals for input
and output. This allows a LabVIEW program, called a virtual instrument (vi), to
interact with the hardware. Sending and receiving signals back and forth through
the data acquisition card allows the program to make decisions based on the

events of external hardware.

LabVIEW is used in many disciplines, including Mechanical Engineering,
Electrical Engineering and Physics. Many applications of LabVIEW include one
or more of the following: process control, automated testing, image processions
and data acquisition. For example, a classic use of LabVIEW would be a project
requiring data sampling over a long period of time. The LabVIEW program
includes a loop to read the data at a given time interval in order to sample and
record the data to a file. This allows a hands-free environment. A computer
sitting in a room taking samples of the room temperature for a forty-eight hour
period gets a more timely and precise reading than a technician doing the same
job. A second example is pulling extreme amounts of data from an instrument
within a short period. LabVIEW can go beyond human limitations of recording
accurate data.

LabVIEW has two components, the user interface view and the diagram view.
The interface view is where the interactive controls and displays are located.
The diagram view is where the underlying logic and ‘code’ of the program is
located. Each view has a unique toolbar that holds only the components that can

be used in that view.

For the user interface a menu of controls is available. These controls consist
of switches, graphs and numeric displays and controls. There are two modes
available for most of the components, control and indicator. The control option
allows a user to change the value of the component during or prior to running
the program. The program can be run in a continuous or single instance mode.

There are two buttons located on the main menu bar. The single instance button

 

will run iteration of the program then stop while the continuous mode will continue
to run the program one instance after another until a stop button is pushed on the
main menu bar. The indicator option only displays the results fed into it from a
different object. The control or indicator option is applied to a control that is
placed in the user interface view. Under the diagram view, the functions menu is
available. Functions include ‘while’ and ‘do’ loops, numeric operators and data
acquisition controls. The main logic and sequencing of the program resides
within the diagram view. The user interface view allows the user to see and

interact with the results of the program.

The ‘tools’ palate seen in Figure 2.3.1 is available in both views. The tools
consist of an operate value, position/size/select, edit text, connect wire, object
popup, scroll window, set/clear breakpoint, probe data, get color and set color.
The four most utilized tools, ‘Operate Value' Hand tool, ‘PositionlSize/Select’
Arrow tool, ‘Edit Text’ tool and the ‘Connect Wire’ tool, are briefly described in

more detail.

‘Operate Value’ Hand tool: To change values on the user
interface. This mimics a users hand to minipulate dials on
the user interface.

El ‘PositionlSizeISelect’ Arrow tool: Used for selecting

components in both views in order to move them to a new

location.

5 ‘Edit Text’ Tool: Used for placing labels on components
and changing values in the user interface.

‘Connect Wire’ Tool: Used for connecting components in
the diagram view.

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 2.3. 1: ‘Tools’ pallet details

Chapter 3: Demonstrations

The following experiments demonstrate some of the abilities of LabVIEW.
In the creation each experiment, the same process was used to develop the
demonstration. The first step of the process was to identify general concepts that
were to be presented. Each concept was chosen to compliment each other in
order to cover a large base of possible applications. The concepts that were
identified included different levels of data acquisition, signal analysis and ease of
use. The capabilities of LabVIEW that could demonstrate these concepts were
selected and used throughout the experiments.

The first experiment starts with a very basic example of the signal
processing concepts of time vs. frequency domain. The second uses a
thermistor to show an example of a quasi-static voltage measurement. The third
shows the speed and dynamic data capture techniques of LabVIEW using the
output of an accelerometer sensor for its data source. The fourth demonstration
uses a spinning disk to display how the data from signal processing can be used
to emulate a tachometer. And the fifth demonstrates how to embed external
source code into a LabVIEW vi. Each of these experiments is described in detail

in the following sections.

3.1 TIME DOMAIN MEASUREMENT: SIGNAL PROCESSING
DEMOS TRA TION

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this experiment is to explain and demonstrate the LabVIEW
ability to process signals. This experiment will use a signal generated by

LabVIEW and display the results for the Fourier Transform.

HARDWARE

There is no external hardware used in this experiment. LabVIEW has the
ability to be independent of external hardware components. LabVIEW generates
all of the needed signals for this demonstration. This feature is useful for any
situations where the signal that is going to be processed in unavailable due to
location, dangerous environment or other reasons. For future signal processing,
the generated signals can be replaced with signals from external sources via the

Ni-DAQ card.

SOFTWARE

LabVIEW is used to generate and process the signal. There are a couple
different options when generating a signal. LabVIEW has a very general signal
generation vi seen in Figure 3.1.1. This sub-vi allow you to specify the
frequency, sampling rate (number of samples/duration), amplitude and offsets. It
also let you choose from a sine, cosine, sawtooth, square, triangle, and
increasing and decreasing ramps. The sampling rate must greater then twice the

frequency to meet the Nyquist criterion.

10

 

reset phase [T rue: use phas...
duration [1.0 sec]

waveform type Signal
11 of samples [100]
frequency [1 0 Hz] :zrgrple rate [samplesfsec]
amplitude [1.0]
do offset [0.0] phase OUt

phase in [0 degrees]
square wave duty cycle [50%]

 

Figure 3.1.1: Signal generation vi

Individual waves can also be created. A sine wave is formed by using the
built in sub-vi specifically for sine waves. There are similar vis for other wave
types. Similar to the general signal generator you can specify the frequency,
amplitude, phase and number of samples. Figure 3.1.2 displays the inputs and
outputs needed for the sine wave generation tool. In this incident f represents

the normalized frequency (cycles per sample).

feset phase ....................
samples
amplitude

f

phase in

Sine Wave
phase out
error

  

 

 

_|'_

 

 

Sine Wavexi

Figure 3.1.2: Sine wave vi

Once the signal is available the waveform needs to be transformed using
Fourier Transform to display the signals magnitude and phase in the frequency
domain. The sub-vi for the Fourier Transform is straightforward as seen in

Figure 3.1.3.

11

 

x FFT{><}
error

Figure 3.1.3: Fourier Transform vi

Additional to the Fourier Transform vi, the “Amplitude Spectrum” vi will

calculate the phase and magnitude of the time domain signal.

    

Signal [V] ‘ mg Amp Spectrum Mag Nrms]
unwrap phase [T] """""" wig .- Amp Spectrum Phase [radians]
dt -‘ "°‘ "' df

Figure 3. 1. 4: Amplitude spectrum

The output signal from the Fourier Transform can be linked directly to a graph
to display the magnitude and phase information. Figure 3.1.5 displays diagram
view where the “Sine Wave' vi and ‘Fourier Transform’ vi are linked. The figure
also shows the connections to the amplitude spectrum. The normalized
frequency has to be calculated from the cycles and sampling rate designated by

the operator of the program.

12

 

 

 
 
   

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Figure 3.1.5: Diagram view of generated sine wave with Fourier Transform

The sampling period and frequency are also calculated and displayed in the
user interface view as seen in Figure 3.1.6. It can be seen under the ‘Real FFT
that the first peak of the wave is at 50 Hz, which matches the frequency that was

sent for the generated waveform.

13

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Figure 3.1.6: User interface for generated sine wave with Fourier Transform.
The x-axis on the ‘Real FF T’, ‘Magnitude' and ‘Phase' is frequency.

14

CALCULATIONS

To verify the magnitude and phase of the transformed wave, a MatLab
simulation is used. Creating a sine wave form with a frequency of 50 Hz in
MatLab, we can use the built in Fast Fourier Transform (fit 0) function in MatLab
to plot the frequency domain graph.7 Below is a sample of the necessary MatLab

steps to build the sine wave and create the transform.

Heidi Bartlett
Calculate FFT in Matlab

o\° o\°

 

Create the sine wave
0:0.001:l;
5*sin(2*pi*50*t);

x ('1'0\°
ll ll

Take Fast Fouriers Transform of sine wave
= fft(x,512);

P<o\°

O

6 Take power spectral density
Pyy = Y.*conj(Y)/512;

% Graph the first 257 points

f = 1000*(Oz256l/512;
plot(f, PYY(1:257))

Figure 3.1.7 displays the graph that is derived from the above program. The
spike is clearly at 50 for the 50Hz frequency that was created. This closely

matches the real FFT graph that is displayed by LabVIEW in Figure 3.1.6.

15

2 Figure No 1 SEE

       

 

- ‘1

JL

0501w1502mm3303502'4m450500

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3.1.7:Resulting frequency domain graph In MatLab
CONCLUSIONS

This experiment demonstrates a small portion of the signal generation and
processing ability of LabVIEW. Generating a signal is essential for testing and
simulation. In many occasions the signal that needs to be monitored or
measured is not located in the lab or development environment. The true signal
may be in a dangerous or unavailable location and the signal generation allows
for testing of a program without the need to go outside the development

environment.

Signal processing can help filter and analysis the signals. Additional
programming can be incorporated to act upon, filter or make decisions based on
the type or amplitude of a signal. For example, an alarm could be set if the

magnitude of a signal was too large or small.

This experiment is focused on Ieaming how the waveform generation tools

and wave analysis tools are used in LabVIEW.

3.2 QUASIS TA TIC MEASUREMENT: THERMISTOR
DEMOS TRA TION

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this experiment is to explain and demonstrate the ability of
LabVIEW to process a DC voltage through the data acquisition card. This
experiment illustrates the steps of setting up the necessary hardware and
software portions required. A Wheatstone bridge layout with a thermistor is used
to obtain a voltage signal to represent the temperature. LabVIEW then accepts

the voltage signal and displays it on a graph.

CIRCUIT DESIGN

Before starting in with LabVIEW, the experimenter determines how the
temperature of the room is going to be obtained. LabVIEW has an input analog

voltage range of -1 0 to +10 volts. A Wheatstone Bridge is used to take

17

 

advantage of its ‘balancing point’ to simplify the calculations and to stay within
the voltage requirements of LabVIEW. Figure 3.2.1 displays the Wheatstone

Bridge circuit.

VS R1 R4
4.7 RD 12 k0
5V 1' V12 -
R3 RT
4.7 k!) Therrnistor

 

_L

Figure 3.2. 1: Wheatstone bridge circuit
The following equations can be derived from the Wheatstone Bridge

circuit.

RT V V ___ R3R4 —RTRI
Rl +R3 R, +R, “ ‘2 (R, +R,)(R, +R,)

 

 

 

(R3R, - R,,,R,) - R,AR

Let R, = RT0 + AR therefore V12 =
(R1 1' R3 )(R4 + Rro + AR)

 

Then, at the balance point R3R4 = RTOR, which simplifies the equation to:

V12 = Vs
(R. + Rout. + Rm + AR)

 

18

HARDWARE

The main component of the experiment is the thermistor. This device will
change resistance depending on the temperature it is exposed to. An Omega®
“400” series thermistor probe, precisely model number ON-402-PP, is used. The
probe is water resistance and is used for general-purpose type applications. The
temperature rating is to 100 degrees C. This range is within the desired
temperature range for this experiment. A change in resistance changes the
output voltage from the Wheatstone Bridge. LabVIEW processes the voltage
and displays it on the graph. The thermistor is calibrated to 22520 at 25
degrees C. This value is used to calibrate the reading from LabVIEW. Two 12 Q
resistors and a trim pot are used as the three other resistors needed in the
Wheatstone bridge. The thermistor is used as the fourth resistor in the bridge.

An Analog Device’s precision instrumentation amplifier is used in this
experiment (model A0524). This amplifier has a switching gain between 1, 10,
100 and 1000. A variable gain can also be obtained by using resistors, but only

a gain of 10 is needed in this situation.

SOFTWARE

LabVIEW is used to display the voltage output from the temperature
circuit. The steps below highlight how to set up LabVIEW to read the voltage
source and display it in a graph format. Only a single analog input is needed for
this experiment. The ‘Al One Pt’ (analog input one point) analog input control is

selected. Figure 3.2.2 displays the data acquisition controls. In future, it would

19

 

be feasible to add an output channel to control the heat source of the room that is
being monitored.

The analog input channel requires at least two parameters, the device
number and channel name. The device number is the number associated with
the Ni-DAQ card that is installed. The channel refers to the channel number or
pin number that the signal is connected to. The control is displayed in Figure
3.2.3. The output from the control is the data collected. That data is set to a

display graph and is visible in the user interface view.

 

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. D A
a _M eta ”mm" A alog lnput Channel Used

    
   

 

1.... m. 3.4” a. rage» 1w
_ __

g 8 ’ @I. | o'MAflblOQ Input
G) B ' Al Samle Channelsvi

- ‘.
my p j m in or m I
D q m E “file give out offing
@ % fl r...-r. ml. " "3 -’
cognc sr'rirzr READ ss'clarr CL'Elmz
—- . ‘ m
g%? aK

Figure 3. 2. 2: Displays the data acquisition controls

 

 

 

 

 

20

device
channels [0]

 

Figure 3. 2. 3: Parameters needed for simple analog input channel

In this example, the two controls, device and channel, are set up so that
the user can change the values depending on the project. This allows more
flexibility in the application and makes it more feasible to be used as a sub-vi in
other applications. The background or diagram view is the working part of the
program. Figure 3.2.4 displays the diagram view of the vi program. The user
interface displays the current input voltage using a numeric display and a

waveform chart as shown in Figure 3.2.5. This view allows for a ‘user-friendly’

 

 

 

 

 

interface.
Device and
Channel controls Output to graph.
that link to front
interface
_NPUT VOLTAGE
.6:" [m] While Loop
ELIE] condition to keep
Delays sample takrngdata while
taking to every Stop rs false.
1000ms. -

 

 

 

 

El

Figure 3. 2.4: Diagram view for single input voltage

The program does not need to be run continuously. The ‘while’ loop
incorporated in the diagram view continuously reads voltage from device 0,

channel ACHO, until the ‘Stop’ button is pressed. If the ‘run continuous’ option is

21

 

used, the stop button will not have any effect since the program will start itseIf

and will not stop until the main stop button located on the main menu is used.

 

The
digital
display
shows the
input
voltage.

The device

and channel

controls can

be manually

changed. The stop
button
will stop
the while
loop
when
pushed.

Figure 3. 2. 5: User interface for single input voltage control
CALCULATIONS

The first step is to test and measure the resistance of the thermistor. A
beaker of water is brought to 0 degrees C using ice, as measured by a standard
mercury thermometer. The thermistor resistance is manually measured every
2.5 degrees, independent of time, as the water temperature is slowly brought up
to 100 degrees C. Figure 3.2 6 displays the results. The raw data is listed in

Appendix B.

22

 

After the values of the thermistor are measured, those measurements are
used in the calculation of the voltages in which that the circuit will function. The

recorded values are plugged into the equations derived above.

 

I Thermistier Range

Resistance (Ohms)

 

 

Temperamre (degree C) l

 

Figure 3. 2. 6: Resistance range of thermistor from 0 to 100 degrees C
A gain of 10 is needed to amplify the signal to the desired range. Once the

calculated range is determined, a measured test is performed to test the circuit.
A beaker of water is once again filled with ice and water and the temperature of
that water is slowly heated from 0 degrees C and to 100 degrees C. This is the
same procedure that is described earlier with just the thermistor, but on this
occasion, the voltage both before and after the amplifier is measured and
recorded. The temperature is measured and recorded every 2.5 degrees. The

calculated values are listed in Appendix D.

23

 

The values before and after the amplifier are extremely close, and any
variance more likely is caused by human delay of recording the values than by
any noise from the amplifier. The values recorded both before and after the
amplifier are listed in Appendix C.

In the calculated values, the given resistances are used. The resistance
values of the resistors and trim pot are measured to get an accurate reading of
the resistors. Table 3.2.1 displays the results. The ‘measured values’ are

obtained by using a HP Multimeter to find each resistors actual value.

 

Table 3.2.1: Measured and expected values of resistors

 

DEVICE EXPECTED VALUE (KO) MEASURED VALUE(KQ)

 

 

R4 12 11.833
R3 12 11.905
Trim Pot 3.200 3.220

 

 

 

 

 

 

The measured and calculated values are compared and displayed in
Figure 3.2.7. Table 2 displays a sampling of data comparing the measured and

calculated voltage values.

24

 

VOLTAGE VOLTAGE

 

 

i Measured vs. Calculated

l
l

5—0—Meas_ured Values ‘
' ‘+Calcul3ted Values |

Voltage (V)

 

 

Tom poratura (degree C)

Figure 3. 2. 7: Calculated verses measured voltage from 0 to 100 degrees C

CONCLUSIONS

The experiment demonstrates how to take an analog voltage from a
hardware circuit, feed it into the interface card and display it through LabVIEW.
LabVIEW is a useful tool for displaying and recording data. LabVIEW output

25

abilities have not yet been explored. In a temperature experiment like this, the
output channels could also be used.

In the example of heating a beaker of water, if the water temperature
needed to be kept within a desired range, LabVIEW could turn on and off the
heat source to maintain the temperature. The input channels would read the

temperature to make sure it is within the given range. If the temperature went
beyond that range; LabVIEW would react by changing its output voltage through

an analog output channel, assuming the hardware interface was there to control

 

the heat source, the heat could be lowered or raised as needed. LabVIEW may i
be programmed to keep the temperature of water or a room within a particular
range by utilizing its input and output controls.
This experiment is focused on Ieaming the basics of LabVIEW. Knowing
how the input analog controls are configured, how voltages can be displayed and

how to configure a channel are all skills needed to perform this experiment.

3.3 DYNAMIC MEASUREMENT: ACCELEROMETER
DEMOS TRA TION

INTRODUCTION

In this experiment a golf ball is dropped onto a piece of Plexiglas. An
accelerometer is attached to the Plexiglas adjacent to where the golf ball
impacts. The accelerometer measures the impact of the golf ball on the piece of

Plexiglas from different heights and sends a voltage signal to LabVIEW.

26

CIRCUIT DESIGN

The accelerometer signal needs amplification in order to get an accurate
reading. The signal from the accelerometer is amplified by 100 before it is read
into LabVIEW. The Analog Device’s precision instrumentation amplifier is used
again in this experiment (model AD524). A variable gain is statically set to 100 to
amplify the signal from the accelerometer. Figure 3.3.1 displays the

accelerometer’s equivalent circuit.

Output (+)

 

Supply (+)

 

 

 

Supply (-)

Supply (-)

 

i Output (-)

Figure 3. 3. 1 Accelerometer equivalent circuit3

HARDWARE

A long cylindrical Plexiglas tube sits on top of a piece Plexiglas that is
placed on a wooden board. The tube is twenty-four inches high and is marked
every two inches starting at four inches up to twenty-two inches. See Figure 3.3.2
for a picture of the structure. At each mark, a small hole is drilled to allow a rod

to be placed through the tube. This rod is used to hold the golf ball in place

27

 

before releasing it. The golf ball does not directly hit the accelerometer. Rather,
the golf ball impacts the base approximately one inch away from where it is glued
down to the base as seen in Figure 3.3.3.

The main component of the circuitry is an accelerometer. A general
purpose, solid state piezoresistive accelerometer, model 3022, from EG&G IC
Sensors is used. The accelerometer sends out a voltage signal that represents

the impact of the golf ball applied to the Plexiglas.

 

Figure 3. 3.2 Accelerometer demonstration structure

28

 

Figure 3. 3.3 Close-up of accelerometer base
SOFTWARE

In the case of the temperature experiment the temperature change is a
slow process, so the reading of data every minute is adequate. However, in the
case with the accelerometer, the time sampling rate is crucial to a working
experiment. The accelerometer requires thousands of samples per second.

To accomplish this within LabVIEW, more detailed controls need to be
used than in the temperature experiment. In the temperature experiment, the
data acquisition tool used within LabVIEW is the ‘Al One Point.’ This is the
analog input one input channel device used for very simple, single, analog input
data acquisition. The problem with this control is a sampling rate limitation when
more then 250 samples per second are needed. A sampling rate of 2000
samples per second is needed to acquire the data from the accelerometer. The
reason is that this control combines the functionality of four separate functions;
configuration, start, read and clear. Each of these steps makes up the data

retrieval from a single analog input channel. Each step of the ‘Al One Point’

29

control is performed for each data sample. This means that in a program that
reads in twenty samples of analog input, the connection to the hardware is
configured, opened, read and cleared twenty times. When sampling rates need
to be increased, this creates a bottleneck and limits the sampling rate.

The four individual steps need to be separated so that the channel is
configured, then started. The read cycle then continues for the number of reads
needed and is then cleared once after all reads are complete. Separating the
individual steps speeds up the sampling rate adequate enough to read in data
from an accelerometer. The four components ‘AI Config’, ‘Al Start’, ‘Al Read’
and ‘AI Clear’ listed in figure 3.3.4. The device, channel, and number of total
scans are defined within the ‘Al Config’ vi. The ‘AI Start’ vi then defines the scan
rate and starts listening to the data channel established. The ‘Al Read’ vi is the
component that actually reads in the data; all data prior to this point is not
recorded. The read component continues to read until the number of samples
specified is read. Unlike the method used in the temperature experiment the
configuration and start steps are not repeated for each read. After all reads are
complete, the ‘AI Clear’ vi clears the port configured and closes a connection. A
tasle is passed between the four components to mark which data stream it is
handling at the time. LabVIEW can handle many data signals from different

channels at one time and the tasle identifies what channel it is handling.

30

  
    

 

device [I] —, 1| tasle
channels [0] '3 _
barrel size [1000 scans] J— "1- error out

error in [no error]

Al Configxi

 

 
  

tasle in
number of scans to read [-1 -’
error in [no error]

. readisearch position [from

AI Headxi

tasle out
scaled data
error out

 

 

edge or slope [no change] _—
pretrigger scans [U]

trigger type [no trigtl] ___I.
tasle in ‘ 1"
nurber of scans to acquire j
scan rate [1000 scansisec]
error in [no error]

AI Startxi

- ' 111
tasle ll’l —- crrnp tasle out
error in [no error] 3.13" error out

Al Clearvi

 

 

 

 

tasle out
actual scan rate
error out

 

    

 

 

 

Figure 3. 3. 4: The four components of analog data capture

Figure 3.3.5 shows the programmed vi to read in the data from the
accelerometer. ’thin this program, error detection is used to help troubleshoot
any errors that may result from the data acquisition. When an error occurs, it is
passed from one component to another when one occurs. A notification box

appears and displays the error that occurred when the program is halted. Data is

31

also being appended to a file local on the PC. The data will be stored and used
in other applications for analysis. A trigger is also implemented within the vi
program. The trigger does not actually tell the program when to start the data
acquisition, but it controls when it starts to read in and collect the data. The
trigger is set to start on a rising analog voltage above 0 volts. This setting can be
specified but for the purposes here, once the voltage is higher the 0 volts the
data reading will start. There is also a setting for pre-trigger scans. This allows a
specified number of reads, before the trigger started, to be included in the read
sequence. The read vi goes back to the buffer and retrieves the number of pre-
trigger scans. An example of data retrieved from the accelerometer is displayed

in Figure 3.3.6.

 

. I}; readrn.vi Diagram ‘

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

. ‘ l
1 1
. . L A
,r- '2' . -. ‘ a I" 4 a a. ‘L‘ _ _‘ 4 j. . t ,- l'-‘... 1 ' ,,I _
r . 2 "'1'? . x J'.. ‘ 4“ II “th , . a...» ,4: 1,. .."‘.. In. - ”-1" {I ‘ y t
1,- -.‘ . ‘A‘- . ..’ . . .1.," ...‘.r I 4g 3 7 fl 1 l‘l": r." .'.‘ ‘, - . 4.4

 

     

.
. r =
. ts. .
.. . . . . .....- ......v-.-...-._ . .. -.-.-..._. -.-... --.. .. . -...-.z..-.. "T" 4
'~ ,"-wl-“"“-r--‘ .r‘. . -...-. 1 "It“ ‘ ' .
.1 < "2"." ""zr'wr' -..1,-. , «m, . 1r ,,,,,, 4.. ,1
ML 'llfll‘ "‘ "“

 

 

Figure 3. 3. 5: Diagram view for accelerometer demonstration

32

Figure 3.3.6 displays the user interface to the vi program. The number of
scans, scan rate, pre-trigger scans and the channels are set up so that the user
of the program can define the setting for each run of the program. In this
example the pre-trigger scan are set to 100. This causes the first ‘bounce' that
the accelerometer detected is displayed slightly out from the edge of the y-axis.

This display shows one second of data containing 2000 samples.

 

 

Figure 3.3. 6: User interface view for accelerometer demonstration

CONCLUSIONS

The experiment demonstrates the input of a voltage signal from external

hardware, saves the data stream to a file and displays the values in a graph

33

'1 '! L.

ewes

"'."' ;.. I».

f
l.
i_.
I
ii;
i:
l '5

through LabVIEW. It was discovered during this experiment that the all-in-one
analog input vi has scan rate limitations. With the required high input rate of the
accelerometer four individual vi’s are used to separate and speed up the data
acquisition process. The four individual vi’s were used to configure, start, read
and clear the data acquisition port. The desired scan rate of 2000 samples per
second was successful.

Saving data to a file is another important piece to the experiment. If any
calculations where to be made the actual data, the graph would not be useful for
an accurate analysis. Precise readings can not be made by looking at the graph
displayed by LabVIEW. In the situation of an accelerometer, a manual or human

recording of the data is impossible.

3.4 FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT: TACHOMETER
DEMOS TRA TION

INTRODUCTION

In this demonstration a wheel is being rotated on a motor and LabVIEW will
determine the speed of the wheel and the direction that it is going. There are two
sensors located at the bottom of the wheel that can detect when the holes pass
through them. Both of these signals generated from the sensors will be read into

LabVIEW.

CIRCUIT DESIGN

Figure 4.3.1 displays the schematic for the transmissive optoschmitt sensor

used in the demonstration. The two sensors are connected to a +5V power

34

source and ground. A 180 Q resistor is placed between Vcc and GND near the

device in order to stabilize power supply line.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘3 Vcc
r
Voltage i 10 k0
Regulator
Anode I
T 0
V0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

,_ % .3 1:

o
Cathode 0 GND

 

 

 

Figure 3.4. 1: Schematic for transmissive optoschmitt sensor"

HARDWARE

The hardware consists of a large motor mounted to a wooden base. The
motor has a round disk mounted to its axle so that when the motor turns the disk
will rotate with it. The wheel is 2-5/8 inch diameter and has four 1/8 inch holes
drilled into it at 0 degrees, 90 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees 1/16 inch

away from the edge. Figure 3.4.2 displays the device.

There are two sensors are mounted on the base along with the motor. The
sensors are positioned to allow the disk to pass through them. The sensors are
©Honeywell’s HOA2003 Transmissive Optoschmitt Sensors. This sensor
consists of an infrared diode facing the photodetector. The spinning disk passes
through the two components of the sensor. An internal Schmitt trigger creates a

clear signal from each sensor.

35

 

Figure 3.4.2: Spinning wheel with sensors

SOFTWARE

The LabVIEW program for the tachometer is a combination of the thermistor
and the accelerometer demonstration. The vi consists of a while loop what will
continue until the ‘stop’ button is pushed as in the thermistor vi. Inside the while
loop the four independent vis ‘Al Config’, ‘Al Start’, 'Al Read’ and ‘Al Clear’ are
used. They are used due to the frequency that our signals are being read in at.
The pulse signal generated at very high frequencies will be extremely small due
to the size of the holes. Due to this the standard ‘Al Read’ vi would not be fast

enough to acquire an adequate signal.

The wave signals need to be separated in order to analysis and compare the
two wavelengths. ‘Al Read’ component packs the two signals into an array. A
‘lndex Array’ component is used to reference the individual signals. Since the
first channel reference in the channel control is 0 then index 0 will reference the

signal from this port and respectively index 1 will reference the second signal

36

from channel 2. The ‘Index Array’ allows the selection of a single element or sub
array to be selected at one time. Because of this feature, two ‘Index array’

components are needed to reference both signals at the same time.

Once the two signals are separated, they can be compared and analyzed.
One desired value is the direction that the disk is rotating. To determine this the
phase of the two signals need to be compared. The ‘Graph and Calculate Phase
Difference’ vi, seen in Figure 3.4.3, is used to generate the difference in phase in
radians. Internally the vi uses the ‘Amplitude and Spectrum‘ vi as used in the first
demonstration to acquire the phase and magnitude of each signal. It then
compared the two phases and outputs a number value. That number value is
then feed into a comparison to evaluate if the number is positive or negative. If
the value is negative then the disk is spinning counter—clockwise; othenrvise it is
spinning clockwise. A case structure is used to display the results in text to the

user depending on the output of the comparison.

Phase Difference [Radians]

 

t0 Time Domain
dt Amplitude Spectrum
Signal A [V] Phase Spectrum [radians]
Signal 3 [V] Fundamental Frequencies Match

Figure 3. 4. 3: Graph and calculate phase difference vi

To compute the rotations per second a new component needed is the Power
and Frequency vi as seen in Figure 3.4.4. In order to compute the frequency the
angular velocity is needed. This is available from the ‘Power Spectrum‘ vi and

can be feed into the new vi to compute the frequency. The ‘Power and

37

Frequency’ vi calculates the angular velocity into the frequency that we can use

in the rotation per second calculation.

Power Spectrum [V‘Z rms]
peak frequency [max] .. _
window constants

df
span

est frequency peak
est power peak

 

Figure 3. 4.4: Power and frequency vi

The Figure 3.4.4 displays the diagram view of the tachometer vi.

~—--..._.—..-..-. .... .... .... ...fi

:2 tachyi Diagram
if: v- ‘ 3." :Elm QW “we AUWM r a.“ M' “w: fij‘if‘H-‘UW‘C'. -'_r‘ ..r; ”:9. ... “14,-:"i-‘.4_.-;~l ’ h
13“ i ' Font ‘v :32'4 .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3‘ .‘II I

 

m',f$4

IE

 

 

-- - .nw’jfi? firs». . . .. 1 .- . - .
. ‘ fl rr'f‘fé "' "*5 7~ ‘ ‘Lt - Ma r.‘, ‘ _Y‘W' .2" '..":_..r _' _.' '4 .1., :4
. P " .3 ~21" 1‘13...“ .‘...1 .. ..I'Iu. urn-1. .iu'hm ...”.J) -2. .‘Ju...\........._ .

Figure 3. 4.4:Diagram view for tachometer demonstration

38

Within the user interface seen in Figure 3.4.5 two channels have been
specified. This value can be changed manually at any time. The device number,
one for this demonstration, has been has been made a constant in the diagram
view. Numerous ports can be specified by virtual channel name or by number.
Each channel needs to be separated by a comma for correct syntax. Two signals
are acquired, one from each sensor. When the hole passes through the sensor,

the pulse occurs, creating a square wave.

 

 

 

 

 

l

l

l.
«l 3"l

1'0z'oa'u(ashshina)sh1601i01é01501101501é01'701é01501és

_]

 

 

Figure 3.4. 5: User interface for tachometer demonstration

CALCULATIONS
The Phase difference vi, calculates the angular speed of the disk. The

relation ship of linear speed and angular speed is ,
linear speed = radius * angular speed.

39

 

 

Angular speed on in units of radian/second is,
a) = 24f
where f is the frequency . Therefore the linear speed s is simply,
s=R*w
where R is the radius of the disk. The-value of its linear velocity or miles per hour
is a valuable measurement. VVrth the current radius of 1 5/16 inch the value 3

can be calculated by using the additional conversions shown below.

 

s(inches) x 1(mile) x 3600(sec)
1(sec) 63,360(inches) 1(hour)

CONCLUSIONS

This demonstration is a combination of the time domain - signal processing
and the frequency domain - accelerometer demonstrations noted earlier in the
paper. The same techniques are used to read in the signal in the accelerometer
example and the signal processing techniques are used as in the signal
processing example. This is a good example of how LabVIEW can build from
project to project. Each vi that is created can be used and copied to future vis,
code can be reused and plugged into subvis for reuse. The tachometer
demonstration displays how we used some of the basic concepts of LabVIEW

and incorporated them to display values that are useful to the user.

3. 5 IN TERFA CING .' SIMPLE SORT DEMOS TRA TION

INTRODUCTION

In this demonstration a LabVIEW vi calls a conventional program source

code, a C++ program. The demonstration will show the needed steps and

'40

components needed to call to an external function from within a LabVIEW vi

program.

SOFTWARE
The key component in LabVIEW to call out to external code is called the

Code Interface Node (CIN) seen in Figure 3.5.1. The code interface node allows
you to specify the parameters that are going in and that will be coming out of the
specified code. When the vi is complied and ran, the external code will be called
from within the vi and no additional starting or stopping of the external program is
necessary. The vi that calls the external code can not be reset until the code has

completed executing.

new value of input
value of output

input
tg pe for output

 

Figure 3.5. 1: Code interface node vi

The process to incorporate external code contains two steps. The first step is
to compile the desired code in the conventional language that it is written in.
Only a handful of conventional programming languages are compatible with
LabVIEW and can be imported. A valid list of languages will be available from
the National Instruments web site. For the example in this demo, Microsoft Visual
C++ is used. First the code must be compiled from within the original language
interface. In the case of MS Visual C++ the project must include the sin.obj,

labview.|ib Ivsb.lib, and lvsbmain.def located in the cintolls\win32 directory.

41

Detailed steps can be found in Appendix G or the National Instruments

Corporation LabVIEW Code Interface Reference Manual.

After the code is created and complied within the external programming
language, the *.lsb file is created. The lsb file is the complied code that LabVIEW
uses to run the external code. From within LabVIEW, the lsb file is linked to the
code interface node. vi. This file is essential for a working CIN component. The

code interface node is the link between the external code and the LabVIEW.

The ClN interface is connected to other components within the vi to obtain
and display the parameters. The parameters are added individually and can be
used as output only or as input/output parameters. In this demonstration only
one parameter set as an input/output variable, the array A, was needed. In
Figure 3.5.2, the diagram view shows the creation of a random number array of a
specified length. The array is then passed to the ClN. Links on the left side of

the CIN are inputs and those on the right side are outputs.

The program that is called is a ‘Simple Sort” that moves through the array and
organizes its value in ascending order. The figure 3.5.3 displays the results of
one sort of an array of length 12. The first array is the original array and the
second is the sorted array that was the output from the CIN component.

Appendix F displays the source code for the MS \fisual C++ program used.

42

5 sort VI Diagram 5*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3. 5. 3: User interface view of CW demonstration

43

CONCLUSIONS

LabVIEW can compile its components in a speedy manner, but LabVIEW can
call to more conventional programming languages. The conventional program,
such as Visual C++ or Symantec C, may handle the task more easily for

applications that are time-critical or require a large amount of data manipulation.

This demonstration performs a simple call to a Visual C++ sort program to
show the use of the code interface node. This internal LabVIEW component can
be used at more complex levels to speed up and simplify a LabVIEW program. If
LabVIEW is replacing any existing testing systems, the old code may, in some
circumstances, be used in LabVIEW so programming would not have to be

redone when moving to LabVIEW.

44

Chapter 4: Conclusions

LabVIEW is a software tool currently being used in industry and research.
It would be beneficial for any student to learn or at least be familiar with the
product before starting out in an industry or research position. The objective of
this paper is to give anyone a good understanding of how LabVIEW is used.
That knowledge can then be a starting point for future work in LabVIEW at the
university or in future industry or research positions.

The demonstrations have displayed a wide range of LabVIEWs
capabilities. Firstly, an introduction to electrical engineering concepts and to
LabVIEW is needed. The demonstrations then display how to acquire data from
an internal and external source, how to save and display that data, what tools to
use depending on the rate at which the data is being read, and how to call out to
external code if any special need can not be met from within LabVIEW. These.
concepts are not limited to electrical engineering. Many industries can take
advantage of the features that LabVIEW has to offer. The table below highlights

the relevant features in each demonstration.

 

TABLE 4.1: Relevant features for each demonstration

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Demonstration m
Time domain measurement Signal processing capabilities
Quasistatic measurement Slow data acquisition over a short or long
' period of time
Dynamic measurement Fast data acquisition and the ability to capture
data to a file
Frequency measurement User friendly interfaces and easy to read results
lnterfaciggr Embed external source code

 

45

 

The features displayed in the demonstrations can be applied to similar
types of experiments or simulations. For example, the process of slow data
acquisition can be applied to any application requiring data acquisition in a slow
and time consuming manner regardless of the type of data that is being
collected. The paper can be used as a guideline to the process evolved in
putting together an experiment. This can used additionally to the LabVIEW
tutorials that do not include all the components of an experiments, i.e. hardware
and software.

Only a fraction of the capabilities of LabVIEW are demonstrated. The
extent to which LabVIEW can be expanded upon is limitless. Future work can
expand on the current demonstrations or use the tools and concepts shown for

completely new and independent applications.

46

APPENDICES

47

APPENDIX A

PCl-MIO E SERIES NI-DAQ l/O PIN ASSIGNMENTS9

ACH8

ACH1
lMGND
ACH1O
ACH3
iMGND
ACH4
JMGND
ACH13
ACH6
AMGND
ACH15
DACOOUT
DAC1OUT
EXTREF
[non

DGND

DKM

[mos

DGND

+sv

DGND
DGND
PHQNRKH
Frnrnucz
DGND

+sv

DGND
PF15IUPDATE
PFmennms
DGND
PFl9/GPCTRO_GATE
GPCTRO_OUT
FREQ_OUT

 

_s—L-A—s—t—s-s-s-t-ANNNNNNNNNNOOCDOJOO
ANWPU‘O’”moo—xwwSmmNmoOANwSmmumooamwg~

 

 

68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35

 

 

48

ACHO

AIGND

ACH9

ACH2

AIGND

ACH1 1

AISENSE

ACH12

ACH5

AIGND

ACH14

ACH7

AIGND

AOGND

AOGND

DGND

DIOO

DIOS

DGND

DIOZ

DIO7

DIO3

SCANCLK
EXTSTROBE
DGND
PFIZICONVERT
PFI3IGPCTR1_SOURCE
PFI4/GPCTR1_GATE
GPCTR1/OUT
DGND

PF 1 7ISTARTSCAN
PF|8lGPCTRO_SOURCE
DGND

DGND

APPENDIX B

THERMISTOR RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS - TEMPERATURE
DEMOSTRATION

Data table of resistance measurements taken of thermistor from 0 to 100

49

degrees C.

Temp oC Rt (:2) Temp oC Rt ((2)
0.0 7291.0 52.5 733.4
2.5 6240.0 55.0 661.6
5.0 5647.0 57.5 605.2
7.5 4972.0 60.0 556.5

10.0 4401.0 62.5 508.4
12.5 3946.0 65.0 458.4
15.0 3452.0 67.5 427.5
17.5 3076.0 70.0 391.3
20.0 2744.0 72.5 362.8
22.5 2495.0 75.0 330.1
25.0 2201.0 77.5 307.0
27.5 2002.0 80.0 283.5
30.0 1786.0 82.5 262.1
32.5 1598.0 85.0 242.1
35.0 1441.0 87.5 227.1
37.5 1322.0 90.0 211.3
40.0 1172.0 92.5 195.1
42.5 1063.0 95.0 180.7
45.0 966.4 97.5 169.8
47.5 882.1 100.0 158.8
50.0 798.3

APPENDIX C

VOLTAGE READINGS FROM HARDWARE CIRCUIT -— TEMPERATURE
DEMOSTRATION

Data table of measured circuit values from 0 to 100 degrees C.

Temp °C Voltage Voltage
without with Temp °C Voltage Voltage-
Gain (V) Gain (V) hout Gain with
0.0 -0.8499 -8.535 (V) Gain (V)

2.5 -0.7220 -7.251 50.0 0.7655 7.666
5.0 -0.5670 -5.582 52.5 0.7911 7.915
7.5 -0.4262 -4. 189 55.0 0.8164 8.154
10.0 -0.3123 -3.096 57.5 0.8382 8.384
12.5 -0.1857 -1.802 60.0 0.8591 8.598
15.0 -0.0738 -0.725 62.5 0.8775 8.778
175 0.2537 0,303 65.0 0.8937 8.950
200 0.1167 1.206 67.5 0.9099 9.097
22.5 0.2056 2.080 70.0 0.9242 9.248
25.0 0.2806 2,317 72.5 0.9360 9.365
27.5 0.3523 3.555 75.0 0.9479 9.482
30.0 0.4179 4.199 77.5 0.9588 9.590
32.5 0.4949 4.971 80.0 0.9684 9.687
35.0 0.5134 5.206 82.5 0.9771 9.775
37.5 0.5756 5.767 85.0 0.9856 9.854
40.0 0.6203 6.216 87.5 0.9924 9.922
42.5 0.6631 6.646 90.0 0.9990 9.990
45.0 0.6996 7.007 92.5 1.0060 9.997

47.5 0,7329 7,334 95.0 1.0110 10.000

97.5 1.0150 10.000

100.0 1.0200 10.000

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52.

APPEDNIX E

DATA COLLECTED TO FILE FROM — ACCELEROMETER DEMOSTRATION

Voltage Time

(VI
-0.376

-0.381
-0.366
-0.352
-0.352
-0.381
-0.391
-0.381
—0.371
-0.386
-0.391
-0.381
-0.371
-0.376
-0.371
-0.366
-0.361
-0.381
-0.400
—0.405
-0.396
-0.391
-0.391
-0.386
-0.371
«0.376
-0.386
-0.386
-0.371
-0.381
-0.391
-O.405
-O.391
-O.381
-0.381
-0.371
-0.352
—0. 352
0376
0.386

(sec)
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
0.0115
0.0120
0.0125
0.0130
0.0135
0.0140
0.0145
0.0150
0.0155
0.0160
0.0165
0.0170
0.0175
0.0180
0.0185
0.0190
0.0195
0.0200

Voltage

(V)
-0.381

-0.376
—0.381
-0.391
-0.381
-0.371
-0.376
-0.381
-0.366
—0.356
-0.376
-0.400
-0.405
—0.396
-0.391
-0.391
-0.386
-0.371
-0.371
-0.386
-0.386
-0.376
-0.376
-0.391
-0.405
-0.396
-0.386
-0.381
-0.376
-0.361
-0.352
~0.366
-0.386
-0.381
-0.376
-0.381
-0.391
-0.381
-0.376
-0.371

Time

(sec)

0.0205
0.0210
0.0215
0.0220
0.0225
0.0230
0.0235
0.0240
0.0245
0.0250
0.0255
0.0260
0.0265
0.0270
0.0275
0.0280
0.0285
0.0290
0.0295
0.0300
0.0305
0.0310
0.0315
0.0320
0.0325
0.0330
0.0335
0.0340
0.0345
0.0350
0.0355
0.0360
0.0365
0.0370
0.0375
0.0380
0.0385
0.0390
0.0395
0.0400

Voltage

-0.381
-0.366
—0.361
-0.366
-0.391
-0.400
-0.400
-0.396
-0.396
-0.386
-0.376
-0.371
-0.381
-0.386
-0.381
-0.371
-0.386
-0.400
-0.400
-0.386
-0.718

0.640

0.605
-0.972

0.757
-0.937

0.420
-0.991
-0.459
-0.283
-0.562

0.186
-0.317
-0.190
-0.425
-0.371
-0.386
-0.566
-0.308
-0.522

53

Time

(809)

0.0405
0.0410
0.0415
0.0420
0.0425
0.0430
0.0435
0.0440
0.0445
0.0450
0.0455
0.0460
0.0465
0.0470
0.0475
0.0480
0.0485
0.0490
0.0495
0.0500
0.0505
0.0510
0.0515
0.0520
0.0525
0.0530
0.0535
0.0540
0.0545

0.0550 '

0.0555
0.0560
0.0565
0.0570
0.0575
0.0580
0.0585
0.0590
0.0595
0.0600

Voltage

(‘0
-0.298

-0.459
-0.396
—0.503
-0.356
-0.371
-0.361
-0.278
-0.391
-0.381
-0.415
-0.469
-0.420
-0.376
-0.352
-0.327
-0.308
-0.322
-0.410
-0.415
-0.381
-0.327
-0.366
-0.352
-0.396
-0.332
-0.444
-0.381
-0.405
-0.298
—0.396
-0.376
-0.420
—0.41 0
-0.439
-0.430
-0.381
-0.371
-0.371
-0.391

Time
(sec)
0.0605

0.0610
0.0615
0.0620
0.0625
0.0630
0.0635
0.0640
0.0645
0.0650
0.0655
0.0660
0.0665
0.0670
0.0675
0.0680
0.0685
0.0690
0.0695
0.0700
0.0705
0.0710
0.0715
0.0720
0.0725
0.0730
0.0735
0.0740
0.0745
0.0750
0.0755
0.0760
0.0765
0.0770
0.0775
0.0780
0.0785
0.0790
0.0795
0.0800

Voltage

(V)
-0.371

-0.381
-0.396
-0.405
-0.376
-0.356
-0.361
-0.405
-0.366
-0.386
-0.332
-0.376
-0.361
-0.376
-0.361
-0.396
-0.386
—0.381
-0.366
-0.376
-0.376
-0.366
-0.376
-0.381
-O.391
-0.396
-0.400
—0.396
-0.391
-0.391
-0.386
-0.381
-0.391
~0.391
-0.366
-0.361
-0.371
—0.400
-0.400
-0.376

Time

(896)

0.0805
0.0810
0.0815
0.0820
0.0825
0.0830
0.0835
0.0840
0.0845
0.0850
0.0855
0.0860
0.0865
0.0870
0.0875
0.0880
0.0885
0.0890
0.0895
0.0900
0.0905
0.0910
0.0915
0.0920
0.0925
0.0930
0.0935
0.0940
0.0945
0.0950
0.0955
0.0960
0.0965
0.0970
0.0975
0.0980
0.0985
0.0990
0.0995
0.1 000

Voltage

(V)
-0.376
-0.371
-0.361
-0.356
-0.366
-0.376
-0.396
-0.376
-0.371
-0.356
-0.391
~0.381
-0.386
—0.391
-0.381
-0.361
-0.352
—0.386
-0.410
-0.400
-0.391
-0.400
-0.391
-0.381
-0.371
-0.386
-0.396
-0.381
-0.366
-0.376
-0.386
-0.386
-0.371
-0.376
-0.376
-0.347
-0.371
-0.361
-0.420
-0.352
-0.410
-0.361
-0.400
-0.356
-0.396
-0.381
-0.386

Time

(sec)

0.1005
0.1010
0.1015
0.1020
0.1025
0.1030
0.1035
0.1040
0.1045
0.1050
0.1055
0.1060
0.1065
0.1070
0.1075
0.1080
0.1085
0.1090
0.1095
0.1100
0.1105
0.1110
0.1115
0.1120
0.1125
0.1130
0.1135
0.1140
0.1145
0.1150
0.1155
0.1160
0.1165
0.1170
0.1175
0.1180
0.1185
0.1190
0.1195
0.1200
0.1205
0.1210
0.1215
0.1220
0.1225
0.1230
0.1235

Voltage

-0.381
-0.371
-0.371
-0.366
-0.405
-0.400
—0.405
-0.376
-0.376
-0.376
-0.366
-0.366
-0.400
-0.410
-0.386
-0.376
—0.371
—0.396
-0.376
-0.376
-0.381
-0.391
-0.361
-0.347
-0.371
-0.391
-0.381
-0.371
-0.386
-0.396
-0.381
-0.352
-0.371
-0.376
-0.376
-0.356
-0.391
-0.400
~0.415
-0.366
-0.376
-0.391
-0.391
-0.366
-0.371
-0.400
-0.391

Time

(see)

0.1240
0.1245
0.1250
0.1255
0.1260
0.1265
0.1270
0.1275
0.1280
0.1285
0.1290
0.1295
0.1300
0.1305
0.1310
0.1315
0.1320
0.1325
0.1330
0.1335
0.1340
0.1345
0.1350
0.1355
0.1360
0.1365
0.1370
0.1375
0.1380
0.1385
0.1390
0.1395
0.1400
0.1405
0.1410
0.1415
0.1420
0.1425
0.1430
0.1435
0.1440
0.1445
0.1450
0.1455
0.1460
0.1465
0.1470

Voltage

-0.371
-0.361
-0.405
-0.400
-0.386
-0.381
-0.400
-0.381
-0.352
-0.347
-0.376
-0.391
-0.376
0.376
-0.386
-0.386
-0.366
-0.371
-0.386
-0.391
-0.371
-0.366
-0.376
-0.381
-0.386
-0.391
-0.400
-0.391
-0.381
-0.381
-0.381
-0.381
—0.381
—0.381
-0.376
-0.381
-0.391
-0.400
-0.386
-0.381
-0.376
-0.376
-0.361
-0.356
-0.376
-0.381
-0.376

Time

(806)

0.1475
0.1480
0.1485
0.1490
0.1495
0.1500
0.1505
0.1510
0.1515
0.1520
0.1525
0.1530
0.1535
0.1540
0.1545
0.1550
0.1555
0.1560
0.1565
0.1570
0.1575
0.1580
0.1585
0.1590
0.1595
0.1600
0.1605
0.1610
0.1615
0.1620
0.1625
0.1630
0.1635
0.1640
0.1645
0.1650
0.1655
0.1660
0.1665
0.1670
0.1675
0.1680
0.1685
0.1690
0.1695
0.1700
0.1705

Voltage

-0.361
0.381
-0.396
0.391
0.371
-0.376
-0.376
0.352
0.347
-0.381
0.410
0.405
0.391
0.391
0.391
0.371
-0.361
-0.381
0.400
-0.386
-0.366
0.371
0.391
0.391
-0.386
0.391
0.400
0.381
0.352
0.347
-0.376
0.381
0.371
-0.376
0.400
-0.396
0.371
0.371
-0.386
-0.376
0.352
0.361
0.391
-0.396
-0.386
0.391
0.400

Time
(sec)
0. 1 710

0.1715
0.1720
0.1725
0.1730
0.1735
0.1740
0.1745
0.1750
0.1755
0.1760
0.1765
0.1770
0.1775
0.1780
0.1785
0.1790
0.1795
0.1800
0.1805
0.1810
0.1815
0.1820
0.1825
0.1830
0.1835
0.1840
0.1845
0.1850
0.1855
0.1860
0.1865
0.1870
0.1875
0.1880
0.1885
0.1890
0.1895
0.1900
0.1905
0.1910
0.1915
0.1920
0.1925
0.1930
0.1935
0.1940

Voltage

-0.391
-0.376
-0.381
-0.386
-0.386
-0.376
-0.371
-0.371
-0.391
-0.391
~0.400
-0.396
-0.400
-0.371
-0.352
-0.342
-0.366
-0.376
-0.386
—0.386
-0.391
-0.386
-0.376
-0.366
-0.371
-0.381
-0.371
-0.361
-0.371
-0.386
-0.391
-0.396
~0.396
-0.396
-0.386
-0.376
-0.371
-0.376
-0.381
-0.381
-0.371
-0.386
-0.405
-0.400
-0.381
-0.381
—0.381

Time

(809)

0.1945
0.1950
0.1955
0.1960
0.1965
0.1970
0.1975
0.1980
0.1985
0.1990
0.1995
0.2000
0.2005
0.2010
0.2015
0.2020
0.2025
0.2030
0.2035
0.2040
0.2045
0.2050
0.2055
0.2060
0.2065
0.2070
0.2075
0.2080
0.2085
0.2090
0.2095
0.2100
0.2105
0.21 10
0.21 15
0.2120
0.2125
0.2130
0.2135
0.2140
0.2145
0.2150
0.2155
0.2160
0.2165
0.2170
0.2175

Voltage

-O.361
-0.342
-0.356
-0.391
-0.391
-0.366
-0.381
-0.391
—0.381
-0.361
-0.371
-0.391
-0.376
-0.347
-0.361
-0.391
-0.400
-0.386
0.400
-0.410
-0.396
-0.366
-0.371
-0.391
-0.386
-0.371
-0.376
-0.391
-0.396
-0.391
-0.391
-0.396
-0.386
-0.361
-0.356
-0.361
-0.371
-0.376
-0.376
-0.381
~0.386
-0.386
-0.381
-0.381
-0.381
-0.376
-0.356

Time

(sec)

0.2180
0.2185
0.2190
0.2195
0.2200
0.2205
0.2210
0.2215
0.2220
0.2225
0.2230
0.2235
0.2240
0.2245
0.2250
0.2255
0.2260
0.2265
0.2270
0.2275
0.2280
0.2285
0.2290
0.2295
0.2300
0.2305
0.2310
0.2315
0.2320
0.2325
0.2330
0.2335
0.2340
0.2345
0.2350
0.2355
0.2360
0.2365
0.2370
0.2375
0.2380
0.2385
0.2390
0.2395
0.2400
0.2405
0.2410

Voltage

-0.356
-0.371
-0.391
-0.400
-0.400
-0.400
-0.396
-0.386
-0.371
-0.371
-0.381
—0.386
-0.371
-0.371
-0.386
-0.405
-0.391
-0.381
-0.386
-0.381
-0.352
—0.342
-0.366
-0.391
—0.376
-0.366
-0.386
-0.396
—0.376
-0.361
-0.376
-0.391
-0.361
-0.342
-0.371
-0.400
-0.396
-0.386
-0.400
-0.410
-0.386
-0.361
-0.371
-0.396
-0.386
-0.366
-0.376

Time

(809)

0.2415
0.2420
0.2425
0.2430
0.2435
0.2440
0.2445
0.2450
0.2455
0.2460
0.2465
0.2470
0.2475
0.2480
0.2485
0.2490
0.2495
0.2500
0.2505
0.2510
0.2515
0.2520
0.2525
0.2530
0.2535
0.2540
0.2545
0.2550
0.2555
0.2560
0.2565
0.2570
0.2575
0.2580
0.2585
0.2590
0.2595
0.2600
0.2605
0.2610
0.2615
0.2620
0.2625
0.2630
0.2635
0.2640
0.2645

Voltage

0.400
0.391
-0.386
0.391
0.400
-0.381
0.356
0.352
0.371
0.381
0.371
0.371
-0.386
0.391
-0.381
—0.381
0.386
-0.381
0.366
0.352
-0.366
-0.386
0.391
0.400
0.405
0.405
0.386
0.376
0.371
-0.381
0.386
-0.381
0.371
-0.381
0.391
0.400
0.391
0.391
-0.386
-0.376
0.352
0.347
0.371
-0.381
0.376
-0.376
0.391

55

Time

(sec)

0.2650
0.2655
0.2660
0.2665
0.2670
0.2675
0.2680
0.2685
0.2690
0.2695
0.2700
0.2705
0.2710
0.271 5
0.2720
0.2725
0.2730
0.2735
0.2740
0.2745
0.2750
0.2755
0.2760
0.2765
0.2770
0.2775
0.2780
0.2785
0.2790
0.2795
0.2800
0.2805
0.281 0
0.2815
0.2820
0.2825
0.2830
0.2835
0.2840
0.2845
0.2850
0.2855
0.2860
0.2865
0.2870
0.2875
0.2880

Voltage

-0.396
—0.376
-0.371
-0.376
-0.381
-0.352
-0.352
-0.381
-0.400
—0.396
-0.391
-0.400
—0.400
-0.381
-0.366
-0.381
-0.391
-0.381
-0.361
-0.376
-0.396
«0391
-0.386
-0.391
-0.396
-0.376
0.347
-0.352
-0.371
-0.381
-0.366
-0.376
-0.396
-0.386
-0.371
-0.376
-0.391
-0.381
-0.356
-0.356
-0.381
-0.391
-0.386
.0396
-0.405
-0.400
-0.376

Time

(«9)

0.2885
0.2890
0.2895
0.2900
0.2905
0.2910
0.2915
0.2920
0.2925
0.2930
0.2935
0.2940
0.2945
0.2950
0.2955
0.2960
0.2965
0.2970
0.2975
0.2980
0.2985
0.2990
0.2995
0.3000
0.3005
0.3010
0.3015
0.3020
0.3025
0.3030
0.3035
0.3040
0.3045
0.3050
0.3055
0.3060
0.3065
0.3070
0.3075
0.3080
0.3085
0.3090
0.3095
0.3100
0.3105
0.31 10
0.31 15

Voltage

(V)
-0.381

-0.386
-0.386
-0.381
-0.376
-0.376
-0.386
-0.386
-0.400
-0.396
-0.396
-0.381
-0.366
-0.347
-0.361
-0.376
-0.381
-0.376
-0.386
-0.391
-0.381
-0.371
-0.376
-0.381
-0.371
-0.356
-0.366
-0.381
-0.396
-0.391
—0.400
—0.405
-0.396
-0.376
-0.371
-0.381
-0.386
-0.371
-0.371
-0.386
-0.396
—0.391
-0.391
-0.396
-0.386
-0.361
-0.347

(800)

0.3120
0.3125
0.3130
0.3135
0.3140
0.3145
0.3150
0.31 55
0.3160
0.3165
0.3170
0.3175
0.3180
0.3185
0.3190
0.31 95
0.3200
0.3205
0.3210
0.3215
0.3220
0.3225
0.3230
0.3235
0.3240
0.3245
0.3250
0.3255
0.3260
0.3265
0.3270
0.3275
0.3280
0.3285
0.3290
0.3295
0.3300
0.3305
0.3310
0.3315
0.3320
0.3325
0.3330
0.3335
0.3340
0.3345
0.3350

Voltage

(V)
-0.356
-0.376
-0.376
-0.371
-0.381
-0.391
-0.381
-0.366
-0.381
-0.391
-0.376
-0.352
-0.366
~ -0.386
-0.386
-0.381
-0.400
-0.410
-0.391
-0.371
-0.376
-0.391
-0.381
—0.371
-0.376
-0.386
-0.391
-0.386
-0.396
-0.400
-0.391
-0.371
-0.361
-0.356
—0.571
-0.854

0.034
-0.698

0.234
-0.674
-0.225
—0.596
-0.425
-0.288
-0.396
-0.137
-0.332

Time

(809)

0.3355
0.3360
0.3365
0.3370
0.3375
0.3380
0.3385
0.3390
0.3395
0.3400
0.3405
0.3410
0.3415
0.3420
0.3425
0.3430
0.3435
0.3440
0.3445
0.3450
0.3455

0.3460

0.3465
0.3470
0.3475
0.3480
0.3485
0.3490
0.3495
0.3500
0.3505
0.3510
0.3515
0.3520
0.3525
0.3530
0.3535
0.3540
0.3545
0.3550
0.3555
0.3560
0.3565
0.3570
0.3575
0.3580
0.3585

Voltage

—0.298
—0.439
—0.488
-0.435
-0.464
—0.327
-0.396
-0.342
-0.425
—0.400
—0.400
-0.400
—0.41 0
-0.356
-0.347
-0.391
-0.415
—0.41 5
-0.376
0.386
-0.352
—0.361
-0.337
-0.371
-0.391
-0.420
-0.386
-0.371
-0.361
-0.356
-0.332
-0.327
-0.381
-0.410
-0.405
-0.391
-0.396
-0.400
-0.376
-0.371
-0.400
-0.415
—0.396
-0.361
—0.376
-0.376
-0.381

Time

(809)

0.3590
0.3595
0.3600
0.3605
0.3610
0.3615
0.3620
0.3625
0.3630
0.3635
0.3640
0.3645
0.3650
0.3655
0.3660
0.3665
0.3670
0.3675
0.3680
0.3685
0.3690
0.3695
0.3700
0.3705
0.3710
0.3715
0.3720
0.3725
0.3730
0.3735
0.3740
0.3745
0.3750
0.3755
0.3760
0.3765
0.3770
0.3775
0.3780
0.3785
0.3790
0.3795
0.3800
0.3805
0.3810
0.3815
0.3820

Voltage

(V)
-0.386

-0.410
-0.405
-0.386
-0.342
-0.342
-0.332
-0.371
-0.391
0.386
-0.405
-0.366
—0.381
-0.347
-0.386
-0.386
-0.381
-0.366
-0.352
-0.376
-0.376
-0.391
-0.400
-0.420
-0.400
-0.386
-0.366
-0.386
-0.381
-0.381
-0.371
-0.391
-0.405
-0.391
-0.386
—0.391
-0.391
-0.366
-0.347
-0.352
-0.376
—0.376
-0.366
-0.381
-0.391
-0.386
-0.371

56

Time

(sec)

0.3825
0.3830
0.3835
0.3840
0.3845
0.3850
0.3855
0.3860
0.3865
0.3870
0.3875
0.3880
0.3885
0.3890
0.3895
0.3900
0.3905
0.3910
0.391 5
0.3920
0.3925
0.3930
0.3935
0.3940
0.3945
0.3950
0.3955
0.3960
0.3965
0.3970
0.3975
0.3980
0.3985
0.3990
0.3995
0.4000
0.4005
0.4010
0.401 5
0.4020
0.4025
0.4030
0.4035
0.4040
0.4045
0.4050
0.4055

Volhge

-0.381
-0.391
-0.376
-0.352
-0.356
-0.381
-0.396
-0.386
-0.396
-0.410
-0.400
-0.381
-0.371
-0.381
-0.386
—0.371
—0.371
-0.386
-0.396
-0.386
-0.386
-0.391
-0.391
-0.371
-0.352
-0.342
-0.366
0.381
-0.361
-0.376
-0.391
-0.396
-0.376
-0.376
-0.396
-0.386
-0.356
-0.352
-0.376
-0.391
-0.391
-0.400
-0.410
-0.400
-0.381
-0.366
-0.376

Time

(886)

0.4060
0.4065
0.4070
0.4075
0.4080
0.4085
0.4090
0.4095
0.41 00

0.4105 '

0.41 10
0.41 15
0.4120
0.4125
0.4130
0.4135
0.4140
0.4145
0.4150
0.4155
0.4160
0.4165
0.4170
0.4175
0.4180
0.4185
0.4190
0.4195
0.4200
0.4205
0.4210
0.4215
0.4220
0.4225
0.4230
0.4235
0.4240
0.4245
0.4250
0.4255
0.4260
0.4265
0.4270
0.4275
0.4280
0.4285
0.4290

Voltage

-0.381
-0.381
—0.371
-0.371
-0.386
-0.391
-0.391
-0.396
-0.396
-0.381
-0.356
—0.352
-0.366
-0.376
-0.376
—0.376
-0.391
—0.386
-0.381
-0.371
-0.386
-0.386
-0.376
-0.352
-0.366
-0.381
-0.386
-0.386
-0.400
-0.410
-0.391
-0.371
-0.376
-0.386
-0.381
-0.371
-0.371
-0.381
-0.386
-0.386
-0.396
—0.400
—0.391
-0.366
-0.352
-0.356
-0.371

Time

(80¢)

0.4295
0.4300
0.4305
0.4310
0.4315
0.4320
0.4325
0.4330
0.4335
0.4340
0.4345
0.4350
0.4355
0.4360
0.4365
0.4370
0.4375
0.4380
0.4385
0.4390
0.4395
0.4400
0.4405
0.4410
0.441 5
0.4420
0.4425
0.4430
0.4435
0.4440
0.4445
0.4450
0.4455
0.4460
0.4465
0.4470
0.4475
0.4480
0.4485
0.4490
0.4495
0.4500
0.4505
0.4510
0.451 5
0.4520
0.4525

Voltage

(V)
-0.376
-0.371
-0.386
-0.391
-0.381
-0.371
-0.376
-0.386
-0.381
-0.356
-0.361
-0.376
-0.386
-0.381
-0.396
-0.410
-0.400
-0.376
.0371
-0.386
-0.386
-0.371
—0.371
-0.381
-0.396
-0.386
-0.391
-0.400
-0.396
-0.376
-0.356
-0.356
-0.366
-0.376
-0.376
-0.381
-0.391
-0.381
-0.371
-0.371
-0.391
-0.386
-0.366
-0.356
-0.376
—0.381
-0.381

Time

(sec)

0.4530
0.4535
0.4540
0.4545
0.4550
0.4555
0.4560
0.4565
0.4570
0.4575
0.4580
0.4585
0.4590
0.4595
0.4600
0.4605
0.4610
0.4615
0.4620
0.4625
0.4630
0.4635
0.4640
0.4645
0.4650
0.4655
0.4660
0.4665
0.4670
0.4675
0.4680
0.4685
0.4690
0.4695
0.4700
0.4705
0.4710
0.471 5
0.4720
0.4725
0.4730
0.4735
0.4740
0.4745
0.4750
0.4755
0.4760

Voltage

-0.386
-0.410
-0.405
-0.386
-0.371
-0.386
-0.381
-0.371
-0.366
.0381
-0.391
-0.386
-0.391
-0.400
-0.396
-0.376
-0.356
-0.361
~0.371
-0.371
-0.371
-0.376
-0.381
-0.381
-0.371
-0.381
-0.386
-0.386
-0.371
-0.352
-0.361
-0.376
-0.381
-0.386
-0.405
-0.415
-0.391
-0.371
-0.376
-0.381
-0.376
-0.371
-0.381
-0.391
-0.391
-0.381
-0.391

Time

(806)

0.4765
0.4770
0.4775
0.4780
0.4785
0.4790
0.4795
0.4800
0.4805
0.4810
0.4815
0.4820
0.4825
0.4830
0.4835
0.4840
0.4845
0.4850
0.4855
0.4860
0.4865
0.4870
0.4875
0.4880
0.4885
0.4890
0.4895
0.4900
0.4905
0.4910
0.4915
0.4920
0.4925
0.4930
0.4935
0.4940
0.4945
0.4950
0.4955
0.4960
0.4965
0.4970
0.4975
0.4980
0.4985
0.4990
0.4995

Voltage

0.400
—0.386
-0.361
-0.361
0.371
-0.376
0.371
-0.366
0.386
0.391
—0.376
0.376
0.391
0.391
0.371
0.352
-0.361
0.376
-0.381
0.386
0.405
0.415
0.391
0.371
0.376
0.391
0.381
0.371
0.371
0.391
0.386
-0.381
0.391
0.405
0.391
0.371
-0.361
0.366
-0.366
-0.366
0.371
-0.386
0.669
-0.366
0.415
0.327
0.273

57

Time

(806)

0.5000
0.5005
0.5010
0.5015
0.5020
0.5025
0.5030
0.5035
0.5040
0.5045
0.5050
0.5055
0.5060
0.5065
0.5070
0.5075
0.5080
0.5085
0.5090
0.5095
0.5100
0.5105
0.51 10
0.51 15
0.5120
0.5125
0.5130
0.5135
0.5140
0.5145
0.5150
0.5155
0.5160
0.5165
0.5170
0.5175
0.5180
0.5185
0.5190
0.5195
0.5200
0.5205
0.5210
0.5215
0.5220
0.5225
0.5230

Voltage

-0.547
-0.332
-0.562
-0.303
-0.366
-0.322
-0.254
—0.415
-0.386
-0.449
-0.454
-0.386
-0.410
-0.308
-0.352
-0.381
-0.430
-0.415
-0.425
-0.405
-0.366
-0.327
-0.342
-0.361
-0.400
-0.410
-0.386
-0.376
-0.356
-0.371
-0.352
-0.381
-0.400
-0.415
-0.366
-0.342
-0.342
-0.352
-0.361
-0.391
-0.425
-0.430
-0.391
-0.366
-0.371
-0.381
-0.376

Time

(see)

0.5235
0.5240
0.5245
0.5250
0.5255
0.5260
0.5265
0.5270
0.5275
0.5280
0.5285
0.5290
0.5295
0.5300
0.5305
0.5310
0.5315
0.5320
0.5325
0.5330
0.5335
0.5340
0.5345
0.5350
0.5355
0.5360
0.5365
0.5370
0.5375
0.5380
0.5385
0.5390
0.5395
0.5400
0.5405
0.5410
0.5415
0.5420
0.5425
0.5430
0.5435
0.5440
0.5445
0.5450
0.5455
0.5460
0.5465

Voltage

-0.386
-0.405
-0.410
-0.386
-0.371
-0.386
-0.400
-0.386
—0.376
~0.366
-0.371
—0.361
-0.352
—0.361
-0.386
-0.391
-0.386
-0.386
-0.386
-0.371
-0.356
-0.352
-0.371
-0.386
-0.376
-0.386
—0.400
-0.405
~0.391
-0.376
-0.386
-0.391
-0.391
-0.376
-0.376
-0.381
—0.386
-0.386
-0.400
-0.405
-0.400
-0.366
-0.352
—0.352
-0.361
-0.371
-0.371

Time

(89¢)

0.5470
0.5475
0.5480
0.5485
0.5490
0.5495
0.5500
0.5505
0.5510
0.5515
0.5520
0.5525
0.5530
0.5535
0.5540
0.5545
0.5550
0.5555
0.5560
0.5565
0.5570
0.5575
0.5580
0.5585
0.5590
0.5595
0.5600
0.5605
0.5610
0.5615
0.5620
0.5625
0.5630
0.5635
0.5640
0.5645
0.5650
0.5655
0.5660
0.5665
0.5670
0.5675
0.5680
0.5685
0.5690
0.5695
0.5700

Voltage

-0.386
-0.391
-0.381
-0.366
-0.371
—0.386
-0.381
.0361
-0.361
-0.376
-0.381
-0.371
-0.391
—0.41 5
-0.410
-0.376
-0.376
-0.391
-0.391
-0.366
-0.371
-0.391
-0.391
-0.376
-0.391
-0.410
—0.400
-0.371
—0.352
-0.356
-0.366
-0.361
-0.371
-0.381
-0.396
-0.376
-0.371
-0.376
-0.396
-0.381
-0.366
-0.361
-0.371
-0.376
-0.376
-0.391
-0.410

Time

(890)

0.5705
0.5710
0.5715
0.5720
0.5725
0.5730
0.5735
0.5740
0.5745
0.5750
0.5755
0.5760
0.5765
0.5770
0.5775
0.5780
0.5785
0.5790
0.5795
0.5800
0.5805
0.581 0
0.581 5
0.5820
0.5825
0.5830
0.5835
0.5840
0.5845
0.5850
0.5855
0.5860
0.5865
0.5870
0.5875
0.5880
0.5885
0.5890
0.5895
0.5900
0.5905
0.5910
0.5915
0.5920
0.5925
0.5930
0.5935

Voltage
-0.410
-0.386
-0.381
-0.381
-0.376
-0.371
-0.371
-0.386
-0.386
-0.386
-0.386
-0.400

- -0.396

-0.386
-0.366
-0.361
-0.361
-0.366
-0.371
-0.376
-0.386
-0.391
-0.381
-0.376
-0.386
-0.386
-0.371
-0.356
-0.361
-0.376
-0.381
-0.381
-0.400
-0.415
-0.396
-0.371
-0.376
-0.386
-0.381
-0.361
-0.376
-0.391
-0.391
-0.371
-0.391
-0.405
—0.391

Time

(sec)

0.5940
0.5945
0.5950
0.5955
0.5960
0.5965
0.5970
0.5975
0.5980
0.5985
0.5990
0.5995
0.6000
0.6005
0.6010
0.6015
0.6020
0.6025
0.6030
0.6035
0.6040
0.6045
0.6050
0.6055
0.6060
0.6065
0.6070
0.6075
0.6080
0.6085
0.6090
0.6095
0.6100
0.6105
0.61 10
0.61 15
0.6120
0.6125
0.6130
0.6135
0.6140
0.6145
0.6150
0.6155
0.6160
0.6165
0.6170

Voltage

—0.366
-0.366
-0.376
—0.366
-0.352
-0.366
-0.391
-0.386
—0.376
-0.381
-0.400
-0.391
-0.366
-0.361
-0.366
-0.371
-0.371
-0.386
-0.405
-0.415
-0.391
-0.376
-0.386
-0.386
-0.376
-0.376
-0.381
-0.386
—0.376
-0.371
-0.391
-0.410
-0.400
—0.381
-0.366
—0.356
-0.356
-0.366
-0.366
-0.386
-0.386
-0.386
-0.376
-0.381
-0.381
-0.376
0.366

58

Time

(sec)

0.6175
0.6180
0.6185
0.6190
0.6195
0.6200
0.6205
0.6210
0.6215
0.6220
0.6225
0.6230
0.6235
0.6240
0.6245
0.6250
0.6255
0.6260
0.6265
0.6270
0.6275
0.6280
0.6285
0.6290
0.6295
0.6300
0.6305
0.6310
0.6315
0.6320
0.6325
0.6330
0.6335
0.6340
0.6345
0.6350
0.6355
0.6360
0.6365
0.6370
0.6375
0.6380
0.6385
0.6390
0.6395
0.6400
0.6405

Voltage

-0.361
-0.366
-0.381
-0.376
-0.391
-0.400
-0.522
-0.254
-0.396
-0.156
~0.454
-0.327
-0.474
-0.405
-0.342
-0.352
-0.308
-0.366
-0.464
-0.396
—0.41 5
-0.356
-0.366
-0.332
-0.337
-0.386
-0.410
-0.420
-0.386
-0.386
-0.361

'-0366

-0.332
-0.371
-0.396
-0.410
-0.381
—0.391
-0.386
-0.386
-0.371
-0.381
-0.405
-0.415
-0.376
-0.361
-0.371

Time

(899)

0.6410
0.6415
0.6420
0.6425
0.6430
0.6435
0.6440
0.6445
0.6450
0.6455
0.6460
0.6465
0.6470
0.6475
0.6480
0.6485
0.6490
0.6495
0.6500
0.6505
0.6510
0.6515
0.6520
0.6525
0.6530
0.6535
0.6540
0.6545
0.6550
0.6555
0.6560
0.6565
0.6570
0.6575
0.6580
0.6585
0.6590
0.6595
0.6600
0.6605
0.6610
0.6615
0.6620
0.6625
0.6630
0.6635
0.6640

Voltage

(V)
-0.366

-0.356
-0.381
-0.415
-0.420
-0.391
—0.366
-0.361
-0.352
-0.356
—0.376
-0.400
-0.400
~0.386
-0.371
-0.371
~0.376
-0.386
-0.381
-0.381
-0.366
-0.366
-0.361
-0.376
—0.391
-0.420
-0.400
-0.396
-0.381
-0.381
-0.371
-0.361
-0.381
-0.386
-0.391
-0.376
-0.391
-0.391
-0.396
-0.371
-0.366
-0.366
-0.371
-0.366
-0.366
-0.376
-0.391

Time

(see)

0.6645
0.6650
0.6655
0.6660
0.6665
0.6670
0.6675
0.6680
0.6685
0.6690
0.6695
0.6700
0.6705
0.671 0
0.6715
0.6720
0.6725
0.6730
0.6735
0.6740
0.6745
0.6750
0.6755
0.6760
0.6765
0.6770
0.6775
0.6780
0.6785
0.6790
0.6795
0.6800
0.6805
0.6810
0.681 5
0.6820
0.6825
0.6830
0.6835
0.6840
0.6845
0.6850
0.6855
0.6860
0.6865
0.6870
0.6875

Voltage

(V)
-0.381
~0.371
-0.386
-0.400
-0.381
-0.356
-0.361
-0.376
-0.371
—0.366
-0.391
-0.415
-0.405
-0.371
-0.376
-0.391
-0.386
-0.361
-0.376
-0.391
-0.386
-0.366
-0.386
-0.415
-0.405
-0.371
-0.366
-0.371
-0.366
-0.356
-0.376
-0.391
-0.386
-0.371
-0.371
-0.386
-0.391
-0.376
-0.371
-0.366
-0.366
-0.366
-0.376
-0.391
-0.405
-0.405
-0.391

Time

(sec)

0.6880
0.6885
0.6890
0.6895
0.6900
0.6905
0.6910
0.6915
0.6920
0.6925
0.6930
0.6935
0.6940
0.6945
0.6950
0.6955
0.6960
0.6965
0.6970
0.6975
0.6980
0.6985
0.6990
0.6995
0.7000
0.7005
0.7010
0.701 5
0.7020
0.7025
0.7030
0.7035
0.7040
0.7045
0.7050
0.7055
0.7060
0.7065
0.7070
0.7075

0.7080 '

0.7085
0.7090
0.7095
0.7100
0.7105
0.7110

Voltage

-0.376
-0.386
-0.381
-0.381
-0.376
-0.513
-0.386
~0.352
-0.342
-0.381
-0.439
-0.400
—0.435
-0.352
-0.361
-0.'352
-0.312
-0.381
-0.400
-0.41 0
-0.410
-0.361
-0.400
-0.352
-0.356
-0.356
~0.376
-0.396
-0.381
-0.386
-0.376
-0.405
-0.381
-0.376
-0.396
—0.405
-0.391
-0.361
-0.366
-0.386
-0.371
-0.371
-0.405
-0.430
-0.386
-0.361
~0.352

Time

(890)

0.7115
0.7120
0.7125
0.7130
0.7135
0.7140
0.7145
0.7150
0.7155
0.7160
0.7165
0.7170
0.7175
0.7180
0.7185
0.7190
0.7195
0.7200
0.7205
0.7210
0.7215
0.7220
0.7225
0.7230
0.7235
0.7240
0.7245
0.7250
0.7255
0.7260
0.7265
0.7270
0.7275
0.7280
0.7285
0.7290
0.7295
0.7300
0.7305
0.7310
0.7315
0.7320
0.7325
0.7330
0.7335
0.7340
0.7345

Voltage

0.361
0.352
-0.356
-0.381
0.400
0.386
0.371
0.371
-0.386
-0.381
-0.376
-0.381
0.376
0.371
-0.366
-0.376
0.400
0.405
0.400
0.396
0.391
0.386
-0.366
0.366
-0.376
-0.386
-0.386
0.391
0.396
0.400
0.391
0.381
0.366
0.366
-0.361
-0.366
0.366
0.371
0.381
-0.386
0.376
-0.381
-0.396
-0.396
0.366
-0.356
-0.361

59

Time

(sec)

0.7350
0.7355
0.7360
0.7365
0.7370
0.7375
0.7380
0.7385
0.7390
0.7395
0.7400
0.7405
0.7410
0.741 5
0.7420
0.7425
0.7430
0.7435
0.7440
0.7445
0.7450
0.7455
0.7460
0.7465
0.7470
0.7475
0.7480
0.7485
0.7490
0.7495
0.7500
0.7505
0.7510
0.751 5
0.7520
0.7525
0.7530
0.7535
0.7540
0.7545
0.7550
0.7555
0.7560
0.7565
0.7570
0.7575
0.7580

Voltage

-0.376
0.371
0.391
0.415
0.415
-0.386
0.361
-0.386
-0.386
0.371
0.371
0.391
0.391
-0.376
0.371
0.405
0.410
-0.381
-0.361
0.371
0.371
0.352
0.352
-0.381
0.396
-0.376
0.420
0.356
0.430
-0.288
0.435
0.391
0.420
0.371
0.356
-0.386
-0.361
-0.386
0.400
0.391
0.430
-0.376
-0.376
0.352
0.371
-0.381
0376

Time

(sec)

0.7585
0.7590
0.7595
0.7600
0.7605
0.7610
0.7615
0.7620
0.7625
0.7630
0.7635
0.7640
0.7645
0.7650
0.7655
0.7660
0.7665
0.7670
0.7675
0.7680
0.7685
0.7690
0.7695
0.7700
0.7705
0.771 0
0.771 5
0.7720
0.7725
0.7730
0.7735
0.7740
0.7745
0.7750
0.7755
0.7760
0.7765
0.7770
0.7775
0.7780
0.7785
0.7790
0.7795
0.7800
0.7805
0.7810
0.7815

Voltage

-0.400
-O.415
-0.410
-0.371
-0.361
-0.356
-0.366
-0.366
-0.381
-0.396
-0.391
-0.366
-0.371
-0.366
-0.391
-0.386
-0.396
-0.371
-0.361
-0.352
-0.361
—0.366
-0.400
-0.410
-0.410
-0.386
-0.381
-0.371
-0.371
-0.366
-0.381
—0.396
-0.391
-0.376
-0.386
-0.400
-0.400
-0.376
-0.371
-0.371
-0.366
-0.352
-0.361
-0.381
-0.386
-0.376
-0.376

Time

(sec)

0.7820
0.7825
0.7830
0.7835
0.7840
0.7845
0.7850
0.7855
0.7860
0.7865
0.7870
0.7875
0.7880
0.7885
0.7890
0.7895
0.7900
0.7905
0.791 0
0.791 5
0.7920
0.7925
0.7930
0.7935
0.7940

0.7945

0.7950
0.7955
0.7960
0.7965
0.7970
0.7975
0.7980
0.7985
0.7990
0.7995
0.8000
0.8005
0.8010
0.8015
0.8020
0.8025
0.8030
0.8035
0.8040
0.8045
0.8050

Voltage

(V)
-0.391
-0.391
-0.371
-0.361
-0.366
-0.371
-0.371
-0.371
-0.396
-0.410
-0.400
—0.376
-0.415
-0.356
-0.366
-0.332
-0.386
0.396
-0.400
-0.396
-0.361
-0.410
-0.381
-0.352
-0.381
-0.381
-0.386
-0.361
-0.366
-0.386
-0.366
-0.376
-0.371
-0.405
-0.396
-0.381
-0.371
-0.361
-0.352
-0.361
-0.376
-0.400
-0.415
-0.415
—0.386
-0.376
-0.376

Time

(sec)

0.8055
0.8060
0.8065
0.8070
0.8075
0.8080
0.8085
0.8090
0.8095
0.8100
0.8105
0.8110
0.8115
0.8120
0.8125
0.8130
0.8135
0.8140
0.8145
0.8150
0.8155
0.8160
0.8165
0.8170
0.8175
0.8180
0.8185
0.8190
0.8195
0.8200
0.8205
0.8210
0.8215
0.8220
0.8225
0.8230
0.8235
0.8240
0.8245
0.8250
0.8255
0.8260
0.8265
0.8270
0.8275
0.8280
0.8285

Voltage

-0.381
-0.376
-0.381
-0.396
—0.386
-0.371
-0.366
-0.391
-0.405
-0.391
-0.376
-0.376
-0.371
-0.352
-0.352
-0.376
-0.391
-0.386
-0.371
-0.386
-0.396
-0.381
-0.361
-0.366
—0.371
-0.371
-0.366
-0.381
-0.420
-0.439
-0.376
-0.376
-0.361
-0.400
-0.381
-0.386
-0.400
-0.376
-0.366
-0.352
-0.386
-0.415
—0.400
-0.391
-0.381
-0.371
-0.347

Time

(890)

0.8290
0.8295
0.8300
0.8305
0.8310
0.8315
0.8320
0.8325
0.8330
0.8335
0.8340
0.8345
0.8350
0.8355
0.8360
0.8365
0.8370
0.8375
0.8380
0.8385
0.8390
0.8395
0.8400
0.8405
0.8410
0.8415
0.8420
0.8425
0.8430
0.8435
0.8440
0.8445
0.8450
0.8455
0.8460
0.8465
0.8470
0.8475
0.8480
0.8485
0.8490
0.8495
0.8500
0.8505
0.8510
0.8515
0.8520

Voltage

-0.332
-0.371
-0.396
-0.400
-0.381
-0.386
-0.386
—0.371
-0.361
-0.371
-0.376
-0.381
-0.371
-0.381
—0.391
-0.400
-0.391
-0.391
-0.391
-0.396
-0.381
-0.371
-0.371
-0.381
-0.376
-0.376
—0.386
-0.410
-0.400
-0.400
-0.361
-0.366
-0.342
-0.356
-0.376
-0.405
-0.405
-0.371
-0.361
—0.371
-0.376
-0.391
-0.376
-0.386
-0.376
-0.366
-0.352

60

Time

(80¢)

0.8525
0.8530
0.8535
0.8540
0.8545
0.8550
0.8555
0.8560
0.8565
0.8570
0.8575
0.8580
0.8585
0.8590
0.8595
0.8600
0.8605
0.8610
0.8615
0.8620
0.8625
0.8630
0.8635
0.8640
0.8645
0.8650
0.8655
0.8660
0.8665
0.8670
0.8675
0.8680
0.8685
0.8690
0.8695
0.8700
0.8705
0.8710
0.8715
0.8720
0.8725
0.8730
0.8735
0.8740
0.8745
0.8750
0.8755

Voltage

-0.376
-0.405
-0.410
~0.400
-0.391
-0.391
-0.381
-0.352
-0.366
-0.386
-0.391

~ -0.381

-0.386
-0.405
—0.400
-0.376
-0.366
-0.376
-0.376
-0.356
-0.371
-0.381
-0.376
—0.361
-0.352
-0.386
-0.400
-0.396
-0.371
-0.361
-0.361
-0.347
-0.361
-0.391
-0.415
-0.420
-0.391
-0.381
-0.381
-0.376
-0.371
-0.386
-0.400
-0.391
-0.376
-0.366
~0.386

Time

(see)

0.8760
0.8765
0.8770
0.8775
0.8780
0.8785
0.8790
0.8795
0.8800
0.8805
0.8810
0.8815
0.8820
0.8825
0.8830
0.8835
0.8840
0.8845
0.8850
0.8855
0.8860
0.8865
0.8870
0.8875
0.8880
0.8885
0.8890
0.8895
0.8900
0.8905
0.8910
0.8915
0.8920
0.8925
0.8930
0.8935
0.8940
0.8945
0.8950
0.8955
0.8960
0.8965
0.8970
0.8975
0.8980
0.8985
0.8990

Voltage

(V)
-0.400

-0.396
~0.400
-0.386
-0.371
-0.337
-0.342
-0.371
-0.391
-0.396
-0.381
-0.381
-0.381
-0.371
-0.366
-0.366
-0.376
-0.371
-0.371
-0.381
-0.391
-0.400
-0.396
-0.386
-0.396
-0.405
-0.386
-0.366
-0.366
-0.376
-0.376
-0.381
-0.400
-0.410
-0.396
-0.371
-0.361
-0.361
-0.356
-0.356
-0.381
-0.391
-0.386
-0.371
-0.371
-0.376
-0.381

Time

(890)

0.8995
0.9000
0.9005
0.9010
0.9015
0.9020
0.9025
0.9030
0.9035
0.9040
0.9045
0.9050
0.9055
0.9060
0.9065
0.9070
0.9075
0.9080
0.9085
0.9090
0.9095
0.9100
0.9105
0.9110
0.9115
0.9120
0.9125
0.9130
0.9135
0.9140
0.9145
0.9150
0.9155
0.9160
0.9165
0.9170
0.9175
0.9180
0.9185
0.9190
0.9195
0.9200
0.9205
0.9210
0.9215
0.9220
0.9225

Voltage

(V)
-0.381
-0.376
-0.381
-0.371
-0.356
-0.361
-0.386
-0.405
-0.405
-0.396
-0.391
-0.391
—0.381
-0.366
-0.371
-0.386
-0.381
-0.371
-0.386
-0.405
—0.405
-0.376
-0.366
-0.371
-0.366
-0.347
-0.366
-0.391
—0.391
-0.366
-0.366
-O.381
-0.391

Time

(see)

0.9230
0.9235
0.9240
0.9245
0.9250
0.9255
0.9260
0.9265
0.9270
0.9275
0.9280
0.9285
0.9290
0.9295
0.9300
0.9305
0.9310
0.9315
0.9320
0.9325
0.9330
0.9335
0.9340
0.9345
0.9350
0.9355
0.9360
0.9365
0.9370
0.9375
0.9380
0.9385
0.9390

Voltage

(V)
-0.381

-0.376
-0.381
-0.371
-0.352
-0.356
-0.386
-0.405
-0.400
-0.400
-0.396
-0.396
-0.376
-0.366
-0.376
-0.386
-0.381
-0.376
-0.381
-0.400
-0.396
-0.386
-0.376
-0.381
-0.366
-0.352
—0.356
-0.381
-0.381
-0.376
-0.376
-0.386
-0.386

Time

(sec)

0.9395
0.9400
0.9405
0.9410
0.9415
0.9420
0.9425
0.9430
0.9435
0.9440
0.9445
0.9450
0.9455
0.9460
0.9465
0.9470
0.9475
0.9480
0.9485
0.9490
0.9495
0.9500
0.9505
0.9510
0.9515
0.9520
0.9525
0.9530
0.9535
0.9540
0.9545
0.9550
0.9555

Voltage

0.381
0.371
-0.376
-0.366
0.361
0.361
-0.381
0.400
0.405
0.396
-0.386
-0.386
0.381
0.371
0.371
0.381
-0.386
-0.376
0.376
0.386
0.405
0.396
-0.376
0.371
-0.376
0.361
0.347
0.366
0.391
0.386
0.371
-0.376
0.391

61

Time

(sec)

0.9560
0.9565
0.9570
0.9575
0.9580
0.9585
0.9590
0.9595
0.9600
0.9605
0.9610
0.9615
0.9620
0.9625
0.9630
0.9635
0.9640
0.9645
0.9650
0.9655
0.9660
0.9665
0.9670
0.9675
0.9680
0.9685
0.9690
0.9695
0.9700
0.9705
0.9710
0.9715
0.9720

Voltage

-0.386
-0.371
.0371
-0.381
-0.371
-0.356
-0.366
-0.400
-0.410
-0.396
-0.391
-0.396
-0.391
-0.371
-0.366
-0.386
-0.396
-0.376
-0.371
-0.386
.0405
-0.396
-0.376
-0.381
-0.381
-0.361
-0.347
-0.366
-0.386
-0.381
-0.371
-0.381
-0.396

Time

(see)

0.9725
0.9730
0.9735
0.9740
0.9745
0.9750
0.9755
0.9760
0.9765
0.9770
0.9775
0.9780
0.9785
0.9790
0.9795
0.9800
0.9805
0.9810
0.981 5
0.9820
0.9825
0.9830
0.9835
0.9840
0.9845
0.9850
0.9855
0.9860
0.9865
0.9870
0.9875
0.9880
0.9885

Voltage

—0.386
-0.376
~0.371
-0.381
-0.366
~0.361
-0.371
—0.391
-0.405
-0.400
-0.391
-0.391
-0.386
-0.381
-0.371
-0.381
-0.386
-0.381
-0.371
-0.376
0.391
-0.405

Time

(sec)

0.9890
0.9895
0.9900
0.9905
0.9910
0.9915
0.9920
0.9925
0.9930
0.9935
0.9940
0.9945
0.9950
0.9955
0.9960
0.9965
0.9970
0.9975
0.9980
0.9985
0.9990
0.9995

 

APPENDIX F

MS VISUAL C++ SOURCE CODE FOR CIN DEMONSTRATION

l* ClN source file */
#include "extcode.h"
/* typedefs */

typedef struct {
int32 dimSize;
float64 arg1[1];
}TDk

typedef TD1 **TD1Hdl;

CIN MgErr ClNRun(TD1Hdl A);
CIN MgErr ClNRun(TD1Hdl A) {

float64 Temp;

int l;

int J;

int32 colSize = (**A).dimSize;

P (**A).dimSize = *Array_Length;*l
for (l=0; I< colSize-1; l++)
for (J= colSize-1; J>l; J-)
i{f((**A).arg1[J-1] > (**A).arg1[J]) .

Temp = (**A).arg1[J-1j;
(**A).arg1[J-1] = (**A).arg1 [J];
(**A).arg1 [J] = Temp;
}
}
}

return noErr;

}

62

APPENDIX 6

TUTORIALS

Creating virtual Channel names in LabVIEW

Once the device is installed, the channel that you would like to use can be

defined. There are 68 pins that the Ni-DAQ can interface with and they range

from grounds, analog input, analog output, digital input, digital output, plus many

others. Check the data sheet to determine the channel that best fits your

application. For our purposes an analog input was need so channel ACHO, pin

number 68 was used.

To configure the channel to be used with LabVIEW:

1.

2.

Open a project in LabVIEW.

Click on ‘Project’ in the main menu bar and choose the option ‘DAQ
Wizards’.

Under the DAQ Vlfizards menu choose the first option ‘DAQ Channel
Wizard'.

This will open a second window. Within the right window pane double
click on ‘Data Neighborhood’.

This will open the Data Neighborhood folder. If there are already
channels defined, they will be displayed here. You may want to
remove and recreate the channel you are planning on using in case it

is not configured correctly for your needs.

63

 

 

 

6. Click with the right mouse button within the Data Neighborhood
window.

7. A menu box will appear and you will need to choose ‘insert’

8. An insert new box will appear, choose the ‘Virtual Channel’ option and
click okay.

9. The wizard will now continue to ask you a couple questions about the
parameters you would like to set for this channel; what type of channel
(analog or digital), name, input or output, etc.

For each channel (or pin) that a virtual name wishes to be set for, the

above steps must be done for each one.

Setting up MS Visual C++ for use with a CIN

The following is a list of steps to create and configure the external source
code needed to interface with the LabVIEW ClN component. A skeleton of a c file
can be created in LabVIEW by right mouse clicking over the ClN component. The
LabVIEW ClN component must have all the parameters specified before
continuing. This c file will contain the header and parameter definitions needed
to interface with LabVIEW. This file can also be manually created.

In order to use MS Visual C++ “code with the ClN interface the following
steps need to be completed from with in the MS Visual C++ environment.

1. Open a new ‘DLL Project’ within MS Visual C++. Under ‘File’ and then

‘New’, select the type ‘Win32 Dynamic Link Library’, and type in a

name for your project.

2. Add the needed objects and libraries for ClN. Under menu option

‘Project’ select ‘Add to Project’. Add cin.obj, labview.|ib, Ivsb.lib and
lvsbmain.def to the project. All files are located in the c:\program
files\LabVlEW\cintools directory.

. Edit project setting for the MS Visual C++ Project. Under the menu
option of ‘Project’ select the ‘Settings’ option. Change the ‘Setting for’
field to read “All Configurations” for all project settings. When the
setting window appears click on the “CIC++” tab.

- Set the ‘Category’ field to “Code Generation” and change the ‘Use
run time library’ to state “Multithreaded DLL” and the ‘Struct member
alignment’ field to read “1 Byte”.

. Change to the ‘Custom Build’ tab within the same window. Add in the
‘Command’ field to read

<your cintools path>\win32\lvsbutil$(TargetName) -d “$(WkspDir)$(OutDir)"

and the ‘Output Files’ to read

$(OutDir)$(TargetName).lsb

. Open the c file created by LabVIEW from with in your new MS Visual
C++ project. Add your code into the specified area.

. Compile the code by clicking on the menu option ‘Build’ and then
‘Compile filename.c’.

. Once the code is compiled again click on the menu option ‘Build’ and
select the ‘Build Projectname.dll’. This process will create the lsb file
needed in LabVIEW. It will be located in the c:\Program

Files\DevStudio\MyProject\ProjectName\Debug directory.

65

__I

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

66

Bibliography

1Ambardar, Ashok, Analmnd Digital Skinal Processigq. PWS Publishing
Company, 1995

 

2Analog Devices, Precision Instrumentation Amplifier Specifications Sheet,
Norwood, MA [Online] Jan. 2000, Available: mpzllwwwanalogcom/

3EG&G lC Sensors, Models 3022 and 3028 Accelerometer Specification Sheet,
Milpitas, California [Online] Jan. 2000, Available http:llwww.egginc.coml

“Honeywell, Transmissive Optoschmitt Sensors Specification Sheet [Online]
Available Dec. 1999, mpJIwwwhonevwellcom, Keyword Search:
‘HOA2003’

5Johnson, Gary W., LabVIEW Graphical Programming, Practical Applications in
Instrument and Control. McGraw-Hill Inc. 1994.

6Lathi, B.P., Linear Systems and Sigmals. Berkeley-Cambridge Press,
Carmichael, California, 1992

7Matlab Help Desk, Available in version 5.3.

8National Instruments Web Page. [Online] Available Dec. 1999,
httthl/wwwnicom/

9PCI-MIO E Series User Manual, National Instruments Corporation. [Online]
Available Dec. 1999, http://www.ni.com, Keyword Search ‘PCI E Series
User’

”Wells, Lisa K. and Travis, Jefferry, LabVIEW for Everyone, Graphical
Programming Made Even Easier. Prentice Hall PTR, NJ 1997

‘67

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