C3. 43) ..-.n ,f‘ . L“- ‘ fv‘ "o- t ‘ n :l U f l. C !. u 1 q .1 . .;. L .;A‘I ,y 1[|*‘ ‘7 \. u) A 9 . H.. l "."‘v \m H mus/a ‘ L» ‘14—: w-. v 9&8 “new" . l~r§4 Ln‘f’u‘fi-J. A ", "Hilw' H', v v ‘u ”,1 '1'.) J3 ‘NI ‘ .' v .n 't ; ‘ .|.\ -,. :1’ "J £131 ’qk-TLé‘I-U .‘l‘ :J'_ 1" l: ,"".’ I'v'u " -31]. ‘ ..;1-Izrr'$a'.‘rlger;.—-+ i,” "1 Date él/[OL/ 85 0-7639 [— fr A I‘ «$430 Michigan State 0 4 .-" . “PEE- 11.9 I‘ 7‘: ‘5. -w- ' *‘.‘J'll This is to certify that the A thesis entitled NEWS ON VIDEOIEX: VIEWITDN , KEYFAX AND GATEWAY EWD AND CDMPARED 'IO NEWEPAPEPE presented by NATALIE A . BKMN has been accepted towards fulfillment. of the requirements for Mega in W Major professor Tony Amater MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution MSU LIBRARIES RETURNING MATERIALS: Place in book drop to remove this checkout from your record. FINES wiii be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below. I} ‘ (13”,? ’91, D! MD 16 NEWS ON VIDEOTEX: VIEWTRON, KEYFAX AND GATEWAY EXAMINED AND COMPARED TO NEWSPAPERS By Natalie A. Brown A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN JOURNALISM School of Journalism 1985 ABSTRACT NEWS ON VIDEOTEX: VIEWTRON, KEYFAX AND GATEWAY EXAMINED AMD COMPARED TO NEWSPAPERS By Natalie A. Brown This study examined videotex news content on Viewtron, Keyfax and Gateway for three one-week samples. The diversity, immediacy and selectivity of the new medium was explored by examining sources, story times, topics, length and index positions of over 3000 videotex news stories for the sample period. The stories on each of the systems were compared with coverage by the newspapers of the same geographic areas as the videotex services. The Miaei Bereig. the thsagg Izibgne and the Les Aggeies rises were used for the comparison. Viewtron had over 2000 stories available during the sample week, Gateway over 600 and Keyfax over 200. None of the videotex systems provided original stories; most were from wire services. From 21 to 33 percent of the videotex stories were also found in the corresponding newspaper. The newspaper, however, was nearly a day and a half behind the videotex systems in breaking the stories. Few cues were used by the videotex systems to convey prominence, however, those used corresponded to prominence measures employed by the newspapers when compared story to story. This study was.funded in part by the Gannett Foundation. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................. ii INTRODUCTION The Purpose .................................................. I Background and Literature ............................ - ......... 1 Diversity ................................................... 6 Immediacy .................................................. 10 Selectivity ................................................ ll METHODOLOGY The Systems ............................. - ..................... 14 The Sample ................................................... 19 The Coding Scheme ............................................ 21 Reliability .................................................. 22 RESULTS Keyfax ........................... . ............................ 23 Gateway ..................................................... 32 Viewtron ..................................................... 41 DISCUSSION .......................................................... 53 ENDNOTES .......................................................... 56 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................... 50 INTRODUCTION The Esregee The capacity of a computerized database is almost unlimited, allowing a variety of in-depth news items to be available. Users can access information at their on-line terminals immediately after it is entered in the central computer database. Items are subdivided into topic areas and offered in menus or indexes. Diversity, immediacy and selectivity are areas often identified as advantages of retrieving news and information from videotex rather than from the newspaper. This study will examine these tenets of the new medium by systematically measuring the news content of the three major consumer videotex systems presently available in the United States. Backgrggrd and Lirereiyre Electronic text originated in the early 19703 in Great Britain where both teletext and videotex services have been available to consumers for over a decade. (Teletext is a one-way form of textual and graphic information which, when broadcast, uses the verticle blanking interval of a television signal for transmission, or a cable television channel when offered through a cable system. Videotex is an interactive form of electronic text with color and graphics that uses telephone lines or two-way cable for transmission.) Experimental teletext and videotex trials did not begin in the United States until the late 1970s, and unlike the European and Canadian services, the U.S. systems have been operated by private enterprise and are not government sponsored. Videotex was known as an "electronic newspaper" when it first emerged in the United States. Videotex news was envisioned as a video form of newspapers providing full text of an unlimited number of publications. As commercial systems were begun, it was apparent that videotex news did not look like news in newspapers since only a portion of the text for a story, perhaps two or three paragraphs, can be displayed on the screen at a time. Yet, at the same time, considerable attention and money have been devoted to the medium believed by many to hold great promise for news. While newspaper publishers and editors realize that videotex is not likely to replace traditional newspapers as they feared when videotex began to emerge in the United States, they still are not ignoring the potential of this new medium. Many newspapers, such as the Agyerti§e33231bgg§ in Tiffin, Ohio, and the Courier Journal and Logisyillg Times, offer various electronic text services. It has been reported that a billion dollars have "gone down the drain in failed videotex and teletext ventures," yet many of the systems and trials continue.2 The director of planning for the Durham (N.C.) Eegalg and Sup, David Haughey, expressed what many newspaper people have already begun when he wrote, "The growing power of videotex makes it probable that, before the end of the century, most news operations that publish the newspaper will also be meeting the information needs of the public through electronic information systems." 3 Yet videotex news has not been clearly defined. While some studies have reported on videotex news trials and services, few have systematically examined the news content of electronic text services. In a comprehensive look in 1981 at teletext and viewdata systems in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, David Weaver analyzed and described "videotex journalism" in terms of the journalists, the flow of news and information and its relationship to other media. 4 (His findings will be discussed in more detail as they relate specifically to the research questions explored in this study.) In an early study, John Ahlhauser assessed the advantage of teletext as a new means of news dissemination, especially in light of the rising costs of print and distribution.5 Several reports have been published of the 1982 Associated Press and CompuServe experiment involving 11 newspapers and lasting for two years.6 News from the participating newspapers was made available on CompuServe, an on-line, text-only news and information service accessible through personal computers. Sarah Stone argued that the newspapers had been unimaginative and unsuccessful in their attempt at creating a new product.71 David Dozier examined videotex news and information retrieval services in terms of newspaper newsreading theories. He argued that the retrieval methods necessary for most electronic text systems are inconsistent with the type of casual, unstructured newsreading that is characteristic of much print news use.8 Other studies have focused on who the most likely users of electronic text news systems will be. Tillinghast and Visvanathan identified "computer oriented" individuals as being the most 9 likely users of "electronic newspapers." Becker also identified individuals with positive attitudes toward computers as the most interested in receiving electronic text services and found that interest was also higher for those people who presently did not use newspapers or television to obtain news.10 In an electronic text news study conducted at the Michigan State University Communication Technology Laboratory, electronic text news was evaluated positively by subjects who used Uiewtron news as their only news source for a week. Videotex news appealed to both light and heavy users of traditional news media and was strongly preferred to newspapers for content and process functions (scanning headlines, finding specific stories and getting details).11 In another study of videotex, also conducted by researchers at the MSU Communication Technology Laboratory, news was the second most used topic on the videotex service during "first exposures" to the system by 96 individuals. (Shopping was first.)12 In the second CTL electronic publishing study news was again second in popularity, this time to games, by subjects using videotex over a four-week period.13 Most of the other studies that are available tend to focus on the marketability of systems and on the most desired services. The proprietary nature of most videotex research limits the availability of findings about consumer services. Carey’s synopsis of the findings of commercial electronic text ventures may be summarized as follows: (1) consumers like electronic text services, but they do not want to pay a lot of money for them; (2) consumers’ most desired information services include news, weather, sports, business information, entertainment/games and TV guides; (3)electronic messaging, where offered, is popular; (4) users have been predominantly upper income, heavy users of other media and information generally; and (5) most users are somewhat younger than the general population.14 Diyereii! The number of entertainment and information choices for consumers continues to increase as the media environment grows.15 Cable television, now in nearly 43 percent of U.S. households, offers a 24-hour news network that nearly 30 million households receive.16 Households with personal computers, about 14 percent of U.S. homes in early 1985, can access news and information from a variety of on-line sources. And, of course, there still is newspaper, television and radio news. Videotex offers news in a different form, most certainly, but what is new and different about the gggtept of this "hybrid" is less certain. The sources of news stories available on each of the three videotex systems are examined to begin to explore how news stories on videotex are different from those sources cited in newspapers. 01: What are the sources of news stories on Gateway, Viewtron and Keyfax? To further explore the tenet that videotex offers more diversity than traditional media, the variety of stories on each system will be categorized according to story topics derived from 18 a previous study of videotex news. 02: What topics do news stories on each videotex system most frequently include? In addition, the various countries reported on videotex will be examined. 03: What countries do news stories on each videotex system most frequently involve? Videotex has the potential to overcome the criticism that newspapers do not give enough time or space to international events unless they involve countries in turmoil or crisis, This question (03) explores how well videotex is fulfilling this potential by examining the variety of countries reported on each service. Because of the potential of videotex as a competing news medium, articles in newspaper trade publications have followed the progress of evolving electronic text services and have recently begun to explore the new role of videotex journalists. Most of the complaints voiced by electronic text journalists about their assignments focus on lack of original reporting responsibilities. The dissatisfied journalists say they are merely carrying out a secretarial or typists’ role performing "mechanical" work that does not require many journalistic skills.19 Videotex journalists primarily edit copy from wire services and other syndicated news sources -- a form of "electronic cut—and-paste"-- and do no original reporting 20 Weaver reported the same finding when he wrote that electronic text systems generally "do not provide 'new’ information not available from other media, but serve more of a information 'distribution’ function than a news 'gathering’ function."“1 Despite the fact that videotex news content is not original or distinct from that available in newspapers, competition with other media offering news, primarily newspapers, concerned those people involved in the newspaper industry when videotex first appeared in the United States. In fact, some early commercial studies reported that newspapers had much to fear from videotex.22 Although most newspaper people are less worried than during the early days of videotex, many news people warn that the new medium should not be ignored and that newspapers should take part in electronic text ventures before others with less news expertise do 50.23 And, perhaps more important, is the promise that the costs of electronic components,'component failure rates and magnetic storage will continue to rapidly decrease and circuit density greatly increase. This means that the electronic newspaper will eventually become cheaper for publishers to produce and disseminate. 24 And, since videotex could offer more--"an unlimited database"--people would prefer it to newspapers and television for news. Weaver, however, found in his European study that the teletext and videotex systems were more limited in their offerings when compared to the "full-sized newspapers."25 The next research question examined this issue as it applies to U. S. videotex systems by directly comparing the number of videotex and newspaper news stories to determine which medium actually offers more news. (The newspaper with the largest circulation in each geographic area where the videotex service is based was used for this comparison.) Q4: How does videotex compare to newspapers in amount of news offered? To further compare news on videotex and in newspapers, individual stories available on each medium each day were compared to determine if the same stories were available in both media. 05: Are the same stories available on videotex and in the corresponding newspaper? This area of testing will be of interest to newspaper owners and operators as their print product faces yet another form of competition for readers. Although newspapers still reach about the same number of people as they did nearly two decades ago, the frequency with which those people are reached has declined.26 The Washington Joggnalism Reyiew reported that a Gallop Poll indicated a trend in the 19803 toward increasingly more people in certain segments of the population not using a newspaper at all. The survey found that less than half of the group of people between the ages of 18 and 29 read any newspaper and watches less television news than any other group.27 Thus, when videotex trials and experiments became more numerous in the United States, many debated how this new medium would fit into the news scene ~- especially whether it would "complement" or "supplement" newspapers, which are losing credibility as well as readers.28 Most of the recent literature (since the "blue-sky" predictions have subsided somewhat) indicates that the new medium will complement rather than supplement newspapers. This reason stems from the realization that the screen has limitations not as strongly felt by print. Aumente described this in The Quill: It is a technology of promise and contradiction, of limitless horizons and claustrophobic spaces. Journalists have an ocean of news and information in giant computers that they can instantly update and transmit nationwide. Yet they must deliver it a cupful at a time -- screen by screen. The screen can hold sixteen to twenty-four lines of copy, forty characters across: which means anywhere from fifty to seventy words per screen.(29) Thus, print media still hold at least one advantage over electronic text, making it doubtful that newspapers will ever be replaced by videotex and teletext. Instead, electronic text services will probably complement traditional media. Whether these services will be attractive to those showing little interest in news remains to be seen. iamegiesx A second major advantage of videotex news is the ability of the medium to offer constantly fresh, up-to-date news. Aumente described videotex’s speed over other media: The readers are no longer bound by the fixed-time tyranny of radio and television news broadcasts with lockstep sequence. With all its speed, broadcasting still cannot be updated as quickly as teletext or videotex, the two electronic publishing formats. Newspapers, with last night’s news delivered this morning, are even further behind.(30) Whether newspapers are behind videotex in breaking stories and if so, how much, was tested directly by comparing the time a story was entered on the videotex system with the date and time the same story appeared in the newspaper. 06: Do most news stories appear on videotex before they are available in the newspaper serving the same geographic region? Given the fact that most newspapers’ deadlines are several hours before the papers reach the newsstands, it is expected that most videotex stories will be available on the system before they appear in print. 10 §siesiiriix To use videotex to read the news, a menu system is utilized, where the user is presented with indexes and subindexes of news categories. A number corresponding to a desired category is entered by the user, then an index of stories in that category appears. The first news index might include choices of international, national and local news. If the user selects local news, for example, the next frame may provide yet another subindex of areas from which to chose, perhaps by county, eventually leading to story headlines. Because more of a selection process is involved -- the user has to make a choice and push a button to be able to receive anything -- it has often been said that with videotex, unlike with other mass media, gatekeeping is in the hands of the audience. News consumers make their own choices when they please and are no longer confined to the limited number of stories editors choose for the newspaper newshole or to those stories covered in a 30- minute evening broadcast. Fielding and Porter described these changes brought about by videotex: Finally, editors will find themselves playing new roles as they work electronic information delivery. Traditionally they have been the gate- keepers, deciding what goes into the limited newshole. The newshole of an electronic news- paper is limited only by the storage capacity of the computer system. Information of interest to a small segment of the audience can now be stored and delivered only to those people in it.31 The extent to which audience members are truly the gatekeepers is explored by examining the salience cues videotex news editors use to draw attention to news items. The agenda- 11 setting approach maintains that audience members are aware of the techniques and cues used by the media to "play" news items, such as large headlines, placement and use of visuals, to convey importance.32 Since videotex is a hybrid of other media, it is likely that videotex will use similar techniques found in print to direct attention. One such similar cue may be in the ordering of stories within indexes, with the story in the first position being the the most important story of the day. This is explored by examining the time which each story was entered into the database and made available to subscribers. 07: Are videotex news stories on each service ordered according to importance? Ordering is only one technique that could be used to convey importance. Other possibilities include larger treatment in indexes, longer treatment than given most other stories, multiple listing across indexes or listing sidebars or several stories of the same topic together. 08: Do editors play some stories differently than others through ordering, multiple listing across indexes, longer treatment, or other types of special treatment? To further explore the editorial treatment of videotex news, the prominence of those stories found on the videotex system and in the corresponding newspaper was compared. The prominence factors used for the newspaper stories are ones traditionally considered in newspaper research, but are borrowed largely from a study of local newspaper coverage of Mexican Americans.33 The measures include page placement, headline size. photographic or graphic accompaniment and space devoted to the story (measured in 12 square inches). Videotex stories with degrees of prominence similar to the newspaper version would suggest that videotex editors are telling readers which stories are most important. 09: Are similar editorial decisions made for videotex stories and newspaper stories? And finally, the news offerings of the the three videotex systems used in this study -- Gateway, Keyfax and Viewtron -- are compared. 010: How do the news offerings of Gateway, Keyfax and Viewtron compare? 13 METHODOLOGY The systems used for this study are the three major general consumer videotex systems with full color and graphics available in the United States: Keyfax, based in Chicago; Gateway, based in Los Angeles; and Viewtron, based in Miami. Keyfax began in Chicago in April 1981 as a broadcast teletext magazine on station WFLD-TV. The service, owned by Field Electronic Publishing, a Field Enterprises subsidiary, was touted as the first commercial teletext experiment in the United 34 States. The teletext magazine was also broadcast at night when the station previously signed off. "Nite Owl" was similar to 35 scrolling cabletext. In spring 1982 Field announced its teletext service would be available nationally over the vertical blanking interval of super station WTBS, making it a "National Teletext Magazine." Soon after the Keyfax teletext service began operation, Field Enterprises, Honeywell Inc. and Centel Corp. formed KEYCOM Electronic Publishing as a joint videotex venture, with Centel the majority owner. In January 1984, News America Publishing Inc. acquired Field Enterprises’ share of Keycom as part of its purchase of the Chicago Sgn:Tim§§ and other Field Enterprises properties.36 The videotex system, named Keyfax Interactive Information Service, was launched in 1984. News America pulled out of the venture in October 1984 and later, in May 1985, 14 37 Honeywell did the same, making Centel exclusive owner of Keycom. Keyfax is available on a specially designed North American Presentation Level Protocol Syntax terminal, the Commandex, which sells for about $350. The service is also available through personal computers. Keyfax information and services are divided into six categories: Inform, Mail, Reserve, Bank, Shop and Special. News falls within the Inform section of the service. Figure 1 presents the Keyfax news menu. This study is concerned with the stories within the Summaries, World, Nation and Metro/Midwest indexes, which are starred. KEYFAX INDEX STRUCTURE 1 News 2 Business News *1 Summaries 1 Executive Digest *2 World 2 World/Nation *3 Nation 3 Midwest *4 Metro/Midwest 4 Your Business 5 Metro Q & A 5 Manager’s Edge 6 Capitol Q & A 6 Stocks 7 Congressional Vote Tallies 7 Commodities 8 Speak Out 8 Currency / Metals 9 Keyfax Poll 10 People flash _—_--———.—————.-———~-—__—_ Gateway began in 1982 by Times Mirror Videotex Services (owned by Times Mirror) as a field test in the Orange County, California, area. The test included nine months of in-home use by 350 consumers, focus groups and personal interviews. Times Mirror reported that a large percentage of participants in the home trial 38 elected to become paid subscribers after the free-trial period. The full commercial system began in fall 1984. The price to subscribers is $29.95 per month, which includes rental of an AT&T Sceptre terminal and access to the service.39 Subscribers are also required to pay telephone charges according to use of the system. Software to receive Gateway through personal computers is projected to be available in summer 1985.40 Gateway topic categories include: Banking and Investing, At Home, Games, The Mart, News, On The Go, and Electronic Mail. The news menu structure is presented in Figure 2, with those topics that this study examines indicated with a t. 16 GATEWAY INDEX STRUCTURE "Page 1" *1 Top Stories *2 Summaries *3 News Topics 4 Features *5,6,7 Story Headlines 2 Summaries 4 Features *1 Latest News 1 People 2 Weather 2 Miscellaneous 3 Business 3 Under 21 4 Sports 4 Summaries . 5 Orange County 5,6,7 Story Headlines 6 Features 3 News Topics 8 Orange County Page 1 1 Weather 1 News 2 Business 2 Features 3 Sports 3 Calendar 4 Features 4 Business 5 World 5 Column 6 Nation 6 Summaries 7 California 7, 8 Story Headlines 8 Orange County 9 Campus News 9 Government 10 Crime & Fire Reports 10 Opinion 11 Traffic Trouble Spots 10 Opinion 9 Government 1 News ‘ 1 Washington 2 Sports 2 State/Local ————---———-“—-——’-—_- Viewtron was developed by Knight-Ridder Newspapers, Inc. in association with American Telephone & Telegraph Consumer Products and is operated by Viewdata Corp. of America, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Knight-Ridder News. After a 14—month field test in 204 Coral Gables, Florida, homes in 1980-81, Viewtron was launched commercially in October 1983 in the Miami area as the first full-scale consumer videotex system with graphics in the 17 41 United States. A special telephone network, a local area data transport (LADT), was developed by AT&T for the Viewtron system and is operated locally by Southern Bell. Cost to subscribers is about $30 a month, which includes subscription fee, rental of the Sceptre terminal and 10 hours of free usage, after which phone line charges are about $1 an hour. The system utilizes the NAPLPS format. A software package has recently been marketed making the Viewtron service available through some personal computers. Viewtron divides its content into eight "Categories of Interest." They include Fun Seeker, Investor, Learner, Life Styler, News Hound, Shopper, Sports Fan and Traveler. The News Hound menu is shown in Figure 3. The Top Stories, Local, Nation and World indexes made up the Viewtron news sample for this study. 18 ——-.~—_-———_———_———-— VIEWTRON INDEX STRUCTURE *1 Top Stories *4 Nation stories *1 Nation Top Stories More Highligts *2 Across the U.S. *1 Area Highlights *3 East 2 Business *4 Midwest *3 Nation *5 South 4 People *6 Washington 5 Sports *7 West 6 Sports scores 7 Weather 5 People *8 World stories 2 Business News 6 Weather 1 Top Stories 1 Radar Summary 2 Career Watch 2 Nation / ski 3 Dick Davis Digest 3 World reports 4 Dow Jones Index 4 Florida Map 5 International 5 Dade/Broward 6 Local 6 Palm Beach 7 Markets & Quotes 7 Florida 8 Boating *3 Local 9 Travellers *1 Area Top stories 2 Ask Metro *7 World *3 Florida *1 World TOp Stories *4 Ft. Lauderdale/Broward *2 Africa *5 Miami/Dade *3 Asia & Pacific *6 Palm Beach . *4 Canada 7 Schools *5 Europe & Soviet Union *6 Latin America *7 Mideast The §eeeie A week of news on each system was chosen as the sample. The selection of the three weeks was made in relation to when the services were available as well as to facilitate additional research still in progress. Keyfax was examined from February 17 through 24, 1985; Viewtron from February 25 through March 3, 1985; 19 42 and Gateway from April 23 through 29, 1985. In addition, those stories still available on the systems entered days previous to the sample week were analyzed. Within the news sections on each system, those categories 7 corresponding to "top stories,’ news summaries, world, nation, state and local news were chosen for analysis. These types of stories were selected for the purpose of limiting the analysis to primarily hard news content. Thus, categories of weather, business, people/feature news, opinions, columns, campus and community reports and sports were not examined. Items included as indexes choices with headlines and textual content were considered stories. This sample yielded 223 stories on Keyfax for the week, 627 stories on Gateway and 2,144 stories available on Viewtron. Each day’s sample was videotaped so that the analysis could be completed later while not incurring great long distance phone charges. Each session was approached in the same manner. The sample indexes and stories were accessed in order just as a user could access them, but was done systematically to insure that all desired content was displayed and recorded. The taping began in the early evening, since most of the new stories for the day had been added by that time. The start time for recording the Gateway was extended to allow for the time zone difference and thus began around 5 a.m. for the news of the previous day. All the news stories within the news categories mentioned above were accessed. For Viewtron, however, since the number of stories within each news index-~Top Stories, World, Nation and Local-~was so large, a selective sample of stories was used. This 20 procedure involved accessing every page of every index each day and all the stories in the "top" categories (Top World, Area Top, etc.) each day of the sample. In addition, the day’s stories in three subindexes were accessed each day so that by the end of the week stories in every subindex had been accessed once. (See Figure 3.) For the newspaper/videotex matching analysis, the metro edition of the L_e §§8§l§§ Tigee was used to match stories on the Gateway service. The metro edition of the Chieegg Tgibgge was used to match with Keyfax stories. And, the metro edition of The Miegi Hegeig was used to compare newspaper content with Viewtron. The newspapers for the days corresponding to the videotex sample days were obtained for analysis. These newspapers were chosen since they each have the greatest circulation of the local newspapers in the area where the services originate -- and, in fact, among the largest in the country. In each case, sections 1 and 2 were used to match to the videotex stories, since they contained world, national and local news. Business, sports, entertainment, lifestyles and people sections were excluded. The Qeiieg §eheee The content analysis examined the following variables which were presented with each story: the date and time a story was entered into the system database, the source listed for each news story, types of special treatment given to each story the number of frames or screens associated with each story and the number of days each story was left on the system. Multiple listings of 43 stories in various indexes and subindexes were examined. In 21 addition, the topic categories of stories and the countries reported in stories were analyzed with up to three topics and three countries possible for each story. The primary topic was determined largely by headline and lead paragraph content. The countries were coded according to the order in which they appeared in the story. ‘ A "match” between a videotex story and the newspaper version was determined by headline content, primarily, as well as lead content. Matches were coded according to whether the stories were from the same source or from different sources. The size of the newspaper stories were measured in square inches, with the photograph or graphic included in this measure. Headline size, photograph or graphic accompaniment and placement within the paper and on the page were examined. Percentage data and descriptive statistics were used to describe the study data generated from the above analyses. Reliability Intercoder reliability on the date, time, source and length of stories was 98 percent or higher for each service. Identification of topics of stories yielded 88 percent or higher agreement, while country identification yielded 95 percent or higher agreement among three coders. The other variables coded by up to three coders yielded 90 percent or higher agreement. 22 RESULTS Testes 01: What are the sources of news stories on Keyfax? Keyfax news stories came primarily from two sources: the Associated Press wire service (54 percent) and the United Press International wire service (31 percent). (See Table 1 below.) The two other sources also cited were the ghieegg Sgg:Tigee, 4 percent, and the Chieege Tgibepe, cited once. For the remaining 11 percent of the stories, the source was not given, and in nearly every case, the dateline was Chicago. An inquiry was made to the Keyfax news editors, via Keyfax electronic mail, asking if these stories were reported by Keyfax reporters or from some other news service. A response from Geri McCall, the sports editor, was received on the electronic mail service. McCall wrote, "The stories with a Chicago dateline without attributioz come from a 4 local news service that has requested anonymity." —-——_-.—————‘-——_..—-__~ Table l SOURCES OF KEYFAX NEWS STORIES News % of Week’s Seryiee Sieriee Associated Press 54 % United Press Total. 31 Chicago Sun-Times 4 Chicago Tribune ~l Not Given 11 ---————.-—~_.—.—..__.———— Q2: What are the topics of Keyfax stories? Table 2 presents the percentage of Keyfax stories involving each of the topic categories used to code the content of videotex stories. Stories were coded as having to do with up to three topics.45 These variables were combined in this table to measure the topic coverage overall. Seventy-five of the stories were coded for two topic categories and six stories involved three categories. The total percentage data, therefore, may exceed 100 percent. (Some additional topics were created from the "other" category due to the nature of the news for the week.) Violent crime was the subject of 17.1 percent of Keyfax stories for the week. The next most frequent topic, international relations, involved 10.4 percent of Keyfax stories. The least covered topics include women’s rights, substance abuse and energy. (N 2 99‘ he‘— I Q3: Teeie Violent Crime International Relations Federal Government Accidents/Disasters Legal/Court Action Warfare/Internal Violence People Jobs Science/Technology Non-violent Crime Westmoreland/CBS Case Local Government Minority Rights Health/Fitness National Defense Chicago Mayorial Dispute State Government Environment Education Nuclear War Protests/Demonstrations Entertainment Agriculture World Hunger Child Abuse Economy Business Energy Obituaries Sports Substance Abuse Vietnam Anniversary Women’s Rights Other Table 2 KEYFAX NEWS TOPICS X Stories ieyeirirg Teeie 17. x 10. 10. ——--—-—n HHHHHNNNwwwwwmmmmflqqm OOUIOIOIOIU'IUIWADLOCOhb-bmquqmmmmmOOapleOQm-fir-fi What are the countries reported in Keyfax stories? The countries covered by the highest percentage of stories for the sample week were the USSR, Israel, Lebanon. the United Kingdom and South Africa. Thirty-six other countries were covered in stories, but as Table 3 indicates, the percentage of each was low. —-——-—~—--—-——.——-——_— Table 3 COUNTRIES REPORTED IN KEYFAX STORIES 2 Stories Qeeeirx Treiedieg Geeetry USSR 12.7% Israel 11. Lebanon 11. United Kingdom South Africa Vatican City India Japan Ireland Thailand Vietnam Iran Iraq France West Germany Greece Poland Spain Kenya Libya Mali Chile Colombia El Salvador Mexico Nicaragua Peoples Republic of China Cambodia Pakistan New Zealand Philippines Afghanistan Jordan Kuwait Saudi Arabia Yemen Arab Republic East Germany Norway Africa Middle East Palestinians r—A—ol—It—w—ot—tr—ar—nr—Jr—ll—oHr—quHHHHHHHHHIONNNNNNNN-bh-bOIQLD J:— (N271) -—---—-_.._—_-——....___-- Q4: How does the number of stories available in Keyfax compare with the number in the newspaper? Table 4 below presents a comparison of the number of stories available on Keyfax with the number available in the theege Tgibgge by day and for the entire week. Keyfax had an average of 29.4 stories per day while the newspaper had an average of 49.4 per day. The Chieegg Tgibgge had 68 percent more stories than Keyfax for the sample week. --—.—_———_———._-_i-_._.~—.—. Table 4 NUMBER OF NEWS STORIES ON KEYFAX AND IN THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE Week Avg./ Desi Dex? Devi Devi 2919 Qexe Dex! Tetei Der KEYFAX 29 34 29 29 29 28 28 206 29.4 TRIBUNE 48 57 56 49 56 35 45 345 49.4 05: Are the same stories available on Keyfax and in the newspaper? Of the 223 stories on Keyfax during the sample week, 59, or 26.5 percent, of the same stories were also available in the Chieegg Tgiegge, although only five were from the same news service. Fifty stories were from different sources. For the remaining four stories, the source match could not be determined because the source was not provided on one or both media. 06: Which is first--Keyfax or the newspaper? To measure which medium reported the same story first, a calculation was made using the videotex story day and hour, the day the story appeared in the newspaper and the newsstand 9 availability time from which a measure, "lead time,’ was derived. 27 (The Tgibgge newsstand time, 5 a.m., was considered as the newspaper availability time.) Of the stories found in both Keyfax and the newspaper, Keyfax stories preceded the newspaper version in every case. Keyfax stories were available an average of 33.9 hours before the newspaper story, with most stories grouped at 37.9 hours ahead of the newspaper. T-tests were used to determine the leadtime for those stories on the front page of the newspaper. The lead time for front page stories was ggeeieg than the lead time for non- front page stories by nearly 3 hours. (p=.679) Q7: How are Keyfax stories ordered within indexes? A cross tabulation of index position by time showed some slight variance in the ordering of stories. That is, stories were ordered in indexes in somewhat of a chronological order, but some stories did appear out of sequence. By observation, however, it is apparent that that the most recent stories are in the top few positions of the indexes with perhaps one or two out of order. Since the variance was so low, it is difficult to determine to what degree it is attributable to editorial judgment. 08: What types of special treatment do stories receive on Keyfax? Keyfax news stories received little special treatment. One method occurred for six stories for the entire week. These stories were highlighted in the opening news index in a rectangular box in which a lead sentence or a "what do you think?" question appeared relating to the story. The only other different treatment used for some stories was the use of the summary section 28 in which five or six stories were cross-indexed each day. (See Figure l for Keyfax index structure.) No other multiple listings, different color treatment or extended sidebar treatments were used on Keyfax. 09: How do prominence measures compare for stories found in both Keyfax and the newspaper? To compare prominence measures as described in the Introduction, Pearson coefficient correlations were calculated for the (l) Keyfax prominence variables, Table 5, (2) the newspaper prominence variables, Table 6, and (3) a comparison between the two sets of variables, Table 7. Each of the tables presents the degree of shared variance between variables and the level of significance. The variables in Table 5 relating to Keyfax include indexes, a sum of all the news indexes; highlight, the special treatment measure discussed in the previous paragraph; number of pages (or frames) long a story was (mean=7.l pages): the hour during the sample week in which each story was entered into the system database: and day, which refers to one of the seven days of the sample week. Strong positive correlations are evident between highlighted stories and number of pages and between highlighted stories and indexes, as shown in Table 5. Strong negative variance is shown between number of pages and hour and between number of pages and day. Table 5 KEYFAX PROMINENCE VARIABLES Pearson Correlations Indexes Highlight #Pages Hour Day Index ‘ .18** .08 .04 .04 Highlight .21** -.03 -.03 # Pages —.l7** —.l7** Hour .99** Day *pg.05 **pg.01 (N varies from 204 to 226) In Table 6, the newspaper prominence measures for those stories matched with Keyfax news stories are compared. "NPday" refers to the day the story that matched a Keyfax story appeared in the newspaper. "NPhour" refers to the earliest availability of that story according to day and newsstand time. "Daydiff" (mean:- .7) refers to the number of days the newspaper story was behind the videotex story, while leadtime, discussed previously, is a more exact measure of that difference, calculated to the hour. "Headsize" refers to the headline size of each newspaper story, measured in points, with the mean falling between 30 and 36 points. The average length of the newspaper stories (sq. inches) was 40 square inches. Photo accompaniment, above the fold and front page were variables coded as occurring or not occurring. Thirty-two percent of the matched stories were accompanied by 30 comm. .NN. .NN. been. me. c~.u mo. ho.l an. vc. mmoa m~.u m~. Inuvm. mc. m~. vo. mo.n m~. 9c. accuses unoo._ nowm.- ass—:2 -.l “mm.l .ovm. onwm.l pub. name. no.. ~_. beam. o~. ——.u oncw. nnmm. para. 6c. m_. povm.- m..- _M.- we.) o..- can. VA. comm. m..- .o. .mm.l >nvmz nunucuvm u~_avauz oaoz; muca>oa< .uaacocu Anzanamb sumo.zuc sz—b<4mzzoo nma=<_z<> zmmcmmzmz a ;_ene Ace as cm long ocean: 2v _o.Ma.. no.von olquvooa .uuqmasa usozmz scam: nogoamam oaanooz cuosm v~o~>on< .umucouh comaoam emu. homamcu coeduum momma:— photographs or graphics, 70 percent were above the fold and 63 percent of those matched were on the front page of the newspaper. These high percentages, along with the pearson test that showed correlation and significance in Table 7, suggest that similar editorial decisions are made by the editors of Keyfax and the Tribune as to story play. —--—-—...—._ ———-————-———-——.—--.-—-— Table 7 KEYFAX / NEWSPAPER PROMINENCE VARIABLES Indexes Highlight #Pages Hour Day In Paper .22** .09 .05 .01 .01 Section -.24* -.12 -.29* .19 .19 Front pg. I —.16 .13 .17 ~.l4 -.l2 Abov. fold -.00 .14 -.01 -.04 -.05 Photo -.13 .30** .35** -.44** —.43** Head size .18 .27** _ .26* -.25* ~.25* Sq. inches .02 .34** .41** -.26* -.25* NP Day -.05 -.17 i.25* .91** .92** NP Hour -.05 -.17 -.26* .91** .92** Day diff. -.10 .12 -.21 .23* .22* Lead time -.08 .ll -.21 .20 .19 *pg.05 **p§.01 (N varies from 57 to 226) —_—-_—_..._--——_--———.H_ 31 Qeteeey 01: What are the sources of Gateway news stories? Gateway news stories came primarily from two sources: the AP (54 percent) and the L_§ Aggeiee Timee wire service (41 percent). (It should be noted that the AP service Gateway uses primarily is one designed especially for videotex.) Two percent of the stories came from UPI; another 2 percent from an assortment of other sources: and 1 percent from the Weehiggieg Pe_i newspaper. (See Table 8 below.) As with Keyfax, no stories on Gateway were written by Gateway news staff writers. Table 8 SOURCES OF NEWS STORIES ON GATEWAY News % of Week’s §eryiee §ierie§ Associated Press 54 % Los Angeles Times 41 United Press Intnl. 2 Other sources 2 Washington Post 1 —.———- *.-_—~~_——~—-————-c——_.—— Q2: What are the topics of Gateway stories? Table 9 presents the topics covered in Gateway news stories. International relations, 14.6 percent of the stories for the week: accidents/disasters, 10.4 percent: and violent crime, 9.4 percent, were the top three subjects on Gateway. Stories involving energy, agriculture and women’s rights, all at .2 percent, were the topics found the least in Gateway stories. Table 9 GATEWAY NEWS TOPICS X Stories Teeie Tnyeiyieg Teeie International Relations 14.6% Accidents/Disasters 10. Violent Crime Legal/Court Action Federal Government Warfare/Internal Violence Science/Technology People Local Government Non-violent Crime Health/Fitness Protests/Demonstrations Minority Rights Business Environment Vietnam Anniversary State Government Obituaries Education National Defense Jobs Nuclear War Economy Entertainment Sports World Hunger Child Abuse Substance Abuse Energy Agriculture Women’s Rights Other 8. HHHH—u—aromtommmwwhemmmooooco (OlaFONmCDO')(DOUUIQLOCDHOVKJQQLDHLON-DomqomtD-h (N2389) Q3: What countries are reported in Gateway stories? Fifty countries were covered in Gateway news stories during the sample week. Over half of these were covered two or fewer times. The top four countries covered were the USSR, West 33 Germany, Nicaragua and Lebanon. (It should be noted that the sample week corresponded to the week that President Reagan visited Bitburg, which drew much public attention.) Table 10 below presents the variety of countries covered. Table 10 COUNTRIES REPORTED IN GATEWAY STORIES 0 3 Stories Qeeeiry Tneieéirg Qeeetrx x USSR 17. West Germany 12. Nicaragua 10" Lebanon Israel United Kingdom South Africa Argentina India Middle East Japan Peoples Republic of China Sudan Vietnam Syria Egypt Iraq France Vatican City Canada Ireland Iran Palestinians Honduras Cuba Bolivia Nigeria Sweden Poland Chile Mexico East Germany Taiwan Cambodia Indonesia P—‘h'k—‘P-dr—‘Fr‘r—‘b—‘F—‘i—Jr-‘r—Ju—ot—ai—‘r—‘P—‘IQIQIQNIQEQIONIQQQ’pQ\Jw OOOOOOOOOOO.‘JIJlUlUlUIOIOOOOOOUIOImOOUlomOr-Imto 34 (Table 10 con’t.) Ethiopia 1. Pakistan Greece Philippines Afghanistan Spain Jordan South Korea Bangladesh Peru Africa Europe Haiti Libya Algeria UlUlOlOlOIUIOIUlUlUiClUlUIUIO _---———--—--_—-—-—-- (N=198) Q4: How does the number of stories on Gateway compare with the number in the newspaper? Table 11 presents the number of news stories available on Gateway and in the Lee Aggeiee Tigee for the sample week. Gateway had an average of 89.6 stories available daily, while the Lee éDS§i§§ Tigee carried an average of 69 stories each day. For the entire sample week, Gateway had 627 news stories, or 23 percent more than the 483 stories that appeared in the Tigee for the week. Table 11 NUMBER OF NEWS STORIES ON GATEWAY AND IN THE LOS ANGELES TIMES Week Avg./ Devi Dex; D923 D933 D919 DexD DeyZ Total Dex 7 ”-9..-— GATEWAY 86 79 109 109 85 82 7 627 89.6 LA TIMES 68 79 68 72 65 70 61 483 69.0 05: Are the same stories available on Gateway and in the newspaper? Of the 627 news stories available on Gateway for the week, 208 of the same stories, or 33.2 percent, were also available in the Lee eggeiee Tigee during the week. Of these "matched" stories, 21 percent were from the same source and 6 percent from different sources. Six percent of the source matches could not be determined because the source was not provided with one or both stories. 06: Which medium is firstv-Gateway or the newspaper? In every case where the same news story was found on Gateway and in the L_§ éDS§l§§ Tigee, the Gateway story was available before the newspaper story. This average lead time for Gateway was 35.3 hours, with most stories available 33 to 34 hours before the newspaper availability. (Five o’clock in the morning was used as the newsstand time to calculate the Tigeei earliest availability.) T-tests indicated that the lead time for those stories on the front page of the newspaper was slightly less, at 31.5 hours compared with 35.9 hours for those stories not on the front page. (p=.001) Q7: How are stories ordered within news indexes? The cross tabulation of story position within indexes by hour showed that Gateway stories are listed in strict chronological order, with only one or two exceptions. These exceptions are more likely due to coder error or to chance than to editorial ordering as explored in this research question. Q8: What types of special treatment do stories receive on Gateway? Two forms of special treatment of stories were used in the Gateway news indexes. The most prominent, headlines in news topics indexes, occurred day of the sample week. Multiple indexing used, usually involving all the stories in highlighting story for five stories each of stories was also the Top Stories index and/or Summaries indexes each day along with another topic index, such as World or State. 09: How do prominence measures between stories on both media compare? As described in the Keyfax section reporting the findings of prominence comparisons, three tables were created for Gateway measures (Table 12), the corresponding newspaper’s prominence Once variables (Table 13) and a comparison between the two. again, the newspaper analysis refers to those stories matched with Gateway stories. Table 12 GATEWAY PROMINENCE VARIABLES Indexes Subtops Highlight #Pages Hour Day Indexes .00 -.16** —.10* .03 .03 Subtops -.01 .00 -.04 -.04 Highlight .29** .03 .01 # Pages .08* .05 Hour .99** Day *pg.05 *tpg.01 (N varies from 518 to 635) —~———.—_————-——.-..—— A.-m o“ wan louu newua> 2V _o.wa.» mo.wg. olquvaoa name. .uuwesoa nem~.u»»mm.u Lzoamz nem~.|»emu.n eucc._ scam: nonw. mo. .c. ~o. nonoawom oo.l we. be. ac. n»mm.: cum-vac: ecu. mo. no.1 .mo.: e»_m. »m~.u cuonm o—.u mo.u we. co. co.: ens..- »»_m._ n~o~>on< seen. no. vo.n vc.n seem. use—.n ”emu. ”pom.u .umucouu gnu. ~o.~ co. co. mo. .m~.u we. mc.u usmm. conuoom mo. mo. .c.- ~o.- ne.- ..mm. .._N.- ..m_.- ..m~.- ..c~.- baseman €394 uuqfixaa chgmz xavmz ma:o=.7m vxdmtsaz 0.3:; vuou>on< .uaacauu ::‘.sam sandman gnu-db no—mu:< use. mzo~h mozmznxomm mmmc= mo. norm. .o. sown. now—. seem. poem. »»©_. sown. seam. oun~.i Na. subc. pomo.n meson-:2 ovqaaau movmuaaz .mQOunsm zo~h mozmz—zomm zomhlm~> m~ munch Aev_m 0“ ham Iona nofiu¢> 2v .c.Ms.. mo.va» as: use: cacao: nouns-:2 ouquoou outflows: cacaaam acuamh som~.u noxovn~ acacia moxovsu 0.5m. oomN.I.96N.I oomN.I».bN.n u.oo.~ go. ho.l nomq. swam. ~o.u nc. o»m~.u oom~.u seam. 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Locum an an: Lao: :— mazo noun; a common. co_am:= macanam madame nuxovcm mmao<~m<> mozmz—tomm mmm ~N mmnab 010: How do the three videotex systems compare? In terms of amount of news offerings, Viewtron has substantially more stories available than both Keyfax (10 times as many) and Gateway (more than three times as many). The topics covered in stories on each of the three systems were quite similar: international relations, violent crime, accidents/disasters and federal government were most often covered on each system while energy and women’s rights were found infrequently on each. The highest topics seem to deal with events while the topics least covered had to do with issues. Similarities were also found in the top countries reported on each system, although to a lesser degree than with the topics. When comparing videotex stories with those found in the newspaper, the percentage of similar story selection by the two media in each of their respective cities fell between 21 and 33 percent for the three services. The lead time for videotex over newspapers was very close among the three systems; Keyfax was ahead 33.9 hours, Gateway, 35.3 hours and Viewtron, 34.9 hours. For those stories on the front page of Ihs Miss; Herald and the Lee Aggeles Times. the videotex lead time was slightly less, 33.6 hours for Viewtron and 31.5 hours for Gateway. Very few instances of special treatment were found overall, however, both Gateway and Viewtron use "top stories" categories and multiple indexes for some stories each day. Gateway used the most apparent special treatment-~highlighting a story headline on an index page--the most regularly, and that was the only special 51 treatment used for Gateway stories. For each of the systems, strong correlations were indicated when prominence measures used by the videotex system and the corresponding newspaper were compared. DISCUSSION Two of the three videotex systems used in this study offered more news stories during the sample weeks than their corresponding newspapers did, however, the sources of the stories were not different from newspaper story sources. A considerable portion of the same stories on each system was available in the newspaper of the same geographic area. One might expect the degree of overlap found between the two media, from about 21 to 33 percent, was primarily due to the nature of news. If an event is important, chances are that most of the news media of the area will carry the story, perhaps even give it similar play. A large database of news stories available, however, may not necessarily make for a better news service. Since most people can spend only a limited amount of time on news in a day, an unlimited amount of news may not necessarily cause people to be better informed. Perhaps the Keyfax service with its 30 stories daily is providing an amount of news closer to what consumers can manage. The difference in amount offered on Keyfax as compared with Viewtron and Gateway may also be due to the parent company of the systems: Keyfax is owned by a large telephone company while Viewtron and Gateway are owned by large newspaper companies. This should be further explored with the editors of the three systems. Videotex appears to be fulfilling its potential to provide stories faster than newspapers. The news stories on each videotex system were available considerably before the newspaper version -- 53 by nearly a day and a half. The value of the immediacy of the new medium should be tested with news consumers. The final tenet explored in this study was the selectivity of the new medium. Few visual cues are used by the videotex systems in this study. Indexes are simply presented to users in chronological order with stories treated similarily and not standing out in any particular order of importance. Videotex users are left to make their selections without many cues as to what is most important. Perhaps with this new medium, news users are able to play more of a gatekeeping role than they have in the past. The menu structure of videotex, however, may prevent users from at least being exposed to a variety of stories. If a user goes directly to a news section such as local, for example, that person will not even be exposed to those stories of lesser interest but perhaps of greater importance on a particular day. The "top stories" indexes, which draw from a variety of story types, may provide the best means for exposure to the day’s news across a number of areas. The strength of this study lies in the comprehensiveness of the services used for the exploration of videotex news. At this writing in June 1985, Viewtron, Keyfax and Gateway are iha three full consumer videotex services available in the United States. The sample size was large; over 3,000 videotex stories were examined and nearly 1,500 newspaper stories were compared. A limitation of the study was the purposive selection of sample weeks used. Ideally, the same sample week could be used for all three systems to allow direct comparisons of individual stories on each. The generalizibility of the comparison of the three systems is somewhat limited since the weeks used were three different ones. The study was limited primarily to hard news content and excluded categories such as features and business, which make up the entire news packages on each system. This study described videotex news on three systems. Because the systems are quite different in the amount of news offered, it is difficult to determine what videotex news will eventually be like. It is probably safe to expect that some services, like newspapers, will offer comprehensive, in-depth news and others will provide less. Further research should examine how videotex news content is used. How users make selections from a news system that provides few visual cues as to what stories are most important at any given time should be explored. Selections made by users according to story position, index placement and the other variables identified in this study should be examined to determine how the new medium will fit into the news scene. Ul U1 ENDNOTES 1 See, for example, illustration in Bill Kelly, "All the News That’s Fit to Compute." Beehiegtee Jeereeliee Bexiee __ (April 1980): 20. 2 Ellen Benoit and Stephen Kindel, "Hope Springs Eternal,’ Forbes, (August 13, 1984): 34. A~m‘-__ David Haughey, "The News Library: A Key to Future Market Dominance," Editor & Publisher 116 (June 25,1983): 33, 4 David H. Weaver. Vieeetes leereeliee; Teletext Yieeeetei eye the E§W§ (Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1983). 01 John William Ahlhauser, "Teletext—-The Electronic Newspaper: Four British Systems and U.S. Editor’s Assessment of Implications," (Ph.D dissertation, Indiana University, 1978). A b See, for example, Elizabeth M. Ferrarini, "The Electronic Newspaper--Fact or Fetish," in Videotex - Key to the Information .—.-.—-—¢.— - —.—. _- -uno— ‘——-—-—-—----——. Revolution (United Kingdom: Online Conferences Limited, 1982): 45- up—--—----—.—- 58 or "AP Finds Meager Demand for Electronic News," Egiigm & Publisher 115 (October 2, 1982): 10, 20. 7 Sarah Mantooth Stone, "The Electronic Newspaper: Its Prospect and Directions for Future Study," (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Tennessee - Knoxville, 1982). 8 David M. Dozier, "Rival Theories of Newsreading in the Electronic Newspaper Arena," a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism 65th Annual Convention, Athens, Ohio, July 25-28,1982. 9 Diane S. Tillinghast and Nalini Visvanathan, "The Electronic Newspaper: Building a Profile of Potential Users," a paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Annual Convention, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, August 6-9, 1983. 10 Lee B. Becker, "Predictors of Interest in New Information 56 Services,’ a paper presented to the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, Illinois, November 1984. 11 Natalie Brown, Carrie Heeter, Mike Salwen, Stan Soffin and Cynthia Stanley, "Electronic Text: Using the Medium for News," Electronic Publishing Series Report Number 6, Communication Technology Laboratory, Michigan State University, submitted for presentation consideration to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Annual Convention, Memphis, Tennessee, August, 1985. 12 Tony Atwater, Carrie Heeter and Natalie Brown, "Foreshadowing the Electronic Publishing Age: First Exposures for Viewtron," Electronic Publishing Series Report Number 1, Communication Technology Laboratory, Michigan State University, accepted for publication in nggmaiiam Qmagiagiy, Winter 1985. 13 Carrie Heeter, Tony Atwater, Cynthia Stanley and Thomas Baldwin, "Videotex: Creating and Examining Experienced Users," Electronic Publishing Series Report Number 2, Communication Technology Laboratory, Michigan State University, presented at the Broadcast Education Association Annual Convention, Las Vegas, April 1985. 14 John Carey, "Electronic Text and Higher Education: A Summary of Research Findings and Field Experiences," Report Number One of the Electronic Text Report Series for the Electronic Text Consortium, An Annenberg/CPB Project (1984): 38-40. 15 Arthur C. Neilsen, Jr., "The Outlook for Electronic Media," Jeereel e: beyertieieg Beeeereh 22 (December/January 1983): 9. 16 Craig Leddy, "The Essential Field Guide to the Electronic Media." Qheeeele e: Qeeeeeieetiee (1985): 35. 17 Ibid., p 14 18 Brown, "Electronic Text: Using the Medium." 19 Richard Bozanich, Suzanne Eckstrom, Wendy Pinchas and Juliet Savage. "Videotex Jobs Can Frustrate Newsies," Tha 991111-- (February 1985):18. 20 Jerome Aumente, "Room at the Bottom: Nobody Knows the Talents They’ll Need," Iha Qmiii___ (April 1983): ll. 21 Weaver. Yieeetex lesseeliee. p 77. 22 See, for example, "Study Shows Videotex Will Hurt Newspapers," Egiigm é Babiiabag 115 (August 14, 1982): 13 or "Home TV Centers to Upset Print Media in 19905," Ediigg é Embiiaha; 112 (February 24, 1979): 9,40. 23 See, for example, "Newspapers Urged to Test Videotex," Egiigg é Embiiahag 117 (May 19, 1984): 38 or "ASNE Study on Videotex Reveals Deep Concern," Ediigg é Embiiahag 114 (March 7,11981): 40— 41. 24 Kelly, "All the News," p. 16. 25 Weaver. Yieeetex Jeezeeliee. p 84- 26 Philip Meyer, "What Videotex Can Learn From Newspapers," Niamam Rapggia (Winter 1981): 12. 27 Kelly, "All the News," p. 14. 28 John Merrill and S. Jack Odell, Ehiigagphy amg Jamgmaiiam (New York: Longman Inc., 1983): X. 29 Aumente, "Room at the Bottom," p.10. 30 Ibid., p.9. 31 Cecelia Fielding and William C. Porter, "Time to Turn on the Newspaper," The Quill (April 1981): 18. .32 Donald L. Shaw and Maxwell E. McCombs, Tha Emaggamga 9f Amerieen Eelitieel lessee; The Ageeee:§ettieg Eupetiee e: the Egaaa (St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1977): ll-12. 33 Bradley S. Greenberg, Carrie Heeter, Judee K. Burgoon, Michael Burgoon and Felipe Korzenny, "Local Newspaper Coverage of Mexican Americans," igmmmaiiam Qmagiagiy 60 (Winter 1983): 671-76. 34Celeste Huenergard, "Field Enters Electronic Era With a Variety of Services," Egiigg a Publisher 114 (June 26, 1981): 52. —‘.-——_'—_-_.-. 58 35 R.C. Morse, "Videotex in America: The Birth of Electronic Newspapering," Egiigg a Embiiahag 115 (June 26, 1982): 44-45. 36 "Keyfax Interactive Information Service: An Overview," press release from Keycom Electronic Publishing, July 3, 1984. 37 "Centel Acquires 100% Control of Keycom as Honeywell Pulls Out; Business Keyfax Set." Intezeetieeel Yideeteslleletest Eeee 72 (May 1985): 2. 38 . "Gateway Videotex Offers Research Data," Magkaiimg Mama (January 6, 1984): 2/17. 39 "Gateway Tops $1 Million Mark," Ediigg é Emmiiahag 117 (August 4, 1984): 26. 40 "Gateway Software Available Soon for IBM, Commodore Machines, Apple Next?" letezeetieeel Yieeetealteletext News 72 (May 1985): 3. 41 "Fact Sheet," press release from Viewdata Corp. of America, August 8, 1983. 42 The sample week for the Gateway service did not directly follow the Viewtron week because permission to use Gateway for this study was not obtained until late April 1985. 43It was often the case that on Viewtron, for example, a story would be listed in the Top Stories index, the South subindex and the Nation Top Stories index, as appropriate for each story. 44 Geri McCall to Natalie Brown, letter on Keyfax electronic mail, April 27, 1985. 45 For example, a story about a bill in the state legislature having to do with small business tax benefits would be coded under 'two areas -- as business and state government. 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Brandon, George "Electronic News Systems Dominate NRA Meeting." EDITOR & PUBLISHER 114 (Oct. 10,1981): 62. Brandon, George. "FCC May Exempt Teletext From Fairness Rules," EDITOR & PUBLISHER 115 (dEC. 12, 1981): 10. Bratten, James K. "A History of K-R’s Viewdata Project," EDITOR & PUBLISHER 114 (July 4, 1981): 18,20. "Cable News/Ad Venture Joins KRN, Landmark." EDITOR & PUBLISHER 115 (Feb. 6, 1982): 27,28. Carey, J. "Videotex: the past as prologue." JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION 32 (Spring, 1982): 80 (8). Carey, John and SiegeltUch, Mark. "Teletext Usage in Public Places." Research on Broadcast Teletext: Working Paper Number Eight. (Nov., 1982). Chanin, Abe S. "First Electronic Paper Prospers in England." EDITOR & PUBLISHER 113 (Sept. 6, 1980): 2,2'. Christopher, Maurine "Papers Active in Cable Experimenting." ADVERTSING AGE 52 (Nave. 23, 1981): 60—1. 61 Ciciora,W.S. "Videotex in Cable." VIEWDATA '82 (MIddlesex, UK, Online Conferences Limited, 1982): 1-8. 'Click, J.W. and Stempel, G.H. III. "Reader response to front pages with modular format and color," ANPA News Research Report No. 35, Washington, DC: American Newspaper Publishers Association, (July 29, 1982): 2-5. Cohen, Paula. "The Newsday Channel: A Case History." TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY (Nov. 1-4, 1983): 3-5. Collins, Thomas. "The Changing Role of a Journalist." TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY (Nov. 1-4, 1983): 11-13. "Columbus Dispatch Starts Electronic Edition." EDITOR & PUBLISHER 113 (July 12, 1980): 42. "The Coming Boom in Home Banking," Broadcasting 104 (May 9, 1983): 74-75. Criner, Kathleen "Videotex: Threat or Opportunity" SPECIAL LIBRARIES 71 (Sept. 1980): 379-85. Dahlin, Robert "Electronic Publishing: Steps Forward -- And Back." PUBLISHERS’ WEEKLY 221 (June 4, 1982): 26-31. de Sola Pool,I. "The Culture of Electronic Print," Daedalus 111 (Fall, 1982): 17 (14). Deckelnick, Gary "How Newspapers Pay TV Reporters." TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY (Nov. 1-4, 1983): 13-14. Dingham, Christopher P. "Flick 3 Switch, Read the Newspaper." ADVERTISING AGE 50 (Nov. 19, 1979): 36-9. "Don’t Get Carried Away," (ASNE Study on Videotext Reveals Deep Concern) EDITOR & PUBLISHER 114 (March 7, 1981): 6. "Dow Jones Sees Results With Two-Way Cable News." EDITOR & PUBLISHER 113 (March 22,1980): 15. Dozier, David M., "Rival Theories of Newsreading in the Electronic Newspaper Arena," Paper given at Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism (65th, Athens,OH. July 25-28, 1982). Dozier, David M. and Hellweg, Susan A., "The Effects of Electronic Text Simulation on Perceptions of Subscription Value," A paper presented at the International Communication Association Convention, San Diego State University, 1984. 62 Durand, P. "The Public Service Potential of Videotex and Teletext." TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY 7 (June, 1983): 149—162. Duchnicky, Robert L. and Kolers, Paul A. "Readability of Text Scrolled on Visual Display Terminals as a Function of Window Size," HUMAN FACTORS 25 (1983): 683 (10). Edwards, Kenneth "Wrong Horse: Broadcast Teletext, Not Cable or Phone, is Next Mass Medium." PUBLISHERS AUXILIARY 117 (Aug, 9, 1982): 14—15. "The Electronic Newspaper -- Already a Reality." TYPOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL 179 (Nov. 1981):11. "Electronic Newspaper Found Unprofitable," Editor & Publisher 115 (Aug. 28, 1982): 7 (2). "Electronic Newspaper’s Items Ranked." EDITOR & PUBLISHER 113 (Sept.27, 1980): 28. "Electronic Publishing: British Videotex Service." RIND SURVEY 3 ' (May 1982): 3,5. "Electronic Yellow Pages Threat/Opportunity to Newspapers." PRINTING JOURNAL 7 (Dec. 15, l980):9,10. Ettema, James S. "Information Equity and Information Technology: Some Preliminary Findings from a Videotex Field Trial," A paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (66th, Corvallis, OR, August 6-9, 1983): 35 pages. Ettema, James S., "Self-Reported vs System—Monitored Uses of Videotex," A paper presented to the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research Annual Meeting, Chicago, 1983. Fedida, Sam and Malik, Rex. THE VIEWDATA REVOLUTION (New York: Halsted Press, 1979.) Fielding, Cecelia and Porter, William, C. "Time to Turn On The Newspaper." THE QUILL (April 1981): 16-18. Fitzgerald, Mark. "Videotex Verdict: Still Unclear," EDITOR & PUBLISHER (May 19, 1984): 36,38. Foster,J.J. and Bruce, M. "Looking for Entries in Videotex Tables: A Comparison of Four Color Formats." JOURNAL OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY 67 (Oct., 1982): 611 (5). "Future Developments!" COMPUTER AND EDUCATION 8 (Computer Assisted Learning-Selected Procedings) (Fall, 1984): 1" 13,51-58,173-178,209-2ll. 3‘1 L1.) "Game Plan ’81, Sponsored by ANPA, Looks at Electronic Era Challenges." GAM 53 (Aug. 1981): 139—42, 144, 147. "Gateway Videotex Offers Research Data." MARKETING NEWS (January 6, 1984): 17. Gavriel, Salomon and Tamar, Leigh. "Predispositions about Learning from Print and Television," Journal of Communication 34 (Spring, 1984): 119 (17). Gazis, D.C. and Mosco, V. "Videotex. The National Research Council, Issues and Studies 1981-1982." Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press. (1982): 68-81. Geenage, F.L. "Arete. A 3000-Year-Old' Word For the Latest in Electronic Publishing. ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING REVIEW 1 (Sept., 1981): 177-182. Genovese, Margaret "Newspapers Channel Interst in Cable TV." PRESSTIME 2 (March, 1980): 4-7. Gloede, Bill. "ANCAM Proposes System for Electronic Classified." EDITOR & PUBLISHER 114 (June 27,1981): 11,40. Gloede, Bill, "British Consumers Willing to Pay for At—Home Shopping, Study Says," Editor & Publisher 115 (April 3, 1982): 18. Gloede,Bill. "NAB Conference Stresses Profits in New Technology." EDITOR & PUBLISHER 113 (Oct. 4, 1980): 12,30. Gloede, Bill, "Short-Term Profits Nill in Electronic Newspaper." Editor & Publisher 115 (April 3, 1982): 18. Gloede, Bill "Tandy Chief Advises Move to Electronic Newspaper." EDITOR & PUBLISHER 114 (Feb.7, 1981): 13. Godfrey, David and Chang, Ernest, ed. THE TELIDON BOOK. (Reston: Reston Publishing Company, Inc., 1981}. Goodstein, David H. "Letter From America." PRINTING WORLD 208 (Aug. 11, 1982): 14-15. Graham, Katherine. "The Changing American Newspaper," FAMILY WEEKLY (May 3, 1981): 6,7. Gupta,Udayan. "Warner Amex Trying To Cut Cost of Two~Way QUBE System." Electronic Media (Dec. 22, 1983): 20. Haber, Robin Hergott, "Heart Disease and Diet: Parents’ Habits, Attitudes, Knowledge and Sources of Information," M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1980. 6.: "Hackensack (N.J.) Record and CBS in Videotex Test." EDITOR & PUBLISHER 115 (May 15, 1982): 13. Harvey, Russ. "20,000-Circulation Daily Introduces Videotex." EDITOR & PUBLISHER 115 (Feb. 6, 1982): 29. Haughey, David. "The News Library: A Key to Future Market Dominance," EDITOR & PUBLISHER (June 25, 1983): 33-34. Holder, Dennis. 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Jordan, Jeff. "Inside World-Herald Cable News: How it Works." TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY (Nov. 1-4, 1983): 24-25. Kennedy, George "Videotex Challenge?" PRODUCTION JOURNAL 94 (Oct. 1981): 9. Komatsubara, H., "Japanese Newspapers Look at New Media Technologies." STUDIES OF BROADCASTING 17 (March, 1981):35~48. Komatsuzaki, S. "Evolution of Communication Media and its Impact on Broadcasting." STUDIES OF BROADCASTING 17 (March, 1981?: 21-34. Ledingham, John A. "The Information Society: Favt or Charming Mythology?" Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association (33rd, Dallas, TX, May 26fl30, 1983). LeGates, John C. "Many Noses Being Poked Under Information Tent." PRESSTIME 3 (Feb., 1981):23-5. "Looking Ahead to High Tech," PRESSTIME (May, 1984): 38. Martin, James. "Viewdata and the Information Society." Engelwood Cliffs: Prentice-~Hall, Inc., 1982. McLaren, Joan. "The Information Technologies: ‘Telidon and Education- Perspectives and Possibilities for a New Information Technology and Its Impact on Education." (July, 1983): 45 pages. "The Media Scene: What Will it Look Like?" Editor & Publisher 115 (March 20, 1982): 18 (2). Megarry, A. Roy "Media in the Nineties." EDITOR & PUBLISHER 115 (April 10, 1982): 48,38. Meyer, Phillip. "What Videotex Can Learn fron Newspapers." NIEMAN REPORTS (Winter 1981): 12-15. Miller, Tim. "Facing the Download Dilemma," EDITOR & PUBLISHER (Nov. 3, 1984): 30-31. Miller, Tim. "Information, Please, and Fast: Reporting’s Revolution-Data Bases." Washington Journalism Review (Sept., 1983): 51 (3). Montgomerie, T. Craig. "Telidon Distance Education Field Trail. Alberta Correspondence School Mechanics 12, Telidon Project Evaluation." Alberta Dept. of Education, Edmonton. Planning and Research Branch. Prepared under contract to County of Mountain View #17. (Nov. 5, 1982): 207. Morse, R.C. "Videotex in America: The Birth of Electronic Newspapering." EDITOR & PUBLISHER 115 (June 26, 1982): 41-47. Mosco,Vincent. PUSHBUTTON FANTASIES: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON VIDEOTEX AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. (Norwood: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1982). Murray, R.P. and Abrahamson, D.S. "The Effect of System Response Delay and Delay Variability on Inexperienced Videotex Users." BEHAVIOR & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 3 (July Sept., 1983): 237~251. Nash,D.C. and Smith, J.B. INTERACTIVE HOME MEDIA AND PRIVACY ISSUES (Washnigton, DC: Collingswood Associates, 1981:. Nash, Steve. "Printed Radio," EDITOR & PUBLISHER (May 5, 1984): 38,40. 66 Neuman, Susan B. "Teletext/Videotex: The Future of the Print Media," Journal of Reading 27 (Jan., 1984): 340 (5). "New Computer Graphics System," EDITOR & PUBLISHER (June 9, 1984): 56. "New England Production Executives Discuss Information Explosion." EDITOR & PUBLISHER 114 (Oct. 10, 1981): 54. "News and More -- By Computer." BUSINESS WEEK (Feb. '18, 1980): 106,110. "Newspaper, Cable Alliances Show Promise, Panelists Say." MULTICHANNEL NEWS. (Nov. 7, 1983): 16. "Newspaper Companies Set to Expand Videotex Systems." EDITOR & PUBLISHER 115 (May 1, 1982): 18. "Newspapers Converge in Orlando." PRODUCTION NEWS 6 (March, 1981): 27-8. "Newspapers Get a Glimpse of Their Electronic Future." BROADCASTING 102- (February 1, 1982): 68-69. "Newspapers Urged to Test Videotex," EDITOR & PUBLISHER (May 19, 1984): Nielsen, Arthur C.,Jr. "The Outlook For Electonic Media." JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH 22 (Dec./Jan., 1983): 9 (8). Nisenholtz, Martin. "Graphics Artistry On Line," Byte 8 (July, 1983): 104. "NSF Study Sees Videotex Tranforming America," Editor & Publisher 115 (June 26, 1982): 54. Olson, Michael. "Videotex 1983. An ERIC Fact Sheet," (April, 1983).Paisley, William, "Computerizing Information: Lessons of a Videoext Trial," Journal of Communication 33 (Winter, 1983): 153 (8). Parnau, Jeffery R. "Print vs. Electronics." FOLIO 11 (Oct., 1982): 100-2. Pastoor, S., Schwarz, E., and Beldie, I.P. "The Relative Suitability of Four Dot-Matrix Sizes for Text Presentation on Color Television Screens." HUMAN FACTORS 3 (June, 1983): 265-272. Pierce, John P., "Formative Research In Health Communication: Reducing The Prevalence Of Smoking."Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1982. 67 Powers, Jack "Powers on Electronic Publishing." TYPEWORLD 5 (Oct. 9, 1981): 17,20,25. Powers, Ron. "They Surely Won’t Throw This Newspaper on Your Doorstep," PANORAMA (Nov., 1980): 52,54,55,104. "Prime~Time TV Programming for Newspaper with Cable." PRODUCTION NEWS (Oct.,1980): 6. "Publishers Put Half-Billion $ Into Radio—TV; Cable is 'Hot’." EDITOR & PUBLISHER 115 (Jan. 9, 1982): 32. ~ Purcell, Larry "The Logical Coalition: Newspapers and Cable Need Each Other says Industry Consultant, Part 1." PRODUCTION NEWS 6 (May, 1981): 26~8,30,32. Purce11,Larry "The Cable/Newspaper Alliance, Part 2." 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