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This is to certify that the
thesis entitled
Characteristics of Female Offenders Sentenced
to a Short Term in Prison
presented by

Joanne Basta

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for ~

iflgsters degree in PSYChOlOg!

    

ajor professor

Date May 26, 1987

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CHARACTERISTICS OF FEMALE OFFENDERS SENTENCED

TO A SHORT TERM IN PRISON

By

Jeanne Basta

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER.OF ARTS

Department of Psychology

1987

ABSTRACT

CHARACTERISTICS OF FEMALE OFFENDERS SENTENCED
TO A SHORT TERM IN PRISON

BY

Jeanne Basta

This study described and compared a sample of male and female
coffenders who were sentenced to a minimum prison term of two years or
less in the State of Michigan. Five hundred and seventy-seven
«offenders were the subjects._ Both females and males were described and
compared according to demographic, instant offense, criminal history,
and legal processing variables. Information about the offenders was
obtained from the offender's Pre-Sentence Investigation Reports. The
univariate analyses portrayed a similar profile that appears in the
literature. A discriminant analysis demonstrates that certain
variables in the areas of demographics, offense type, and prior
criminal record differentiate the female offenders from the males. The
discussion of the results further substantiates the literature on the
characteristics and programming needs of the female offender; and

future research and programming development are suggested for female
offenders.

To Elizabeth Basta and the
memory of Charles Joseph Basta

iii

ACKNWIEDGEMENTS

This endeavor was made possible by the encouragement and support
from many people. I want to thank Dr. William Davidson who provided me
‘with the opportunity to do this research, and who consequently provided
the with the guidance, technical, and methodological expertise as the
chairperson of my Master's committee.

My thanks also goes to Dr. Deborah Bybee who provided extremely

helpful statistical advice and general support for my project.

Dr. Robin Redner provided encouragement to carry out this project
and was wholeheartedly supportive throughout its process.

I also want to acknowledge the members of the graduate research
support group, to which I belong. They were an indispensible source of
practical advice, emotional support, and affirmation. Thank you Leah
Gensheimer, Mary Sullivan, Sara Wood-Kraft, and Carol Haddad.

Marc J. Sheehan deserves immeasurable gratitude for being my
primary support throughout this whole process. Without his help and
love in the various aspects of my life—emotional, personal, and
academic/professional, I would not have endured. Also, for her
constant friendship and encouragement, my thanks go to Patricia Dunbar.

Finally, my thanks go to Dr. Timothy S. Bynum who also provided me
the opportunity to work with him and his research staff as part of the
greater project on alternatives to short-term imprisonment. This

experience was extremely rewarding, and without it, this thesis would

iv

not exist. Special thanks also go to the coders who worked diligently

to gather the data that I utilized for this work.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TM. 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

IMMIW . C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Theories of Female Criminology . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary of Theories of Female Criminology . . .
The Arrest Statistics and Offense Patterns . . . . .
comparisons of Male and Female Arrest Patterns.
Limitations of Uniform Crime Reports. . . . . .

 

Recent Arrest Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary of Female and Male Arrest
Characteristics of Wbmen in Prison . .
Summary of the Characteristics of
Wbmen. . . . . . . . . . . .

Purpose of Study . . . . . .
W. O O O O O O O O O O O O 0

Sample . . . . . . . . .

ms igr‘ O O O O O O I I O O 0
Procedure. . . . . .
Data and Instrument . .

Confidentiality Agreements.
Pre-sentence Investigation Report
Instrument Construction . . .

Training of Coders. . .
Location. . . . . . . .
Supervision . . . . . .
Reliability . . . . . .

ms 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O

coding Changes . . . . . . .
Representativeness of Sample

to Two-Year Population.
Analysis Strategy. . . . . .
Description of the Sample. .

Offender Characteristics.

Prior Criminal Offenses

The Instant Offense . . . . .

InfOrmation Related to Legal Processing
Discriminating Function Results. . . . . . .

vi

Patterns. . .
Incarcerated

Page

viii

29

29
31
31
31
31
31
32
34
35
35
35

37
37

DI$USSIONO O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O 0 0

Characteristics of the Short Term Offender .......

Demographics. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
criminal Background . . . . . . . . . .

Characteristics of the Instant Offense.

Legal Processing Information. . . . . .
Discriminant Analysis-Further Differences

Between Female and Male Offenders . . .

Important Predictors. . . . . . . . . .......

FUrther Comparisons with the Literature. . .
Idndtations of the Research. . . . . . . . .

Implications of Results for Female Offenders:

Future Research and Programming Needs .
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......
APPENDIX 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ems. O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0

vii

71
71
71
72
72
73
74
74
78
80

81

86
87
100
121
174

176

 

 

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LIST OF TABLES

Table

10

ll

12
13
14
15
16

17

variables Selected for Analysis. .
Coding Changes . . . . . . . . . .
Offender Characteristics . . . . .

Drug and Alcohol Abuse History . .

Mental Health Problems and Treatment

History

Offer‘der Arrest History 0 O O O O O O O O O C

ConvictionHistory.............

JUvenile Correctional History. . . . . . . .

Adult Corrections History. . . . . . . . . .

Items Describing the Types of Instant Offenses

Items Describing Violent Behavior by Offender

InInStantOffense............

Items Related to Legal Processing. . . . . . .

variables Included in the Discriminant Analysis.

Outcome of Chi-Square Analysis on All variables. .

Male and Female Group Means of Predictor variables

Discriminant Analysis Summary Table. . . . . . . .

Capability of the Discriminant Function to

Predict Gender of Offenders . . . . . . . . .

viii

Page
38
41
43
45
46
48
49
50
51

53

55
57
6O
61
65
66

69

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

Wbmen constitute a small percentage of the total prison population
in the United States and in the State of Michigan. The total number of
individuals sentenced to prison in state and federal institutions as of
December 31, 1984 was 445,381 (U.S. Department of Justice, 1984). Out
of this number, 19,395 or 4.3% were women. In the State of Michigan,
as of 1985, there was a total of 7,766 individuals sentenced to
prisons. Out of this total, 483 or 6% were women (Michigan Department
of Corrections, 1986). Historically, women have constituted only a
small percentage of those who are arrested for crimes and committed to
correctional facilities, although percentages were higher (10% - 20%)
atithe turn of the century (Figueira-McDonough, Iglehart, Sarri, and
Williams, 1981).

It is not surprising, due to these small percentages, that female
prisoners have received very little attention from policybmakers and
social scientists over the years. various female social scientists and
theorists have postulated other reasons why women and crime have not
teen.studied thoroughly. Figueira-McDonough et al. (1981) state that
finale offenders are arrested for less serious crimes than males, and
artaconsidered less dangerous or threatening than male offenders.
JEenale criminal behavior also has been viewed as deviant from
traditional sex roles assigned to women in society (Smart, 1977). In

addition, women prisoners have most probably been neglected because

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they call so little attention to their situation (Simon, 1975). That
is, they have not engaged in prison riots or other types of violence in
order to create reforms. Therefore, because of their small numbers and
their "silent voices" they are considered the "forgotten offender"
(Simon, 1975) .

Only in the past 15 years or so, have researchers attempted to
study female crime and female offenders in a systematic manner
(Figueira-McDonough et a1. , 1981) . Much of the recent literature on
female criminality argues that gender is an important factor when
considering the incidence of crime (Adler, 1975; Figueira-McDonough
et al., 1981; Hindelang, 1979; Simon, 1975 and others). Many social
scientists insist that female offenders have special needs (as compared
to their male counterparts) which should be addressed through increased
services and programming in the justice and correctional systems.

The present study had been designed to further investigate the
characteristics of this ”forgotten offender," the woman in prison.
This study described and compared female and male offenders who have
been sentenced to a minimum prison term of two years or less under the
management of the State of Michigan Department of Corrections. By
comparing female and male offenders on a number of demographic,
criminal history, instant offense, and legal processing variables, a
clearer profile of the female offender and her needs emerged. Also
this study contributed to the literature on female offenders'
diaracteristics, and further investigated whether women in the
criminal justice system need special programs and services to prevent

them from engaging in future criminal behavior.

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In the following sections, a review of the literature will be
presented in the areas of theories of female criminology, incidence of
female arrests as compared to male arrests, and characteristics
of women in prisons. These three areas will be reviewed in order to
examine the current View of the female offender in the United States,
and to compare this Vi€W”With the profile of the women offenders that
emerged from the present study.

Theories of Female Criminology

 

A brief review of the major theories of female criminal behavior
is important in order to provide a backdrop for understanding who the
female offender is. The criminality of women has been a neglected
subject area of criminology partly because of women's low rate of crime
and delinquency and the preponderance of male theorists in the field
(Klein, 1973) . Many of the past theories developed by such major
theorists as Lombroso and P01 lak are considered sexist, racist, and
classist because they focus on the idea that criminality is a result of
individual characteristics and not a result of the existing social and
econanic order (Klein, 1973) . However, within the past decade or so,
and with the inception of the feminist movement, new theories of women
and crime have been developed that account for the social and economic
coalitions of the times . Figueira—McDonough , Ig lehart, Sarri and
Williams (1981) look at the major theories of female criminology within
a historical perspective. They posit six major stages of development
in the etiology of female crime that is very useful for understanding
the development of female criminality theory.

The first stage posited by Figueira-McDonough et al. is primarily

comprised of the notion that women who committed crimes were inherently

 

 

4

evil, immoral or possessed. These were the explanations of the
earliest theorists from the medieval, 17th, and 18th centuries. In the
second stage, female crime was explained by certain constitutional or
physiological attributes. Female criminality was considered an
inherent tendency that would diminish if these pre-disposed criminal
individuals were prevented from reproducing. Lombroso (1895) and Freud
were major proponents of these biological theories.

In the third stage, according to Figueira—McDonough et al., the
work of the Gluecks (1934) was the influencing theory of the time. The
Gluecks still focused on individual differences, such as ethnic
background, physical size and body build as determinants of female
crime, but only in terms of how these constitutional factors interacted
with the environment. However, in the fourth stage, Wbrld war II
brought an interest based on the analysis of socio-demographic
characteristics and offense patterns, although this analysis was
primarily limited to males. This stage is marked by Otto Pollak's
(1964) major treatise on female criminality which influenced subsequent
research. He theorized that there were no real differences between
male and female crime. The low rates of official female crime evident
at that time were really due to the hidden nature or "deceitfulness" of
women. This theory spawned sexist literature about female crime.

The fifth stage was not marked by theorizing about female crime
per se, but by study of the processing of females in and through the
jtmmice system. Particular attention was given to studying and
crxmaring male and female inmate social systems. This is also

ccuufidered a transitional stage by Figueira—McDonough et al. into the

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sixth and final stage that marks the contemporary theories of
female crime.

The sixth stage began in the early 1970's and is influenced by the
feminist and human rights movements. A number of reports and essays
have come out of these social movement orientations (Adler, 1975;
Crites, 1976; Hoffman-Bustamante, 1973; Simon, 1975; Smart, 1977 and
others). From this literature emerged two major theories: "equal
opportunity" and "discriminatory control." Adler (1975) and Simon
(1975) suggest in the "equal opportunity" theory that with greater
equality females are more likely to engage in criminal behavior because

they have the opportunity to do so. These two theorists base their

explanations on the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) arrests statistics for
‘womene-saying that.women‘s arrests have been increasing in all
categories of crime since the inception of the women's movement.
waever, several researchers have refuted this explanation by citing
the many limitations of the UCR.data gathering methods and reporting
procedures (Figueira-McDonough et al., 1981; Hindelang, 1979; Leonard,
1982; Rans, 1978; Steffensmeier, 1978 and 1980; Steffensmeier & Cobb,
1981).

The “discriminatory control" argument, according to
FigueiraeMcDonough et a1. (1981) is that women receive biased treatment
ifixnisocial control agencies in arrest, detention, and disposition.
kafiwer, Figueira-McDonough et a1. as well as other theorist/
:researChers (Heffman-Bustamante, 1973; Klein, 1973) conclude that
ruulti-factors are involved in female criminality. These factors

rePresent a shift from the former emphasis on the psychological/

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physiological characteristics of the female criminal to the
socio-economic conditions that prompt female crime. Theorists with
sociological perspectives argue that women's criminality is shaped
by such multiple factors as: 1) differential learning patterns,
situational opportunities and sexual classifications of crimes,

2) unmet economic needs, 3) multiple factors of discrimination
(Hoffman-Bustamante, 1973; Rans, 1978).

I-bwever, no theory has been adequate at any time to explain female
criminal behavior. In fact, crime must be understood in its social and
political contexts so that theory can account for how certain behaviors
are defined as criminal and are applied to selected people or groups
(Qiinney, 1975) . As Figueira-McDonough et al. suggest, if proposals
for the decriminalization of status offenses (alcohol and drug use,
prostitution and gambling) were implemented, there would be a
tremendous reduction in the numbers of female arrests, and major
modification of female crime theory would be necessary.

Sumary of Theories of Female Criminality

Over the years, theorists have neglected the area of female
criminology. The evolution of the explanations for female crime can be
traced from the notion that women are evil , immoral or posessed—
to the more modern and current explanation that female crime is
influenced by societal structures, norms and economic need. In fact,
the conceptualizations of female criminality has shifted within the
last twenty years or so from a sexist, a historical view focusing on
the psychological, physiological characteristics of women, to
a historical , socio-economic political view that focuses on multiple

factors influencing female crime (Rans, 1978) .

The Arrest Statistics and Offense Patterns

 

An integral component of understanding who the female offender is
entails knowing the extent and types of crimes she is likely to commit.
The literature describing women's crime bases most of its information
on the official crime statistics available through the annual report

compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation: the Uniform Crime

 

Report . This report tabulates crimes reported to the police, and also
records the number of people arrested and their crimes, as well as
their age, sex, and racial background. Changes over time in these
statistics are also noted.

The offenses are divided into two categories: Type I and Type II.
Type I, or the index crimes, which are considered the serious crimes,
are subdivided into: 1) violent crimes (criminal homicide, forcible
rape, aggravated assault, and robbery) and 2) property crimes
(burglary, larceny and auto theft). Arson is also included as a Type I
offense as of 1979. Type II offenses are considered to be the less
serious and include twenty-one offenses, for example: forgery,
counterfeiting, drug law violations, gambling, vandalism, fraud,
embezzlement, et cetera.

Although the tabulations of crimes reported to the police are the
more comprehensive statistics available (though still far from precise)
(Leonard, 1982), the examination of women and crime has been primarily
limited to arrest statistics rather than crimes reported to the
police, because they alone indicate personal characteristics such as
age, race and sex. Hewever, the arrest statistics are even less

precise than the crimes reported to the police (Leonard, 1982). A

 

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closer examination of the limitations of the UCR arrest statistics will
be given later.
Comparisons of Male and Female Arrest Patterns

Several theorists in the 1970's proposed that with the emergence
of the Women's Movement, women's crime would come to resemble the
crimes committed more traditionally by men. That is, the woman
criminal of the past was typified as committing petty theft
(stop—lifting) , fraud (bad checks), and prostitution offenses. But the
"new female criminal" of the present is now committing more serious,
violent, and masculine crimes, such as burglary, murder, higher level
fraud schemes, narcotics offenses, and assaults. One of the major
proponents of this theory is Adler (1975) who argued, "By every
indicator available, female criminals appear to be surpassing males in
the rate of increase for almost every major crime" (p.15) . Others such
as Simon (1976) suggest that women are also committing more
white—collar or occupational crimes because of their expanding
employment opportunities, and as their self-definitions shift from a
traditional to a more liberated view. Simon (1975) also predicted that
if the current rate of female crime continues, by the year 2000 equal
numbers of women and men will be arrested for larceny, fraud,
embezzlement, and forgery, whereas fewer will be arrested for more
violent crimes, such as murder and assault. She cited that in 1960
women accounted for 11% of all arrests, in 1972, 15% of all arrests,
and in 1974, 17% of all arrests.

Several research studies were conducted to examine these

theories and predictions proposed by Simon, Adler and others. In 1978,

 

 

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Steffensmeier examined female property crime trends from 1960-1975 in
the 0.8. population as a whole in order to see if female property crime
was increasing at a faster pace than males. That is, a movement toward
greater equality in crime should be evident between the sexes,
particularly in the levels of property crime. UCR arrest rates were
used as the principal measure, as they were also used by Simon, Adler
and others to substantiate their claims. However, in the Steffensmeier
study, UCR arrest rates were standardized by taking into account the
sex distributions in the population; this made the rates more
compatible over time and between the sexes. In addition, he calculated
the percentage of females that contributed to the total arrest rate for
each offense and for the combined property crime index. Also, in order
to examine the effects the women's movement might have had on the
extent and type of female crime, Steffensmeier broke down the data into
two time periods: 1960-67 and 1968-75. The second period was the
height of the women's movement, when the different female crime
patterns should have been revealed.

Steffensmeier concluded that there was a substantial increase in
female property crime since 1960, and that male and female property
crime was converging slightly. However, when the small numbers for the
initial base rate for female crime was considered, the largest increase
in the property crime index occurred in the larceny-theft category,
with the categories of fraud and embezzlement following behind. In
addition, when the absolute differences between males and females were
considered for property crime, there was still a very large gap between

the sexes, with women lagging far behind the males. Also, the

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increases reported for the females primarily occurred before the period
when the women's movement would have had its greatest impact. Small or
insubstantial increases for females were found in the categories of
burglary, auto-theft and stolen property, which were still male
dominated crimes. Steffensmeier concluded that women were still
committing the same types of crimes as in the past.

Two other major studies by Steffensmeier (1980) and Steffensmeier
& Cobb (1981) were conducted to further substantiate their findings and
refute the theories by Adler, Simon and others. In 1980, Steffensmeier
again utilized the national arrest statistics of the UCR (1965-77) but
supplemented it with a variety of localized studies of police and court
statistics, as well as autobiographical case history studies of
criminals and interviews with male thieves. He used the same methods
for calculating the relative and absolute differences between male and
female crime rates as in the 1978 study. He also broke down the
offense categories under study into operationally defined categories of
"violent," "masculine," "male-dominated," "serious" and "petty
property" in order to assess any differences in female arrest patterns.
(Several of these categories overlap with the offenses that are
included.)

For violent crimes (murder, aggravated assault, weapons , robbery)
it was found that the increase in violent arrests was similar for males
and females: from 1965 to 1977 the percent of the total arrest rates
accounted for by arrests for violent crimes increased 2.8 for males and
0-6 for females. For "masculine" crimes (murder, aggravated assault,
other assaults, weapons, robbery, auto theft, vandalism, and arson)

there was a small increase from 1965-77--4.4 for males and 1.5 for

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females. For "male-dominated" crimes (includes all the crimes
categorized as masculine or violent, plus those for which males account
for a large majority of arrests-—for e.g.: stolen property, gambling,
drunkenness, narcotic drug laws, sex offenses etc.) the aggregated
arrest rates of males declined and those of females remained stable
between 1965-77. Moreover, the percentage of the total male arrest
rate accounted for by male-dominated crimes changed very little between
1965 (69.3) and 1977 (65.0), and for females it declined from 50.6 to
38.5. From these data, Steffensmeier concluded that females have not
made gains in their number of arrests for traditionally male—dominated
crimes.

However, UCR arrest statistics are often used to support the claim
that women have made substantial gains in the number of arrests for
"serious crimes," and these numbers far surpass the male arrests for
serious crimes (for e.g. the percentage of females arrested for serious
crimes out of all the females arrested was 8.5 in 1955, in 1970, it was
23.8—for males in 1955 it was 10.4, in 1970 it was 18.4). The
"serious" crime category is operationally defined by the UCR as Index
or Type I offenses (i.e. homicide, forcible rape, aggravated assault,
robbery, burglary, larceny-theft, and auto theft). Further examination
of the female arrest rates for serious offenses reveals that most of
the arrest gains for women have been in the larceny-theft category, and
that larceny-theft constituted 80% of all the female arrests for
serious crimes (Figueira-McDonough et a1 . , 1 981; Hoffman-Bustamante ,
1973; Leonard, 1982; Steffensmeier, 1980; Steffensmeier & Cobb, 1982).
Steffensmeier (1980) argues that it is conceptually misleading to

define larceny as a "serious" crime and include it with such offenses

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12

as murder and robbery. The UCR arrest data does not distinguish
between petty (less than $50) and grand (greater than $50) thefts.
.Also, most female arrests for larceny are for shoplifting, and most of
that is petty theft (Hoffman-Bustamante, 1973) . Shoplifting is also
regarded by the general public to be a relatively nonserious crime
(Rossi, Bose, Waite, & Berk, 1974) .

In regards to whether female arrests for white collar crime
is increasing because of women's greater employment opportunities
(Simon, 1975), Steffensmeier (1980) examined the increases in the
categories of fraud, embezzlement and forgery for females. Females
showed increases in these categories, but the crimes for fraud were
not occupationally related, rather, they involved passing bad checks,
credit card fraud, theft of services, welfare fraud, and smaller con
games. Arrests for forgery largely involved forging credit cards,
checks and falsification of identification. The typical arrestee for
embezzlement, while white collar, was more a lower echelon employee in
a subordinate position, for example, cashiers, tellers and clerks. In
summary, these so-called white collar crimes are actually traditional
"feminine" crimes, just as larceny, which represent extensions of
traditional sex-role activities and not new role patterns (Chapman,
1980; Hindelang, 1979; Hoffman-Bustamante, 1973; Steffensmeier, 1978
and 1980; Steffensmeier & Cobb, 1981). In contrast, fraud, forgeries,
and larcenies committed by males are more diversified and are of a
greater value (Franklin, 1978).

In 1981, Steffensmeier and Cobb further examined female and male
arrest patterns as measured by the UCR statistics within the context of

refuting the theories describing female crimes as increasing because of

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the feminist movement. The researchers examined the arrest trends over
a greater span of time (1934 to 1979) in order to further substantiate
their findings from previous studies. Although they found that the sex
differential has narrowed in most offense categories since the 1930's,
women made the most significant gains in the petty property crimes of
larceny, fraud, and forgery and in the sex-related crimes of vagrancy
and disorderly conduct. Again, there were relatively small increases
for females for traditionally male crimes. Also, larceny accounted for
the increasing proportion of female crime: 70% from 1934-41, to 90%
(1973-79) of serious crimes, and from about one-sixth to one-third of
all female arrests in the twenty categories they examined.
Limitations of Uniform Crime Reports Data

The UCR statistics remain the major source of data on women's
arrests. Hewever, caution should be exercised when interpreting these
statistics especially in regards to the reported increases in crime and
arrest statistics. Rans (1978) (p.45) outlined several specific
factors that should also be considered as having a significant
influence on the reported increases in crime and arrests:

1. The number of law enforcement agencies and the estimated
total population in the FBI samples vary from year to year
and table to table, making each year's data not exactly
comparable to past years or other tables.

2. Certain crime categories are characterized by under-
reporting. Increased reporting of these crimes may
result in increased arrest, giving the appearance of an

increase in both crime and arrest.

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3. Signficant increases since 1960 in number of law
enforcement officers.

4. Improved police technology permitting greater detection of
crime and apprehension of violators.

5. Ability of law enforcement agencies to gather and record
crime and arrest statistics has markedly improved since
1960. Early statistics did not adequately record female
arrests separate from male arrests. Data on women's
arrests were often under-recorded or otherwise inaccurate.
Further, with rapid advancement of computer technology and
expansion of records personnel , more data have been
captured with ensuing years.

6. Arrest tables are not adjusted for: a) changes in
classification of many property crimes from misdemeanors
to felonies due to inflation, b) population growth in
general and changes in the "population at risk" (15 to
30 years category).

Moreover, Steffensmeier and Cobb (1981) argued that evidence
from other sources has not been used to help interpret the UCR data.
However, in 1979, Hindelang did examine National victimization survey
data from the National Crime Survey (NCS) undertaken by the 0.5. Bureau
Of the Cencus between the years of 1972-1976 in order to investigate
WIEther this survey data was in accord with the UCR data regarding the
Offerder's sex. Victimization surveys are considered to be a closer
measure of the extent of the crime than arrest data.

Hindelang found that the victim reports of the sex of the offender

for the personal crimes of rape, robbery, assault and Personal larceny,

 

15

as well as the property crimes of burglary, larceny and motor vehicle
theft, parallel the UCR arrest data in showing male involvement in
these crimes is proportionately much greater than is the involvement of
females. Also, there did not appear to be any systematic changes in
the proportions of females across the years of the victimization data
available.
Recent Arrest Statistics

The most recent arrest statistics from the UCR (1985) data portray
a similar picture outlined in the literature on female and male arrest
patterns. Women continue to account for only a small percentage of the
total amount of arrests reported as compared to men (17% or 1,639,974
for women; 83% or 7,810,509 for men over 18 years of age). Also, out
of the Type I (Index or serious crimes) 80% of the female arrests were
for larceny-theft, while 48% of the male arrests for Type I offenses
were for larceny-theft. Similar percentages were indicated in 1976,
even though the total population of the 0.8. was different. Out of all
of the arrests made for larceny-theft in 1985, women constituted a
third. Plus, larceny-theft constituted 20% of all the arrests made by
women.
Summary of Female and Male Arrest Patterns

The arrest statistics for females and males compiled by the FBI in
the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) have been used as the primary data
source to describe the nature of female crime. However, the UCR arrest
Statistics should be interpreted with caution because of several
lifllitations, such as variations in police reporting and law enforcement

Procedures, and in the inconsistencies in the UCR data compilation

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methods (Rans, 1978). Despite these limitations, the UCR arrest data
still remains the major source for describing female crime.

Many theorists have suggested that female crime has increased
in both the extent and seriousness of its nature since the inception of
the Wbmen's Movement (Adler, 1975; Simon, 1975 and 1976). Research
examining these claims has shown otherwise. Although women's arrest
rates have been increasing over the years, so have arrests for males,
and the percentage of female arrests out of the total number of arrest
rates still remains small (17% in 1985). Moreover, women are not
committing more serious, violent or male-dominated crimes; rather, the
pattern of female arrests still reflect the traditionally
sexedetermined roles in the legal and illegal marketplaces
(Steffensmeier, 1978 and 1980). For example, larceny-theft constitutes
80% of the female arrests for Type I or serious offenses.

From the examination of the literature on comparisons of female
and male arrest trends there emerges a general profile of the types of
crime female offenders will most likely commit. Typically, women are
nonviolent, petty property offenders committing petty larcenies and
lowhlevel fraud, such as shoplifting and writing bad checks. These
crimes fit well into the woman's everyday round of activities, such as
buying family necessities and paying bills. Also, women tend to steal
items that are lesser in value as compared to the value of items that
Immlsteal. Finally, for thefts of all types, check forgery, and
embezzlement, large numbers of crimes go undetected. Wbmen are more
often arrested for these crimes because they are less well-planned and

are more visible to the police (HOffman-Bustamante, 1973).

 

 

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Characteristics of Women in Prison

Several surveys and studies have been completed on females in
adult prisons, jails and juvenile institutions. Of these, two major
studies on females in adult prisons and jails will be summarized and
supplemented with statistics from the 0.8. Bureau of the Cencus on
inmates of correctioral institutions, and from the Michigan Department
of Correction's 1985 Annual Statistical Report.

Glick and Neto (1977) conducted the first comprehensive
examination of programs and services provided for women in correctional
institutions, and also developed a demographic portrait of the
incarcerated woman offender. Sixteen state prisons, 46 county jails,
and 36 comunity-based programs were studied in 14 states. Their data
came from several sources: administrators, staff, consultant
observations, and an inmate questionnaire administered to 1,607 inmates
representing 6,466 incarcerated women (or 25% of the inmates in the
sampled prisons and jails). The inmate sample was systematically
selected from 15 prisons and 42 jails. It was a disproportionate
systematic stratified sample with the strata consisting of 48 single
institutions, 5 pairs of jails, and one jail triple. The inmate
questionnaire gathered self-reported information on background
characteristics, offense history, and program experience of the
incarcerated offenders .

The second study to be summarized was conducted by
Figueira-McDonough, Iglehart, Sarri, and Williams (1981) in order to

examine the commitment patterns of female offenders to the Department

18

of Corrections (DOC) in the State of Michigan over a ten year period of
time, 1968-1978. Extensive background and offense history data were
collected in order to profile the female offender in Michigan. The
data was gathered from 3 sources: 1) The DOC data on all offenders
committed to their programs between 1967 and 1978, 2) The State Crime
Statistics prepared by the Michigan State Police 1968-1978, and 3)
Socio-demographic information about Michigan cities and counties from
the 1977 0.3. City-County Data Book and population projections of the
University of Michigan Population Studies Center.

The sample consisted of 2800 females. They were compared with
males by gaining information about the male population from reports
from the DOC. The basic unit of analysis for the research was the
cases processed by the DOC. A case was defined as an offender who
spent all or part of a year as an offender commitment. Thus, new
crmnitments counted each year might also have entered one or more times
during the ten year study period.

This study primarily relied on a computer tape and codebook
provided by the Michigan DOC for gathering background information about
the offender. Several problems were encounterd with the data tape and
codebodk, so revisions to both.were made. In addition, there was a
large amount of data missing on relevant socio-demographic variables.
This missing data increased with time (from 5-20% in 1970-75 to 59% in
1978). In order to address this, research staff gathered the needed

data from 800 indivdual files; thus, the missing data was greatly
reduced.

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Limitations of the Studies

There are several limitations and strengths to the method used in
these two major studies on females in prisons. The Click and Neto
(1977) study's strength is that it provides background information on a
representative sample of over half of the nation's prison and jail
inmates. However, most of this information is self-reported. The
researchers were warned that the subjects might not provide them with
valid information (that the inmates might "con" them). Yet, Click and
Neto argue that major data bases regularly rely on self-report
information-for instance, the 0.8. Census, as well as the correctional
files themselves.

The Figueira-McDonough et a1. (1981) study has the strength of
profiling the Michigan female offender over a 10 year period, thus
showing any changes in the inmate background statistics over time.
However, this information is based on female inmates from the State of
Michigan, and, thus, cannot be generalized to the entire U.S.
population of female inmates. Also, their data is gathered from
secondary sources, thereby reducing the reliability and validity of
their research data. That is, background information on the inmates
came from the DOC's data computer tapes that are coded from inmate
files which basically contains information coded directly from
interviews with the inmate. This means that the Figueira-McDonough et
a1. data is twice removed from the direct data source, thereby
increasing the possibility of error.

Despite the limitations of these studies, they still provide

valuable information on female inmates. The following is the summary

20

of the major results from both the Glick and Neto and
Figueira-McDonough et al. studies profiling the incarcerated woman.
The summary will be sub-divided into sections according to the types of
background characteristics.
1293

Two-thirds of the women in the Glick and Neto study were under 30
years of age. During the study period conducted by Figueira-McDonough
et al., one-half to two-thirds of all the women committed in Michigan
were below the age of 30.

Ethnic Group

 

Glick and Neto point out that while blacks comprised 10% of the
total adult population in the 0.8. at that time, 50% of the
incarcerated women sample were black. Native Americans were also
over-represented. A similar picture emerged for the Figueira-McDonough
et a1. study, with more than half of the females being nondwhite or of
a minority status.

Marital Status

 

For Glick and Neto, at the time of the offender's incarceration,
27% of the women were single, 19% were non-married but living with a
man, 20% were married, 28% were separated or divorced and 7% were
widowed.

The figures of those women who were married in the
Figueira-McDonough et a1. study are similar, with less than one-fourth
of all incarcerated females being married.

Children/Dependents

 

In the Glick and Neto study, 56% of the women had dependent

children living at home prior to their incarceration, although 73% of

21

the women had actually borne children. The average number of children
per inmate mother was 2.48, compared to 2.18 reported by the census for
all families in 1973.

Figueira-McDonough et al. reported that from one-fourth to
one-half of all committed women.were known to have dependents. These
figures fluctuated over the study period.

Education

Glick and Neto reported that the incarcerated women tended to
be less educated than women as a whole. However, two-fifths of all
women inmates had at least a high school education; 14.7% had only gone
to elementary school.

Figueira-McDonough et al. study found that the education level of
the more recently committed females in Michigan had been rising.
However, only 3 out 10 had completed high school. They also assessed
the 1.0. and reading level of the inmates and found that these scores
did not reflect any improvement in their average educational
performance.

Public Assistance/welfare

Over half (56%) of the women in the Glick and Neto study had
received welfare during their adult lives. The welfare pattern of each
state in the study was mirrored in the proportion of inmates who had
been on welfare.

Although no data were reported for female inmates being on public
assistance, Figueira-McDonough et a1. did report that the percentage of

vrmen.found in the "no occupation" category rose in 1974 from 27% to
52% in 1978.

 

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Work History

Glick and Neto reported that almost all of the women had worked at
some time in their lives. Forty-percent (40%) had worked in the 2
months prior to their incarceration.

While Figueira-McDonough et a1. did not report the female inmates'
work status history, they did describe their occupational level. From
1968 to 1973 the modal occupation for committed females was
service-related. But, as indicated above, in 1974, 27% of the women

were found in the "no occupation" category, which steadily rose to 52%
in 1978.

MM# 1

Drug and Alcohol History
> No data was collected on the drug or alcohol use history of the
incarcerated females in the the Glick and Neto study.

In the Figueira—McDonough et a1. study, the reported drug and
alcohol history of the Michigan female inmates rose dramatically
between 1968 and 1978. In 1968, 4% of the whites and 32% of the
nlcMnmhites had a drug history. In 1978, 56% of the whites and 66% of

‘tflflfia nonwhites had a drug history. For incidence of alcohol history, 4%
(Dds ‘the whites and 17% of the nonwhites in 1968 were indicated. Use of
alcohol increased over the years, but not as dramatically as drug use
history--to 27% for whites and 20% for nonwhites in 1978.

jgiEEIESEhiatric History

Glick and Neto did not collect the psychiatric history of the

inmates in their study.

Figueira-McDonough et al., however, reported that whites were most

lil<ely to have had sole contact with a mental health facility or

Dthessional. (In 1978, 43% for whites, 31% for nonwhites.) The

 

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23

researchers also found a strong relation between women with a
psychiatric history and those who had a substance abuse history.
Offense

Glick and Neto broke down the incarcerated female into 3

categories in order to describe the types of offenses they committed.
Misdemeanors serving 1 year or less had been convicted in the following
proportions: 41% property offenses (shoplifting, forgery and fraud),
20% drugs and 11% violent crimes (usually assault, battery, or armed
robbery). Convicted felons serving 1 year or more were: 43% violent
crimes (murder, armed robbery), 29% property crimes (forgery, fraud,
some larceny), 22% drug offenses. Unsentenced women had been charged
with the following felony type offenses: 30% violent crimes, 22% drug,
14% forgery or fraud.

In the Figueira-McDonough et a1. study, 5 offenses accounted for
three-quarters of the commitments between 1967-1978: Larceny (27%) ,
forgery (17%), drugs (15%), robbery (12%), and homicide (7%).

Figueira-MCDonough et al. also found that the number of female

coflinitments to prison increased fivefold from 1967 to 1978.

PrOportionally, the greatest commitments had been for the offense of
laJi‘ceny (+113%) and drug offenses (+11%). However, when this increase
in female commitments is compared to the total number of commitments to
p1: ison in Michigan over the 10 year period, women constituted only 3%
of an cormitments in 1967 and 4% in 1976. Indeed, there was a
1zlreluendous increase in commitments to Michigan prisons over this study

5 31:10,} ,

but 95% of the increase was due to male commitments.

 

24

National Statistics on Inmates
The most current census data from 1980 portrays a somewhat similar
picture of the female prisoners profiled by Glick and Neto (1977) and

Figueira-McDonough et al. (1981) . In 1980, according to census data,

the total prison population was 302,377. Of this number, 288,250 or

95% were males, and 14,127 or 5% were females. The median female age

of prisoners was 29.4 years, for males it was 27.4 years. Slightly

over half of the female and male prisoners were nonwhites (54% females,
53% males). A greater percentage of females than male prisoners had
never been married (60% females, 47% males).

For educational attainment, 30% of both female and male prisoners

25 years or older had completed high school. About 50% of both of the

Sexes had completed some high school grades. Similar percentages for
both males and females (20%) were found to have some college education.

In the area of occupational history (for persons 16 years and
Older) , the greatest percentages out of the women who had worked had
been in the service and technical areas (46%) . Men had worked more the
skilled and unskilled areas of factory production and operating (46%) .
HOE-never, 20% of the female prisoners and 11.4% of the males had never
W'Orked. For inmates of 15 years and over, 11% of the women and 3.5% of
tile males were indicated as being on public assistance.

Macs on Michigan Inmates in 1985
In 1985, a total of 7,766 individuals were committed to Michigan

pIrisons. Of this number 7,283 or 94% were males, and 483 or 6% were
fen'ales (Michigan Department of Corrections, 1986) . When the Michigan
3ePartment of Corrections (DOC) counts the number of prison commitments

for the year, they report the longest sentence from each commitment.

 

 

25

For multiple sentences, a person would be counted for each s/he was
committed for that year. The percentage of females imprisoned in the
State of Michigan in 1985 is slightly higher than the national
percentage of women (4.8%) in 1984.
The racial composition for the male prisoners is similar to the
1980 0.8 census data (55% male nonwhites in MI, 1985, 53% male
nonwhites, census, 1980) . However, there is a higher percentage of
nonwhite Michigan female prisoners (72%) than white (28%); whereas the
0.8. census data was 54% nonwhite females, 46% white females. Finally,
the types of commitment offenses were as follows: 37.3% for person
Crimes, 44.6% property crimes, 6.5% narcotics, 11.6% other crimes. A
bJfi‘eakdown of the types of the offenses committed by sex of the prisoner
.Was not provided by the DOC.
W of the Characteristics of Incarcerated Women
Glick and Neto (1977) found that the data profiling the female
Offender in their study confirms some of the anecdotal descriptions
that appear in the literature: ethnic minorities were
diSproportionately represented in the correctional institutions, women
urider 30 comprised the bulk of the population, formal educational
attainment was lower than the general population. Also, slightly over
half of the women had children as dependents prior to incarceration,
and a majority received some form of public assistance, usually Aid for
Dependent Children. less than a quarter of the women were married.
About 40% of the women had been working in the 2 months prior to their
ir‘carceration.
Figueira-McDonough et al. (1981) concluded that the women in

MlQligan prisons were more likely to be minorities, unmarried,

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26
unskilled, from poor families, and with a drug or psychiatric history.
About half of the women were known to have dependents and were under

the age of 30.
Again, the 1980 U.S census data, with its limited descriptions,

portrays a similar picture. About half of the women were age 30 or

younger, were minorities, and had a limited education (50% with some

high school, 30% with high school completion). About 20% of the women

had never worked, and 11% were on public assistance.

As for the types of crimes the women committed, Glick and Neto
(1977) reported that about 40% of the incarcerated female felons in
their sample committed violent crimes (murder, robbery) and the
ranaining numbers were for property and drug offenses. Figueira-
lWZIDonough et a1. (1981) however, reported that over the entire 10 year
Period about 27% of the Michigan women in their sample were committed

for violent offenses, while 50% were for such property offenses as

larceny, forgery, and fraud. The remaining number were for drug-related

Offenses , weapons and other offenses .
Thus, the most prevalent female prisoner is a young black woman

V9110 is poor, undereducated, head of her household, (and who most
likely) has been charged with a property crime such as retail theft,

Passing bad checks, forgery, fraudulent use of credit cards, and
erlbezzlement. A slightly smaller number have been charged with drug or

drug-related crimes. Very few have been imprisoned for prostitution
related offenses (although many arrests and jail confinements occur for
this offense). A smaller percentage of women are committed for violent

Offenses , such as murder, robbery, and aggravated assaults .

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27

Purpose of the Study
Research on the female offender has been minimal. Very few
carefully designed studies exist that provide useful empirical data for

planning meaningful programs and services for the convicted offender.
The numerous books and articles that have appeared present similar
impressions of the female offender, but they are often unsubstantiated

(Glick & Neto, 1977) . In addition, programs for the female offenders

are developed based upon the anecdotal descriptions of the

Characteristics and needs of the female offender.
The primary research task of this study was to empirically

describe the background characteristics and offense history of the

female offenders sentenced to a prison term of two years or less in the

State of Michigan. Females were compared with the male prisoners of

the selected sample on the background data in order to provide a
c=1earer picture of the possible differences in characteristics and
needs of women prisoners. The description and comparison of these

Convicted offenders was based on selected demographic, social, offense,

legal status, and criminal history variables. The underlying question

that was addressed by this study was whether this unique sample of
female offenders who have been sentenced to a two year or less minimum
prison term differs from the male sample on any of the variables

considered for analysis. The variables were chosen because they tend

to be the most commonly reported ones in the literature used to

deSeribe the characteristics of the female offender. Therefore, a

better basis of comparison was available between the study findings and
the literature. In addition, these variables were considered to be the

 

28

most appropriate for describing the women offenders and their needs .

The variables are:
1) Demographics:
education, employment status , etc.
2) Drug and alcohol abuse history.

Age, race, marital status, number of children,

3) Offense characteristics for the instant offense.

4) Prior criminal record.

5) Legal processing information, for e.g. number of pending

Charges, method of conviction, number of counts or charges .
This descriptive study is useful for several reasons. It

further contributes to the growing body of literature that attempts to

describe the female offender/ inmate. Also, the current literature

Portrays women as having distinct characteristics and needs as compared
to men. By the comparisons made of the males and females in this

Present study, further differences or similarities in the
Characteristics and needs of the two sexes was documented. Also, this

descriptive information provides valuable information to aid those who

develop programs for offenders being placed in the community or in a

cC>rrectional institution.

 

METHOD

ample
A random sample of inmates was selected from the population of

1750 inmates committed for minimum sentences of two years or less over

a recent 12 month period in order to have the most current data. The

initial target population for the study involved offenders sentenced to

Prison for minimum terms of two years or less from June 1, 1985 through

May 31, 1986. Offenders with a minimum term of two years or less were

examined because they were deemed to be the most likely candidates for

Oonmunity or diversion programs. The present study' s unique sample was

also part of a larger study that determined what subset of offenders

from this population might be best diverted from prison. In selecting

the sample, the controlling minimum sentence was employed. If the

inmate had multiple sentences , consecutive terms were considered to
determine that the total minimum term was two years or less. In

aKidition to this overall screening, a number of offense characteristics

trlat would normally prohibit the offender from being placed in

c=<>""mmity alternatives was considered. Those offenders convicted of

anned robbery, criminal sexual conduct (first and third degree), and
the felony firearm statute were excluded from sample selection. In
addition, offenders convicted of escape charges or parole violators who

lere returned to prison for a new sentence were excluded from the

election criteria.

29

30
A stratified random sampling procedure was employed to best
represent commitment patterns and geographic variation in sentencing.

Since there are significantly fewer females committed to prison,

females were sampled at a higher rate. Sampling was based upon county

Initially, a 25% random sample of male inmates and 50%
It was

of conviction.
sample of female inmates was selected from each county.

anticipated that in some of those cases selected the inmate's file

would not be available, thus, an additional 10% sample was selected for

each county for replacement purposes. The initial selection procedure

resulted in the identification of 402 males and 85 females for

inclusion in the study. An additional 155 males and 21 females were

Selected for the replacement sample. The variation of these totals

from the overall percentages is due to the distribution of offenders

across counties. If a county had committed three male offenders, one

Would be selected on a 33% sampling ratio rather than 25%.
Through diligent effort by the coders and cooperation from the

Department of Corrections, all but 23 of the original sample were

located. (The remaining files were checked out by the parole board and

Were not available.)
WEI-e coded and 23 were used to complete the original sample.

Of the 176 cases designated for replacement, 124
Since

t1“lese 101 remaining cases were available they were also included in the

analysis. (Comparisons were made between cases in the original sample

311d the replacement sample on demographic variables and offense
distribution and no source of potential bias could be found.) Thus the
final sample upon which the analysis was based consisted of 485 males,
W 92 females. As such, the final sample included 31% of the males
and 60% of the females that satisfied the selection criteria and were

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31
sentenced to the Department of Corrections between June 1, 1985 and May
31, 1986.
m
The design of this study was to describe and compare the inmates
incarcerated for two years or less in the State of Michigan's prison
system. The description of these inmates was based on selected
demographic, social and criminal history data gathered from Presentence
Investigation Reports from the Department of Corrections (DOC).
Procedure
Data and Instrument
Confidentiality Agreements
All research staff were instructed to read the DOC's instructions
fOr confidentiality of information in collecting information on the
inmates. Research staff then signed a confidentiality agreement.
Although the names and numbers of the inmates were collected, the DOC
was infonmed that this was only for further data gathering purposes and
that in the final reports and analyses the data presentation would be
in aggregate form.
Eye Pre-Sentence Investigation Report
The Pre-Sentence Investigation Report (PSI) was used as the
Primary source for information on the study sample in order to describe
and compare males and females according to their personal
Cflmaracteristics, criminal record, and the type of offense they
C32mmfitted that resulted in their present prison.commitment. The PSI
riaport was deemed the most useful data source to complete the goals of
tile study because it contains a wealth of information about the

Giffknrmar. It contains a description of the offense for which the

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32

offender is presently being sentenced, personal information on the
offender such as family history, education, employment, drug and
alcohol use, mental health, and criminal history. (See Appendix 2 for
a sample PSI report.)

PSI reports are written by probation officers between the time of
the offender's conviction and her/his sentencing. This report is read
by the judge and is considered to be the major source of information
about the offender in making a sentencing decision. However, the PSI
reports can vary in the amount and quality of the information provided.
This may be due to several factors: 1) Probation officers tend to have
heavy caseloads and thereby cannot always devote the time and effort to
complete thorough reports ; 2) More time may be given in a report on the
offenders who commit serious crimes rather than those who commit less
serious or common felonies (Emshoff, Davidson, & Schmitt, 1983;
Emshoff, Davidson, Schmitt, in press).

Instrument Construction

A codebook of questions was developed to record information from
the PSI reports. The codebook was based on two previously developed
codebooks-fine originally was developed by Zalman et a1. (1979) for
their study of sentencing practices in Michigan. The other codebook
was based on Zalman et a1. '3 but modified by Emshoff, Davidson, &
Schmitt (1983) to study the effects a policy change in the State of
Michigan would have on the length of sentences and future prison
POpulation growth. Both of these codebooks were examined thoroughly
for the purposes of this study. Frequency data and inter-item
c<>rrelations from the Emshoff, Davidson, & Schmitt (1983) codebook were

thained in order to aid the researcher in revising the study codebook.

33

Items were either deleted, revised, or new ones were added to suit the
goals of the study. For example, items on the probation officer's
attitude toward the offender, prior community placements, and prior
prostitution involvement were added. All of the variables used in the
analysis for the present study were originally included in both of the
Zalman et a1. and Emshoff, Davidson, & Schmitt codebooks except for the
items pertaining to prior prostitution involvement.

The final codebook consisted of 325 variables that assess the
following areas (also, See Appendix 3):

1. Description of offense: Time of offense, date, location,
weapon use, drug/alcohol use by offender at the time of the offense,
number of offenders, and offender motive or intent.

2. Specifics on the type of crime committed: Property, theft or
damage, drug offenses, sexual assaults and fraud.

3. Victim information: Number and type of victim, age, sex,
race, and relationships between offender and victim: injuries sustained
by the victim.

4. Personal and social background of the offender: Family
history, education, employment history, drug/alcohol use history,
mental health history, and demographics.

5. Potential influences on the offender for committing the
<foense: Mental health, drugs, and financial problems.

6. Positive moves made by the offender since the time of arrest:

Ffior example, voluntary restitution, entering a drug program.
7. JUdicial processing: These variables relate to the processing
Crf’the instant offense and the status of the offender in the criminal

Jilnstice system.

 

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34

8. Details of the charges or counts (up to three counts):
Specific details about the disposition of each count were recorded.
Where more than three offenses were charged the most serious of the

convicted offenses was coded first.

9. Prior criminal record: Arrest and conviction history,

previous juvenile contacts, probation violations and community-based

sentencing commitments.

Trainingfof Coders

Six graduate and undergraduate students from the Criminal Justice
and Psychology departments of Michigan State University were hired to
code the PSI reports. Four of the coders were hired on a full-time
basis and two on a half-time basis to complete the coding over a five
week period. One week of intensive training of the coders was provided
in order to ensure thorough and reliable collection of data.

An orientation meeting took place in which coders were introduced
to the goals and design of the research project. The coders also
became acquainted with the PSI report and their coding book and its
accompanying intruction booklet. The codebook was reviewed by the
research director item by item, in accordance with the instruction
booklet. (See Appendix 4 for coding booklet.)

The following days of training were devoted to having the coders
read sample PSI reports and code them according to each section. After
(each section, all coders would compare their responses and discuss any
EInbiguous or ill-defined items. All questions were answered by the
13eeearcher. It.was explained that the general sections of the

jJnstrument paralleled those in the PSI report. The manner in which the

35

instrument was formed and the reasons for including the variables was
explained.

Finally, the coders were instructed to code an entire PSI report
without interruption. Reliability of the coders was monitored
throughout this entire process. For example, "correct" replies were
written on a blackboard by the researcher and the number of students
having different answers was tabulated and placed beside the item. Any
necessary revisions in the items were made as deemed necessary by the
researcher.

Location

All coding was performed at the offices provided by the Michigan
Department of Corrections (DOC). Sampled files were transported by the
coding supervisor to the coding location. They were then coded and
returned to the DOC file room when completed.

Sgpervision

Supervision.was provided at all times in order to assist the

coders with any questions or problems immediately. The primary
researcher of the study supervised the coders the majority of the time.
Hewever, an assistant supervisor was trained as a back-up for the times
that the primary researcher was not available. Documentation of all

Coding decisions were recorded in a handbook for future coding and

(research needs.
Egaliability

A reliability monitoring procedure was implemented in order to
Vnerify the accuracy of the data collected. TWo different strategies
‘UEEre employed, having the same coder recoding the same case

(test—retest) and having a different individual coding the same case

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36

(inter-rater). For the first one-hundred cases coded one of every 10
was recoded for each type of reliability assessment (a total of 20
cases) and for the remaining sample one of every 20 cases was recoded.
CNerall, the degree of agreement on each of these measures was
high-.93 for test-retest reliability and .89 for the inter-rater

measure of reliability.

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RESULTS

Introduction

 

One of the principal tasks of this study was to describe and
compare convicted male and female offenders sentenced to Michigan
prisons for short minimum terms according to selected demographic,
criminal history, instant offense, and legal processing variables.
These variables are displayed in Table 1.

Coding Changes

TWenty-five variables used in the analysis were created by
collapsing or combining several variables into artificial or dummy
variables in order to get as accurate a picture as possible about the
information contained in that variable. Frequently, less than 5% of
the subjects were accounted for at this more specific level which meant
that these items had to be recombined. For example, the offender's
marital status was originally divided into eight alternatives, but the
options of being widowed, separated and divorced were all combined for
the marital status variable used in the final analysis, with the
<thions: single, married and widowed/separated/divorced.

Another example was with the dichotomous variable indicating any

Elast evidence of drug treatment. This variable was actually created by
(Dcmbining four variables indicating several different types of drug
tIreatment: residential, out-patient counseling, de-toxification, and

"lathadcne maintenance.

37

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Table l

38

variables Selected for Analysis

 

 

Category Name

variable Name

 

Demographics

Drug History

Alcohol History

Mental Health History

Criminal History

Age

Race

Marital status

Education

Dependents

Support to dependents given
Employment status at arrest
welfare status at arrest
Offender work type

Past drug problem

Presently using drugs

Was on drugs when they committed
offense

Any type of past drug treatment

Past serious use of alcohol

was on alcohol when they committed
offense

Any evidence of past alcohol treatment

Past mental health problems
Past psychiatric treatment (any
evidence

Arrests (misdemeanors and felonies)
Violent arrests

Arrests similar to the instant offense
Felony arrests

Felony convictions

Convictions for violent felonies
JUvenile commitments

JUvenile probation orders

Adult jail terms

Adult probation orders

Adult prison terms

Prostitution History

(table continues)

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category Name

variable Name

 

Instant Offense

legal Processing

Offense categories

Drug offense, or drugs were involved

Offender selling drugs

Offender selling drugs to juveniles

Offender major supplier in drug
network

Fraud offense

Sex offense

Theft offense

Violation of probation

Offense involved stealing item off
victim

value of stolen property

Damage to property

Type of victim

Did offender use a gun

Did offender use a dangerous weapon

Any physical injury to the victim

Any serious injury to the victim

Status to criminal justice system at
arrest

Total number of counts and/or charges

PSI recommendation for prison

Method of conviction

Warrants or detainers at arrest

Pending charges at arrest

Average minimum sentence

Average maximum sentence

Mean number of days, credit for jail
time

Median for number of days, credit for
jail time

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40

In addition, new variables were created to indicate the prior
arrest and conviction record of the sample. These variables were
created from items 3, 4, and 5 on the prior record code sheet (i.e.
category of arrest, seriousness of arrest, similarity of the offense to
the present offense.) (Table 2)

Representativeness of the Sample

 

to the Two-Year Population

 

The entire population of offenders committed to the Department of
Corrections with controlling sentences of two years or less within the
time period of JUne l, 1985 to May 31, 1986 was comprised of 1,756
individuals. There were 1600 male offenders (91%) and 156 females
(9%). The sample for this study was randomly drawn from this
population of 1,756 inmates. This sample was generated by randomly
selecting 25% of the males and 50% of the females from the two-year
population. The sample was also selected to be representative of the
county and or geographical region of sentencing. Due to this random
selection, the sample is considered to be representative of the
population.

Analysis Strategy

 

The first step was to gain a general description of the sample on
selected demographic and background variables. This task was fulfilled
by examining the frequencies and cross-tabulations of these variables
with sex of the offender as the dependent variable.

The second step was to carry out a discriminant analysis on a set
of variables that were selected to best describe the differences

between female and male offenders. That is, a subset of 24 out of the

.c3

1

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Table 2
Coding Changes

41

 

Coding Change

variable Name

 

Alternative responses were
combined to form groups
with larger frequencies

of endorsement

Offense categories

Drug offense, or drugs were involved

Offender was selling drugs

Type of victim

Offender used a gun

Offender used a dangerous weapon
(including gun)

Any physical injury to the victim

Any serious injury to the victim

Race

Marital status

Education

Offender has children

Offender provides all support to
children

Any employment at time of arrest

Offender is on welfare

Offender received any type of drug
treatment

Past serious use of alcohol

Any evidence of past alcohol treatment

Past psychiatric treatment

NUmber of prior arrests

NUmber of prior violent arrests

Number of arrests similar to the
instant offense

NUmber of past felony arrests

Number of past felony convictions

Number of past.violent felony
convictions

 

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42

57 variables were used in the discriminant analysis as the predictors
for gender of the convicted offenders.

In the next section, a brief description of the offenders
background will be given based on the univariate analyses. These
results will be divided into sections corresponding to the offender's
personal characteristics, criminal background, the characteristics of
the conviction offense (instant offense), and legal processing
information. Following this, the results of the multivariate analysis
will be presented.

Description of the Sample

 

Offender Characteristics

 

Tables 3, 4, and 5 present social and demographic information that
describes the random sample of male and female offenders sentenced to a
minimum prison term of two years or less. The sample of offenders was
fairly young, with the average age for males being similar to that of
females (27.44 males, 30.40 females). Approximately 60% of the male
and female offenders were minorities. The majority of the offenders
were not married, had either completed their high school/GED or had
some years of high school without completion, and were unemployed at
the time of the instant offense.

Women were less likely to be employed at the time of the offense,
(33% males, 22.8% females) and were also shown to be on public
assistance a greater percentage of the time as compared to the males
(57.6% females, 25.8% males). Women also had a greater frequency of
having dependents (80.4%, 47%) and being the sole provider for their

family (23.4%, 14.8%).

Table 3

Offender Characteristics

 

43

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Item Male Females X *

N % N % (df)
Offender Age
17 to 21 125 (25.8) 5 ( 5.4)
22 to 30 179 (36.9) 43 (46.7)
31 to 40 120 (24.7) 30 (32.6)
40 + 61 (12.6) 14 (15.2)
Average age 30.4
Race
Caucasian 193 (39.8) 36 (39.1)
Minority 292 (60.2) 56 (60.9)
Marital Status
Married 66 (13.6) 14 (15.2) 9.06
Single 313 (64.5) 45 (48.9) (3)
Divorced/Separated
Wfidowed 104 (21.4) 32 (34.8)
Unknown 2 ( 0.4) 1 ( 1.1)
‘gducation Level
Grade School 49 (10.1) 6 ( 6.5) 8.31
Some High School 223 (46.0) 33 (35.9) (3)
High School/GED 166 (34.2) 40 (43.5)
Some College 37 ( 7.6) 13 (14.1)
Uhkncwn 10 ( 2.1) - --
Offender Has Children
Yes 288 (47.0) 74 (80.4) 34.63
No 257 (53.0) 18 (19.6) (1)

1 ed Full or

Part-Time at Time
6f7Offense
Yes 160 (33.0) 21 (22.8) 3.71
No 325 (67.0) 71 (77.2) (1)
Offender Wbrk Type
Professional 11 ( 2.3) 2 ( 2.2) 37.36
White Collar 8 ( 1.6) 12 (13.0) (7)
Skilled 56 (11.5) 9 ( 9.8)
Unskilled 215 (44.4) 27 (29.3)
Military 3 ( 0.6) 0 0
varied 77 (15.9) 13 (14.2)
Never Employed/
Unknown 115 (23.7) 29 (31.5)

(table continues)

.133

 

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44

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Item Male Females X *

N % N % (df)
Offender is on
Public AsSiStance
Yes 125 (25.8) 53 (57.6) 36.74
No 360 (74.2) 39 (42.4) (1)
Offender Provides
Some 'I‘YEe SUPPOrt
to Family
Yes 67 (14.8) 22 (23.4) 4.86
No 418 (85.2) 70 (76.1) (1)

 

*Chi-square is significant.

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Table 4

Drug and Alcohol Abuse History

 

45

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Item Males Females X *
N % N % (df)
Indication of General
DrugiHistory
Yes 274 (56.5) 57 (62.0)
No 211 (43.5) 35 (38.0)
Is Offender Presently
Using Drugs
Yes 146 (30.1) 35 (38.0)
No 339 (69.90) 57 (62.0)
Any Indication of
Past Drug Treatment
Yes 75 (15.5) 24 (26.1) 6.14
No 410 (84.5) 68 (73.9) (1)
Offender on Drugs
DuringiInstant Offense
Yes 35 ( 7.2) 10 (10.9)
No 450 (92.8) 82 (89.1)
Indication of Serious
Alcohol Use
Yes 161 (33.2) 19 (20.7) 5.66
No 324 (66.8) 73 (79.3) (1)
Any Evidence of
‘Treatment for Alcohol
Yes 67 (13.8) 10 (10.9)
No 418 (86.2) 82 (89.1)
Offender on Alcohol
During Instant Offense
Yes 113 (23.3) 8 ( 8.7) 9.95
No 372 (76.7) 84 (91.3) (1)

 

*Chi-square is significant.

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Table 5

Mental Health Problems and Treatment History

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Item Males Females

N % N %
Any Evidence of
(existing or past)
Mental Health Problem
Yes 88 (18.1) 21 (22.8)
No 397 (81.9) 71 (77.2)
Annyvidence of Past
Psychiatric Treatment
Yes 70 (14.4) 16 (17.4)
No 415 (85.6) 76 (82.6)

 

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47

Over half of both the male and female offenders had a drug
history. Also, 30% of the males and 38% of the females were using
drugs at the time of the Pre-Sentence Investigation. Only 26% of the
females and 15.5% of the males had received any type of drug treatment
in the past.

About 33% of the males and 20.7% of the females had abused alcohol
in the past. Only 13.8% of the males and 10.9% of the females had
received some form of past alcohol abuse treatment. A greater
percentage of males (23.7%) than females (8.7%) were found to be
intoxicated when they had committed the instant offense.

Approximately 20% of both male and female offenders had some
evidence of existing or past mental health problems. In addition,
14.4% of the males and 17.4% of the females had some evidence of past
psychiatric treatment.

Prior Criminal Offenses

 

Tables 6, 7, 8, and 9 present the frequencies and percentages of
the variables pertaining to the offenders' criminal background. The
majority of the sample had a history of prior criminal involvement
evidenced by arrests for both misdemeanors and felonies (94% males, 91%
females), prdbation orders (71.5%, 74.5%), jail terms (61%, 73%) and
felony convictions (71.2%, 80.4%). The average number of arrests was 7
for males and 8.8 for females. The average number of arrests for
offenses that were similar to the instant offense was 2 for males and
3.6 for females. For felony convictions, males had an average of 2.8
and females 3.1.

Smaller percentages were indicated for the offenders on prior

convictions for violent types of felonies (28.4% males, 17.4% females)

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Table 6

Offender Arrest History

 

48

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Item Males Females X *
N % N % (df)
Total Number of Arrests
0 27 ( 5.6) 8 ( 8.7) 47.20
1 to 5 213 (43.9) 29 (31.4) (33)
6 to 10 138 (28.5) 26 (28.1)
11 to 15 71 (14.6) 13 (14.2)
16 to 21 24 ( 5.0) 9 ( 9.9)
22 or more 12 ( 2.5) 7 ( 7.7)
Average NUmber of Arrests 7.0 8.8
Median 5.5 7.3
Total Violent Arrests
0 326 (67.2) 78 (84.8) 12.48
1 102 (21.0) 1 ( 9.8) (6)
2 37 ( 7.6) 3 ( 3.3)
3 12 ( 2.5) 1 ( 1.1)
4 ( 0.6) 1 ( 1.1)
5 ( 0.8) 0 0
6 ( 0.2) 0 0
Average Violent Arrests .5 .1
Median 0 0
Tbtal Arrests Similar to
Instant Offense
0 159 (36.5) 24 (28.2) 39.06
1 to 3 198 (45.5) 26 (30.6) (14)
4 to 6 52 (12.0) 17 (20.0)
7 to 9 16 ( 3.7) 10 (11.8)
10 to 12 6 ( 1.3) 5 ( 5.9)
13 to 15 2 ( 0.5) 1 ( 1.1)
16 to 18 2 ( 0.5) 2 ( 2.4)
18 or more 1 ( 0.2) 0 0
Average NUmber of Arrests 2.0 3.6
Median 1.0 2.3
Total Felony Arrests
0 59 (12.2) 14 (15.2) 37.98
1 to 3 205 (42.3) 33 (35.9) (20)
4 to 6 124 (25.6) 26 (28.3)
7 to 9 69 (14.2) 7 ( 7.6)
10 to 12 14 ( 2.9) 5 ( 5.4)
13 to 15 6 ( 1.2) 5 ( 5.4)
16 or more 8 ( 1.6) 0 0
Average NUmber of
Felony Arrests 4.0 4.2
Median 3.2 3.4

 

*Significant Chi-squares.

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Table 7

Conviction History

 

49

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Item Males Females

N % N %
Tbtal Felony Convictions
0 91 (18.8) 18 (19.6)
1 to 3 237 (48.9) 38 (41.3)
4 to 6 107 (22.0) 23 (25.0)
7 to 9 40 ( 8.3) 10 (10.9)
10 to 12 5 ( 1.0) 3 ( 3.3)
13 to 15 2 ( 0.4) 0 0
16 to 18 3 ( 0.6) 0 0
Average Felony Convictions 2.8 3 1
Median. 2.2 2 4
Tbtal'Violent Felony
Cbnvictions
0 352 (72.6) 76 (82.6)
1 98 (20.2) 13 (14.1)
2 25 ( 5.2) 1 ( 1.1)
3 8 ( 1.6) 2 ( 2.2)
4 1 ( 0.2) 0 0
5 1 ( 0.2) 0 0
Average'Violent Felony
Convictions .4 .2
Median. 0

 

 

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Table 8

JUvenile Correctional History

 

50

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Item Males Females X *
N % N % (df)
NUmber of JUvenile
commitments
0 380 (78.4) 9 (85.9) 12.16
1 73 (15.1) 8 ( 8.7) (6)
2 14 ( 2.9) l ( 1.1)
3 6 ( 1.2) l ( 1.1)
4 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0
6 or more 0 0 0 0
gnknown 12 ( 2.5) 2 ( 2.2)
X .30 .20
NUmber of JUvenile
Prdbations
0 360 (74.2) 7 (83.7) 11.54
1 85 (17.5) 9 ( 9.8) (3)
2 23 ( 4.7) 1 ( 1.1)
3 4 ( 0.8) 3 ( 3.3)
4 or more 1 ( 0.2) 0 0
unknown 12 ( 2.5) 2 ( 2.2)
Y .34 .20

 

*Significant chi-square.

Table 9

Adult Corrections History

 

51

 

 

 

 

 

Item Males Females X *
N % N % (df)

Number of Adult

Jail Terms

0 178 (36.7) 23 (25.0) 30.74

1 100 (20.6) 14 (15.2 (16)

2 67 (13.8) 17 (18.5)

3 35 ( 7.2) 9 ( 9.8)

4 31 ( 6.4) 10 (10.9)

5 20 ( 4.1) 3 ( 3.3)

6 14 ( 2.9) 5 ( 5.4)

7 7 ( 1.4) 2 ( 2.2)

8 6 ( 1.2) 2 ( 2.2)

9 5 ( 1.0) O 0

10 or more 10 ( 2.1) 5 ( 5.4)

Unknown 12 ( 2.5) 2 ( 2.2)

g;flflfl.vdth.Adult Jail 295 (60.8) 67 (72.8)

X 2.93

NUmber of Adult Probation

0 125 (25.8) 22 (23.9) 18.52

1 159 (32.8) 24 (26.1) (7)

2 112 (23.1) 17 (18.5)

3 46 ( 9.5) 13 (14.1)

4 19 ( 3.9) 4 ( 4.4)

5 7 ( 1.4) 5 ( 5.4)

6 4 ( 0.8) 4 ( 4.4)

7 or more 1 ( 0.2) 1 ( 1.1)

unknown 12 ( 2.5) 2 ( 2.2)

‘EpTAL‘with Adult Jail 347 (71.5) 70 (76.1)

X 1.80

NUmber of Prison Sentences

0 328 (67.6) 66 (71.7)

1 78 (16.1) 13 (14.1)

2 38 ( 7.8) 5 ( 5.4)

3 17 ( 3.5) 4 ( 4.4)

4 8 ( 1.7) 2 ( 2.2)

5 3 ( 0.6) 0 0

6 or more 1 ( 0.2) 0 0

Unknown 12 ( 2.5) 2 ( 2.2)

TCEAL‘with prior Prison 145 (29.9) 24 (26.1)

Prostitution History 2 ( 0.4) 10 (10.9)

 

 

*Significant chi-square.

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52

and prior commitments to prison (33.4% males, 29.3% females). Also,
minimal involvement was reported in the area of juvenile crime history.
(See Table 8).

The Instant Offense

 

Tables 10 and 11 outline the results of the univariate analyses on
the variables that describe the instant offense characteristics. As
shown in Table 10, most of the offenses were for property crimes (59.5%
males, 70.7% females). Both the males and females had low percentages
fer violent type offenses. Females had a higher percentage for less
threatening property crimes such as larceny in a building, fraud and
larceny from a dwelling house. (Also, see Appendix 5 for the breakdown
of offense types according to gender of the offender.)

Overall, approximately 60% of all offenders committed offenses
that involved theft or damage to property. Males stole property that
was of greater value than females ($251 or more, 43% males, 27%
females). Seven point six (7.6%) of the males and only 2.2% of the
females stole items directly from the victim.

A relatively small percentage of the offenders committed drug, sex
or violations of probation as the instant offense. Also, a very small
percentage of offenders were indicated as exhibiting any violent
behavior during the instant offense (for e.g. used a gun or dangerous
weapon or physically injured the victim).

The victims of the instant offense were classified into two major
categories: Individual and Business/Government. The "Individual"
category included burglaries of private homes, as well as
person-related crimes such as robbery and assault. The

”Business/Government" category included such crimes as burglaries of

Table 10

53

Items Describing the Types of Instant Offenses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Item Males Females X *
N % N % (df)

Offense Categories

Hbmicide 6 ( 1.2) 1 ( 1.1)

Sex 27 ( 5.6) 1 ( 1.1)

Robbery 41 ( 8.5) 4 ( 4.3)

Person 27 ( 5.6) 4 ( 4.3)

Burglary 151 (31.1) 40 (43.5)

Property 138 (28.4) 25 (27.2)

Drugs 52 (10.7) 6 ( 6.5)

weapons 30 ( 6.2) 4 ( 4.3)

Miscellaneous 13 ( 2.7) 7 ( 7.7)

was Primary Offense a

Violation of Probation?

Yes 31 ( 6.4) 4 ( 4.3)

No 454 (93.6) 88 (95.7)

were Drugs Involved in

the Instant Offense

Yes 78 (16.1) 15 (16.3)

No 407 (83.9) 77 (83.7)

Offender Involved in

Sale of Drugs

Yes 28 ( 5.8) 4 ( 4.3)

No 457 (94.2) 88 (95.7)

Offender Selling Drugs

to JUveniles

Yes 1 ( 0.2) O 0

No 484 (99.8) 0 0

Offender is Major

Supplier in Drug

Network

Yes 3 ( 0.6) 0 0

No 482 (99.4) 0 0

Sex Offense Involved

in Instant Offense

Yes 30 ( 6.2) 2 ( 2.2)

No 455 (93.8) 90 (97.8)

(table continues)

54

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Item Males Females X *

N % N % (df)
was Fraud Involved
in the Instant
Offense
Yes 23 ( 4.7) 18 (19.6) 25.74
No 462 (95.3) 74 (80.4) (1)
Did Primary Offense
Involve Theft or
Damage?
Yes 314 (64.7) 57 (62.0)
No 171 (35.3) 35 (38.0)
was Item of Theft
on Victim
Yes 37 ( 7.6) 2 ( 2.2) 9.95
No 448 (92.4) 90 (97.8) (1)
value of Stolen
Property
Under $100 42 ( 8.7) (36.0) 17 (18.5) (46.0) 25.27
199-250 25 ( 5.2) (21.0) 10 (10.9) (27.0) (9)
251-500 21 ( 4.3) (18.0) 5 ( 5.4) (14.0)
501-1000 7 ( 1.4) ( 5.0) 4 ( 4.3) (11.0)
1001-50,000 22 ( 4.5) (19.0) 1 ( 1.1) ( 2.0)
No Stolen Property/
Unknown 368 (76.0) 55 (59.8)
Damage to Property
Uhder $100 20 ( 4.1) (29.0) 1 ( 1.1) (33.3)
100-250 17 ( 3.5) (26.0) 1 ( 1.1) (33.3)
251-500 6 ( 1.2) ( 8.0) 1 ( 1.1) (33.3)
501-1000 12 ( 2.5) (18.0) 0 0 0
1001-50,000 13 ( 2.7) (19.0) 0 O 0
No Damage/unknown 417 (86.1) (97.7)

 

*Significant chi-square.

34 out of 10 females classified in burglary were for larceny from a

dwelling house or 85%.
dwelling house or 28%.

43 out of 151 males were for larceny from

Percentage from the total number indicating value of stolen property
or damage to property.

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55

Table 11

Items Describing Violent Behavior By Offender in Instant Offense

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Item Males Females X *
N % N % (df)

Use of Gun Instant

Offense

Yes 49 (10.1) 8 ( 8.7)

No 436 (89.9) 84 (91.3)

Use of Dangerous

we n

(including gun)

Yes 76 (15.7) 14 (15.2)

No 409 (84.3) 78 (84.8)

Physical Injury to

ViCtim

Yes 68 (14.0) 8 ( 8.7)

No 417 (96.0) 84 (91.3)

Serious Injury_to

'Victim

(treated, hospitalized,

critical, death)

Yes 28 ( 5.8) 3 ( 3.3)

No 457 (94.2) 89 (96.7)

Type of Victim

Individual 270 (56.3) 20 (21.7) 42.71

Business/Government 136 (28.3) 56 (60.9) (1)

No Victim 79 (15.4) 16 (17.4)

 

*Significant chi-square.

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56

businesses and larceny in a business place. Male offenders committed
more crimes against those victims categorized as "Individuals" (56.3%
males, 21.7% females) while females committed more crimes in which the
principal victim was a business or government entity (60.9% females,
28.3% males).

Information Related to Legal Processing

 

This section presents information from the Pre-sentence
Investigation conducted prior to or regarding sentencing on the instant
offense conviction. Table 12 contains information concerning the
offenders' status to the criminal justice system at the time of arrest,
and other pertinent information such as the average minimum and maximum
sentence given, and mean number of days, credit for jail time.

Over half of the males (52.3%) and 38% of the females were
indicated as being free or having no discernable relationship to the
criminal justice system at the time of arrest. The remaining number of
offenders were predominantly on probation or out on bail (33.7%
females, 29.7% males -- probation; 9.8% females, 3.9% males -— bail).
Twentybtwo-point-eight percent (22.8%) of the females and 13.8% of the
males had outstanding warrants or detainers at the time of arrest. In
addition, 32.6% of the females and 26.2% of the males had pending
charges at the time of arrest.

With regard to sentencing information about the sample, probation
officers recomnended a prison sentence the majority of the time for all
of the offenders (80.2% males, 79.3% females). Also, a majority of the
males and females pled guilty to the charges against them in court (81%
males, 87% females). The offenders had similar sentence lengths and

number of days credit for jail time. (See Table 12).

i

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57

Table 12

Items Related to Legal Processing (Sample)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Item Males Females X *
N % N % (df)

Offender's Relationship

to Criminal JUstice

System

Probation 144 (29.7) 31 (33.7) 15.70

Bail 19 ( 3.9) 9 ( 9.8) (7)

Diversionary Program

Incarcerated,

furlough or work

release 8 ( 0.4) 0 0

Escapee or fugitive 1 ( 0.2) 0 0

None/free 253 (52.3) 35 (38.0)

Unknown 77 (15.9) 24 (26.1)

Total NUmber of

Counts and/or Charges

1 364 (75.1) 60 (65.2)

2 93 (19.2) 25 (27.2)

3 17 ( 3.5) 5 ( 5.4)

4 8 ( 1.6) 1 ( 1.1)

5 1 ( 0.2) 0 0

6 or more 2 ( 0.4) 1 ( 1.1)

Any;Warrants or

Detainers at Arrest

Yes 67 (13.8) 21 (22.8) 4.86

No 418 (86.2) 71 (77.2) (1)

Any Pending Charges

Yes 127 (26.2) 30 (32.6)

No 358 (73.8) 62 (67.4)

PSI Recommending

Prison

Yes 389 (80.2) 73 (79.3)

No 96 (19.8) 19 (20.7)

Method of Conviction

court/JUIy 72 (14.9) 11 (11.9)

Nolo Contendere 17 ( 3.5) 1 ( 1.1)

Plea 393 (81.0) 80 (87.0)

Unknown 3 ( 0.6) 0 0

Average Minimum

Sentence (Months) 18.9 18.97

58

 

 

 

 

 

 

Item Males Females X *
N % N % (df)
Average Maximum
Sentence (Months) 86.68 74.50
Mean NUmber of Days,
Credit for Jail Time 67.0 61.64
Median NUmber of Days,
Credit for Jail Time 48.0 50.0

 

 

*Significant chi-square.

59

Discriminant Function Results

 

A discriminant function analysis was performed on 24 of the 57
variables in order to determine what variables best differentiated the
offenders according to gender. Table 13 presents the variables that
were included in the analysis. The variables used as the predictors in
the discriminant function were selected based on their significance in
univariate analyses. See Table 14 for the results of these chi-square
tests on all of the 57 variables. Caution should be exercised in
interpreting these univariate results because of the high inter-item
correlations between the variables and gender of the offender. Table
15 shows the two groups' means on all the predictor variables. Table
16 presents a summary of the results of the discriminant function
analysis. Table 17 presents how well the discriminant function
classified the cases into the correct gender group.

The discriminating variables were entered into the analysis
through the stepwise method, which, by selecting the next best
discriminator at each step from amongst the remaining variables,
attempted to produce the "best" set of discriminating variables. ‘Wilks
Lambda was the criterion used to select the independent variables for
inclusion at each step. This test considers the difference between the
group centroids and the cohesion within the group.

The maximum significance for the F to enter and for the F to
remove at each step was pre—set at the .05 signficance level. Because
males are nine times more likely to be in prison than females for this
prison population of two years or less, the population probability for

the discriminant function analysis was set at 9 to 1.

Table 13

60

variables Included in the Discriminant Analysis

 

 

Category Name

variable

 

Demographics

Substance Abuse

Criminal History

Offense Characteristics

Legal Processing
Information

Parital status

Education

Has children

Provides any support to family
Any employment at time of offense
welfare/public assistance
Offender work type

Drug treatment
Offender on alcohol at offense
Serious alcohol use

Prostitution history

JUvenile commitments

JUvenile probations

Adult jail terms

Adult probations

Total arrests

Total violent arrests

Total arrests similar to instant
offense

Fraud

Item of theft on victim
Victim type

value of stolen property

Warrants/detainers
Offender's relationship to criminal
justice system at arrest

 

Table 14

Outcome of Chi-sguare Analysis on All variables

 

 

 

 

 

 

variable Name Higher Higher X df p eta
(Males) (Females)
Offender Characteristics
Age NS NS
Race NS NS 0 1 1.00 .005
Marital status X 9.06 2 .01 .07
Education X 8.31 3 .04 .11
Has dependents X 34.63 1 .00 .24
Gives all support
to Dependents X 4.02 1 .04 .09
Offender work type NA NA 37.36 7 .00 .02
Employment status X 3.71 1 .05 .08
On public assistance X 36.74 1 .00 .25
Substance Abuse Histgry
Past drug problem NS NS .94 1 .33 .04
Presently using drugs NS NS 2.26 1 .13 .06
‘Was on drugs when
committed offense NS NS .97 1 .32 .05
Any type of past drug
treatment X 6.14 1 .01 .10
Past serious use of
alcohol X 5.66 1 .02 .09
On alcohol when
committed offense X 9.95 1 .00 .13
Any evidence of past
alcohol treatment NS NS .57 1 .44 .03
Mental Health
Past mental health
problems NS NS .82 l .40 .04
Past psychiatric
treatment (any evidence) NS NS .53 1 .46 .03
criminal History
Arrests (misdemeanors
and felonies) X 47.20 33 .05 .11
Violent arrests X 12.48 6 .05 .01
Arrests similar to the
instant offense X 39.06 14 .00 .20
Felony arrests X 37.98 20 .01 .02
Felony convictions NS NS 11.12 16 .80 .03
Convictions for
violent felonies NS - NS 6.11 5 .30 .07
Juvenile conmitments X 12.16 6 .05 .06

(table continues)

 

 

 

 

variable Name Higher Higher X df p eta
(Males) (Females)
JUvenile probation
orders X 11.54 3 .01 .07
Adult jail terms X 30.74 16 .01 .10
Adult probation orders X 18.54 7 .00 .11
Adult prison terms NS NS 2.00 6 1.00 .02
Any prostitution
involvement X 41.52 1 .00 .27
Instant Offense
Offense categories NA NA 13.39 8 .10 .05
Drug offense, or drugs
were involved NS NS 0 1 1.00 .002
Offender selling drugs NS NS .10 1 .76 .02
Offender selling drugs
to juveniles NS NS .26 2 .87 .01
Offender major supplier
in drug network NS NS 0 1 1.00 .03
Fraud offense X 25.74 1 .00 .21
Sex offense NS NS 1.67 1 .20 .06
Theft offense NS NS .15 1 .69 .02
Violation of probation NS NS .76 2 .68 .03
Offense involved stealing
item off of victim X 3.65 1 .05 .08
value of stolen property NA NA 25.27 9 .00 .18
Damage to property NS NS 14.66 10 .14 .03
Type of victim NA NA 42.71 1 .00 .18
Did offender use a gun NS NS .05 1 .82 .02
Did offender use a
dangerous weapon NS NS 0 1 1.00 .004
Any physical injury
to victim NS NS 1.47 1 .22 .06
Any serious injury
to victim NS NS .53 1 .47 .04
Legal Processing
Status to criminal
justice system at arrest NA NA 15.70 7 .02 .06
Total number of counts
and/or charges NS NS 4.95 6 .55 .04
PSI recommendation for
prison NS NS 0 1 1.00 .007
Method of conviction NS NS 4.20 5 .52 .07
warrants or detainers
at arrest X 4.86 1 .03 .09
Pending charges at
arrest NS NS 1.61 1 .20 .05
(table continues)

63

 

variable Name Higher Higher
(Males) (Females)

X

df

eta

 

Average minimum sentence NS
Average maximum sentence NS
Mean number of day,

credit for jail time NS
Median number of days,
credit, jail time NS

NS
NS

NS

NS

 

NS = chi-square is not significant.

NA = Net applicable because males and females were both higher for

different categories of this variable.

64

As shown in Table 16, nine of the predictor variables entered the
equation, resulting in a Wilks Lambda statistic of .719. This
demonstrated that over 28% of the variance between the criterion groups
was accounted for by the function.

The discriminant function coefficients presented in Table 16
reflect the relative importance of the predictors to the
differentiation of the two groups according to gender. The offenders'
history of prostitution was the most important predictor. As shown in
Table 15, women were reported to have a greater history of prostitution
arrests, convictions and commitments than males.

The next most important predictor variable was being on welfare.
The discriminant function coefficient for this variable is only one
decimal point lower than the prostitution history coefficient,
therefore this predictor should be considered just as important as
prostitution history in differentiating the two groups. Female
offenders were shown to be on welfare a greater percentage of the time
as compared to the male offenders.

Committing a fraud offense was the third most important variable
in the function. Again, as shown in Table 15, female offenders were
more likely to commit a fraud offense as the instant offense.

The next most important predictors were the total number of prior
arrests for offenses that were similar to the instant offense and
whether the offender had children. Female offenders were shown to have
higher means for these two predictor variables. HOwever, the predictor
variable for number of prior arrests similar to the instant offense was
correlated .30 and above with three other predictor variables which did

not remain in the discriminant function after the last step. These

65

Table 15

Male and Female Group Means of Predictor variables

 

 

 

variable
Male (1) Female (2)

Item of Theft on Victim .081 .023
Fraud .052 .202
Victim Type 1.584 1.960
Marital Status 2.071 2.202
Has Children .458 .809
Supports All Dependents .147 .250
Education 2.403 2.654
Past Drug Treatment .154 .273
Serious Alcohol Use .320 .202
Any Employment at Offense .344 .238
On welfare .256 .583
value of Stolen Property 4.610 3.011
Prostitution History' .004 .107
Relationship to Criminal JUstice System 5.505 4.762
Detainers at Arrest .123 .238
Prior JUvenile Commitments .297 .131
Prior JUvenile Probations .330 .190
Prior Adult Jail Terms 1.931 2.690
Prior NUmber of Total Arrests 6.479 8.071
Prior Number of Total Arrests, Violent .501 .190
Total NUmber of Arrests Similar to Instant 1.952 3.654
Prior Adult Probations 1.339 1.809
Use of Alcohol at Instant Offense 1.772 1.916
Employment Type 5.843 5.892

 

66

Table 16

Discriminant Analysis Summary Table

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Standardized
variable Entered Wilks Significance Canonical
Lambda Discriminant
Function
coefficient
welfare .931 .000 .446
Fraud .875 .000 .382
Prostitution
History .822 .000 .447
Total Arrests
Similar .791 .000 .351
Has Children .768 .000 .349
Total Arrests,
Violent .749 .000 -.323
Victim Type .736 .000 .223
Relationship to
criminal JUstice
System .727 .000 -.211
On Alcohol at
Instant Offense .719 .000 .212
Eigenvalue canonical ‘Wilks Chi-Square ‘QF Significance
Correlation Lambda
.39045 .5299158 .7191892 164.32 9 .000

Group Centroids

 

Group 1 Males -.278

Group 2 Females 1.396

67

variables were: prior adult probations, prior jail terms, and total
number of prior arrests. These three variables were also correlated
.10 and above with the criterion variable of gender in the univariate
analysis. Because of this, the predictor variable of total number of
arrests similar to the instant offense does not solely account for its
variance in the discriminant function.

The next most important predictor variable in the function was
number of arrest for violent offenses. Male offenders were found to
have a greater history of arrests for violent arrests. However, this
predictor variable did not independently contribute to the variance in
the discriminant function since its inter-item correlation.was .34 with
the variable of total number of prior arrests for misdemeanors and
felonies. This item was also correlated with gender, as demonstrated
in the univariate analyses (r = .11).

Victim type was the next predictor variable to be included in the
function, as shown in Table 16. This variable categorized victims into
two groups-"Individual" and "Business/Government". Female offenders
were shown to have committed most of their offenses against businesses.
This predictor also did not independently contribute to the variance in
the function because of a high inter-item correlation (-.35) with the
variable value of stolen property. value of stolen property was
correlated with gender (r = -.14).

The offenders' relationship to the criminal justice system at the
time of arrest was the eighth predictor variable included in the
discriminant function. Approximately 50% of the male offenders were
indicated as being free, or having no relationship to the criminal

justice, while only 38% of the females had this free status. However,

68

it should be noted that the relationship for 26% of the female cases
and 16% of the male cases could not be determined or were unknown.
Finally, the last predictor included in the function was the
offenders' use of alcohol during the instant offense. More males were
found to be intoxicated during the commission of the instant offense
than females. However, this predictor variable did not independently
account for its variance in the function since it had a high inter-item
correlation (-.53) with the past serious alcohol use variable. Past
serious alcohol use was also correlated with gender (phi = .10). There
might be several explanations for this high negative inter-item
correlation. The first explanation might be due to an artifact of

probation officer reporting in the Pre-Sentence Investigation. The
probation officer may under-report alcohol use history because it may
be so predominant a behavior that it is over-looked as an important
factor to report. Another factor to explain the inter-item correlation
may be the age of the offender. Since most of the offenders are
relatively young, they might not ShOW'a history of alcohol abuse as
compared to older offenders.

Another measure of the performance of a discriminant function is
its ability to accurately predict the group membership of the original
cases from which the function was derived. Table 17 reveals that this
function achieved the correct classification in 86.43% of the cases.
However, further examination of the table shows that the function
predicted 98.4% of the male cases correctly, but only 26% of the female
case correctly. This classification outcome was not surprising since
the probability level was set at 9 to 1; that is, there were 9 times

more male cases to classify correctly than females. This function's

69

Table 17

Capability of the Discriminant Function to Predict Gender of Offenders

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Actual Group Membership Predicted Group Membership
1 2
Males (1) 424 7 431
(98.4%) (1.6%)
Females (2) 63 22
(74.1%) (25.9%) 85
487 29

Percent of Case Correctly Classified - 86.43%

 

7O

ability to classify the cases was further examined by computing the tau
statistic. Tau is the standardized measure of improvement which shows
how well the discriminating variables classified the cases as compared
to chance (Klecka, 1980). The tau for this function was 40%. This
means that the classification based on the discriminating variables
made 40% fewer errors than would be expected by random assignment.
These results will be discussed at greater length in the next

chapter.

DISCUSSION

This study focused on describing and comparing the female and male
offenders committed to Michigan prisons for a term of two years or
less. Females were compared with males in order to get a clearer
picture of the possible different characteristics and needs that the
female offender might have. In the following sections, highlights of
the results of this study and how it relates to the literature
describing the female offender will be presented. Also, the
limitations of this study and the implications for future research will
be discussed

Characteristics of the Short Term Offender
Demographics

The profile of the female offender that emerged was strikingly
similar to the profile that was described in the literature. That is,
the prevalent female offender in this study was age 30 or under, a
minority, unmarried, had a high school education or lower, had several
dependents, was on some form of public assistance, and had a substance
abuse history. In addition, about 20% of the female offenders in the
sample had a history of mental health problems and/or psychiatric
treatment. These figures coincide with the descriptions in the
literature of women arrestees and prisoners. They are mainly poor and
frequently responsible for supporting themselves and others (Crites,
1974; Simon, 1975).

71

72

The male offenders had characteristics similar to the female
offenders. That is, they were also 30 years of age or under, were more
likely to be a minority, had a high school education or lower, had a
limited work history, and had evidence of substantial drug and alcohol
abuse problems in the past.

criminal Background

 

Both the majority of the female and male offenders in the sample
had a substantial history of arrests for misdemeanors and felonies
(average number of arrests for female, 8.8, for males, 6.9). However,
these arrests were more likely for nonviolent offenses. In the area of
corrections history, both the majority of the male and female offenders
were previously on probation and spent time in jail. However, the
majority of the sample had not served time in prison before. These
figures are comparable to the Figueira-McDonough et a1. (1981) findings
of over half of the female offenders never serving a prison term prior
to their present commitment.

Characteristics of the Instant Offense

 

The results describing the commitment offense for this sample
indicates that most of the offenses were for property crimes, rather
than violent crimes. This finding was to be expected, considering the
nature of this sample (prison term of two years or less) and the
breakdown of offenses that occurs for the entire prison population in
Michigan in 1985 (44.6% committed property crimes).

Differences were found between the sexes that coincides with the
literature. Seventy percent (70%) of the women versus 60% of the men
crmuitted property crimes as the instant offense. Although a higher

percentage of women than men were found to have committed offenses in

73

the burglary category (43.5% women, 31.1% men), 34 out 40 of those
offenses placed into that category were coded as larceny in a dwelling
house which can be translated into larceny from a business or
shoplifting. However, a greater number of the male offenses in this
category was for breaking and entering rather than larceny in a
dwelling house. Furthermore, women more often committed fraud offenses
than the males. They also committed more of their offenses against a
business in contrast to males who committed more offenses against an
individual/owner, which further substantiates the predicted nature of
female crimes.

These findings relate to the arrest statistics for women, and
somewhat compare to the findings of Glick and Neto (1977) and
Figueira-McDonough et al. (1981). Glick and Neto found higher
percentages for drug, person or violent types of crimes among their
sample. Figueira-McDonough et al. found slightly higher percentages
for forgery and drugs. The present study's figures for women showing
higher percentages for property crimes might be a function of the
population from which the sample was drawn, (those sentenced to two
years or less minimum). That is, the sample is comprised of only a
subset of the entire prison population of females, and therefore those
females who are in prison for two years or less probably are serving
for the less serious and violent offenses, such as the property crimes
outlined earlier.

legal Processing Information

 

Females were indicated as having some form of relationship to the
criminal justice system significantly more often than males. This

relationship consisted of more women being on probation or out on bail ,

74

a greater percentage of the time than males. However, these figures
should be regarded with.caution, since there was a fairly large
percentage for both females and males in which the relationship to the
criminal justice system was not known (26% females, 15.9% males).

Discriminant Analysis--Further Differences

 

Between Female and Male Offenders

 

Important Predictors

 

The discriminant function analysis helped to demonstrate more
clearly how female and male offenders differ along demographic, instant
offense, criminal history, and legal processing variables. The
important predictors that emerged, or the variables that best predicted
the gender of the offender were:

1) Prostitution History--More females had evidence of
prostitution arrests, convictions and commitments than male offenders.
2) Being on welfare at the Time Arrest-More females were on

welfare at the time of the offense than males.

3) Fraud as the instant offense-Female offenders committed fraud
type offenses as the instant offense a greater percentage of the time
than male offenders.

4) Total Arrest Similar to the Instant Offense-—Female offenders
were arrested more times for offenses that were similar in nature to
the instant offense than male offenders.

5) Offender Has Children-Females had children a significantly
greater percentage of the time than male offenders.

6) Total NUmber of Prior Arrests for Violent Offenses--Male

offenders had a history of more arrests for violent offenses.

75

These six variables accounted for 25% of the variance. Although
three other predictor variables entered into the function (victim type,
offender relationship to the criminal justice system, and offender on
alcohol at time of offense) they each accounted for only about 1% of
the additional variance, and therefore were not considered to exercise
as important discriminating capabilities.

An examination of the discriminant coefficients in Table 16
reveals that the prostitution history and welfare variables were the
best predictors of the offenders' gender. These findings are not too
unexpected, since prostitution is predominantly a female-related
offense. Also, the literature shows that over half of the women in
prison had received welfare or were on it prior to incarceration (Glick
& Neto, 1978).

The third most important predictor was fraud. The female
offenders of this sample were shown to have committed fraud offenses as
the instant offense a greater percentage of the time when compared to
the males. The literature tends to uphold this finding. For example,
Leonard's (1982) examination of the Uniform Crime Reports arrest
records for women revealed that except for prostitution and runaways,
there are no other offenses in which women are so strongly represented
as larceny-theft, fraud, and forgeryhcounterfeiting. Steffensmeier
(1980) also substantiates this finding through a comparison of male and
female arrest patterns from 1965-1977.

The fourth predictor was demonstrated to be the total number of
prior arrests that were similar to the instant offense. Again, female
offenders had been arrested a greater percentage of the time for

offenses that were similar to the instant offense than the male

76

offenders. This finding can be explained by the fact that the majority
of the instant offenses for women were property type crimes such as
larceny-theft and fraud. Many of these women are probably repeat
offenders. Normally, a judge would not sentence a woman to prison for
a larceny or fraud offense unless she had been arrested for similar
offenses several times in the past. The judge might feel compelled to
give the woman a short term in prison because of her prior record.
Indeed, the women in the sample were shown to have a significant number
of prior jail and prdbation terms.

The next predictor that was included in the function was whether
the offender had children. Not surprisingly, it.was found that more
women than men had children. (Note: The number of children/dependents
does not definitely indicate that the offender had custody of the
children prior to incarceration. Although the coders were instructed
to obtain this information, the majority of the time custody
information was not included in the PSI. The number of children and/or
dependents was coded from two sections in the PSI report: the face
sheet of the PSI where it indicates the number of dependents, and the
narrative section on "children and family.") Throughout the
literature, women offenders are indicated as likely to have children or
dependents. A comparative study of male and female admittees to
several pre-trial programs found that the women were more often
responsible for dependents (Rans & Adams, 1977). Studies on women in
prisons show that from at least one—quarter to over half of the women
prisoners had dependent children living at home prior to their
incarceration (Figueira-McDonough, Iglehart, Sarri, & Williams, 1981;

Glick & Neto, 1978).

77

The sixth predictor variable that contributed variance to the
discriminant function was the total number of prior arrests for violent
types of offenses. Male offenders were found to have been arrested for
more violent offenses in the past than the female offenders. Although
the data shows that the majority of the offenders in prison for a short
term had committed non-violent property crimes, male offenders still
emerged as committing more violent crimes in the past. Comparisons
between male and female arrest patterns substantiates this finding.

While incidences of female arrests may have risen in the past
years, they are still for crimes that are nonviolent: larceny-theft,
fraud, forgery, and prostitution. Males still commit the more serious
and violent types of crimes such as assault, murders and robberies
(Figueiera-McDonough et al., 1981; Hindelang, 1979; Hoffman-Bustamante,
1973: Leonard, 1982; Hans, 1978; Steffensmeier, 1978 and 1980;
Steffensmeier & Cobb, 1981).

The remaining variables that were entered into the equation as
predictors were victim type, offender's relationship to the criminal
justice system, and whether the offender was on alcohol at the time of
arrest. More female offenders committed the instant offense against
businesses as victims than male offenders. This makes sense, since
women were found to have comnitted more larceny-theft and fraud
offenses. More male offenders were found to have committed thefts or
burglaries from private homes. Burglaries from private residences were
coded as an individual victim. In addition, (while they were
relatively low percentages) male offenders committed more assaults and
robberies. These offenses are considered to be "person-related"

crimes, and therefore have been categorized as individual victim types.

78

For the offenders' relationship to the criminal justice system at
the time arrest, more males were indicated as being free than females
(52.3% males, 38% females). The remaining numbers primarily were on
probation. The relationship for a good number of the offenders was
unknown or missing information. Therefore, this variable is
interpreted with caution. The differences between males and females on
this variable might primarily be a function of the probation officer
reporting or under-reporting this particular information.

Finally, the last predictor variable of being on alcohol at the
time of the offense was primarily a behavior reported for male
offenders. This behavior was also reported by Tjaden & Tjaden (1981).
Perhaps this means that male offenders abuse alcohol more than females.
Interesting to note, was an additional finding of the high inter—item
correlation of this predictor with past evidence of serious alcohol use
(-.53). This is interpreted to mean that the more one finds an
incidence of alcohol use at the time of offense, the less one finds a
history of alcohol abuse among the offenders. It is doubtful that this
is a likely explanation. A more probable explanation is that the
probation officers under-report alcohol use. Approximately 30% of the
male offenders and 20% of the females were indicated as having serious
alcohol use problems. In contrast, over 50% of the offenders were
reported to have had a drug abuse history. Perhaps probation officers
deenldiug use as more serious than alcohol use and therefore are more
likely to record drug use and treatment history in the PSI.

Further Comparisons with the Literature

 

The results from this study do not seem to substantiate the

theories that claim women are committing more crimes that are more

79

serious, violent and more masculine. Also, the results do not seem to
support the claim by Simon (1976) that women are committing more
white-collar or occupational crimes because of their expanding
employment opportunities afforded by the women's movement. Overall,
this sample of offenders committed property crimes. Part of the reason
that the majority of the sample committed property crimes (both male
and female) was the nature of the population (prison committments of
two years or less). However, when females were compared with.males on
the types of property offenses committed and the circumstances
surrounding the instant offense, males appeared to commit more serious
property crimes (burglaries) and had a tendency to be more violent when
committing the offense. Also, males committed more person type crimes
than females (robberies and assaults). On the other hand, the property
crimes that predominated for females were larceny/theft and fraud. The
criminal background of this sample also shows that the females are not
becoming more ”male" or "equal with males" in their criminal behavior.
Males had a greater history of arrests for violent offenses than
females. However, females had a greater number of arrests for offenses
that were for similar to the instant offense. Since most of the
offenses committed by females in this sample were for noneviolent
property crimes such as larceny/theft and fraud, then the probability
is high that many of the females were previously arrested for larcenies
and fraud offenses. These data compare more with the
Hoffman-Bustamante (1973) and Steffensmeier (1978, 1980) studies which
show that women are still committing the same patterns of crimes they
have in the past; that is, larceny/theft and fraud. These crimes are

usually'lcwhlevel fraud and petty larcenies such as writing bad checks

80

and shop-lifting. The researchers argue that these crimes fit well
into the woman's everyday round of activities, such as buying family
necessities and paying bills. This argument becomes more potent when
the demographic characteristics and the resulting needs of the female
sample are considered; that is, the fact that most of the women are
minorities, single parents, have a drug history, and are on public
assistance. These women may commit the these types of offenses which
are "in their daily round of activities" because they need to

support a family and/or drug habit, and do not have the opportunities
and education to seek worthwhile employment.

Limitations of the Research

 

This research was limited by several factors. The first is the
nature of the population from which this sample was drawn. The
population consisted of all the individuals between JUne 1, 1985 and
May 31, 1986 sentenced to a minimum prison term of two years or less in
the State of Michigan. This population was comprised of 1756
individuals, approximately 23% of the entire Michigan prison population
fOr 1985. Although 25% of the males and 60% of the females were
randomly sampled from this two year prison population, extreme caution
should be used in generalizing these results to the total population of
female and male prison inmates. As indicated earlier, these offenders
probably have a higher proportion of commitments for nonviolent
property crimes as compared to the remaining prison population. This
sample might also have different background and offense history
characteristics than the greater prison population, although this was
not indicated by comparing them to the literature findings.

81

The second major limitation of this study was the use of archival
data (PSI reports) for the primary data source. Numerous difficulties
are associated with this particular data source. One of paramount
importance is the amount of missing information in the reports.
Probation officers who prepare these reports can be selective about
what information about the offender they will include. As Emshoff,
Davidson, & Schmitt (1983) observed, the probation officers might spend
more time on a report for an offender who committed a "serious" crime
than on one of less "serious" nature. Also, probation officers tend to
have a high caseload, thus reducing their time for thorough PSI report
preparation. Indeed, several important variables had to be eliminated
from the analysis because of missing information (e.g. custody of
children, employment history, length of recommended minimum sentence).

Implications of Results for Female Offenders:

 

Future Research and Programming Needs

 

The primary research question of this study was whether female
offenders have a different profile than male offenders which would
indicate different needs for programming in the criminal justice
system. The major predictors of gender, or the major differences
between males and females were for economic status and offense type (on
welfare, prostitution history and fraud). The other major predictors
were also in these areas-—having children, and types of arrests. The
nine predictors that emerged accounted for 28% of the variance. These
results could be interpreted several ways. Perhaps other predictor
variables should have been selected to better account for more
variance: for example, motive of the offender, further breakdown of

offense types, and more variables on family background would have added

82

more explanatory power in describing the differences between males and
females. Another reason why 72% of the variance was unexplained by the
predictors could be due to error. Errors in coding, in the items
themselves, and the validity of the information provided in the PSI
could be a source of either inaccurate information or missing
information about the offenders.

However, even within such a unique sample utilized by this study,
the female offenders differed significantly from the male offenders on
predictor variables that did account for almost 30% of the variance.
While this leaves 72% of the variance unaccounted for in terms of
explaining the differences between male and female offenders of this
population, the predictor variables that emerged are still important
becasue they have been documented as major descriptors of female
offenders in the literature. Therefore, these data from the
multivariate as well as univariate anyalyses are useful because they
further substantiate literature findings and further point to the needs
of the female offender.

Even though the study sample was not taken from the entire prison
population in Michigan, women still emerge as having different
characteristics than male offenders, primarily in the areas of have
more children, being on welfare, the nature of instant offense, and
criminal history. The pattern of their offense types, their criminal
background, coupled with their demographic and substance abuse
characteristics, point to the need for special and increased
programming for women, especially for women who are sentenced to prison

for a short term.

83

This study found that the majority of the women had one or
more children. There tends to be a disregard for these inmate
mothers. Little programming exist for inmate mothers to maintain
or improve her relationship with her children. Programs which
address these needs could help the female offender readjust when
she returns to the community. It would also help to create more
stable and healthy lives for her children.

The majority of the women were found to be on public assistance,
were single, had a high school education or lower, and were minorities.
While the males had a similar profile, females were more likely to have
children and be on welfare. JUst having children and being on welfare
could make it extremely difficult for a mother to find a decent paying
job to support her family. However, on top of this, many female
offenders were minorities and had a limited education. These
characteristics further exacerbate one's ability to obtain job
resources. vocational training, job placement, and adequate child
daycare is necessary to help break the dependence of these women on
public assistance and their future involvement in crime. Drug
rehabilitation is also needed. Many of the female offenders have a
drug abuse problem which further compounds their difficulties in
providing and caring for their children.

Diversionary programs should also be considered for the female
offender becasuse of the non-violent and economically motivated nature
of the offenses she is likely to commit (Brodsky, 1975). Those women
who would normally have been sentenced to a short term in prison would
be particularly appropriate for alternatives to prison. Diversion

programs that address the needs out-lined above should be investigated

84

and field-tested for program effectiveness. Brodsky also suggest
programs that provide funds directly to the woman so she can maintain
her family and face family crises more effectively. Many professionals
might express their concerns about the female offenders' likelihood of
future criminal involvement with such alternatives. Perhaps such
programs that uniquely combine close surveillance of the offender with
a tailored program to suit her needs (for e.g. job training, drug
counseling) as described by Bynum, Morash, Davidson & Basta (1987) in
their study of Michigan prisoners sentenced to short terms, would be
more appropriate.

Because women comprise such a small percentage of the prison
population, their special needs are often not recognized, let alone
met. Women in Michigan prisons decided to do something about this fact
by going to court. On May 19, 1977, a civil rights suit was filed on
behalf of female offenders incarcerated by the State of Michigan
against the Department of Corrections (DOC) charging the DOC with
violating the constitutional rights of incarcerated females by offering
educational and vocational rehabilitation opportunities substantially
inferior to those offered to male prisoners. The Federal judge
concurred with their charges, the DOC's action was deemed an
unconstitutional violation of the Equal Protection mandate of the 14th
Amendment. The judge ordered the DOC to remedy the imbalance. The
Federal court continued to retain jurisdiction in 1980 to ensure
compliance of its orders (Figueira-McDonough et al., 1981).

It is hoped that female offenders do not always have to file
lawsuits in order to have their rights exercised and their needs met

by the justice and correctional systems. With continuing research,

85

it is hoped that the female will continue to be recognized and have
her needs addressed. As Glick and Neto (1977, p. xxv) strongly
state: finithout specific information about the client group to be
served, programs are often ill-conceived and consequently doomed to
failure." Not only are descriptions of the offender in prison
required, but offenders in jail, on probation, and in the various
phases of the justice system prior to sentencing.

With the results from this study, and with further research in
these areas, it is hoped that the woman offender will not be forgotten

as she has been in the past.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1

86
July 7, 1986

I hereby agree to comply with the Michigan Department of Corrections
Policy Directive concerning confidentiality of information of prisoner
information for consultants and contractual personnel. That is, I agree
to hold the information that I will read in presentence reports in the
strictest confidence and will not divulge this information to any person,
beyond that of the Michigan State University Prison Diversion Project
Staff. I understand that I am required by statute to preserve the

confidentiality of all the materials that are assigned to me.

SIGNED:

 

DATE:

 

APPENDIX 2

87

 

 

.IICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF CORRE 110le l Cl'it-
IR‘ESIEN'EIENCE INVESTIGATION REPt -. ' -

:‘onorable Steven N. Andrews County of Oakland ., 3 i ; Sentence Date: 7-16-85

0 '. ' f
)ockct CR85-68423-FH Attorney: Phillip Seymour . Appt. 2g Retained
)efcndant: ‘ James Lee Age: 32 > 0.0.3. 2-3-53
lhar 03(3) Max. '. Jail Credit Bond Proposal
LARCENY OVER $100 5 years 65 days NIF No

l
. . .

Zonvicted by: Plea Jury Judge Plea Under Advisement - Nolo Contendere HYTA PDI X

Zonviction Date: Plea Agreement:
’ending Charges: Larceny Under $100, see report Where: 36th District Court
s' .
. PRIOR RECORD
Zonvictions: Felonies: 2 Misdemeanors: 0 Juvenile Record: No
’robation: Active: No Former: ' Yes Pending Violation:
"arole: Active: No Former: Yes Pending Violation:
.‘urrent Michigan Prisoner: No Number:
Iurrently Under Sentence: No Offense: - Sentence:

PERSONAL HISTORY

iducation: I-LS. + 30 credits Employed: No Where:

’sychiatric History: No Physical Handicaps: No Marital Status: Single

Fubstance Abuse History: Yes What: Heroin How Long: 15 years
RECOMMENDATION

Delayed sentence to 7-15-86.

Agent: Deborah Molineaux Caseload No. 273 Date: July 15, I985

 

Signature: Supervisor's Approval:
DM/kl

 

LIIIII ”(HRH III'J'AII‘TIVILA'T U'r (IIIIII il;(. IICII‘I'S

~ 3

BASIC INFORMATION REPORT

88

Iizm-m: HI I mm 15.1.» I-:.

IDENTIFICATION DATA

 

MICH. PRISON NO.

 

COURI Nlum-i ( cm. I‘uu, IJJ’IIH‘I

 

 

 

CI n- Em Izt-r. 1117')

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

..--_1§_313‘4 .__. .. .__... 3smesl-ss----.-_- ,_ - _ T ____ - ._ .
MICH. vnOUATION no. IIEAL NAiu‘L‘ ) LAST Known AI lounbfl. I'IZLCI'rII.-I‘ I:
Same __.

nLAc: OF BIRTH 'COUNTAV or Cl I utmsnm Transient, Detroit

Detroit, MI USA v
'BX-FEO'F'IIMTH MICI—I DRIVER'S LICENSE NO. soc. SECURITY NO. M55 no. fiEDI NU.

2-3-53 I C65l-367-‘I97-O9I l 372-54-3070 ) 63 6‘4 67 13306636
LOCAI. POLICE AGENCY a. NO. PHYSICAL PRODLEMS MARITAL STATUS DU‘ENOENTS HIGHEST CAADE

Detroit PD 233334 Elva Elm Single ‘ o H.S. .2.
RACE sax HAI R eves HCICHT WEIGHT BUILD COMPLEX. OCCUPATION

81k M Blk 1 Brn 5‘9" 1 168 Med Med 1 Roofer

 

Scaronlla

SCA RS. MARKS. TATTOOS

HEALTH INSURANCE

DY" gm: '

 

DY” gm:

PUBLIC ASSISTANCE

ASSETS OVER $3500

Dm am

 

KNOWN DRUG USE
’1' You ONO

KNOWN ALCOHOL ABUSE

UV“ Elva

KNOWN HOMOSEXUAL

DVOI 8N0

 

 

MENTAL HEALTH TREAT PJENT

0Y0! BN0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

sex onchz CONVICTIONS

. PENDING CHARGES

 

D Prooauon. unmet

MILITARY sen. NO., aRANcH {FROM To DISCHARGE was [RELIGION
None , Catholic
CRIMINAL HISTORY
JUVErIILcl ADULT 'CUR RENT STATUS
Comm. Proo. Escaao JaII pflSOfl Pro. :39. (4 None D Douyoo Sentence
U HYTA D Parole
0 0 0 l I I 0 D Proouton. circuit D County Inmate

E] State Inmat.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

None Eva [:1 NO
NO. I CURRENT,OFFENSE DATA No.2
.Oocuot No. OIIonso Oocut No. Olfonso
85-68423-FH Larceny Over $100
Como. Law No. Mon. Penalty Cu. Ct. No. Como. Low No. Man. Penalty CIr. Ct. No.
750.356 5 yrs. 6th I
Cooolondonu Cocuenoanu
None
Ollonu Date Victim (name) (Rout-count») ottonu Oat. vIcnn-I (name) (RelatIonsnIo)
5—13—85 J.L. Hudson Retailer
Arrest Onto Attorney Aooomtoo Anon Duo Anarnoy Aoaomteo
5-13—85 Phillip Seymour 6mm: _ Rat-mo

 

Oat. o! Bond

CONVICTED av: Up...

 

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Sec. 74 I I

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Conwctlon Date

 

Guy/Mental III.

D Yu DNO

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CONVICTED BY:

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50:. 7411

 

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_6r§ Ste\ on N. Andrews
Duo Ron" Completed Caunty Recon Common” 8y Caseload No. Rec. Dun.
7—15-85 Oakland Deborah Molineaux 273 D
DISPOSITION
TYPE OF SENTENCE TERMS OF SENTENCE COUNTY
(Prom. pruon. HVTA delay. 5'5”?!ch I JAIL
Soc. nu. F a C.) DATE MINIMUM ( mnxmum rm: COSTS ncsnt.
V" Mus Days Vn Mos Mos Dav:
NO. 1
NO. 2

 

 

 

 

m—..————_. _

W 89 1,)

,_ ‘James Lee
35-63423—FH

EVALUATION AND PLAN

Presently appearing before Your Honor in reference to a Charge of Larceny Over
$l00 is a Detroit resident with no current permanent address and no place of
employment. The transient nature of his present lifestyle makes any consideration
for community supervision virtually impossible. It seems worthy of note, however,
that the defendant has previously made a good adjustment to a probation grant and
he was discharged from parole prematurely because of his satisfactory adjustment.
The same cannot be said for his institutional adjustment where he received no less
than 15 major misconducts. His prison confinement and his probation grant both
were in reference to Charges of Assault \Vith’ Intent to Commit Robbery While

Armed. In view of that, the instant offense represents a Significantly lesser
misbehavior.

A review of the defendant's past performance, his current offense, his Claim to be a
substance abuser, and his transience cause this officer to suggest that quite possibly
the most appropriate available disposition would be to delay sentence on this matter
and to order the defendant to enter into and complete the program at Residents
Awareness Program. The possibility has been discussed with the probation officer
and he indicates the defendant would be eligible for their work release program and
he would still receive appropriate counseling. In the event the defendant pleads
guilty to or is found guilty of the charges filed against him the recommendation
tendered to Your Honor would be delayed sentence for purposes of pursuing that
placement. -

RECOMMENDATION

In the event of a conviction, it is respectfully recommended the defendant be
released to the custody of the probation officer, on personal bond, for purposes of
placement at Residents Awareness Program. Unauthorized departure or termination
from program will result in the defendant's bond being reinstated in the previous
amount.

~ , James Lee
89-68Q23-Fll

90 " '}

PREVIOUS CRIMINAL RECORD: .

Juvenile:

Adult:

3-18-7 I

4.2-i2

145-71+

A

No juvenile court record could be located in Oakland
or Wayne County and the defendant denies the
existence of any such record.

Michigan State and Detroit police records reveal the
following criminal record,

Detroit police arrest for Armed Robbery. The

offense occurred 3-17-71 and on 3-23-71 he was

convicted of Assaul-t With Intent to Commit
Robbery While Armed. He was placed on five years
probation with six months at the Detroit House of
Corrections and $100 court costs effective 7-2-2-71
by Judge Leonard. Reportedly, he was making a
very satisfactory adjustment on probation when he
was arrested on a new offense.

Detroit police arrest for Malicious Destruction of
Property Under $100. In court, on lt-lO-72 the
matter was dismissed on a motion from the assistant
prosecuting attorney.

St. Joseph police arrest for Armed Robbery in
Berrien County. On 6-5-74 he was convicted, by
jury, of Assault With Intent to Commit Robbery
While Armed and he was sentenced to a term of IO
to 30 years at State Prison of Southern Michigan.
While an inmate at Ionia, he was arrested for the
offense of Inmate in Possession of a Weapon. The
offense occurred l-lO-75 and involved his inflicting
several wounds on another inmate by use of a knife

shaped from a screwdriver. He was convicted, by "

jury, on l-30-76 and on 2-13-76 he was ordered to
serve a term of 3 to 5 years at state prison,
consecutive. He appealed this conviction and on
9-26-77, in lonia County, the conviction was found
to be unconstitutional and the cause was dismissed
by the Honorable Charles Simon, Jr. At that point
he reverted to his original prison sentence and he
remained continuously confined until 12-26-30 when
he was released on two years parole. He made a
satisfactory parole adjustment and, in response to
the parole agent's request, was discharged from
parole effective l&--29--32. Initial records in the
parole file report that the defendant is mannerable,
punctual, and mindful of his responsibilities although

- _ .James Lee
85—681523-1’1-1

PREVIOUS RECORD (cont'd):

2-2-83

12-17-84

5-13—85

FA MILYI MARITAL:

'.

Father

9l

5
'V’

somewhat spoiled and manipulative. As time pro—-
grossed, he was described as drifting, overwhelmed,
and a financial burden to his family. Before being
placed on parole he accumulated a tot-11' of at least
15 major misconducts for such offenses as fighting,
possession of contraband, possession of weapons,
burning a mattress, and being out of place. There is
no record of substance abuse either in the original
presentence report or in the parole agent's running
commentary. -

Detroit police arrest for Larceny by Trick. The
matter was dismissed the following day as there was
no case.

Detroit police arrest for Larceny Under $100. A
capias has been issued on two separate occasions
and is active at the present time. There is a hold
regarding this matter at the Oakland County Jail.

Southfield police arrest for Larceny Over $150,
instant offense.

Information obtained from records at the Oakland
County Jail indicate that there is a detainer in
Detroit, in 36th District Court, for the offense of
Larceny Under $100. The records also show a
detainer placed against the defendant for parole
violation, said detainer having been authorized by
parole agent Jacob Zeeman. There is no record of
this defendant's being currently on parole and there
is no- record in Wayne County of the existence of
such a parole agent therefore it has not been
possible to obtain details from the source.

Horace Lee .- -, . born 4-15-21 resides at 17137
Northlawn Detroit Michigan £48221 (8622-0002). He is
a disabled Michigan Consolidated Gas employee who
suffers from emphysema and Parkinson's disease. He
divorced the defendant's mother in approximately
1965 and has not remarried. He has no known
arrests. Until two years ago, the defendant lived
with him at least sporadically.

92

7.‘ James Lee
33-63'1234311

F AMILYI MARITAL (con t'd):

Mother Ruth Mae I ‘ born 2- ’l— 23 resides in
Detroit at the Great Lakes Convalescent Home.
She suffered a mental breakdown approximately ten
years ago and has been there ever since.

Sister Cynthia .~ if: born 1-3-50 resides in Cleveland
Ohio and is a registered occupational therapist. She
is in good health with no known arrests.

Sister Genera (Mrs. “ --... born 11-23-51
resides at ' ‘ in Detroit. Employment
history is unknown but she is in good health. Her
husband is a bus driver for DOT.

James Lee 4; A is the youngest of three children issuing from the now dissolved
union of Horace Lee ’ and Ruth Mae . _. He Oindicates that his early
childhood was very satisfying and that his parents divorced after his mother suffered
from a nervous breakdown involving the burning of a family home. For the first two
years following his parents” separation, apparently, he moved between the parents'
homes and the grandparents. At age eleven, he settled in with his father and
remained there almost continuously until he was confined to prison.

The defendant states that upon his release from prison, his father suffered from
emphysema which was increasingly debilitating. Ultimately, the defendant found it
necessary to move from his father's home because his father used oxygen and he
smoked. For the past two years he has lived in various locations with various
girlfriends and he is unable to supply a permanent address at the present time. He
offers his father's address as his mailing address but readily admits he has been
living throughout the city with various women at least one of whom he believes he
has impregnated.

At the time of his arrest, the defendant was unemployed. He indicates that his most
recent employment was with ;,_' . Roofing Company in Detroit. He worked there
until November 1981: at the rate of $35 per day but lost the job because of its
seasonal nature. Previously, he had worked in the child care center at Wayne
County Community College and as a carpet cleaner for a Hagopian employee.

The defendant states that he graduated from Mumford High School in I971 and
subsequently attended Wayne County Community College. He guesstirnates that he
has approximately 35 credits during a one and a half year period. He indicates that
he was studying computer technology via a liberal arts degree and that his marks
ranged from average to below average. He hopes to resume his education in the
future and states that he discontinued it when his BEOG grant expired.

Although the defendant readily acknowledges that he has never acknowledged a drug
abuse problem in the past, he states that he has been addicted to herein for the past

f) . 93 r‘

\J

- _ James Lee
85-680234‘1-1 —

FAMILY/ MARITAL (cont'd): ‘

15 years. He indicates that he has used approximately four packs of heroin per day
at the cost of $10 per pack. Furthermore, he indicates that hc'returned to the use
of heroin almost immediately upon his release from prison. He states that he never
discussed the matter with a parole officer but he feels certain they were aware of
his activities. He indicates that influence from undesirable friends is the reason
that he initially became involved in drugs and that he resumed use of drugs upon his
release from custody because he had such ready access to them. He expresses a
desire to rid himself of the addiction and states that he is interested in a substance
abuse program at the present time. ‘

ev- —-——- '-"-'~.

3 94 )

James Lee
8.5-68132347“

INVESTIGATOR'S VERSION OF THE OFFENSE:

In Southfield, on March 13, 198.5, officers were dispatched to 3.1.. Hudson's store in
reference to a larceny which had occurred there at approximately 3:30 p.m. Officers
made contact with security agent, Murray Cason, and learned that he had been sent
to the men's shirt department in reference to a man wearing grey pants and a white
t-shirt who was carrying a large Hudson's bag into which he had placed several shirts
without paying for them. Mr. Cason was given a full description of the individual as
well as information regarding the direction in which he left upon exiting from the
store. Officer Cason went into the mall and located such a subject. He was
carrying a Hudson's bag in which Officer Cason could observe several shirts with
tags still on them. He stopped the subject and requested proof of purchase but
received none. The subject, eventually identified as James Lee " -. was taken
into custody and charged with Larcen‘y Over $100. The merchandise in question
gonsisted of shirts valued at $180 and ladies' wallets valued at $102 for a total of

282.

Mr. ‘_ was transported to and lodged ,in the Oakland County Jail where he has
since‘continuously remained confined, thus he has accrued credit for 65 days jail
confinement. He has been referred to the probation department for investigation
and report prior to his next court date, July 16, 1985, before Your Honor.
RESTITUTION:

All merchandise taken by the defendant was recovered at the scene of the arrest
therefore restitution is not an issue.

OFFENDER'S VERSION OF THE OFFENSE:

Mr. [admits committing the offense. He states that he has been addicted to
heroin tor the past 15 years and that he committed the offense to obtain drug

' money. He indicates that he entered the Hudson's store where he purchased a 25¢

shopping bag and then went to the wallet department. He placed five wallets in his
bag and then went to the shirt department where he put seven shirts in his bag. The
wallets ranged in value from $15 to $28 and each of the shirts was valued at $35.
Upon obtaining the merchandise, Mr" , .vent into the mall and was approaching
the parking lot at the time he was arrested: ,

The defendant states that although he has been confined to prison for a significant
period of time and although he has previously been on probation, he has never been
involved in a drug program and has never been invited to participate in one. At this
point, he hopes one will be offered to him.

95

 

487} Carlin. Detroit, Mithig'an 4‘37” 9 Ill-$22532]

X 7441 flrush Stu-ct. Detroit. Midngnn 48302 ' MIMI-0404
1225 Delrml Street. Flint, Michigan 43503 ° “3438-0483

June 23' 1985 HARVEYGATES

Enzyme Dan-cu"

Mr. Philip Seymour
43489 Grand River, Suite #7
Novi, MI 48050

Dear Mr. Seymour:
I.

Mr. James g was interviewed on June 25. 1985. We find
that James is an acceptable candidate and remand that he en-
ter inpatient treamat at Detrioit mbiccn Odyssey House.

Detroit Rubicon Odyssey House is a 12-18 month therapeutic
cannunity for the treatment of substance abuse as well as the
only psycl'tiatrically oriented tharamueic ammnity in this
area. In Odyssey House individuals have an Opportmdty to pre—
pare weaselves to return to society as well-functioning citi-
zens.

Oar recamandation regarding (lanes is that he enter in-
patient treatment. If he leaves before we medically discharge
him, we will notify you inraediately.

We will keep you infozmed of Janas' progress with monthly
progress letters.

If you have any questions concerning our program, please
feel free to contact us at your earliest convenience at 871-4235.

sincere l' 2,-

    

Linda Harp
Adainistratcr of
thtissiorLs/R'zferrals

Lil/1b

cc: Pile

 

 

96

.
J J‘\

0mm mrormrmon. Circuit Court CR 85-68423-E‘H _ i, .

    

 

   
     

- “:1 r H.

"',l.Ll 1( .

i} ' ..-;..-.: mu .m‘ : iffm
. _ . - - Tho CL-cun Court for the Going at Oakland
“. 1“ ‘ IA .-
‘ij ‘l :95; J... 4 Na l0 57
«éfi‘ran t'- in the Name of the People of the State of Michigan 1“ mmfipm Promuting

Attorney in and for raid County of Oakland. who‘mWJcoduu’rfYoe-fiffifif of the People of tho Sold State so
any

L

aid Court. cornupow hm in raid Court in tho

 

urn thereof. A. D. is. 35 and am the raid Court to understand and be informed um

 

 

 

 

 

 

Janes. lee - _ .
late of the City of Sq‘thfield in raid County.
heretofore. to-rn‘t. on tho—Egg!” of May A-D- ”—35
u the raid City or Southfield in ma County .

 

 

did calmit the offense of larceny by stealing certain property, to-wit: clothing,
mich belonged to Hudscns and the value of which was in excess of $100.00;
Contrary to Section 750.356 of the Camiled Laws of 1970, as amended; {115,3 ,

Section 28.588. (Maximum Penalty - 5 years)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

97

' ' .- D "‘>
- I}; r
[U
' ° HPBI’I‘UAL omen INFORMATION, more F‘ gfillpih r.’ gourc
CR 85- 68423-FH '

PA 54
Thecnrcun:Cburtfmr‘dmeagrijfiIoiQEmda.

In the Name of the People of the State g1; _M_l_c:—,h1_£ai:1.;-‘apoo.‘ts 9mm,
RUEPUTY co. ’
Emmixmtux5AtUMmey:utand:fim:the sxmicomnqrof<xmdand, umogmreecnrssflnrami
onbehalfcfthePecpleofthesaidStateinsaidCourt, canesmwhereintheMa-Y

termtherecf, A.D. 1985and gives thesaddcburttcmtderstandandbeinfomdthat
JAMES LEE- -‘. is hereby charged as an Habitual Offender, to-wit: said

JAMES LEE ‘ has been charged by General Information in said Court

with having committed on May 13, 1985 the felony crime of Larceny over

\‘

.

$100.00 and prior thereto had been gonvicted of the crime of Assault, “;
with Intent to Rob while Armed, a felony or attempted felony, and sen-
-tenced.therefor on June 5, 1974 in the Circuit Court for the County of
' Berrien, State of Michigan; and further had been convicted of the crime
of Attempted Armed Robbery; a felony or attempted felony, and sentenced
therefor on June 22, 1971 in the hecorder's Court for the City of
Detroit, State of Michigan; Contrary To Section 769.11 of the Compiled
Laws of 1970 and Contrary to Section 769.13 of the Compiled Laws of 1970.

F O -u.

(Maximum Penalty: 10 years)

98

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Egg: ., ' c' ) - I ORIGINAL
:,*}zg-tgif>ffj~.." , - gir- STATE OF MICHIGAN 4 ' g .
"3% It: 7" “3’3:- 5 ‘ IN THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE COUNI‘Y OF OAKLAND

3 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN ,_ ,

..- ; v No es». 8:-50423~E'5

i“! .;...- '-:;"., , ° . .
n—T': ‘3" Janie: Lea JUDGMENT OF SENTENCE
l.;z";;?;-5:~’;ii x? ' "
:5; g " ‘. Aliases
72553.4: ' "
5;}; ‘ AtasessIonofsaId Court held on Jul: .IE‘. 19 is
”,5 .tnEsem: HONORABLE STIZ‘L'L‘N tuners-c .CIRCUITJUDGE
2‘ "to as e , (age 5"” fears), the defendant herein being represented
1 by counsel, having on the 15th - (10" 3’3 J'Ll‘v‘ - I935 - (plead guilty to) (UcéIfTC'b‘tiI’IiC‘l'e‘dib‘silihé3563mm)
it: Wflfledby(hé'JuryofithecrImeof ,
“21::
1:57.." '- Larceny Ov'c-r 31m , 30
r. Eabituii Uffcndur/Uhirfl Offence

' (‘2 It is the judgment of the Court that Defendant is sentenced to the custody of the Michigan Department of Corrections for
.' the minimum and maximum term of years. with credit granted pursuant to PA. 73. 1965. and sentence beginning as

57.1. 5' Stated bCIOW: c

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

T‘Ifl'“r-"‘ :' .v QI‘;u.-'~.\" "n... f.‘ ‘ ‘C‘.‘,_ a . ..‘-§.‘ .9‘ L ‘ Jr. .-,. 7.. ‘

w SENTENCE
; . SENTENCE CONVICTED BY came C.I.. 1943 SEC.
9 _ DA‘I’E PLEA. COURT. JURY OR U.S.A. SEC.
I: , 7/19/3!’ Plea farm-:33;- g-"r 7?. n nc 71.1. 355
2. 7/13/05 . 2‘19: 'I'a!~i;;'.ftz'.l (‘6': '.-t1v’o:'r/"‘~3~J~. ‘ 7:39.112
i a.
1’ TERMS OF SENTENCE JAIL CREDIT
: MINIMUM MAXIMUM SENTENCETO GRANTED OTHER
, YRS NOS DAYS YRS MOS EEGIN ON(DATE mos DAYS INFORMATION
: 1. .I. 5 - I '7 I 33‘ ,r r!
g - COURT RECOMMENDATION: __ : 5,
i " .J ,‘ 7”.
I E: .rIE‘;
’ 2r ‘3: L13“
; OFFICIALS b
I ‘ NAMES AD RESSES
' \
I JUDGE :"!". "3i: , T ' '- " ' 1200 N.TeJegraptho‘ntiac. Ml 48053
’ I
- \ . . .
i PROSECUTING ATTORNEY ‘ i ' ' ‘ *- ' “1 ' "\ ,.,... ~ "z
I ATTORNEY FOR DEFENDANT '_ ' ' ' - : -- ; 5 ‘ ' ' -
i
I

99

July 7, 1986

I hereby agree to comply with the Michigan Department of Corrections
Policy Directive concerning confidentiality of information of prisoner
information for consultants and contractual personnel. That is, I agree
to hold the information that I will read in presentence reports in the
strictest confidence and will not divulge this information to any person.
beyond that of the Michigan State University Prison Diversion Project
Staff. I understand that I am required by statute to preserve the

confidentiality of all the materials that are assigned to me.

SIGNED:

 

DATE:

 

APPENDIX 3

2.

100

PRISON DIVERSION PROJECT

QUESTIONNAIRE

Identification 3.

PROJECT CASE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
Four digit, preassigned

DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS
lNMATE NUMBER

SENTENCINO COUNTY
DOCKET NUMBER

CODER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
Two digit, preassigned

h.

 

Probation Violation Section
IS PRIMARY CHARGE A VIOLATION OF PROBATION?
1 - yes
2 - no skip to #1
IF PROBATION VIOLATION IS TECHNICAL S.
1 - failure to meet probation officer
2 - failure to make restitution
3 - failure to complete community
service
A - failure to participate in

community program

5 - failure to maintain residence
6 - failure to work
7 - failure to go to school
8 - carrying weapon
9 - violation of curfew
IO - failure to make child support
11 - other SEE SUP.
IF NEH CRIME IS ALLEGED BUT NOT CHARGED, 6.

CODE THE OFFENSE NUMBER FROM OFFENSE
MASTER LIST
6 digit code - see Offense Master List

Offense: General

TIME OF INCIDENT

6:01 AM to Noon

12:01 to 6:00 PM

6:01 PM to Midnight

12:01 to 6:00 AM

Single incident over a period

of time

- Multiple incidents within a
short period of time

- Multiple incidents over a
long period of time

- Single event, time not stated

(3 N 0‘ \hJ-‘WN—o

DATE OF OFFENSE

Month, day, year
88 88 88 - no single date
99 99 99 - date not stated

PLACE OF INCIDENT

01
02
03
0h

05
06

O7
08
09
IO

PLAC

wrWN—a

PLAC

01
02

03
0h

05
06

O7
08
09
10

PLACE

mtun-

E

E

- offender‘s/accomplice's home

n victim's home (if other than 01

- other dwelling

- motor vehicle/other mode of
transportation

- street or sidewalk

- secluded public area (woods,
alley, etc.)

- commercial establishment
- public building
- no specific place
- place not stated
0F INCIDENT
inside

common (e.g., hail, stairs)
outside

no specific place

place not stated ,

OF SECOND INCIDENT

- offender's/accomplice's home

- victim's home (if other than
01)

- other dwelling

- motor vehicle/other mode of
transportation

- street or sidewalk

- secluded public area (woods,
alley, etc.)

- commercial establishment

- public building

- no second place involved

- second place not stated

OF SECOND INCIDENT

inside

common (e.g., hall, stairs)
outside

no second place involved
second place not stated

20.

21.

22.

23.

2h.

25.

26.

27.

28.

101

Intention and Motive 29.

(Official Version)

FROM ALL FACTS, WHAT WAS OFFENDER'S
INTENT AS OPPOSED TO WHAT ACTUALLY

RESULTED (violent/aggressive crimes)
1 I to kill
2 - to injure seriously
3 I to injure (less) 30.
h - to touch but not injure
S - to restrain
6 - to frighten
7 - not stated
8 - not a violent crime

DEGREE OF PLANNING

premeditated

unplanned

accidental

paid

not stated or not clear

I
2
3
I.
S

WAS THERE AN ARGUMENT BETWEEN

 

OFFENDER AND VICTIM? 31.

I - yes
2 - no/not stated
3 - victimless crime

DID OFFENDER ACT OUT OF REVENGE?
I - yes
2 - no/not stated

3 - victimless crime

DID OFFENDER ACT OUT OF SUDDEN

ANGER?

1 - yes

2 - no/not stated 33.

3 - victimless crime

DID OFFENDER AND VICTIM HAVE A
LONG-STANDING PRIOR FEUD OR
HOSTILITY?

I - yes 3h.

2 - no
3 - victlmless crime

DID OFFENDER ACT OUT OF SELF-DEFENSE?

I I yes
2 - no/not stated
3 - victimless crime

DID OFFENDER ACT FOR "KICKS”, THRILL,
FUN, ETC.?

I - yes 35.
2 - no
3 - victjmless crime

DID OFFENDER ACT OUT OF INFLUENCE
FROM SPOUSE OR LOVER?

1 - yes
2 - no/not stated 36.

-3-

32.

DID OFFENDER ACT FOR MONEY?

yes, support drug habit
yes, for min. necessity
(e.g. food)

yes, other than 1 or 2
no

not stated

N—a

mar-u
III

DID OFFENDER ACT DUE TO ANY OF THE
FOLLOWING EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS OR
HANDICAPS?

1 - physical handicap
2 - mental handicap (psychological

label: kleptomania, sociopath.
etc.)

3 - emotional problems/distress
(fight with spouse or relative.
e.g.)

h - nonospecific. social-
psychological impairment (e.g.
immaturity, poor parenting)

S - none apparent

IF THEFT OR PROPERTY CRIME, DID
DEFENDENT BELIEVE HE/SHE HAD A CLAIM
OR RIGHT TO THE PROPERTY?

1 I yes
2 - no/not stated
3 - not theft or property crime

TOTAL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS
(including this offender)

I through 7, as is

7 - eight or more

9 - multiple offenders. number
not stated

WERE THERE ANY JUVENILE OFFENDERS
WITH THIS OFFENDER?

1 I yes
2 - no
3 - offender is juvenile

IF THEFT OR PROPERTY CRIME, WHAT
WAS REASON FOR PROPERTY DAMAGE?

deliberate end in itself
(e.g. vandalism)

I I

2 - deliberate means to another
and (e.g. to gain entry)

3 - no reason, accidental

h - no damage

5 - not stated

6 - victimless crime/non-property
crime

VICTIM'S ROLE IN CAUSING OFFENSE

passive or no role
contributed
instigated

not stated

not applicable

use-ure—
IIIII

IF PERSONAL OFFENSE, DID OFFENDER
INFLICT CRUELTY OR PHYSICAL HARM
UPON VICTIM BEYOND WHAT IS NECESSARY
TO COMMIT THE CRIME?

1 - yes

2 - no/not stated

3 - victimless crime/not applicable
crime

7.

8.

9.

IO.

TYPE OF WEAPON (Most serious mentioned 13.
or alleged)
01 I rope, whip, cord
02 I blunt instrument
03 I small knife (5 inch maximum)
Oh I large knife, sword Ih.
05 I revolver, pistol, handgun
06 I rifle
07 I shotgun, sawed off
08 I machine gun
09 I multiple firearms
IO I motor vehicle
II I chemical/corrosive
I2 ' explosive IS.
I3 I other SEE SUP.
38 I no weapon involved
95 I counterfeit weapon
99 I type of weapon not stated
FIREARM INVOLVED WAS
I I an inoperable weapon
2 I unloaded
3 I loaded
4 I no firearm involved
5 I condition of firearm unknown
POSSESSION OF WEAPON BY
I I offender . I6.
2 I co-offender (or other perpetrator)
3 I victim
h I I and 2
5 I I and 3
6 I I, 2 and 3
7 I 2 and 3
8 I no weapon Involved
9 I not stated
WEAPON WAS (excluding mere possession)
I I visible and used with injury I7.
resulting
2 I visible and used in attempt to
injure, no injury resulting
3 I visible and used to frighten
victim
h I not visible but implied or use 18.
threatened
S I possessed but not visible/not
mentioned
6 I no weapon involved or mere
weapons possession offense
7 I use of weapon not stated
WAS OFFENDER USING DRUGS
.AI_ILfl£_QE_Q£EENSEZ
I I Yes 19.

102

2 I No/Not Stated

AT TIME OF OFFENSE WAS OFFENDER

"STRUNG OUT",

IN NEED OF DRUGS,

DETOXIFYING, ON METHADONE MAIN-
TENANCE OR SUFFERING FROM DRUG
FLASHBACK?

I I Yes
2 I No/Not Stated

WAS OFFENDER USING ALCOHOL Al
TIME OF OFFENSE?

I I Yes
2 I No/Not Stated

DOES THERE APPEAR TO BE A HIGH
DEGREE OF COMMUNITY INFLUENCE?

community outrage
community support
notorious case

none of the above

run-

OFFENDER VERSION
I I offender substantially agrees

with official version

denies some allegations

offender does not recall

actions during time of

offense

denies any knowledge of

instant offense

offender did not make state-

ment

defendant's version left

blank and not stated else-

where

IN CASES OF MULTIPLE OFFENDERS IT
APPEARS THAT:
I I offender was leader (ring-
leader)
I offender was accomplice
I offender was mere accessory
(peripheral or minor role)
offender was alone
I unable to determine offender‘s
relative role

cow uh!
I

WAS
AND

THERE A STRUGGLE BETWEEN OFFENDER
THE POLICE?

l I yes
2 I no/not stated

WERE INJURIES SUSTAINED AT ARREST?
I I yes, police only
2 I yes, offender only
3 I yes, bystander only
h I l and 2
5 I 2 and 3
6 I I and 3
7 I I, 2, and 3
8 I no injury involved

VERBAL THREATS T0 VICTIM, POLICE OR
OTHER AUTHORITIES (at/before arrest)

unspecified threats

to destroy property

to ruin one's reputation
(akin to blackmail)

to injure

to injure seriously

to kill

no threats mentioned

NOW: WN-I

Robbery, Theft/Property
Damage

IS THERE ANY PROPERTY THEFT OR
DAMAGE (OTHER THAN FRAUD)

37-
IN CASE?

I I yes

2 I no, skip to variable #6

30.

1133

INVOLVED

 

APPROXIMATE PRESENT AGGREGATE

VALUE OF ALL STOLEN PROPERTY OR CASH

est.
est.
est.
est.
est.
est.
est.

uowmummrun—

-O‘

39.
DAMAGE

minor,

between
between
between
between
between
between

less than $100

$100-$250
$360-$500
SSOl-SIOOO
SIOOI-SSOOO
SSOOI-SI0,000
$l0,00l-$S0,000

over $50,000

victimless crime or no value
not applicable
$10 or less

ESTIMATED DOLLAR VALUE OF PROPERTY

Coder may estimate from given

facts
I I
- est.
est.
est.
est.
est.
est.
est.

I-IOWCDNC‘WS‘WN

e—I—fl

MO.

“NO‘UIk DON-I

a

d

THIS

I I

minor,

between
between
between
between
between
between

less than $100

$100-$250
$850-$500
5501-51000
51001-55000
55001-510,OOO
510,001-550,000

over $50,000

no damage
not applicable
SIO or less

“7.

MANNER OF ENTRY (FOR B 8 E ONLY)

#8.

I employee/course of employment
invited and remained
non-invited, access thru open
door or window/not forced
forced entry, no damage
forced entry, damage incurred
no entry
not B 8 E
not stated

“9.

. APPARENT PRESENCE OF VICTIM DURING
OFFENSE

50.

victim or anyone else

apparently present or asleep

2-
3I

victim apparently not present
not applicable, victimless crime,

commercial victim

#2.

WHEN STOLEN?

I I yes

2 I no/not stated

WAS THE ITEM(S) gN_THE VICTIM

3 I not applicable

-h-

43.

Ah.

“5.

A6.

WAS THERE SENTIMENTAL VALUE TO
THE ITEMS?

yes

no/not stated

not applicable, victimless
crime, commercial

WN—
III

ANY INDICATION OF AN ONGOING,
ORGANIZED OPERATION? (e.g.
burglary/robbery ring)

I I yes
2 I no/not stated

OECREE OF PARTICIPATION IN THEFT
OFFENSE:

I I stole goods, participated in
actual theft

2 I offender received, stored,
sold stolen goods--minor
3 I offender received, stored,
sold stolen goods--profes-
sional
h I I and 2
5 I l and 3
6 I no taking of property
7 I not stated
Drugs
WERE DRUG OFFENSES 0R DRUGS IN
GENERAL INVOLVED?

I I yes, drug offense
2 I yes, drug involved
3 I no, skip to variable 58

NUMBER OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES
I through 6, as is
7 I 7 or more

8 I not stated

SPECIFY SUBSTANCE INVOLVED
(PRIMARY)

See Drug Master List
999 I not stated
STREET VALUE IN DOLLARS (PRIMARY)

I through 999,997, as is
999.998 I 999.998 and above
999.999 I not stated

QUANTITY OF THIS SUBSTANCE SEIZED
(PRIMARY)

Actual amount stated
98 I 98 units or more
99 I not stated

SI.

52.

53.

SA.

55.

56.

S7.

1134

MEASURING UNITS USED IN ABOVE
(PRIMARY)

ounces
milligrams
grams
kilograms

I
2
3
h
5
6 pills
7
8

other (specify) SEE SUP.
9 not stated
FROM CHARGE AND OTHER FACTORS MENTIONED
WAS OFFENDER SELLING?

only occasionally

to support habit

to support habit/for profit
for profit only

not stated

run—
IIIII

5

FROM CHARGE AND OTHER FACTORS 60.

MENTIONED WAS OFFENDER A
MANUFACTURER OF DRUGS?

I I yes
2 I no/not stated

IS THERE INFORMATION THAT OFFENDER 6l.

SELLS TO JUVENILES?

l I yes
2 I no/not stated

HOW LONG HAS OFFENDER SOLD/

MANUFACTURED DRUGS (IN YEARS) 62.

I up to one year

up to two years
up to three years
up to four years

more than five years

no indication offender sells
victimless crime/no drugs
involved

9 I not stated

mwasmsrwN-o

6h.
OFFENDER LEVEL IN DRUG DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK
I I very high, brings into area
2 I dealer, middle man only,
sells to pusher
3 I pusher, sells to user 65.

h I part of larger organized
drug ring

5 I no drug sales involved

6 I level not stated or
ascertainable

AMOUNT OF CASH SEIZED ON OFFENDER
OR ON PREMISES

SI through 99,997, as is
99.993 ' 99.998 and above
00,000 I no cash seized
99.999 I not stated

I pounds 58.

glasine envelopes 59.

up to five years 63.

Sex Crimes or Sexual
Activity Involved

 

DID OFFENSE INVOLVE SEXUAL CONDUCT,
SEXUAL ASSAULT, OR LEWDNESS?

I I yes
2 I no, skip to variable 70

IF LEWDNESS OFFENSE, DID OFFENDER'S
LEWDNESS INCLUDE ANY OF THE FOLLOWING?

showing of pictures

words or gestures only
peeping

exposing self
masturbating self
multiples of above

other (specify) SEE SUP.
no lewdness involved

not stated

\DQNO‘W-l-‘WN—I

FONDLING

yes, multiple
yes, single
no

not stated

#WN—I

INTERCOURSE

yes, multiple
yes, single
no

not stated

#WN-I
IIII

SODOMY
I I yes, multiple
2 I yes, single
3 I no
A I not stated

DID PENETRATION OCCUR?

I I yes
2 I no
3 I not stated

DID OFFENDER FORCE VICTIM TO
MASTURBATE OFFENDER OR ANOTHER?

I I yes
2 I no
3 I not stated

DID OFFENDER FORCE VICTIM TO
COMMIT SODOMY ON OFFENDER OR
ANOTHER?

yes, sodomy of offender

yes, sodomy of another human
yes, sodomy of a beast

no sodomy

not stated

U'IkUN—I
IIIII

66.

67.

68.

690

70.

CODE

71.

72.

WAS VICTIM ASSAULTED AS PART OF
ACT?
I I yes, bodily beating, multiple
2 I yes, bodily beating, single
3 I yes, cut with weapon
h I yes, mutilation, torture of
body parts
5 I both I and 3
6 I both 2 and 3
7 I no
8 I not stated
DID OFFENDER CLAIM CONSENT BY
VICTIM?
l I yes

2 I no/not stated
Juveniles

WAS OFFENDER'S LEWDNESS DIRECTED
TOWARD:

I juveniles under 12
other juveniles
adults

mixed group

no lewdness involved
not stated

I
2
3
I.
5

6

FOR ACT OTHER THAN LEWDNESS, WERE
CHILDREN INVOLVED?

less than 5 yrs. of age
ages 6-9

ages 10-12

multiples of above

yes.
yes,
yes,
yes,
no

not stated

mm#WNl-fi
I I I I I I

Frauds

IS ANY FRAUD TYPE OF ACTIVITY OR
CRIME INVOLVED IN THIS OFFENSE?

l I yes
2 I no, skip to variable 85

EACH TYPE OF FRAUD INVOLVED
WELFARE FRAUD

I food stamps

N—e
I

children (ADC)

3 I general relief
h I social security
5 I supplemental security income
6 I other (specify) SEE SUP.
e.g. Vets Benefits, G.I. Bill
7 I no such fraud involved
WAS OFFENDER ON WELFARE AT TIME
OF OFFENSE?
l I yes
2 I no

3 I not stated

aid to families with dependent

105

73.

7h.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

BI.

BAD CHECKS OR OTHER NEGOTIABLE
INSTRUMENTS

l I yes

2 I no such fraud involved
FRAUD INVOLVING CREDIT CARDS

I I yes

2 I no such fraud involved
FRAUD TO OBTAIN CREDIT, LOAN, OR
INSURANCE

l I yes-

2 I no such fraud involved

DID FRAUD INVOLVE CORRUPTION OF
PUBLIC OFFICIAL OR PUBLIC
INSTITUTION?

I I yes
2 I no

IF FRAUD INVOLVED OBTAINING MONEY
BY FALSE PRETENSES:

yes, from government

yes, from corporation

yes, from citizen of means
yes, from poor person

yes, victim not identified
no such fraud involved

O‘UlkWN—o
IIIIII

IF FRAUD INVOLVED OBTAINING MONEY BY
FALSE PRETENSES, WAS VICTIM GULLIBLE?

l I yes
2 I no/not stated

DID FRAUD INVOLVE FALSE REPORTING
OR FAILURE TO REPORT?

1 I yes, on administrative form
(tax return, application,etc.)

2 I yes, report of physical fact
(e.g. bomb scare, fire, etc.)

3 I yes, report not indicated

h I no such fraud involved

IF FRAUD INVOLVED EMBEZZLEMENT:

I I yes, from private business

2 I yes, from financial insti-
tution

3 I yes, from individual, relative

h I yes, from government

5 I yes, but source not indicated

6 I no such fraud involved

IF FRAUD INVOLVED CREDIT, IS THERE
ANY EVIDENCE THIS WAS PART OF LARGER
SCHEME FOR MISUSE OF CREDIT (STOLEN
CREDIT CARD, PYRAMIDING, ETC.)

I I yes
2 I no
3 I no such fraud involved

1136

 

82. FROM FACTS, DOES IT APPEAR OFFENDER IS 89.
ENGAGED IN CONTINUING SCHEME OR ORGA-
NIZED CRIMINAL GROUP? (e.g., con-man)

l I yes
2 I no/not stated
3 I no such fraud involved

83. WHAT WAS OFFENDER-VICTIM

RELATIONSHIP?
1 I employer-employee 90.
2 I lovers (spouse, common-law)
3 I lover
I I seller-buyer
5 I financial institution-
customer
6 I State Social Services-
recipient
7 I strangers (other than above)
8 I friends and acquaintances,
(other than above)
8“. TOTAL CASH VALUE OF FRAUDS
$1 through 99,997, as is
99.999 I not stated
99.998 I 99,998 and above
Victim Information
85. VICTIM: PRIMARY TARGET OF 91.
CRIME
I I private person(s)
2 I business/corporate entity
3 I government/state
h I law enforcement officer
5 I state/other governmental
agency 92.
6 I business proprietor
7 I victimless crime
8 I other (specify) SEE SUP.
86. TOTAL NUMBER OF HUMAN VICTIMS
I - 6, as is
7 I 7 or more
8 I small group (approx. 2-6,
exact number not given)
9 I no human victim, skip to
variable 10}
87. AGE OF PRIMARY HUMAN VICTIM
OI to 93. as is
9h I 9h or older 93.
95 I juvenile (under 21)
96 - adult (21-60)
97 I senior citizen (over 60)
99 I no way to ascertain or
approximate victim's age
88. SEX OF PRIMARY HUMAN VICTIM
I I male

2 I female
3 I not stated

RACE/ETHNICITY OF PRIMARY HUMAN
VICTIM

Caucasian

Black

Hispanic
Oriental
American Indian
Other (specify)
not stated

1
2
3
a
5
6

SEE SUP.

\5

OFFENDER-VICTIM RELATIONSHIP

01 I Spouse or common-law

02 I lover I romantically
involved

03 I ex-spouse or separated

Oh I child

05 I parent

06 I sibling

07 I other relative

08 I roommate

09 I friend

10 I employer

11 I employee

12 I coemployee

I3 I casual acquaintance

1h I stranger (target victim)

15 I bystander

16 I not stated

VICTIM'S ATTITUDE TOWARD OFFENDER
AFTER OFFENSE

l I hostile or punative

2 I indifferent

3 I friendly or sympathetic
h I attitude not stated

DID VICTIM LACK ABILITY TO

RESIST 0R DEFEND BECAUSE
01 I mental handicap
02 I physical handicap
03 I both mental 8 physical
Oh I drug or alcohol use
05 I age
06 I size
07 I strength
08 I unconscious
09 I asleep
10 I bound and/or gagged
II I no lack of mental or
physical capacity of any kind
12 I not applicable

VICTIM'S OCCUPATION

professional/managerial
white-collar

proprietor

blue-collar skilled
blue-collar unskilled

only occasionally employed
unemployed

not stated

QVU‘UIJ-‘WN—I

9h. DID VICTIM LOSE JOB AS RESULT OF
INJURY RECEIVED?

l I yes
2 I no/not stated
3 I victim deceased

VICTIM INJURY/DAMAGE

9S. WAS PHYSICAL INJURY OR MENTAL
TRAUMA INFLICTED ON ANY HUMAN
VICTIM?

1 I yes, continue with this
section
2 I no, skip to VARIABLE 103

96. PHYSICAL INJURY

I untouched

I contact made but no

apparent injury

injured, not treated

I treated and released (same
day)

I hospitalized

critical condition or in-

tensive care

killed

I amount of injury not stated

I
2

kw
I

GUI
I

(”V
I

97. WHERE DID VICTIM SUSTAIN MOST
INJURY(S)?

head area

upper body

lower abdomen
limbs, hand, foot
internal organ(s)

multiple body areas,
internal 8 external
I not injured/not stated

(D NO‘UIJ-‘UN-I

98. ROLE OF PHYSICAL INJURY

I no physical harm caused

I
2 I physical harm was deliberate

end in itself

means to another end
I physical harm was accidental
means to another end
S I accidental end
6 I not stated

3 I physical harm was deliberate
I.

99. METHOD OF INFLICTING INJURY

01 I struck with bodily weapon

02 I struck with weapon/instrument
03 I stabbed or slashed
Oh I l and 2

05 I I and 3

06 I I, 2, and 3

07 I mauled (mayhem)

08 I shot

09 I runover

10 I bombed

II I poisoned

12 I burned

13 I multiple means

1h I not stated

multiple body areas, external

107

100.

101.

102.

103.

109.

105.

106.

107.

EXTENT OF MENTAL DISTURBANCE

not seriously upset
mildly upset
severely traumatized
not stated

#WN—I

IS VICTIM IN NEED OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
CARE OR COUNSELING?

I I yes
2 I no/not stated

OFFENDER

I I administered first aid

2 I prevented further injury
(e.g. by co-defendent)

3 I sought help for victim

h I abandoned victim in need
of aid

5 I abandoned dying victim

6 I hid victim/moved victim to
place where aid would not
likely be forthcoming

7 I not stated

Offender Characteristics
OFFENDER'S DATE OF BIRTH

Month, day, year (MMDDYY)
99 99 99 I unknown

OFFENDER'S SEX

I I male
2 I female
3 I not stated

OFFENDER'S RACE/ETHNICITY

Caucasian

Black

Hispanic
Oriental
American Indian
Other (Specify)
I Not stated

SEE SUP.

\JU‘U‘IkLflN—a
I I I I I

OFFENDER'S RESIDENTIAL STABILITY
(since leaving parental/guardian
home)

I stable
I unstable
I not stated

MIN—I

WHO DOES OFFENDER LIVE WITH?

1 I spouse/common-law

2 I parents

3 I other relative

h I friends/roommate

5 I with children, without spouse
6 I alone

7 I other SEE SUP.

8 I not stated

108.

109.

110.

111.

112.

113.

119.

115.

108

NUMBER OF PEOPLE OFFENDER LIVES

WITH (excluding offender)

I through 6, as is

7 I 7 or more

8 I offender lives alone
9 I not stated

116.

117.
DESCRIPTION OF NEIGHBORHOOD IN PSI

upper class

average residential/middle
income

slum (ghetto)

transient

not stated

N—e

viz-w
III

DESCRIPTION OF NEIGHBORHOOD IN PSI

I - high crime
2 I low crime
3 I not stated

118.

DESCRIPTION OF NEIGHBORHOOD IN PSI

urban
suburban
rural
transient
not stated

uscwuno._
IIIII

Community Ties
RELIGION

regular attendance

some present connection
former/not practicing

no present or past religious
connection or affiliation
not stated

120.

”UN—e
IIII

SI

FROM PSI INFORMATION, OFFENDER
ASSOCIATES PRIMARILY WITH:

family

friends

criminal group/gang
no one (loner)

not stated

121.

usguulu-u
IIIII

Family Background ‘22
FROM AVAILABLE INFORMATION WAS

0FFENDER“S FAMILY/GUARDIAN

INCOME STATUS:

I I upper class
I middle class
I lower class
I no family

I not stated

UIJPUN

DID OFFENDER"S PARENT/GUARDIANS
RECEIVE WELFARE DURING HIS/HER
youth/

yes, extended benefits

(2 yrs or more)

I I

2 I yes, occasionally or for
short periods of time

3 I no

A I not stated

119.

NUMBER OF SIBLINGS (Whole or
half-Iexcluding offender)

O I only child
1 through 8, as is
9 I number not stated

OFFENDER RAISED BY:

I parents

I parent

I relative

I combination of l, 2 and 3
I guardian/foster parents

I orphanage

I combination of any above
I extremely erratic living
conditions

9 I not stated
OFFENDER"S PARENTS EVER INVOLVED IN
CRIMINAL ACTIVITY? (Specific Statemnts)

l I yes
2 I no (affirmatively stated)
3 I not stated

OFFENDER”S PARENTS EVER INCARCERATED?

l I yes
2 I no
3 I not stated

OFFENDER"S SIBLING EVER INVOLVED IN
CRIMINAL ACTIVITY? (specifically
stated)

I I yes

2 I no (affirmatively stated)
3 I no siblings

A I not stated

OFFENDER”S SIBLING EVER INCARCERATED?

l I yes

2 I no

3 I no siblings
h I not stated

EDUCATION OF OFFENDER”S PARENTS/
GUARDIAN (whoever was primarily
with offender bet. ages 5 and 18)

some education (less than
grade school)

completed grade school
some high school

high school graduate
some college/technical-
vocational

college graduate

post graduate college
no formal education

not stated

I I

\DQVU‘ U'ltUNa

123.

129.

125.

126.

127.

128.

129.

130.

1119

EVIDENCE OF PARENTAL DRUGS OR
HEAVY ALCOHOL?

-‘

13 .
father
mother

yes,
yes,
both
neither

not stated

mrwN—n
IIIII

OFFENDER'S ATTITUDE TOWARD
PRINCIPLE MALE GUARDIAN?

favorable

neutral

unfavorable

never knew natural father
not stated

132.

“bu-DN—
IIIII

OFFENDER'S ATTITUDE TOWARD

PRINCIPLE FEMALE GUARDIAN?

favorable 133-
neutral

unfavorable

never knew natural mother
not stated

wrun—
IIIII

WAS OFFENDER'SEXUALLY ABUSED?
I by family member(s)

I by'relative

I by non-relative

I no/not stated

run—-

WAS OFFENDER AN ABUSED, NEGLECTED 13“-

OR ABANDONED CHILD?

1 I yes
2 I no/not stated

OFFENDER'S ATTITUDE TOWARD
SIBLINGS, GENERALLY

favorable
neutral
unfavorable
no siblings

not stated 135'

vat-wro—
IIIII

DEGREE OF PARENTAL SUPERVISION
(between ages 5 and 18)

strict, at least one parent
average

parents lenient

not stated

I36.

\AUJN...

ATMOSPHERE OF "FAMILY ENVIRONMENT"

I I positive, close, normal
2 I negative, cold, stressful
3 I not stated

Marital
OFFENDER IS CURRENTLY

single

married

widowed

living with paramour
engaged

separated
divorced/annulled
other (specify)

not stated

SEE SUP.

\DCDVO‘U'I:WN-I

IF OFFENDER IN PRISON, AGE
WHEN FIRST CHILD WAS BORN

record actual age
88 I no children
99 I not stated

CHILDREN LIVE WITH (AT OFFENSE)

I no children

offender

ex-spouse

lover/Spouse

maternal grandparent(s)
paternal grandparent(s)
other relative(s)
foster parents

friend

not stated

OWGDNO‘U'It'U-DNH

d

WHO HAS LEGAL CUSTODY OF CHILDREN?
no children

offender

ex-spouse

lover/spouse

maternal grandparent(s)
paternal grandparent(s)
other relative(s)
foster parents

friend

not stated

OWQNO‘U'OkUIN—n

d

TOTAL NUMBER OF CHILDREN (include
natural, adopted, and foster)

0 through 8, as is
8 I 8 or more
9 I not stated

DOES OFFENDER PROVIDE ANY FINANCIAL
SUPPORT FOR SPOUSE OR OFFSPRING ON A
REGULAR BASIS?

yes
no
no family
not stated

PW N —I“'

I37.

I38.

I39.

lhO.

Ihl.

INZ.

lh3.

IS OFFENDER PRIMARY SOURCE OF
SUPPORT FOR ANY OTHER DEPENDENTS?

1 I yes

2 I no

3 I no family
A I not stated

PRIMARY REASON FOR OFFENDER'S
DIVORCE/SEPARATION

incompatibility

drugs or alcohol (spouse)
spouse disloyal

offender disloyal

drugs, alcohol (offender)
other (specify) SEE SUP.
not applicable

not stated

mVa‘m:UN—e
IIIIIIII

Military History
OFFENDER IN MILITARY SERVICE

00 I no military service

1 through 97 months, as is
98 I lifer

99 I not stated

TYPE OF DISCHARGE

honorable discharge
dishonorable discharge
general discharge

other punative discharge
medical discharge

still active regular
still active reserve

no military history

not stated

\DWNU‘U’IkWN—o

Educational Background
IN SCHOOL NOW?

I I yes
2 I no
3 I not stated

OF SCHOOL (NOW)

I I high school

2 I vocational/special school
3 I college (2 or.h year)
A I graduate school
5 I GED progress
6 I not in school/not stated

PRIMARY REASON FOR LEAVING SCHOOL

01 I graduation/completion

02 I joined military

03 I marriage or pregnant

Oh I took job before graduating

05 I lack of interest

06 I expulsion/asked to leave

07 I arrest/conviction of crime

08 I financial difficulties

09 I left to attend skill/
technical school

10 I never in school or still in

school
11 I not stated

11.0

11.1..

1&5.

1H6.

Ih7.

1h8.

1A9.

150.

152.

153.

-11-

HIGHEST GRADE COMPLETED (actual
# years)

01 - 08, grade school

09 - 12, high school
13 - 16, undergraduate/vocational
17 I some graduate work
18 I completed graduate work (MA)
19 I doctorate or professional
20 I never in school
21 I not stated
DID OFFENDER RECEIVE GED?

1 I yes
2 I no/not stated

DID OFFENDER ENGAGE IN ANY FORMAL
SPECIAL SKILLS/VOCATIONAL TRAINING

l I yes
2 I no/not stated

OFFENDER'S GRADES GENERALLY

exceptional (A)

above average (8)

average (C)

below average (0), not well
failing (F)

never in school

not stated

NO‘U'IS'UJN—o
IIIIIII

DOES PSI REPORT OFFENDER IS
ILLITERATE IN ENGLISH?

I I yes, illiterate
2 I no/not stated

WAS OFFENDER A SCHOOL
DISCIPLINARY PROBLEM?

I I yes
2 I no/not stated

GENERAL APPEARANCE/PERSONAL
HYGIENE

very well groomed
neat

untidy (sloppy)
not stated

:WN—e
IIII

MENTAL HEALTH

I no problem
I existing or past problem
; indicated

3 I not stated

I
2

OFFENDER DRUG ABUSE
OFFENDER'S DRUG HISTORY
I I has known history of use
2 I no known history of drug use/
not stated, skip to VARIABLE 163
OFFENDER‘S CURRENT DRUG USE STATUS
l I presently using drugs

2 I not presently using drugs
3 I not stated

154.

155.

156.

157.

158.

111

DRUG OF PRIMARY USE 162.

I marijuana or hashish

pills or other barbituates
cocaine, speed or other ampheta-
mine

LSD or other hallucinogens
methadone

heroin or other opiates

not stated

\JO‘U'It MIN—I
I

DEGREE OF DRUG USE GENERALLY

163.

rare (experimental)
light

moderate

heavy

addicted

not stated

0‘“:de
IIIIII

COST OF DAILY HABIT OF MOST SERIOUS

DRUG EVER USED 16h.

$1 through $886, as is
887 I $887 or more
999 I amount not stated

AGE OF FIRST INVOLVEMENT WITH
DRUGS OTHER THAN HEROIN

1 through 86, as is
87 I 87 or older
99 I not stated

AGE OF FIRST USE OF HEROIN

165.

I through 98
99 I not stated

HAS OFFENDER EVER PARTICIPATED IN ANY OF
THE FOLLOWING DRUG TREATMENT PROGRAMS?

159.

I60.

161.

DRUG FREE RESIDENTIAL
yes, court ordered
Yes.
yes, both

yes, motive not stated

no past participation in a
program/no mention of treat-
ment

“#uN-I
IIIII

DRUG FREE OUT-PATIENT (counseling)

1 I yes, court ordered

2 I yes, voluntary

3 I yes, both

A I yes, motive not stated

5 I no past participation in a
program (affirmatively stated)

6 I no mention of treatment

DETOXIFICATION PROGRAM

court ordered

yes, voluntary

yes, both

yes, motive not stated

no past participation in a
program/no mention of treat-
ment

Yes.

maroon—
IIIII

-12-

voluntary 166.

METHADONE MAINTENANCE OR OTHER
LEGAL SUBSTITUTE

yes, court ordered

yes, voluntary

yes, both

yes, motive not stated
no past participation in
a program/not stated

Cut-uto—
IIIII

Offender Alcohol Abuse

OFFENDER'S DEGREE OF ALCOHOL
USE, GENERALLY

none (affirmatively stated)
social drinker

frequently drinks
alcoholic

not mentioned

mkWN—I
IIIII

HAS OFFENDER EVER PARTICIPATED
IN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ALCOHOL
TREATMENT PROGRAMS?

lN-PATIENT RESIDENTIAL

court ordered
voluntary

both

yes, motive not stated
no past participation in
a program/no mention of
alcohol treatment

DETOXIFICATION

yes, court ordered

yes, voluntary

yes, both

yes, motive not stated
no past participation in
a program/no mention of
alcohol treatment

\flt‘WN-I
IIIII

OUT-PATIENT COUNSELING (CLINIC)

court ordered

yes, voluntary

yes, both

yes, motive not stated
no past participation in
a program/no mention of
alcohol treatment

Yes.

wrun—
IIIII

I67.

I68.

i69.

I70.

I72.

ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS OR OTHER
COMMUNITY GROUP

court ordered

voluntary

yes, both

yes, motive not stated

no past participation in a
program/no mention of alcohol
treatment

Yes.
yes,

U‘IkwN-I
IIIII

112

 

HAS OFFENDER EVER UNDERGONE PSYCHIATRIC
TREATMENT?

l I yea, in-patient

2 I yea, out-patient

3 I yea, both

4 I no, not stated

Employment

WAS OFFENDER EMPLOYED AT TIME OF
OFFENSE?

yes, full time

yes, part time (affirm. stated)
no

in military

not stated

Vic-wru—
IIIII

IF EMPLOYED AT TIME OF OFFENSE,
APPROXIMATE EARNINGS PER WEEK:

001 I 998, as is
000 I not employed
999 I unknown

DOES OFFENDER HAVE A JOB TO GO
TO AFTER SENTENCING?

l I yes

2 I no/not stated

3 I in military

h I to be discharged from
military

5 I in school

TYPE OF WORK BY OFFENDER

professional/managerial
white-collar (ofc worker/sales)
police or fireman

blue-collar, skilled (a trade)
blue-collar, unskilled

I military

I various types of work

I never employed or disabled

I not stated

I
2
3
I,
5
6
7
8
9

II

3-

I73.

17“.

175.

176.

I77.

I78.

HOW LONG HAS OFFENDER HELD PRESENT
JOB AT TIME OF SENTENCING (MONTHS)

000 I unemployed
OOI to 998, as is
999 I not stated

NUMBER OF SEPARATE JOBS LAST
FIVE YEARS?

OI I 87, as is

88 I not employed during this time
97 I odd jobs, number not stated
99 I unknown

EMPLOYMENT IN LAST 5 YRS.

I full-dim

pntddme

hnh.l&12

odd.fitfl

samnmfl.uxk
notcmphxmn hum Sjns.
ax:sun2d<x'dfiEHMndfle

liRKSflEEHJIYJNIJST SIBWS?
sunfle

Imauflfle
noIaxt_h§x.S}ns.
uxzsunzd<x-dannmnmfle

UIJ-‘ri-d
IIIII

NATURE OF ANY EMPLOYER“S COMMENTS
(MOST FAVORABLE)

excellent
satisfactory
poor

fired

never employed
not stated

o‘mth-a
IIIIII

IS OFFENDER PHYSICALLY UNABLE TO
WORK NOW?

1 I yes
2 I no
3 I not stated

179.

IF UNEMPLOYED AT TIME OF OFFENSE,
WHAT IS MEANS OF SUBSISTANCE?

no visible legal means

unemployment compensation
relatives or friends

pension, annuity or insurance
on own assets

employed at time of offense
not stated

mummrwnd
IIIIIIII

SINCE ARREST WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING HAS
OFFENDER TAKEN?

I80.

I81.

I82.

I83.

18h.

185.

186.

VOLUNTARILY ENTERED A DRUG TREATMENT

PROGRAM

1 I yes
9 I no/not mentioned

VOLUNTARILY ENTERED AN ALCOHOL
TREATMENT PROGRAM

I I yes
2 I not mentioned

SECURED EMPLOYMENT

I I yes
2 I not mentioned

VOLUNTARILY MADE RESTITUTION OR
RETURNED GOODS

I I yes, before arrest

I yes, after arrest

I no, but capable of making
restitution

I no, not capable of making
restitution

I goods recovered by police

#WN

mm
I

by authorities
7-
8 a

not stated

welfare/other social assistance

disposition of goods not known

victimless crime/not applicable

11L3

I82.

I88.

189.

l90.

I91.

I92.

9 I expenses taken care of by victim

AMOUNT OF GOODS RECOVERED

none (affirmatively stated)
some goods

most goods

all goods

victimless crime or no theft
not stated

O‘m-PWN—I
IIIIII

OTHERWISE ATTEMPTED TO RECTIFY
PAST MISTAKE

I I yes
2 I nolnot mentioned

Criminal Justice Processing
JAIL TIME (in days)

OOI
887
888
997
999 I

to 886 days, as is

887 days or more

no jail time

arrest date to present
not stated

19A.

-1“-

DEFENSE ATTORNEY

court appointed
public defender
privately retained
pro se

not stated

thN—a
.W'I.

OFFENDER'S CUSTDDIAL STATUS 51
TIME OF SENTENCING

ROR

released on bail

personal bond

county jail

youth facility

state prison

custody of other jurisdiction
diagnostic commitment

not stated

\D‘DVO‘U‘S‘WN—a

PROBATION OFFICER PREPARING PSI
3 DIGIT ASSIGNED CODE (see box)

TOTAL CHARGES/COUNTS (all
informations)

I through 7, as is
8 I 8 or more
9 I unclear

JUDGE

See JUDGE LIST
999 I judge not indicated

NUMBER OF CO-DEFENDANTS

O I none

l to 7, as is

8 I 8 or more

9 I no co-defendants
ID I not stated

C(l-IIFEGMNPEIRHJIHISHH’

IOIIEEDIR

lanspxaefiznmapaau

Zanlawz'

3-Isflfl1ng

4 I parent(s)

5:-chihhen

5-odlx'nflatnms
71-fnnmdskrnuunnaras
31-n0tauplnzuflehr>oo<kfihnmnus
9-nx:sun2d

Au-bod11.&'h SPIBeIifrnads
Bunbodi2!&‘z,low:'&:fid£nds
CIbod11&3,spaae&si.bling(s)
DIbodI2&3,1mu'&sib11ng(s)
EIbodIS&7,cIuldzm&frimds
IDS<1fiEND§ihELLDIITO'D§HIFY
NQUNSTCILDEENDMHS?

lanyas

ZI-no

Bannocxhdmfindzms
4»-Ixx:sunzd

I95.

I96.

I97.

I98.

I99.

200.

201.

202.

114

WERE ANY CO-DEFENDANTS WILLING TO
TESTIFY AGAINST THIS OFFENDER?

203.

yes

no

no co-defendants
not stated

I
2
3
I.

DID OFFENDER CONFESS T0 POLICE 0R
PROSECUTOR IN THIS CASE?

yes, written

yes, verbal

yes, written, exculpatory
yes, verbal, exculpatory
not stated

vac-un—
IIIII

IF DEFENDANT PLEADED GUILTY, HE/SHE
DID SO:

1 I on day set for trial (affirma-

tively stated) 20b.

2 I prior to trial date

3 I defendant did not plead guilty
or nolo contendre

h I not stated

Prostitution History

IS THERE ANY INDICATION OF SOME
SPORADIC INVOLVEMENT lN PROSTITUTION,
BUT NO POLICE ARRESTS MADE?

I I yes, Sporadic
2 I yes, continuing involvement
3 I no/not stated

NUMBER OF ARRESTS RECORDED FOR
PROSTITUTION

actual number
99 I not stated

NUMBER OF CONVICTIONS FOR 205.

PROSTITUTIONS

actual number
99 I not stated

NUMBER OF JAIL SENTENCES
FOR PROSTITUTION

actual number
99 I not stated

WAS PRIMARY OFFENSE RELATED
TO INVOLVEMENT IN
PROSTITUTION?

I I yes
2 I no
3 I not stated

206.

207.

-15-

Probation Officer Evaluation

RECOMMENDATION 0F PROBATION
OFFICER/PSI WRITER:

i I Specifically recommends
probation or rejects
incarceration

2 I seems to favor probation

3 I specifically recommends
probation with special
treatment requirement

A I seems to refrain from any

recommendation or language
pertaining thereto

I seems to disfavor probation

specifically rejects pro-

bation or recommends in-
carceration as alternative

7 I not stated

O‘m
I

FIRST TYPE OF COMMUNITY PLACEMENT
RECOMMENDED

I I no community placement
recommended

2 I residential drug treatment,
in patient

3 I residential drug treatment,

outpatient

residential psychiatric

treatment

I non-residential psychiatric

treatment

I community service program

vocational/employment

program

other schooling

general counseling program

alcohol treatment program

placement recommended but

type unknown

4.-
I

-IO\D<D \JO‘ U1
IIII I

—e—‘

CODE SECOND TYPE OF COMMUNITY PLACE-
MENT RECOMMENDED

I I no 2nd community placement
recommended

2 I residential drug treatment,
in-patient

3 I residential drug treatment,
out-patient

h I residential psychiatric

treatment

I non-residential psychiatric

treatment

community service program

vocational programs

other schooling

general counseling program

alcohol treatment program

placement recommended but

type unknown

domoouch U1

.0—

GIVE NAME OF iST COMMUNITY PLACE-
MENT (e.g. “New Paths”)
99 I no community placement rec.

GIVE NAME OF 2ND COMMUNITY PLACE-
MENT

99 I no 2nd type of community
placement recommended

208.

209.

ZII.

2i3.

21h.

ZIS.

216.

LENGTH OF RECOMMENDED

OI through 83 months. as is

(minimum prison sentence)

8h I 8h months or longer

85 I short incarceration or
jail recommended (I yr or
less)

86 I medium or moderate
ceration recommended

87 I long incarceration
recommended

88 I incarceration not
recommended

99 I length of incarceration not
stated

incar-

WHAT WAS THE MINIMUM SENTENCE
IN MONTHS ACCORDING TO THE
SENTENCING GUIDELINES?

actual number in months
99 I not stated

WHAT WAS THE MAXIMUM SENTENCE
ACCORDING TO THE SENTENCING
GUIDELINES?

actual number in months
99 I not stated

DID THE PSI OFFICER DEPART FROM
THE GUIDELINES IN HIS/HER
SENTENCING RECOMMENDATION?

I
2
3
9 not stated

IF THE PSI
THE GUIDELINES IN HIS/HER
SENTENCING RECOMMENDATION, WHAT
WERE THE REASON(S)?

Suggested Causes for Criminal
Act In Presentence Report

DRUG PROBLEM

I I yes
2 I no/not stated

ALCOHOL PROBLEMS

I I yes
2 I no/not stated
HEALTH OR PHYSICAL PROBLEMS

I I yes
2 I no/not stated

EMOTIONAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

I I yes
2 I no/not stated

INCARCERATION

OFFICER DID DEPART FROM

115

218.

219.

220.

221.

222.

223.

22“.

yes, went over the guidelines
yes, were under the guidelines
no, were within the guidelines

225.

226.

227.

-16-

2I7.

FINANCIAL PROBLEMS--NECESSARIES

I I yes
2 I no/not stated

FINANCIAL PROBLEMS-IOTHER

I I yes
2 I no/not stated

BAD COMPANIONS

i I yes
2 I no/not stated

POOR JUDGMENT

I I yes
2 I no/not stated
UPBRINGING (POOR FAMILY LIFE)

l I yes
2 I no/not stated

IMMATURITY

I I yes
2 I no/not stated

OTHER (SPECIFY)

I I yes
2 I no/not stated

OFFENDER”S ATTITUDE REGARDING OFFENSE

SEE SUP.

I I bragging, boasting about act

2 I indifferent

3 I seems to have rationalized or
justified act (did nothing wrong)

A I showed concern for wrongness of
act

5 I remorseful and contrite

8 I not stated

DOES PSI SUPPORT OFFENDER“S ATTITUDE?
I I yes
2 I no

3 I not determined
OFFENDER TREND

i I offender has shown a recent posi-
tive attempt to correct past
errors and lead constructive life
present offense is inconsistent
with past life style; no trend
established

offender has shown no discern-
ible change from past antisocial
life style(same pattern)

offender shows a recent further
deterioration or acceleration

5 I not stated

0FFENDER“S COOPERATION WITH
AUTHORITIES OVERALL?

hostile

uncooperative
extremely cooperative
cooperative

not determined

3-

h :

uwsruaht—
IIIII

228.

229.

230.

232.

233.

23“.

235.

116

DISposition: First Offense

FINAL PLEA

I I guilty

2 I not guilty

3 I nolo contendere

h I not guilty, insanity/guilty

but insane
stand mute, not guilty
not stated

5
6
CONVICTION OFFENSE

6 digit code-see Offense Master List
METHOD OF CONVICTION

I I guilty plea

2 I jury trial

3 I bench trial

A I nolo contendere
S I no conviction

6 I not stated

. DATE OF SENTENCE

Month, day, year (MMDDYY)
999999 I missing data

SENTENCE

01 I probation/suspended or delayed
sentence (includes probation +
fine, costs)

02 I fine, costs/fine 8 costs only

03 I jail (includes jail + fine,
costs)

04 I split sentence (jail +
probation)

OS I prison (includes prison +
fine. costs)

06 I intermittant incarceration
(weekend, evenings, etc.)

07 I probation/suspended sentence
or continuation of probation,
parole: sentenced on another
charge

08 I other institution (Dept. of
Mental Health, in-patient
at community institution, etc.)

09 I noIle prosequi/dismissed

ID I acquittal

MINIMUM TERM IN MONTHS

OOOI through 9996, as is
9997 I 9997 months or more
9999 I no minimum terms

MAXIMUM TERM IN MONTHS

OOOI through 9996 months, as is
9997 I 9997 or more months
9998 I life

9999 I no maximum term
LENGTH OF PROBATION IN MONTHS

OI through 96 months, as is

97 I 97 months or more

98 I no probation or community
sentence

99 I length not stated

-17-

236. AMOUNT OF FINE (in dollars)

00001 through 99998
99999 I amount not stated/
no fine

237. AMOUNT OF COSTS (in dollars)

OOOI through 8886, as is
8887 I $8,887 or more
8888 I no costs

9999 I amount not stated

238. AMOUNT OF RESTITUTION (in 5's)

OOOI through 8886, as is
8887 I $8,887 or more
8888 I no costs

9999 I amount not stated

239. SENTENCE IS TO BE SERVED

i I concurrent

2 I consecutive

3 I serving only one sentence
A I not stated

ZNO. CREDIT FOR JAIL TIME SERVED
(in days)

OOI through 886, as is

887 I 887 days or more

888 I no jail credit given
999 I not stated

Disposition: Second Offense
Zhi. IS THERE A SECOND DISPOSITION?

I I yes
2 I no, skip to VARIABLE 269

2H2. FINAL PLEA

I I guilty

2 I not guilty

3 I nolo contendere

h I not guilty, insanity/
guilty but insane

5 stand mute, not guilty
6 I not stated

2A3. CONVICTION OFFENSE

6 digit code - see Offense
Master List

2AA. METHOD OF CONVICTION

I I guilty plea

2 I jury trial

3 I bench trial

A I nolo contendere
S I no conviction

6 . not stated

2&5. DATE OF SENTENCE

Month, day, year (MMDDYY)
999999 I missing data

2A6.

247.

2&8.

2&9.

250.

252.

SENTENCE 253.

1]f7

Ol I probation/suspended or delayed

02 I fine/costs/fine 8 costs only
03 I jail (includes jail + fine
costs) 25b.
0“ I split sentence (jail + probation)
OS I prison (includes prison + fine,
costs)
06 I intermittant incarceration (week-
end, evenings, etc.)
07 I probation/suspended sentence or
continuation of probation
parole: sentenced on another
charge
08 I other institution (Dept. of Mental 255.
Health, in-patient at community
institution, etc.)
09 I nolle prosequi/dismissed
I0 I acquittal
256.
MINIMUM TERM IN MONTHS
OOOI through 9996, as is
9997 I 9997 months or more
9999 I no minimum term
MAXIMUM TERM IN MONTHS
OOOI through 9996 months, as is
9997 I 9997 months or more 257.

sentence (includes probation +
fine, costs)

9998 I life

9999 I no maximum term

LENGTH OF PROBATION IN MONTHS

258.

OI through 96 months, as is

97 I 97 months or more

98 I no probation or community sentence
99 I length not stated

AMOUNT OF FINE
(in dollars)

ooooI through 99,998 259.

99999 I amount not stated/no fine

AMOUNT OF COSTS
(in dollars)

260.

OOOI through 8886, as is
8887 I $8,887 or more
8888 I no costs

9999 I amount not stated

AMOUNT OF RESTITUTION
(in dollars)

OOOI through 8886, as is
8887 I $8,887 or more
8888 I no costs

9999 I amount not stated

.18-

SENTENCE IS TO BE SERVED

concurrent

consecutive

serving only one sentence
not stated

:UN—I

CREDIT FOR JAIL TIME SERVED
(in days)

OOI through 886, as is

887 I 887 days or more

888 I no jail credit given

999 I not stated

Disposition: Third Offense
IS THERE A THIRD DISPOSITION?

I I yes
2 I no, skip to variable 269

FINAL PLEA
i I guilty
2 I not guilty
3 I nolo contendere
h I not guilty, insanity/

guilty but insane
5 stand mute, not guilty
6 I not stated

CONVICTION OFFENSE

6 digit code--see Offense Master
List

METHOD OF CONVICTION

guilty plea
jury trial
bench trial
nolo contendere
no conviction
not stated

C‘UIJ-‘WN—I
IIIIII

DATE OF SENTENCE

Month, day, year (MMDDYY)
999999 I missing data

SENTENCE

OI I probation/suspended or delaye
sentence (includes probation
+ fine. costs)

02 I fine/costs/fine 8 costs only

03 I jail (includes jail + fine,
costs)

Oh I split sentence (jail + pro-
bation)

OS I prison (includes prison
+ fine, costs)

06 I intermittant incarceration
(weekend, evenings, etc.)

07 I probation/suspended sentence
or continuation of probation,
parole: sentenced on another
charge

08 I other institution (Dept.
of Mental Health, in-patient
at community institution,
etc.)

09 I nolle prosequi/dismissed

I0 I acquittal

26I.

262.

263.

26A.

265.

266.

267.

268.

269.

270.

MINIMUM TERM IN MONTHS

0001 through 9996, as is
9997 I 9997 months or more
9999 I no minimum term

MAXIMUM TERM IN MONTHS

OOOI through 9996 months, as is
9997 I 9997 or more months
9998 I life

9999 I no maximum term
LENGTH OF PROBATION IN MONTHS

OI through 96 months, as is

97 I 97 months or more

98 I no probation or community
sentence

99 I length not stated

AMOUNT OF FINE (in dollars)

OOOOI through 99998
99999 I amount not stated/
no fine

AMOUNT or COSTS (in dollars)

OOOI through 8886, as is
8887 I 58,8887 or more
8888 I no costs

9999 I amount not stated

AMOUNT OF RESTITUTION
(in dollars)

OOOI through 8886, as is
8887 I $8,887 or more
8888 I no costs

9999 I amount not stated

SENTENCE IS TO BE SERVED

concurrent

consecutive

serving only one sentence
not stated

:WN—o

CREDIT FOR JAIL TIME SERVED
(in days)

OOI through 886 days, as is
887 I 887 days or more

888 I no jail credit given
999 I not stated

TOTAL NUMBER OF DISPOSITIONS

I through 7, as is
9 I unclear

Prior Record

DOES OFFENDER HAVE DETAINERS OR

118

271.

272.

273.

27“.

275.

276.

277.

278.

279.

WARRANTS OUTSTANDING AT TIME OF ARREST

I I yes
2 I not stated

-19-

DOES OFFENDER HAVE PENDING
CHARGES?

i I yes
2 I no/not stated

IF PENDING CHARGES, WHAT
ARE THEY?

use Offense Master List

OFFENDER'S RELATIONSHIP TO
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AT
TIME OF PRESENT OFFENSE

probation

bail or ROR
diversionary program
parole

incarcerated, jail or
prison

incarcerated, furlough
or work release

I escapee or fugitive

I none/free

I not stated

\DGDV 0‘ \anN—o
I

HAS OFFENDER EVER BEEN CHARGED
UNDER THE HABITUAL OFFENDER
STATUTE?

yes, not convicted

yes, convicted

no (affirmatively stated)
not stated

#WN—I

NUMBER OF PRIOR JUVENILE
COMMITMENTS

actual number
99 I no previous commitments/
not stated

NUMBER OF PRIOR JUVENILE
PROBATIONS

actual number
99 I no record of probation/
not stated

NUMBER OF JUVENILE ESCAPES

actual number
99 I no record of escapes/
not stated

NUMBER OF PRIOR ADULT JAIL TERMS

actual number
99 I no record of prior jail
terms/not stated

NUMBER OF PRIOR ADULT
PROBATIONS

actual number
99 I no record of prior
escapes/not stated

280.

NUMBER OF ESCAPES AS ADULT

actual number

99 a no record or prior escapes/

not stated

Community Placement Items

HAS THERE EVER BEEN A SENTENCING OF
THIS OFFENDER TO THE FOLLOWING
COMMUNITY PLACEMENTS?

281.

282.

283.

28k.

285.

286.

287.

288.

PROBATION

actual I of times
99 I no probation

OUTCOME OF MOST RECENT PROBATION

revoked, institutionalized
revoked, probation continued

completed and discharged
currently on probation
never on probation

not stated

QNO‘m#UN—I

RESTITUTION

actual I of times
99 I no restitution

119

Violation, warrant outstanding
violation, disposition pending

OUTCOME OF MOST RECENT RESTITUTION

no goods were returned

some goods were returned
most goods were returned

all goods were returned
victimless crime or no theft
not stated

mmth.‘
III...

COMMUNITY SERVICE

actual I of times
99 I no community service

OUTCOME OF MOST RECENT COMMUNITY
SERVICE PLACEMENT

I I completed commitment satis-
factorily

2 I evidence of unsatisfactory
completion

3 I absconded

h I not stated

HALFWAY HOUSE?

actual number of times
99 I no halfway house

OUTCOME OF MOST RECENT HALFWAY
HOUSE PLACEMENT

I I completed commitment
satisfactorily

I unsatisfactory commitment

I

2
3 not stated

-20-

289.

290.

291.

RESIDENTIAL DRUG/ALCOHOL OR
PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT

actual number of items
99 I no placement

OUTCOME OF MOST RECENT RESIDEN-
TIAL DRUG/ALCOHOL OR PSYCHIATRIC
TREATMENT

I I completed commitment
satisfactorily

2 I unsatisfactory commitment

3 I not stated

OTHER COMMUNITY PLACEMENTS?

actual number of times SEE SUP.

99 I no other placement

CODER'S IMPRESSION OF PSI WRITER'S
EVALUATION OF OFFENDER

292.

293.

29k.

295.

296.

OVERALL IMPRESSION THAT PSI
I'PAINTS” OF THE OFFENDER

I extremely positive

I positive

I neutral, facts presented in
straight forward manner

I negative

I extremely negative

U‘l# MUN-I

IMPRESSION OF OFFENDER'S
RISK TO COMMUNITY AS PRESENTED
IN PSI

l I extremely low risk
2 I low risk

3 I medium risk

A I high risk

5 I very high risk

IMPRESSION OF THE OFFENDER GIVEN
IN THE ”PSI!" (e.g., ”good
person,” "good mother,” state-
ments of respectability)

STATEMENTS FROM PSI SUPPORTING A
LENIENT SENTENCE - USE ACTUAL
QUOTATIONS FROM PSI (e.g., ”good
person,” ”good mother,” state-
ments of respectability)

STATEMENTS FROM PSI SUPPORTING A
HARSH SENTENCE (e.g., ”evil
individual,” statments of bad
character or habits)

120

297. AGE OF OFFENDER'S MOTHER WHEN
HER FIRST CHILD WAS BORN.

actual age
99 I undetermined/not stated

 

THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ARE TO BE ANSWERED
ON THE PRIOR RECORD CODE SHEET, AND ANY
SUPPLEMENTAL SHEETS.

CODE EACH SEPARATE PRIOR HORIZONTALLY,
ACROSS EACH QUESTION

PROCEED FROM OLDEST TO MOST RECENT
p I. DATE OF ARREST OR DISPOSITION

actual date
99 I not stated

P 2. OFFENSE (Arrest, Charge or Con-
viction, whichever is highest)

Use Offense Master List
999999 I not stated

P 3. CATEGORY

other (specify) SEE SUP.
not stated/unknown

01 I adult felony

02 I adult misdemeanor/traffic
03 I juvenile, delinquency

Oh I juvenile, status (PINS)

OS I parole violation

06 I juvenile probation vilation
07 I adult probation violation
08 I warrant or capias

P A. SERIOUSNESS CATEGORY

violent (inc. robbery)
property (inc. fraud)
drug

non-violent, not property
violent and any of others
not applicable

not stated

\JU‘UIJPUN—I
IIIIIII

P 5. SIMILARITY TO PRESENT OFFENSE

1 I similar
2 I not similar
3 I not known/ambiguous

P 6. DISPOSITION

dismissed/not charged

acquitted/not guilty

plea guilty

fround guilty, jury

found guilty, judge

forfeited bond

parole revocation, parole cont.

parole revocation, institutional

term

9 I probation revocation, probation
continued

10 I probation revocation,
tutional term

11 I adjudged delinquent

12 I pending

QNC‘mth—I

insti-

-21-

P 7.

P 9.

TYPE OF SANCTION

jail

probation

jail 5 probation
community treatment
suspended sentence
fine

imprisonment

training school
private treatment/
residential

10 I probation + community service
11 I probation + comminity
placement

mooummarun—
IIIIIIIII

. LENGTH OF PROBATION IN MONTHS

001 through 878, as is
879 I 879 months or more
998 I unspecified length
999 I not stated

LENGTH OF MINIMUM TERMS IN MONTHS

001 through 996, as is
997 I 997 months or more
998 I no minimum sentence
999 I not stated

LENGTH OF MAXIMUM TERM IN MONTHS

001 through 99h, as is

995 I 995 months or more

996 I single life sentence
997 I multiple life sentences
998 I no maximum sentence

999 I not stated

. AMOUNT OF FINE IN DOLLARS

(do not include costs)

00,001 through 87.998 as is
87.999 I $87,999 or more
88,888 I no fines
99.999 I not stated

12 I 5u5pended fine

WAS SENTENCE TO BE SERVED
CONCURRENTLY WITH ANOTHER
SENTENCE?

1 I yes
2 I no/not stated

APPENDIX 4

II.
III.

TV.

121

CODING MANUAL

CONFIDENTIALITY

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

CODEBOOK INSTRUCTIONS: SPECIFIC VARIABLES

MASTER LISTS

A.
B.
c'.
D

JUDGE CODE LIST
DRUG MASTER LIST
OFFENSE MASTER LIST
COUNTY MASTER LIST

122

CONFIDENTIALITY

You will hold the information that you read in presentence
reports in the strictest confidence and will not divulge this
information to any person.

This obligation is a requirement of employment and failure to
comply is grounds for your termination.

* * ll! 1|! El! * *

Presentence reports are designed to aid the judge in sentencing
and to enhance the aims of the indeterminate sentence. By
statute, presentence reports are "privileged or confidential
communications not open to public inspection." (M.C.L.A.791.229;
M.S.A.28 2299) Your access to these reports does not violate
this confidentiality for you are not members of the general
public for the purposes of this project.

The confidentiality statute explains the rationale behind the
rule: "The legislative intent is that the relation of confidence
between probation officer and probationer or defendant under
investigation shall remain inviolate." Thus, you are required by
statute to preserve the confidentiality of the materials that are
assigned to you.

123

CW3

 

 

 

 

 

EFFECTIVE DATE NUMBER |
July )9. l982 PD-DNA-Ol.22 L
SUPERSEDES. No TT_T

NEW

DATED

 

 

SUEUHPLIANCE BY CONSULTANTS AND CONTRACTUAL PERSONNEL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WITH THE DEPARTMENT'S REGULATION CONCERNING CONFIDENTIALITY ease I or 1
OF INEQRMATION A
l
I
. l
OBJECTIVE: To ensure that consultants and contractual personnel are I
l

APPLICATION:
POLICY:

 

--

 

 

 

AUTHORITY:

APPROVAL:

PMJ:CAC:stb
6/23/82

 

aware of the Department‘s regulations concerning confiden-
tiality of information and of their responsibility to comply
with them. V

All consultants and contractual personnel.

With regard to the confidential nature of prisoner files, the
Department of Corrections Employee Handbook states:

"Many reports contained in parole, probation and resi-
dent files are confidential. All requests for infor-
mation concerning Corrections clients or their files
should be referred to the appropriate Freedom of
Information Act (FOIA) coordinator' or other' employees
designated by the bureau or institution head. All
employees shall respect the confidentiality' of client
files and shall not discuss clients or other official
information with unauthorized persons. No client file
may be removed from an institution or office without the
permission of the Director or respective Deputy Director
or institution head, unless required in the performance
of their duties."

Upon entry into service, all consultants and contractual per-
sonnel who will work at an institution or facility, or have
access to prisoner files, will be provided a copy of this
policy directive and advised of their obligation to comply
with it. Written certification of their- receipt of this
policy and their agreement to comply with it shall be
obtained.

MCL 791.203
Reference: ACA Standard 2-4071

Date

. _-—._.-—_-._ -—.—————__.._
_. . — - ..

—-—I—— *. - --..-—-—.. -

. q... —--—.-—-—-——.

 

 

fen-21F.

124

GENERAL CODING INSTRUCTIONS

Ensure that the pre-assigned Case I.D. number and identifying
information matches the identifying information on the
presentence report. If there are any discrepancies bring the
report to the attention of the Project staff.

Ensure that the presentence report used by the sentencing court
is in the file you are working from. For example, you may find
both a main presentence report and a short supplemental report.
If the supplemental was developed for the current offense coded,
then you may assume that the main presentence report developed
for a prior offense was also used for this offense. You will use
both reports in tandem. The supplemental, of course, will be
used to code current offense information while the main report
will be used to code offender background information.

Before reading the material for coding, examine the entire file
to ascertain which documents must be read for coding. In
addition to the presentence report and supplementals, other
reports will be found in an offender’s prison or probation file.
Generally, materials filed after sentencing which detail the
penal progress of the offender are of no interest to you. Other
documents which do contain relevant sentencing information
include the articles of probation, record of conviction, rap
sheet, F.B.I. indentification sheet, mutual objectives program
(MOP) contract, the Reception & Guidance Center report (RGC) and
the Risk Screening Form, etc. The presentence report or PSI may
be in two or three sections (e.g., face sheet, a summary of
information, a basic information report, a detailed narrative and
the like). All such documents are relevant. Examine MOP
contracts to see if they are dated on or before sentencing. If
they are dated several weeks or more after sentencing, they are
not relevant. The record of conviction and/or articles of
probation may contain valuable information about the court
process or the sentence itself which is not always contained in
the PSI.

Prior record information may be found both in the rap sheet, the
BIR (Basic Information Report) and in the body of the PSI. If
more cases are found on the rap sheet than on the PSI, code them.
It is possible that the PSIwriter did not include all priors. On
the other hand, if priors are found in the PSI but not on the rap
sheet, code them also. It is highly unlikely for probation
officers to list unverified priors. If a discrepancy of detail
occurs between rap sheet information and information about the
same prior in the report, bring this to the attention of the
Project staff.

Diagnostic reports which were avilable to the judge are relevant.
BEFORE CODING ANY INFORMATION, READ THROUGH THE ENTIRE PSI AND

ALL OTHER RELEVANT DOCUMENTS. We have found that information is
not always fully coded as to one topic in one place. Thus,

125

offense information may occur at the beginning of a PSI and later
occur toward the end. This frequent occurrence makes ”coding as
you go" a hidnerance to accuracy.

Another reason for this is that discrepancies may occur within
the report. If such errors do occur, clarify the nature of the
discrepancy and bring the matter to the attention of the Project
staff.

It is imperative that you closely observe the following
instructions and do not rush through coding presentence reports.
Measurements of coder efficiency will greatly emphasize accuracy.
WE ASK THAT ANY AND ALL QUESTIONS BE IMMEDIATELY BROUGHT TO THE
ATTENTION OF THE PROJECT STAFF.

You are furnished with three items for your work:

1. THE QUESTIONNAIRE -- This 21 page booklet contains
309 questions or VARIABLES. For each variable,
instructions as to the VALUES to be coded are
given.

2. CODING SHEETS -- Sufficient numbers of specially
designed coding sheets have been prepared. For
each case you will answer the questions in the
Questionnaire onto the coding sheets. There are
coding sheets for each case and one prior record
code sheet. If additional prior record coding
sheets are needed, use the Supplemental sheets.

3. This CODE BOOK

All boxes on the coding sheets must be filled in unless
specifically exempted. For multi-digit variables, each box must
be filled. Thus, for variable 2, a date of June 9, 1978 would be
coded 060978. For variable 38, if cash stolen is $75,00, the
response value is 00075 for value "12”.

Certain variables allow you to SKIP TO another. Thus, if the
answer to variable 46 is no, you may skip to variable 58. This
means that variables 46-57 may be left blank. If there is no

prior record for an offender, then the entire prior record code
sheet is left blank.

If there is only one prior record, then only the Code I.D. #‘s,
Inmate 3’s and the first line will be filled in. Note that on
the prior record code sheet no variable numbers are listed, only
column numbers to guide the key punchers.

All entries must be printed NEATLY and LEGIBLY so that they can
easily be key punched.

126

GENERAL DECISON RULES FOR CODING OFFENSES

FOR MULTIPLE CHARGES: Code the offense that has the longest
sentence as the first sentence. The general rule is to try to
ascertain which offense is the MOST SERIOUS from the others.

If the offenses have the same sentence, then determine which
offense has imposed the most harm or damage.

If the offenses are not distinguishable as to degree of
seriousness, sentence length, harm or damage incurred, then
randomly choose the offense to be first coded.

127

CODING INSTRUCTIONS: SPECIFIC VARIABLES

I. PROJECT CASE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER

This number is preassigned by the staff. If a case is assigned
to you for coding without an I.D., see a staff member before
coding.

V. CODER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER

This is the identification number assigned to you as a coder; it
must be entered onto each coding sheet for each report that you
complete.

PROBATION VIOLATION SECTION

A. If primary charge is violation of probation, GO TO B.

B. If the violation of probation is technical, then ascertain
what that technicality is from the PSI. If it is something other
than what values are present, code value ”11" -- ”other” and

bring it to the attention of the supervisor.
1. TIME OF INCIDENT

Value 5 - Single incident over a period of time, such as
embezzlement, maintaining a gambling premises, conspiracy.

Value 6 - Here we are primarily looking for multiple acts within
a single criminal event, e.g. armed robbery occuring in
midafternoon, homicide of police officer chasing suspects some
time during early evening, murder of hostage taken from bank some
time the next day.

Value 7 - Here we are primarily looking for multiple incidents
over a long period of time such as multiple breaking and
enterings, multiple lewdness acts over a period of time, multiple
embezzlements or larcenies over a long period of time. Do not
code here for multiple criminal events, e.g. armed robbery on one
day followed by another armed robbery several weeks later, or a
rape one week followed by a separate rape or other violent crime
unrelated to the first. These multiple events will each be coded
for separately, therefore insert appropriate information on
earliest event here, and go to supplemental code sheet for
multiple events to capture information respecting the second
event.

DEFINITION OF SHORT PERIOD: A day or extending over into the next
day.

3. 4, 5 & 6. PLACE OF INCIDENT - CODING INSTRUCTIONS IN GENERAL

Code "no specific place" if event did not occur in a specific

128

place, e.g., blackmails, threatening letters, frauds.

Any questions on which variable to code for should be brought to
the attention of project staff.

Many criminal events involve more than one place. So for
instance, if a female is abducted from the street (or from her
home, etc.) and taken by automobile to some other place e.g.
offender’s home, woods etc. we want you to code for the initial
place in Variables 3 and 4 and code for the second place in
Variables 5 and 6. If the victim was abducted from a street and
raped in a car, then the car would be the place of the second
incident.

With respect to Variable 4, if the car is on a public street or
area then code for "3" outside, if the car is garaged then code
for "1“ inside. A parking lot is coded as street or sidewalk.

With respect to receiving stolen property, place means the place
where the goods were received or stored, not the place from where
they were taken.

4. PLACE OF INCIDENT

For arson code "1" (inside) if offender ENTERS a structure to
start a fire, "3” if the fire was started from outside.

For auto theft code "1" if car is taken from inside a garage.
From a private driveway or yard, code ”2”. From the street or
public parking lot, code ”3”

7. TYPE OF WEAPON

Do not include hands and feet, professional or unprofessional,
for purposes of this variable.

Value 95 - Here we’re talking about a toy gun, ”dud" explosives,
a finger in a pocket, a starter’s pistol, etc.

8. FIREARM INVOLVED WAS

A pistol may be loaded, unloaded, or inoperable as the case
indicates. A starter’s pistol is inoperable. Code a finger as
"4", no firearm involved, as well as toy gun, etc.

9. POSSESSION OF WEAPON BY

Possession means either in the hands, on the person, or in their
immediate reach.

10. WEAPON WAS

Firearm "pointed” at person is ”3”

129

Code counterfeit weapons as ”6".
11 & 17. USE OF DRUGS AT TIME OF OFFENSE

Try to find whether the offender was only slightly affected by
the drugs or whether he was in fact severely affected.

Include Methadone detoxification alone, without any mention of
other drugs, as light use.

13. The same instruction applies for Variable 13.

14. DOES THERE APPEAR TO BE HIGH DEGREE OF COMMUNITY INFLUENCE?
See attached Page 1 for explanation.

15. OFFENDER VERSION

Code "1“ if offender completely agrees or fully confesses; also,
if offender agrees with main gist of official version.

Code "2” if offender agrees with the facts but claims self-
defense, innocent motivation, or other kind of exculpation.

Code "5" if offender positvely refused to make a statement.
16. IN CASES OF MULTIPLE OFFENDERS IT APPEARS THAT:

In this variable we are asking you to read all the facts
discussing the criminal act and try to ascertain the offender’s
relevant role (e.g. ringleader, equally involved, peripheral).

Code ”8" if there is no way to ascertain the relevant role (no
official version, no facts regarding the planning or commission
of the crime).

Code "2" in cases where several offenders were involved equally
whether or not there was a PRINCIPAL offender.

Reserve "3" for very minor roles. If offender was with friends
and acted independently (friends in no way participated), code

"7".
18. WERE INJURIES SUSTAINED AT ARREST?

Code "2" also if accomplice is injured.

19. VERBAL THREATS TO VICTIM, POLICE OR OTHER AUTHORITIES

Code 1-6 only if threats made by the offender, not an
accomplice. Threats are always applicable and primarily coded if

threat made to victim. However, if threat was not made to victim
but police or other authorities, code here also.

130

With respect to Value 1, here we are looking for the fact that a
threat was made but not clear whether threat was to property.
etc.

20. WHAT WAS OFFENDER’S INTENT AS OPPOSED TO WHAT ACTUALLY
RESULTED

Refers only to violent crimes, otherwise not applicable. If the
direct injury was caused by the co-defendant and the offender is
charged with having caused that injury, code here if the intent
was reasonably attributed to the offender.

Value 4 - Here we are looking for intent to touch, batter, punish
the victim in a manner not intended to cause at least some
injuries. Code "4" if intent of offender is to have sexual
relations with victim.

Value 5 - This is as opposed to Value 4, where the intent is more
specific, e.g., bind, gag, or hold.

22. WAS THERE AN ARGUMENT BETWEEN OFFENDFER AND VICTIM?
Code not applicable as ”3”
23. DID OFFENDER ACT OUT OF REVENGE?

Where the offender has had some substantial time between the act
for which revenge is claimed and the offense.

Code not applicable as ”3".
24. DID OFFENDER ACT OUT OF SUDDEN ANGER?

In cases where the offender does not have a substantial cooling-
off period.

Code not applicable as "3"

25. DID OFFENDER AND VICTIM HAVE A LONG-STANDING PRIOR FEUD OR
HOSTILITY?

This variable is focused on the victim and offender’s
relationship motivating the offender to commit the present
criminal act. It is related to the motivation of revenge.

28. DID OFFENDER ACT OUT OF INFLUENCE FROM SPOUSE OR LOVER?

E.g. with prompting or pressure from a spouse or lover did the
offender either commit the primary act or join in the act.

29. DID OFFENDER ACT FOR MONEY?

Code "3" if this is a property offense and from the PSI this is
reasonable inference.

131

30. ACT DUE TO ANY EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS OR HANDICAPS?

This question concerns any situational, environmental or physical
& psychological problem which either triggers the offender’s
commission of the crime or significantly contributes to it.

32. TOTAL NUMBER OF OFFENDFERS
Include offenders even if not charged.
35. VICTIM’S ROLE IN CAUSING OFFENSE

Do not include acts of victim in defending self or in confronting
burglars in his home.

Here we are looking for the victim’s contribution in causing the
criminal behavior.

Value 5 here indicates "traditional" victimless crimes such as
drugs, alcohol offenses, prostitution, consensual sex, etc.

36. DID OFFENDER INFLICT CRUELTY/HARM BEYOND WHAT IS NECESSARY?

Refers to cruelty in excess of that necessary to commit a crime.
E.g. Did offender bind, gas and torture victim before stealing
their money? Murder in and of itself is not coded as excessively
cruel unless the manner in which it was committed was excessive
(e.g , torturing before killing).

37-45. THEFT/PROPERTY DAMAGE

In these sections code on the basis of FACTS. E.g., if the
offense charged is assault but there is incidental property
damage, code Variables 38-41.

38 & 39. VALUE OF STOLEN PROPERTY/VALUE OF DAMAGED PROPERTY

You may approximate the value of obvious items and/or the damage,

e.g. a color TV set, $500, a relatively new car, $4000, or a
broken window or mirror $100.

40. MANNER OF ENTRY

Code for burglary-type CRIMES. If not a burglary—type crime,
code "7“.

41. APPARENT PRESENCE OF VICTIM DURING THIS OFFENSE

This is likely an important variable in measuring the severity
of breaking and enterings. Search the facts for some indication

132

of whether or not the offender knew that people were or were not
in the premises burglarized.

42. WAS THE ITEM(S) ON THE VICTIM WHEN STOLEN?
E.g. purse snatching, jewelry, etc.
46. WERE DRUG OFFENSES OR DRUGS IN GENERAL INVOLVED?

Code "2" if offender was not charged with specific drug offense
but drugs were also found with offender upon arrest. Do NOT code
this section if offender is merely "on drugs” during the
commission of the crime. Always code if one of the charges is a
drug offense.

***INFORMATION PERTAINING TO FRAUD QUESTIONS***

DEFINITION: (1) "Money" means a medium of exchange authorized
or adopted by a domestic or foreign govern-
ment as part of its currency.

This term is from the Uniform Commercial
Code, it is very broad and includes any-
thing which can be marketed in exchange

and is recognized. For the purposes of
this study, intangibles will not be taken
into account for valuation. Also, DO NOT
take into account increases in market value
or expected future rise in value.

DEFINITION: (2) "Credit" is construed to mean an arrangement
or understanding with the bank or depository
for the payment of the check, draft or order.

Note: Do not treat multiple bad checks as
multiple events.

71. WELFARE FRAUD

This question is a classification of the different types of
welfare fraud. Each separate program has its own administrative
guidelines and definitions of fraud. Enforcement of these is
left to the administrative body charged with the task.
Generally, the administrative body may resort to legal action in
a court of law.

77. OBTAINING MONEY BY FALSE PRETENSES

There are several factors which contribute to or can be
considered obtaining money by false pretenses. It is often the
case that certain inducements are given to promote a venture or
investment without adequately disclosing the degree of risk,

133

using language that is not commonly understood, puffing up
histories of earnings of like ventures, and out-right false

representations on financial statements. Some of these will be
inadvertant, good faith misstatements which nevertheless will be
prosecuted. Others will be deliberately made to induce the

investment of money. If possible we should distinguish these.

Certainly the person to whom the representations are made plays a
large role in the affair. A smart investor will usually
investigate the company and facts which are being presented
before making the investment.

78. WAS VICTIM GULLIBLE?

A .victim is considered gullible if he/she acts in the face of
reasonable warnings or invests in something that no reasonable
person would invest in.

79. FALSE REPORTING, FAILURE TO REPORT

The attempt here is to capture those instances where a person is
required to make periodic reports to an agency or other

institution. Some examples are reporting of employment so that
unemployment may be stopped, failure to make quarterly reports
for income tax purposes, failure to report a change in

circumstances, etc.

Also code such things as bomb scares, fires, etc.

80. EMBEZZLEMENT

Stealing money that is entrusted in one’s care (e.g. employee at
a bank, taking money from an account).

81. IF FRAUD INVOLVED CREDIT, IS THERE ANY EVIDENCE THIS WAS PART
OF LARGER SCHEME

Misuse of credit cards is widely recognized. The difficulty of
discovery and the ease with which it can be committed make this
crime almost a nice thing. It is costing someone lots of money
each year. Look for credit card kiting, that is, borrowing on
BankAmericard to pay off Master Charge or the like.

Pyramiding is the selling and reselling of the same item among
many people. It may also be where rights are sold and in each
case the seller retains a percentage of all business sold.
Examples are: fraudulent land sales, or referral selling and
kickback schemes.

83. WHAT WAS OFFENDER—VICTIM RELATIONSHIP?

Here we want to know the relationship such as a wife using the

134

joint checking account when the husband has already depleted the
account through the use of his checks or wife paying for goods
with husband’s money where she is not authorized to do so.
(HUSBANDS DO THIS ALSO.) We are looking for both inadvertent
errors and also deliberate actions. Deliberate action might be
where the joint account is emptied and spouse flees to Las Vegas

for divorce.
"3” = living together as opposed to casual relationship.

84. TOTAL CASH VALUE OF FRAUDS

The question concerning the cash value or equivalent of the fraud
should include a gross amount from all frauds involved.

135

VICTIM CODING GENRALLY

In many theft crimes much of the information will likely not be
stated. However, unless the crime is clearly a victimless crime,
attempt to answer each question as best you can. Burglary is not
a victimless crime, even if from a public corporation.

85. VICTIM: PRIMARY TARGET OF CRIME

Code "5" if specific state or federal governmental agency is
stated.
Code ”6" if victim is individual owner of business vs. large

establishment such as Sears, IBM or MacDonald’s, for example.

Code "8" if there is some other type of victim -- but see
supervisor first.

86. TOTAL NUMBER OF HUMAN VICTIMS
Also code victimless crimes as "9”
87. AGE OF PRIMARY HUMAN VICTIM

Code "95", "96", or "97" if a specific age was not stated but
victim age can be approximated.

90. OFFENDER - VICTIM RELATIONSHIP
”Knew of” is equivalent to casual acquaintance.

92. DID VICTIM LACK MENTAL OR PHYSICAL CAPACITY TO RESIST OR
DEFEND?

Code for mental handicap only if victim is mentally impaired
(includes organic brain disease, mental retardation).

Code for physical handicap if victim has physical limitation such
as paralysis, loss of limbs, etc.

98. ROLE OF PHYSICAL INJURY

In this variable we are looking for whether violence or harm
inflicted on the victim was initially intended or happened while
trying to commit a nonuviolent crime. A typical answer for Value
2 would be premeditated murder, or aggravated assault and battery

out of vengeance, etc. A typical situation in which Value 3
would be used would be a burglar being surprised by the owner of
a home and injuring the owner. A typical circumstance for Value

4 would involve a situation such as arson where the arsonist did
not know that a person was in the dwelling or, for instance, a
situation like a larceny where electrical systems (burglar
alarms) were rigged by the burglar not to go off, and

136

subsequently electrocuted someone at some point after the
accident. Value 5 would be involved where the crime was one of
violence or where injury was likely to occur, however, the extent
of the injury was completely accidental. Such a situation would
be heart failure during a rape or other violent crime.

99. METHOD OF INFLICTING INJURY

"01” refers to fist, hand, kicking, etc.

”02” refers to other weapons not specified by other values.
100. EXTENT OF MENTAL DISTURBANCE

Trauma can be ascertained from statements of the victim, friends,
family, or law enforcement or medical persons. Do not assume
trauma just from the nature of a particularly severe crime.

101. IS VICTIM IN NEED OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CARE OR COUNSELING?

Need of such care or counseling can be ascertained from a
statement to that effect, or from the fact that the person did
receive such care or counseling or plans to.

106. OFFENDER’S RESIDENTIAL STABILITY

To determine stability you must take into consideration time,
type of housing, and reasons for moving.

For example:

-- a person from stable environment goes to college, or
enters the military and is ordered to several place, code
”stable"

—- a person who has spent much time in jail or prison, code
”unstable"

-- a person who moves from place to place in 1 or several
neighborhoods every few years for the purpose of upward mobility
code ”stable"

-- a person who moves frequently, unable to pay rent, code
"unstable"

If offender is an adult, consider residential stability for last
5-10 years. If offender has been in prison or training schools,
code ”unstable.”

114. FROM AVAILABLE INFORMATION WAS OFFENDER’S FAMILY/GUARDIAN
INCOME STATUS:

Do not assume income status from the nature of parents’
occupation. Only answer for income status if some designation of
that point is affirmatively made. If on welfare, code "3".
Guide: $0 - $9,000 = lower class; $9,000 — $75,000 = middle
class; over $75,000 = upper class.

137

180-185. SINCE ARREST WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING HAS OFFENDER TAKEN?

Code "not mentioned" or ”not stated" if any of these appear as
special conditions of probation and are not mentioned as
occurring specifically between arrest and writing of the
presentence report.

186. JAIL TIME

Try to code this information from sources other than "credit
given for jail time.” If "credit" is only source of information,
enter the amount here. If there is a discrepancy between ”credit
for jail time” and other source, state the amount of time from
the other source. Jail time may include time in other
jurisdictions’ jails immediately prior to incarceration in jail
of county of disposition.

If the offender has been incarcerated since his arrest date, and
there is no mention of impending bail or ROR, code as "997”.

188. OFFENDER’S CUSTODIAL STATUS AT TIME OF SENTENCING

Note that we are interested in ascertaining custodial status AT
TIME OF SENTENCING. Also, "personal bonds” are a combination of
ROR and bail bond. In these cases an offender is released
without the necessity of posting any of the bond for which he or
she is liable for failure to appear at a subsequent court
appearance. ROR refers to "release on own recognizance,” a form
of non-money bail on a promise to return.

189. PROBATION OFFICER PREPARING PSI
Preparer of the presentence report and not the supervisor.
190. TOTAL CHARGES/COUNTS (All Informations)

There is always at least 1 information. Code an amended
information as separate information.

The information is the sheet of paper on which the prosecutor
states the formal charges against the offender. It is similar to
an indictment which is the document stating the charges of the
grand jury. Indictments are rare in Michigan. If there is an
indictment, treat it as an information.

You may find that the information is not in the file. In this
case, code the total original charges as described in the PSI.

196. DID OFFENDER CONFESS TO POLICE OR PROSECUTOR IN THIS CASE?

If both written and verbal confessions are mentioned, code "2" or
"4" as the case may be

138

198-202. PROSTITUTION HISTORY

In these questions we want to get a sense of the offender’s

prior involvement in prostitution. This could include anything
related to prostitution, such as pimping, or being a ”john"
(receiving the services of a prostitute).

Sporadic involvement might be considered one or two arrests, or
alleged involvement in prostitution.

Prostitution is only a felony if it is a 3rd offense, but it is
rarely used.

204 & 206. COMMUNITY PLACEMENT

If there are other types of community placements than what is
listed, consult with the supervisor.

209-212. GUIDELINE SENTENCING EXPLANATION

The State of Michigan has developed specific guidelines for
determining the length of sentence for offences. The particular
offense in question is analyzed along certain criteria that are
translated into points. The number of points the offense
receives determines the offender’s minimum sentence and statuary
maximum sentence.

225. DOES PSI SUPPORT OFFENDER’S ATTITUDE?

Does the PSI report seem to support the offender’s attitude
toward his/her offense? For example, if the offender was
bragging or boasting in their account of the offense, did the PSI
report also substantiate this attitude in other places in the
report?

DISPOSITION: FIRST OFFENSE

228-240. One of these sections will be coded for each count the
offender is charged with. Each count will be taken individually
when coding a section.

231. DATE OF SENTENCE

This is the actual date of the sentence, as opposed to the
scheduled date.

232. SENTENCE

Values "09” (dismissed) and "10" (acquittal) will occur
frequently for second or third disposition. However, it is not
impossible for "09" or ”10" to occur for the first or only
disposition.

139

233. MINIMUM TERM IN MONTHS

Prison sentence. If a "single" jail term is given, indicate the
term here.

234. MAXIMUM TERM IN MONTHS

Prison sentence. If a "single" jail term is stated, indicate the
statutory maximum here.

238. AMOUNT OF RESTITUTION

Include the amount of restitution only if it is a special
condition of probation. If the offender otherwise made
restitution it is already captured in earlier sections of the PSI
code sheet.

239. SENTENCE IS TO BE SERVED

Determine whether this sentence is to run concurrently or
consecutively with another sentence. This will usually be stated
in the sentencing transcript or the record of sentence. If the
offender is being sentenced for two or more offenses which are
the same, and the sentence for each is the same, assume
concurrency unless otherwise stated. If none of the documents
indicate how the sentence is to be served, code ”not stated.”

If one of the dispositions is possession of a firearm during a
felony, assume CONSECUTIVE sentences.

If there are 3 sentences and 2 are concurrent with each other and
the 3rd is consecutive to both (i.e.: larceny, UDAA and
possession of a firearm), code the first 2 as concurrent and the
3rd ONLY as consecutive.

269. TOTAL NUMBER OF DISPOSITIONS

A disposition will be defined here as a charge on which the
offender is convicted. In almost all cases, a sentence will be
received for each convicted charge. In other words, this is the
number of original charges on which the offendfer is found guilty
(convicted).

***PRIOR RECORD***

270-280. The information for these items can be coded primarily
from the BIR (Basic Information Report).

270. ANY DETAINERS OR WARRANTS OUTSTANDING AT TIME OF ARREST

For purposes of this study, "detainer" includes warrant from
another jurisdiction, warrant on parole or probation violation,

140

or similar administrative hold. A detainer may be filed with the
institution holding an incarcerated offender by any jurisdiction
possessing a warrant for his/her arrest. When a detainer is
filed, the offender cannot be released without permission of the
other jurisdiction.

271. PENDING CHARGES

If someone is charged with a 3rd felony, they can get additional
time in prison for their persistence.

Refers to violations incurred NOT as a result of the instant
offense.

292-296. CODER’S IMPRESSION OF PSI WRITER’S EVALUATION OF
OFFENDER

After reading the PSI report, how would you best interpret the
PSI writer’s evaluation of the offender? Try to keep in mind the
offender’s degree of respectability and their potential threat to
the community on a continuum of Respectable to Not Respectable
and High Risk to Low Risk.

297. AGE OF OFFENDER’S MOTHER WHEN HER FIRST CHILD WAS BORN

This can be interpreted by finding mother’s age and age of her
first born.

141

PRIOR RECORD CODE SHEET

Do not begin to code the prior record until you have read both
the PSI and the attached rap sheet, if any. This information may
be found in several places.

For each separate prior arrest, etc., code on separate line,
beginning at the left. Code violations of parole or probation
separately (i.e. on a new line) from the substantive offense if
both are given together as one arrest.

The prior record code sheet that is attached to the coding sheets
will cover 12 prior record information items. If there are more
than 12 items, obtain supplemental prior record code sheets and
continue thereon. Note that variable numbers are omitted from
the pior record code sheets and supplements.

Be sure to enter the inmate # and case I.D. on each prior record
code sheet that is used.

Begin coding the most recent prior record. Each record takes one
line. If the information is not complete, still fill in every

box on the line with "9s” or appropriate code number. If the rap

sheet contains only the present offense, the offender has no

priors and the prior sheet is left blank. Do not code the

present offense.

Code a separate line for each separate disposition. Thus, if a
rap sheet indicates offender was arrested on the same day for
armed robbery and forgery, code each offense separately. If the
offender is charged with two counts arising out of the same
transaction and one is dismissed, code both.

If information about priors is found on the PSI but not on the
rap sheet and vice versa, code each prior. If there is a
discrepancy between the number of priors in the PSI and the rap
sheet and with the totals on the face sheet, assume that the face
sheet totals are inaccurate.

It might be helpful to pencil in the order of offenses on a
scratch pad before you start coding.

P 1. DATE OF ARREST OR DISPOSITION

If the prior lists both a date of arrest and a date of conviction
that fall in different years, code the most recent.

P 2. OFFENSE

If the arrest/conviction, etc. occurred in another state or if no
Compiled Law number is given, select the offense from the offense
Master List which most closely fits the description and enter it.

142

P 4. SERIOUSNESS CATEGORY

Violent crimes include homicide, kidnapping, discharging firearms

forced sex offenses, all assaults and batteries, robbery and
arson.

CCW, carrying concealed weapon, is coded ”4" - non-violent, non-
property. Traffic offenses, except for vehicle manslaughter,

etc., are coded "4”.

Try to code probation/parole violations according to facts. E.g.
if the PSI states that offender had parole revoked for a robbery,
then code "1". If the reasons for the revocation are unstated or
are "technical,“ code “7”

Code "6" for juvenile status adjudications.
P 5. SIMILARITY TO PRESENT OFFENSE

Here, we are looking for whether the main or most serious current
offense charged is similar to the prior offense being considered.

If the central charge on the rap sheet is exactly the same as the
central or basic charge of the criminal event now being sentenced
on, then code "1”. Shoplifting, burglary, and larceny would be
considered similar offenses. However, none of these offenses
would be similar to a robbery, since robbery introduces the
notion of placing the victim in fear, thus making it a violent

crime and distinguished from those lesser theft offenses.
Homicide, kidnapping, rape, and felonious assault should all be
coded as dissimilar to each other. The various fraud offenses
would likely be coded as similar to each other, e.g. welfare
fraud, unemployment fraud. All drug offenses should likely be
coded as similar to each other. Lewdness, impairing the morals
of a minor, and generally other sex offenses should be coded as
similar to each other. If the prior record event includes
several counts or offenses some of which are similar and some of
which are dissimilar to the present charge, then code ”3"

P 6. DISPOSITION

If there is no information about the disposition then code ”1”.
If there is statement about the offender being found guilty then
code ”3"

P 9. LENGTH OF MINIMUM TERM IN MONTHS

If the prior indicates a simple jail term, e g., 3 months, enter
it here. If there is an indeterminate prison sentence but no
minimum is stated, enter "999”.

P 10. LENGTH OF MAXIMUM TERM IN MONTHS

For out of state convictions, enter ”999” if no maximum is

143

stated. If there is no conviction, enter "999”

P 12. SEE EXPLANATION FOR VARIABLE 239.

144

JUDGE'S CODING LIST

1. Ager, William F., Jr.
2. Anderson, Robert C.
3. Andrews, Steven N.
4. Baguley, Norman A.
5. Banks, James L.

6. Battani, Marianne 0.
7. Batzer, James M.

8. Baxter, Wendy

9. Bell, Robert Holmes
lO. Benson, Robert A.
ll. Borchard, Fred J.
12. Barman, Susan D.
13. Borradaile, Earl E.
14. Borsos, Robert L.
15. Bosman, Calvin L.
16. Boucher, George V.
17. Bowman, Arthur M.
18. Boyle, Terrance K.
19. Breck, David F.
20.Brennan, Thomas J.
21. Britten, Gordon W.
22. Brouillette, Francis D.
23. Brown, Thomas L.

24. Brown, William R.

25. Bruff, John B.

26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
SO.

Burkholz, Zoe Shaffer
Burress, Daniel A.
Cahalan, William Leo
Campbell, Ross W., Jr.
Caprathe, William J.
Carnolvale, Dominich R.
Cashen, Raymond R.
Cherry, Michael H.
Chrzanowski, Robert J.
Chylinski, James R.
Clements, Martin E.
Clulo, Paul J.

Colombo, Robert J.
Colombo, Robert J., Jr.
Condon, Stephen D.
Conlin, Henry T.
Conlin, Patrick J.
Connor, Michael J.
Cook, George R.

Cooper, Evelyn K.
Cooper, Richard I.
Corden, James T.
Corsiglia, George R.
Crockett, George W., III

Daner, James C.

51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.

75.

145

Daniels, Robert Max
Davis, Alton T., Jr.
Deake, Edward D.
Deegan, Peter E.
Deming, Hudson E.
Deneweth, George R.
Dingeman, Harry J., Jr.
Dodge, Michael E.
Duggan, Patrick J.
Dunn, Richard D.
Edwards, Prentis
Elliott, Philip C.
Ernst, J. Richard
Evans, Robert L.
Everett, Stanley
Falahee, Charles J.
Farmer, Charles S.
Ferguson, Robert R.
Finch, Sharon T.
Fitzgerald, John E.
Fleming, James G.
Foley, John F.
Foley, Thomas J.
Ford, Geraldine Bledsoe

Forster, Charles M.

76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.

Freeman, Donald R.
Fullerton, Judith A.
Gage, Hilda

Gardner, Samuel C., Chief Judge
Giddings, James R.
Gilbert, Alice L.
Gilbert, Robert S.
Gillespie, Tyrone
Gillis, John H., Jr.
Gillis, Joseph A.
Giovan, William J.
Glaser, Kenneth B., Jr.
Grathwohl, Casper 0.
Graves, James M., Jr.
Green, Timothy M.
Hansen, Kurt N.
Harrison, Michael G.
Hathaway, James A.
Hathaway, Richard A.
Hausner, John H.
Heading, Henry L.
Hensick, Bert M.
Hobson, Donald

Hoehn, Clair J.

Hoffius, Stuart, Chief Judge

101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.

146

Hood, William F.
Horn, Carl L.

Honk, Peter D.
Hughes, Julian E.
Jackson, Thomas Edward
Jansen, Kathleen
Jasper, Beverley Ann
Jason, Raymond J.
Jobes, Clarice

Jones, Vera Massey
Joslyn, Patrick Reed
Kaczmarek, Robert L.
Kallman, James T.
Kaufman, Charles, Chief Judge
Kaufman, Richard C.
Kelley, James J., Jr.
Kerwin, David P.
Keyes, Allen E.
Kingsley, James C.
Kirwan, John R.
Knoblock, M. Richard
Kobza, Michael E.
Kuhn, Richard D.
Lamb, Richard R.
Lambros, Nicholas J.

126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.

La Plata, George H.
Latreille, Stanley J.
LaVoy, William F.
Lippitt, Norman L.
Livo, Robert C.
Lostracco, Gerald D.
McAra, Harry B.
McDonald, Gary R.
McDonald, Joseph R.
Mester, Fred M.

Mies, James E.

Moss, Harvey W.
Moore, Warfield, Jr.
Morcom, Claudia House
Mullen, Charles H., Jr.
Munro, Donald L.
Nicolich, Paul

Noble, Russell E.
Noecker, James P.
O'Brien, Francis X.
O'Brien, John N.
O'Brien, John Patrick
O'Connell, Paul F.
Olzark, Roland

Opplinger, Ernest F.

151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.

147

Pajtas, Richard M.
Pannucci, Ronald H.
Payant, John

Penzien, Eugene
Peterson, William R.
Porter, William A.
Quinnell, Edward A.
Ransom, Robert M., Chief Judge
Ravitz, Justin C.
Reilly, Maureen P.
Roberson, Dalton A.
Roberts, James E.
Root, Lawrence C.
Roskopp, John G.
Roumell , Thomas
Sanborn, Kenneth N.
Sapala, Michael F.
Schnelz, Gene
Schuster, Richard M.
Shams, M. John
Shipman, Dean J.
Silverman, Lawrence, D.
Simon, Charles W., Jr.
Simmons, Louis F., Jr.

Snow, Roman J.

176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.

Stacey, Michael L.
Stell, Carolyn
Stempien, Marvin R.
Stephens, Cynthia D.
Strong, Craig S.
Sullivan, Daniel L.
Sullivan, Joseph B.
Swallow, Joseph P.
Szymanski, Henry J.
Tahvonen, Randy L.
Talbot, Michael J.
Taylor, Ronald J.
Templin, Robert L., Jr.
Theiler, John X.
Teranes, Paul S.
Tertzag, Kaye
Thomas, Edward M.
Thomas, Terrence R.
Thorburn, James S.
Timms, John C.
Townsend, James E.
Townsend, Leonard
Warren, Jack W.
Warshawsky, Meyer

Washington, Valdemar L.

201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.

148

watts, Lucile A.
Weipert, William J., Jr.
White, Helene

White, William S.

Yared, Woodrow A.
Yeotis, Thomas C.
Zatkoff, Larence P.

Ziem, Frederick C.

011
013
034
080
081
093
094
101
117
132
134
143

162

Schedule

149

Commonly Found Drugs

Drug.

Amphetamine
Barbital
Cocaine
Hashish
Heroin
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Marijuana
Methadone
Morphine
Opium
Opiate
Peyote

Psilocybin

MLN

037

038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
051

052

053

054

055

056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064

065
066

SCHEDULE

hlh‘h‘h‘c~c~k‘¢~k*klh‘F‘F‘P‘

U

UIBJPIF‘P‘F‘P‘P*P*

150

DRUG MASTER LIST (Codeine-Drotebanol)

DESCRIPTION

Not more than 200 milligrams of codeine or any of
its salts per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams.

Codeine methylbromide
Codeine-N-Oxide
Cyprenorphine
Desomorphine
Dextromoramide
Dextrophan
Dextropropoxyphene
Diampromide
Diazepam
Diethylpropion
Diethylthiambutene
Diethyltryptamine
Difenoxin
Dihydrocodeine

th more than 1.80 grams of dihydrocodeine or any

of its salts per 100 milliliters or not more than 90
milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active,
nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic
amounts.

Not more than 100 milligrams of dihydrocodeine or
any of its salts per 100 milliliters or per 100
grams.

Not more than 300 milligrams of dihydrocodeinone or
any of its salts per 100 milliliters or not more
than 15 milligrams per dosage unit, with a four-fold
or greater quantity of an isoquinoline alkaloid of
opium.

Not more than 300 milligrams of dihydrocodeinone or
any of its salts per 100 milliliters or not more
than 15 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more
active, nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized
therapeutic amounts.

Dihydromorphine

Dimenoxadol

Dimepheptanol

Dimethylthiambutene

Dimethyltryptamine

2 , S-Dimethoxyamphetamine

Dioxaphetyl butyrate

Diphenoxylate

Not more than 2.5 milligrams of diphenoxylate and not
less than 25 micrograms of atropine sulfate per dosage
unit.

Dipipanone
Drotebanol

151

DRUG MASTER LIST (Acetorphine-Codeine)

DRUG MASTER LIST

MLN SCHEDULE DESCRIPTION

001 l Acetorphine

002 l Acetylcodone

003 l Acetyldihydrocodeine

004 l Acetylmethadol

005 l Allylprodine

006 l Alphacetylmethadol

007 l Alphameprodine

008 l Alphamethadol

009 2 Alphaprodine

010 2 Amobarbital (Tuinol)

011 2 Amphetamine

012 2 Anileridine

013 4 Barbital

014 3 Barbituric acid

015 l Benzethidine

016 3 Benzphetamine

017 l Benzylmorphine

018 l Betacetylmethadol

019 l Betameprodine

020 l Betamethadol

021 1 Betaprodine

022 2 Bezitramide ‘

023 l 4-Bromo-2, S-Dimethoxyamphetamin

024 1 Bufotenine

025 4 Chloral betaine

026 4 Chloral hydrate

027 4 Chlorazepate

028 4 Chlordiazepoxide

029 3 Chlorhexadol

030 3 Chlorphentermine

031 3 Chlortermine

032 4 Clonazepam

033 l Clonitazene

034 2 Coca leaves and any salt, compound, derivative, or
preparation of coca leaves, and any salt, compound,
derivative, or preparation thereof which is chemi-
cally equivalent or identical with any of these
substances, except that the substances shall not in-
clude decocainized coca leaves or extractions which
do not contain cocaine or ecogine.

035 3 Not more than 1.80 grams of codeine or any of its
salts per 100 milliliters or not more than 90
milligrams per dosage unit, with an equal or greater
quantity of an isoquinoline alkaloid of Opium.

036 3 Not more than 1.80 grams of codeine or any of its

salts per 100 milliliters or not more than 90
milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active,
nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic

amount. (Empirin)

MLN

067
068
069
O70

O71

072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
091
092
093
094
095
096
097
098
099
100
101
102
103

104
105

106

SCHEDULE

UlH§5

NNNNHfiH¢uHHuUNHHNHNHHHHHwH#N‘L‘HNH

#N

152

DRUG MASTER LIST (Ethchlorovynol-Methoxy)

DESCRIPTION

Bthchlorovynol

Ethinamste

Ethylmethylthiambutene

Not more than 50 milligrams of ethylmorphine or any
of its salts per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams.

Not more than 300 milligrams of ethylmorphine or any
of its salts per 100 milliliters or not more than 15
milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active,
nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic
amounts .

Etonitazene

Etorphine

Etoxeridine
Fenfluramdne

Fentanyl

Flurazepam

Furethidine
Glutethimide (Doriden)
Hashish

Heroin

Bydromorphinol
Hydroxypethidine
Ibogaine

Isomethadone
Ketobemidone
Levomethorphan
Levormoramide
Levophenacylmorphan
Levorphanol

Lysergic acid

Lysergic acid amide
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Marijuana

Marindol

Mebutamate
Mscloqualone
Meprobamste

Mascaline

Metazocine

Methadone

Methadone, Intermediate
Any substance which contains any quantity of
methamphetamine, including its salts, isomers, and
salts of isomers.

Methsqualone

Methohexital

Methoxy, methylenedioxy amphetamine
(S-Methoxy-3,4 Methylenedioxy amphetamine)

MLN

107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116

117

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126

128
129
130
131
132
133

134
135
136
137
138
139

140

141

142
143
144
145
146
147
148

SCHEDULE

P‘hJuJ£~hJF*P‘P*F*F‘

U1th‘h‘h‘h‘P‘P‘F‘hahih‘h‘h‘k‘h‘ u:

NNNJ-‘J-‘N

UMNHHI—‘Tb

153

DRUG MASTER LIST (Methoxy-Phendimetrazine)

DESCRIPTION

4—Methoxyamphetamine

Methyl, dimethoxylamphetamine
Methyldesorphine
Methylenedioxy amphetamine
Methylhydromorphine
Methylphenidate
Methylphenobarbital
Methylprylon

Moramide, Intermediate
Mbrpheridine

Net more than 50 milligrams of morphine or any of
its salts per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams
with one or more active, nonnarcotic ingredients
in recognized therapeutic amounts.

Morphine methylbromide

Morphine methylsufonate

Morphine-NBOXide

Myrophine

N-ethy1-3-piperidyl benzilate

N-methyl-3-piperidy1 benzilate

Nalorphine

Nicocodeine

Nicomorphine

Noracymethadol

Norlevorphanol

Normethadone

Normorphine

Norpipanone

Opium

Not more than 100 milligrams of opium or any of

its salts per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams

Opiate

Oxazepam

Paraldehyde

Pentobarbital

Pethidine

Pethidine, Intermediate - A, 4-cyano-l-methyl-4-
phenylpiperidine

Pethidine, Intermediate - B, ethyl-4-phenylpiperidine-
4-carboxylate

Pethidine, Intermediate - C, l-methyl-4-pheny1piperidin
4 carboxylic acid

Petrichloral

Peyote

Phenadoxone

Phenampromide

Phenazocine

Phencyclidine

Phendimetrazine

MLN

149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174

SCHEDULE

P‘P‘F‘F‘h’h’h’h’hab‘haklk‘h‘F‘P‘G~BJF‘BJF*$~F‘P‘£~h3

154

DRUG MASTER LIST (Phenmetrazine—Trimethoxy)

DESCRIPTION

Phenmatrazine
Phenobarbital
Phenomorphan
Phenoperdine
Phentermine
Phoclodine
Piminodine
Piritramide

Poppy straw, concentrate of
Prazepam
Proheptazine
Properidine

Propiram

Psilocybin

Psilocyn
Racemethorphan
Racemoramide
Racemorphan
Secobarbital
Sulfondiethylmethane
Sulfonethylmethane
Sulfonmsthane
Tetrahydrocannabinols
Thebacon
Trimeperidine
3,4,5-Trimethoxy amphetamine

155

COMMONLY FOUND OFFENSES

 

Project Compiled

Offense Law

Number Number Offense Maximum
111111 750.316 Murder, lst degree Life
111211 750.317 Murder, 2nd degree Life
111312 750.321 Manslaughter 15
121114 750.82 Felonious Assault (FA) 4
121125 750.82 Felonious Assault ATT 2
151111 750.520b Criminal sexual conduct, lst Life
151124 750.520b Criminal sexual conduct, lst ATT 5
151212 750.520c Criminal sexual conduct, 2d 15
151224 750.520c Criminal sexual conduct, 2d ATT 5
151312 750.520d Criminal sexual conduct, 3d 15
151324 750.520d Criminal sexual conduct, 3d ATT 5
151415 750.520c Criminal sexual conduct, 4th 2
151425 750.520e Criminal sexual conduct, 4th ATT 1
151613 750.520g Assault w/int sexual penetration 10
151624 750.520g Assault w/int sexual penetration ATT 5
151714 750.5203 Assault w/int CSC 2d 5
151724 750.520g Assault w/int CSC 2d ATT 2%
211112 750.110 B8B occupied dwelling 15
211124 750.110 363 occupied dwelling ATT 5
211213 750.110 B8B unoccupied dwelling 10
211224 750.110 B8B unoccupied dwelling ATT 5
211314 750.111 Entering w/o breaking 5
211324 750.111 Entering w/o breaking ATT 2%
211414 750.360 Larceny from dwelling house 4
211425 750.360 Larceny from dwelling house ATT 2
221111 750.529 Robbery, armed Life
221124 750.529 Robbery, armed ATT 5
221212 750.530 Robbery, unarmed 15
221224 750.530 Robbery, unarmed ATT 5
221411 750.89 Assault w/int to rob, armed Life
221424 750.89 Assault w/int to rob, armed ATT 5
221512 750.88 Assault w/int to rob, unarmed 15
221524 750.88 Assault w/int to rob, unarmed ATT 5
221613 750.357 Larceny from person 10
221624 750.357 Larceny from person ATT 5
231115 750.13la Checks w/o acct,3 cks w/o suf fds 2
231125 750.13la Checks w/o acct,3 cks w/o funds ATT 1
231612 750.249 Utter/pub forged instruments 14
231623 750.249 Utter/pub forged instruments ATT 7
241112 750.248 Forgery of public records 14
241123 750.248 Forgery of public records ATT 7

156

COMMONLY FOUND OFFENSES cont.

 

Project Compiled

Offense Law

Number Number Offense Maximum
251114 750.157p Possession credit card 4
251125 750.157p Possession credit card ATT 2
251214 750.157n Stealing credit card 4
251225 750.157n Stealing credit card ATT 2
251314 750.157q Del/circulation credit card 4
251325 750.157q Del/circulation credit card ATT 2
251414 750.157r Forge/alter/counterf cred card 4
251425 750.157r Forge/alter/counterf cred card ATT 2
251615 750.1573 Use revoked cr card, o/$lOO 1
251625 750.1578 Use revoked cr card, o/$100 ATT %
261114 750.356 Larceny, over $100 5
261124 750.356 Larceny, over $100 ATT 2%
261215 750.356 Larceny, under $100 E
261225 750.356 Larceny, under $100 ATT 45 days
271114 750.535 Rec stolen prop o/$lOO 5
271124 750.535 Rec stolen prop o/$1OO ATT 28
321114 750.413 Unlawful driving away auto 5
321124 750.413 Unlawful driving away auto ATT 2%
411114 750.227 Carrying concealed weapon CCW 5
411124 750.227 Carrying concealed weapon CCW ATT 2%
511111 335.341(l)(a) Poss narc w/int mfg or del 20
511124 335.341(l)(a) Poss narc w/int mfg or del ATT 5
511213 335.341(l)(b) Poss non-narc mfg/del exc pot 7
511224 335.341(l)(b) Poss non-narc mfg/del exc pot ATT 3%
511314 335.341(l)(c) Poss sched 4 drug/pot mfg/del 4
511325 335.341(l)(c) Poss sched 4 drug/pot mfg/del ATT 2
511415 335.341(l)(d) Poss sched 5 drug w/int mfg/del 2
511425 335.341(l)(d) Poss sched 5 drug w/int mfg/delATT 1
531114 335.341(4)(a) Poss sched 1 or 2 narcotic 4
531125 335.341(4)(a) Poss sched 1 or 2 narcotic ATT 2
531215 335.341(4)(b) Poss 1-4 drug,not hal,narc,pot 2
531225 335.341(4)(b) Poss 1-4 drug,not hal,narc,pot ATT 1
531315 335.341(4)(c) Poss hallucinogen or sched 5 dr 1
531325 335.341(4)(c) Poss hallucinogen or sched 5 dr AT %
531415 335.341(4)(d) Possession marihuana 1
531425 335.341(4)(d) Possession marihuana ATT %

157

OFFENSE MASTER LIST

Michigan offenses or crimes are to be coded by the unique offense
number assigned.

Each offense number has six digits: / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 /

 

Digits 1-4 constitute the unique number for the specific crime.
Note that a section of Michigan Compiled Laws may contain one, two,
or more specific crimes.

E.g., M.C.L. section 750.110, M.S.A. section 28.305
contains two specific crimes:

(1) breaking and entering an occupied dwelling,
with a 15 year maximum penalty, and

(2) breaking and entering an unoccupied dwelling,
with a maximum penalty of 10 years.

Digit 5 states whether the offense is a substantive offense or an
attempt. With a few rare exceptions, the Michigan Penal Code does
not define a separate attempt for each crime. Rather, one general
section, M.C.L. section 750.92, M.S.A. section 28.287 creates a
general formula for determining the maximum penalty for attempts:

 

 

If the maximum penalty for the Then the maximum penalty for the
substantive crime is: atggggt is:

Life or a period of years 5 years

5 years or more 5 years in prison or 1 year in county

jail but not more than half of
the substantive crime

Less than 5 years 2 years in prison or 1 year in
county jail but not more than
half of the substantive crime

 

EXAMPLES:

Crime Maximum Maximum of Attempt
Murder, 2d degree Life 5 years

B & E, occupied 15 5

B & E, unoccupied 10 5

CCW 5 2%

FA 4 2

CSC, 4th 2 1

CSA (5) (C) 3: L:

The value for substantive crime is 1; for attempt 2.

158

Digit 6 represents the Project designation for a general categoriza-
tion of offense seriousness:

 

Value Includes F9119wigg_Maxima in Years:
1 Life, term of years, 25, 20
2 15, 14
3 10, 7
4 5. 4. 31:. 3. 21:
5 2, 1%, l, misdemeanor

NOTE: The first two digits represent certain general types of crime

11 Homicide 82 Prostitution
12 Assaultive Crimes 83 Abortion
13 Kidnap, Resisting, Escape 91 Habitual Offender

l4 Cruelty to Children

15 Violent Sex Crimes

21 Burglary

22 Robbery

23 Checks

24 Forgery, Slugs, Fraud-signature
25 Credit cards

26 Larceny

27 Receiving

28 Embezzlement

29 False pretenses

30 Arson

31 Malicious injury to property
32 Auto Theft

41 Weapons - CCW

42 Weapons - Possession during felony
43 Weapons - others

44 Weapons - killing and discharging
45 Explosives

51 Drugs - manufacture or deliver
52 Drugs - counterfeit

53 Drugs - possession

54 Drugs - use

61 Welfare fraud

62 Perjury

63 Bribe

64 Wiretapping

65 Game and fish

66 Compounding felony

71 Driving offenses

72 Trespass

73 Gambling

74 Disorderly person

75 Desertion

76 Conspiracies

81 Other Sex Offenses

159

OFFENSE MASTER LIST

 

 

Project Compiled
Offense Law
Number Number Offense Maximum
Homicide
111111 750.316 Murder, lst degree Life
111211 750.317 Murder, 2nd degree Life
111224 750.317 Murder, 2nd degree ATT 5
111312 750.321 Manslaughter 15
111324 750.321 Manslaughter ATT 5
111411 750.83 Assault w/int to murder Life
111424 750.83 Assault w/int to murder ATT 5
111521 750.91 ATT murder oth than assault Life
112115 750.324 Neg driving causing homicide 2
112125 750.324 Neg driving causing homicide ATT 1
112212 750.329 Death,weapon w/o malice, mans 15
112224 750.329 Death,weapon w/o malice, mans ATT 5
Assaultive Crimes
121114 750.82 Felonious Assault (FA) 4
121125 750.82 Felonious Assault ATT 2
121213 750.84 Assault w/int gr bod harm 10
121224 750.84 Assault w/int gr bod harm ATT 5
121313 750.87 Assault w/int commit felony 10
121324 750.87 Assault w/int commit felony ATT 5
121415 750.81a Assault w/o weapon,inf1 inj 1
121425 750.81a Assault w/o weapon, infl inj ATT %
121515 750.81 Assault ASB as Misdemeanor 1
121525 750.81 Assault, A&B as Misdemeanor ATT %
122213 750.397 Mayhem 10
122224 750.397 Mayhem ATT 5
122313 750.397a Harmful objects in food 10
122324 750.397a Harmful objects in food ATT 5
122413 750.86 Assault w/int to maim/disfigure 10
122424 750.86 Assault w/int to maim/disfigure ATT 5
123113 752.541) Riot 10
752.544)
123124 752.541) Riot ATT 5
752.544)
123213 752.542 Inciting to riot 10
123224 752.542 Inciting to riot ATT 5
123311 750.213 Extortion 20
123324 750.213 Extortion ATT 5

160

 

 

 

Project Compiled
Offense Law
Number Number Offense Maximum
Kidnapping, Resisting Officer, Escape
131111 750.349 Kidnapping Life
131124 750.349 Kidnapping ATT 5
131211 750.350 Taking/enticing child under 14 Life
131224 750.350 Taking/enticing child u/14 ATT 5
131311 750.11 Abduction, compel woman to marry Life
131423 750.12 ATT abduction 10
132115 750.479 Resisting officer 2
132125 750.479 Resisting officer ATT 1
132215 750.479a Driver assault police 2
132225 750.479a Driver assault police ATT 1
132315 750.479a Driver disobed police signal 1
132325 750.479a Driver disobed police signal ATT 8
132415 300.17 Hinder conservation officer %
132425 300.17 Hinder conservation officer ATT 45 days
133113 750.183 Aiding escape of felon 7
133124 750.183 Aiding escape of felon ATT 3%
133215 750.183 Aiding escape of misdemeanant 1
133225 750.183 Aiding escape misdemeanant ATT %
133414 750.193 Prison escape 5
133424 750.193 Prison escape ATT 2%
133514 750.197c Jail break, armed 4
133525 750.197c Jail break, armed ATT 2
133614 750.199a Absconding or forfeiting bond 4
133625 750.199a Absconding/forfeiting bond ATT 2
Cruelpy to Children
141114 750.136 Cruelty to child/neg/abandon 4
141125 750.136 Cruelty to child/neg/abandon ATT 2
141214 750.145b Accost/solicit child, im pur 4
141225 750.145b Accost/solicit child, im pur ATT 2
141313 750.136a Torturing children 10
141324 750.136a Torturing children ATT 5
141415 750.145 Contr to neg or delinq E
141425 750.145 Contr to neg or delinq ATT 45 days
141515 750.145a Accost/solicit child im pur 1
141525 750.145a Accost/solicit child im pur ATT %
141613 750.135 Expose w/int to injure/abandon 10
141624 750.135 Expose w/int to injure/aban ATT 5

161

 

 

Project Compiled
Offense Law
Number Number Offense Maximum
Violent Sex Crimes
151111 750.520b Criminal sexual conduct, lst Life
151124 750.520b Criminal sexual conduct, lst ATT 5
151212 750.520c Criminal sexual conduct, 2d 15
151224 750.520c Criminal sexual conduct, 2d ATT 5
151312 750.520d Criminal sexual conduct, 3d 15
151324 750.520d Criminal sexual conduct, 3d ATT 5
151415 750.520c Criminal sexual conduct, 4th 2
151425 750.520c Criminal sexual conduct, 4th ATT 1
151514 750.520f Criminal sexual conduct, subseq off 5 (min)
151613 750.5203 Assault w/int sexual penetration 10
151624 750.520g Assault w/int sexual penetration ATT 5
151714 750.520g Assault w/int CSC 2d 5
151724 750.520g Assault w/int CSC 2d ATT 2%
152111 750.520 Rape Life
152124 750.520 Rape ATT 5
152213 750.85 Assault w/int commit rape 10
152224 750.85 Assault w/int commit rape ATT 5
152312 750.158 Sodomy, sex delinquent 15
152324 750.158 Sodomy, sex delinquent ATT 5
152411 750.158 Sodomy, sex delinquent Life
152424 750.158 Sodomy, sex delinquent ATT 5
152513 750.333 Incest 10
152524 750.333 Incest ATT 5

162

 

 

Project Compiled
Offense Law
Number Number Offense Maximum
BurglaryJ Robbe:y_
211112 750.110 B&E occupied dwelling 15
211124 750.110 BSE occupied dwelling ATT 5
211213 750.110 B&E unoccupied dwelling 10
211224 750.110 BEE unoccupied dwelling ATT 5
211314 750.111 Entering w/o breaking 5
211324 750.111 Entering w/o breaking ATT 2%
211414 750.360 Larceny from dwelling house 4
211425 750.360 Larceny from dwelling house ATT 2
211515 750.115 B&E w/o permission 1
211525 750.115 B8B w/o permission ATT 3:
212113 750.116 Possession burglars tools 10
212124 750.116 Possession burglars tools ATT 5
212215 750.359 Larceny vacant bldg, pillaging 1
212225 750.359 Larceny vacant bldg, pillaging ATT %
212315 750.113 Opening coin box %
212325 750.113 Opening coin box ATT E
212414 752.811 Enter/alter coin devices 3
212425 752.811 Enter/alter coin devices ATT 1%
221111 750.529 Robbery, armed Life
221124 750.529 Robbery, armed ATT 5
221212 750.530 Robbery, unarmed 15
221224 750.530 Robbery, unarmed ATT 5
221311 750.531 Bank, safe, vault robbery Life
221324 750.531 Bank, safe, vault robbery ATT 5
221411 750.89 Assault w/int to rob, armed Life
221424 750.89 Assault w/int to rob, armed ATT 5
221512 750.88 Assault w/int to rob, unarmed 15
221524 750.88 Assault w/int to rob, unarmed ATT 5
221613 750.357 Larceny from person 10
221624 750.357 Larceny from person ATT 5

163

 

 

Project Compiled
Offense Law
Number Number Offense Maximum
Checks, Foggery, Credit Cards
231115 750.131a Checks w/o acct,3 cks w/o suf fds 2
231125 750.131a Checks w/o acct,3 cks w/o funds ATT 1
231215 750.131 Checks w/o suf funds o/$50 1
231225 750.131 Checks w/o suf funds o/$50 ATT 8
231315 750.131 Cks w/o suf funds under $50, 0-1 M
231325 750.131 Cks w/o funds under $50, 0-1 ATT 45 days
231415 750.131 Cks w/o funds under $50, 0-2 %
231425 750.131 Cks w/o funds under $50, 0-2 ATT E
231515 750.131 Cks w/o funds under $50, 0-3 1
231525 750.131 Cks w/o funds under $50, 0-3 ATT %
231612 750.249 Utter/pub forged instruments 14
231623 750.249 Utter/pub forged instruments ATT 7
241112 750.248 Forgery of public records 14
241123 750.248 Forgery of public records ATT 7
241213 750.250 Forgery notes/by State Tress/pol 7
241224 750.250 Forgery notes/by State Tress/pol ATT 3%
241313 750.251 Forgery bank bills/notes 7
241324 750.251 Forgery bank bills/notes ATT 3%
241413 750.252 Poss counterfeit notes 7
241424 750.252 Poss counterfeit notes ATT 3%
241514 750.253 Uttering counterfeit note 5
241524 750.253 Uttering counterfeit note ATT 2%
241614 750.254 Poss counterfeit bank bills 5
241624 750.254 Poss counterfeit bank bills ATT 2%
241713 750.255 Counterfeiting/pass of tools 10
241724 750.255 Counterfeiting/pass of tools ATT 5
241815 752.801 Slugs for vending machines %
241825 752.801 Slugs for vending machines ATT %
241914 752.802 Mfg, sell, give away slugs 5
241924 752.802 Mfg, sell, give away slugs ATT 2%
242013 750.273 Fraud obtaining signature 10
242024 750.273 Fraud obtaining signature ATT 5

164

 

 

Project Compiled
Offense Law
Number Number Offense Maximum
Checks, Foggepy, Credit Cards cont.
251114 750.157p Possession credit card 4
251125 750.157p Possession credit card ATT 2
251214 750.157n Stealing credit card 4
251225 750.157n Stealing credit card ATT 2
251314 750.157q Del/circulation credit card 4
251325 750.157q Del/circulation credit card ATT 2
251414 750.157r Forge/alter/counterf cred card 4
251425 750.157r Forge/alter/counterf cred card ATT 2
251515 750.1573 Use revoked cr card, u/$100 E
251525 750.1573 Use revoked cr card, u/$100 ATT 45 days
251615 750.1578 Use revoked cr card, o/$100 1
251625 750.1575 Use revoked cr card, o/$1OO ATT %
251714 750.157t Furn goods/ser illeg cr card 4
251725 750.157t Furn goods/ser illeg or card ATT 2
251814 750.157n Forge sig on cr card forms 4
251825 750.157n Forge sig on cr card forms ATT 2

165

 

 

Project Compiled
Offense Law
Number Number Offense Maximum
Larceny, Embezzlement
261114 750.356 Larceny, over $100 5
261124 750.356 Larceny, over $100 ATT 2%
261215 750.356 Larceny, under $100 E
261225 750.356 Larceny, under $100 ATT 45 days
261314 750.356a Larceny, motor vehicle 5
261324 750.356a Larceny, motor vehicle ATT 2%
261414 750.356b Stealing fr tale/coin device 4
261425 750.356b Stealing fr tele/coin device ATT 2
261514 750.357a Larceny of livestock 4
261525 750.357a Larceny of livestock ATT 2
261614 750.362 Larceny/conv or embez, o/$lOO 5
261624 750.362 Larceny/conv or embez, o/SlOO ATT 2%
261715 750.362 Larceny/conv or embez, u/SlOO E
261725 750.362 Larceny/conv or embez, u/$100 45 days
261815 750.362a Larceny/rented vehicle o/$100 2
261825 750.362a Larceny/rented vehicle o/SlOO ATT 1
261914 750.363 Larceny/false person o/$100 5
261924 750.363 Larceny/false person o/SlOO ATT 2%
262015 750.363 Larceny/false person u/SlOO 2
262025 750.363 Larceny/false person u/SlOO ATT 45 days
271114 750.535 Rec stolen prop 0/5100 5
271124 750.535 Rec stolen prop o/$100 ATT 2%
271214 750.535 Rec stolen prop, 3 conv or more 5
271224 750.535 Rec stolen prop, 3 conv or more ATT 2%
271315 750.535 Rec stolen prop, u/$100 E
271325 750.535 Rec stolen prop, u/SlOO ATT 45 days
281113 750.174 Embezzlement o/SlOO 10
281124 750.174 Embezzlement o/$100 ATT 5
281215 750.174 Embezzlement u/$100 E
281225 750.174 Embezzlement u/$100 ATT 45 days
281313 750.175 Embez public officer o/SSO 10
281324 750.175 Embez public officer o/$50 ATT 5
281413 750.176 meez by administrator 10
281424 750.176 Embez by administrator ATT 5
281515 750.177 Conceal mort prop o/$100 2
281525 750.177 Conceal mort prop o/$100 ATT 1
281613 750.181 Embez own property o/$100 10
281624 750.181 Embez own property o/$100 ATT 5

166

 

 

Project Compiled
Offense Law
Number Number Offense Maximum
False Pretenses,_Properpy Destruction
291113 750.218 False preten w/int defraud o/$100 10
291124 750.218 False preten w/int defraud o/$100 AT 5
291215 750.218 False preten w/int defraud u/$100 E
291225 750.218 False preten w/int defraud u/$1OO AT 45 days
291315 750.219 False statements obtain credit 1
291325 750.219 False statements obtain credit ATT %
291414 750.219a Fraud use tele cr card o/$100 4
291425 750.219a Fraud use tele cr card o/SlOO ATT 2
291515 750.219a Fraud use tele cr card u/$1OO M
291525 750.219a Fraud use tele cr card u/SIOO ATT 45 days
291613 750.280 Gross frauds/cheats common law 10
291624 750.280 Gross frauds/cheats common law ATT 5
301111 750.72 Arson, dwelling house 20
301124 750.72 Arson, dwelling house ATT 5
301213 750.73 Burn other real property 10
301224 750.73 Burn other real property ATT 5
301314 750.74 Burn personal prop o/$50 4
301325 750.74 Burn personal prop o/SSO ATT 2
301413 750.75 Burn insured property 10
301424 750.75 Burn insured property ATT 5
301514 750.77 Prep to burn, value o/$50 4
301525 750.77 Prep to burn, value o/$50 ATT 2
301615 750.77 Prep to burn, value u/SSO 1
301625 750.77 Prep to burn, value u/SSO %
311114 750.377 Malicious inj/kill animals 4
311125 750.377 Malicious inj/kill animals ATT 2
311214 750.377a Malicious inj/per prop o/$100 4
311225 750.377a Malicious inj/per prop o/SlOO ATT 2
311315 750.377a Malicious inj/per prop u/$100 M
311325 750.377a Malicious inj/per prop u/$lOO ATT 45 days
311414 750.377b Malicious inj/prop police/fire 4
311425 750.377b Malicious inj/prop police/fire ATT 2
311514 750.380 Malicious inj house o/$100 4
311525 750.380 Malicious inj house o/$1OO ATT 2
311615 750.380 Malicious inj house u/$lOO E
311625 750.380 ‘Malicious inj house u/$100 ATT ‘ 45 days
311714 750.383a Malicious dest mach/equip/tools 4
311725 750.383a Malicious dest mach/equip/tools ATT 2
321114 750.413 Unlawful driving away auto 5
321124 750.413 Unlawful driving away auto ATT 2%
321215 750.414 Use auto without authority 2
321225 750.414 Use auto without authority ATT l

167

 

 

Project Compiled
Offense Law
Number Number Offense Maximum
Weapons Offenses
411114 750.227 Carrying concealed weapon CCW 5
411124 750.227 Carrying concealed weapon CCW ATT 2%
411214 750.224 Sell/mfg/poss illegal weapon 5
411224 750.224 Sell/mfg/poss illegal weapon ATT 2%
411314 750.226 Carry firearm/weapon w/unlawful int 5
411324 750.226 Carry firearm/weapon w/unlaw int ATT 2%
421115 750.227b Poss firearms during felony 2
421125 750.227b Poss firearms during felony ATT 1
421214 750.227b Poss firearms dur felony, 0-2 5
421224 750.227b Poss firearms dur felony, 0-2 ATT 2%
421313 750.227b Poss firearms dur felony, 0-3 10
421324 750.227b Poss firearms dur felony, 0-3 ATT 5
431115 750.226a Sale/pass switchblade knife 1
431125 750.226a Sale/pose switchblade knife ATT %
431215 750.230 Alteration of pistol 2
431225 750.230 Alteration of pistol ATT 1
431315 750.235 Inj w/firearm int but w/o malice 1
431325 750.235 Inj w/firearm int but w/o malice ATT %
431415 752.862 Inj prop neg use firearm o/$50 1
431425 752.862 Inj prop neg use firearm o/$50 ATT %
431512 750.236 Setting spring gun/killing person 15
431524 750.236 Setting spring gun/kill person ATT 5
431615 750.236 Setting spring gun 1
431625 750.236 Setting spring gun ATT 8
441115 752.861 .Kill/inj neg use firearm 2
441125 752.861 Kill/inj neg use firearm ATT 1
441215 752.861 Kill/inj neg use firearm 1
441225 752.861 Kill/inj neg use firearm ATT %
441315 750.234 Dischg firearm w/o malice 1
441325 750.234 Dischg firearm w/o malice ATT %
441415 750.237 Poss/use firearm u/infl liq/drug M
441425 750.237 Poss/use firearm u/infl liq/drug ATT 45 days
451114 750.211a Constr/poss explosive device 4
451125 750.211a Constr/poss explosive device ATT 2
451214 750.211 Make or possess explosives 5
451224 750.211 Make or possess explosives ATT 2%

168

 

Project Compiled
Offense Law
Number Number Offense Maximum
Drugs
511111 335.341(l)(a) Poss narc w/int mfg or del 20
511124 335.341(l)(a) Poss narc w/int mfg or del ATT 5
511213 335.341(l)(b) Poss non-narc mfg/del exc pot 7
511224 335.341(l)(b) Poss non-narc mfg/del exc pot ATT 3%
511314 335.341(l)(c) Poss sched 4 drug/pot mfg/del 4
511325 335.341(l)(c) Poss sched 4 drug/pot mfg/del ATT 2
511415 335.341(l)(d) Poss schcd 5 drug w/int mfg/del 2
511425 335.341(l)(d) Poss sched 5 drug w/int mfg/delATT 1
521113 335.341(3)(a) Poss,mfg,de1 counterfeit narcotic 10
521124 335.341(3)(a) Poss,mfg,de1 counter narcotic ATT 5
521214 335.341(3)(b) Poss,mfg,de1 counter non-narc 5
521224 335.341(3)(b) Poss,mfg,del counter non-narc ATT 2%
521314 335.341(3)(c) Poss,mfg,del counter sched 4 dr 4
521325 335.341(3)(c) Poss,mfg,del counter sched 4 dr AT 2
521415 335.341(3)(d) Poss,mfg,de1 counter sched 5 dr 2
521425 335.341(3)(d) Poss,mfg,de1 counter sched 5 dr AT 1
531114 335.341(4)(a) Poss sched 1 or 2 narcotic 4
531125 335.341(4)(a) Poss sched 1 or 2 narcotic ATT 2
531215 335.341(4)(b) Poss 1-4 drug,not hal,narc,pot 2
531225 335.341(4)(b) Poss 1-4 drug,not hal,narc,pot ATT 1
531315 335.341(4)(c) Poss hallucinogen or sched 5 dr 1
531325 335.341(4)(c) Poss hallucinogen or sched 5 drATT %
531415 335.341(4)(d) Possession marihuana 1
531425 335.341(4)(d) Possession marihuana ATT %
541115 335.341(5)(a) Drug use,sched 1-2 narcotic 1
541125 335.341(5)(a) Drug use,sched 1-2 narcotic ATT %
541215 335.341(5)(b) Drug use 1-4 not hal,narc,pot 1
541225 335.341(5)(b) Drug use 1-4 not hal,narc,pot ATT %
541315 335.341(5)(c) Drug use,ha11ucinogen or 5 %
541325 335.341(5)(c) Drug use,ha11ucinogen or 5 ATT %
541415 335.341(5)(d) Marihuana use %
541425 335.341(5)(d) Marihuana use ATT 45 days

169

 

 

 

Project Compiled
Offense Law
Number Number Offense Maximum
Miscellaneous, "public"
611115 400.600 Welfare fraud, $500/1ess M
611125 400.60 Welfare fraud, $500/1ess ATT 45 days
611214 400.60 Welfare fraud, o/$500 4
611225 400.60 Welfare fraud, o/SSOO ATT 2
621111 750.422 Perjury (capital) Life
621124 750.422 Perjury (capital) ATT 5
621212 750.422 Perjury 15
621224 750.422 Perjury ATT 5
621312 750.423 Perjury; swear falsely 15
621324 750.423 Perjury; swear falsely ATT 5
621414 750.425 Subornation, procure perjury 5
621424 750.425 Subornation, procure perjury ATT 2%
631114 750.117 Bribe public officer 4
631125 750.117 Bribe public officer ATT 2
631213 750.118 Accepting bribe by pub officer 10
631224 750.118 Accepting bribe by pub officer ATT 5
641115 750.540 Cut, tap telephone wire 2
641125 750.540 Cut, tap telephone wire ATT 1
651115 300.5 Game and fish law violation 0-1 60 days
651125 300.5 Game/fish law violation 0—1 ATT 30 days
661115 750.149 Compounding felony 1
661125 750.149 Compounding felony ATT %
Miscellaneous, "Private"
711115 752.191 Felonious driving 2
711125 752.191 Felonious driving ATT 1
711215 257.602a Failure to obey officer's signal %
711225 257.602a Failure to obey officer's signal ATT 45 days
711315 257.625(a/b) Impaired driving-DUIL M
711325 257.625(a/b) Impaired driving-DUIL ATT 45 days
711415 257.625(c) DUIL, 2nd offense 1
711425 257.625(c) DUIL, 2nd offense ATT %
711514 257.625(c) DUIL, 3rd offense 4
711525 257.625(c) DUIL, 3rd offense ATT 2
711615 257.625b(b) Driving with impaired ability E
711625 257.625b(b) Driving with impaired ability ATT 45 days
711715 257.625b(b) Driving impaired abil sub off 1
711725 257.625b(b) Driving impaired abil sub off ATT %

170

 

 

Project Compiled

Offense Law

Number Number Offense Maximum
Miscellaneous,_?Private" cont.

711815 257.626 Reckless driving 2
711825 257.626 Reckless driving ATT 45 days
711915 257.626b Careless or negligent driving 10 days
711925 257.626b Careless or negligent driving ATT 5 days
712015 257.628 Speeding M
712025 257.628 Speeding ATT 45 days
712515 257.617 Leaving scene accident/pars inj 2
712525 257.617 Leaving scene accident/pars inj ATT 1
712615 257.617a Leaving scene pers inj accident 1
712625 257.617a Leaving scene pers inj accident ATT %
713015 257.215 Unregistered vehicle 2
713025 257.215 Unregistered vehicle ATT 45 days
713115 257.233 Transfer MV requirements 2
713125 257.233 Transfer MV requirements ATT 45 days
713215 257.239 Fail to endorse & del MV title %
713225 257.239 Fail to endorse & del MV title ATT 45 days
713315 257.242a Regroove tires E
713325 257.242a Regroove tires ATT 45 days
713413 257.254 Passing title stolen MV 10
713424 257.254 Passing title stolen MV ATT 5
713515 257.255 Drive w/o plates %
713525 257.255 Drive w/o plates ATT 45 days
713615 257.256 Unlawful lending MV title 2
713625 257.256 Unlawful lending MV title ATT 45 days
713714 257.257 Forge/alter MV title/plate 4
713725 257.257 Forge/alter MV title/plate ATT 2
713815 257.310 Use forged MV license 1
713825 257.310 Use forged MV license ATT %
714015 257.901 Violations of MV code 2
714025 257.901 Violations of MV code ATT 45 days
714115 257.904(a) Driving w/o license (revoked) %
714125 257.904(a) Driving w/o license (revoked) ATT 45 days
714215 257.904(b) Driving w/o license (revoked) 0-2 1
714225 257.904(b) Driving w/o license(revoked)O-2 ATT %
714315 257.904a Driving w/o license 2
714325 257.904a Driving w/o license ATT 45 days
714415 257.904a Driving w/o license 0-2 E
714425 257.904a Driving w/o license 0-2 ATT 45 days
721115 750.546 Trepass 2
721125 750.546 Trespass ATT 45 days

171

 

Project Compiled

Offense Law

Number Number Offense Maximum
Miscellaneous, "Private" cont.

731115 750.301 Gambling 1
731125 750.301 Gambling ATT %
731215 750.302 Keep common gambling room 1
731225 750.302 Keep common gambling room ATT %
731315 750.303 Keep com gambling room for gain 2
731325 750.303 Keep com gambling room for gain ATT 1
731415 750.304 Selling pools/register bets 1
731425 750.304 Selling pools/register bets ATT %
731515 750.306 Poss of gambling slips 1
731525 750.306 Poss of gambling slips ATT %
731614 750.157a Conspiracy, illegal gambling 5
731624 750.157a Conspiracy, illegal gambling ATT 2%
741115 750.168 Disorderly person 0-1 E
741125 750.168 Disorderly person O-l ATT 45 days
741215 750.168 Disorderly person 0-2 E
741225 750.168 Disorderly person 0-2 ATT 45 days
741315 750.168 Disorderly person 0-3 2
741325 750.168 Disorderly person 0-3 ATT 1
751114 750.161 Desertion and non support 3
751125 750.161 Desertion and non support ATT 1%
751215 750.161 Desertion and non support 1
751225 750.161 Desertion and non support ATT %
751314 750.165 Refuse to pay support/court order 4
751325 750.165 Refuse to pay sup/court order ATT 2
761115 750.151 Conspiracy/restrain trade %
761125 750.151 Conspiracy/restrain trade ATT %
761211 750.157a Conspiracy/crimes pun 1 yr/more

761224 750.157a Conspiracy/crimes pun 1 yr/more ATT
761315 750.157a Conspiracy/crimes pun less th 1 yr 1
761325 750.157a Conspiracy/crimes pun less th 1 ATT %
761414 750.505 Common law offenses 5
761424 750.505 Common law offenses ATT 2%
761514 750.152 Violation bldg trust act 3
761525 750.152 Violation bldg trust act ATT 1%
761615 338.1516 Violation residential bldrs act 1
761625 338.1516 Violation residential bldrs act ATT %
761714 451.809 Uniform securities act violation 3
761725 451.809 Uniform securities act biolation ATT 1%

172

 

 

 

Project Compiled
Offense Law
Number Number Offense Maximum
Other Sex Offenses
811115 750.335 Lewd/lascivious cohabitation 1
811125 750.335 Lewd/lascivious cohabitation ATT %
811215 750.335a Indecent exposure 1
811225 750.335a Indecent exposure ATT %
811313 750.336 Indecent liberties w/child+attempt 10
811414 750.338 Gross indecency bet males + attempt 5
812114 750.338a Gross indecency bet females+attempt 5
812214 750.338b Gross indecency bet maleSfemale,att 5
821115 750.448 Solicit/accost for prostitution M
821125 750.448 Solicit/accost for prostitution ATT 45 days
821215 750.449 Admit for purpose of prost E
821225 750.449 Admit for purpose of prost ATT 45 days
821315 750.449a Engage services female for prost E
821325 750.449a Engage services female for prost ATT 45 days
821415 750.454 Lease house for prostitution %
821425 750.454 Lease house for prostitution ATT %
821514 750.452 Keeping house of ill fame 5
821524 750.452 Keeping house of ill fame ATT 2%
821615 750.451 Prostitution,O-3 and subseq 2
821625 750.451 Prostitution,O-3 and subseq ATT 1
821715 750.451 Prostitution, 0-2 1
821725 750.451 Prostitution, 0-2 ATT %
821815 750.450 Prostitution, aid and abet %
821825 750.450 Prostitution, aid and abet ATT 45 days
822111 750.455 Pandering (pimping) .20
822124 750.455 Pandering (pimping) ATT 5
822211 750.457 Accepting earnings of prostitute 20
822224 750.457 Accepting earnings of prostitute ATT 5
822311 750.459 Transporting female for prost 20
822324 750.459 Transporting female for prost ATT 5
831114 750.14 Abortion 4
831125 750.14 Abortion ATT 2
831214 750.30 Adultery 4
831225 750.30 Adultery ATT 2
841115 750.343a Distribute obscene literature 1
841125 750.343a Distribute obscene literature ATT %
Habitual Offender
911111 769.10 Habitual offender, 2d conviction
911211 769.11 Habitual offender, 3d conviction
911311 769.12 Habitual offender, 4th + offense

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.

mummwan—d

ALCONA
ALCER
ALLEGAN
ALPENA
ANTRIM
ARENAC
BARAGA
BARRY

BAY
BENZIE
BERRIEN
BRANCH
CALHOUN
CASS
CHARLEVOIX
CHEBOYGAN
CHIPPEWA
CLARE
CLINTON
CRAWFORD
DELTA
DICKINSON
EATON
EMMET
GENESEE
CLADWIN
GOGEBIC

GRAND TRAVERSE

29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.

'44.

45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.

56.

173

COUNTIES

GRATIOT
HILLSDALB
BOUGHTON
HURON
INGRAM
IONIA
Iosco
IRON
ISABELLA
JACKSON
KALAMAZOO
KALKASKA
KENT
KEWEENAW
LAKE
LAPEER
LEELANAU
LENAWEB
LIVINGSTON
LUCE
MACKINAC
MACOMB
MANISTEE
MARQUEITE
MASON
MECOSTA
MENOMINEE
MIDLAND

57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.

77.

78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.

MISSAUKEE
MONROE
MONICALM
MONTMORENCY
MUSKEGON
NEWAYGO
OAKLAND
OCEANA
OGEMAW
ONIONAOON
OSCEOLA
OSCODA
OTSEGO
OTTAWA
PRESQUE ISLE
ROSCOMNON
SAGINAW

ST. CLAIR
ST. JOSEPH
SANILAC
SCHOOLCRAFT
SHIAWASSEE
TUSCOLA
VAN BUREN
WASHTENAW
WAYNE
WEXFORD

APPENDIX 5

174

Type and Description of Primary Offenses (Sample)

—--.—-. _. . .-.-...._-—-.—_-. --..._--—-.. -- - .....--. . ._.-.

 

Offense Description H :
Homicide

Manslaughter 5
Death. Heapon without Malice. Manslaughter «-

Assault with intent to "order - 1
Assault. with intent to Rob. Armed 7
Assault with intent to Rob. Unarmed l

Person Offenses

Felonious Assault 1
Felonious Assault. Attempt

Assault with intent to do Great Bodily Harm

Assault with Intent to do Great Bodily Harm. Attempt

Assault with Intent to Commit Felony

Hayhem

Cruelty to Children. Neglect. Abandonment

 

d—id—w‘N

Sex Offenses

Criminal Sexual Conduct 2nd Degree
Criminal Sexual Conduct 2nd Attempt
Criminal Sexual Conduct 4th Degree
Assault with intent CSC 2nd Degree
Assault with intent Sexual Penetration
Solicit/Accost for Prostitution --

_n

U‘NDON

Burglary
Breaking and Entering an Drrunied Dwelling 45

Breaking and Entering Occupied Dwelling. Attempt i5
Breaking and Entering Unoccupied Dwelling 24
Breaking and Entering Unoccupied Dwelling. Attempt

Entering Hithout Breaking

Larceny from a Dwelling House 43
Larceny from Dwelling house. Attempt 8
Enter and Alter Coin Devices

Robbery
Robbery. Unarmed l6

Larceny from a Person 9
Larceny from a Person. Attempt 8

Property,0ffenses

Checks without Account. 3 Checks without Sufficient funds
Utter/Publishing Forged instruments

Utter/Publishing Forged instruments Attempt

Forgery of Public Records

Tampering with Ballot Boxes

Possession of Credit Card --
Stealing Credit Card 1
Stealing Credit Card. Attempt l
Larceny over $100 i0
Larceny over $100. Attempt 4

d-‘OU‘N

AAA

AAAAA AAAAAF‘A

AAAAAAA"

“AAA“

AAA“

3.5)
0.2)
in)
0.2)
0.2)
0.2)
0.2)

2.5)
0.8)
0.8)
0.4)
1.0)

9.3)
3.1)
5,0)
0.6)
i.9)
8.9)
l.7)
0.4)

3.3)
1.9)
l.6)

0.4)
1.0)
0.8)
0.2)
0.2)

0.2)
0.2)
2.l)
0.8)

few {as .

(

(

(

175

 

Offense Description

 

 

Property (Continued)

Larceny. Motor Vehicle

Larceny. Motor Vehicle. Attempt

Larceny. Conversion or Embezzlement over SlOO
Receiving Stolen Property Over SlOO

Receiving Stolen Property Over SlOO. Attempt
Embezziement over SlOO

False Pretenses with intent to Oefraud Over SlOO
Arson. Dwelling Mouse

Burn Other Real Property

Burn insured Property

Preparation to Burn. Value Over $50

Malicious injury to Personal Property Over SlOO
Malicious injury to Personal Property Over $100. Attnmpt
Malicious injury to liouse Over SIOO

Unlawful Driving Away of Auto

Unlawful Driving Away of Auto. Attempt

Use Auto without Authority

Heifare fraud Over $500

Heagons
Carrying Concealed Heapon

Carrying Concealed weapon. Attempt

Sell. Manufacture. Possess illegal Heapon

Carry Firearm. Neapon. Hith Unlawful intent
Kill. injure. Negligent Use of Firearm

Kill. injure. Negligent Use of-Firearm. Attempt

2!!!
Possession of Narcotic with intent to Manufacture
or Deliver

Possession of Narcotic with intent to Manufacture
or Deliver. Attempt

Possession. Manufacture. Deliver Counterfeit Narcotic
Possession Schedule i or 2 Narcotic

Possession Schedule 1 or 2 Narcotic Attempt

Possession. Manufacture. Deliver Counter Schedule 4 Dram
Drug Use. Schedule l-Z Narcotic

Obtain. Possess C3 by Forgery/Distribution Schedule l-Z
Distribute Marijuana

Unspecified Drug Offense

Miscellaneous Offenses

Driving Under the influence 3rd Offense
Leaving Scene of Accident/Personal injury
Forgery/Alter Motor Vehicle Title/Plate
Refuse to Pay Child Support

Resisting Officer

Absconding Forfei ting Bond

Bring Contraband to Prison

Unspecified Offense Maximum 6-lO years
Habitual Offender 2nd Conviction

Probation Violations

..C?W@l£é_.

 

Males
io ( 2.1)
a i 0.8)
l ( 0.2)
27 ( 5.6)
14 ( 2.9)
l (0.2)
3 ( 0.6)
3 ( 0.6)
2 i 0.4)
l (0.2)
2 ( 0.4)
s ( 1.0)
i ( 0.2)
l ( 0.2)
15 i 3.3)
m ( 2.1)
8 ( l.6)
l6 ( 3.3)
7 ( 1.4)
2 ( 0.4)
l ( 0.2)
3 i 0.6)
l (0.2)
12 ( 2.5)
6 ( 1.2)
2 \ (0.4)
is ( 3.1)
i i 0.2)
3 (0.6)
2 i 0.4)‘
l (0.2)
2 (0.4)
7 ( i.4)
2 (0.4)
l i 0.2)
l (0.2)
2 (0.4)
i ( 0.2)
l (0.2)
i i 0.2)

AA

REFERENCES

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177

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\