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A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN RIGHT WING
AND LEFT WING EXTREMIST GROUPS
IN THE UNITED STATES

by

Scott Michael Carlyon

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
School of Criminal Justice

1988

b00151)

ABSTRACT

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN RIGHT-WING AND
LEFT-WING EXTREMIST GROUPS
IN THE UNITED STATES

By

Scott Michael Carlyon

Extremism is something that in all likelihood will be with us forever. It
will be much easier to deal with extremist groups if we understand the makeup
of the different groups, from the left and the right.

The paper analyzed right-wing and left-wing extremist groups in the
United States, and determined if such groups are similar or dissimilar. A
Historical/Comparative analysis was conducted using various forms of
literature, with special emphasis placed on books and special reports.
Characteristics were identified which represent domestic groups. The time
period covered from the 1960's through the mid-1980's.

The characteristics of extremist groups which were identified included:
the demographics of members, religious and political philosophy, objectives,
issues, publications, linkage attempts, organizational structure, recruitment
methods, enemies, financing, and use of front groups. Based on those
characteristics and the resulting analysis, it was concluded that groups from

the right and left are more similar than dissimilar.

Copyright by
Scott Michael Carlyon
1988

Dedicated to
mom and dad

with all my love and admiration.

Not bad for someone who you were concerned

about what he was going to do after high school.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

When I started working on my Masters Degree two years ago, I did not
realize the extent of the work involved. If it had not been for the help of many
different people, the last two years would have been much more difficult and
probably would have lasted much longer. Although, it is not possible to
mention everyone, I would like to acknowledge a few people.

I would like to acknowledge the chairman of my thesis committee, Dr.
Kenneth Christian. He not only guided me to ensure that I did not lose my
way, he continually pushed and prodded me. He kept me going and he kept
me working on the thesis. It was his constant help and encouragement that
helped me to finish my thesis.

I would like to thank the other members of my committee, Mr. Paul
Embert and Dr. Dave Kalinich. Their advice, assistance and suggestions truly
helped in the completion of this thesis.

I would like to thank Dr. Robert Trojanowitz. Dr. Trojanowitz, has
always been more than a professor he has been a friend. His help and advice
has always been greatly appreciated.

I would like to acknowledge three people I consider to be true friends,
Greg and Mary Jo Braman and Norm Jones. I have always been able to count
on them, and this was particularly true during the two years. Their assistance
and support helped me obtain my Masters Degree.

Finally I would like to acknowledge my family:

To my grandmothers, Mrs. Richard Carlyon and Mrs. Virgene
Buising--they have always been someone I could look up to and
someone I have been very proud of.

To Eric, Justin and J ulie--they are a constant reminder that things are
never as hard as we make them out to be.

To my sisters Jan, Suzie and Barbara and to my brothers Dave, Rick
and Ron--for the last two years they have put up with my
constant computer questions, they have given me support, they
have given me advice, and they have helped me achieve my goal.
Throughout my life they have always been there for me and they
have always made me very happy that they were my brothers and
sisters. I would like to thank them for their help and for being
my relatives.

Which brings me to the two most important people in my life, my
parents Don and Betty Carlyon. They have provided me with
extensive editorial assistance on all my papers and this thesis.
But what really helped was the emotional support they provided.
There were many times when events seemed overwhelming, but
they were always there with the right words or a pat on the back.
They kept me going. I could not have even begun to attempt
such an undertaking had it not been for the values and lessons
they taught me and the inspiration they have provided. They
have instilled in me the ingredients necessary to earn a Masters
Degree. My thesis is my way of thanking them for everything

they have done for me.

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ix

LIST OF FIGURES x

Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1

Problem 2

Purpose of Study 2

Research Question 3

Theoretical Framework 3

Theory and Supportive Research 4

Overview 6

Chapter II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 7

Types of Literature 8

Typologies 1 1

Objectives of Extremists 11

Size of Extremist Groups 13

Elements of Terrorism 14

Types of Extremism and Terrorism 15
Differences Between Extremism/Terrorism

and Guerrilla Warfare 17

High Technology Weapons l9

Misconception of Extremists as Madmen 21

Violence and Terror 22

Low Incident Rate in the United States 25

Victims 28

Crimes to Finance Operations 30

Summary 33

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter III METHODOLOGY 34
Historical/Comparative Analysis 34
Groups 35
Population 36
Characteristics 38
Definitions 40

Chapter IV FINDINGS 46
Presentation of Findings 46

Political and Religious Philosophy 46
Issues 54
Financing 61
Front Groups and Splintering 68
Recruitment 76
Objectives 82
Types of People 85
Enemies 88
Organizational Structure 90
Linkage Attempts 98
Publications and Communications 102
Summary 108

Chapter V Summary and Conclusions 117
Summary 1 17
Conclusion 128
Recommendations 135

APPENDACIES 137

Appendix A Types of Terrorism 137
Appendix B Terrorist Incidents 140
Appendix C Definitions of Terrorism 142
Appendix D Indictments of Members of "The Order"W143
Appendix E Black Panther's "Ten-Point Program" 145
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 146

 

viii

TABLE
3.1
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8

LIST OF TABLES

Extremist Groups Studied in the United States

Religious and Political Philosophy of Extremist Groups

Issues of Extremist Groups
Crimes of Extremist Groups
Front Groups of Extremist Groups
Groups Targeted for Recruitment
Objectives of Extremist Groups

PAGE
37
53
60
67
75
81
84

 

 

Types of People Belonging to Extremist Groups

87

 

Publications of Extremist Groups

107

 

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE
27

 

27

 

72

 

73

 

93

 

94

 

100

 

113

 

114

 

FIGURES
2.1 1985 Terrorist Incidents Worldwide
2.2 1986 Terrorist Incidents Worldwide
4.1 1960's & 1970's Left-Wing Groups
4.2 1980's Left-Wing Groups
4.3 Hypothetical Chart of a Terrorist Group
4.4 Typical Terrorist Networking
4.5 Ku Klux Klan Groups
4.6 Characteristics of Individual Right-Wing Groups
4.7 Characteristics of Individual Left-Wing Groups
4.8 Similar and Dis-Similar Characteristics

116

 

Chapter I
INTRODUCTION

'EXTREMISTS' Who are they and why do they command so much
of our attention? It seems everytime an extremist or an extremist group does
something, whether it is a legal demonstration, a press conference or they
cross the over line to terroristic behaviors, they receive news coverage.
Through the use of modem media, Americans have become all too familiar
with extremism and it's more famous Stepchild, terrorism. This brings many
questions to mind, which are directly interrelated. Some of the questions are--
how much do we, as Americans, really know about extremist or extremist
groups? Do we understand what a particular group wants? Do we know
where they come from and what types of people make up the different groups?
Do we even know which groups are on the right end of the political spectrum
or the left end? The question, which may be the most vital is--do we
understand all these questions when they are posed about American extremists
organizations, as opposed to international groups?

Although just about everyone knows about extremism, most people
do not fully understand the very complex nature of extremism, particularly
when we speak of the United States variety. A group may, in fact, have
terrorist overtones, but to this point in time, they may not have been linked to
an actual terrorist act. Therefore, are these groups extremist or terrorist
groups? This paper will examine not only extremism, but also terrorism,

since it is the most famous sub-set of extremism.

 

 

2

Problem

No matter how active extremists have been in the last year or two,
they can never be taken lightly or taken for granted. Although our
Constitution allows extremist views to exist, these views should never
infringe on the rights of others. When extremist views cross the line to
terroristic behaviors, they infringe on the rights of others. No matter what has
happened in recent history, there is a threat--a very real threat-~of such
behaviors occurring in the United States. For us to better prepare ourselves to
deal with extremists and the possibility of terrorist acts, we must have a
thorough understanding of every aspect of extremism and the sub-sets of

extremism.

Purpose of Study

There were two analyses undertaken. The first analysis was a general
overview of extremism as a whole. It would be unrealistic to try to study one
segment of extremism, such as right and left wing extremists in the United
States, without having a general understanding of the very nature of
extremism.

The second analysis was a comparative analysis between right wing
and left wing extremism and extremist groups within the United States. A
profile was developed for each end of the political spectrum and the two
groups were analyzed, based on criteria which was developed. The resulting
analysis gave a clear picture of where extremist groups are in the United States

and what we can expect in the future from them.

 

 

 

 

Research Question

One way of classifying extremist groups in the United States is by
dividing them into two factions, left wing and right wing.1 Although these
groups come from different ends of the political spectrum, are they similar or
dis-similar? Is the only difference between the two factions their political

views or all aspects of their organizations?
Theoretical Framework

There is a tendency, for not only law enforcement authorities but also
government personnel and the general public, to treat different groups
differently. People feel that, since groups are from different ends of the
political spectrum, they must automatically have different motives, different
philosophies, and attract different types of people. If it can be shown that
groups are more similar than dis-sirnilar, the methods for dealing with
extremist groups do not need to be drastically different.

For local, state, or federal law enforcement agencies to prevent or
effectively deal with a terrorist incident, they must first understand the group.
The first requirement for understanding a situation is to understand the people
and the groups involved. The following is an attempt to add to the

understanding of this diverse problem, extremism.

 

1For the definition of left wing and right wing see Chapter HI.

 

 

 

 

4

Theory and Supportive Research

Extremism is a subject that is receiving much attention not only in the
United States, but also through-out the world. The attention is coming in the
form of articles written in periodicals, complete books on the subject, national
task forces, govemment committees, and international conferences.
Unfortunately, most of the available information is concentrating on
international extremism and terrorism. The reason for this could be two-fold.
First, international extremism is much more 'popular' than the domestic
variety. In most cases, people will write and study in areas that happen to be
'popular' at the time. Second, from what is written, people in the United
States may be somewhat afraid to talk about extremism in the United States. It
is as if people feel that if nothing is said, the problem will not exist.

As a result, most of the supportive research does not directly apply.
Although some elements of domestic and international extremism are similar,
most of the basic elements are dis-similar. This makes using the available
research difficult. However, most of the theories that exist on extremist
groups can be applied to both domestic and international extremism. They

include:

A. Extremism affects all areas of society. One of the major
characteristics of extremism is the effect it has on the general population.
Extremists want to influence public Opinion and, as such, force their will on

society as a whole.2

 

2Francis M. Watson, Politipal Terrprism: The Threat and the Rpsppnse, (Washington
DC, Robert B. Luce Co., 1976), p16.

 

 

 

5

B. Extremists take advantage of people when they are in a low state
of mind, e.g. farmers and the farm crisis. This applies to both support and for
recruiting purposes.3 The average person, in a normal state of mind, will not
willingly join an extremist group and participate in vicious criminal activity.
However, when they feel all is lost, they are more susceptible to being taken
in by others.

C. Regardless of the political party that controls the White House or
Congress, some extremist organization(s) will try to take advantage of the
their policies; e.g. with a conservative politician in the White House, left wing
extremist groups try to use that conservatism to their advantage. And the
opposite is true when a liberal politician occupies the White House. Then
right wing extremist groups try to an make issue of the '1ibera1'president's
policy.

No matter what the ruling party members do, they will run into
problems. They just cannot do everything right. An extremist group will try
to use these problems as a way to portray the party as unfeeling and uncaring
to the general public. Extremist groups try to exploit these problems to their
advantage.

D. In many attacks, the stated objective may not be the primary
objective. For example; when a group hijacks a plane, stating they want their
leader released from prison, in fact, they know the United States government
would never release the leader; the actual objective is to get media exposure for

the group.4

 

3Douglas Hand, "The Blood of Patriots," Harrpwsmith, (September/October 1986), p. 49.
4Jeffrcy Z. Rubin and Nehemia Friedland, "Theater of Terror," Psyphplogy Today,
(March 1986), P. 26.

 

 

 

 

6

Extremist groups are impatient. They do not want to or cannot work
within the existing political system; they feel our political system is slow and
cumbersome. As in the example mentioned above, an extremist group cannot
go to the major networks and request air time. Additionally, they do not want
to spend the money to buy advertising. So, they come up with way to get
media exposure, free of charge.

E. Extremists sometimes will use illegal means to fund their
operations, i.e. bank robberies, drug trafficking, or armored car robberies.

Operating an extremist group is not an inexpensive proposition. It
takes money to feed people, to purchase 'safe' houses, to travel, and to
distribute literature. Unlike their European and Middle East counterparts,
extremist groups in the United States do not have a source of funding from
foreign governments. Governments, which in the past have provided funding
for extremist groups, in other parts of the world, at this time, do not find it

feasible to fund United States extremist groups.

Dye—Mew

This paper is organized in the following manner: Chapter II, is a
review of the literature. The first section of Chapter 11, contains the different
types of literature reviewed, followed by the common observations of
extremism, both domestic and international.

Chapter III is the chapter on methodology. In this chapter, there is a
description of how the study was undertaken, the population, the hypothesis,
the characteristics used, and the definitions.

In Chapter IV, the findings from the literature are presented. The
findings will be based on the characteristics described in Chapter III.

 

 

 

Chapter II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The subject of extremism has become a very 'hot' topic in the last
fifteen to twenty five years. Everyone seems to have an opinion on the
subject, and literally thousands of articles and books have been written.
Besides the articles and books, there are reports published by commissions
and tasks forces organized to deal with the problem of extremism. With the
enormous amount of material available, a problem arises trying to decide what
to review and what not to review. Anyone working on the subject of
extremism must also decide who is a true expert and who is just a 'so-called'
expert. Unfortunately, even if you can identify the true experts, their articles
and books may not deal with your particular focus of extremism.

Abstracts were found to be a very valuable tool for locating the
appropriate source of information. Criminal justice, police science, sociology,
political science, and psychology abstracts, just to mention a few, were
invaluable in sorting through the vast amount of information. Abstracts were
used to identify particular sections of research.

Educational research papers and special reports by private research
organizations were used extensively. The following is a list of the different

types of literature reviewed, with a brief summary of each.

 

8
Types of Literature

A. News Periodicals: Magazines such as Time, Newsweek and
US. News and World Report. These types of periodicals are a
good source of information for basic facts. They give the 'nuts
and bolts' on extremist incidents, identify the major players and
groups, and provide some surface level analysis into extremist
groups. Of this group, US. News and World Report has the
best analysis.

B. Editorial Periodicals: Magazines which include Ham, mgm
and Washington Quarterly. These magazine have much better in-
depth analysis than the previous group of periodicals. They tend
to refrain from giving the basic facts or reporting a particular
incident. They concentrate more on analyzing why a group or
groups use a certain method, how governments are dealing with

the problem of extremism, or what can be expected in the future.

C. Books: Two points should be made concerning books. First,
since the number of books available on the subject of extremism
and terrorism is immense, books were only used for specific
sections of research. This is where the abstracts became very
valuable. To try to review all the available books on extremism
would be overwhelming. Second, books were used as a
supplement to the other literature. Periodicals, special reports
and research papers were found to be much more current and

generally a better source of information. This was particularly

 

 

 

 

 

9

true in the case of right wing extremists, which are more active
today, as opposed to left wing extremists, who are currently

quiet.

D. Educational Research Papers: The major source of literature from
this section came from the Center for Criminal Justice Research,
Criminal Justice Administration Department at Central Missouri
State University. The Center is concentrating on right wing
extremist groups in the United States. These papers have a much
more in-depth analysis than can be found in periodicals, and they

are much more current than books.

E. Special Reports: Reports presented by private organizations
which deal with the extremist issue. For the most part,
publications by the Rand Corporation, Risk International and
Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith were helpful. These
organizations are an excellent source of information on selected

issues. They are also very good at in-depth analysis.

F. Security and Police Related Periodicals: Magazines such as
Security Management and Police Chief. Periodicals in this
category generally were not a good source for finding real in-
depth analysis or reporting of incidents. They tend to concentrate
more on preventative measures for state and local law

enforcement departments or for private corporations.

 

 

 

 

l 0
G. Special Issue Periodicals: Magazines which generally do not

deal with extremism, but occasionally will publish articles on
extremists and terrorists. Such periodicals include 'Fortune',
'The Economist', 'Harrowsmith' (a farm related magazine),
'Management Review', and 'Travel and Holiday'. This category
tends to be a good source of information from people who are
not generally involved in the extremism issue. They give a
different insight into the problem than criminal justice or

psychology periodicals.

H. Psychology and Sociology Periodicals: With these periodicals
the reader gets the reasons 'why', that is, what motivates

extremists and why they select a particular target.

1. Government Publications: The author used 'The FBI Bulletin',
'Department of State Bulletin', and Congressional Records.
With government records, the reader receives two forms of
information. The first type is prevention methods on the national
level. The second type is information from different political

viewpoints.

 

 

 

 

11

Typologies

While there are many writings on extremism, there are some common
observations in the literature. The following is a list of some of the common

observations on extremism and a sub-set of extremism, terrorism.
Objectives of Extremists

So what is it that extremists or terrorists really want? Each group will
have different objectives and goals, depending on what part of the world they
come from, the type of extremists they are, who their leaders are at the present
time, and what elements of society they are attacking. Specific goals of
United States' groups will be discussed in Chapter IV.. In this section general
objectives of extremist and terrorist groups will be discussed.

It is generally regarded that the primary aim to be achieved by a
terrorist act is publicity.5 This is the same sentiment expressed by the Israeli
psychologist and terrorist expert, Ariel Merari. He states that the media is the
main focus of much of the terrorist activity.6

The media is needed because extremists need to attract an audience and
deliver a message.7 As will be mentioned in the section on the difference
between terrorism and guerrilla warfare, terrorism is a public relations activity.
Extremists are very aware of what the mass media can do for them. Many

times activities are planned to take advantage of the media. And to a

 

5Liston, lemma], p. 146.
6Jeffrey Z. Rubin and Nehemia Friedland, "Theater of Terror," Psychology Today,

(March 1986), p. 24.
71bid., p. 22.

 

 

 

 

1 2

significant degree, extremism and terrorism are a product of mass media and
might not survive without the mass media.8

This is why we probably will not have too many more Achille Lauros.
It was nearly impossible for the mass media to provide extensive press
coverage. With the ship miles out at sea, it was just not as convenient to cover
as a plane on a tarmac. Since the first job of a terrorist is to get and hold an
audience,9 no immediate access to the media would be a major mistake.

Attracting publicity and the use of the media are major short term
objectives. Extremists do have more long term goals. They try to show that
the government is ineffective in dealing with terrorism. By doing this, the
extremists hope the public will lose confidence in their government to provide
safety and security. Extremists also hope to create a psychological impact on
their society which is disproportionately larger than the group's actual political
strength. 10 Extremists seek leverage over the organization they are attacking,
but they know they do not have the strength, either politically or militarily, to
achieve this.1 1

This can also be called The War of Nerves. As the deceased Brazilian
terrorist Marighella stated:

 

8Kaplan, "The Ethics of Terror," quoted in Burr Eichelman, David Soskis, William Reid,

ecl, Terrgg'sm Interdisciplinary Pgspective (Washington DC, American Psychiatric
Association, 1983), p. 15.

91bid., p. 22.
10w. Ronald Olin, 111p Pplipe Chief, (April 1986). p. 28.
11Rubin and Friedland, "Theater of Terror," p. 18.

 

 

 

 

 

13

The object of the war of nerves is to misinform, spreading
lies among the authorities, in which everyone can participate,
thus creating an air of nervousness, discredit, insecurity,
uncertainty, and concern on the part of the government.12

A much larger objective is to destroy the social organization.13 Most
extremists are either some form of communists--followers of Mao, Marx,
Lenin, Trotsky, etc.-- or fascists--believers in Hitlerism. N o matter what their
belief, extremists are opposed to, and would like to destroy, democratic

societies.

Size of Extremist Groups

The old adage of "bigger is better" used to apply to extremist groups.
Groups previously would try to attract as many members as they could. The
belief was that the higher your membership roll, the stronger your
organization. However, problems arose when more and more members were
added. With a larger membership came the increased risk of infiltration by
government and police agents. Extremist groups must maintain a very high
level of security to remain effective. Many groups were infiltrated by police
and federal agencies and effectively destroyed.

Because of this, extremist groups have developed a new strategy.
Instead of one large group, many extremist groups are now dividing

themselves into smaller cells, which operate semi-autonomously. This

 

12As quoted in Disordpr and Tgrrprism, p. 7.
13 Olin, , p. 28.

 

 

 

14

greatly decreases the chance of infiltration.14 The same type of networking
was used in World War II by the European underground.15

Not only does dividing the organization into cells decrease the
chance of infiltration, it minimizes the knowledge and contact between
members of the organization.16 With contact between members limited, few
members will know the complete list of all other group members. Groups,
however, have found terrorism to be their ultimate weapon, no matter how

small and insignificant they are.17
Elements of Terrorism

Terrorism is not simply the placing of a bomb or the high-jacking of
an airplane. Committing a terrorist act is a risky undertaking, therefore, most
acts are extremely well planned. To the casual observer, a terrorist act may
seem to be just one violent act when, in fact, the actual "terrorist" act is just
one small part of the overall plan. There are certain specific elements involved

in nearly every terrorist action. As is reported in Encyclopedia of Crime and

 

Justice, the elements of terrorism include the threat or use of violence, political
motivation, and the creation of psychological pressure for some specific or

generalized purpose.l8

 

14Irwin Suall, " Propaganda of the Deed": The Far Right’s Desperate Revolution,”
S ' , (Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, New York, New York,
May 1985), P. 4.
15Damon D. Camp and H. Todd Locklear, Georgia State University, "Domestic Terror:
Responding to Violent Extremism," paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy
of Criminal Justice Sciences, St. Louis, MO, 18 March, 1987, p. 5.

16Ibid, p. 5.
17Friedlander, Tprrpr-Viplenpp, p. xx.

18AF and May T. Morrison, Engyclopedia of Crime and lustipp V91. 4 (London,
England, Collier Macmillan Publishing, 1983), p.1530.

 

 

 

1 5
A better definition is presented by William P. Lineberry. The first

element is a grievance, whether the grievance is real or imagined. This is
followed by a vulnerable target. The next element is the fascination, on the
part of mass media, with the terrorist action (the role of the media will be
discussed in greater detail later in this section). The final element, which is the
most critical, is the response to the terrorist act by authorities.19

Extremists like to make a big deal about the grievances they espouse.
However, grievances actually have very little to do with terrorist acts.
Grievances are used as an excuse to be extremists or to commit violent acts.

Although the elements of terrorism may be of vital importance, let us
not forget one major feature of modern terrorism. At times, terrorists and
extremists appear less concerned with the triumph of their cause than with the
expression of it.20 Causes may be so broad or vague that, at times,
extremists may not really fully understand why they are fighting. Therefore,

expression becomes a major element.
Types of Extremism and Terrorism

To better understand the nature of extremism and terrorism we must
first understand the different types of such people or groups. The groups fall
under different categories and it would be impractical to try to place all groups
together. Various writers have used different terms for the classification of

extremist and terrorist.21

 

19William P. Lineberry, ed, 11h: Rpfprgngg Shelf; :1th Smrgglp Against 11:12:11 am (New
York, New York, H. W. Wilson Co, 1977), p.13.

20Lineberry, Sppggle Against Terrprism, p.55.
21For a complete definition of each type, see Appendix A.

 

1 6

Bruce Hoffman divides extremism and terrorism into three different
categories:

E. ethnic/emigre

F. left-wing

G. right-wing.”

Historian Bowyer Bell not only has placed extremism and terrorism in
different categories, but also has used subdivisions:

M. psychotic
criminal
. endemic
authorized

. vigilante

worvoz

. revolutionary, which is subdivided into:
S. organizational terror
T. allegiance terror
U. functional terror
V. provocative terror
W. manipulative terror
x. symbolic terror.23
Robert A. Liston listed terrorism in the following four distinct types:
A. criminal terrorism
B. terrorism for ethnic or national liberation

C. state terrorism

 

22Bruce Hoffman, Terrorism in me United Sgtes and the Petential Threat te Neelear

Eeeflities (Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation. January 1986), p.4.
23Robert A. Friedlander, Temr—Viplence: Aspeets ef Speiel Qpngpl (New York. New

York, Oceana Publications, 1983), p. 53-54.

 

l 7

D. revolutionary terrorism.24

In the Report of the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism, there are
several different types:

H. political terrorism

I. nonpolitical terrorism

J. quasi-terrorism

K. limited political terrorism

L. official or state terrorism.25

The point is not so much that everyone classifies extremism
differently, the point is that extremism is not one all encompassing activity.
Extremism and terrorism take many different forms, and each form is
somewhat different. The different types of extremist and terrorist groups in

the United States will be discussed in greater detail later in this paper.

Differences Between Extremism/Terrorism and Guerrilla Warfare

Extremism and terrorism are often grouped in the same category as
warfare. Some experts label our fight against terrorism as a war. Extremists
and terrorists themselves very often say they are waging a war against some
government or a group of people. It is felt, and is supported by some of the
available literature, that equating terrorism with guerrilla warfare is a major
misconception.

By placing extremism/terrorism and guerrilla warfare in the same

categories, governments are faced with a problem. By placing the same label

 

24Robert A. Liston, :I'egprism (New York, New York: Thomas Nelson, Publishers.
1977), p. 44.
25National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals, Di§orders and

T rr ri m e f h TaskF r on Dis rders andT rrorism 1 76, p.3-6.

1 8

on both, governments will deal with both forms of activities in the same
manner. This can be a major mistake. Such was precisely the case with the
French government in Algeria. The French treated the FLN terrorists in
Algeria as if they were guerrillas. The FLN would plant bombs on public
buses. The French reacted as if the FLN's objective was to destroy the
busses. In reality, the FLN's main objective was to force the French to arrest
all non-Europeans in the area as suspects in the bombings.26 Thus, it was not
the FLN's move that was vital to their success, but the French countermoves.

There is a major difference between extremism/terrorism and guerrilla
warfare. Guerrilla warfare is more operational and militarily oriented, while
extremism/terrorism is more public relations oriented.27

The objectives of the two are totally different. Guerrilla targets are
specific targets. Targets are usually installations or military personnel which,
if destroyed, would help them in their war against the governing nation. They
are specific targets. If a bomb is placed on an airplane, it is there to destroy
that airplane. Extremist and terrorist targets are more indiscriminate. The
victims of their attacks are normally innocent victims. This is done
deliberately.28 It is not the targets that are the primary concern, but the
reaction to their actions and, more importantly, the attention the extremist will
receive from the mass media.

As Abraham Kaplan writes,

It is moral blindness to give the name guerilla to those
whose sphere of action is not military installations or locales

 

26David Fromkin, "The Strategy of Terrorism," W. July 1975, quoted in
Lineberry. W p. 29.

27David Farhi, e Limits to Dissent: Facin th Dilemma P se T ri m (New
York, New York, Aspen Institute For Humanistic Studies, 1977), p. 2.

28Fromkin, "The Strategy of Terrorism," quoted in Lineberry, Struggle Against
Terrerism, p. 30.

19

of even indirect military significance . . . but rather civilian
airports, markets, city streets, bus stops, and bathing beaches
. . .The act of terror displays only cowardice; seldom do these

"heroes" attack anyone other than unarmed civilians.29

Even practitioners of guerrilla warfare recognized the difference
between terrorism and guerrilla warfare. Theoretician Che Guevara warned

against the strategy of terrorism, arguing that it hinders

. . . contact with the masses and makes impossible unification
for actions that will be necessary at a critical moment.30

Also, Marxist theory considered terrorist acts counterproductive
except as part of the final mass attack on the old structure; they absorbed time
and effort that should be used in other ways, provided a false sense of
progress, and led to police crackdowns on efforts to organize the

proletariat3 1
High Technology Weapons

As we progress through the years, all elements of our society become
more and more sophisticated. Such is the case with the weapons of today.
Weapons that are available to people today are much more powerful and
deadly than weapons of just twenty years ago. This is particularly true of
weapons that are available on the black market. No longer are simple

shootings and the bombings of buildings the only options available to

 

29Abraham Kaplan, "The Ethics of Terror," quoted in Eichelman, Soskis, and Reid,
Terrorism. P- 15-

3OIbid., p. 30.

31A.1=. and May T. Morrison, Eneyelopeglia of prime, p. 1531.

 

 

 

 

2 0

extremists. Much of modern terrorism depends on technological advances.32
It does not take much imagination for an extremist to come up with extremely
deadly ways to use weapons of today. Such weapons of destruction could
include the spreading of nuclear waste, the placing of bacteria, the spread of
nerve gas, and the placing of other biological waste in such a manner to infect
a large city.33

There is growing concern that terrorists or extremists will someday
obtain a nuclear weapon and either detonate it in a heavily populated area or
use it as a blackmail device. The concern is such that the Department of
Energy commissioned the Rand Corporation to prepare a study on the
potential threat.34 However, the threat of nuclear terrorism may not be as
great as is believed by some experts. Because of the extensive measures that
are taken to protect nuclear weapons and nuclear facilities, it may be much
more practical for extremists to use other methods for destruction.

As Professor Bernard L. Cohen suggested,

. . the nuclear threat by terrorists is exaggerated because
there are simpler and easier methods of mass destruction

available to terrorists . . . .35

Some of the methods can include releasing a poisonous gas,
discharging a load of gasoline or napalm on spectators in a football stadium,36
blasting open a dam, poisoning a city water or food supply, or attacking a

tanker carrying liquefied natural gas as it passes near a large city.37

 

32Brian Jenkins, "Research rn Terrorism: Areas of Consensus, Areas of Ignorance,"

quoted. in Eichelman, Soskis, Reid, W, p. 170.
3Farhi,_The_L_1mrts_th_lss.¢_ p iv

34Hoffman. W p. iii.

35Liston, W, p. 37.

36A form if this type of terrorism was suggested in the movie "Black Sunday."

37Liston, Iegefism, p. 37.

 

 

 

21

Chemical and biological devices are potentially awesome weapons.
They can be very inexpensive to manufacture which, in turn, makes it very
cheap to kill large groups of people. Chemical and biological weapons have
been called the "poor man's atomic bomb."38

It is further stated that terrorism is a phenomenon that feeds on
advanced technology.39 The more sophisticated we become, the more violent
the terrorist incidents become. Perhaps this is what Rousseau meant in saying
that every civilization carries within itself the causes of its own destr'uction.4O
This leads to the conclusion that terrorism will continue to grow and get more

deadly as our technology advances.
Misconception of Extremists as Madmen

It is generally regarded that extremists are madmen and psychopaths.
People witness savage terrorist acts, such as, the machine gunning of innocent
people in an airport, the bombing of a school bus, the assault on a crowded
shopping center, and they believe only an insane person could commit such an
act. But are extremists really true psychopaths or are they putting on a "show"
for society?

Generally, extremists and terrorists are not the "crazies" they appear to
be. This is not to say that there are no psychopaths within an extremist or
terrorist group, because there are. But the psychopaths, who are brought into
organizations, are there for one reason and one reason only. They are used as

the group's "foot soldiers". They are the people who do the dirty work and

 

38Alvin H. Buckelew, "Security Without Constraints, " WWI. June 1987,
. 49.

g9Lineberry, sgpggre Against Iegerism, p. 5.

401brd., p. 6.

1.

 

22

take most of the risks. However, it should be noted that the true psychopaths
are not the true believers of the cause. They are there for the violence.

The true believers are not psychopaths. Extremists and terrorists like
to present this image as people who are out of control and are so crazy that
they could do anything to get their way. As Jeffrey A. Tannenbaum writes,
most terrorists are coolly rational, even conventional people, who see their
terrorist duties "as an avocation."41

In fact, terrorist acts are often the product of sane and rational
rninds.42 The brutality and the senseless nature of terrorist acts are actually
designed to further enhance the image of terrorist groups. Terrorist and
extremist groups want the public to believe that they can do whatever they
want and wherever they want, that no government can stop them and everyone

is a potential victim.
Violence and Terror

We live in a violent society and this violence seems to be increasing.
People are afraid to leave their homes at night and sometimes during the day.
As black activist Rap Brown once remarked, "violence is as American as
cherry pie."43

This is not to say that we, as Americans, invented or have the

exclusive use of violence. Some countries have fewer problems with violence

 

41Jeffrey A. Tannenbaum, "For World's Alienated, Violence Often Reaps Political
Recognition," W, January 4, 1977, quoted in Lineberry, SmtggleAgainst
' , p. 102.

“Fredrick Hacker. Cmseglers, Criminals, Crazies: Teger and Temrigm In th Time,
quoted in Friedlander, Temr—Vielence, p.60.

3Albert Parry, :Ifegerigm: Ftem Repegpierre to Apefat, (New York, New York. Vanguard
Press, 1976), p. 92.

 

23

than the United States, but there are also other countries that have a much
greater problem. Violence is very much a standard of contemporary national

and international 1ife.44

The following is an excerpt of a story appearing in a newspaper:

Hardly a day now passes without robberies, bombings,
murders, riots and prison revolts. . . . The turmoil is
complicated by the fact that it is becoming increasingly
difficult to distinguish between political terrorism and

common crime. . .

This excerpt is not from an American newspaper, but from an Italian paper.
However, the article could apply to any number of countries.

As mentioned above, it is very difficult to distinguish between
terrorism and crime.46 All crime is not terrorism, but all terrorism is crime.
The same distinction can be drawn between terrorism and violence. That is,
all violence is not terrorism, but all terrorism is violence. Terrorism is a form
or mode of violence.47

Extremist and terrorist organizations recognize that violence and terror
are critical elements of their operation and they must be used. The Irish
Republican Army has two laws, the very first being: The use of violence is
obligatory in order to induce fear and chaos.48

One of the most notable black revolutionaries in Africa was also a

strong proponent of terrorist violence. He argued that

 

44Farhi, Lunuucmssnt p. 1.

45Ibid., p. iv.

46The definition of "terrorism" will presented in Chapter III.

47Paul Willinson, "The Laws of War and Terrorism," quoted in David C. Rapoport and
Yonah Alexander, ed., The M 1i of Terrorism' R li ' us an Secular Justifi '
(New York, New York, Pergamon Press, 1982), p. 309.

48Christopher Dobson and Ronald Payne, Terrorists: Their Weapons, Leader§ and Tactics,
(New York, New York, Facts on File, 1982), p. 179.

 

 

 

24

. . violence against the colonizer binds colonized people
together as a group and has a cleansing effect on the
individual . . . Violence has these beneficial effects even if it
is only symbolic, that is, even if it is not required in the
political and military conflict for decolonization.49

We must also be careful to recognize the fact that there is a difference
between violence and terror. There is a fine line between the two, but there is
a line. Extremists and terrorists do not simply want violence. They must have
the element of terror to be successful.

General terror is an act based on violence.50 There are three basic
principles of general terror, which are:

A. The entire population must be subjected to terror in order to
establish the conditions for destruction of one part of the
population.

B. Whoever is not with the extremist or terrorist group is either an
actual or potential opponent.

C. If a group contains one single enemy, but cannot be identified,

the entire group must be wiped out.51

Since a major element of extremism is publicity, the murdering of one
or even two people would not draw the attention of the national press. As a
consequence, they must resort to not only a violent act, but also an outrageous
act. Outrageous actions receive more attention than those that are simply

violent.52

 

49A. F. and May T. Morrison, En neye lepedie ef Crime, p. 1531.
50Rapoport and Alexander mm P 187
511bid., p. 188.

52Rapopon and Alexander, The Mopality pf Terrorism, p. xvi.

 

 

 

 

25

A very clear and concise definition between violence and terror is put
forth by Dr. Abraham Kaplan. He states:

Violence constitutes an act of terror when its victims are
distinct from its target-those being coerced.53

Low Incident Rate in the United States

Through the use of mass media, citizens of the United States are

 

becoming more aware and more concerned with the ever growing problem of
terrorism. As mentioned previously, fear is a major ingredient of terrorism.
The more people observe the effects of a well placed bomb, the more
concerned they become and, hence, the greater their worry and fear.

This can very easily turn into a cycle that feeds on itself. As people
become more concerned, they become more aware. This leads to more fear,
which leads to more concern, which leads to better awareness, which leads to
more fear.

' As fear increases, peoples' perceptions can become distorted. This
sometimes happens with Americans. When there is an increase in terrorism in
Europe, Americans are less likely to travel in Europe. Yet, when we look at
terrorist incidents, we can see that Americans are rarely the victims of terrorist
attacks. Additionally, when we look at terrorist attacks within the borders of
the United States, we see there are very few attacks, particularly when
compared to terrorist incidents of other countries.

In 1985, there were 3,010 terrorist incidents worldwide and in 1986,

there were 2,830 incidents. When those numbers are compared to incidents in

 

5 3Kaplan, "The Ethics of Terror," quoted in Eichelman, Soskis, and Reid, Terrerigm, p.
8.

 

 

 

26

the United States, it become obvious that Americans are not the primary target
of terrorists. There were only 7 terrorist incidents in the United States in 1985
and 9 in 1986.54 When the percentage of incidents, by region, is graphed (see
Figures 2.1 and 2.2), it is shown that Americans have very little to fear from
terrorist attacks. More in depth figures on terrorist incidents can be found in

Appendix B.

 

54Virginia Harris, "Terrorism", ASIS Information Packet, Arlington, Virginia, March
1987. (Mimeographed), p. 6-11.

27

Figure 2.1 1985 Terrorist Incidents World-Wide

PERCENTAGE

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Source: Virginia Harris, Terroriem, ASIS Information Packet

28

Victims

The last and most critical element of any action taken by an extremist,
is the victim. It is not so much the actual victim, but the intended victim(s) of
a extremist action that is critical. At no time will extremist groups take any
action until they determine what the effect will be on their intended victims.

It is often reported that the victims of an extremist attack were
innocent bystanders. They are innocent bystanders not by accident, but by
design. It is vital for the extremist to include innocent people in their list of
victims.

For it is not the victim that is the ultimate target. The real intent of an
extremist group, as mentioned in the section on objectives, is the
destabilization of governments and a demoralization, or even panic, among the
public-at-large.55

Generally, the victim is neither the soldier nor the government official,
but innocent civilian third parties, whose injuries and deaths are meant to harm
the entire body politic.56 Extremists want the general public to live in fear.
The greater the degree of fear the extremists can cause for the population, the
greater the control the extremists will have on the government involved.

Extremists and terrorists also want to leave the impression that no one
is safe from an attack. As is stated by Robert A. Friedlander:

The horror of modern terrorism, and the source of its
strength, is that everyone is a potential victim.57

 

55Fned1ander. W p. 158.
56mm, p. 36.
57Ibid., p. 60.

2 9

Of course, extremists do not view victims in the same light as the
general, law abiding public. They regard victims in one of two ways. First,
they do not consider anyone as an innocent victim. You are either for the
extremist or you are against them. There is no middle ground.58 So in the
extremist's mind there can be no innocent victims. Everyone, who is hurt or
killed in a terrorist attack, falls into two categories. One, they are supporters,
which make them "soldiers" that died for the "cause." Two, they are the
enemy, so they deserved to die.

The second view, which is the most common among extremists, is
that there are innocent victims. However, extremists feel it is justified to kill
innocent people if the end goal is accomplished. As was very clearly stated by
Yassir Arafat,

. . . the end always justifies the means, and the means
often becomes the end.59

The Moluccan terrorists, who hijacked a Dutch train in 1975, openly
justified their shooting of one of the hostages. A statement released by the

terrorists explained:

We want to show the world and the Dutch government that
we will fight for our country (the South Moluccan islands in

the Pacific) even if innocent people are hurt.60

Dr. Kaplan further states that terrorists believe:

 

581bid., p. 159.
59As quoted in Friedlander, Temr-Violenee, p. 64.

60Wa§hingten Best , December 10, 1975 , p. A19, as cited in Watson, Peliticnl Terrorism,
p. 27. .

 

 

3 0
. . . that victirnizing the innocent is justified if, through
the victimization, the guilty are made to suffer.61

So many extremists believe that if they kill or injure enough innocent people,
ultimately their target will fall.
This very clearly explains the quote from Noble Laureate Albert

Camus. He called terrorism, "the death of the innocent."62

Crimes to Finance Operations

Perhaps the best know extremist groups in the world are the groups
which operate in the name of the Palistinian people, particularly those under
the direction or sanction of the PLO, or groups of the radical left in Europe,
such as the Baader-Meinhof Gang. Since these groups are the best known,
they are also the best financed.

Groups under the PLO are probably the best financed terrorist groups
in the world. Not only do they receive direct or indirect financial support from
governments, they also receive considerable support from the main body of
the PLO.

The PLO is much more than a simple extremist organization. It is
essentially a multi-national corporation. It is generally regarded that it has an
operating budget that reaches into the billions.

This, however, is not the case for most extremist groups, particularly
those in the United States. They do not have a parent organization that is

willing to donate millions to support their causes. Foreign governments, to

 

61Kaplan, "The Ethics of Terror," quoted in Eichelman, Soskis, and Reid, Temriem, p.
8.
62As quoted in Friedlander, Terror-Violence, p. 158.

 

 

31

this date, have not been willing to help finance their operations. Extremist
groups, that do not have the luxury of a major financial backer, must come up
with other ways to spread their violent message.

Extremist groups have turned to committing conventional crimes.
Crimes which are used by extremist groups include, armed robbery, murder,

kidnappings, tax fraud, counterfeiting, and extortion, just to mention a few.63

 

The Order“, a right wing terrorist group in the United States, has
used conventional crimes as a form of initiation for new recruits. New
members must gain "points" to remain members. Points are awarded to
members who kill blacks and Jews, or engage in counterfeiting and
robbery.65

Not only are extremist groups dealing in conventional crimes, they are
also getting into the field of drug trafficking. This is now being referred to as
narco-terror or narco-terrorism. Groups in all areas of the world are now, in
some way, connected to the drug world. Groups such as the Irish Republican
Army of Ireland, the M-19 group of Columbia, and the Red Brigade of Italy
are just a few of the groups that have found the drug trade to be extremely
lucrative.66

Extremists have turned to drug trafficking for many reasons. The
most obvious, of course, is the money involved. The drug usage in the

United States has become at least a $30 billion a year industry (and possibly

 

63Camp and Locklear, "Domestic Terror," p. 7.

64The Order is also know under the names Bruders Schweigen (German for Silent
Brotherhood), the White American Bastion and the Aryan Resistance Movement.
65Michael E. Wiggins, "An Extremist Rrght-Wrn g Group and Domestic Terrorism,"
(Center for Criminal Justice Research, Cenual Missouri State University, March 1986), p.

66Miehae1 Satchel], "Narcotics: Terror s New Ally," 11. 5. News & World Report, (May 4,
1987). 30-37.

32

three times that).67 With that much money available, groups can finance their
whole operation strictly from drug money. States Mark Dion of the State
Department's Bureau of International Narcotics Matters,

A drug-deal profit of $20 million, not large by current
international standards, can buy an election or finance major

arms purchases.68

Drug use world-wide has increased dramatically. The increase is so
dramatic, that a recent United Nations report noted that drug use has become
so pervasive as to threaten the very security of some countries.69 Because of
this very large increase, extremists are provided with the opportunity to make
fast easy money.

Another primary reason for narco-terrorism is that extremists see drug
trafficking as a way to fight back at their enemies, the United States in
particular. Extremists like to feel they are bringing America down by
smuggling drugs into the country. They feel the more people in America
whom they can get hooked on drugs, the easier it will be to defeat the United
States (and other countries that are considered enemies of terrorists).

One of the major Columbian drug lords, Carlos Lehder, explained the
ties between drugs and revolutionary terrorism. He declared that drugs are the
Third World's "atomic bomb," and

Coca has been transformed into a revolutionary weapon
for the struggle against American imperialism. The Achilles'
heel of imperialism are the estimulantes (drugs) of

 

Columbia.7O
67Ibid.
681bid, p. 32.
69Mark S. Steinitz, "Insurgents, Terrorists and the Drug Trade," Washingten nggerly,

(Fall 1985), p. 141, "citing" We§hingten Pest, January 18, 1985.
70Satchel], "Terror's New Ally," p. 30.

33

Narco-terrorism is best summed up by Secretary of State George
Shultz. He states that:

Money from drug smuggling supports terrorists.
Terrorists provide assistance to drug traffickers. It's the

modern version of piracy.71
Summary

The amount of literature available on extremism is extensive. Nearly
every type of periodical, at some time, will publish an article about extremism
or terrorism. This includes such periodicals as farm related and travel
magazines. It was found to be best to concentrate on certain types of literature
when addressing the different elements of the study. Books were used for an
historical perspective. News periodicals were used for current facts. For the
bulk of the research, efforts were concentrated on papers and reports produced
by colleges and universities and reports developed by private organizations.
The remaining literature, particularly police and security periodicals and
psychology and sociology periodicals, were used to supplement the main
body of the paper.

It is impractical to try to do a research study on one segment of
extremism, without first having a basic knowledge of extremism as a whole.
Eleven common observations on extremism were identified and related to the

United States scene.

 

711bid, p. 32.

Chapter III
METHODOLOGY

This paper analyzes the characteristics of extremist groups in the
United States. The analysis was done by reviewing various forms of

literature. The methodology used to review the literature was

 

Historical/Comparative Analysis.

HistoricalZComparative Analysie 1...

Historical/comparative analysis is a method of social science research
used to examine the development of a issue over time. The analysis covers
various periods of time and can compare the development process across

cultures.72

 

The intent of the analysis was to identify and categorize characteristics
which are common m the extremist groups, not merely to list all
characteristics of all extremist groups in the United States. As such, a
composite of left wing and right wing groups in the United States was
developed.

The reseacher collected data on right-wing and left-wing extremist
groups in the United States. From the the data the researcher identified all the
different characteristics which could help describe an extremist in the United
States. From the characteristics identified and selected the researcher drew the
conclusion as to whether right-wing and left-wing extremists were similar or

dis-sirnilar.

 

72Ear1 Babbie, me Praetice of Seciel Research, (Belmont, California, Wadsworth
Publishing Co., 1986). p. 290.

34

3 5

The analysis covered many different forms of literature. The different
forms of literature were examined in Chapter II, the Review of Literature. A
cross-section of written material was selected because the accuracy of
historical/comparative analysis lies in replication of information among
different sources of written material. The strength of historical/comparative
lies in obtaining data from a variety of sourses, which represent different
points of view. The literature was not sub-divided into primary and
secondary literature, since the major focus of historical/comparative analysis is

finding corroboration between all forms of literature, whether they are primary

or secondary.

QLOQRS.

Groups used in the study were groups that were mentioned two times
or more in the literature reviewed. There were a few groups used, that were
mentioned only once, however those groups are front groups for more well
known extremist groups. There was not one group, either on the left or the
right, that possessed all of the characteristics found. As a result two or more
groups were identified for each characteristic.

On the right, the Identity Church Movement and the Aryan Nations
were the groups analyzed most frequently. Of course the Identity Church
Movement is a collection of groups, and as such a particular characteristic may
not apply to a particular group within the Identity Church Movement or to the
Aryan Nations.

The Weathermen was the left-wing group analyzed most often. This
applied to the Weathermen of the late 1960's, the early 1970's and the
Weathermen of the early 1980's.

 

 

3 6

Effort was made to stay away from ethnic and emigre organizations,
such as the Jewish Defense League (JDL) and the FALN. Although they may
be mentioned at one time or another in this study, they were not the main
focus. There are two reasons for not concentrating on these types of groups.
Groups such as the JDL are not a clear cut left-wing or right-wing group.
Some people may consider the JDL a left-wing group and other people
consider them a right-wing group. The intent is to concentrate on groups that
are readily identified as a left-wing or right-wing group. As a result groups

that are not clearly left-wing or right-wing were not included.

Population

The following is a list of all the extremist groups covered in the body
of literature studied.

37

 

TABLE 3.1
EXTREMIST GROUPS STUDIED IN THE UNITED STATES
RIGHT-WING LEFTLVLING
Ku Klux Klan"3 Nation of Islam
Church of Jesus Christ Christian Weathermen74
Posse Comitatus Students for a Democratic Institute
for Historical Review Society
Aryan Nations Progressive Labor Party
American Nazi Party United States Communist Party
National Socialist White People's Party May 19th Coalition
The Order United Freedom Fighters
neo-Nazi National Alliance Guerrilla Resistance
The Heritage Library United Freedom Front
The National Agricultural Press El-Rukn
Association Schiller Institute

Christian Defense League Black Panthers
Covenant, the Sword and the New Afrikan People's

Arm of the Lord Organization
New Year's Gang Socialist Workers Party
Euro-American Alliance, Inc. Symbionese Liberation Army
National Alliance Revolutionary Armed Task Force
National Socialists Movement Black Liberation Army
White Confederacy Revolutionary Youth Movement
United White Peoples Party Prairie Fire Organizing
National States Rights Party Committee
United Racist Front Sam Melville-Jonathan Jackson

Unit

National Socialist White Workers
Party

The Black Guerilla [sic] Family

Committee to Fight Repression
John Brown Anti-Klan Committe

 

 

73The Ku Klux Klan is not one large organization but many different smaller groups all
referring to themselves as Klans. Unless a specific group is mentioned the term Ku Klux
Klan can refer to one or more of the smaller groups and the overall Klan philosophy.

74The Weathermen were also call the Weatherpeople and the Weather Underground.

38

Characteristics

Not every characteristic identified in the literature review was used in
the analysis. The researcher determined that only characteristics that were
found in two or more pieces of literature would be utilized. The following

characteristics identified were:

A. Political Philosophy--What philosophy does the group (and in
turn society) use to characterize themselves? Do they have Marxist

overtones or are they Neo-Nazis?

B. Issues--What are the current events which extremist groups try

to exploit to their advantage? What is the "Vietnam War" of today?

C. Financing-~As already discussed in Chapter II, extremist and
terrorist groups use "ordinary" crimes to help finance their
operations. In Chapter IV a more in-depth look will be taken at

which crimes are committed by which American groups.

D. Use of Front Groups--Extremist organizations have a tendency
to organize groups, that on the surface appear perfectly legitimate
and above board. The front groups are used for favorable public
opinion. Some of the front groups used by American extremist

groups will be identified.

E. Recruitment--Where these groups get their members was

analyzed. What areas of our society are most likely to produce

3 9
extremists? The author also studied how members are recruited.
Are they recruited right into the extremist group or do they start in a

less-violent group then work their way up the violence ladder.

F. Stated Goals and Objectives--What does the group want to
accomplish? Do they want to overthrow the United States
government or do they want to eliminate a certain segment of our

society?

G. Types of People--Who are the different types of people extremist
groups attract? Are they vastly different from the general public or
are they basically the same as the rest of the American people?

H. Enemies-~Most, if not all, extremist groups have one specific
organization, government, or group of people that they feel is their
primary enemy. The various enemies of the different extremist

groups will be identified and compared.

1. Organizational Structure--Extremist and terrorist organizations
may appear to be a collection of crazies, with no sense of direction
or organization. However, they tend to form very structured

organizations. How groups structure themselves was examined.

J . Linkage Attempts--Attempts by both right-wing and left-wing

organizations to form an alliance were examined.

4 0
K. Publications and Conununications--The different forms of
communications extremist groups use to get their message of hate to
the general public were reviewed. The different forms include
newspapers, newsletters, magazines, television shows, and radio

programs.

Definitions

Extremism: Extremism is a measure of deviance from the political norm. It
means going to the political limit or the tendency to go to the poles of the
ideological scale. In terms of the democratic political process, it means going
beyond the limit of the normative procedures. However, the democratic
political process is constantly being redefined and is a "state of mind." The

main ingredient is the repression of difference and dissent or ideas.

Extremism is accompanied by one or more of the following:

1. the presence of a significant number of people who regard
themselves as economically deprived or threatened (until recently, the
case of the left-hence it's traditional interest in labor and civil rights).
2. the sense, or the threat, among a significant number of people of
status deprivation (usually the case of the right-hence it's
disproportionate attachment to established institutions, e. g. the
church).

3. the feeling among numerous people of general cultural alienation.

Three-part criterion to define extremism and to classify groups as

extremists:

4 l
l. the antipluralistic nature of the group. They will try to close the

democratic political process to opposing forces and they do not
recognize or accept the legitimacy of dissent and are unwilling to
compromise that position.

2. the methods they employ. They refuse to carry on social and
economic conflicts within the normal political channels or institutions.
3. their ideology as viewed by the larger society. Does society view
the group as extreme? Extremism is a relative, not an absolute,
condition. First, it depends on the mainstream of society and who is
making the judgement. Secondly, society itself can define extremism
differently.

Extremists: people whose ideas and conduct go beyond the bounds of

recognized behavior.75

Terrorism: The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property
to intimidate or coerce a government, civilian population, or any segment
thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.76

(The Federal Bureau of Investigation's definition of terrorism, because there is
not one common or agreed upon definition of terrorism, for means of
comparison. Other definitions of terrorism have been provided in Appendix
C.)

 

75Exgemi§t Gtoeps in the United States: A Currieplpm Geiee, (Anti-Defamation League
of B'nai B'rith, New York, New York), p. 190.

76"Charting Terrorism's Course," Seeprity Management, June, 1987, p. 66.

42

Terrorist Incident: A violent act or an act dangerous to human life in violation
of the criminal laws of the United States or of any state done to intimidate or
coerce a government, civilian population, or any segment thereof, in

furtherance of political or social objectives.77

International Terrorism: terrorism conducted with the support of a foreign
government or organization or directed against foreign nationals, institutions,

or governments]8

Right Wing: protection of the traditional positions of the old elites. Right -
wingers stand for the old establishment values. They are primarily against the
displacement of power and status accompanying change. They tend to be
skeptical as to whether human nature can be improved by political agency.79
They view the world in a nationalistic point of view. In actuality, extremism
of the right hopes for the destruction of democracy and the imposition of a
dictatorship on the model of Nazi Germany.80 In short, right wing means
preservation or the maintaining or narrowing lines of power and

privilege.

Left Wing: appeal in populist fashion to the anti-elitist sentiments of the
underprivileged. Left-wingers favor irnpelling social change and the complete
destruction of the present social, political, and economic systems, claiming

that they will substitute for it a utopian society. They believe man can be

 

77"Danger On Our Doorsteps," SeeufimManagemem, (December 1986), p. 49.
788anford H. Kadish, ed., Eneyelopegtie ef grime and Justiee, (Collier Macmillan,
London, 1983), p. 1530.

79Vemon Bogdanor, ed., The Blackwell Encyclopaedia pf Politieal Ingtitutions (New
York: Basil Blackwell Inc., 1987), p. 324.

80Extremi§t firepps in the United States, p. 252.

43

made better by government intervention. The 'Left' is associated with an
ideology which affirms the superiority of reason and science over tradition and
religious dogma.81 They favor intemationalism as opposed to nationalism.82
They hope to establish a totalitarian dictatorship, a system of government
where there is er_le party, epe authority, pee way of life, and ene ideology,

 

modeled after a form of Communism. Left wing can be said to be innovation.

The stated purpose is the broadening of power and privilege.
Racism: the belief in the inherent superiority of a particular race.83
Communism: a system of government of one party, in which the state owns

the means of production and controls all aspects of society.84

Marxism—Leninism: Communism formulated by Marx and Lenin. It is a

 

belief in the inevitability of class conflict and the resolution of that conflict in a
revolutionary struggle.85

Maoists: ideology based on a peasant rather than proletarian movement as a

means of achieving power in underdeveloped, non-industrialized countries.86

Totalitarian: a political system where all aspects of life are politicized: work,

culture, sports, science, and religion. The purpose is to assure that peOple are

 

81Bogdanor.rint;ydonettliantlintitiszatlnslinltitzni p. 324.

821ozer Wilczynski, An Eneye1ppaeth'a Dietienm pf Magisrn, Smieligm anti
W, (New York: Walter De Gruyter, 1981), p. 311.

83mm, p. 35

84Ibid., p. 194.

851bid_

86Ibid.

44

conditioned in all their activities and contacts to think and behave as the "new

man" should.87

United States: any part of the fifty states, the District of Columbia and the
territory of Puerto Rico.

Socialism: a theory of social organization which advocates the vesting of the
ownership and control of the means of production, capital, land, etc., in the

community as a whole.88

Trotskyists: followers of Leon Trotsky. These are Marxists-Leninists who
insist that revolution must be world-wide and constant. They believe

Communism cannot exist in one country alone.89

Law Enforcement Authorities: Any members of any municipal, county, state,

or federal police department.

Criminal Activity: Any incident or act which is in violation of any city,
county, state or federal law of the United States.

Political Party: pertaining to one of the two major parties of the United States;

Republican and Democratic.

 

87lbid., p. 214.

gggapdem Heuse Dietienm ef the English Lengpege, (1967), s.v. "socialism."
891bid.

4 5
Characteristics: the qualities which the author has determined to be

representative of United States extremist organizations.

Chapter IV
FINDINGS

In the following chapter the major findings from the literature review
and analysis will be presented. The findings will be based on the
characteristics discussed in Chapter HI. There will be a discussion of each
characteristic, followed by particular findings of right-wing groups and then
left-wing groups as they apply.

Presentation of Finding§

Political and Religious Philosophy

Nearly all extremists in the United States have some form of religious
or political philosophy which they follow. Some groups may even adhere to
both a religious and political philosophy.

By saying an extremist group has some form of philosophy is not the
same as stating a mainstream group has a philosophy. There are many non-
extremist groups in society today, which are governed by their philosophy.
Whether they are a political, or an educational, or a medical, or whatever type
of organization they happen to be, they have certain rules and by-laws by
which they live. In some cases, they may change the scope of things, but
their basic philosophy will remain the same. This is not the case with
extremist groups. These groups will use a philosophy as long as it can be of

some benefit to them. Once a philosophy becomes of no use to them, they

46

47

discard it and pick up another. Additionally, it can be said that it is not the
philosophy of the overall group that is important, but the philosophy of the
individual leaders that governs the organization. Extremist groups, more than
any other groups, are not democratically oriented. They operate under a
totalitarian style of hierarchy, where all the power is in the hands of a few
people or even one person. This helps explain two traits of extremist groups.

The first is the high number of organizations that change their ideology.
If the people in control change the way they view the world or new leaders
take over, they just change the philosophy of their extremist group, to match
their new philosophy. This can be very easy to do if only one person or a
small group governs the organization. Such was the case with the Students
for a Democratic Society when the pro-Peking Communists took control.
They simply changed the direction of the group.90

This leads to the second characteristic, which is the frequent occurrence
of splinter groups. Whenever members, whether they are part of the control
group or "soldiers", become dissatisfied with the way the organization is
being run or with the philosophy of the group, they frequently will break off
and form their own group. Subsequently, when someone in the second
group becomes dissatisfied, they break off to form their own group. The
reasons can be many or few, but the reasons are not the issue. The issue is
that there is constant friction in extremist groups and, as a result, constant
splintering. Such is the case with the Ku Klux Klan organization. The KKK

is not one large group, but is made up of numerous smaller groups each with a

 

90PM. my; P- 333-

 

 

48

different leader and a different view of how the world should be.91 There will

be an indepth discussion of splintering later in this chapter.

Right-Wing: On the right end of extremism, we generally find that there are
about the same number of groups adhering to a religious philosophy, as to a
political philosophy. Also, there are a number of groups that combine the two
philosophies.

Most right-wing groups that have some form of religious philosophy,
such as Richard Butler's "Church of Jesus Christ Christian", which adheres to
the theology called the "Identity" movement. The "Church of Jesus Christ
Christian" was started in 1946, in California, by the notorious racist Wesley
Swift.92

The Identity movement can also be described as Christian
Conservatism. Historically, it is derived from Anglo-Israelism, which was
developed in Great Britain in the mid-nineteenth century. It basically comes
from an ultra-literal view of the King James version of the Old Testament.
This belief is that England and its former American colony is, in reality,
Israel.93

Followers of the Identity movement believe that the Anglo-Saxon and
other European nationalities are the direct descendents of the ten lost tribes of

Israel.94 There are two other basic tenets of the Identity movement.

 

912mg en; en me Right: A Henepmk, (Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, New
York, New York, 1983), p. 22.

92William E. Barker, "Linkages and Co-Participation in Right-Wing Groups," (Center for
Criminal Justice Research, Central Missouri State University, 1985), p. 6.

93Ibid., p. 9.

94Alan Schwartz, "The "Identity Churches": A Theology of Hate," ADL Facts, (Anti-
Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, New York, New York, Spring 1983), p. 5.

 

 

49

The first is the inherent superiority of the white race. The doctrine
holds that blacks and other non-whites are on the same spiritual level as
animals and therefore have no souls.95

The second tenet deals with Jesus Christ. Many believers feel that the
second coming of Jesus Christ is at hand and that American cities will go up in
flames, before Christ arrives.96

Politically, most right-wing groups can be identified with extreme
political conservatism. The first issue associated with extreme political
conservatism is that they take exception to nearly every aspect of daily life
associated with government control.97 Issues include such matters as taxing
authority, school issues (prayer and integration), the printing of money, and
many others.

This belief is taken to the very extreme by the terrorist group, Posse
Comitatus. The Posse is a loosely affiliated band of armed vigilantes and
survivalists, formed in 1969. They recognize no government above the level
of the county government.98 They do not recognize any state government or
the Federal government of the United States.

Additionally, most right-wing groups, particularly the Aryan Nations,
believe that the government of the United States is actually controlled by the
Nation of Israel. They refer to the leadership of the United States as the
Zionist Occupational Government (ZOG).99

 

951bid.

96Barker, "Linkage and Co-Participation," p. 10.

97Ibid., p. 12.

9813mm sm en the Right; A Hendpmk, (Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, New

York, New York,l983). P. 43.
99Barker, "Linkage and Co-Participation," p. 12.

 

 

50

Internationally, the Aryan Nations believes that Communism is a
Jewish conspiracy.100 They feel that not only is Communism controlled by
Jews, but most of the financial and political establishments.101

Generally, right-wing groups are associated with Nazism or Hitler style
Socialism. They adhere to some form or parts of the Nazi philosophy of
Adolph Hitler. This belief was expressed by the late George Lincoln
Rockwell, who founded the American Nazi Party in 1959, later renamed the
National Socialist White People's Party.

We believe that Adolph Hitler was the gift of an
inscrutable Providence to a world on the brink of a J ewish-
Bolshevik catastrophe, and that only the blazing spirit of this
heroic man can give us the strength and inspiration. . . to
bring the world a new birth of radiant idealism, realistic

peace, international order, and social justice for all men.102

Mr. Rockwell is certainly not alone in this view of Hitler. Most, if not

all members of neo-Nazi groups or Socialist groups, feel much the same.

Ming: Left-wing extremist organizations in the United States, as a
group, do not adhere to a religious philosophy. Instead, they subscribe to
political orientations. There are a few exceptions and the exceptions can be
found with black, left-wing extremist groups. One such exception is the

Black Muslim group, the Nation of Islam and their leader, Louis Farrakhan.

 

1001hid
lol'pgtremiern en the Right: A fiendpeok, p. 43.

102"Hate Groups in America: A Record of Bigotry and Violence," (Anti-Defamation
League of B'nai B'rith, New York, New York, 1982), p. 25.

5 1
The best known left-wing group in the United States is the Weathermen

or Weather Underground. The name for the group comes from the anti-
Establishment song by Bob Dylan, "Subterranean Homesick Blues."103

One line from the song is: "You don't need a weatherman to know which way
the wind is blowing." Officially the name Weathermen was dropped and
replaced by Weatherpeople and later Weather Underground after one of the
original leaders, Mark Rudd, was demoted from his leadership role. He was
replaced by Bernadine Dohm who felt that Weathermen was too much of a
sexist title for the group. 104 However, Weathermen is the term most
commonly used.

The Weathermen was a splinter group formed from the Students for a
Democratic Society (SDS). The faction broke from the SDS at the SDS's
ninth annual convention, held in June 1969, in Chicago. The original
members of the Weathermen, about a dozen, signed a document which
proclaimed, "the necessity to engage in immediate and drastic militancy."105

Although many of the leaders and members of the SDS were socialists,
the group itself was nominally nonpartisan in the organization's early
days.106 In the mid 1960's the group began attracting Communists; first the
pro-Moscow Communists joined, then the more radical pro-Peking
Communists. It was these Maoists who slowly began to take control of the
SDS. The Maoists came from the Progressive Labor Party, whose leaders
were purged or quit the pro-Moscow United States Communist Party, in
1961-1962107

 

1031331351: b i rr Ar f ,p. 325.
1041bid., p. 339.

1051bid., p. 325.
106Ihid.. p.324.
1071hid.

 

52

When the Weathermen were formed in 1969, the term that best
describes their political philosophy would be revolutionary, as opposed to
Communist or Nazism. What was foremost in the group's philosophy was
the initiation of a civil war in the United States. In late 1969, several
nationwide polls on American campuses indicated that about one million
students considered themselves to be revolutionaries. The Weathermen
believed that they were the vanguard of these masses.108

It is very clear that the Weathermen had a definite leftist, Communist
slant to their philosophy. They considered themselves followers of the
guerrilla, Che Guevara, and believed that Che's One More Vietnam would be
in America, a fight which they would lead.109 Members also traveled to
Cuba and North Vietnam during the war. In Cuba the members attended a
revolutionary gathering in Havana and received training in all forms of
revolutionary tactics. There are even reports that the Cuban government

helped finance the trips by appropriating a half a million dollars.110

 

108Ibid.. p. 334.
109Ibid, p. 330
llOWatson, Pelip'efl Terreriem, p. 82-84.

 

53

 

TABLE 4.1
RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
OF EXTREMIST GROUPS IN THE UNITED STATES

   

Religious: Religious:
Christian "Identity" movement Muslim
Christian "Conservatism"

Political: Political:
Extreme conservatism Communist style Socialism
Hitler style Socialism Revolutionary
Nazism Communist--followers of:
Lenin
Marx
Trotsky

Mao

 

54

Issues

Many times extremist groups will organize because of an event or
occurrence, or they will try to use a particular event to their advantage. The
most common and recognizable example is the Vietnam War. Many groups
were formed as a way to oppose the war. Most groups were operated by law
abiding citizens. Others, however, started off as extremist or terrorist groups.
Still others, such as the Weathermen, were formed when they splintered off
from a legitimate group.

Both types of extremists look to history and dream of the day they can
repeat what their ideological ancestors accomplished or tried to accomplish.
Both Hitler and the Bolsheviks rode to power on the backs of crises, so
extremist groups are also hoping to find that one crisis or issue which they can

ride to power.111

Right-Wing: What are the overriding concerns of the extremist groups on the
right? There remains the classic issues of the right, the superiority of the
white race and the religious bigotry directed first at Catholics and now at
Jews. However, these issues are not attention grabbers and they do not help
to bring in large numbers of recruits. Additionally, they are not issues of a
current nature.

There are two issues that are current and are of concern to vast numbers
of people in the United States, which the right-wing extremists are trying to

exploit. They are the farm crises and the Nation of Israel.

 

111Ext_remiet emppe in the ttnitee states, p. 252.

5 5

The American farmers, particularly the mid-sized family farmers, are in
a state of change--a change that is so drastic it is changing the very nature of
farming in this country. Family farmers are finding it very difficult to compete
with the large scale farms. Their profit margin, if they have any profit at all, is
very small, and they are just not as efficient as the larger operations.
Additionally, rnid-sized family farmers historically have not been as financially
successful, as larger farmers. They have become over extended in terms of
land and credit.

This is particularly true in the mid-west, where there are farm
foreclosures every week. For the farmers, these actions have a tremendous
impact on their lives. Not only are they losing the only life they have ever
known--and possibly losing a farm that has been in the family for generations-
-they are being "told", and many times they feel, they are a failure. This has a
devastating effect on a person's morale and ego. This is the point where the
right-wing extremists step in and try to use the farmers for their own
purposes.

Right-wing groups use two tactics to exploit the farm crisis. The first is
the use of the conspiracy theory. The second is the religious angle. At times
they will use both tactics.

Leaders of right-wing groups will tell the family farmer, who has lost
his farm or is about to lose his farm, that it is not his fault he is losing his
farm. He is told he is not a failure, that there is nothing he could have done to
save his farm. He lost his farm because the Federal Reserve Board and
international bankers have conspired to drive farmers off their land, so they
can buy all the farm land in the United States. "International bankers" is a

5 6

standard anti-Semitic euphemism, most commonly used by right-wing
groups.1 12

The second tactic is for right-wing groups to use religion as a tool to
gain acceptance from the farmers. They claim to be representing a church,
such as Butler's "Church of Jesus Christ Christian". People in the rnid-west,
particularly farmers, are extremely religious. Under normal conditions, they
would not accept the message of hate. However, when the message is coming

from a "man of the cloth", some begin to believe it is permissible to hate.

There are many right-wing groups active in the farm belt, both extremist
and terrorist. The major extremist group trying to exploit the farm crisis is the
Populist Party.113

The second issue is the Nation of Israel. Right-wing groups have
traditionally been, and are, anti-Semitic. Therefore, it stands to reason that
they would oppose the Jewish State of Israel. As mentioned in the previous
section on political and religious philosophy, many groups believe that the
government of the United States is controlled by the Nation of Israel, and refer
to our government as ZOG.

They also believe that Jews are the children of Satan. As a

consequence, Israel is a nation controlled by Satan.

Left-Wing: Extremists, on the left, lost their major rallying theme when the
Vietnam War ended. Not only was the war the major issue of the day, it

helped to bring new members to extremist groups. It also provided extremist

 

1121rwin Suall, "The American Farmer and the Extremist," An ADL special Repett, (Anti-
Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, New York, New York, January, 1986), p. 1.

113"Exuemist Group Outreach to Rural Americans," ADL s i E i ' n, (Anti-
Defamation League, New York, New York, June 1986), p.1.

5 7
groups with a ready source of potential new members. During the Vietnam
War, most members of extremist groups started as members of legal anti-war
organizations. It was from the legal anti-war organizations that extremist
groups actively recruited.

An additional issue, which proved quite useful to extremists during the
Vietnam War, was the invasion of Cambodia by American troops in the spring
of 1970.114 This led to new riots and demonstrations in the United States.
Many of the demonstrations were started by extremist groups or, at least, they
were the guiding force behind the demonstrations. Some demonstrations were
used as a way to show the increasing power the extremist groups had in
controlling events. They were also used as a tool to embarrass the
establishment. Finally, they were used as a means for recruitment.

Since there is no longer a Vietnam War being waged, what are the
current events which left-wing groups will try to exploit? It can be said that
left-wing groups, to a much greater extent than right-wing groups, use the
activities or policies of the United States government as a basis for their
causes. This was shown during the Vietnam War and it can be seen in the
issues of today.

South Africa and their policy of apartheid is a major issue of left-wing
groups. Although apartheid is an issue that probably the majority of
Americans are opposed to in principle, extremist groups use the issue as a
justification for violence. In October 1981, a violent demonstration took place
at New York's JFK Airport upon the arrival of the South African rugby
team.115 The demonstration was organized by a member of the May 19th

 

114Parry. W, p. 337-
115Hoffman, Terrorism in the United State , p. 31.

5 8
Coalition.116 Bombings also occurred, to protest the rugby tour, at the
offices of American Rugby Union in upstate New York and in Indiana.117 In
December 1981, a group called the United Freedom Fighters,118 claimed
responsibility for bombings at the South African Airways freight offices at
JFK and an IBM office in Harrison, New York.119 Another group, calling
itself the Guerrilla Resistance, bombed the South African consulate in New
York City, in December 1984.120

Unfortunately for extremist groups, the United States government has
taken action against the government of South Africa in the forms of sanctions
and embargoes. This diminishes the effectiveness of using South Africa and
apartheid as an issue.

In more recent years, extremist groups have turned their attention to the
involvement of the United States in Central America. One such group, the
United Freedom Front (UFF), was apparently formed specifically as a result
of United States involvement in Central America.121 UFF claimed
responsibility for bombings at military installations in 1983. In 1984 they
expanded their range of bombings to include corporate facilities.122 Most of
the attacks took place in the New York City and New York state areas.

 

1161bid. The name was chosen to commemorate the birth dates of North Vietnam's
Communist leader and founder, Ho Chi Minh, and American Black Muslim leader Malcolm
X, as cited in Hoffman, p. 29.

117Ibid, p.31.

118The name of the group may have been a cover for the the Revolutionary Armed Task
Force (RATF).

119Hoffman, Il'errerism in the United States, p. 31.

1201bid., p. 33.

1211bid., p.32.

1221bi¢

 

5 9

The farm crisis in America is also an issue which the left-wing has tried
to exploit. The left-wing blames the crisis on the nature of capitalism, to
which they are violently opposed. 123

There is one left-wing organization which is most actively involved in
the farm crisis. The organization has many different names, but only one
leader, self avowed leftist, Lyndon LaRouche. Through the Schiller Institute,
LaRouche has attempted to sign up farmers to his organizations. He blames
farm foreclosures on the international banking conspiracy. He also blames
Reagan administration cutbacks in farm support on the "dope lobby".124

LaRouche uses many terms, which are generally regarded as right—wing
terms, such as "international banking conspiracy". Although he has some
links to right-wing groups, all of his organizations have been left-wing
oriented. This began with his first group in the 1960's, the National Caucus
of SDS Labor Committee, which was affiliated with the SDS.125

Left-wing extremists are also opposed to the Nation of Israel.
However, they look at different issues than their right-wing counterparts.
Left-wing extremists are supportive and, at times, affiliated with the PLO.
Since the PLO has been, is and will probably continue to be, an enemy of
Israel, left—wing organizations are also opposed to Israel. This, however, is
not the only reason for the left's opposition to Israel.

Israel is America's closest ally in the Middle East. Since the left would

like to see the 'capitalist' government of the United States fall, they are

opposed to any nation which helps and supports our government.

 

123Camp and Locklear, Demestjelertet, p. 18.
124Alan Schwartz, "The LaRouche Political Cult: Packaging Extremism," ADL Speeig
Repegt, (Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, New York, New York, Spring, 1986),

11). 19.
251bid., p. 3.

6 0
Additionally, the left feels if they strike at Israel, it is a way of striking against
Jews in general. This is an accepted goal, because Jews are viewed as part of

the "affluent, smug, white capitalist class" that oppresses the racial

minorities.126

 

TABLE 4.2
ISSUES OF EXTREMIST GROUPS
IN THE UNITED STATES
RIGHT-WING LEFT-WING
Superiority of the white race South Africa--apartheid
American Farm Crisis US involvement in Central America
Israel Israel

American Farm Crisis

 

 

126Mark Blumberg, A Comparative Analysis of Violent Left- and Right-Wing Exgmist

Groups in me United States, (Center for Criminal Justice Research, Central Missouri State
University, October, 1986), p. 7.

61

Financing

As discussed in the "Typology" section of Chapter II, extremist groups
are using conventional crimes as a way to finance their operations. This is
particularly true of American groups that do not have major fundings from
foreign governments. Before American groups started using crimes as a
means for financing, their only sources of income were membership dues, the
sale of books and publications and contributions from supporters. Although
this was enough to keep the organization functioning, it was not enough
money to finance the type of operations that their leaders envision, and today it
is definitely a secondary form of financing.

The revolution, or the takeover of the United States government, cannot
become reality without a great deal of money. For such an operation to take
place, groups need money for a wide variety of items. Included are such
things as: weapons, not only guns but explosives and ammunition; safe
houses; clothing; food; medical supplies; money for heat and electricity;
communication equipment; printing presses to print literature which needs to
be distributed to the "masses"; transportation; and the list can go on and on.
There is no way groups could possibly finance such operations from
membership dues and selling literature. It should be noted that even with the
money received from criminal activity, groups still do not have enough
money to finance a successful revolution in the United States. However,
extremist organizations are collecting enough money, so they have the
potential to purchase sophisticated weaponry, to cause major disruptions, to
stay underground for longer periods of time, and to distribute very

sophisticated literature.

6 2

Right-Wing: Right-wing extremist groups in the United States are using
conventional crimes to help finance their operations. As mentioned in Chapter
II, The Order is the major right-wing extremist group, in the United States,
involved in criminal activity. 127 Not only do they use crimes as a way to
finance their operations, they also use crimes as a way to initiate new recruits.
New members must gain "points" to remain members. Points are awarded to
members who kill blacks and Jews, and participate in counterfeiting and
robbery. 128

The inspiration for the criminal activities of The Order apparently came
from the book, The Turner Diaries. The Turner Diaries was written by
fictional author Andrew Macdonald. However, it is generally believed that the
author is really William L. Pierce, the leader of the neo-Nazi National Alliance
and editor of the National Vanguard.129

The flpmer Diaries was a fictional account of revolution undertaken by a
white supremacist organization, that eventually overthrows the United States
government.”0 The book not only describes how the revolution was carried
out, but it also details the methods of financing a revolution and how murders
are to be comrnitted.131 Much of what is presented in the book has been
copied by members of The Order.

 

127Wiggins, "Extremist Right-Wing Group," p.3.
1281bid.
129Michael E. Wiggins, "A Descriptive Profile of Criminal Activities of A Right-Win g
Extremist Group," (Center for Criminal Justice Research, Central Missouri State
University, October 1985),

. 2.
Il)30Allen D. Sapp, "A Philosophy of Terrorism as Expressed in The Turner Diaries,
(Center for Criminal Justice Research, Central Missouri State University, October, 1986),

. 1.
T3lw1ggins, "A Descriptive Profile," p. 2.

63

The crimes, committed by members of The Order, range from receiving
stolen property to murder. However, most members of the group have been
arrested or killed in shoot-outs with federal authorities. The federal
indictments clearly indicate the purpose of The Order:

A purpose of the enterprise was to obtain money and other
things of value for the enterprise and the defendants, through
acts indictable as bank robbery, robbery, interfering with
interstate commerce, counterfeiting, and interstate
transportation of stolen property, in violation of the laws of
the United States.

A purpose of the enterprise was to murder federal law
authorities and Federal Government officials . . .

A purpose of the enterprise was to murder persons viewed as
hostile to the aims and purpose of the enterprise, and persons

viewed as threats to the enterprise . . . 132

The Order is thought to have collected more than $4 million through
their various bank and armored car robberies.133 A complete listing of the

crimes that Order members were charged with can be found in Appendix D.

Mg: In the 1960's and 1970's some leftist organizations received
support from people who would not be considered extremists. These people
did, however, sympathize with some of the causes, which the left-wing
groups had targeted. Clearly, the best example is the Vietnam War. There
were literally millions of people in the United States who were opposed to the
war. Many people felt that by contributing and supporting groups, that
opposed to the war, they could help bring the war to an end. It was the
"popular" and "fashionable" thing to do. The group of people included well

 

132Indictment, United States of America v. Pierce as cited in Wiggins, "A Descriptive
Profile, " p. 3-4.

133"William Pierce & The Neo-Nazi Church," ADL special Edition, (Anti-Defamation
League of B'nai B'rith, New York, New York, February 1987), p. 2.

64

known actors and actresses, doctors, lawyers, and other professional people.
However, some of the anti-war groups were in fact extremist groups. Most
people had no idea they were supporting or contributing to an extremist group.
However, some people did know and went so far as to join the extremist
groups or continued to support them.

As Senate investigators found in June 1969, the Black Panthers
received "large donations from members of an advisory committee."134 The
advisory committee "consists of many peOple who are in positions where they
are well known either locally or nationally . . . they became members because
they are sympathetic to the causes. . . (they) are actors and actresses, doctors,
and political figures."135

The same type of support was provided to Karleton Armstrong, a
member of the New Year's Gang. He was charged with the murder of a
graduate student, who was killed when Armstrong bombed the Army
Mathematics Research Center at the University of Wisconsin. After
Armstrong was allowed to plead guilty to second degree murder, more than
forty people testified at his sentencing hearing. A Congressional Committee
on Internal Security reported in 1974:

More than forty witnesses, many of them prominent
scientists, historians and political activists, came to Madison
to testify on Armstrong's behalf and sound the core of his
defense: The war in Vietnam was "immoral and illegal" and

all resistance to that was justified.136
Also, in the early 1970's Cuba, and as such probably indirectly the
Soviet Union, helped left-wing extremists in the United States. Cuba helped

 

134Jerome Bakst, ed., "The Black Panthers," Beets, Vol. 19, No. 2, (Anti-Defamation
League of B'nai B'rith, New York, New York, July 1970), p. 519.

1351bid.
l36Watson, Pelitical Terrerism, p. 124.

6 5
with financing and training. This points out that clearly there was support for
extremist groups in the 60' and 70's, both financial and otherwise.

However, although the support may have been what is considered
extensive, it was not enough for the extremist groups. This forced left-wing
groups to find other means of support.

In the late 1960's and early 1970's the two major extremist groups in
the United States were the Weathermen and the Black Panthers. The
Weathermen used bank robberies as a primary method for financing their
operation.137

The Black Panthers primary source of income was a method that was
very similar to extortion. Businesses that were located in the black
neighborhoods were approached by the Panthers to "donate" (sometimes
under pressure) money to the Panthers for their free breakfast programs for
ghetto children, free medical services and other community programs. Stores
that refused to donate were often the target of boycotts, organized by the
Panthers. The president of Dairylea Milk Products was quoted as saying:

They didn't threaten, but they asked in such a way that we
knew we might be opening the door to bad publicity if we
didn't give. We run a lot of routes all over this area, and we

don't want to make enemies.138

During 1972-73, the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) was born at
Vacaville State Prison.139 It was there that white students from the
University of California ostensibly counseled black inmates. Some of these

white students and black inmates--a rare combination at that time--were

 

137Ibid., p. 88.
138Bakst, ed, "The Black Panthers," p. 519.

139parry, From Ropespiege te Arafat, p. 343.

66

original members of the SLA. It was on February 4, 1974, that the group
kidnapped Patricia Hearst. The ransom demand for Hearst was a Robin Hood
style giveaway to the poor, which turned out to be a disaster. It was in April
1974 that the SLA, with Patty Hearst participating, held their most famous
bank robbery which netted the group $10,600.140

It was in October 1981 that a co-operation between left-wing groups
occurred. In Nyack, New York there was an abortive holdup of a Brinks
truck, which resulted in the death of two policemen and a Brinks guard The
group, which attempted the robbery, was the Revolutionary Armed Task
Force (RATF). The RATF was an alliance between the largely white
Weathermen and the exclusively black Black Liberation Army.”1

There is also a group whose base of operation is in Chicago. The

group, El-Rukn, is not generally regarded as a terrorist or extremist group.
They are a very powerful and violent black crime syndicate. However, they
are mentioned in this paper because they have very close ties to the Nation of
Islam and their leader Louis Farrakhan.142 Federal authorities also stated that
leaders of E1 Rukn have offered their services to Libyan leader Muamrnar
Qaddafi. They offered to commit political assassinations in the United States,
for a price.143

 

1401bid, p. 356.

141Hoffman.1err_onsm_m_thfllnlted_§tar§§ p. 28.
142"Extremism Targets the Prisons," ADL Sp_ecial Edition, (Anti-Defamation League of
B'nai B'rith, New York, New York, September, 1986), p.2.

143WKCQ, "Paul Harvey's News and Comments," October 5, 1987.

67

 

 

 

TABLE 4.3
CRIMES OF EXTREMIST GROUPS

IN THE UNITED STATES
R__.-W1N e- - , , LEFT-WING
Murder Murder
Counterfeiting Extortion
Robbery Armored truck robberies
Armored truck robberies Sale of narcotics
Bank robberies Bank robberies

Receiving stolen property

 

 

68

Front Groups and Splintering

Extremist groups have used, and are using, "front groups" to try to
hide the true intentions of their message of hate. There are four advantages of
using such groups.

First, extremist groups will use front groups, which have acceptable
sounding names, to gain positive public opinions. People will read and
acknowledge literature if it is from a group with a positive name. Pe0ple have
a tendency to believe that if the name of the group is acceptable, then the
group's intentions are probably honorable. A parallel can be drawn between
these reactions and reactions to criminals. It is much easier to believe
someone is a mass murderer or a serial rapist if that person looks like a
criminal. If the person is dirty, shabby, tough looking, and is un-educated,
people have no trouble believing he or she is guilty. However, if the person is
clean cut, smiles a lot, well dressed, and is well educated, people will find it
hard to believe that the person could commit such a horrible crime.

The second advantage is, that by using a front group, extremists can
gain access to areas that would normally not be open to them. It helps in fund
raising, recruitment, support, and availability to the media. There are many
people who would be willing to donate money to W, with
the belief that it is a conventional library. But TM—eritagdlfirm is, in fact,
a paramilitary organization, run by Lawrence L. Humpherys, and it adheres to
the philosophy of the "Identity" movement.”4

The third advantage of using a front group deals directly with law

enforcement personnel. It is much harder for police departments and federal

 

1441bid.

6 9
authorities to build a case against an extremist if there are numerous front
groups for extremists to hide behind.

The final advantage is that, often, the extremists appear to be more
numerous than they really are. One group of twenty people does not seem as
forceful as three groups with twenty people. Many times the same twenty
people will be in all three groups, but it sounds more intimidating with three

groups.

Right-Wing: The National Agricultural Press Association (NAPA). is a right-

wing front group which is using an acceptable sounding name. It sounds like
it is an organization that deals in farm issues, much the same as the County
Co-operative Extension Office. In fact the NAPA, which is headed by
Colorado resident Roderick Elliot, has published several periodicals that
combine articles on agriculture with articles containing thinly-veiled religious
bigotry. The group has also promoted quasi-legal, self-help responses to farm
foreclosures, which, the vast majority of the time, are of no use to farmers in
financial trouble. In addition, NAPA and Mr. Elliot have been, and are being
investigated, by federal and several state authorities.145

Left-Wing: Left-wing extremists often have a much greater awareness of how
favorable public opinions and impressions can be of benefit to their
organizations. Left-wing extremists have many more front groups and
splinter groups than their right-wing counterparts. At times, it is by design to
make the tracking of group members more difficult for law enforcement

authorities. In other instances, it is because of in-fighting. Whatever the

 

145 "Extremist Group Outreach," ADL Special Editipn, p. 1.

70

reasons, it can be very difficult to track left-wing extremists and left-wing
groups.

The best way to understand the complexity of front groups and
splintering of groups is to look at the example of the Weathermen. As is
shown in Figure 4.1, the Weathermen were born when they broke from the
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). But first, they were known as the
Revolutionary Youth Movement I. The SDS was actually a new name for the
Student League for Industrial Democracy which had affiliations with the
Socialist Party.146 The SDS included members of both the pro-Peking and
pro-Moscow Communists. The pro-Peking Communists, who also belonged
to the Progressive Labor Party, originally were part of the Communist Party
USA, which was controlled by the Pro-Moscow Communists. However, in
1961 or 1962 they were purged from the Communist Party USA and went on
to form the Progressive Labor Movement, later changed to the Progressive
Labor Party. In 1969 and 1970, the SDS began to splinter because of an
internal power struggle brought on by the pro-Peking faction. The SDS
splintered off into four groups: the Weathermen, the New American
Movement (NAM), the Revolutionary Union (RU), and the Revolutionary
Youth Movement II (RYM II).

The RYM I later became the October League. The Peoples
Bicentennial Commission, which is a very acceptable sounding name, was an
offshoot of the NAM. The two name changes were very straight forward,
simple changes. The issues become confusing when the Weathermen and the

Revolutionary Union are examined.

 

145Parry, Frem Repespierre te Arafat, p. 322.

7 1

The RU had ties with the Vietnam Vets Against the War (VV AW),
which in turn had ties with the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA). The
more radical members of the RU broke from the group and formed the
Venceremos. The Venceremos was also affiliated with the SLA. The SLA
had ties to the Black Cultural Association (BCA) and to the New World
Liberation Front (NWLF). The NWLF was a group that acted as a front
group for the Red Guerrilla Family (RGF). Some members of the RGF were
also members of the News Year Gang, which was very closely affiliated with

the Weathermen.

Figure 4.1 1960's & 1970's Left-Wing Groups

72

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
   
   
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Communist Student League for Progressive
Party USA Industrial Democracy Labor Party
I Students for i
Pro-Moscow /'Democratic Society Pro-Peking
[Communists / / \\ Communists

i
Peo les
0 robe . p
Liaguer/ Weathermen Venceremos Brcenteneal
Committee
, I
New Years Vietnam Vets I Symbion e s e
Gang Against the War <———> Liberation
A Army
New World
Liberation Front Black
Cultural
{ \ Association
Red Guerrilla Chicano
— Family Liberation Front

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

73

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
   

  

 

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 4.2
1980's Left-Wing Groups
Students for
' Black
Democratic
Society Panthers
13
Weathermen Revolutionary Black.
—_’ Armed Task leeratron
Force Army
| United Revolutionary
Freedom Fighting
l Fighters Group
I New Africa

——p .‘._1
[—— People's
Organization
| I
I l

Wells l Republic of John Brown
Spring - l——> New Anti-Klan
Commune Africa Committee

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

74
Key to Figures 4.1 and 4.2:

New Group--Mostly same members

Break from original group

Youth Group

Umbrella Group

 

Above ground support apparatus

IODOOO

Members to
_ — -> Mutual support--same ideology
————>
————> Front Groups

RYM--Revolutionary Youth Movement
RU--Revolutionary Union

NAM--New America Movement

75

With extremists belonging to more than one group, the
interconnecting ties and affiliations, the use of front groups, and the constant
splintering Of groups, the structure can be very confusing. This confusion, at
times, can be of definite help to the extremists.

 

 

TABLE 4.4
FRONT GROUPS OF EXTREMIST GROUPS
IN THE UNITED STATES147

   

Church of Jesus Christ Christian Prairie Fire Organizing Committee

The Heritage Library Sam Melville-Jonathan Jackson Unit
NAPA United Freedom Fighters
United Freedom Front

 

 

1“Hoffman, Terrerism in the United States, p. 22-43.

76

Recruitment

 

As is the case with any organization, membership will fluctuate. This
is particularly true of extremist organizations. In extremist organizations
members are more likely to tire of the extreme positions they must always

take. So where do extremist organizations fmd new members?

Right-Wing: At the present time, 1i ght-wing organizations have four different
groups of people whom they are actively recruiting. The first can be - 1.
described as second generation extremists. This group is made up of people
who are children of extremists. This is particularly true of some of the Klan
organizations. Some Klan groups have been in existence for decades and are
more established than some Of the new organizations.

These children grow up in the environment of extremism. They
receive their indoctrination early in life, and it is something that is constantly
with them. Their parents live the life of an extremist and the children must
also live that life. Some children even belong to youth groups that are
affiliated with adult extremist groups.

The second group of people, which was discussed previously, are
farmers. Right-wing groups are using the farm crisis as a means to recruit
new members. Groups present themselves as an alternative to the present
system of government in the United States.

The third group Of possible recruits are prisoners. Again, right-wing
groups are using religion as a means of access. As a general rule, prison
administrations do not allow prisoners to receive or possess any materials that

would threaten prison security.

77

Extremist groups hope to be allowed into prisons by declaring they are
a religion. If they were to be declared a religion, their literature could be
distributed in prisons and their "pastors" would have to be allowed into
prisons and allowed to hold "services". This affords extremist groups the
perfect opportunity to recruit prisoners.

By claiming to be a religion, prisoners are provided with a powerful
incentive to join an extremist group. The reason is because prisoners, who
belong to a religious denomination, are allowed extra privileges that other non-
religious prisoners are not allowed.“8

Right-wing extremists are initiating law suits against prison
authorities, as a means to gain access to so-called religious literature from
extremist groups, operating outside of prisons. The prisoners are claiming
they are being denied their First Amendment rights of free speech and free
exercise of religion.”9 In Murphy v. Missouri Department of Corrections,
the US. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri ruled against the
inmates on the free speech claim, holding that the prison's literature ban was
justified by a substantial government interest: safeguarding prison
security.150

In a second case, McCabe v. Arave, the US. District Court in Idaho
ruled that the prison could prohibit members of the Church of Jesus Christ
Christian from holding group study meetings because of the potential for

escalating racial tensions in the prison.151

 

1‘lSSuall, "Extremism Targets the Prisons," p.1.
149Ibid., p. 19.
150Murphy v. Missouri Department of Corrections, No. N84-38-C (E.D. MO. Dec 19,

1985), appeal filed, no. 86-1155-EM (8th Cir.), as cited in Suall, "Extremists Targets the
Prisons," p. 19.

151McCabe v. Arave, 626 F.Supp. 1199 (D. Idaho 1986), as cited in Ibid., p.20.

78

The final group of recruits are students. They are not college students,
like left-wing extremist recruit, but high school students. High school

students are generally only recruited in the south.

Left-Wing: Left-wing groups like to use public oriented issues, such as
Vietnam, South Africa and Central America. As such, left-wing groups tend

 

to have a broader base for recruitment than right-wing groups. There is a
group of people in America which left-wing extremists, in the past, have used
to their advantage. These are the people who like to consider themselves the ' -..
avant-garde of all liberal movements in this country and overseas. They like
to feel they champion the causes of all the oppressed people in the world. The
group of people can be used by extremists because of their notoriety,
influence, popularity or financial standing.”2 It is this group that left-wing
extremists have learned how to cultivate. The value to the extremists from this
group comes in three forms.

The first is the influx of money the group brings. Most of the
members are professionals and they have money to donate.

The group is also very valuable to extremists, in terms of public
relations. If a group has "known" or famous people as members, they have a
much better chance to generate media time or media attention. The national

networks will not cover a press conference held by a few young radicals who

 

152R is not meant to imply that members of this group are criminal or extremists
themselves. And it is also not meant to imply that they were not committed to the cause(s)
they supported, particularly the Vietnam War. Some people in this group were simply
naive and did not understand that they were being used by others, some of which happened
to be extremists. They blindly followed others who supported the same cause(s) as they
did and they did not know or they did not want to know what their bedfellows actually.
stood for. Additionally, right-wing extremists generally are not as sophisticated when 1t
comes to public relations and they are not as skilled at using people in this manner.

7 9
are unknown; but, that same press conference will be covered if a famous
actress or actor is present.

The final reason, the group is so valuable is that on paper they
increase the membership roles of extremist groups. A group sounds much
more influential if it can say it has 1000 prominent members, as opposed to
100 unknown members.

This group of people, however, is a very fashionable group. They
will only remain members as long as it is the "in" thing to do. Once the cause
or causes are obsolete, they will lose interest in the extremist group.

Where do left-wing extremists recruit their hard core and more
permanent members? They are the second and third generation American
Communist and Socialist. They grow up in the world of leftist causes and
many of them migrate to the world of the extremists.153

Colleges and universities are a favorite place for extremists to recnrit.
The original Weathermen were all students or ex-students and the Weathermen
organizers spoke tirelessly at colleges. They also tried to recruit young
militant workers.154

Although groups today still try to recruit on campuses, they are much
more likely to add new members from people who have been, or are now, in
prisons. There are many extremist groups and many front groups that actively
recruit in prisons. Extremist groups are aligning themselves with prison
gangs, which provides them with a ready source of new members when gang
members are released from prison. One such group is the Black Guerrilla
Family. From the unpublished 1984 California Department of Corrections
report entitled "California Prison Gangs":

 

153Parry, W, P. 324-
154Ibid, p. 330.

80

The Black Guerilla [sic] Family is involved in a major
effort to strengthen its organization within the California
prisons and affiliate itself with non-prison based revolutionary
organizations. They promote and support terrorist and other
aligned criminal groups . . . has many members who
previously belonged to the Black Liberation Army . . . a 50-
page document (which appeared to be a national operations
manual for the Black Liberation Army) which describes
ambushes, armored car robberies, kidnappings and snipings,
was confiscated from a California imprisoned Black Guerilla

[sic] Family gang member.155

Two left-wing front groups, which are active in prisons are the
Committee to Fight Repression and The National Alliance Against Racist and
Political Repression (NAARPR).156 The Committee is a New York-based
group which promotes a range of views from violent leftist organizations.
They also publish news of members who have been indicted or are in
prison.157 The group is made up of white revolutionaries identified with
other groups. The groups include: the Revolutionary Fighting Group, the
Armed Resistance, the United Freedom Front, and the Red Guerrilla
Resistance.158

The NAARPR is a Communist Party USA front group.159 They
concentrate their energies on "political prisoners" and prison conditions. The
NAARPR was conceived to offer "organized systemized resistance to counter-

organized, systematized repression."160

 

155Suall, "Extremist Targets the Prisons," p. 13.
156Ibid., p. 11 & 16.

157Ibid., p. 11.

158Ibid., p.12.

159"Extremist Targets the Prisons", ADL Special Edition, (Anti-Defamation League of
B'nai B'rith, New York, New York, September, 1986), p. 2.

1601bid., p. 16.

81

Some of the extremist groups which use the prisons as recruiting
grounds include: the New Afrikan People's Organization (NAPO), which
grew out of support for the Republic of New Afrika (RNA) and the Black
Liberation Army; the African People's Socialist Party (APSP), which is a far-
left, pro-Soviet black nationalist organization; and The Revolutionary
Communist Party, a Marxist-Leninist group.161 El-Rukn is also active in

 

 

prisons.
TABLE 4.5
GROUPS TARGETED FOR RECRUITMENT
BY EXTREMIST GROUPS IN THE UNITED STATES
RIGHT-WING LEFT-WING
Secondffhird generation Klan Second/Third generation Communists
Farmers University students
Prisoners Prisoners
High school students Militant workers

avant-garde liberals

 

 

 

1611bid., p. 12-16.

82

Objectives

Every group or organization in society today has some function which it
hopes to carry out. The purpose can be as simple as providing support for a
high school sports team or as complex as trying to find the cure for the
common cold. In this instance, extremist organizations, are no different than
other groups. They, too, have a purpose in life, a reason for being. Here too,

it can be a simple or complex purpose, depending on the organization.

Right-Wing: There are some right-wing groups that are very blunt and do not
try to sugar-coat their beliefs or objectives. One such example is a group
already mentioned, The Order. On November 25, 1984, thirteen extremists

issued a "Declaration of War". In their declaration they wrote:

We, from this day forward declare that we no longer
consider the regime in Washington to be valid and lawful
representative of all Aryans who refuse to submit to the
coercion and subtle tyranny placed upon us by Tel Aviv and
their lackeys in Washington . . . Let friend and foe be made

aware. This is war! 162

The statement went on to designate whom they considered to be
"combatants" and suitable for killing. The "combatants" included federal
agents, local police officers, state patrolrnen, members of the armed forces,
bankers, journalists, judges and business representatives.163

It is very clear that the first Objective of The Order was to destroy the
government of the United States, a monumental and unrealistic goal.

See Table 4.5 for listing of different right-wing groups and their objectives.

 

152mm Suall, " Propaganda of the Deed," p. 1.
163Ibid.

83

Left-Wing: Many left-wing groups followed the words and teachings of the
black revolutionary, Frantz Fanon. This is particularly true of the original
Black Panthers. The one point Fanon always stressed was the use of
violence. He stated:

. . . violence would be the just answer of the trodden to the

exploitation, atrocities, and other violence perpetrated upon

them by their enslavers . . . that violence provided the

oppressed with a salutary release, with a means of affirrning
themselves. 164

 

The Black Panthers issued a "Ten-Point Program"165, with one point
being the most important. The purpose of the founders was to defend blacks
against police brutality. However, it is clear the Panthers were more offensive
than defensive.166 (See Table 4.6 for a listing of the varying objectives of the
different extremist groups. The list is not a complete list of all left-wing
groups in the United States and their objectives. It is presented to give a

sampling of the different objectives.)

 

164Pafly. WW. P- 302-303-
165The complete ten-point list can be found in Appendix E.

165Parry, Frem Repespierre te Arafat, p. 304.

84

 

     

TABLE 4.6
OBJECTIVES OF EXTREMIST GROUPS
IN THE UNITED STATES

RIGHT-WING

GROUP OBJECTIVES

Posse Comitatus Seeks the return of vigilante
"justice"

Christian Defense League To organize the White Christian

majority
Covenant, the Sword and the To build an Ark for God's people
Arm of the Lord during the coming tribulations on

earth

Euro-American Alliance, Inc. Segregation and Holocaust

revisionism

National Alliance To liquidate the enemies of the
American people

National Socialists Movement Advocates violence by Nazi groups
against blacks and Jews

LEFT-WING

Black Panthers Civil War

Weathermen Armed struggle against the state

Black Liberation Army To kill police

United Freedom Front Protest US involvement in Central

America
New Afrikan People's Seeks a sovereign socialist Black
Organization nation
John Brown Anti-Klan Supports radical revolution
Committee
FALN Independence for Puerto Rico
Spartacus League World Revolution

Socialist Workers Party Supports Third World revolution

 

8 5
Types of People

Who are extremists and where do they come from? Are they educated
or do they have little schooling? Do they come from the city or are they from
the country? Are they white or black? Are they male or female? Are they
young people or older? In this section, the different demographic
characteristics will be reviewed and the types of people that are associated with

right-wing groups and left-wing groups will be compared.

Right-Wing: Members of right-wing groups have a very short list of personal
characteristics. The most common characteristics among right-wing
extremists is that they are all white. There are no blacks, no Puerto Ricans, no
Vietnamese, no Mexicans, or other non-whites.

There are very few women members. A review of the prominent
leaders of right-wing extremist groups reveals only one woman leader, Rose
Mokry.167 Only about one-fourth of today's Klan members are women.168

Right-wing extremists generally are employed in blue-collar jobs.
Typical occupations are: truck drivers, machinists, repairrnen, and gas station
attendants.159 Most right-wing members are from country or rural areas and
generally are from the south or midwest.17O

Right-wing extremists feel they are very religious. They are all of the
Christian faith.171 Finally, right-wing extremists are from the middle to

lower economic class.

 

167Exdemism on the Right; A Handepek, p. 51- 158.
168Ha§ gimups in America: A Reeerd pf Bigetty end Violence, p. 16.
169Ibid

170Blumberg, A Uemparative Analysis, p. 9.
171mm

86

th-Wing: Left-wing extremists are markedly different from right-wing
extremists. Almost all left-wing extremists come from the city or have urban
backgrounds. 172

Left-wing groups are much more integrated. Their membership
includes people of different races, of different sexes and of different religions.

The white members tend to be young, college-educated and from
middle to upper class backgrounds.173 Some white members have even been
described as highly educated and highly gifted.174 Black members are less
educated and come from lower class backgrounds.

Left-wing groups have a much more balanced mix between female
and male members. This is so much so, that at one point, women were
virtually in control of the Weathermen, hence the name change to Weather
People and Weather Underground.”5

 

1721bid., p. 8.

173Watson.lzolitical_1custism p. 79.

174Edmund Demaitre as cited in Blumberg, m, p. 8.
175Ibid., p. 86.

87

 

TABLE 4.7
TYPES OF PEOPLE BELONGING TO
EXTREMIST GROUPS IN THE UNITED STATES

 

RIGHT-WING LEFT-WING

White Multi-racial

Mostly males Both males and females

Christian From all religious faiths,including
Muslim, Christian and Jewish

Young Young

Blue-collar Professional

From rural areas From urban areas

Little education Highly educated

Middle to lower class White members-middle to upper class

Blacks members-lower class

 

 

88

Enemies

The very nature of being members of an extremist group means they
are opposed to some group or people. Hate is such a vital element of being a
extremist that they must have someone or something to direct that hate
towards. Generally the enemies of extremist groups can be placed in one of
two categories. The two categories are governments, usually national as
opposed to state or city, and groups of people or organizations. This does not
mean that every government or organization is an enemy. It is very clear that
some governments and groups of people are much more likely to be enemies

of American extremists.

Right-Wing: Historically, extremists on the right have always targeted two
groups of people which they consider their enemies. The first group consists
of all "minorities" in general and blacks in particular. The extremists define
minorities as anyone who is not from the Aryan race. The second group is
religious in nature. Right-wing groups consider anyone of the Jewish faith to
be their enemy. It used to be the Catholic faith that extremists hated, but
today, right-wingers are more concerned with Jews than Catholics.

Today, extremists on the right still consider blacks and Jews to be
their enemies, but they have also added the United States government,
"Zionism" and the State of Israel, and Communism to their list of enemies.
William Pierce, leader of the racist and anti-Semitic National Alliance, is an
advocate of a Nazi takeover of of the United States.”6 Extremists blame
blacks, Jews, the United States government, the State of Israel, and

 

176"William Pierce & The Neo-Nazi Church," p. 1.

8 9
Communists for all the problems of the United States and the world. As a

consequence, right-wing organizations consider all of these groups "to be their

enemies and must be eliminated."

Left-Wing: With the wide variety of left-wing groups, the results are a wide
variety of enemies. Although the individual enemies may be different, most
represent the same thing, which is authority. Leftist groups are "uniformly
anti-U.S., anti-irnperialist organizations that believe that the root causes of the
world's ills lie in America's exploitation of the non-White Third World
peoples."177 Groups are also very anti-democratic. As John Jacobs, a

radical of the 60's who had close ties to the Weathermen, was quoted:

We're against everything that's 'good and decent' in
honky America. We will burn and loot and destroy.
We are the incubation of your mother's nightmare.”8

Both the Black Panthers and the Black Liberation Army targeted
police as a major enemy. A favorite expression of the Panthers was, "Off the
pigs."179 "Pigs", of course, being the derogatory name for police, used
mainly in the 60's and 70's. As already mentioned, the BLA was organized
specifically to kill police.

The John Brown Anti-Klan Committee (JBAKC), also has targeted
police officers. They advocate organized violence and proclaim law

enforcement to be their enemy. 180

 

1”International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), "Terrorist Trends," as cited in
Hoffman,T errerism in the United States s,.p 26.

178Parry .W P 335

179Ibid, p. 304

180"The John Brown Anti-Klan Committee," ADL Special Edition, (Anti—Defamation
League of B'nai B'rith, New York, New York, October 1986), p.1.

9 O

Other groups, through their actions, have demonstrated who they
consider their enemies to be. The United Freedom Front claimed
responsibility for bombings of United States military installations in 1983 and
1984. The Armed Resistance Unit, also in 1983 and 1984, claimed to be
responsible for bombings of United States government and military
facilities.181 It should be noted that the FBI believes the two groups may in
fact be one group.

Although it is generally regarded as a characteristic of right-wing
groups, left-wing groups are also anti-Semetic. This is particularly true when
the left speaks of Israel.

Organizational Structure

As mentioned in the review of the literature, extremist groups are
becoming much smaller. Although they may claim to have thousands of
members, numbers are usually much less. Some groups may have several
hundred, but most groups will have fewer than a hundred members.

With the down-sizing of the groups, a more businesslike approach to
the organizational structure of extremist groups has come on the scene.
Today, extremist groups tend to emulate the administrative structures of
corporations. Their top administrative people are located at corporate
headquarters, with branch offices or factories scattered throughout the
country. At these locations there are also administrative staff and the workers.

Extremist groups operate in the same manner. They have the primary group

 

181Hoffman, Terrerism in the United States, p. 32-33.

91

1 of leaders at "corporate headquarters." Instead of branch offices or factories,
they have outside cells or factions. At the outside cells they have an
"administrator" in charge, supported by the rank and file extremists or
terrorists.

In Figure 4.3 Dr. Billy Turner has presented a hypothetical chart of a
terrorist organization.182 This is a simple organization chart. There are more
complex organizations; however, the chart is intended to give the reader a feel
for how a group may be organized.

The headquarters refers to the leaders of the organization. The
regional directorate, is the secondary level of authority; they receive their
direction directly from the headquarters. This level could be called the
"executive staff' and, in most cases, is responsible for the day-to-day
operations of the organization. The action team is the individual or group
Which performs the actual assault. They tend to be selected and controlled by
the regional directorate; however, the action team may or may not know who
actually controls them. The final element of our hypothetical terrorist
organization are the support teams. There is a myriad of support teams of
which terrorist organizations take advantage. The teams can be both
underground and above ground. They may include individuals who buy
equipment, provide information and intelligence, or documentation, such as
false ID's and passports. The aboveground individuals can include doctors,
lawyers, or any sympathetic follower. One support team may or may not
know the identity of other support teams.

A second organizational structure is presented by Damon Camp and

H. Todd Locklear in Figure 4.4. A much clearer indication of how cells are

 

18ZBilly M. Turner, "Demystifying the Terrorist Network," W.
February 1985, p. 28.

92

divided and yet, connected is presented. Cells are assigned a specific, often
specialized, task. The lower level cells, although operating in the same area,
generally will not have contact with another lower level cell. For Cell 7 to
contact Cell 8, they must go through Cell 3 to Cell 1 then to Cell 2 and finally
through Cell 4. This is a sophisticated example of an organization and works

very well at protecting the organization from compromising links.183

 

183Camp and Locklear, "Domestic Terror," p. 6.

93
Figure 4.3: Hypothetical Chart of a Terrorist Organization

 

I HEADQUARTERS

T
L———~ 8883:... T779
/ I

r l v
ACTION
SUPPORT SUPPORT SUPPORT TEAM
TEAM TEAM TEAM
A B C
j » — —— _ I

V ESCAPE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

> represents direct control

represents indirect support
or control

 

>> —_—>> represents one-way
communication flow

Source:
Security Management
February 1985

94

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 4.4
Typical Terrorist Networking
CONTROL
CELL 1 CELL 2
CELL 3 CELL 5 CELL 4 I CELL 6
w _L ___, ___
7 11 13 8 71-0 12 14

 

 

95

One of the reasons for the businesslike approach was probably the
SDS breakup. The SDS was a very large organization with many chapters.
However, the group was not well organized, and the leaders, particularly Tom
Hayden and Al Haber, were ineffective administrators. There was almost no
control over the various chapters, and there was very limited leadership from
the top. This made the SDS a very inviting target for a takeover attempt
When that happened, it led to the breakup. Extremists have learned that if you

have poor leadership, your organization will go nowhere.

Right-Wing: Extremists on the right generally are not as sophisticated as their
left-wing counterparts. One result of this is that most right-wing groups are
very small. It makes no sense to try to organize cells when there are only ten
to fifteen members in the entire organization. The right wing extremist group
the Ku Klux Klan has the public perception of being one very larger group.

In fact, the KKK is not one large organization but is made up of numerous
small groups with many of the groups having only a handful of members.
More about the organization of the KKK will be discussed in the section
"Linkage Attempts." Another reason is that right-wing extremists are less
educated than left-wing extremists. It takes a great deal of sophistication and
intelligence to organize and maintain a cellular network. Without at least a
basic knowledge of organizations and organizational structures, it would be
nearly impossible to continue to operate under this type of system. At the
present time, light-wing extremists do not have this organizational knowledge.
The final reason is that right-wing extremists do not have access to the support
systems that would allow them to maintain a large underground cellular

network for extended periods of time.

9 6

One exception was The Order. Members of The Order were given
instructions on how to establish cells, which would be semi-autonomous.
The cells would be operated in a manner that would reduce their visibility and
thereby lessen the potential for infiltration, investigation, and prosecution.184

Communication centers were established by The Order to transmit
information between cells. The Order established cells, each with a different
function. One cell was responsible for obtaining money for the enterprise
through various criminal operations. Another cell was established to
assassinate enemies of The Order. Another cell was responsible for recruiting,

another for paramilitary training and another for security.

Left-Wing: The Weathermen is a classic example of an organization which
operated under a sophisticated organizational structure and support system.
The Weathermen had planned to build a Red Army, which was to support
anti-imperialist struggles abroad by opening up a front in the United
States.185

The support groups were called "affinity groups." They tended to be
small (five to twenty-five members), with all groups sharing three goals:
deepening the knowledge of and trust among individuals in the group; learning
various medical, legal, self-defense and propaganda skills; and engaging in
internal political education.186 Some of the various functions of the different
groups included: providing cadre for mass organizing projects; acting as
street-fighting units in militant demonstrations; coordination and

communication.187

 

184Michael Wiggins, "Extremist Ri ght-Win g Group," p. 14-15.
185Harold Jacobs, ed., flatbed-men, (Ramparts Press, 1970), p. 302.
186Ibid., p. 301

187Ibid., p. 302

97

The Weathermen referred to the entire infrastructure as the "Weather
Machine."188 The leaders of the Weathermen operated within a unit called the
"Weather Bureau." The Weather Bureau had control over all political policy
and the newspaper, F_ir_e_. Underneath the Weather Bureau were the
"collectives." Although the cOllectives operated under the political parameters
set by the Bureau, there were continual power and ideological struggles. The
struggles went on within collectives, between collectives and between certain
collectives and the Bureau. There were tiers of leadership within the
collectives, with the leadership established through an informally structured
"merit" system. Those acting the bravest, fighting the hardest and pushing out
their politics the best, were chosen for leadership positions by the Bureau.
However, leaders were replaced by others if they could not keep up with the
fierce competition to excel.189

For all their idealistic views, the Weathermen acted very much like a
mainstream organization. With the political infighting, the groups within the
group based on friendship, and the struggles for power, the Weathermen
resembled many other organizations in society. The key difference, of course,
was their use and support of violence.

In 1970, to improve security, the Weathermen disbanded the
collectives and formed smaller groups, with a few terrorists in each group.
They also dropped the term "cells", for it was a translation of the Soviet
Communist yacheika . Instead they called their underground teams by the

Spanish word foco, in honor of the revolutionary, Che Guevara. It was a

 

188Ibid., p. 303.
1891bid., p. 302

98

term he liked and used. They also called the groups "families" and
"tribes."190

Linkage Attempts

All groups in society are continually vying for vital resources.
Resources can include people to expand the membership of the organization,
donations from supporters and sympathizers, and media availability. The
media only has so much print space or air time. As a result, every
organization must battle with every other organization to get their name before
the general public.

Extremist organizations are no different. They must also compete
with all other extremist groups for vital resources. In an attempt to try to
eliminate the competition for the public's attention, and for other reasons,
extremist organizations are forever trying to form alliances with similar
minded organizations. By joining forces with one or more other
organizations, extremists are hoping to become a more powerful force in
American society.

By forming a union with other groups, organizations hope to take
advantage of their larger membership in a variety of ways. With more
members they can initiate more and larger public demonstrations. Larger
groups are more likely to receive attention from the general public and from
the media. Finally, groups that form a successful alliance are much more

likely to absorb other groups or attract members from other groups.

 

190Parry, Fretp Repespierre te Arafat, p. 338.

99

Although extremist groups are continually forming alliances, the
alliances almost never last. The different objectives of the various groups, the
continuous infighting for power, the fragile egos of the different leaders, are
just a few of the many problems groups encounter when they try to form

alliances.

Right-Wing: The most famous right-wing group in the United States is the
Ku Klux Klan. However, the Ku Klux Klan is not one distinct organization.
There are three main Klan groups and many other smaller Klan organizations.

There are numerous local Klan chapters throughout the United States.
These Klan chapters are constantly shifting alliances between different
organizations. One of the main Klan organizations, the United Klans of
America (UKA), has chapters in Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, North
Carolina, Kentucky, Virginia, and Indiana.191 The other two main Klan
organizations, the Invisible Empire and the Knights of the Klu Klux Klan
(KKKK), have most of their chapters in the south, although the KKK does
have affiliated chapters in California. There are nearly twenty smaller Klan
groups that form and break alliances with other Klan groups with surprising
regularity. The relationships between the Klan organizations can be seen in
Figure 4.5.

 

191Ext_remism en the Right: A Handbook, p. 22.

 

 

 

National
Knights

100
Figure 4.5

Ku Klux Klan Groups

 

US Klans

 

 

 

/

 

 

Knights of the
Ku Klux Klan

l4:—

 

/

 

United
Klans of
America

 

 

 

Invisible Empire,
KKKK

 

 

 

101

The many different larger and smaller Klan groups point out how
fragile relationships can be when extremist groups try to form alliances. There
have been other attempts by right-wing groups to form alliances, some of
which included some Klan chapters.

The first major organized attempt to form a right-wing union was in
1975. A group known as the "White Confederacy" was formed to provide a
united front against communists, radical leftists and black militants. Groups
involved with the White Confederacy were the United White Peoples Party,
the Western Guard of Canada and the American White Nationalist Party.
Although no Klan groups were officially linked to the White Confederacy,
many Klan members did belong to the organization. The group disbanded in
1979 due to struggles over ideology, leadership and actions.192

The right-wing unification group, which gained much notoriety, was,
in fact, in existence for less than four months. The "United Racist Front"
(URF) was formed in 1979, with groups including National States Rights
Party and several smaller Klan groups. The unification fell apart in late 1979
when several members were charged with murdering Communist Party
members. The murders took place at a rally in Greensboro, North
Carolina. 193 It should be noted that although the URF advocated violence, it
was the Communist Party that initiated the confrontation.

In the 1980's, the major unification attempt was led by Richard Butler
of the Aryan Nations. Butler has held annual Aryan Nations Congresses at
the Aryan Nation's compound in Idaho. The Congresses have attracted
leaders from many different right-wing extremist groups. Although the

 

192A11en Sapp, ghganizatienel Linkage pf Right Wing Extremist emeps, (Center for
Criminal Justice Research, Central Missouri State University, March, 1987), p. 4.

193Ibid.

102

Congresses have been well attended, they have not led to major lasting
alliances among right-wing groups. Today, alliances deal not so much with

groups, but with members. Affiliations lie in interlocking and overlapping
memberships of individuals.194

Left-Wing: The groups on the left have not attempted to form a national
alliance, as their counterparts on the right. Their alliances have concentrated
on joining two or three groups into one organization.

The major two group alliance was the "Revolutionary Armed Task
Force" (RATF). The RATF joined together the Weatherman and the Black
Liberation Army. The significance of the RATF was that it joined together a
mostly white terrorist group and an all black terrorist group. This was the first
time this had happened.195

There have been other alliance attempts on the left. Some of the other
alliances can be seen in the left-wing charts, Figures 4.1 and 4.2.

Publications and Communications

A characteristic that is common among extremist groups in the United
States is the use of publications. It is not a trait that is unique to American
groups; however, they use it much more effectively than groups overseas.

United States is the most sophisticated country in the world. It is this
sophistication that enables extremist groups to write, publish, produce, and

distribute their message. The publications are not limited to the print media.

 

194Ibid., p.7.
195Hoffman, fl'errerism in the United States, p. 28.

1 O 3
Besides periodicals and newsletters, extremist groups have produced their
own radio and television shows.

However, the mainstay of the extremists' communications remains
their printed publications. Nearly every extremist group in the United States
uses published material, in one form or another. The forms of printed
communications include newsletters, newspapers, periodicals, pamphlets, and
books.

Extremists are using our advanced technology and the freedom
granted our citizens to their advantage. With our freedom of the press, it is

very easy for groups to get their message of hate to the American people.

Right-Wing: Extremists on the right are now using, or have at one time used
all forms of the mass media. This includes radio, television, and the use of
computers.

In 1981, there was a radio program which was produced by Liberty
Lobby and claimed by them to be carried on 425 stations. It was a five-tirnes-
per-week program called "This is Liberty Lobby." They also produced the
short-lived television program, "Spotlight on the News."196

Groups are also now known to be using the advanced technology of
computers. There are now two computerized information networks set up by
right-wing extremists in the United States. The best known network was
started by Louis Beam, the Texas Grand Dragon of the Knights of the Ku
Klux Klan and leader of the Aryan Nations. The network is known as the

 

196James Q. Purcell, "Liberty Lobby and the Carto Network of Hate," ADL Facts, Vol.
27, No. 1(Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, New York, New York, Winter, 1982),
p. 15 .

104

"Aryan Nations Liberty Net." George Dietz, owner of the largest neo-Nazi
publishing firm, operates the second computerized bulletin board.197
Although newspapers and magazines are still the primary method of
publication for right-wing extremists, it is the book The Tdmer Diaries written
by fictional author Andrew Macdonald, which can be considered the bible of
right-wing extremism in the United States. As noted earlier, the book outlines
how a right-wing revolution could occur in the United States.
It should be noted that there are many similarities between The finger
Dimes and Minirn 211 f r an errill . The Minimenufl ef the Ur_’Qan
Gderrille is a Marxist revolutionary text written by Carlos Marighella.198 Mr.
Macdonald even went so far as to recognize and praise leftist revolutions in
Africa, Asia, and Latin America:
We have had the example of decades of guerrilla warfare
in Africa, Asia, and Latin America to instruct us. In every
case the guerrillas won by making the people fear them, not
love them. By publicly torturing to death village leaders who
opposed them and by carrying out brutal massacres of entire

village populations which refused to feed them, they inspired
such terror in neighboring villages that everyone was afraid to

refuse them what they asked.199

mm: The major left-wing extremist organization was the Weathermen.
The Weatherrnen's parent organization was the SDS. The SDS and the

Weathermen learned how valuable publications can be to an organization.

 

197David Lowe, "Computerized Networks of Hate," W (Anti-
Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, New York, New York, January, 1985), p. 1.

198Richard N. Holden, "The Tdrner Diaries: The Influence of Carlos Marighella on Right
Wing Extremism," (Center for Criminal Justice Research, Central Missouri State
University, October, 1986), p. 2.

199Andrew Macdonald, The Tdmer Diaries, p. 102, as cited in Ibid., P. 24.

l 0 5
They used different forms of publications and communications, and used them
rather effectively.
The primary publication of the SDS was "The Port Huron Statement."
"The Port Huron Statement" was an analysis of the ills of America and the

world. It included a program for the New Left; however, the statement was

 

primarily philosophical and abstract.200 Although the statement was not a
Communist text, it blamed most of the world's problems on the United States
government, blamed very little on the Soviet Union and did not mention China
at all.

Following the breakup of the SDS, the Weathermen was formed, they
used many forms of communications to present their message. Before
members of the Weathermen went underground, they published a periodical,
called New Leg Netes. From August of 1969 to the end of 1969, they
published Bite, short for The Fire Next Time.201

In October of 1969, the Weathermen called for the "Days of Rage" in
Chicago. It was a planned demonstration where thousands and thousands of
young people would put the Establishment "up against the wall."202 It was a
complete failure. Instead of the thousands, only about 200 showed up. It
was after the "Days of Rage" that the Weathermen went underground. Once
they went underground, they stopped publishing the Bite. Most of the
communications from underground, up to 1974, were in the forms of
Communiques. In July 1974, the Weathermen published a book entitled
Prairie Fire. The miliejite was not for general sale. The authors vowed to

continue to carry the Red flag. They also cited the "brave and bloody

 

200Albert Parry. museum. p. 321.
2Olracobs, madmen, p. 302.
2021bid., p. 330.

1 0 6

exploits" of the SLA and the Black Liberation Army.203 In March 1975, the
Weathermen sent to the surface a magazine called the Osawatomie. In the
magazine the Weathermen claimed credit for 25 terrorist incidents in the five
years of their illegal existence. The final piece of communication from the
Weathermen was a documentary film called Underground. It was a film of
interviews with various members of the Weathermen.204

Left-wing groups of today have various publications. One publication
that is not affiliated with a particular group is The Guardian. A partial list of
publications can be found in the following table.

 

203Ibid.. p. 340.
2041bid.

 

107

TABLE 4.8
PUBLICATIONS OF
EXTREMIST GROUPS IN THE UNITED STATES

RIGHT-WING

Aryan Nations

Christian Defense League

The Covenant, The Sword, and
The Arm of the Lord

Institute for Historical Review

Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

United Klans of America

National Socialist White
Workers Party

LEFT-WING

New African People's Organization
Committee to Fight Repression
African People's Socialist Party
Revolutionary Communist Party
US. Communist Party
Mobilization for Survival

Socialist Workers Party

Workers World Party

PUBLICATION

Aryan Nations Newsletter
CDL Report
C.S.A. Journal

Journal of Historical Review:
IHR Newsletter

The White Patriot

The Fiery Cross

Stormer

PUBLICATION

By Any Means Necessary
The Insurgent

Burning Spear
Revolutionary Worker
Jewish Affairs

The Mobilizer

The Militant

Workers World

 

108
Summary

There was an extensive amount of data collected, which revealed
many different characteristics of extremist groups in the United States. The
characteristics ranged from the type of people who operate within this system,
to what they think and what they do. Also, the characteristics were not
uniform for all groups on the right or the left.

Every extremist group has some philosophy to which they adhere.
The philosophy can be religious or political, or both. Religious philosophy is
more readily identified with right-wing groups as opposed to left-wing
groups. Right-wing groups adhere to the religious philosophy called the
"Identity" movement. On the left, there are only a few organizations which
have a religious orientation. The groups are primarily black and adhere to the
Muslim religion.

Politically, groups on the right are extremely conservative and follow
the teachings and ideas of Adolph Hitler and Nazism. Some right-wing
groups call themselves Socialists; however, this is clearly Hitler style
Socialism, as opposed to Communist style . There is not much difference
between Socialism on the right and Socialism on the left. Groups on the left
and the right simply view Socialism from a different perspective. But the
results are the same--a dictatorial society. It is on the left where Communism
or Communism/Socialism can be found. However, there is not one
Communist philosophy which the left-wing groups follow. Each group will
follow the teachings of one of the four main Communist leaders, Marx, Lenin,
Trotsky, or Mao.

There are two issues, which both sides are trying to take advantage of,

the nation of Israel and the farm crisis in the United States. Groups on the

109

right because of their religious bigotry, are opposed to Israel . Left-wing
groups are opposed to Israel because Israel is an enemy of the PLO, and left-
wing groups are supporters of the PLO. Left-wing issues also include United
States involvement in Central America and apartheid in South Africa. The
major force on the right continues to be their belief in the superiority of the
white race.

Nearly all extremist groups in the United States are using illegal
activities to help finance their operations. The crimes extremist groups are
using include robbery, selling narcotics, armored truck robberies, bank
robberies, receiving stolen property, extortion, and others.

The use of front groups and the splintering of groups happens quite
often in the United States. Front groups are used to hide the true intentions of
the various groups and to gain favorable publicity. Groups splinter for a
variety of reasons. Sometimes members will disagree with their leaders on
different issues, some want to be more or less violent, while other members
simply want to have their own group to lead.

The nature of extremist groups is such that members cannot be
recruited from all segments of society. Most people in our society do not want
to join an organization that advocates violence and hatred. As a result
extremists are limited in the areas in which they can recruit.

Both right and left-wing extremists attract second and third generation
extremists. These are people whose parents and grandparents were part of the
extremist movement. These type of extremists on the left are sometimes
referred to as "red diaper babies." Both sides also recruit quite heavily from
our nation's prisons. It is a convenient place to recruit because so many
extremists, at one time or another, have been in jail or prison, and there is no

better place to find people willing to commit criminal acts. The left hisrorically

l 10
has recruited quite well on university campuses. This is particularly true in
times of a national crisis, such as the Vietnam War. At times they are also
successful in recruiting militant workers.

Today right-wing extremists are making a very hard push to recruit
farmers, particularly those in the mid-west. They are preying upon people
who have, or are about to lose their livelihood. The left has also tried to
recruit farmers.

There are almost no extremist groups in the United States which have
only one objective. Most have two, three, five, even ten objectives, some
very simple, some very complicated. Some objectives are unrealistic, such as
the overthrow of the United States government or total world revolution.
Although there are numerous objectives, it can be said that there is one general
objective which most extremist groups in the United States, both right and
left-wing, adhere to. The one general objective, is the destruction of American
society as it is known today. Groups on the left would replace our democratic
government with some form of a Communist government, while groups on
the right would install a government similar to Hitler's Nazi government.

There are very different types of people who operate extremist groups
on the left and the right. The characteristics of extremists on the right are very
narrow as compared to those of the left. Right-wing extremist tend to be
white, mostly male and of the Christian faith. They are generally young, from
rural areas, tend to hold blue-collar jobs, have little education, and for the
most part, are in the middle to lower class of society.

Left-wing extremists are more multi-racial and of both sexes. They
are of many different religious beliefs, including atheism. They tend to be
young, professional or former professional workers, are highly educated, and

come from urban areas. Left-wing extremists, who are white, come from the

1 l 1
middle to upper classes, whereas black members come from the lower class of
society.

As mentioned earlier, groups want to destroy the government of the
United States. This clearly points out that our government is an enemy of
extremists in general, and agents of the United States govemment are specific
enemies of extremists. This includes all or most law enforcement personnel.
Both right and left-wing extremists also consider the nation of Israel to be an
enemy.

Groups on the right still consider blacks and Jews to be enemies.
Today, they also include nearly everyone from other countries in their group
of enemies. The left still feels that any representative of the United States
government is an enemy. This includes military personnel, and particularly
police officers.

Nearly all extremist organizations are highly structured. Although
extremists are generally opposed to big businesses and corporations, extremist
groups have copied the administrative structure of corporations. The leaders
operate out of what can be called "corporate headquarters." They have outside
cells with administrative leaders for each cell and their rank and file members
at the cells.

Both right-wing and left-wing extremist groups in the United States
have tried, and will probably continue to try, to form alliances with other
similar minded groups. Extremist organizations will align with other
organizations for a variety of reasons. The most common reason is that
extremists like to feel they can present a more unified front to their opposition.
The feel they can be a powerful political and military force if they can align all
similar minded groups under one organization. For the most part, unification

attempts do not last for extended periods of time. Problems arise with the

 

l l 2
different egos of the various leaders, with the varying ideologies, and
disparate objectives of the aligning groups.

Right-wing groups attempted two unifications in the 1970's. The
first, in 1975, was called the White Confederacy. It disbanded in 1979
because of struggles over ideologies, leadership and actions. The second
attempt, which lasted less than five months in 1979, was the United Racist
Front. The group fell apart when six members were charged with murdering
five Communist Party members. More recently, Aryan Nations leader
Richard Butler has tried to bring all right wing groups under one organization.
Butler has held annual Aryan Nations Congresses at the Aryan Nation's
compound in Idaho. However, the Congresses have not led to meaningful
alliances.

The major left-wing alliance was formed by the Weathermen and the
Black Liberation Army. In the early 1980's, they joined forces to form the
Revolutionary Armed Task Force. This was the first time a black and a white
group had joined forces.

Nearly every extremist group in the United States has taken advantage
of our freedom of the press to publish some form of literature. The literature
includes magazines, newsletters, newspapers, pamphlets, and books. Some
groups have also been involved in radio and television shows and even
computerized networks. Both right-wing and left-wing organizations

mastered the art of communication through the use of publications.

113

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Key for Figures 4.6 & 4.7

1--Identity Movement
2-Nazism/Neo-Nazi
3-Communist
a-Leninist
b-Trotskyists
4--Black Muslim
5--Revolutionary
6--Farmers/Farm Crisis
7--South Africa
8—-Central America
9--Israel/Jews/Zionism
10-—Robbery
l 1--Murder
12--Extortion
13--Drug Sales
l4--Bombings
15--2nd Generation
16--Prisons/Prisoners
17--avant-garde liberals
18--Segregation
20--Civi1 War in the United Sates
21--World or Third World Revolution

22—-Periodicals
23--Books
24--US Government Policies

and Activities

M--Males

F--Fema1es
W--Whites

B--B1acks
C--Christians
P--Professional
BC--B1ue Collar
LE--Law Enforcement

116

Figure 4.8

Similar and Dis-Similar Characteristics
Between Right-ng and Left-Wing

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Extrerni st/I‘errorists
Characteristics Similar Dis-Similar
Philosophy széuazza‘nrsm Identity Movement
b- Cqmruni sm
Issues 2:221 Cnsrs South Africa
US Government Policies Central Amenca
C . Robbery Extortion
nmes Murder Counterfeiting
2nd Gereration Farmers
Recruitment Extremists "avant-garde"
Prisoners Liberals
Students
US Government
Enemies Israel JBelgycsks
Law Enforcement
Persqnmal
Civil War .
Objectives Segregation World Revolutron
Periodicals
Publications Books
Types of All categories of
People "Types of Pe0ple" are
dis-similar between
ri ght-win g and
left-wing groups.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter V

Summary and Conclusions

Summary

This study was undertaken in an attempt to clarify the differences and
similarities between the two major types of extremist groups in the United
States. The two major types of extremists originate from the right and from
the left ends of the political spectrum. The original research guestion asked
whether right-wing and left-wing groups in the United States, are they similar
or dis-similar? It was also asked if the only difference between the two
factions was their political views or all aspects of their organizations?

The amount of literature available on extremism is extensive. The
major problem in doing a study of this nature is deciding which is the
appropriate literature to review. The author found that it was best to
concentrate on certain types of literature when addressing the different
elements of the study. Books were used for an historical perspective. News
periodicals were used for current facts. For the bulk of the research, the
author concentrated on papers and reports produced by colleges and
universities and reports developed by private organizations. The remaining
literature, particularly police and security periodicals and psychology and
sociology periodicals, were used to supplement the main body of the paper.

117

l 1 8
The author feels it is impractical to attempt to do a research study on one
segment of extremism, without first having a basic knowledge of extremism
as a whole. The author identified some common observations in regard to

extremism, whether it is international or domestic.

A. Extremism comes in many different forms or types. This is
different from classifying groups, i.e. right-wing or left-wing. This is
classifying the type of extremism a particular group or groups will utilize,
examples are criminal, political, revolutionary, state, psychotic, etc.

B. Certain elements are associated with every extremist or terrorist act.
These several elements vary from group to group and act to act. It can be said
that there is no one specific element that is the most important for all groups
and all acts. However, there is one element which can probably be identified
as the least vital. The element is the grievance, whether the grievance is real
or imagined. Grievances have very little to do with terrorist acts.

C. The one primary objective, which is common to nearly every action
taken by an extremist, is publicity. Extremists need to attract an audience and
deliver a message. This is why the media is so vital to every action. And, to a
significant degree, extremism is a product of mass media and might not
survive without the mass media. A much more long term goal is the
destruction of democratic societies.

D. Differences between extremism/terrorism and guerrilla warfare
were identified. One difference is that guerrilla warfare is more operational
and militarily oriented, while extremism/terrorism is more public relations
oriented. The second difference deals with the objectives of the two.
Guenilla warfare targets tend to be military in nature and specific. If a bomb

is placed on a plane, it is there to destroy the plane. Extremist and terrorist

119

targets are much more indiscriminate. It is not the targets that are the primary
concem, but the reaction to their actions and, more importantly, the attention
the extremists will receive from the mass media. The differences are
important, because law enforcement authorities must not deal with
extremism/terrorism in the same manner in which they would deal with
guerrilla warfare. It has been shown that to deal with extremism/terrorism as
if it were guerrilla warfare can have devastating effects on the govemment in
control.

E. Extremists are using, and will continue to use, high technology
weapons. There is some fear that groups will acquire and use nuclear
weapons. However, it is felt that because of the high security associated with
nuclear facilities and nuclear weapons, there is a greater danger of extremists
using other types of weapons. These weapons can be nearly as deadly and
devastating and are more readily available to extremists. Such weapons
include, biological weapons, attacks on a gas tanker near a large city, releasing
of napalm on spectators in a sports arena, to mention a few.

F. In the past two or three decades, extremist groups have gone from
large cumbersome organizations to much smaller, more efficient groups. The
primary reason for the shift was, with the large number of members, security
within an organization was compromised; it was then easier for law
enforcement personnel to infiltrate the groups, and thus, became a major
problem. As a result, groups went from one large organization to many
smaller, interconnecting cells or chapters. This reduced the chance for '
infiltration and also minimized the knowledge and contact between members
of the organization. With contact between members limited, few members

knew the complete list of all other group members.

1 2 O
G. Extremists are not the psychopaths that the general public believes

them to be. It is an image that extremists have presented in order to make the
public believe that extremists are out of control. People will deal with
psychopaths, mentally unbalanced individuals, or persons that they fear, in a
much different manner than someone who is "normal." The general public is
much more likely to succumb to the wishes of these types of individuals,
assuming that by " giving in", the abnormal activities of the individuals will
not be repeated. As a result, extremists want people to believe that they are
crazy and are capable of doing anything to get their way. Extremists feel that
if people believe this, there is a much better chance of having their demands

H. The use of violence and terror are very critical components of
terrorism. As the Irish Republican Army has stated, the use of violence is
obligatory in order to induce fear and chaos. But violence is not enough.
There must be terror for extremists to be successful.

I. Although there has been much written about extremism in the
United States and, as a result of the literature, a great deal of concern, the fact
remains that there is very little terrorist activity within the United States. In
1985, there were 3,010 terrorist incidents worldwide; and in 1986, there were
2,830 incidents. However, in the same two years, the number of terrorist
incidents in the United States totaled only 18. It is clear that Americans have
very little to fear from terrorist attacks within the United States. This is not to
say that the numbers will remain the same in the future. At any time, terrorist
attacks may escalate within the United States.

J. Victims are very crucial to any extremist action. It is not so much
the actual victim, but the intended victim(s) of an extremist action that is
crucial. The real intent of an extremist act is the de-stabilization of

governments and a demoralization, or even panic, among the public-at-large.

l 2 1
Individuals, who are physically injured in an attack, are generally of little
consequence to extremists.

K. Groups are relying more and more on conventional crime to
finance their operations. Crimes, which are used by extremist groups include
armed robbery, murder, kidnappings, tax fraud, counterfeiting, and extortion.
Extremist groups are also getting into the very lucrative field of drug
trafficking, which is referred to as narco-terror or narco-terrorism. Not only
are they using narco-terrorism as a way to finance operations, but as a way to
fight back at the United States. The extremists feel the more people in
America that they can get hooked on drugs, the easier it will be to defeat the
United States (and other countries that are considered enemies of extremists).

Eleven characteristics of extremist groups in the United States were
identified. The characteristics were not chosen simply because they were
common to both right and left-wing groups. The characteristics were choosen
because they appeared two times or more in the literature reviewed. This is
not to imply that every group in the United States has all of the characteristics
mentioned, or that this is a total list of all characteristics for all groups in
America. There were other characteristics identified; however, they could
only be assigned to one group. They did not accurately represent either right-
wing or left-wing groups in the United States.

The following is a brief synopsis of each of the eleven characteristics.
For each synopsis, there will be a conclusion as to whether there is conunon
ground between right-wing and left-wing groups.

A. Religious and political philosophyuAll extremist groups in the
United States adhere to some form of religious or political philosophy. Some
have both types of philosophy. Right-wing groups have more of a religious

orientation, in the form of the "Identity" movement, than left-wing groups.

1 2 2
However, the "Identity" movement is not a typical religion, it is a religion
based on hatred.

Politically, groups on the right and left appear to be dissimilar, with
extremists on the right following Nazism and left-wing extremists normally
Communists. However, when the two political systems are examined, it is
clear that their basic elements are the same. Neither political system allows the
personal freedoms that we enjoy in this country. The ruling party does not
allow any form of political opposition. Both systems would like the
destruction of all democratic countries, particularly the United States. And
both systems would eliminate all forms of religions and worker unions. It is
clear that politically right-wing and left-wing groups adhere to the same
philosophy, which is totalitarianism.

B. Issues-—Groups try to take advantage of issues which are of
concern to the general public. Both sides try to present the image of protectors
of the oppressed and downtrodden. Left-wing groups are generally much
better at presenting this image than right-wing groups. Left-wing extremists
oppose most policies of the United States government which are controversial.
Such is the case with the US. policies toward Central America and South
Africa. It is generally not the policies which extremist groups are opposed to,
but the government of the United States. The modern day issues, which are
of concern to both sides, are the farm crisis and the Nation of Israel. Right-
wing groups, which are generally anti-Semitic, portray the government of
Israel as true rulers of the United States. Right-wing extremists call the
government in America the Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG).
Extremists on the right also believe that people of the Jewish faith are the
children of Satan and, as such, Israel is the nation of Satan. Left-wing groups

1 2 3
are opposed to Israel because Israel is an enemy of the PLO and left-wing
groups are supporters of the PLO.

Although some issues are similar and some issues are dissimilar, it is
the intent of both right-wing and left-wing groups that is the common element.
Both sides want to use issues as a means to gain favorable public support and
as a way to recruit new members.

C. Financing--With the exception of a few left-wing groups, most
extremists in the United States do not receive funding from foreign
governments. The most notable exception was the Weathermen of the 1960's
and 1970's who received financial support from Cuba. Without outside
financial funding, groups have turned to criminal activities to fund their
operations.

As mentioned earlier, narco-terrorism is being used extensively
worldwide as a means to finance extremist operations. However, the evidence
does not support this general trend for groups in the United States. There are
three possible reasons for this. The first is that domestic extremist groups
may not have the international connections to penetrate the vast world of drug
trafficking. The second reason may be that groups in the United States do not
have the size nor the sophistication to run a large drug network. Finally, it is
possible that groups in the United States are involved, but because they are so
efficient at hiding their involvement from law enforcement, authorities do not
know of their activities. This is not likely, but possible.

The criminal activity which is most often used by both right and left-
wing organizations is bank robbery or armored car robbery. There are
numerous incidents where extremists have been indicted, tried or convicted of
some form of robbery. The most notable examples of robberies are the SLA

bank hold-up, with Patty Hearst participating; the abortive holdup ot' a Brinks

124

truck in Nyack, New York, which was attempted by the Revolutionary Armed
Task Force (RATF); and the various robberies by the members of The Order.
There are other crimes which extremists commit, such as extortion by the
Black Panthers and counterfeiting by The Order, but robberies are their
primary means of financing their operations.

D. Use of Front Groups and Splintering--Although splintering is
common among both right and left-wing groups, the use of front groups is
much more common to left-wing groups than right-wing. Left-wing
extremists have a much greater awareness of the positive benefits that can be
gained from the use of front groups.

There are four advantages of using such groups. Extremists may gain
positive public opinions by hiding their true feelings from the general public.
Extremists can gain access into areas that would not normally be open to them.
This includes such areas as fund raising, recruitment, support, and availability
to the media. It is much harder for police departments and federal authorities
to build a case against extremists if there are numerous front groups to hide
behind. Finally, extremists can appear to be more numerous than they really
are with many different groups.

Splintering occurs because of the many differences which exist
between various members of extremist groups. The different objectives of the
different members, the continuous infighting for power, the fragile egos of the
different leaders, are just a few of the many problems which can cause groups
to splinter.

E. Recruitment--The nature of extremist groups is such that
recruitment is a critical element of every group's survival. The membership of

extremist organizations is constantly fluctuating because members are arrested,

l 2 5
members tire of the extremist views, and members shift their alliance to other
groups.

There are four groups recruited by both right and left-wing extremists.
The first segment of the population is second and third generation extremists.
These are people, who grew up in families whose parents or grandparents
were extremists, such as Communists or Klan members. The second group
are farmers. As mentioned earlier, the farm crisis is an issue that extremists
are attempting to exploit. Extremists try to present themselves to farmers as a
group which can solve all the farmers' problems. The third group of recruits
are students. Left-wing extremists concentrate on university students; right-
wing extremists recruit high school students. The fourth group of recruits are
prisoners. Extremist and terrorist groups are aligning themselves with prison
gangs, which provides a ready source of new members when gang members
are released from prison.

F. Objectives--It should be mentioned that every group has at least
one objective and generally, they will have many objectives. Although the
language of the different objectives will vary and although there are numerous
objectives, it can be said that there is one general objective adhered to by most
right and left-wing extremist groups in the United States. The one general
objective is the destruction of American society as it is known today. Groups
on the left would replace our democratic government with some form of
Communist government, while groups on the right would install a
government similar to Hitler's Nazi government.

G. Types of People--This is where the major differences between the
two political extremes can be seen. Right-wing extremists tend to be white,
mostly male and of the Christian faith. They are generally young, from rural

areas, tend to hold blue-collar jobs, have little education, and for the most

126

part, are in the middle to lower class of society. Left-wing extremists are
more multi-racial and of both sexes. They are of many different religious
beliefs, including atheism. They tend to be young, professional or former
professional workers, are highly educated, and come from urban areas. Left-
wing extremists, who are white, come from the middle to upper classes,
whereas black members come from the lower class of society.

H. Enemies-Generally, the enemies of extremist groups can be
placed in one of two categories. The two categories are governments and
groups of people or organizations. The govemment of the United States is the
primary target for destruction by extremist groups. This clearly points out that
our government is an enemy of extremists in general and agents of the United
States government are specific enemies of extremists. This includes all or
most law enforcement personnel. Both right and left-wing extremists also
consider the nation of Israel to be an enemy.

Right-wing extremists still considers blacks and Jews to be their
enemies. Extremists on the left, such as the John Brown Anti-Klan
Committee, have specifically targeted police officers as their enemies.

1. Organizational StructurenA highly organized extremist group,
which emulates the administrative structures of major corporations, is a trait
that is much more common to left-wing groups than right-wing organizations.
Left-wing groups have tended to organize with leaders operating out of
"corporate headquarters." At outside cells they have an "administrator" in
charge, supported by the rank and file extremists or terrorists.

J. Linkage Attempts-Both the right and the left are constantly trying
to form alliances with other groups of similar political make-up. Right-wing
groups have attempted three major alliances. The first two attempts were in
the 1970's; the third attempt was in the 1980's and was lead by Richard Butler

127

of the Aryan Nations. Butler has organized annual Aryan Nations
Congresses. None of the attempts to form alliances have lasted for significant
lengths of time.

The "Revolutionary Armed Task Force" was the major left-wing
linkage attempt of the 1980's. This was a union of the Black Liberation Army
and the Weathermen. The significance of the RATF was that it was the first
time a mostly white extremist group and an all black extremist group had
attempted an alliance. However, most unification attempts do not last for
extended periods of time. Problems arise with the different egos of the
various leaders, with the varying ideologies, and diverse objectives of the
aligning groups.

K. Publications and Communications--Nearly all extremist groups in
the United States have used our freedom of the press to present their views.
The most common method is through some form of a publication. The
publications include magazines, newsletters, newspapers, pamphlets, and
books.

l 2 8
Conclusion

The original research question, as presented in Chapter III, asked
whether right-wing and left-wing groups in the United States, are they similar
or dis-similar, based on the characteristics developed? Based on the
characteristics studied, there does not appear to be a significant difference
between domestic extremist groups in the United States, whether they come
from the right or the left.

Although there are differences, the differences are not extensive. The
variations between the right and the left are mostly cosmetic. What is
important is that the substances of the groups are similar.

The major differences between right-wing and left-wing groups are
the types of people who belong to the various organizations, the words
extremists use to deliver their message of hate, and the type of organizational
structure they employ. Right-wing extremists use similar language to that
which was used by Adolph Hitler. He spoke of racism, nationalism, the
superiority of the white race, etc. Left-wing extremists speak against fascism
and imperialism, against class conflict--the masses against the elite or ruling
class and against the evils of capitalism. The same language is used by
Communists. Extremists use that language deliberately. Right-wing
extremists generally follow the teachings and beliefs of Adolph Hitler and
Nazism. Left-wing extremists are generally Communists. The language may
be different but the meaning is the same.

Probably the most important similarity between the two political
systems is that both the right and left want to destroy our democratic nation.
They want to do away with freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom

of religion, etc--the very freedoms that extremists take advantage of to deliver

129

their message of hate. They want to destroy not only our democratic nation,
but every democratic nation. For it is these nations that pose the greatest threat
to extremists and extremist nations. People with personal freedom generally
do not accept extremists and extremist views. They may be tolerated to a
certain extent, but certainly not accepted.

Communists and Nazis, although coming from different ends of the
political spectrum, have the same beliefs and moral values. As such,
extremists in the United States who follow the teachings of Hitler, Lenin,
Marx, Trotsky, or Mao, also have the same beliefs and moral values. These
men taught certain concepts which are totally alien to our society. They
preached the message of hate and of violence and of terror. They taught that
lies are permissible. They believed that political opposition cannot be
tolerated and must be destroyed, and people should not be allowed personal
freedoms. They taught that religion was not permitted. They also believed
that people must not be allowed to own property. When you take away
personal property, you take away influence and power from the general
public. With all of the property controlled by the governing body, all of the

power and influence is also in the hands of the governing body.

130

The following quotes illustrate some of the beliefs.

We must be ready to employ trickery, deceit, law-
breaking, withholding and concealing truth. We can and
must write in the language which sows among the masses
hate, revulsion, scorn, and the like, toward those who
disagree with us. Lenin.

Any lie is permissible in order to attain the desired ends.
Lenin.

 

One can only be right only within the party and through
the party . . . Trotsky.

 

Terror as the demonstration of the will and strength of the
working class, is historically justified . . . Trotsky.

Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun . . . Mao.

The Communist Party enters such institutions not in order
to do constructive work, but in order to direct the masses to
destroy from within the whole bourgeois state machine and
parliament itself. Lenin.

The dictatorship of the proletariat is nothing else than
power based upon force and limited by nothing-- by no law
and absolutely no rule. Lenin.

Religion is one of the forms of spiritual oppression . . .
Religion is the opium of the people. Lenin.

Communism is the hammer which we use to crush the
enemy. Mao.

The one means that wins easiest over reason: terror and
force. Adolph Hitler205

 

205All quotes were taken from Extgemist Groups in the United States, p. 39 and 192-199.

131

The intent is not to give a lesson on Communism and Nazism. The
intent is to familiarize people with the teachings of the men whom extremists,
in this country, pattern their organizations after and at times follow blindly.
Very similar messages can be found in two quotes from two American
extremists.

Under the dictatorship [of the proletariat} all the capitalist
parties--Republican, Democratic, Progressive, Socialist, etc. -
will be liquidated, the Communist Party functioning alone as
the party of the toiling masses. . . Likewise will be dissolved
all other organizations that are political props of the bourgeois
rule, including chambers of commerce, employers'
associations, Rotary Clubs, American Legions, . . . Masons,

Elks, Knights of Columbus,etc. William Z. Foster (former
chairman of the US. Communist party).

. . . open declaration of our intention to gas the Jew
traitors . . . I would make an end of this filthy silent
treatment, for they could never ignore Nazis with swastika
annbands and talk of gas chambers . . . . George Lincoln

Rockwell, founder of the American Nazi Party.206

This clearly points out that extremists do not care about human life or
the American way—of-life. They will do anything necessary to replace our
democratic system with their authoritarian system. They, along with most
Communists and Nazis, are the ultimate bigots. They neither like nor will
tolerate any one that is not of their political thinking.

What does all this mean to the American public and law enforcement
authorities? It is hoped that this paper will further the understanding of who
extremists really are. They are people willing to kill, willing to destroy

 

206Quotes were taken from Ex mist ou sin h ni t te , p. 171-199.

 

1 3 2
property, and willing to do anything that they feel is necessary to accomplish
their goals. Law enforcement authorities must realize that, although
individuals are different, an extremist is an extremist. When a terrorist act has
been committed, even though the particulars of each case will be different, the
methods for handling all cases should be similar. As an example, the places
police would look for right-wing terrorists would be different than places to
look for a left-wing terrorist, i.e. right-wing in rural areas, left-wing in urban
areas. However, there should not be separate regulations or procedures for
right-wing and left-wing terrorists. Does it really matter whether the person,
who is trying to blow up a building or a bus, or the group that is trying to
overthrow our government, is a Communist or a Nazi, or a right-wing or left-
wing terrorist? It is felt that the presented evidence supports the conclusion
that it does not matter.

Four final points need to be made. As a country we value and cherish
our individual freedoms. Our country is based on our Constitution and the
Bill of Rights. We must not interrupt these rights simply because we are
dealing with extremists or terrorists. As has been shown in the last few years,
there are legal and effective ways to combat terrorism. Law enforcement
officials have the capabilities and the technology to deal with extremists. We
can not suspend the Bill of Rights for selected, individual cases. That would
be a breakdown of our vital democratic process, which is exactly what
terrorists want. There are such a myriad of legal ways to deal with extremists,
illegal means are not necessary.

We must not overreact. Potentially, the problem of terrorism can
be very serious. However, if we overreact we will only compound the
problem. Terrorism can be dealt with effectively if there is thorough planning

and well thought-out procedures to follow. Overreaction will happen when

l 3 3
people do not understand who they are dealing with and the exact extent of the
problem. Law enforcement officials must realize they are dealing with human
beings--human beings who are committing crimes. No matter how
horrendous, the crimes are still crimes. And while the person committing the
crime may be more vicious than the average person, they still have some of the
same emotions as everyone else. It is commonly believed that terrorists are
willing to die for their cause. Nothing could be further from the truth. The
vast majority of terrorists are not willing to die. If terrorists were willing to
die, there would be hundreds and thousands of innocent people dying every
week from suicidal terrorist attacks. This simply is not happening and will
not happen, as long as terrorists have the same fear of dying as most other
human beings. Law enforcement officials must not be in awe of terrorists.
They should realize that terrorists are dangerous and vicious, but they are not
superhumans.

Although the actual number of extremists in the United States is small,
they have literally thousands and thousands of sympathizers and supporters in
this country. An example of this can be noted with the large number of
Weathermen that went underground. When they went underground they still
needed to eat, places to stay, money to travel, money to publish literature, etc.
The Weathermen did not have the cash reserves to stay underground for an
extended period of time. The point is that there were people willing to support
thirty, forty, fifty Weathermen for an extended period. Some Weathermen
stayed underground for over ten years. It resulted in an extensive amount of
resources being spent on underground Weathermen. It should be noted that
those supporters are still in the general population. Whether they are still
willing to financially support and hide terrorists is debatable, but potentially,
the supporters are still there.

l 3 4

The final point refers to the common practice of classifying left-wing
extremists as liberals and right-wing extremists as conservative. This is a
major misconception. Liberals and conservatives are very much a part of the
American political system. They have been a vital part of the political system
since the beginning of the United States, and they will always be a part of this
political system. By labeling extremists as liberals and conservatives, we are
inadvertently placing extremists in the mainstream political system. By doing
that we elevate their status. They no longer are extremists, but members of the
general political system. By doing this, we place left-wing extremists in the
same category, liberal, with men such as Senator Robert Kennedy, and we
place right-wing extremists in the same category, conservative, with men such
as Senator Barry Goldwater. Extremists should never be labelled in the same
manner as Senator Kennedy or Senator Goldwater or any other liberal or

conservative.

 

135

Recommendations

There are several recommendations proposed for law enforcement
authorities, government officials, business personnel, and the general public.

The recommendations include:

A. As already mentioned, we must not overreact to extremism. There
must be specific guidelines as to what extremism is and who extremists
are. We must not make the mistake of labelling every violent act as a

extremist act. We must deal with facts and not emotions.

B. Agencies involved in gathering intelligence must continue to
accumulate information on known extremists and suspected extremists.
The lack of extremist incidents in the United States does not mean there
is not a threat. Intelligence is a crucial element for the detection and
prevention of potential extremist attacks and for the apprehension of

extremist after a terrorist act has occurred.

C. Preparation for extremist attacks is vital. There must be policies
established and the policies must be understood by all concerned
individuals. In addition to understanding policies, law enforcement
authorities and government and business officials must understand
terrorism. Education is critical to the understanding of any problem.

Extremism is certainly no exception.

D. Finally, there should be cooperation and agreements between law

enforcement personnel and the media. Media coverage of a extremist

 

1 3 6
incident can be a police department's worst enemy or the department's
best friend. This is not to imply that the media should be restricted
from covering terrorist attacks. However, since media coverage is a

vital element of every terrorist incident, restraint is advised.

APPENDICIES

Appendix A

Types of Terrorism

l 3 7
Appendix A

Types of Terrorism

Robert A. Liston:

A. Criminal--individuals, gangs, or criminal organizations preying on
people for personal gain.

B. Terrorism for ethnic or national liberation-groups based on ethnic
purposes or groups claiming to fight for the liberation of their country.

C. State terrorism--terrorism committed by a government against its
own citizens or citizens of another country.

D. Revolutionary terrorism--terrorism committed by citizens against

their own country or another country.

Bruce Hoffman:

A. Ethnic/Emigre--groups organized along ethnic causes or national
liberation causes.

B. Left-wingugroups operating on the left end of the political spectrum.

C. Right-wing--groups operating on the right end of the political
spectrum.

The Report of the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism:
A. Political terrorism--violent, criminal behavior designed primarily to

generate fear in the community, or a substantial segment of it, for political

purposes.

 

 

l 3 8

B. Nonpolitical terrorism-wast area of true terroristic activity that is not
political in nature, notably that frequently ascribed to present-day operations of
organized crime.

C. Quasi-terrorism--activities incidental to the commission of crimes of
violence that are similar in form and methods to true terrorism but which
nevertheless lack its essential ingredient.

D. Limited political terrorism--acts of terrorism which are committed
for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a concerted
campaign to capture control of the State.

E. Official or state terrorism.--violent action or oppression by a

government, against its own people.

Boyer Bell:

A & B. Psychotic and criminal which Bell links with air piracy and
kidnapping

C. Endemic--characterized as blood feuds within primitive society or
societal anarchy, typified by Uganda

D. Authorized--the use of state power, either directed against the
citizenry of the state or its international enemies, including hostile leaders of
other governments

E. Vi gilante--partly communities attempting to defend themselves and
partly the use of terrorists as surrogate warriors employed against foreign
enemies

F. Revolutionary--is purely political, directed at an incumbent regime
and utilized by individuals and small groups

1. Organizational--an instrument designed to maintain discipline

within the revolutionary ranks

139

2. Allegiance--a method of intimidation of the general population
designed to secure support for the revolutionary party and program

3. Functional-~selective, discriminate terror-violence aimed at a
designated class of victims who are mostly official, but sometimes civilians

4. Provocative--specific acts of terror-violence intended to provoke
counter-terroristic measures by ruling government, thereby alienating the
uncommitted population

5. Manipulative-- mainly hostage type situations in which the safety
of the hostage provides a means of bargaining b/w the victirnizers and those in
legal authorities

6. Symbolic--an act of violence which has for its sole purpose a

psychological impact upon a vast audience

Appendix B

Terrorist Incidents

Terrorist Incidents by Type of Target

140

Appendix B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1985 1986
T Within World- Within World-
arge‘ U.S. Wide U.S. Wide
Business 0 1,086 3 934
Military/
Police 2 946 2 715
, Diplomatic 0 52 O 65
Other
Governmental l 529 0 563
Others 4 397 4 553
Totals: 7 3,010 9 2,830

 

 

 

 

 

Source: Security Management, June 1987, p. 68.

141

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Appendix C

Definitions of Terrorism

1 4 2
Appendix C

Definitions of Terrorism

Central Intelligence Agency: The threat or use for political purposes by
individuals or groups, whether acting for, or in opposition to, established
governmental authority, when such actions are intended to shock or intimidate

a target group wider than the immediate victims.207

Department of State: Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated
against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine stage

agents, usually intended to influence an audience.objectives.208

National Criminal Justice Reference Service: A single incident or campaign

waged outside accepted rules and procedures.209

The Rand Corporation: Violence or the threat of violence, often coupled with
specific demands. Targets are civilians, motives are political and canied out in

a way that will achieve maximum publicity.210

Damon Camp and H. Todd Locklear: The use of violence to intimidate or
subjugate, to achieve political goals.211

 

207Kadish. Engyglopggfia Qf fling and Justice, p. 1530.
208"Charting Terrorism's Cource," §egurig Management, June, 1987, p. 66.
209Ibid.

2101bid.
211Camp and Locklear, "Domestic Terror," p. 1.

Appendix D
Indictments of Order Members

143

Appendix D

Indictments of Members of "The Order"

 

Person Indicted Maior Offenses Charged
1. Bruce Carroll Pierce Murder, Arson, Robbery,
Counterfeiting, Stolen Property
2. Gary Lee Yarbrough Arson, Robbery,
Counterfeiting, Stolen Property
3. Randolph George Duey Murder, Robbery,
Counterfeiting, Stolen Property, Weapons Violations
4. Andrew Virgil Bamhill Robbery, Stolen Property
5 . Denver Daw Pannenter, II Robbery, Stolen Property
6. Richard Harold Kemp Murder, Stolen Property
7. Richard E. Scutari Murder, Robbery, Stolen Property
8. David Eden Lane Murder, Counterfeiting,
Stolen Property
9. Randall Paul Evans Robbery, Stolen Property
10. Robert E. Merki Robbery, Stolen Property
Counterfeiting, Weapons Violations
11. James Sherman Dye Murder, Robbery, Stolen Property
12. Sharon K. Merki Robbery, Stolen Property
Counterfeiting, Weapons Violations
13. Frank Lee Silva Stolen Property
14. Jean Margaret Craig Murder,Stolen Property

(Appendix D continued)

15.
16.
17.
18.

19.
20.

21.
22.
23.

Randall Eugene Radar
Kenneth Joseph Loff
Ronald Allen King
Davis Tate

Thomas Bentley
Ardie McBrearty

Jackie Lee Norton
George Franklin Zaengle
William Anthony Nash

 

144

Stolen Property

Stolen Property

Conspiracies to Commit Robberies
Murder, Stolen Property
Counterfeiting

Murder, Robbery, Stolen Property
Conspiracy to Commit Robbery,
Stolen Property

Stolen Property

Counterfeiting, Stolen Property
Stolen Property212

212Wiggins, ng'ptjvg figfile of Criminal Activities, p. 5-6.

Appendix E
Black Panther's "Ten-Point Program"

l 4 5
Appendix E

Black Panther's "Ten-Point Program"

1. We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of our
Black Community.

2. We want full employment for our people.

3. We want an end to the robbery by the CAPITALIST of our Black
Community.

4. We want decent housing, fit for shelter of human beings.

5. We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this
decadent American society. We want education that teaches us our true
history and our role in present-day society.

6. We want all black men to be exempt from military service.

7. We want an immediate end to POLICE BRUTALITY and MURDER of
black people.

8. We want freedom for all black men held in federal, state, county and
city prisons and jails.

9. We want all black people when brought to trial to be tried in court by a
jury of their peer group or people from their black communities, as defined
by the Constitution of the United States.

10. We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace.
And as our major political objective, a United Nations-supervised
plebiscite to be held throughout the black colony in which only black
colonial subjects will be allowed to participate, for the purpose of

determining the will of black people as to their national destiny.213

 

213Bakst, ed., "The Black Panthers," p. 514.

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146

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LEEI'il']

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