I... . . "$1.: 0.. _:.1. u:-.. . .Vhll-I ’00-... .01. l...-.I-.;l . .lo-v.-|v — n . '4 1.... .r .. JI. L- I. “.4.- ..Atofion. $.43... .ob. .. n." v .. ..l :u... .. . . .valum. mnT ...;.n.1«p.5n..¥...n..v ... Hum“... .nm .. b (3“! . orsflronl v c .u: , 11.... AI- v1. . I I’. t \- “ it. we. 0 \. ‘- .. .1 . .1331}. .‘ :thrfh: if; . o r . . h :1 tintifil I. .91 .. 2 - . . . A. .11. q I . . 1 . .. (VI. . \ . . M .... . 2... «IR» . . i. L... ‘ . I‘vtfit .1 3 _ - It n t A... — ‘0“ I . Oil-I‘D h .. n It A. I. I... I .10. . . . . .‘t. I. . . .v. man. 9 n M. . ; ' " o“ L, :4 .Jflrflu 4... Dds. . Us)» WV“! 33“ £131 .1? ' ‘ . .2". . .3733. ‘ ' rI: u‘f ' _? A}: ;- ~:‘: ' ‘5'}, we: - . ‘. . G A... M...‘O.“.n v zlulo‘. ‘ . l.<$....w.m?. . - i. . ..u.8.. «1345“... .I '~. ’8 II '1. .II. N.’ A. .I.-.v . . at...» t. .3... :r 3.1.. . . .1:. ‘4 " 1:319" . "3 Eu v. . .0 . A Hymn»..- 0: W '1 . ..- .7 .IO‘H DA. - ...H.w- - fl: 1 ,3 a. I . 1 . . .1! r l. v .x. ‘ z % ' .V' ' I . l‘i'n‘ lulovl-ll. A.r‘ ‘0' 3 . A .. . . . n.3,...” mp4? .111 . . —, ‘ v '.8 I ~A-b§ A")? 19.3“! "3—124“ ‘55P I .3193; 562.2 0 .1994 1 . ,Hlv’ ‘5": «w 2. m 0 91%? 24 5 ’ Michigan State University LIBRARY , ' SURVEY OF THE ACCESSIBILITY OF COLLEGE UNION FACILITIES TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC I O O 0 . a ' 'n‘ '1“* P ‘ . 1'1 ’ NW, A? ' ' 3'4'V '- '¥ , A Thesis Presented to. . . . . . hv~thesFaculty of the School of Hotel, Restaurant. . . , .f. . and Institutional Management“ .-. . . . . . t .., a - College of Business~ -’¢"-n’. F1~".‘, Michigan StatekUniveraity. . . . . ,, 6 ~ " ’ . V. In Partial Fulfillment ‘- v ' ~.: 2‘. . . . ”:7" - of the Requirements for the Degree:? :~".* .m" Haste? of’Arts " I“ I T"« . ~ - by , e t . . . . . . . . J . ;d_ i»- Ernest Leo Bebb, Jr. ‘November,1963. . . I . . . t . . TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ? 4-0 II. III. INTRODUCTION TO THE S UDY . . . . . . . . . . . o . . Selected Historical Facts as they relate to the recipients of College Union Services. . . . . . . Statement of the Problem. . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . Importance of the study . a . .'. . . . . . .'. . Review of Previous Studies which dealt in part with the Problem. . .‘. . . . . . . . .,. . . . . Summary . .'. . . . . . . . . .'...‘. . . . . . . . PROCESS . . . . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decision to use a Questionnaire; its‘draftiné, solicitation, use and limitations . . . . . . . a Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . THE SURVEY é DATAPRECEIVED FROM THE QUESTIONNAIRE « AND COMPARISON OF TEE RESULTS . . . . . . . . .' . o Grouping of College Unions According to their Policies and Practices toward the General Public. College Unions' Policies and Practices toward the General Public from a Regional Viewpoint. . . Characteristics of the Communities in which the Campuses are Located. . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Concerning Fourteen Revenue Producing Service Areas 0 o o e o o o Q o e e o o o o o o 0 PAGE 11 13 13 17 l9 l9 *4- Pi. L—a. 37141'1'ui‘i hf} ‘. If} L)!“ ”31.2" "“‘_'".,"'."o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ’17 The ACtiVli'Q’ i"«\ 'l‘ L‘ n" Th}: -5- .4,» '- ,1, they Kay INY“7”" ‘HJ Iehér;l f~‘1ig #0 Financinc or Wellcfi) 'H‘cw ‘lei3r33 fit P I WW'I‘ was a '1 t 1:1“? their to th? an??”f3fihf' €5'{Lu“‘ f“???4 ‘Wc w 1 | '1 -J ('OU‘BI‘“ ‘) ' .n o o o o o o o o o e o o o o o o o o o o J. r u‘cL'L’L'I‘I‘j' o o o o o o o o o o e o o e o o o o o o o o o o o (’1 "'1' F‘“"~ 7‘ (“' ‘ .., \ >"'v-‘ ’ :. r 'L . J, J . 4‘ )1 {Jl‘llj\-I‘)J-.LA‘ :11.) .‘l IAI‘ :2 A -~ ‘v '-, l -J o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 6/) COHClkISiOTHJooooooooooooooooooooooo66 Recommendation-S for further "nu?! . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 .,., “,)__, "\ 1"].“LI'».‘;LLP1'£Y0000o.coo.9.000000000000009 CO )‘37.’ ~ r a P , ' 1\.a-41 J..-\o o o o o o o o o o o o o o e o o e o o o o o o o e o o o 3 TABLE I. II. III. gV.. VI. vrx._ LIST OF TABLES PAGE Establishment of Groups by Answers to Key Questions. . . . 21 Union Operations as they are Distributed Among the Regions of the Association of College Unions and _..._... . !Grouped According to their Policy toward the General Public . . . t'. .‘t . . . . . . . . .<. . . . . 23 Union Operations Grouped According to the Size of the Community in which they are Located and According . . 'to their Policy toward the General Public. . . . . . . . 25 Substantial Objection by Proprietors of Similar Commercial Operations in the Community to Revenue - ~ ‘Producing Areas of the College Union Being Open to the General Public . .~. . .-. .1. . . . ... . . . .9.~.. 27’ Union Operations Grouped.Aocording to the Sims of~thef ' Full-time Graduate and Undergraduate Day Student 1' .Enrollment of their Campus and Accordingoto their . . ~ - Policy toward the General Public‘. . . . .i. . . . . . . 29 UhiOn Operations as they are Distributed Among Four Percentage Ranges of Commuting Students Grouped - - - According to their Policy toward the General Public. . . 29 Union Operation Policies toward Serving Other Publioe Outsideinf the immediate University Fumity Hreuped According to theirvPolioy toward the General Public. . . 31 TABLE PAGE VIII. Survey of Revenue Producing Service Areas Existing in College Unions in 1950 and 1959 Grouped According to their Operations' Overall Policy toward the General Public. Accessibility of the Individual Facility to the General Public is also Indicated . . .-. 39 IX. Union Operations as to whether or not Charges are Made to Student Organizations for Use of Meeting.. _ . ‘ Rooms Grouped According to their Policy toward the General Public . .,. .i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US I. Existence of Special Student Prices in Revenue A Producing Service Areas which Permit Accessibility to the.Genera1 Public. . ... . . . . . . 3-. . . . . . . U6 XI. Policies Concerning the Charging of Utility Expenses , to the Individual Union Operations . ... . . .,.,..e.. . h8 XII.. Policies Concerning the Charging of Maintenance DxPenses to the Revenue Producing Service Areas of -College Union Operations . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U9 XIII- Practice of Showing Hollywood.Motion Pictures Including the Existence of Admission Charges and Local Theater Owners Objection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 ' XIV. Foreign Film, Lecture and Concert Series and Professional Theater Attractions in Activity Programs . Including their Practices of Charging Admission, Existence of Special Student Rates, and Dependency on . General Public Revenue for Financial Feasibility . . . . 53 3. Tums . PA Q 31 XV. The Ninety-nine College Union Operations Which Used Only One Method to Finance Ninety Percent or More of their Buildings Grouped According to their Policy toward the General Public. . . . . . . . .‘. . . . . . . 58 ‘XVI." Methods Used to Finance Activity Pregrams of College ““‘ " Unions Grouped According to their Policy towards "-9 . ' 'i , . ' 9 . the Gefleral'PUblic e e e 0.0 e e e ... e e e e e 6 e e e 60 _ .3. a, ., .u I ‘ '.,' g . ., . : '. 1 ._ i "' H. . ". .' A ' 31‘." _*-';"‘ .'~t"'\ 3 '. '-)-"'s I ,. «." . nr¢zovsa v1w~ 'LIST‘OF.FIGUREST ‘5'? «T-**‘ "= 1 -'~ ‘5’! a.-'[\ I]:.~w. ..~. .. i 1‘ .. Fl. ..' . » “. x. -. "cf-L . 1.! If)". |l:.' 1. “‘ ' .L-‘ ‘K" I ‘ 'i PIGURE”‘““ ‘”.f ' ” "i"" i "' ‘* "‘3 ' ‘T " '”'i ”PAGE 1. ”Regional Alignment of the Association of College. " ‘F"‘ Unions’(Established 1953).;: .3.J.": :".“.*.'. .~.*‘“~'- 2h 0 O O - " ' '-. F . '. . . ~'. - ' . ". ‘ . '.w a: {a ...”"i 11 In? I'gsfil Y;" 9‘ - r I'.;g e'. ~‘ ' L. ‘ " .. ‘ ’I s . '1 P‘ ‘i’ I n ‘ ‘r‘ n 3 ( ! ' s- 1.: '“' er" - 1* ’ n: ”1'91. Hz. 0‘ Ha“) ‘ Y’ ‘ r '; n u} I a ' ‘ . ,, 1 A. .. l .I I " . ‘- ’ ’-i‘u « ' .Iv. . I.) l ,. wh>:.rs.'w . ‘ “i ‘ V " 9', ,‘ I i 'k' l '5 j g P -, o '4 P. I W ‘F ‘ I‘: .I.{Y \{ 1‘ ‘ ' Q ¢ ~ “ ‘. t. . - 1 , ‘ ‘1.g;o I ,‘ t f“ 1‘ V l , 1 an _A u (‘ :.-. ‘ ‘ . ‘_{ +:") \ I . A I ll.t‘,nP . . t s I I ‘ ‘ t r v -. r-’ I‘m jet . ‘ II .‘ \ (I '1 ' P \ i‘t I, N. -‘ ‘ ' CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION College Unions define their role through their international organisation, the Anennintinn of Onllann Un1nns. A portion nr thin M1- state“ ”"‘ "The union is the community center of the college, for all . the members of the college family-~students, faculty, admin- ‘Ji‘istration, alumni and guests. It is not just a building; it is . also an organization and a program. Together they represent a ”” well considered plan for the community life of the college. ' I “‘ As the 'living room' or the 'hearthstone' of the college, the union provides for the services, conveniences, and amenities the members of the college family need in their daily life on the campus and for getting to know and understand one a her through informal association outside the classroom." The past has shown that new groups or publics have been consist- entky'included since their rudimentary origins in the literary and debaiue societies of 1315 Cambridge and 1823 Oxford. Theirs was the desire to gather college men of mutual interests into informal extracurricular association.2‘ Statements from The Role of the Callege Union written in 1956, presented above, are far too inclu- sive to have applied in the early 1800's. ' ‘g. 1"The Role of the College Union," Collegg Unions - lggé, iePOI‘ts of Proceedings of the Thirty-third Annual Conference of the ssociation of College Unions. (Ithaca, New York: The Association, ‘ 1956), p. 10 2 . ' I‘ : f l Edith Ouzts Humphreys, Colle e Unions, a Handbook of College York: The Association of_College Commit Centers. " (111118039 New Ifiiona’ ¥9§E’. ‘. I ‘ .~ : . ‘.. o 2 The union director of a southwestern university stated on his answer to the questionnaire used in this study: "The university student union is not only the campus center of activity, but the center of activity for the community and in many cases, for the state." -.i. -. .3 I ' .y 2:;-.? '»~ «rj"The concept of the union is changing. Many, perhaps most, unionIEItarted as student unions.. But the very name of the Associ- ation which brings us tOgether in this conference teetifies to the.' fact thatwthe student union is no longer adequate to the life or,“ most of our.colleges and universities."3" -. Along with undeniable changes and growth of unions with regard to'physical plant, services of both revenue and non-revenue A producing nature, and their programs, there has also been an!“ x equally undeniable increase in theinumber of groups, both internal and external to the univeréity, which are served or'permitted to use the college union. ‘College union directors have discussed at length the many different kinds of physical structures, types of services, and areas of programming at their regular conferences and through the Association's Bulletin. However, except for generally theoreti- cal references as to whom should be served as a matter of pdlicy, 3Pride,'Harold E., "The Future of the College Union," : Colle e Unions - 1 60, Reports of the Thirty-seventh.Annual Conference of the Association of College Unions. (Ithaca, New‘Iork: The.Association, 1960), p. 51. ' y ‘ - Pu 110 3 the groups who are actually offered services of the union outside of the university family are rarely formally discussed. Such infre- quent discussion is usually of the nature of 'who eats where' and 'attends what' in the union. There is extensive material available as to the kinds of facilities and services which are available to the student. 'The student group, being the primary one of importance in the'university family to the college union, has demanded this strong _attention from.the beginning. However the general public has had . little study and there is only the very beginnings of any current information as to whether or not this group may even use a portion of the overall union facilities and services. ' . The two-following statements from the Association's‘ Bulletin are examples of why some unions have no reason to concern themselves with their intended services to the general public, as they do not desire to serve them‘either intentionally or accidentally. "How to Discourage 'Outsiders' Delegates puzzled by the problem of how to keep outsiders from using the union building, heard the following methods of control suggested at the New'York regional conferences..." (’ :“H , i ‘ "Trouble With Outsiders? ‘” i V I‘ ‘ ‘ j - Have Outsiders been using the facilities of your building? 1‘"How to Discourage Outsiders," e Bulletin 9§.§hg Association of College Unions, Vol. XXII ,No. 2, (December,.l955), i t 1' Several of the suggestions below may be of help to yous..."s On the other hand the following random quotes from the Bulletin, Association's Conference Proceedings, and various items of union brochure literature indicate that some unions are or are becoming very concerned with the serving of the community and general public not possessing any direct ties with the university family. ‘ ' i . T. "The facilities of the Memorial Student Center are for the use of students faculty members, alumni, and other citizens of. - the community.” 1‘ ' "It is Joltingly impressive to realize that, although many unions go under the name of student unions, in actuality they are college unions gr 539;.gggmunifiy ggntera." "One of the things in the union huilding which should he an advantage is that many of your facilities can be used in a commercial Operation....we are putting the load on the Union to keep the revenue producing section going at full steam, and even‘ pwg.if our student body should fall off, we can build up the revenue producing activity and thus provide the revenue for the bond l u,issue. This is very impressive to the bond house and is one of” the reasons we have been able to float, I think, one or two of '«1éthe largest.finanfial programs anywhere in the country.‘ ‘ With Our national prosperity for conferences, the university ' c_(_ 5"Trouble With Outsiders, " The Bulletin of the Association of Col llege Unions, Vol. XXV, No. 3,*TOctober, 1937), p. 2. 6Memorial Student Center, A brochure published by Texas A&M ‘ .00116ge (College Station, Texas, 1957), p. 2. ? 7Erdahl, Gerald O .T., "House Rules, Office Space and Room Reservations of College Unions throughout the United States and Canada," College unions, l9Sh, Reports of the Thirty-first Annual Conference of the Association of College Unions. (Ithaca, .. New York: The. Association, l9Sh), p. hi. “W.” , . ._ O "‘ "l I . V ’t (H 5,“... x - . 51”} . s . . g‘w 3 ’ -}--.'- i " v . . ‘. 1'11 "7 ‘ ' “’ as. ~ ' g 3 that does not get into the act is failing to serve its alumni and community, and incidently failing to make an off-season dollar."8 ‘ "All schools attending advised that they catered to both campus and off-campus organizations; however student groups were given priority and preference."9 "As its own sense of community grows, Jacksonville University will make greater contribution to the community of Jacksonville. * Its student center will come to have a function not only in college life, but also in the life of the city."10 elm: "The center will serve two purposes: to care for out-of-class lvu"needs of 1,h00 students and to provide a much needed meeting place for Western Oklahoma public schools, civic clubs, and pro- n~‘fessional groups."11 . k- 'l ' - v .ow .. - f V v w~-,-’ '.\ = - 4 smmmmormsmoslsu' ‘ ‘ *‘ Although all college'unions are admittedly individual in the characteristics of their facilities and services, it is sensible fer a union board,‘director, er university to consider common character- istics of many operations when planning for a new union building. 8Lisle T. Ware, "The Future of the College Union," College Unions - 1959, Reports of the Thirty-sixth Annual Conference of the Association of College Unions (Ithaca, New York: The Association, 1959), P0 2050 9"Regions Pose More Questions---and Answers," The Bulletin of the Association 23 College Unions, Vol. XXI, No. 2, (Kay, 19§37,‘p35. 10"Tho Values of a Union to College, City," The Bulletin of the Association 23 College_Unions, Vol. XXV, No. 3, (October, 1937), pill. ll"Thistnion for Student and Civic Use,” The Bulletin{of the Association 93; College Unions, Vol. XXIII, No. 3, - “rob, 19367;. P. 90 ‘ ‘ “" ’H k ‘ "' f‘ . 6 What unions do today is important, just as what unions should do has always been important. There is positive evidence that some college unions do offer their facilities and services to many publics out- side of the immediate university or college family; therefore,infor- mation should be made available as to what extent unions practice this extension of their services and if there are indications of any characteristics which align themselves with such extension of services. Before extensive information and study in this area can be ' termed vital, it should be determined whether this operational practice is a somewhat frequently'found one or an essentially uncomp men one shared by only a few college unions. If the latter is true, extensive informatiOn and study of the subject would have little value to the profession as a whole.; If the former is true to any . sizeable degree, lack of infernation and study precludes much intel- ligent thinking on the subject by new unions and effective evalu- , ation of the subject’by all operations. Certainly the subject of college unions serving the general public includes more than whether or not services and facilities of the union are accessible to the general public which is not inter- related.with the college or university in any way. Two primary areas of the subject shall not be investigated or made a part of this study.' I (1) If accessibility is permitted, to what extent does the general public actually use the facilities and services? chum. (2) To what extent does the operation benefit and conse- {quently promote this use of facilities and services? By not including these two areas, it should not be assumed that they are not important. However, their importance to the profession as a whole does depend on whether accessibility of services and facili- ties is more than an occasional practice. -At the present time , information of this nature is limited. A study in 195h which analyzed the house rules, office space, and room reservation information from 106 responding unions con- tained two questions on the subject of the general public and union facilities. The designation of groups refers to the size of the full-time, day student campus enrollment as followssa" Smell L' under'l3,ooo, Medium - 3,009 to 8, 000; Large - over 8,000. "What groups of individuals are permitted in the union r building?.... 1 ' _ ‘ ,: ‘n .. If the general public is not permitted in the building,'are there times when the general public may use the building? YES Small 2% Medium 51% Large 21% weighed Mean 7% a " ’ “ *‘ "“- _ Restricted facilities: 4 V YES Small hh;o Medium 51% Large 21% weighed Mean 37% -~ . ' " Tv".‘ ‘ C' L; The general public has use of 33% of all college unions at~ “all times, occasional use of total facilities in 73 of the unions, and restricted but occasional use in hhi of the unions.? Only twenty (of the reSponding) unions prohibit the general public using their facilities at all times.. One-third of the ’ “ unions' directors strongly recommend restricted use of facili- ties for the general public."12 .~'~"’1“." 12Erdahl, 22. cit., pp. hO-hl. ‘;.,.,:, " =-. I . . " r._\(.1: ril ;H;‘I . . The 1957 Hesser Study of the Operation of College Unions which analyzed responses from ninety-seven unions included two relative questions: "Question #5 6 - Are facilities of the building available to off-campus groups? If yes, describe briefly what groups and how they use the building. Thirty-four unions indicated that facilities were not avail- able to off-campus groups. The balance (sixty-three) indicated the facilities could be used by off-campus rroups with some g reservations; such as, the president's office(' 8) approval or '" when student Use permitted it. Some (unions) indicated (that) M.dguests of students, faculty, and the administration were permit- ted to use (some of the) facilities. Twenty of the unions ‘Jindicated that the facilities were Open for meetings, such as, educational short courses, conferences, and seminars.’ Three ’“ . indicated that their union served as a community center for the ' ‘ city in addition to being a student center. “ ' ' Qufifitivn £37 - Are all building facilities available to thy N .‘2 general public? , Approximately one-half of the unions are not open to the 2‘ general public. About one-half of those who are open to the . general public have some restriction, generally that student use takes priority over any other use.' I believe that although the ‘_others did not indicate this reservation, it is made by most SChOOlS." 3' 1 " ’*"“ '1 - ‘ i 9. ~" fi'-.-\» 4 L Two characteristics of the above studies should be noted. Neither study was primarily concerhed with the subject at hand, nor 'did their results in either case_represent even a simple majority of the total number of operations solicited. The Erdahl study analyzed 106 questionnaires out of a questionnaire distributed to 229 unions; the Hesser study analyzed 97 questionnaires out of a questionnaire (r & ‘_. A‘ A f 13Abe L. Hesser, "A Study of the Operations of College‘ . Unions," . A commissioned work for the Association of College Unions .published in Review of Union Special Studies, I, (Ithaca, New York: The Association, fie ebruary, 19607, pp. 1-3. distributed to 250 unions. Because the studies did not primarily concern the question of the general public's accessibility, the referenced questions did not investigate this subject to any depth. The revenue producing facilities of a college union often have 'many commercial counterparts in a community in the form of restau- rants, hotels, recreational businesses, stores, shops, etc., which are eeliciting the same customer trade and therefore may object to the similar services being Provided by the union operation. .The Boulder (Colorado) Chamber of Commerce solicited a questionnaire on this facet of the problem entitled "Survey on University -vs--Private Business Relationships." The survey included sixteen university and college Operations questioned through local chambers of commerce.,. Although the universities' Operations as a whole in the area of general public relationship were studied, certain questions were spe- cifically directed to the union's activities. Pertinent questions \ andL their answers are summarized as follows: ‘ ‘ Question: 'Which of the following facilities are available in this (Student Union) or some other university building and who . ,csn use these facilities? ,, H Students ’ Students, ‘ General ,.& Faculty .‘Faculty, ; ,Publio "only &A1muni' " Snack Bar ' ' ” 2 ” "' 56 ’ ' 8 22s Cafeteria 2 . .6.“ 8 Other eating facility 1 . 'h" 6 Bowling Alleys 3 6 ‘fBilliard Tables 1 1 6 Book Store . . "w pth.._ .w.. ”‘3., a . , 8 . Barber Shop ‘ ‘3 Jewelry, drugs, clothing ' ‘ . ' ‘ ' l 10 ' Question: Does the university make its facilities available to private parties, luncheons, teas, etc.? Yes: 6 ' l to guests of a faculty person ‘ 3 with approval of Chamber of Commerce ’ ‘ 1 with special arrangements 3 limited 1 rarely No: 1 Question: Does your university have rooms for rent to visitors in competition with hotels and motels? Yes: h S for conventions, conferences, seminars, etc. 1 visitors, parents, etc.l o . I. 1'. “I"‘.“O . t 0 Question: During the past five years what has been the trend (cbmpetition with private business)? = . a . -- Mere competition h Less competition 2 _ , Little change 9- 3 'lh .- Although the Boulder Chamber of Commerce study points out far more specifically certain operational areas to which accessibility is perwdtted the general public, it was a regional study which ‘ surveyed only sixteen operations in ten states (Colorado, Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, and Wyoming) All three studies give positive evidence that in some areas some Operations have elected to include the general public in! the groups which are being servedi‘ Therefore this study shall con- . v ! e th. W'. Reich, "Survey on University -vs- Private Business Relationships" (Boulder, Colorado: Boulder Chamber of Commence, 1957), (Iflmographedo) ‘ ' I i 1 I. . 1 . ‘ 4“ 11 centrate on discovering how many of the total number of operations, to the extent that information there in can be received, permit accessibility of college union facilities and services to the general public. Further, to what particular facilities and services this accessibility is permitted in the operations, and what similar characteristics of operation exist in certain selected subject areas. By extending the number of operations surveyed and expanding the number of specific areas included,'the extent of the importance of the entire subject may in part be established. In addition certain Operational characteristics may be indicated.and recommendations ' made'fOr use “information found both in regardto current Opera- dtionS'and to’future studies. summer - . Through revipw Of articles which have appeared in the Association of College Unions' Bulletins, Conference Proceedings, brochures printed by college uniOn Operations, and related studies, evidence indicates that college unions have opposing views as to whether the general public should be permitted accessibility to the college union. Because of the inherent feeling of unfair commercial competition in addition to the compromising of primary service to the college student, a considerable amount of the controversy con- cerns the revenue producing-service areas of the Operation. :Other facilities, such as student organizational offices, workrooms, and 12 lounges simply are not areas which would be of interest to the general public whether they are available or not. This is also true of the activity program which is generally concerned with campus- directed interests and activities. Two studies encompassing more than one hundred Operations have included one or two questions concerning this matter; however the prime purpose of those studies concerned other factors of- college-union operation. A shorterisurvey of a local nature revealed that in Colorado and surrounding states accessibility was permitted to the general public to some extent in a number of the . operationswsurveyed."‘~ «- 5...,» .. With positive evidence that the general public is permitted to use the'revenue producing service areas in some union Operations,, this study'will investigate the extent and the specific areas in which the practice exists for as large a number of union operations“ 'as practicable. 'Investigation of many revenue producing service areas will minimise the fact that one area, such as a tobacco stand at the main information desk, which sells to the general public is: . indicative of the general Operational practice of the union. By._ surveying college unions across-the,country, the study will indicate what is widely practiced and whether regional differences exist in .-the operations investigated.«* M It 3‘..|“' r‘.“"'; a ‘f ‘ 1"! ‘ 's.‘.!'. e FA . CHAPTER II PROCESS As there was not pertinent information available about a large number of college unions, a direct questionnaire was used. Because the questionnaire sought responses from a large number of Operations located throughout the'United States and Canada, a postal question- naire'was ~ service areas?, ' and consequently indicated that the general public were not permitted accessibility when questions were asked at the time specific areas were investigated. ,;.,- Group_ II - Operations which answered 'NO' to the question: ' 'May the general public use some or all of the revenue producing service areas?, ' but indicated that the general public were : , permitted accessibility when questions were asked at the time ‘ .specific areas were investigated. Group_ III - Operations which answered 'Yes' to the question: Way the general public use some or all of the revenue producing service areas?, ' and consequently indicated that the general public were permitted accessibility when questions were asked at the time specific areas were investigated. 1‘,- ,(} ‘ , C " Group III, those unions which openly permit accessibility by Q. ‘~ 21 the general public to some or all revenue producing service areas, has a definite superiority in number over either of the other two groups; however, there is not a majority group of the three. Group I is next in the number of Operations in the group. Group II is the smallest group with approximately half the number of operations as the largest group. This smallest group contains those operations = which pdlicywwise do not extend their raysnue producing service - ‘areastto‘the general public; but Operationally speaking do so; «.. ,;,:s vi . ~': .- v- TABLE I “ ESTABLISHMENT OF GROUPS BY ANSWERS T0 KEY QUESTIONS' .1 .‘ The QuestiOns:thay the general public use some or all of the revenue . r-yzpye=‘3 producing_service areas? ...after indicating specific revenue producing areas, is accessibility permitted to the general public?* \ I AM A 4‘ n... 1.11 La alum JILL Julia—LIALLMA r i"'l1;_L" L1: 14‘; All A Lil l .1wm,;nr,,gr,,, ”geNumben.gwfi;nq g,,gPer.Cent Group I- Unions answering,‘g;(, L.:Fyr,tgy, ', g; 3,,\- T5 :5: ,3 'NO' to both questions ’ ' " ' 51 ‘ ' ‘ 28 ..‘, . , . . . I f: Ii 1: ' W. .. Group II- Unions answering ' .1 ‘ 'NO' to the first question, . ..Ty.n‘g _ - . _, .‘y, I . but 'YES' to the second question "‘ ' h6 “ ' "'25 Group III— Unions answering ”d F r i ' ‘ E . I 'YES' to_both questions} _. m ,, g 87 . , ,. h? Total of all groups 18h 100 , r *This question takes into consideration only the answers to questions concerning specific areas of the building facility and not events of the activity program. Facilities operate on a daily or near daily basis while activity program events may be weekly, monthly, or even yearly in occurrence. 22 w 1 II. COLLEGE UNIONS' POLICIES AND PRACTICES TOWARD THE GENERAL PUBLIC FROM A REGIONAL VIEWPOINT Looking at the groups from a regional view of the country as divided by the Association of College Unions, the geographical area of the country does not appear to have any consistent influence on their size in relation to each other. The Association of College ' Unions' membership is divided into eleven regions for administrative purposes. The alignment, as it determines areas involved in annual regional conferences, was accomplished "in accordance with union population and/or commoninterests and problems."1 Hence, this study .used their regional grouping for purposes of investigating whether m or not the policy toward the general- public varied in any apparent . Spattern across the country. ; 1.. I . v a The two regiqns which have a higher number of Operations in Group I than in the other two groups are Region 2 (New York and I Eastern Canada) and Region h (the southeastern states). It should be noted that these two regions were among the lowest in their percent- efage of response to number of operations solicited. At that, however, ,f'neither of these regions have a simple majority of their operations 1 l in Group I as far as their responses were concerned. Four of the . 1"New‘Regional Set-up Ready," The Bulletin of the Association "Of College Unidns, Vol. XXI, N0. 2; (October, 19337— P‘ 1:. ' \ .-- s -: l-H 3' - " ‘ :“ I I 2‘ .1", A . )1, s ‘I- * I. 23 eleven regions have a simple majority or better of their Operations in Group III which give open pormissihility and accessibility to the general public in some of the surveyed areas. There is no geo- graphic similarity among these regions, however. Table II together with the illustrative map in Figure I indicate the responses by regions and the regional structure of the Association of College mama. if a I TABLE II UNION OPERATIONS AS THEY ARE DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE REGIONS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGE UNIONS AND GROUPED ACCORDING TO THEIR POLICY TOWARD‘ THE GENERAL PUBLIC Region Group I. Group II Group III Total No. Total No. Percentage ~ Number 'No' . 'No-Yes' 'Yes' . Respondents Solicited of Response A .4 A A.- AA- 1 1 3 7? 6 7 10 13 76.9; 2 6 S, ’a 3 1h 32 h3.8% - 3 S 3 6 1h 23 60.9% h 9 5 S .' 19 31 61.3; s 6 S 7 * 18 22 81.86 6 7 3 . 15 2s ‘ 32 78.11 7 3 2 . h 9 12 75.0; 8 7 h 9 20 2h 83.3% 9 3 2 12 17 28 60.7% 10 - 2 h 9 15 17 ' 83.3; 11 2 10 1o 22 29 75.9% not ‘identified 1 l ' 51 ES 87 185 265* 69.7% *Although questionnaires were sent to 293 institutions, twenty-nine 'acknowledged the solicitation, but stated that there was not a union Operation as yet on their campus. Those twentybnine institutions were not 001'! sidered as being solicited or respondents. w—v- GINN DESK MAPS Nu 1 . im rum P / I 1 ‘RI-han' Eda Harri-ml, < 'I . "filf‘hidcghhh. { w -- ,L’ffiv‘ ‘9..- I,, 1%» > , FIGURE 1 - REGIONAL ALIGNMENT OF THE .* ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGE UNIONS (Established 1953) III. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMMUNITIES ' IN WHICH THE CAMPUSES ARE LOCATED Ih2.§122.2£ the community. The campuses of all the college unions surveyed essentially fall into two of the four population groups of the question, 1.9., in communities between 5,000 and.. 50,000 persons and communities over 100,000 persons excluding the ,Campus population. The only significant difference to be noted con- sidering actual size of numbers compared to Group total as well as percentages is that unions operating in the smaller communities are): more likely tobe Open to the general public. In communities over. S. 100,000 pOpulation in which both groups have approximately the same number ofggpsrations represented,‘neither have a majority.a ‘3 TABLE III .UNION OPERATIONS GROUPED ACCORDING TO THE SIZE,‘ OF THE COMMUNITY IN WHICH THEY ARE LOCATED ~-m‘»A.AND ACCORDING TO THEIR POLICY a TOWARD THE GENERAL PUBLIC b .A_ ! P0pulation* . , 3., Group I . Group II Group III , Total . ' ' ' 'No' ' 'NO-Yes' I 'Yes' " ' ' Under 5,000 ' .p 3 _ 17% p 7 i 39% ‘..‘ 8 . hh£-, { 18 .100% 5,000 - h9,999 ‘ 23 25% “ 21 23% A7 52% ' 91 1005 50,000 - 100,000 “ 3‘ .22% H S f 36% . 6 , h2£ 1A 7100% Over 100,000 ‘ ‘8 22 37% ' 12 - 19% 26 tux 60 100% 22 answer 1 ‘ l _ l 51 £6 87 ' 185 w L‘.-.‘ A..- A._._. A L . -, *POpulaticn of the greater community area not including non- resident students of the college or university. 26 The proximity relationship of a community_bus iness district to the campus.. Sixty-five percent of all the Operations indicated that there was a business district adjacent to the campus. This percent- age did not vary greatly among the three groups. If the existence of an adjacent business district has an influence on the decision of a cellege union to serve the general public, the responses to this question indicate that it may be a slightly negative one. . 1 I ‘ .‘ Group I Group II Group III Total 'No' A, N 'No-Yes' .2 'Yes' Business district IE8 39 76,3 , 27 59% ~. SA 62% 120 65% adjacent ' NO 12 2h% 19 h1% 9 3 385 6h 5% to campus £10073 , E61002 710032 T811100 IObJection by preprietors 23 commercial gperations $3 the community _t_._o_ similar union facilities 1:53.125; 9231; to the general p__l$g,. A college or university, whether it be private or state operated, is generally at least somewhat sensitive to public Opinion in the local community. The college union being an operational unit of the College or university should, if they are not required, be equally sensitive to public opinion, especially regarding areas of their operation which involve the members of the community. The cone templations' one new union Operation, Considering opening their revenue producing service areas to the members of the community not associated with the institution might initially weigh more heavily'” .ron acceptance or at least minimal objection to such a_practice by _ local businesses engaged in similar services than any other single factor. 27 TABLE IV ‘ < . 3‘ SUBSTANTIAL ostCTION er PROPRIETORS OF SIMILAR COMMERCIAL opsaATIONS IN THE COMMUNITY TO ' REVENUE PRODUCING AREAS OF THE COLLEGE UNION BEING OPEN TO THE GENERAL PUBLICe Area . g. a _ Substantial ‘ Group II Group III Objection, ‘ ' 'No-Yes' ‘Yes' Feed Services‘, ,, .Yes ‘_ 7, 15% IS 17% ~ . - ‘ NO "’ ’ 3O 65% ' ” " 69 ‘ 80% t ,,,‘ no answer . 9 20%‘_ _ 3 3% e -~ '* ‘E'Slm""”"671'0'67 Guest Rbbms ””““ “'- Yes " '3 1 ‘ 25%” ' O Fry‘s”, H-,“, .. ,..,.,... ., .. n NO , A _ .. 7 . h 1. 3T 75% . .11 85% I ‘ ’ ' "'““ ’ no answer'” " ”" " ' .' ’ _g‘ 15% . . ‘ ,‘ g 'E’ 166%‘ 13 166% Games 5reas_, ._,‘ .Yes . 1 , _ 1 17% O ' ' ‘ a", ..'.v'- i Ar v_" :No -" 1,} " ll .- 66%. ;.31 93/; r, _ , , no answer 3 1 , 17% . _§ ‘ 7% .- r-A-r! -. -. - 'w“ "6 166% Ti ‘ l " 33 166?: Booksto‘fa 7"”) 3., :i .I.X.'-'“Yes' .,' ' '1 I.“-‘ .‘q 6 21/1; ‘1' I r_ 9 15% ' N0 .. 21. 72A . AB. 78; “ 1 3 no anewer ”ii "”“ _g, 7% a ' " 7% :t._. P ”33?" )..__.,, n ”I. N l “4'. 29 16.6% 1 1.0.6.12 Barber33hop,,, ,_ , . Yes _ __ ; h 31% h 16% "“ h ” ' 'r NO "‘ " 9 69% 2h 86% no answer ‘__ ' ' 13 I662 53' 1662 A A k .— A A .....n. , W #Totals and percentages calculated using total number in each group having such facilities accessible to the general public. hf... The questions concerning substantial Objection by proprietors of similar business Operations in the community to similar areas in the union being Open to the general'public is‘acknowledgedly‘one'Of 28 opinion on the part of the respondent. It is interesting to note, however, that without exception Group III's operations which are Openly accessible to some extent to the general public have a higher no objection rate than the inconsistent policy and operation of unions in Group II. The operations in Group I did not answer the questions as they were not applicable to them as they were stated. The size 2; the campus enrollment." At the extremes, oper- ations closed to the general public have their largest percentage on campuses under 2,500; and operations Open to the general public"" have their greatest percentage on campuses over 10,000 full-time I graduate and undergraduate day students. The first group has a decrease from thirty-two percent to twenty percent, while the last -7' group consistently increases from forty to fiftyhsix percent as the enrollment groups increase from 'under 2,500' to 'Over 10,000.' The inconsistent group rhich states one thing in its policy and another 0 in its Operation has a small variance between twenty and twentybeight percent in the four enrollment groups. ” The percent 2: commuting students 22 the campus. Except for GrOups I and II in the smallest percentage of commuting students group used, the proportion Of Operations in each group remains about the same when the campuses are divided accOrding to their percentage ‘ of commuting students. Group I is somewhat smaller in number of . Operations and Group II somewhat larger in that instance. Commuting I‘ 29 students being defined as those who live at home, generally in the same community: TABLE V . UNION OPERATIONS GROUPED ACCORDING TO THE SIZE OF THE FULL-TIME GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE DAY STUDENT ENROLLMENT OF THEIR CAMPUS AND ACCORDING TO THEIR POLICY TOWARD THE GENERAL PUBLIC ‘ 'I‘I Enrollment V Group I Group II F ,. Group III Total “5" ' ~i ~‘"v= 'NO' " ' 'NoeYes' *‘ ‘ ~ 'Yes‘ " ' ' ..'I . .fi? ,. .I‘. A under 2,500 i ._21 32% ‘18 . 28% i 26 not , ‘ 6S . 100g 2,500.5,000 ”ai- 12' '2h% ‘ ' 13 ‘ 27: ‘ -' 2h * h9% 1' ‘ A9 ‘ 100% 5,000-10,000 ,_ 13 a 29%. i 9 f 20%, y 23 .51% _ A; . 100% Over 10,000 I ' S * 20% ‘“‘ 6 2h% ’ 1h 56%' ' 25‘ 100% TABLE VI UNION OPERATIONS AS THEY ARE DISTRIBUTED AMONG: FOUR PERCENTAGE RANGES 0F COHMUTING STUDENTS GROUPED ACCORDING TO THEIR POLICY _ TOWARD THE GENERAL PUBLIC I" Percentage of Group I Group II Group III Total Commuter Students 'No' 'No-Yes' 'Yes' Under 10% ~r *. 11 ' 19% ,A; 19 33% - - 28- AB% 58 100% 10% - 25% -' . . ‘ 16 “:BBX ~ 1 -9 18% 2A' A9% A9 . 100% 25% - 50% ‘> >r * 11 430A *9 2A% " 17 ' A6% 37 100% Over 50% - - * 13 ' 3Az' - ‘8 21% - 17 ASA A 38 100; ; no answer " ‘ ' ” ‘.' ‘ =1 “3 -’ . 1 ‘, 2' A A Ag #AA A___‘ _-_ 30 3122.2; institution. Union Operations exist within institu- tions which may'be divided into four groups as follows: state, municipal, private and a combination of two or more. Respondents to the questionnaire fellvery predominately into just two of the cate- gOries. Sixty-six percent of the operations are on state campuses and twentybnine percent are on private campuses. Approximately one quarter of the state institutions' college union operations are closed to the general public and one third of the private institu- tions' union operations are so closed. Fifty-percent of the state institutions and fortybfive percent bf’private institutions openly permit accessibility to the general public to some or all revenue prOducing service areas of their college union Operations.¥uTabu-. lation Of the relative data may be found in the appendix. 1 Other individuals and gr wps outside of the college or university family. The portiOn of the survey which covered publics outside of the immediate college or university family2 indicated that some Of the Operations which offer their facilities to the general public do so ondan individual use basis only. That is, an 2For purposes of this study, the following general classifi- cations were used. Immediate college Or university family includes students, faculty, and non-academic personnel. Publics outside of the immediate college or university family include specific members, parents Of students, alumni, state or government ‘ personnel desiring use of conference facilities, conference dele- ~gates, official guests of the institution, commercial vendors of the institution, and the general public. . 'l t s" individual not associated in any way with the college may use a 31 facility of the union, but may not reserve union facilities for his group, conferences, etc. Of the eighty-seven which indicated that accessibility was permitted to the general public, sixty-two reported that non-campus sponsored organizations were permitted to use the ccnference f it * AA“. < acilities an 1 r . ' d services of the college union. qn‘w-i rtu ;,~ r 101.2 ‘_':2"..‘ ’ , ~ ‘ TABLE VII ;'5u (it's—A '.‘H." ‘ . ‘ ‘ 7:.” UNION OPERATION POLICIES TOWARD SERVING OTHER PUBLICS. OUTSIDE OF THE IMMEDIATE UNIVERSITY FAMILY OROUPED ACCORDING TO THEIR POLICY TOWARD THE GENERAL PUBLIC Public which Group I Group II Group III . may-use:1:f . .1,‘ 'NO' _ 'No-Ies' ,; 'Yes' y Total " - ‘ (51)» <56)» <87)» * new Parents of _,_ Yes .“50,&,98%,7.q 39,, 85%; ‘ .83 95% 172‘ 93% Students‘ “ “ No "_1 “ 2%."& 6 13%"‘*~' 1' - '4 7 A; Alumni “ i'flYesf‘r g0”; 98%"”n hS’ig98% I“ ‘I8hii 97% ' 1791"97% ‘ I__ No ,_ 1“ 2% r‘_ 1 a 2% - " 2, 1% State/Gov't _. Yes. 37.,.73E (I 35 H 76% . 78 - 90% 150 82% Conference3"‘ NO‘H*“ 8 '16% i ‘ 6 135. ‘I. h'*” 5% > 18‘“ 10% University'fii”Yes 0"51"1005‘”i- A2 5 91%” '-- 8h * 97%'7-177'“ 96% Conferencesh“. ngr- ,1 _ag*__ 3 ‘.l7% V g . 3 26 Non-Univ. '.ilYes 19".29E _H, 25 Sh% .H_ 2 71% 102 55% Conferences "':No 32’ 63% "' 16 35$ ' ' _19 22% ' M67 36% Guests or"" 'Ies" A6 ? 903 i 'h2 ‘ 91$ ' 82‘ 9h%‘ 170 92$ University Noy 2 NE 2 1%. Vendors, Yes 28 553 20 h3£ 67 773 115‘ 635 Salesmen No 18 355 21 hofi ll 13% SO 27% *Total number Of respondents in each group. ents did not answer all the questions concerning the other publics; therefore individual percentages do not always total 100$. | A All the respond- 32 Identification cards are not popularly used and those that are, are rarely checked by operatiOns which do not permit accessi- bility to the general public. Group I Group II 'No' 'No-Yes' If the general public is not permitted to use some or all revenue producing service areas, is an identification card re- __ ,, _._ ' quired for the areas Or the " . IE3 1A 27% “- 17 -37% building itself? . ‘ : NO 3A 67% . 26 SSA ni‘;.'?!)“' "‘“," - Is this identification regu- _ _ YES 6 ' . , . 8 . larly checked? " - ' N0 8 ’ ‘ ‘ h " " *zv-afiv- '1, 35.47.“ :fiy',. g'r: ~‘ . ‘. p' ’* 9. DATA CONCERNING FOURIEEN REVENUE ; PRODUC INC SERVICE AREAS This section reports data concerning fourteen of the most common revenue producing service areas in college unions during 1959 and 1950. Because this study deals with a category of Operations to - which some, but not tecessarily all, areas may permit accessibility to the general public, the data includes the status of such accessi- bility on an individual basis.g In addition, the number of existing facilities in each area is included. For added diaplay value the facilities are liSted in the order Of their over all 1959 frequencyt It is interesting to note that only bowling alleys ranked any diff ferently in 1959 than they did in 1950. Bowling alleys were tenth in popularity in 1950; in 1959 they wereieighth. . The fountain'gg snack bar area is the most frequently found I 33 . revenue producing facility in college union Operations both in 1950 and 1959. It is also a facility which very generally permits acces- sibility to the general public if.the Operation permits the general public accessibility either Openly or just Operationally. Group I, whose Operations are closed to the general public, has declined in its percentage of operations which have such facilities since 1950 by 7.11%.- Group II which Officially does not, but operationallyfdoes permit Accessibility to the general public in some or all revenue producing service areas has increased the percentage of their opera- tions having fountain service by over-10%. 'Group III which openly-u . permits accessibility to the general public has increased itsv percentage in this area by less than 1% since 1950. .r.., r, '-» The cafeteria was and is the second most frequently found” revenueproducing service facility. Group I has had nearly a 10%» decline in frequency of the facility since l9SO,~Group II has increased over 10%) and Group III has had a very slight increase ; since 1950. All Operations combined have had about a.l% increase in the number of‘cafeteria facilities with the cafeteria being found in 82% of-all the respondents'-operations. Although the group openly permitting accessibility to the general public permitted such acces- sibility to the osteteria, the group which only Operationally per- mitted the general public definitely stated that one-third-of their cafeterias did not permit generalipublic trade.iir*, t‘,,_'a,‘._. ’I-. a _. , . btr’Y“"p§' “2 f1 -,‘ . -- !, Tobaccg, candy, and magazine stand§_were found in apprOxi- 3h mately three quarters of all Operations in 1950. By 1959 operations not permitting accessibility to the general public at all had stands of this nature in less than 60,? of their operations. The groups of Operations actually and Openly permitting accessibility to the general public have increased the number of stands in their Opera- tions to over 80%. For these two latter groups the tobacco, candy, and magazine stand facility is almost always one to which accessi- bility is given the general public. “~ ,~ ‘w'~ } ~‘w, Bagguet and catering service exists in 7h.5% of all the Oper- ':atione observed in.1959, and none of the groups vary'from this per- a centage.by even as much as five percentage points. However, Oper- ations closed to the general public have dropped the percentage having this service°from 81% in 1950 while Operations openly per- ' mitting the general public have increased the percentage number by- sixteen percentage‘points. ‘Considerably over half of Group II- operations having banquet and catering service do not extend_it to the general public organizationst: Two-thirds of the operations- Openly'permitting the general publiO*in~some or alljareasxoffer'this service to their organizations. Billiards is the fifth most frequently found revenue pro- ducing facility in college union Operations, and the foremost Of the purely recreational services in the revenue producing category. ‘Operationa closed to the general public decreased slightly their per- 35 centage having this facility from 1950 to 1959. In 1959 nearly 59% of the operations in this group had billiard facilities. Billiards, however, has shown one of the greatest increases in the other two groups Of any revenue producing service area. Group II increased billiards in their Operations by 10.3 percentage points to nearly 70%, and Group III by 22.3 points to 70%. Sixty-seven percent of all Operations have this facility, but it is not commonly Open to the general public in the two groups which do permit some or all such "' secessibility.‘ Over three-fourths bf the Operations in Group II having the facility donot permit the general public to use it and nearly oneéhalf of the operations in Group III haVing the facility do ."1‘ not permit accessibility tO'the general public. ‘ "” ' Bookstores exist in 62.5% of all operations surveyed. Looking at the individual groups, however, the operations closed to the general public did not have this high a percentage in 1950 when' ’ Inh3.8% cf'their number had bookstores and since that time they have decreased to 37.3% in 1959. 'Grou .II's unions had.bookstores in ' 59.3% of their Operations in 1950 and increased to 71.8% by 1959. h . Operations openly permitting the general public into some or all' areas of their Operations increased the number of bookstore facil- ities from 67.8% to 72.h%. ‘With few exceptions both of the groups which permitted acceSSibility to the'general public at all permit- , ted it to the bookstore if the facility existed;" I ‘ ' 5 ' I e we +~.4ae : ,. - 4e: 36 Dining rooms with table service, being found in less than half of all the Operations, is the least prevalent of all the food services surveyed. They are the only revenue producing area which are found considerably more Often in operations closed to the general public than ones permitting accessibility to the general public at 'all. Operations closed,to the general public have decreased the inclusion of this facility from 65.6% in 1950 to 62.8% in 1959; Unions operationally Open to the general public increased the dining ~room facility from hh.h% to 52.2% in 1959. Operations openly per- «mdtting,tfie general public have also increased the inclusion of this facility, slightly from 30M to 36.8% in 1959. ‘._Approximately forty i percent of the dining rooms in both groups permitting accessibility to the general public in one way or anOther restrict this facility from the.general public.’ F Bowling‘gllgxg exist in approximately'one-third of each of the ‘9 groups in 1959 and gave shown a somewhatweven growth in popularity among the three groups since 1950 when slightly over a quarter of all operations had the facility.d Significant observation in the bowling alley area is that Groups II and III indicate somewhat Opposite views on giving accessibility of this facility to the general public.‘ Group II's unions, which are operationally opengto the general public,urestrict the general public from eighty-five percent of their alleys.x,0roup-III Openly permits-the general public to sixty-four percent of theirs in 1959.~ It‘should be noted,yhowever, that this is 37 a decrease from seventy-five percent in 1950 in the latter instance. Barber shops had a slight decline in popularity from 1950 to 1959. /Groups II and III maintained barber shops in one-third of the operations. GrOup I indicated that they had shOps in one-quarter of their operations in 1959. If the general public is permitted to use . any revenue producing area in the union, they are permitted to use' the barber shop with rare exception. 'Further investigation might ’ very well reveal that the reason for this being true is that very Often barber shop areas are leased by local barbers in the community and charge barber union prices to students and the general public » alike} ’ .. j: ; -_ -; n . . Q3 ..,.1. ,,J W ‘Qgggtpgggmg. Although nearly twenty-five percent of all union operations reporting indicated that they included guest room facil- ities, the range in {lumber of rooms to a facility extended from one room to 270 rooms.‘ Because of the very large differentiation factor, any percentages counting each facility as one regardless of size would be easily misleading. Ihe largest facility reported in Group I contained eighteen rooms. jGroup II reported one facility with sixty rooms, three facilitiesiwith forty to forty-two rooms and five more facilities with less than forty rooms. Group III reported six facilities with the following number of rooms each: 270, 200, 183, 150, 90, and 81. Group III also reported eleven additional facilities with twenty-seven Or fewer rooms each. Only one of the 38 larger facilities in Group II permitted accessibility to the general public. All, but one, of the larger facilities in Group III permit- ted such accessibility togthe general public when attending a group conserence, cOnvention, etc., but not generally on an individual b3315f i I Gift Sho a, Drug Stores, Clothing Stores, and Beauty Shopgare grOuped together for the discussion as they are the least commonly' found of the facilities directly questioned in the survey. None of them.are found in twenty percent or more of the total number of Operations of Group III in 1959. Except for the beauty shop facil- i Iities, these four facilities are generally Open to the general 1 i .. .. : .. ' public, if any'facilitiestare. ',, f, g A. { -.. 2 1‘. ‘ \‘w'w H -~‘~ ’e- .o— i v .-.- .- .. —.» -“ 'ov-§.~.— -A . - - ‘ M.- ”'.#h ~Hr-v ‘ NH”. v-H-Co“ I- ‘\.l "H—v'...‘ .. -- lv*~-»**l-” . .— .,l.-m.— 1‘” mm-..--.- #cvcvh‘ '~ .0 \- «nu-- .. 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N mm H m3 m mHH won: S “.03 m 33953 no: oflHpvm Hwhozmo yaw a: Wmm mm mmm mm mdm ma waw ma Nam w vmppfishom .ONHnsm Hmhonow mm on on ”3 0H J mHk a . Noam N33 53 1mg: .28. $5 13 $3. 18 . £va mmmH ommH mmaH ommH mmmH ommH ammH . ommH ..DJH. .anIOZ. .qnz. H1909 -HHH nacho -HH macaw H macho .hpwfiflomm Soafifioov HHS mg h3 1' Ir - umpmowvna ummh map how.msohw-£owm cw chHpmnmmo GOHGS mmmHHoo mo pepsin Hmpoe* Q Ill .mmN H mooH‘H mmp MN 4 g, MOOH .N mOOH m H u 1 . ,u- s, ‘I omppHspmm Hon UHHDSQ Hmumumo w-umpuHenwm owapsm Hmnmcmo OH m H a HH m H N . n. €£H§$m me n me N mm H mNH H w H WOOH N MOOH‘ H vmppHsumm non . . ; ;~ A “H : . owanfim Hmhmaoo MHN HA flaw m “mm HA -wmm m u A w - N H u vmppHEhwm H H H H r g .- uHstm Hmnmaoo 4H ~ NH 0 .- o .0 J II w ~r H - whopw mafinpoau «3m: imod *23 £93 “ $35 .15 ._ 1H3 < *HNC‘H mmmH ommH mmmH ommH .mmmH ommH mmmH A \ ommfl. y . nmw. .mmwloz. . N. A. . .02. .... . Haney HHH “song HH manna \ : H macho. w“ ; NHHHHUNNN . Huananmo v HHH» mHmHa N w- a, n. . VI. EXISTENCE OF SPECIAL CHARGES TO STUDENTS AND STUDENT ORGANIAATIons FOR USE OF UNION FACILITIES AND SERVICES Charnes 22.2222.2£.§ll student organizations for meeting room 32323 is not a common practice considering all of the Operations reporting. The proportion of the Operations in Group III making such a charge.is twice as high as the proportion which nakes such a charge in Group I;' In Groups I and II the charges are almost exclu- sively to cover set-up costs and not for rent as such. Two-thirds of the Operations charging at all in this area of GroUp III consider the charge one to cover set-up costs only. ~In operations which do charge student organizations for space and also permit the general public:to use similar facilities, the charge to the general public is usualli higher (see Table IX). 5 l ‘_ (Special student prices for revenue producing services which permit acceSSibility to the general public were not frequently found. In only two areas, banquet-catering and bowling, did the practice include as many as forty to fifty percent of the operations concerned. Table X, page h6, shows to what extent students.are given special prices in thirteen areas of the responding operations which'eo permit the general public accessibility. {1 L f. hS TABLE IX UNION OPERATIONS AS TO WHETHER OR NOT CHARGES ARE MADE TO STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS FOR USE OF MEETING ROOMS GROUPED ACCORDING TO THEIR POLICY TOWARD THE GENERAL PUBLIC fl Some or all student " organizations are " 'Group I charged for use of “ 'No' meeting rooms Group II Group III Total 'No-Yes' 'Yes' ' Yes 6 12% ,9 20% 20 23% .35 20% No ‘ hh 86% 37 so; . 65 75% 1h6 795 'noanswer"1 2% ? . 2 2% 3 1% If the answer A was "YES": Such charges are made only if there is no food service . V :; involved Yes 1 1 3h 5 '- ‘ 10 ' No h 3 10 217 no answeq‘rr‘ l 2 S“ 8 Such charges are - "' ”‘ to cover set-up costs and not for ‘ rent Yes "' 6 8 13 ' 27 No 7 7 no answer 1 1 If the general public is permit- ted to reserve meeting rooms the charge is more than one made to student organi- zations 7' Yes 8 13 21 -- No ‘1 h S EXISTENCE OF SPECIAL STUDENT PRICES IN REVENUE TABLE X PRODUCING SERVICE AREAS WHICH PERMIT ACCESSIBILITY TO GENERAL PUBLIC h6 Area Group II Group III Total 'No-Yes' 'Yes' Fountain Room or‘ “ Yes " 2 6% h ‘ 5% ' 6 5% Snack Bar _ No 33 9kg 71 90% let A 91% Cafeteria . Yes 5 19% ' lsI 20$ 20 20% "" ‘ No‘ 21v 783 "' 57 *77% 78 ‘77é Dining rcom w/ ‘1 “’ Yes ‘“" ‘ 2*5’1hfi " 22 9% I h j 10% waiter servicsI No . .9 6h£_- , 18 ”,78% - 27 73% .. -. ; . g; =-‘-'rI-I* paw “r J)» - r .. , . . ’1'. , . Banquet and Yes I I 9 h7fi 26 50% 35 h93 Catering “" ‘"“ No ”" 8" h2£ ' 2h"‘ 6% 32'” h5£ Tobacco, Candy,"”" tYes “’ - 1"“ 3% ‘ I ' 1 ' 41% Magazine Stand . No 33 92% . 73 100% 106 97% ‘ .’ " (We '3" - ',"'I‘ ' - "1' “ .. " ' " ' Bowling AlleysI I Yes I . I I 9 h5% 9 hlfi “‘ '.-- ~ ,., 'r “ri' No u 16-‘2 '100% v 10 50% 12 55% Billiard Room Yes ' S 163 S 15% No 6I 100; 2b 77% 3o 81% " Tenn??? an: "3*Pwrw' " ""” l ‘ w “ 4‘ ‘ BarberIShOp Yes . h 31% h 10% i .1 " “’ ”' No “ u’ 9 ”69% : 28 100% 37 90% Beauty ShOp‘L *7 Yes ’3 ‘“' ”‘ 9' ’ "‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ No 1 100% 3 100% I h 100; Bookstore Yes 5 17% . 7 11% 12 135 " i'” ‘ ” ’ No '“'”‘18 ’ 62$ '- -. 52 a 85% ' “ 7O '“78% e Drugstore . Yes “V 2 8% 2' 7% No 21. 88% 21 783 Gift Shop";“ Yes .- f I 2' 'I . . No ° : I' h _ 100% , 29 100,; 33 .1005 Clothing Store "1' Yes ’ ‘ i A " No ‘ 7 6h% 7 6h% NOTE: Percentages in the above table were calculated using h? VII. UTILITY AND MAINTmm-Ics sxpmsss CHARGED TO THE UNION OPERATION Utility charges are made to a rather consistent extent among the three groups. Although only the amounts of electricity, gas, water, heat, and air conditioning (if it exists) used by revenue producing service areas are charged to the operation of the areas themselves in approximately twenty to twenty-five percent of all operations in each of the groups, the percent of revenue producing areas not charged at all for utilities is around fifty percent in .. Group I and thirty percent in Group III. Group II's reportings fall. generally between Groups I and IIIin this respect. A significant difference is found in that the entire building' 3 utility expenses .- are charged to the revenue producing areas in a greater percentage 'cf Operations in:Group III than in Group I. . J Maintenance and redecoration charges vary among the groups in a similar manner as did the utility charges. The policy of not 1’ making any charge at all to the revenue producing service areas for maintenanceIand redecoration expenses was less frequently'found in all'grcups than was true in regard to utility expenses (see Table XII, 'page h9). #h—J the total number in each group which have the individual areas accessible to the general public as 100%. As some respondents did not answer this question, the individual groups of percentages do not always add up to 100%. 3 POLICIES CONCERNING THE CHARGING 0F TO THE INDIVIDUAL UNION OPERATIONS TABLE XI UTILITY EXPENSES h8 Utilities charged to revenue produc- Group I Group II Group III Total ing service areas 'No' 'No-Yes' 'Yes' Electricity ' u» Am't area used 13 25% 12 266 22 25% 37 20% Entire b1dg.~ 8 16% 12 26% 25 29% US 26% No charge made 26 51% 1 20 '63; : 2A 28% 60 332 Gas N~ Am't area used 16 31% 13 286 23 26% 52 286 1 Entire bldg. . . 6 12% . 10 22% 23 26% 39 21% No charge made 23 65% 23 50% 2h 28% 7o 38% Water ' , ‘ l? : Am't area used 10 20% ' 10 22% ’ 21 2h% Al 22% Entire bldg. 7 1h% 12 26% _ 2b 286 N3 23% N0 charge made 29 57% 20 h3% 30 3&6 79 h3% Heat‘ Am't area used 11 1226 .' 9 320% . 21‘ 2h% Al 22% Entire bldg. 7 1h%" 10 22% 23 26% b0 22% No charge made ’29 57% 23 50% 30 314%. 82 115% Air-conditioning Am't area used 6 26% S 236 ' 10 226 21 23% Entire bldg. S 226 5 23% 16‘ 35$ 26 296 No charge made 11 h86 10 US% 1h 30% 35 39% NOTE: above used the total number in each group as 1006. respondents did not answer the above questions or indicated that they did not know how utility charges for their Operations were handled, the individual groups of percentages do not always total 100%. air conditioning percentages used the total number in each group indicating the existence of air conditioning as 100%. Except for air conditioning, the percentages calculated Because a few The N9 TABLE X I I POLICIES CONCERNING THE C‘HIR‘ING 0F MAINTENANCE EXPENm TO THE NLszUG PRODUCING SERVICE AREAS OF COLLEGE UNION OPERATIONS Charged to revenue-I producing service I Group I Group II Group III Total areas 'No' 'No-Yes' 'Yes' ‘ A_‘ A #4! Lu _A)‘ Am_‘_ _ __‘ .1 ____‘ A“ Custodial staff I g “I,, , I, ., Am't area usedi’ H *17 336 V 13 286 " h3 h96’ ‘h 73 h06 Entire bldg. .{4 10_ 206 . 16 356 . 27 316 , 53 296 No charge madc'“ ' " 19 “37z"* 13“ 286 _ 13 15% "Ls 2h% Repairs & general periodic maintenance anfiI . I . of the equipment I "‘ I ‘ ‘ ' . Am't area used I v.. 2h A76 17 376 ; I ha SS,6I _,I 89, h86 Entire bldg. ' "V ' 10 ‘20: ”‘ it” 306 ’ 28' 326 ‘-' 52E 28% No charge made I12I 2&6: I 12II266IIII 7 86II I I31 _176 Repairs &.general periodic maintenance of the building f Am't area used It 276 11 2A6 ' 30 3N6 SS 306 Entire bldg. _ -. 12 2A6 ’ 171.376 . 3A 396 ,_ 63. 3h: No charge made “ 1‘”, 20 139% ~. 15. 333 ' 19 '226 ' 'Sh‘ 29% Redccoration ‘ 3 ' ' Am't area used ,I . 1h 27,6 10 _22% 3h 39% 58, 32% Entire bldg. ' '13 253 ' 17 376 " 3h 39% on 355 . No charge made 19 37p 19 hl6 . 15 176 63 3&6 NOTE: The percentages calculated above used the total number in each group as 1006. Because a few respondents did not answer the above questions or indicated that they did not know how utility charges for their Operations were handled, the individual groups of percentages do not always total 1006. . 50 VIII. THE ACTIVITY PROGRAMS OF COLLEGE UNIONS AS THEY MAY INVOLVE THE GENERAL PUBLIC Particular areas of the college unions' activity programs which are both revenue producing and.have a possible involvement of the general public or attitudes of local merchants were surveyed.I It should be understood that as a whole, activity programs of college unions are student planned and executed primarily or exclusively for students with Or without staff programfadvisers} .The great majority . of actiVities and programs do not have either revenue producing characteristics or involve general public participation. Therefore the data collected did not and was not intended Ito reveal the actual existence or the extent of activity programs as a whole in the oper- ations 501icited. ' “a, ’4 €«v' "L Ilia } h I " -"' v: T ‘ ' 1‘ .~ ? . ?: Although the revfinue producing facilities of a college union ‘ often have many commercial counterparts in a community, the activ- ities program on the_Other hand has just one such service which is almost universally also offered commercially in the community:- the “- showing of Hollywood motion pictures. IFortyaninIe percent of GroupI I's operations,I seventy-fourII percent cf Group II, and Isixty- . three percent of Group III include Hollywood motion pictures in their activity programs. The question asked concerning whether or not there was substantial objection to theshOwing of Hollywood motion ~ Ipictures was a matter of Opinion as eXpressed‘by the'individuali" union personnel answering the questionnaire. However, all three 51 groups reported that they felt there was not substantial objection to .a great extent. Ninety-two percent of Groups I and III indicated no ~substantia1 objection if their programs included such film showings “and eighty percent of Group II answered similarly. .4: - TABLE XIII PRACTICE OF SHOWING HOLLYWOOD MOTION PICTURES INCLUDING THE EXISTENCE 0F ADMISSION CHARGES ,1AND LOCAL THEATER OWNERS OBJECTION I Group I Group II Group III 'L Total I . I'No' ,I , :No-Yes' 'Yes' ’Program includes“ 5 “ 6 6‘ g" ‘ '" Hollywood motion YesI . 29 506 . 31.- 711:8. 55 I636 . 3 111; 62% pictures - I ‘ ‘i” No ‘ 2h h76 ' f 9 206 27 f316 I 60 33% fAdmission "‘ ' Yes I 8‘ 326 ” “'13 .386 ”:6 26 h76' . ‘ h7 h16 Iis charged I, . 1 No .217 I686 ._. lSI hh6 I 18 I336 51 Ih56 ILocal theater. _ t, I , . ' “owners offer‘ ' ‘ ' substantial . Yes 2 8:6 ' 5 15,6 1 2% 7, 6% “objection No 23 923 28 82% 51 93% 102 89% ‘_‘ NOTE: Percentages concerning admission charges and theater owners objection calculated using number of operations in each group Because a few respondents did not answer the above questions, the individual groups of percentages do not always total 1006. having Hollywood motion pictures in their pregrams as 100,6. Nearly a third of the Operations in Group I charge admission to the showings, while nearly a half cf the Operations including this 52 activity have an admission charge in Group III. Group II reported that slightly over a third of their operations which showed Holly- wood films charged admission. As the distribution of such pictures restricts their showing to college audiences only, the question concerning the general public's accessibility was not asked. The existence of foreign or fine art film series, lecture series; concerts, and professional theater attractions in the activ- ‘ity'programs of the three groups does not vary significantly. Although,there is a consistently somewhat greater popularity of these programs in Operations giving general public accessibility in one way or another to some orall Of their revenue producing service areas. The charging of admission to these events is similarly practiced by the three groups in regard to the lecture series and professional I. theater programs, Group I does not have the policy of charging 'admissionito the film series and concerts as frequently as Groups II and 111.. As the frequency with which these events are found in the activity programs decreases in all three groups, it can be noted that the policy_thoharging admission and the dependence on general public‘ revenue forgfinancial feasibility is found to be greater. (- u . c . ‘ t ‘ . I "- ‘ '! . i. _. S3 TABLE'XIV! FOREIGN FILM, LECTURE, AND CONCERT SERIES AND PROFESSIONAL THEATER ATTRACTIONJ IN ACTIVITY PROGRAMS INCLUDING THEIR PRACTICES OF CHARGING ADMISSION, EXISTENCE OF SPECIAL STUDENT RATES AND DEPENDENCY ON GENERAL PUBLIC REVENUE FOR FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY Group I Group II Group III ' 'No' 'NO4Y98' 'Yes' Total .‘ ‘(51) (no) (87) (18h) 1. Foreign = roe 22 63% 26 57% h2 h8% ‘ 9o u9% film series No 25 A95 lb '306 36 A16 75 b1% Admission I " is charged 8 36% 13 50% 26 62% h? 52% General public I h . . . may attend ’ 6 27% 13 $06 26 62% NS 50% .. Special .' 2 d I}..1 .4 5 f I '3 ‘ I student rate 2 33%" '“' 2 15% "' 8"31%"”” 12 27% Necessary to have general - ' * ‘ public revenue 0 l 8% - 8 31% 9 20% ' J l l __ 2. Lecture Yes ,. 15 29% 17 .376 38 uhz ' 7o 38% series . " * ”=NO ‘ 33* 65% 2h 52% L3 h9z 103 56% Admission I . r . is charged 5 ”33% h 2h% 11 29% 2o 29% ‘General public ‘ A ‘ may attend S 33% h 2h% 11 296 , 20 295 Special ~ ‘ k ' '. ' student rate y: 2 h0% . h 100% . 11 100% 19 956 Necessary to have‘general _ 'publicxrevenueia $.22 h0% _' :_0", ~ ....:h 36% : .6‘r306 A L#; AlflL‘ 4g‘liALah. LAA—n—i 1.. .... L _A a...“ -.r Sh TABLE XIV (continued) . - ' Group I Group II Group III 'No' 'No-Yes' 'Yes' Total (51) (h6) " (87) (18b) 3. Concerts/ _Yes _ 19 37% 28 61% h2 h8$ 89 h86 Concert series’ No ' 27 536 15 ,336 r 36 h1% . - 78 °h26 in“ Admission "' L ' ’ 2 - Mt - - g. is charged . 10 53% 13 u6z 31 7h% St 61% u,’_‘"‘" ‘ 'n'. " ' l . + .. . ‘ _ ‘1 ,General public ' 'may attend "" 10“ 53% ‘”' 13 h6$ ' 31 7h%- ’ Sh 61% """Special ‘ " ‘ “ " ‘ -“- "‘ ‘ - ‘ student rate _ 7 70% 10 77%‘ 23 .7h% hO 7h% ~ é' " .r 2 ‘1_‘ -- ttv ii '. Necessary to have general public revenue . S 50% ' " ‘S 38% . .12 39% 22 hl% h. Professional '“di‘ . ‘i'W' “'fi ' ‘ :' .' :w ,n _theater ‘ Yes 7 le . 6 136 16 186 29 16% attractions ‘ ‘ No"’ to 78% ”"‘ 33 72% ‘ 63' 72%--, 136 7h% ' Admission ' '* “‘ i I ' ” 7“ ‘ o"" I is charged 6 ’866'U1x 3 506 IS 9h6 . 2h 83% General public -‘ 1'11 ; 'may attend ’ 6' 86% =, 3 50% 19 9t; 2t 83% “T'Speoial : -!;:P --- ‘ 1'~ .2 v ’ a Vf‘v-f ~~‘ -' .. :2 student rate _ 6 100%. . 3 100% 9 60% 18 75% Necessary to I I I have general '” 'public revenue h 676 ‘ 3 100% 6 hofi 13 Shfi —— . NOTE: Percentages should be read as follows: The 'Yes or No' cwcistence of the activity program itself is calculated against the total number in each group which is parenthesized in the column head- '1ings. Admission charge and the general public's ability to attend percentage figures are calculated against the number in each group which indicated the existence of the program. Student rate and necessity of general public revenue percentages are calculated anyxinst the figures which indicate whether or not the general public may attend. ' 55 Events without admission charges to which the general public is welcome to attend of a musical or dramatic nature or in the area of lectures, art exhibitions, and talent shows exist in over fifty percent of the activity programs in all three groups. Group II's Operations report the highest number with seventy-four percent. However, roughly half or less of the operations which do so permit the general public actually encourage their attendance through some type Of specific invitation or advertisement which is directed pri- marily towards them. Although Group II's Operations more exten- sively permit the general public to these events, they actually encourage them the least or in a third of the instances. Activity programs include university music or drama events, lectures, art exhibitions, student talent shows, orlother presentap‘ tions without admission charges to which the general public or'“ 'frisnds of the university' are welcOme to attends? GroupI c-~<:-29" 57:6 Group II x 3h 7h% Group III 59 68% Where such programs do exist the general public is actually encour- aged to attend by'spscific invitation or advertisement as follows: a "'GI‘OIIP I L”. a 3.,12 “641% :*. .., .3 "i _. Group II 12 35% ‘Group'III 1 - - 32 , 5h%"'“'é’w . «' S6 .7 IX. FINANCING OF COLLEGE UNION BUILDINGS AND THEIR PROGRAMS AS THEY DIFFER ACCORDING TO THE OPERATIONS' y . ATTITUDES TOWARD THE smash PUBLIC - As withlmany aspects of college union Operation, the financ- ing of union buildings and pregrams is easily a thesis subject in’ itself. However, the information sought and presented in this study seeks only to ascertain if there are some basic differences in the extent of methods used by the Operations as they divide themselves according to their attitudes toward the general public. The building. Thirtyufour percent of all the reapondents indicated that their buildings were paid for in‘l959. Forty-five percent of the Operations which are closed to the general public so answered the question, while only'twenty-four percent Of the Oper- ' ations Openly permitting jthe general public .stated that their facil- ’1 ities were free of an indebtedness for. the building facility. - - There are six Common methods Of financing the building struc- tures: gift or gift funds, university or state appropriated funds, surplus from other university departments, United States Housing and Home Financing Agency Loans, unsecured loans, and self-liquidating bond issues. . Slightly over half'of the respondents used Just one of these methods to finance at least ninety percent of their buildings. The 57 remaining Operations u.ed various combinations of two or more of the six methods. Reference can be made to the appendix, which presents the original questionnaire with a complete tabulation, for informa- tion as to how all the respondents financed their buildings accord- ing to the three groups. As the size of the facilities was not surveyed as such, the dollar amount Of the financing involved can not even be estimated here. Any extensive assumptions made from the data presented would be dangerous as certainly the dollar amount would ------ usually be a prime factor in the deterndnation of a method of financ- ‘- . “ .I u t .- 0 "I ‘ 7' I t ‘ ' ‘ . 1 . .A‘ _. . o t 7 .Table XV shows how the ninetybnine of the 18h reSpondents whey financed at least ninety percent Of their buildings by one method differred in respect to the methods us ed. Operations closed to the general public used the gift or gift fund method to a greater degree than they used.any one of the other methods. However-all groups used the gift or gift fund method to approximately the same extent. Oper- ations openly permitting the general public used the unsecured loan suui self-liquidating bond issue methods to a greater extent than any for the groups used any one of the other methods.‘ii‘." Data collected concerning how the unsecured loans and self- ' lixpiidating bond iSsues were or are to be met shows that a student 7‘ assessment. fee as a part Of the tuition is used to a far greater . extent than income from the Operations themselves or any other source of income is‘used (see tabulation of pertinent data in the Appendix). THE NINETY-NIN‘B COLLEG TA FLY) XV- TS UNION OPERATIONS 58 WHICH USED ONLY ONE IETHOD TO FIIJANCE NINETY PERCENT OR I'lOiE ' OF THEIR BUILDINiS GROUPED ACCORDDiG TO THEIR POLICY TOE‘JARD TH?) GEIIERAL PUBLIC M Financing Group I VGroup II Group III method used 'No' "!No-Yes' '3 'Yes' Total _fl7,‘,1, ..._,(5l’ (us), .11 ‘1': 3 .I 62 permits them to use at least certain revenue producing service areas in spite of their official negative policy on the matter. Information gathered concerning the size of the student body, the community, the percentage of commuting students, or the fact that the institution itself is private or state Operated doesn't indicate that'any of theee'factOre consistently influence the policy or prac- tice'of a‘ college union concerning the general public in many or andth‘eré'z “2 ' s ~ 1‘ ~ ’ ~ ‘ Fountains or snack bars, cafeterias, banquet and catering services, billiard facilities, and bookstores all increased in number between 1950 and 1959 in the operations of both the group"" Openly permitting the general public and.the group which officially does not, but operationally does permit them accessibility. These‘ six revenue producing service areas have decreased in frequency in ‘ Operations closed to the general public during the same period. Bowling alleys have increased their number in all three groups during the period.7 Both bowling alleys and billiards are Often restricted {from the general public in Groups II e5111 although other revenue producing service areas are accessible. The dining room with waiter service is the one facility which is more popular in union operations closed to the general public than in.the Operations which permit accessibility’to the general public; Guest roomffacilities larger than eighteen rooms are found only in Groups II &~III; large facile :ities of this nature are found.primarily'in.Group III, but at that 63 mum'six facilities reported over eighty rooms. When the general public is permitted accessibility to use guest rooms it is usually on a group rather than on an individual basis. Although the charging of student organisations for meeting room space is not a common practice, the percentage of Group III . which does is double the percentage of the operations in Group I which make such a charge. Special student rates when the general public is inVOlved are not a general practice except in regard to: charges'forflmeetihg reams, banquet and catering services, and bowl- ingjwhere fifty percent ththe Operations offering these services to the general public do charge a higher rate to the general public. Charges are not made at all for utilities to nearly fifty percent of the operations in Group I; only thirty percent of Group III are free of this Operational expense. The entire building's utility bill is charged to revenue producing areas more frequently in Group III than in Group I. {Although maintenance and redecoration charges are simil- arly made as utility charges when comparing the three grOups, a 'no . charge at all' practice is generally less prevalent regarding main- tenance and redecoration expenses than utility charges. Activity program areas which may have possible revenue pro- , ducing characteristics, if desired, are found approximately to the same extent as far as lectures and fine art or foreign film series,‘ concerts, and professional theater attractions are concerned. ‘FiLm series and concerts are presented more often without an admission 6).; charge by operations in Group I than in Groups II & III. All three groups indicated little substantial Objection by local theater owners if their prOgrams featured the showing of pOpular Hollywood motion pictures. Forty-five percent of Group I; forty:one percent of Group II, and twenty-four percent of Group III have paid for their buildings. .Although each group used the gift or gift fund method to about the same extent, this method financed more buildings in Group I than any of the other five methods. Operations openly permitting the general public used the unsecured loan and self-liquidating bond issue methods to a greater extent than they, or either of the other groups, used any of the other methods. However it should be noted that the differences were not extreme in the selection of financing methods from one group to another. A student fee on tuition was the major source of income with which to repay borrowed indebtedness over the income from the building itself in all three groups wherever they so financed their buildings.e In each of the groups approximately a half of the Operations financed their facilities by one primary method . instead of a combination of methods. The financing of the activity programs is very similar in all three groups reporting. The student fee on tuition accounts for nearly'as much of the income to cover these expenses as the other, three sources combined. The majority of the programs in all three 65 groups are financed through a combination of student fees on tuition, university apprOpriations, income from revenue producing service areas, and/or income from that portion of the program to which an admission charge is made. Operations openly permitting the general public seem to depend somewhat more on income from revenue producing service areas and programs which have an admission charge than do the operationsin the other two grouper 2‘ ‘ i .. n . .- t ~ 2 t. , -'fi'xnn :* a "’““r~7 r 3.1+"... "' 0 J'd“ ...}P'”": . .. ‘ x 4 in: (,}:1 3,3,9 13"? l-Y‘t §>.~ '-1 r y.> _ C‘ I} l l. -: ",2 , . [,1 , 17' I L} ref, I ' i \.E ‘ " l. ‘(.‘ x ’ ; . 3L 1‘. 1‘ .z ‘ W“ , ‘t f, a: L. ‘ ‘I\"‘ l ‘ l" ‘l , . v, p . 1.. . ‘ t ' x ‘ ‘ 1 . , . l l t ‘3 {Fa ) .1" { 5 I '~ . I 1 i (- ‘ | I" , ¢ .- I I IN. v V r ‘ f t . .( L N? 1 I 9" ' . f V 7‘ l p . 1 3 .. "it. \ ‘L w - x» x 4 ’- g. ‘1»; Q 1 x I Q " l a}. .0 it ‘ ... n e ‘ , ’ ”'1 R 9 ~ ~ . \ CHAPTER IV < ‘ CONCLUSIONS AND RECOm-LSNDATIONS I “ “‘ I. CONCLUSIONS The extension of services provided by revenue producing areas of current college union operations to the general public is not a“ rare or even infrequent practice. The basic conclusion is that college unions today are extending their revenue producing service areas to the general public in many instances. It is'a.pOpular Oper- ational practice which any institution planning to open a new college union should definitely considerpnewayor the other. I Perhaps the extension. of the union's services to members of the civic as well as the cpllege community is a result Of altruistic, educational thinking On the part of college union staffs and univer- sity administrators. '7 They may believe that not only would the college student otherwise be done an injustice by being treated as a member of a separate society, but that the university would be shun-t ning certain inalienable responsibilities which they are obligated to assume by their very existence in the community. On the other hand, the union operations which extend their services to the general public outside the confines of the campus may be‘ motivated almost ~< exclusivelyby a» desire to achieve higher volume‘ in their. revenue . l 1:. ' '1; . IV I I y it ‘ ‘ “3....“ v—v-vvvv-w—v-rwpz.v v .. ——.rw U "I— 67 producing areas.' Gains in both efficiency and net income thus permit the Operations to accelerate their debt reduction and/or provide that .. nmch.more funds to their budget for programming on their campuses. Certeinly it is reasonable to assume that both reasons might be involved to varying degrees. -t1 ‘Historically union Operations started as 'student unions' in the most restricting sense of the term. Today) professional educa- tors, particularly in the college union field, deplore the concept that the union's responsibilities do not involve any factors, activ- ities, or publics Outside of the student body itself. 'The general ‘ trend away from the name of student union or student Center to' college union or university center testifies to this change or evo- lution. The college or university administrator who would not con- ; sider the college union Operational concept over the student union one today would be as naively old fashioned as an educator who still denies the big business'similarities Of many aSpects df modern unia varsity'administration."The author does not mean to imply that the serving of the general public should necessarily be considered in the same positive.light,‘but that it should definitely be considered and investigated. u- -" , 1.2 .. ;. v.. u - , _ 1 ‘ The data gathered in-this study indicates that Specific, cemmon characteristics of an institution do not have to be present to consider the extending of services to the general public. Although the discreet closed door policy seems to exist most frequently in a 68 small private institution located in a large community just as the extension of service to the general public finds its policy most popular on the large campus supported by public funds and located in a small conummity, both philosophies exist in each other's environ- ment. It shouldn't be ignored that the policy of openly serving the general public is still more frequently held in the group of institu- tions 'whsrs the 'closed door' policy is most prevalent. in ream-4 in - _- a‘ . I ' l ‘ ' The characteristics themselves should be given individual cement: ' ~ ‘ ‘ mine §_i_z_e_ 23 the gommni’gy. The fact that the Operations Open to the general public have their largest popularity (61175) and the Operations closed to the general public their lowest (17%) in com- ' mmities under 5,000 population substantiates the philosophy "that the institution, particularly in the small community, has great respon- sibilities beyond the confines of the campus. The institution in this instance might be compared‘to the‘ icompany store' which is either the dominate or the sole industry in the community. On the other hand, the union operation in the very large community must also consider its role of giving individuality to the campus apart from" " " the community as well'as any responsibility to the community itself. Thirty-seven percent of the Operations in comrmmities over 100,000 population do 'not'extend their services 'to the general public while 1.04% of the Operations in this group do. The differences in the per- -' centdges‘betweenr'unionselocatedin-small and large—‘comnumities is 69 more important than the fact that in both situations there is a greater percentage of the unions serving the general public. The proximitnggia business district tg_the campus. The pres- ence of a business district of the community is evidently far from a deciding factor. However, of the two opposing reasons for why an ,i~ Operation might'select to extend its services to the general public incregard'to~the existence of a business district, the lack of one appears'to have possibly more of an influence, if one exists. The lack of an adjacent'business district also means that there would be a lack of commercial competitors specifically involved in everyday competition as well as an absence of a nearby commercial establish- ment to purchase the services of the union, if its revenue areas were not available to the general public. fOn the other hand the existence of an adjacent business district would in reality increase the volume of interested genergl prblic and therefore be a causative factor in making the serving ofiit worthwhile. i“ ’ ‘ -'r ‘ The importance o_f proprietor objection. -. Although in the Opinions of the respondents this is not an extensive problem in Oper- ations which do serve the public in one way or another, objection is made to food service areas serving the general public to the greatest degree which is over 17% of the Operations in Group III. Because this question as it was stated was not appropriate for the Operations in Group'I'tc answer, it cannot be determined here whether they D ‘1 I'll'viil 70 would entail a great deal of objection if they were to be Open to the general public.‘ ' Size 2; the enrollment pg the full-ting 2&21223 2211. The writer believes that any direct effect of the size of enrollment on the determination of whether or not to serve the general public would have to be considered with the size of the community at the same time. Both of these factors may together influence particular responsibilities assigned to the college union in the area of campus and community relatione.fi However, it was noted that as campus enrollments increased from under 2,500 to*over 10,000 the percentage of operationsnwhich extended their services to the general public‘ increased." 3*? *‘“' " ‘ _v The percentage 2E 00mNUtiDg students. ‘Nearly half of all the operations regardless of the extent to which their campus pOpulation is composed of commuting students Openly extend their services to the general public.' However, the percentage which are actually closed to the general public nearly doubles from the group which are on campuses with less than 10% of their students commuting to campuses with over 50% of the students commuting. College unions in this last instance are undoubtably called upon to carry alone the burden of the university to give collegiate identity to over half of the student' body'which is otherwise shared with the residence halls for the-: resident student. w".r{"&1T3J r~' v -} pt! ‘1 .- . I , ‘ ‘1. ;a’:~w. ~r~ v€~:'- - L‘ : 71 I Iypg g; institution. All, but nine, of the respondents were located on either state or private campuses. Although private institutions might appear to favor a college union operation which does not extend its services to the general public more than do state colleges and universities, this characteristic does not indicate that it alone has a definite influence on the policy and practice as to whether or not the college union is to serve the general public. The particular role Of the individual college union operation may depend a great deal on the influence of all of these past four characteristics of its environment: size of community, size of campus enrollment, percentage of commuting students, and type of institu- tion. If the revenue factor were totally set aside, the role of a ;fi particular college union on its individual campus would be the ' ‘ deciding-influence as to whether or not the operation would consider serving the general public.* 6 --.Although with three exceptions each group reported that the varicus revenue producing service areas existed to approximately the same extent in 1959, there was a difference in growth pattern of some of these areas from 1950 to 1959 which bears review. 'While snack bars or fountains, cafeterias, banquet and catering, and billiard rooms increased in pOpularity among Groups II and III, they decreased in the facilities of Group I. The three exceptions are dining rooms ‘with waiter service, tobacco and magazine stands, and guest room facilities. The dining rooms exist to a greater extent in Group I, 72 imdle tobacco and magazine stands and guest rooms exist to a greater extent in Groups II and III. w, The revenue producing service areas of Groups II and III are characterized by their extension of service to the general public. However, the banquet and catering services, dining rooms, billiard rooms, bowling alleys, and guest rooms of these operations are indic- ative of the.fact that not all of theirrevenue producing service areas are necessarily extended to the general public. Percentages ranging from.22£ to 87% where these facilities exist state that they do not permit the general public to use these specific areas-of the . banding.» ... .. w J , —A valid assumption can be made that the extension of revenue producing service areas to the general public does have a positive: effect on the existence of the areas themselves. The revenue pro-; V ducing areas of modern college unions involve enormous portions of.- the buildings...They are,or are among, the most expensive areas of the facility to equip and furnish,te.g., kitchens, bowling alleys, billiard_rooms, etc. The desire to include the general public in its services might precede a college unionfls need for the kinds of facil- ities which lend themselves to the general public's activities. Or the desirability of the facilities for the campus might require the extension of their use to the general public in order to provide': enough revenue to make their existence financially feasible.- In any 73 event there is often an interrelationship indicated which cannot be ignored. Not only is the inclusion of the many revenue producing service areas more frequently found in college unions which extend their services to the general public, but also the increase of the inclusion of such areas is significant. 0f the 18h college union operations, 105 of them existed in 1950. This represents an increase of 75%. Group I increased by 59%,. Group II by 70%, and Group III by 89% during that period of time. The overall growth in number of union operations in all three groups explains Why a group may have increased the number of various revenue areas, but at the same time show decreases in the percentages to 'whichtthe areas are included within the group between 1950 and 1959. Vflrile the percentage of Operations which include bowling alleys increased between 1950-and 1959 in all three groups, bowling alleys are the only facility in which this is true. Fountains/snack bars; cafeterias; bookstores; tobacco, candy, and magazine stands; banquet auui catering services} dining rooms‘with~waiter service; and billiards have all increased the preportional inclusion in the group of Opera- tions which Openly extend their services to the general public. Operations‘closed to the general public experienced an overall decline in their inclusion of these same facilities during the 1950-59 period. Only one area of the revenue producing nature, the dining room with waiter service, was found to a greater degree in Operations closed .to the general public than in the operations which extended 7h 'some or all of their services to the general public. When the groups are viewed asla whole, and certainly any gen- ‘eralization should not be applied to each individual operation in any of the groups, there appears to be a stronger business approach or 'cmphasis made by Group III containing the operations which openly serve the general public in their revenue areas. This group has more ’of a tendency to charge for the'costs of providing meeting space, ”place'operatiOnaI'expenses in specific building areas, and require ”that revenue areas provide inccme tocover total Operational costs. *Although bond retirements are primarily accomplished with other than ‘income from the unions' revenue producing service areas, operations ‘which extend their services to the general public plan on partial payment of such indebtedness from revenue inCOme’to a greater extent ‘than do unions which are closed to the general‘publiC.F i " It should be remembered that activities by their very nature 11f being given for the college community (primarily the student body) where not ccnsidered when determining whether the Operations extended ‘their services to the general public.' However, these areas of- activity programing which lend themselves to possible revenue pro- dhuring consideration are more prevalent in the college union Opera- tions which also extend their services to the general public. This ixa‘not necessarily just because theseioperations serve the general Infblic, as the group closed to the general public often includes them 'I 1.. ’ (. 75 in their activity program events Of this nature. It is significant to note that the inclusion of Hollywood motion pictures, foreign film, lecture, concert and professional theatre events or series in the activity programs of Operations in Groups II and III is consist- ently greater than in Group I. As a majority of the Operations which extend their revenue producing service areas to the general public seem to be on more of a business standard of operation, it is rea- sonable to assume that activity programs which necessarily involve a considerable amount of meney or financing would be easier and perhaps more attractive'for them to'inolude.v Their entire approach to the _ meeting ofaoperational costs is‘more often On a self-supporting basis. 50-59% uo-u9z 30—39; 20-29% 1 ‘“ 1 10-19% 2 1 ‘ O- 9% i (v) 3 w 8 J‘*‘ WUUII-‘O UH WWO‘HNJUI l-‘N.- kerpa Chl-‘WO‘NNM ...! .. \II—‘UICDNNN HNW (3) Other Sources: Dormitory rent 1 Gift of Alumni Other than food service income " Student housing Universflw apprOpriation University auxiliary income I Vendingmdfls& ‘ parking . 1 NH I—‘H P‘ nakJ .rJ Pl #4 +4 Inn-I'm!“ 1|." 1- -.- r '5 '- In. '1'" 96 (Percentages calculated using total number in each group 100%) Group I Group II Group III Total 'No' 'No-Yes' 'Yee' 2. Is the building currently paid for? Yes 23 15% 19 u1% I 21 21% 63 31% " No 20 39% 22 28% 55 63% 97 53% no answer 8 16% S 11% 11_ 13% 2h .13% IV. THE ACTIVITY PRmRAN OF THE UNION ‘ A. The activity program (with the exception of that portion tovddch individual admission is charged) is financed by the following means: Please fill in the approximate percentages taking into consideration only the direct expenses of the program (including the program staffs' salaries and 'out of pocket' erpenses, but not those of a housekeep nature and other general building management and maintenance expenses.) 10 Student fee 3‘, . on tuition . . 90-100: 10 20% 12 26% 20 23% 12 23% 80-89% 3 6% 3 7% 3 3% 9 5% . . 70-79% -: 3 6% 1 2% 8 9% 12 7% 60-69% h 8% h K: . 8 11% --SO-S9% 6 12% h 9% 3 3% 11 7% h0-h9% 30-39% '2 . 3 3% 3 2% 20-29% 2 8% ' 2 1% 10-19% 2 2% 2 1% 0- 9% ' '1 (ya -:u '8% -9 20% 5 6% 18 10% 2. University appropriation ; "‘- t ' f ‘: i ~ 90-100% 3 .6% :1 2% h 5% :8 h% 80-89% " .' 2 ~2% :2 -1% 70-79% 2' *3 ’1 -' 60-69% -- « .-*r 50-59% w; 21 - 2% _ 3 7% 1 1% S 3% ' ~‘ r‘ ~: hO-h9% ' ; ' - :r - .‘ 2 <2% w '2 1% r*‘“1‘ : :30-39% 1 2% 1 , 1% 2 _ 1% 20-29% 7 18% 1 2% 2 2% 10 5% 'r * - : « 10-19% 2 1% . 2; 1% ' (V) ' 2 h% '3 7% ' 3 3% 8 h% ..._-..._, -3“ ~-_..._ _ v -. ...-v - "...-..-.4— I.-.—a “.u‘nw.-—_.r v - ‘5 1 . l {{I xl.‘ 97 ' (Percentages calculated using total number in each group 100%) Group I Group II Group III Total 'No' 4 'No-Yes' 'Yes' 3. Income from revenue pro- “ ducing service areas of the Indon. , 90-100% 2 1% 2 1% 8 9% 12 7% 80-89% 1 2% 1 2% 1 1% 3 2% 70-79% 1 2% 2% 60-69% , . 50-59% 1 2% 2 1% 3 3% 6 3% 1 10-19% ?‘~ l 2% 3 3% h 2% ' 30-39% 1 2% n ‘ 2 2% 3 2% 20-29% 5' 10% 2 1% 9 10% 16 9% 1.049% 1 ' 8% 2 1, 2 2% 8 1% 0-9% 2 1%, 3.3%. S .370 ((v) 2 1% 1 9% 2 2% 8 1% 11. Income from - that portion of the pro- ~' gram to which an admission charge is made. - « 90-100% 1 2% - 2 2% 3 2% - 80-89% ‘ 2 ' 1%? 1 1% 3 ,_ 2% 70-79% , 60-69% . 1 2% 1 e3- 50-59% -2 1%"- 1< 2% h 5% 7 1% 10-19% '1 1 2%-' 1 9%?!» 30-39% ‘ - '~ 1 2% 1 ~E% - 20-29% 1 2% :1 2% 8_ 9%. 10 . 5% 10-19% 3 6% 3 7% 8 9% 111 4 0- 9% 2 ”1%“ 9 10% 11 6% - (V) 2 1% 6 13% 3 3% 11 6% 3. Does the program include popular Hollywood motion (see tabulation in Table XIII) pictures? 1 ' YES , NO If "ms"; ' ll 1.. Is admission charged? ~f YES , N0 R o v-u 'V‘Iw.’ - -a.- -.Wn-“--n ——-."‘ “—I' W'Ovmn.m--mmwmh1mw‘.r "P" 98 2. Is there substantial objec- tion offered by local theater ox-mers? i C. Does then program include a (see tabulation in foreign film or "fine arts" Table XIV) film series? YES , N0 If "YES", 1. Is admission charged? ,leS , N0 2. If the general public may '. attend, is the student admission charge less than that for general public? ‘_ YES NO 3. If the general public may ‘. attend, does such attendance usually determine the fine- ancial feasibility of the 2' series? ‘ YES NO D. Does the pragram include a ‘r‘ m— w—-——v'-:-- ‘ w n.‘ w“ ‘— vr— v—r- La. '-,,Uw-Wr'. W." .V—w ‘1— ’II‘ ~'-I h lecture series? ‘ YES If was", NO -.-- . .-._ «msmqn- --._..v..-’ ,. "..1, ‘ V‘IV r~ vvw 1. Is admission charged? - YES , NO 2._ If the general public may ' 7', attend, is the student admission charge less than “that for general public? YES , N0 3. If the general public may attend, does such attendance H usually determine the fin- ancial feasibility of the presentation by the union? YES , NO Does the program include OOncerts or 3 Concert series? 1 YES , NO If "YES" - 1. Is admission charged? YES , NO 2. If the general public may 1‘ attend, is the student _ admission charge less than flat for the general public? YES NO .r' I“ ' Fw‘—g M. V '4‘_ , WWW fl—V “—72 ‘1 iii 4 . ‘1‘ {’1’ iii 3. If the general public may ' attend, does such attendance usually determine the fin- ancial feasibility of the presentation by the union? F. Does the program include pro- fessional theater attractions? If "YES", 1. Is admission charged? 2. If the general public may . '- attend, is the student admission charge less than that for the general public? 3. If the general public may attend, does such attendance usually determine the fin- ancial feasibility of the presentation by the union? 0. Is there any other type of event ' or program which the union sponsors - which depends on general public ~ admission revenue in order that it might be financially feasible? If "YES", please briefly explain the nature of the event or program: IngGroup I - "No" A Homecoming Dance '1 In Group II - "No-Yes" Jam Sessions and . dances 1 Name bands and Jazz Concerts Varsity Show l-‘H In Group III - "Yes" Jam Sessions Name bands Student Varieties A11 Campus Sing Reproducing Broadway Plays Birthday Party HP l—‘NNN res , YES , YES , YES ' , YES , N0 NO N0. NO NO NO 99 ..._. ann—_- .—-.~- 1"— 1 315-. (Wv I . Fir". ‘bw 100 H. Donn Hm nativity program include univnrsity music or dramatic events, lectures, art exhibitions, student talent shows, or other (see tabulation presentations.without admissign incorporated into the charms to which the‘ge‘nqral text on page 55,) E public or "friends ofthe uni- .1 varsity" are welcome tomattend? YES . , no t I . 9 If "YES", is the general public ‘ 'L ,- oncouragnd to attend through - I l specific invitation or adver- tisement which is directed; primarily towards them? 5 YES no 3' M _ l.- END __ —rv{V- “TV .‘ fir ' w-wv—I‘ .. V‘WH ...}...— ufl ' anv ' Michigan 39” University I LIBRARY . W‘ v ‘5'“fi * __ m —o——- ‘ fl , I in... . . . ..I‘IJ‘A HICHIGRN STRTE UNIV. LIB flfllflllfl‘lHIlHllmmINIHIIIIHIIHIWIIIN 312930079538 RRRIES 25