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7..

A PHONOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE

PHONETIC DEVIATIONS OF CHINESE

STUDENTS IN THE PRONUNCIATION
OF SOUNDS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

“unis for the Degree of M. A.
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE
Richard Redin Carveth

1950

 

 

This is to certify that the
thesis entitled

A HONMIC SM? 01' m PICNIC DEVIATIONS
OF CHINESE STUDENTS IN THE ROMCIATION 01'

SOUNDS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
presente g

”chard Rodin Math

has been accepted towards fulfillment
I of the requirements for

_Nn_‘:__ degree in m

Major professor I

Dm 2h July 1950

 

*v‘x‘ “ ‘. “'7."

A PIEOIIO' iAPII G STVD I OF TITS I‘IZOITEI‘IC D ".'IATIO’TS

0

1-11

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Submitted to the och 01 of Graduate Studies of AiCiljan
itO College of Atricultu118 and A plied

° 39 in paltial fleillmnF+ of the

requirements for the degree of

" ""‘1” “T1 r~1m
‘tjtuxcag (J: mLLt.)
. e

Department of Speech, Dramaulcs, and “agio

1950

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LiSt Of Chartsoooeeeeeooeeeeeeeeeeeeee
LiSt Of TableSoeoeeeeeeeeoooeeeooeeeee

Chapter I

Nethod of Proceflnre and
Background of Subjects............

Chapter III
Consonant DeViflt i‘jnsoooooeeeeeeece
Vowel and Diphtb ong Tre nscripbion.
Pronunciation ‘ariety.............
Chapter IV

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ACKNOWLEDGEIENTS

The writer wishes to express his indebtedness
to Miss Lucia Morgan for her gracious supervision
of this thesis, to Dr. Charles Pedrey and Dr. Al-
bert Cordray for their valuable suggestions and
help in the initial stages, and to Dr. Wilson B.
Paul for his guidance in regard to the limitations
of the study. The writer is particularly grateful
to the Chinese students who so kindly volunteered
as subjects for the study. Their Gooberation is

sincerely anpreciated.

F10

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1.4L“; 0? V.‘kLA.J-$J

Charts I - VII

4543

Charts I - XXV present the consonant de-
viations of the Chinese students as pronounced
in their recordings of a

prepa?ed paragraph.

Chart ~""K’VI

{v ‘f "r"
V1113?

AAJI presents the
the vowels

ciiption of

and diohthongs pronounced by the
Chinese students in their recordings of a pre-
pared paragraph.

p.

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1—10

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$1-J.LJ.A 1*.)

Tulfile I

precenls the hlettfl ces of the
ents volunteering for the study.

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Table II

Table II presents the locatien of th enh-
~ects' homes in China.
Ikflrle II

' 1A '2 ’ '. u" r rw “ ‘5 ' 1‘
Ta le III indica,es the di lest of the
1 . -
Chinese language spoken by each subsect.

Table IV

r380“ nts the 3T9“ at Which the enh-
_ *‘1- _.-‘ _. . _ ‘ r‘
0 Speak the angliah languafie.

CJ.

Table V

Table V shovs the person or persons from
whom the suhjects learned the Enalish language.

Table VI indicates the extent of each sub-
ject'se educati: .

Table VII

able VII shows the number of years ea
t has been studying in the United Sta

Table v: I

F4

II indicates the amowlni of time the
d th English Speaking students

Table IX

Tehle IX Shows the amount of spee ech w ork
h sw‘ejects have done at Nichig n Sta " College.

Table x lists the twehtV ~vet-59' OVORGH to
Show the variety of nronunciation used Ff the

L
”‘1 ..
Vlinese studen,s.

IT'TRCDTTCTICI‘I

The post-war years have brought many foreign stu-
dents to the campuses of the collefies and universities
of the United States. In their efforts to become a
part of student life, many of them realize their in-
adequacy in pronouncing the sounds of the English
language, and, hence, the commensurate loss in ef-
fective oral communication. Some have sought help
from the speech clinics.

In their work with the foreign students, the
clinics have looked resourcefully to such studies as

ounds,"l those

m

Wise's "Russian and English speech
on Pennsylvania German speech, Louisianian and Ca-
nadian French speech, and foreign accent included in

the appendices of Modern Speech, by Borchers and

 

. 2 ,
Wise, and Lynn's analysis of the speech of Lexican

, 3
children in the arizona elementary schools. These

 

1. Claude M. Wise, "Russian and English Speech
Sounds," The Journal of Speech and Hearing_Disorders,
Vol. 14, TDecember, 1949), p. 322.

 

 

2. Gladys L. Borchers and Claude R. Wise,
Federn Speech, Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York,
lgdg, p. 090

3. See Klonda Lynn, "A Phonetic Analysis of the
English Spoken by Mexican Children in the Elementary
Schools of Arizona." Unpublished Doctor's Thesis,
Louisiana State Univ rsity, 1940, cited by Gladys L.
Borchers and Claude R. Wise, op. 333., r. 489.

studies have provided the clinics with invaluable aid
and suggestions.
Among these foreign students working with the

speech correction clinic at Michigan State College,

the Chinese race has been preportionately represented.

Despite the fact that historical events of the past
half century have brought many of them in contact
with English Speaking peeple in the school situation,
these Chinese students exhibit a number of deviations
in pronouncing the sounds of the English language.
The purpose of this study is to indicate, using
phonographic recordings, those phonetic deviations
in the pronunciation of the sounds of the English
language evidenced by the Chinese students attending
Michigan State College. The specific factors to be
checked are sound substitution, sound omission, ex-
traneous sounds, misplaced accent, and deviations in

rhythm and inflection.

ED

R II

HAPTE

C

1133le CD OF PVOCE’DLTE
and
BnCXCFCVVD OF SUBJECTS

The COOpcrativeness of the Chin ese students at
Michigan State College made his study possible. Al-
though the Director of Foreign Student Counseling,
Hichiga n State College, sent each of the subjects a
short letter of introduction and explanation of the
preposed study, no pressure was brought to bear on
them to voluntee er their services. A postcard was in-
serted in the letters, and each subject merely
checked one of four given times when he would come to
the Auditorium Building to make the recording.
mhirty-six letters were sent, thirty-four replies
were received, and twenty-five individuals were able
to participate as subjects for the study.

A short-ans wer ques stionaire was filled out by
each subject at the time of the recoriing. The
questionaire was constructed to determine where the
subject had been born, where he had lived in China,
what Chinese dialect he Spoke, when he had learned
to speak English, from whom he he d learned to speak
the English language, the extent of his education,

how long he had been studying in the United State

0)

’

how much of his time he spends with English speaking

9).

students, how much work he had done with the speech
clinic, and whether he felt it was to his advantage
to be able to Speak English well. All of these
factors tend, to a greater or lesser degree, to in-
fluence speech. Tables I - IX indicate the data

obtained from the questionaires.

TABLE I
Birthplace of Subjects
Country City Record #

China........Shanghai......l,9,10,12,18,25
China........Canton........4,13,15,20,21
China........Peiping.......2,5,87

China. 0 o o o o o .Nanking. o o a 0 005,7
Chinaoooooooowu0h3n300000006,ll
China........An Ping.......l4
China........Kingtan.......17
ChinaooooooooNinngoooooooolg
China........Shaowu........22
China........Tientsin......24
ChinaooocoOOOTSingtaOOOOOOOZS
Hawaii...0000H0n01u1u00000016*

% Lived in Hawaii 5 years; lived in China 24 years.

TABLE II
Location of Home in China
City Record #

Shanghai...................l,4,6,9,10,12,15,18,
19,20,25

Peiping....................2,5,8
mankingoooooooooooooocoo-005,7,21
Canton.....................l5,l5

An Ping...00.0000000000000014
Kingtanooooooooooooooooc.0017
ShaOVIlloooooooooooooo000000022
TientSinOQoooooooooo000000.24
Tsingtao.................o.25
WHChangooooooooooooooo0.00011

TABLE III
Chinese Dialect Spoken by Subjects
Dialect Record #

IVii-Ll Grou.p00000000.0.0.0....001,5,7,9’1O,12’15,
18,19,25

Northern Mandarin...........2,5,8,ll,l4,l7,
24,25

Cantonese Group.............4,15,15,20,21

Foochow Group...............22

SOUthern Mandarin...........5

TABLE IV
Age at Which English was Learned
Age Record #

5 ‘ 10 yearsooooooooooooooool,2,9,12

11 ‘ 15 yearS...............5,8,ll,15,16,18,
20,25

16 ‘ 20 years...............5,4,10,l4,15,19,
21,22,25,24

20 - 25 years...............6,7,17

TABLE V
Teacher or Teachers of English
Teacher Record #

Chinese teacher.............5,4,lO,lS,l4,15,
17,19,20,25
Chinese and American
teachers...............l,6,24
Chinese and British
teaCherSooooooo000000005,18
Chinese, American, and
German teachers........25
American teachers...........2,12
An American teacher.........8,16,22
American Missionary.........9
BritiSh teacher.............21
British missionary..........ll
Picked up from English-
speaking people........7

TABLE VI
Extent of Education
Degree Record #

No degree....................4,12

BaChelor'SOOO0.0.0.000...0.0.1,2,7,8,15,25

Naster's.........o...........5,5,6,9,10,11,l4,
15,16,17,18,19,20,
21,22,25,24

TABLE VII
Years of Study in the United States
Years Record #

O - loo...00000000000000.00008,15

l - 2000000000000...oooooooool,2’4,5’7,17,18,
19,21,22

2 - 50000o.oooooooooooooo00003,9,lo,16,20,25,
24,25

3 ’ 400.000.000.009.ooooocoooll,12,14,15

12.0.0.0...OOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOG

TABL

LI]

VIII

Time spent with English-speaking Students

Time Record #

AlmOSt 811.00.cocoa-cocoa000.2,8,12,15,20,22,25

Half Of the tifleoooooooo00.0015,16,17,21,24

Very little....o.o...........1,5,4,5,6,7,9,10,
11,14,1s,19,25

TABLE IX

Speech Work
Type Record #
SpeeCh 01121160....0.0.00.0...14 (5 tePInS)
Foreign Student Language.....l (1 term)
Speech 208, Voice and

Dictioni00.000.000.0000024
I‘IoneOOOOO.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOAll Others

U

All of the subjects agreed that it would be to

their advantage to be able to speak English well.

After completing the questionaire, each subject
was permitted to read the following prepared para-
graph through once before making the recording.

It was late afternoon on Thursday the
twenty-seventh of June in the year nineteen
forty-five when the train trembled to a
stOp in the Chicago station. A chilly rain
was falling outside as the passengers began
to leave the sleek, modern coaches. Among
them, we catch sight of a rough young man
in a United States Army uniform. The fin-
gers of his left hand clutch a large paper
sack while over his shoulder he carr es a
beige and green seabag. The name printed
on the tOp half of the seabag tells us he
is George Zither. The letters P. V. T.
preceding the name indicate that George is
a private. Glancing at the double row of
brightly hued ribbons displayed on his
broad chest, our imagination calls forth
faraway places and strange things that this
veteran must have witnessed. As if in a
mirage we behold smooth, sandy beaches
kissed by gentle, azure waves, the snow-
white knob of some hazardous mountain peak,
the zinc canyons of Asia, the vast oil
fields of Troy in Borneo, ‘he million in-
habitants of an ancient town somewhere be-
yond the horizon. Our ears seem to hear
soothing strains of music played by a
native band. Suddenly everything disap-
pears. Ue see nothing but the soldier, and
he is makire a dash for a cab. Somehow, we
wish our positions might be reversed. We
are loathe to say this, but you see, we
have just been drafted.

The recordings were cut on a Wilcox-Gay Recordio,
Educational Model, at a speed of 78 r.p.m.
The recordings were transcribed phonetically,and

spot checked by an instructor of phonetics in the

~1

 

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. W.
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Department of Speech, Dramatics,
State College. The phonetic symb
following pages represent only tn

since the use of phonographic rec
any visual impression. No attemn

1'1”]

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normalize

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as listed in A “re“?urcinr Dictifinarv of Ararican
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..,~ - 4-1. .- x . ° -: .... .- ,.
D s to uie writer's training in phonetic tra
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the "elected 'utroritwtive at: Mr; will ‘e evident.
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CHAPTER III

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CHARTS I - XXV

Charts I - XXV list the consonant deviations of
the 25 Chinese students in their recordings of the
prepared paragraph. The numerals running down the
left side of the charts indicate the number of the
recording. The words initial, medial, and final de-
note the relative positions of a sound in a word.
The phonetic symbols and diacritics alined under
initial, medial, and final respectively, represent
deviations used by one or more of the recorders.
The numbers written in the charts refer to the num-
bered words in the lists accompanying each of the
charts. The individual word lists include every
word in the prepared passage which, when pronounced
according to the selected standard, involves the use
of the particular sound concerned. The word gait
appearing on several of the charts means that one or
THOTG of the recorders has failed to pronounce the

sound concerned in those words indicated by number.

 

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TAB E X
Table X lists the twenty words chosen to show
the variety of pronunciations used by the Chinese
students. Each word is presented orthographically.

The pronuncmation of each word as listed in the

No

selected stanaard s shown in the symbols of the

International Phonetic Alphabet. The various pro-
nunciations of each word as used by the 25 subjects
are also shown in phonetic symbols. The number of

subjects using each pronunciation is indicated to

the right of each pronunciation.

(D
()1

”1““ 17
4.

hf."LA.J X

trembled Chicago

Ji§¥4u39
\tYEm\>\,A fx‘kmlo

Il‘kbgo

(.J
C)
{a

‘QSZdl (3) \trimbld (4) fl‘kago (8)
\QSZdeI (4) \trEmbald (4) ji\kogo (6)
\B3zd1 (C5) \trEm‘oud (3) I1‘kog-jo (l)
\eszdl" ('2) \trembade (l) th\1mgo (2)
\sazdei (1) ‘traemb1d4 (1) tfi‘koego (2)
\Bszgl" (l) \trembad (l) ffkougo (1)
$3236.61 (1) Sara mbald (l) al‘kzvgo (l)
$320131 (1) \trEmbad“ (l) tfl \kogo (l)
\Bfizcrlel (l) \trimb‘ald“ (l) fi‘kagu" (l)
b32d1" (l) \trimbald (l) th \kagou (l)
\sszdl" ( 1) ‘trmbais (1) f 1‘15)“ 50 ( 1)
\Q3Zdfl‘ (l) \trAmbUd (l)
‘tusdci (1) \trembbnd (1)
\Qasdi“ (1) ‘trembidA (1)
©25de1 (l) \trfimbutt (l)
‘sszdx (1) Varembrad (1)
\sszdl (1) ‘tr-amboud (1)

clutch

CD

(1
(2)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)

)

ruff? "t1
.LnngL X

(oont.)

shoulder

\foqu

‘fou lda
Dasuzda
ybulda
:yguzda
Yu" (1%

jfuldez

\fu"ga

‘souldz

\soudsaz

\fo’Mlda‘z

tfiouvda

)flgldu‘s

:quQ3

(4.)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(1)

bids

b a (1333
bc7d§5
beltf
baeds
bid}

(2)
(6)
($5)
(2)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(1)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(1)

printed
\‘wnxtao
\prlntad
\printid
‘prlngag
\prlntadé
\prLVntad’
\prlnat
‘prlnada

\pr31f1t

\p‘intldA

\prl" nthA

\print

\printa

‘prIntlda

\prlntlt

C“)

cu

A
(D
V

(2)
(2)
(1)
(l)

(l)
(l)
(1)
(l)
(1)
(1)

Either
‘11}?

\ZISv

\ZIZB

\z 1383‘

‘2. L22»

\ZXQZ‘
\
2133

\11133

\z'xdv

\sxnfl‘a

\ZIto
\fiza
\XISU“
\s 333
bier
\zLia
\zisa
\s't’S‘a‘

‘2a:$at

(f5)
(4)
(5)
(l)
(1)
(1)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)

I If n w 1
T1 LH>L :t f;

(cont.)
private
\Praurvax.
‘pralvat (2)
\pr31v1Vt (5)
\praIVIt (5)
\pr11v1§ (4)
\prwwe.“ t (1 )
‘pr31v1‘d (l)
\prAIVLt (l)
\prAJflt (1)
\praJVEAQ (l)
\p AIVEE (l )
\plaJNIt (1)
\pralvz‘t (l)
\pra1ve1t (l)

glancing
‘3\aents1v)
\glaantSLG
\graznts13
‘glant 31v)
yglat“nt31“
\glEVITtSIfi
\ngVI ntsxvl
\glintSIU
\grents13
\glacVntSIG
\glae. ndzxs

\giantSLB

(9)
(6)
(2)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)

[...]

§r£st

C‘)

(7)

(16)
(5
(2)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)

diaplayed
613‘“ CIA
dIs‘plCId
d13‘prc1d
d15‘plc1dA
d13‘prelsd
dxs‘plcrxd?
dxs‘plexd“
\dls'pal
d13‘pleIs

dIs\preidzd‘

1‘ I}
$1.,

(co

W av e S

NCIVI

(lO) weivz

(5)
(5)
(2)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)

WfiIV Z
O
VCIVZ

weifs

\
WleIS

wafivz

VCIfS

LE X
nt.)

(14)
(5)
(5)
(2)
(l)
(l)
(l)

\

million

\“I ‘33 n
\mfljan
\mIlI r)
\mxdig
\mllan
\milj33
\miljan
\minas

\

mlljen

mL‘lePn

\
mYlan
\ .~
mInJon

\milLU

(10)
(4)
(2)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(1)
(l)
(l)
(l)

reversed
n‘v 3‘ st
r1‘vsst
r1‘vsst

r1‘v3sd

r1‘vast
r1‘vast
rI“\vfsd
r1‘f3
rC'\v3sd
r1“\v3st
r1‘v3sd
r15f3sg
ltv\v3sd
11‘v3st

r1‘\vsst

(4)
(5)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(1)
(l)
(l)
(l)

horizon
\
M3 1117.?)
k \
11‘) ralzan
, \
n3 r3123n
ha‘rzuz’rSn
\
hDPIZBH
\ ..
hDrlzon
\ .
ho ralzn
. \
n3 ralzon
\
horazon
ha‘rlzon
\ ~
h3r1“zan
\ ~
harlzon
\
ho rAQFan
ha‘rczsn

\
harIza’n

(7)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)

m 1"?“ TT‘
.Lnuud

Ar i‘
(versi-

suddenly
\SAAQU.
‘SAdnll
‘sAdanix

\SA tznlI

\SAdanlI

\s A“ den 11"

\SAdzli

\

jhdenli
\SAm 'bI. 11

\
SAndIll

«r

\
nah

)

nothing
\nAexn
\nAGI“
\nAAGIY}
\nAeln
‘nxexq
V1089“)
\nASIV}
\nAtin
\nAva“
‘nAVQIVg

\
lesxn

(15)
(:2)
<2)
<1)
<1)
(1)
<1)
<1)
<1)
(1)

\00’8
lous
loue
\louex“
lous
\loueL
1 0'1) 6
let
lus
loust
ldflJst
Y1 DUB
\lousxd
lode
luv
cub
JJLB

(4
(5)

(l)
(1)
(l)
(l)
(1)
(l)
(l)
(l)

(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)

PTER IV

an

i

n
VA

F‘DT'H'T’V Q ‘T-t‘

I Sound substitutions and sound omissions were pre—
sent to a greater or lesser degree in all of the_re-
cordings.

II Sound additions were heard in twenty-three of

the contexts.

III Accent was misplaced in the pronunciation of
various words in twenty-three of the recordinss.

IV Deviation in rhythm due to cha fl‘es of pitch at

'. )

odd places in the text, w-ak force in place of strong
and vice versa, and the prolongation or curtailment
of various sounds was evidenced by twenty-three of
the subjects.

V Inflectional divergence from the General Ameri-
can pattern of Speech was prevalent in twenty-three
of the recordings.

VI A reversal of aspiration patterns and dentali-
zation of [t] and [d1were heard to some extent, al-
though not as extensively as etpected. This was due,
perhaps, to the writers having to rely on acoustic
impression alone rather than on both acoustic and
visual impression.

VII A great deal of variance in vowel pronunciation

will be noted in the chart covering vowel transcription.

u

elected to show the varietv of

0)

VIII The twenty worms
pronunciation were misprtnounced due to sound SUDStl-
tution, sound omission, sound addition, and misplaced
accent.

A. All of the twenty words were mispronounced

due to sound substitution. Example: displayed,

 

[dispreid or Ellsprexs] for ElIspleJd].

3. Twelve of the twenty words were mispronounced
due to sound omissfon. Example: printed,
[print‘o] or Earned] for [printed].

C. Ten of the twenty words were m pronounced

H.
U:

due to sound addition. Example: loathe,
[lous1d] or [lougi] for [1003].
D. Three of the twenty words were mispronounced
due to misplaced accent. Example: horizon,

\

[>h3rlzan] fkn~ 113 rAJzél.

...)J

111

BIBLIOGRAPHY

7') .— .v7- 3 "T' 1 1‘" 1'. ,3
corchers, Gladys L. and u se, via wwde h., to ern
W
(‘V 1 TT ‘ V‘ “
oneecn, narcourt, Brace ar.l ’ompany, Jew
p- 4 0 Ann
lurk, IQeB, pp. 45s- :00.

Keny:n, John S. and Knott, Thomas A., A Pro-
rownciflfi D“ct‘onarv of American English
. a . an ‘ —. ul—

-—-———_ ’
G. and c. As riam 00., Springfie.d, L assa-
chusetts, 1940.

 

Lynn , Klonda, "A Phonetic Analysis of the

English Spoken by Kexicaz Children in the

Elementary Schools of Arizona." Un-

published Doc tor's Thesis, Louisiana

State University, 1940, cited by Borchers,

Gladys L. and Jise, Claude M., Nodern

Soeech, Harcourt, Brace and Company, New
rk, 1948, pp. 489—509.

.9 R H - n
U1se,“laule 3., Pussian and English Speech
So1nds, " The Journal of Speech and Heari no

Q

 

 

Di_s orm rs, Vol. 14, (December, 19497,
DD . 313:?- (,,‘-:7..‘4 o

.L

 

BIOGRAPHY

Richard Redin Carveth was born in Chicago,
Illinois, on June 8, 1924. Upon his graduation
from high school in 1942, he enlisted in the
United States Karine Corps where he served for
three years both in the United States and in
the South Pacific combat area. He entered
Michigan State College, East Lansing, Kichigan,
as a freshman student in January of 1946. He
was graduated in December of 1948, and entered
the Graduate School of Michigan State College
in January of 1949. He has done his graduate
work in speech correction under the direction

of Dr. Charles Pedrey and Kiss Lucia Morgan.

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