(:1... .v‘smt..i Line.\.?!~.s 3“. 1 t v 1.: 193.3353! {1 :1} {13¢}.Zli v.0. J) 1.7.: r s I. (I A; . . e a .2 y I 1 . . : \ . . r v- . v V . . v o . ‘ t‘V . ‘ r . _ » .. . ~ , . . ... _. . . a ‘ ‘ \ ‘ . 2... n < k: “Entiy‘JWfiVwflui. {O m a b 1 s 2! lllll Ill! llllllllllllllllllllllllllll ~ 3 1293 01102 6626 UBRARY Michigan State University This is to certify that the thesis entitled Oak Stump Sprouting Potential 0n Outwash Ecosystems of Northern Lower Michigan presented by Jeffrey Lee Bruggink has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for MS degree in Mfr—UL Major professor Date January 18. 1989 0-7639 MS U is an Afirman've Action/Equal Opportunity Institution 1V1£SI.J RETURNING MATERIALS: Piace in book drop to LJBRAfiJES remove this checkout from “ your record. Elflfii will be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below. OAK STOMP SPROUTING POTENTIAL ON OUTWASH EOOSYSTEHS OF NORTHERN LOWER MICHIGAN Jeffrey Lee Bruggink A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State Univeisity in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Forestry 1988 ABSTRACT OAK STOMP SPROUTING POTENTIAL ON OOTWASH ECOSYSTENS OP NORTHERN LOWER MICHIGAN BY Jeffrey Lee Bruggink Maintaining the oak covertype on dry outwash ecosystems is an important silvicultural problem in northern lower Michigan. These forests provide a variety of timber and recreational uses. Successful regeneration is predominantly from stump sprouts following harvest. Clearcut oak sites of northern lower Michigan were sampled to derive logistic and multiple linear regression equations for estimating the amount of successful regeneration that can be expected from stump sprouts following harvest. Depth to saturated soil was considered as a factor influencing sprouting potential on dry outwash sites. Results showed that both diameter and age of parent trees affect sprouting potential. Logistic regression equations were developed to include both diameter and age as independent variables. The depth to saturation affected sprout height growth in intermediate sized stumps. However, the influence was not significant for all stump di- ameters. Multiple linear regression equations. using diam- eter as an independent variable, were developed for two separate ecosystems that varied in the depth to saturated soil. I wish to dedicate this work to my parents. All my successes and accomplishments are because of them. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank the following people for their friend- ship, guidance and assistance while at Michigan State Uni- versity; Dr. Melvin Koelling, Dr. James Hart, Dr. Eunice Padley, Dr. Paul Johnson, Ms. Connie Miller and Ms. Lori Sadler. A special thanks to Dr. Douglas Lantagne and Mr. Dave Cleland who provided me with many of the ideas and technical information during my studies. I would also like to acknowledge the support of the Huron-Manistee National Forests. One final person I would like to recognize is my wife Hope Lynn. Without her love and patience this would have never been accomplished. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION-PROBLEM DEFINITION . . . . . . . LITERATURE REVI EW O O O O O O O O O O O O O O OAK SPROUTING . . . . . EFFECTS OF SOIL MOISTURE ON STOMP SPROUTS . LOCATION OF STUDY AREA . . . . . . . . . . . CLIMATE OF STUDY AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . TOPOGRAPHY, SOILS AND OVERSTORY OF STUDY AREA SITE DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION (ECS) . . ECOSYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . ELTP 10 . ELTP 12 . ELTP 20 ELTP 52 INDIVIDUAL STUDY SITE LOCATIONS . . . . . . . METHODS O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O STUMP VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENT SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple Linear Regression by Stump Diamet classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Logistic Regression . . . . . . . . Comparisons Between ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stump Age to Stump Diameter Relationships Estimation of dbh from Stump Diameters . RESULTS O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O SUMMARY OF STUMPS SAMPLED . . . . . . . . . Page Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Multiple Linear Regression Using Stump Diameter classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Logistic Regression Results . . . . . . . . 38 Comparing Sprout Development of ELTP 10 and 12 Ecosystems by Stump Diameter Classes . . . . . 47 Stump Age-Stump Diameter Relationships . . . . . SO Stump Diameter—dbh Relationship . . . . . . . . . 54 Soil Profiles and Descriptions . . . . . . . . . 58 DI SCUSSION O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 6 l Stump Age-Diameter Relationships . . . . . . . . 66 Silvicultural Solutions to Oak Regeneration on Outwash Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Deer and Oak Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 CONCLUSION O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 6 9 APPLICATION O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 7 2 Method I-Using Weighted Multiple Linear Regression for Estimating Black and White Oak Sprouting Potentials on Ecosystem Types ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 from Diameter Measurements . . . . . . . . . 73 Method II-Using Logistic Regression for Estimating Black and White Oak Sprouting Potentials on Outwash Sandy Soils of Northern Lower Michigan from Diameter and Age Measurements . . . . . . 78 Use of dbh Estimation Equations . . . . . . . . . 83 LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 APPENDIX A O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 9 6 APPENDIX B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 98 APPENDIX C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 107 vi Table LIST OF TABLES Ecological Land Type Phase for the Manistee National Forest first number identification (ECS Training Workshops 1986, 1987). . . . . Ecological Land Type Phase for the Manistee National Forest second number identification (ECS Training Workshops 1986, 1987). . . . . Study site locations and ecosystem types for oak stump sprout regeneration on the Manistee National Forest of northern lower Michigan. Number of stumps sampled and percentages of sprouted stumps by ecosystem type (ELTP) and species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary statistics by ecosystem type (ELTP) and species for number of sprouts per stump, average height and caliper of tallest sprout, age of stumps and diameter of stumps. . . . Logistic regression equation, variables and coefficients for estimating the probabilities of black and white oak stumps having at least one living sprout five years following clearcut harvest of sandy outwash ecosystems of north- ern lower Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . Logistic regression equation, variables and coefficients for estimating the probabilities of black and white oak stumps producing a vigor- ous sprout (1.4 meters or taller) five years following clearcut harvest of sandy outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan. . . . Average height of tallest sprout for black and white oak by stump diameter class for ecosystem types ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 of northern lower Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii 16 17 20 29 3O 40 44 48 10. 11. 11.1 12. 13. 14. 15. 15.1 16O Average stem caliper of tallest sprout for black and white oak by stump diameter class for eco- system types ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 of northern lower Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average number of living sprouts for black and white oak stumps or root mass by stump diameter class for ecosystem types ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 of northern lower Michigan. . . . . . . . . Proportion of black oak and white oak stumps on ecosystem type ELTP 10 expected to have at least one living sprout five years following clearcut harvest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example of how to use stand inventory by diamet- er class for estimating the proportion of black and white oak stumps having at least one liv- ing sprout five years following clearcut har- vest on ecosystem type ELTP 10. . . . . . . Proportion of black oak and white oak stumps on ecosystem type ELTP 12 expected to have at least one living sprout five years following clearcut harvest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proportion of black oak and white oak stumps on ecosystem type ELTP 10 expected to have at least one living sprout 1.4 meters (4.6 feet) or tall— er five years following clearcut harvest. . . Proportion of black oak and white oak stumps on ecosystem type ELTP 12 expected to have at least one living sprout 1.4 meters (4.6 feet) or tall- er five years following clearcut harvest. . . Proportion of black oak stumps on outwash sandy ecosystems of northern lower Michigan expected to have at least one living sprout five years following clearcut harvest by diameter and age. Example of how to use stand inventory data by diameter and age for estimating the proportion of black oak stumps having at least one living sprout five years after harvest of a outwash oak ecosystem of northern lower Michigan. . . Proportion of white oak stumps on outwash sandy ecosystems of northern lower Michigan expected to have at least one living sprout five years following clearcut harvest by diameter and age. viii 49 50 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 17. 18. 19O 20. 21. 22. 23O 24. 25. Proportion of black oak stumps on outwash sandy ecosystems of northern lower Michigan expected to have at least one living sprout 1.4 meters (4.6 feet) or taller five years following clearcut harvest by diameter and age. . . . Proportion of white oak stumps on outwash sandy ecosystems of northern lower Michigan expected to have at least one living sprout 1.4 meters (4.6 feet) or taller five years following clearcut harvest by diameter and age. . . . Equations for estimating dbh from stump diamet- ers tem DBH ers DBH BIS DBH ers DBH ers DBH of three oak species found on four ecosys- types of northern lower Michigan. . . . Estimation of Black Oak From Stump Diamet- 15 cm Above Ground. . . . . . . . . . . . Estimation of Black Oak From Stump Diamet- 30 cm Above Ground O O O O O O O O O O O O Estimation of White Oak From Stump Diamet- 15 cm Above Ground. . . . . . . . . . .,. Estimation of White Oak From Stump Diamet- 30 cm Above Ground. . . . . . . . . . . . Estimation of Red Oak From Stump Diameters 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 15 cm Above Ground O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 90 DBH Esimation of Red Oak From Stump Diameters 30 cm Above Ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Appendix A-l. Appendix A-2. Appendix 8-1. Appendix B-2. Stump diameter*age classes used for stratification of sampled stumps. . . 96 Stump diameter classes and diameter values represented by each class. . . 97 Profile description for Clearcut l, ELTP 52, White Cloud Ranger District, Com- partment 98 Stand 15. . . . . . . . . 98 Profile description for Clearcut 2, ELTP 12, White Cloud Ranger District, Com- partment 98 Stand 1. . . . . . . . . 99 Profile description for Clearcut 3, ELTP 20, White Cloud Ranger District, Com- partment 102 Stand 11. . . . . . . . . 100 ix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Profile description for Clearcut 4, ELTP 12, White Cloud Ranger District, Com- partment 17 Stand 39. . . . . . . . 101 Profile description for Clearcut 5, ELTP 20, White Cloud Ranger District, Com- partment lll Stand 2. . . . . . . . . 102 Profile description for Clearcut 6, ELTP 10, Baldwin Ranger District, Compart- ment 23 Stand 34O O O O O O O O O O O 103 Profile description for Clearcut 7, ELTP 10, Baldwin Ranger District, Compart- ment 35 Stand 21. . . . . . . . . . . 104 Typical horizon sequences for ecosystem types ELTP 10 and ELTP 12. . . . . . . 105 Typical horizon sequences for ecosystem types ELTP 20 and ELTP 52. . . . . . . 106 Simple correlation coefficients (r) be- tween selected variables for black and white oak stumps sampled on ELTP's 10 and 12 that had Living Sprouts at the end of 5 growing seasons. . . . . . . 107 Percentage of stumps by diameter class with living sprouts for each ecosystem type and species sampled. . . . . . . 108 Percentage of stumps by diameter class with at least one living sprout 1.4 meters or taller for each ecosystem type and species sampled. . . . . . . 109 Figure 1. LIST OF FIGURES Page Location of study area in the Manistee National Forest (USDA Forest Service, 1985, Proposed Land and Resource Management Plan). . . . . . . . . 14 Estimated probabilities for black oak stumps on outwash ecosystem types ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 hav- ing at least one living sprout five years after harvest in relation to stump diameter. . . . . 34 Estimated probabilities for white oak stumps on outwash ecosystem types ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 hav- ing at least one living sprout five years after harvest in relation to stump diameter. . . . . 35 Estimated probabilities for black oak stumps on outwash ecosystem types ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 hav- ing at least one sprout 1.4 meters or taller five years after harvest in relation to stump diameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Estimated probabilities for white oak stumps on outwash ecosystem types ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 hav- ing at least one sprout 1.4 meters or taller five years after harvest in relation to stump diameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Estimated probabilities for black oak stumps on outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan hav- ing at least one living sprout five years after harvest in relation to stump diameter and stump age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Estimated probabilities for white oak stumps on outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan hav- ing at least one living sprout five years after harvest in relation to stump diameter and stump age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Estimated probabilities for black oak stumps on outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan hav- ing at least one sprout 1.4 meters or taller five years after harvest in relation to stump diameter xi 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.- and stump age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated probabilities for white oak stumps on outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan hav- ing at least one sprout 1.4 meters or taller five years after harvest in relation to stump diameter and stump age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relationship of stump diameter to stump age for black oak on ecosystem types ELTP 10, 12, 20 and 52 of northern lower Michigan. . . . . . . . . Relationship of stump diameter to stump age for white oak on ecosystem types ELTP 10, 12 and 20 of northern lower Michigan. . . . . . . . . Black oak dbh estimation from stump diameters at 15 cm above ground for northern lower Michi- gan ecosystem types ELTP 10, 12, 20, 52 and all ELTP's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black oak dbh estimation from stump diameters at 30 cm above ground for northern lower Michi- gan ecosystem types ELTP 10, 12, 20, 52 and all ELTP's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White oak dbh estimation from stump diameters at 15 cm above ground for northern lower Michi- gan ecosystem types ELTP 10, 12, 20, 52 and all ELTP's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White oak dbh estimation from stump diameters at 30 cm above ground for northern lower Michi- gan ecosystem types ELTP 10, 12, 20, 52 and all ELTP's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Red oak dbh estimation from stump diameters at 15 and 30 cm above ground for northern lower Michigan ecosystem type ELTP 20. . . . . . . . xii 45 46 52 53 55 56 57 59 60 INTRODUCTION-PROBLEM DEFINITION Inadequate natural oak regeneration in the Lake States is a serious silvicultural problem (Johnson, 1976). Silvicultural methods to obtain oak regeneration have not been developed for all situations. Harvest does not always promote oak establishment and often results in a conversion to other species due to various factors (Johnson and Krinard, 1976). In the Lake States these factors include deer browsing, vegetative competition, frost, moisture availability and disease. Repeated shoot dieback in re- sponse to these factors results in the eventual overtopping of the oak regeneration by competing species and a reduction in the oak density of the new stand. The site conditions that encourage oak regeneration must be identified before successful silvicultural methods can be developed. The state of Michigan contains 1,731,000 acres (700,536 ha) of oak forest, of which 60 percent is located in the northern half of the lower peninsula. The oak forest ranges in quality from veneer red oak (Quercus rubra) on fertile lacustrine clay soils to low grade black (9. velutina) and white oak (Q. 9193) pulpwood on coarse sandy soils. Of the total oak forests in Michigan, approximately 825,600 acres (334,120 ha) are on low quality sites (8150 60 or less). Seventy eight percent (645,500 acres, 261,234 ha) of the low quality (SI 50 60 or less) oak forests in Michigan occur in the northern half of the lower peninsula (Smith and Hahn 1986). Low quality sites grow predominately black, white and northern pin oak (Q. ellipsoidalis). The Huron-Manistee National Forests are located in the northern lower Peninsula of Michigan. These two national forests contain 230,000 acres (93,081 ha) of oak forest. Sixty-one percent (141,000 acres, 57,063 ha) of the Huron-Manistee oak forest is SI50 55 or less. Regeneration methods have not yet been defined for maintenance of oak covertype on these low quality sites. Continued oak covertype, rather than conversion to other species, is es- sential for maintaining the vegetational diversity needed for wildlife habitat, aesthetics and timber production. The rural economy surrounding and within the Huron-Manistee National Forests relies heavily on logging and recreation as a source of employment and income. Oak ecosystems on poor sites are very important because of the large amount of forested land they represent. Pulpwood, fuelwood and sawtimber are the major timber products har- vested from these sites. Current demand for these raw mate- rials is growing. Average standing timber prices of sawtimber quality oak are second only to black walnut (Juglans glare) and black cherry (Prunus serotina) (Morris 1987). It is anticipated that demand will grow greater than supply in the next decade. Restrictions on cutting within ecosystems on poor sites have been implemented on the Huron-Manistee National Forests in recent years due to inad- equate natural oak regeneration following harvest. Many of the uncut mature poor oak sites of the Huron-Manistee National Forests are declining in quality and in regen- eration potential from stumps due to advanced age. Cutting in these ecosystems has been halted until methods are devel- oped to improve the potential for oak regeneration. A variety of silvicultural methods and combinations of methods have been tried in an attempt to increase the amount of natural oak regeneration. These have included prescribed burning, shelterwood, clearcut, seed tree, herbicides, and disking. Many of these methods are currently being tested in the Huron-Manistee National Forests of northern lower Michiganl. Success of these methods varies with site pro- ductivity class and species. Inadequate seedling regeneration occurs on undisturbed outwash oak ecosystems before and after harvest. In oak ecosystems on poor sites, stump sprouts are a major source of oak regeneration (Kittredge and Chittenden 1929, Arend and Scholz 1969, Sander 1977, Lynch and Bassett 1987). Host and others (1987) found seedling densities (most less than 30 cm in height) of 5217/ha (lel/ac), 2820/ha (ll4l/ac) and 274/ha (lll/ac) for black, white and red oak, respectively, on dry outwash soils in undisturbed black and white oak stands in northern lower Michigan. Regeneration from 1.2 to 9.0 cm dbh numbered only 4/ha (2/ac), 16/ha (6/ac) and l/ha (l/ac) for black, white and red oak, respectively. 1Schultz, J. 1987. Personal communication, Silviculturalist U.S. Forest Service Huron-Manistee National Forests, Cadillac, MI. Natural oak seedling regeneration has not provided adequate stocking on outwash ecosystems. Stump sprouts following harvest may partially compensate for inadequacies of estab- lished advanced regeneration before harvest (Sander, Johnson and Watt 1976). For this reason, silvicultural studies di- rected toward understanding and increasing stump sprouting on outwash ecosystems are important. Krittredge and Chittenden (1929), working in northern lower Michigan reported that regeneration of oak stands on poor sites relied on sprouts following harvest. They con- cluded that a 100 year rotation age for these stands would not provide an adequate amount of sprout regeneration at harvest and low volumes precluded the use of the shelterwood system. The use of fire was also suggested as a means to stimulate natural oak regeneration. The use of prescribed fire to increase the amount of natural oak regeneration has been researched on many sites. Fires are believed to have indirectly influenced the estab- lishment of the original oak stands in northern lower Michigan (Elliott 1953, Kapp 1978). Many researchers be- lieve that simulating the original fires through prescribed burning will increase oak regeneration potential (Brown 1960, Williamston 1964, Mobley and others 1973, Sanders 1977, Rouse 1986). On outwash ecosystems, where soils are very dry, low in organic matter and infertile, fires may be detrimental to oak regeneration. Intense fires can remove organic matter which is the main source of soil nutrients ‘and the major retainer of soil moisture in sandy soils (Brown 1973). Obtaining successful natural oak regeneration on outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan is a silvicultural problem that has no immediate answer. Deter- mining and understanding regeneration potential for indi- vidual sites across the landscape are important to the man- agement of these ecosystems. The ability to predict the amount of successful oak regeneration from stump sprouts would aid in the management of these ecosystems. Guidelines for predicting oak stump sprouting have been developed for many species in the central U.S. (Gingrich 1967, Johnson 1977, Sander and others 1976, Sander and oth- ers 1984). Lynch and Bassett (1987) developed predictive equations for stumps of white, red and northern pin oak on dry sites of northern lower Michigan over a range of site indexes (SISO 40 to 60). There are currently no guidelines designed specifically for estimating stump sprout regeneration for both black and white oak on glacial outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan. There are also no guidelines for estimating the contribution of moisture from saturated soil layers to oak stump sprout potential on these ecosystems. Regeneration potential is known to vary with site con- ditions. Moisture availability is an important limiting site factor to regeneration on the outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan. Depth to saturation of the soil varies from 5 ft (1.5 m) to greater than 20 ft (6.1 m) in the oak sandy outwash ecosystems of the Huron-Manistee Na- tional Forestsl. Oak roots are known to grow to depths greater than 15 ft (6.1 m) on sandy outwash soils with no restrictive layersl. Very little information is available on the influence of depth to saturated soil on outwash ecosystems to moisture supplies of oak root systems and the effects on growth and regeneration potential. Productivity is greater on outwash sites with shallow depths to saturated soil. Site indexes (base age 50) of mature oaks on outwash stands with saturated soil within tree rooting depth are 5-10 index units greater than outwash stands with deep depths to saturated soil. The effect of depth of saturated soil to development of stump sprouts following harvest on outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan has not been documented. The hypothesis is that glacial outwash sites with shal- low depths to saturated soil (less than 15 ft) will have greater stump sprout potential than sites with deep saturated soils (greater than 15 ft). The increased mois- ture availability to the root systems of stumps may relieve stress and provide greater growth of sprouts. Sites with saturated soils less than fifteen feet from the surface should be favored for maintaining the oak component on 1Cleland, D.T. 1987. Personal communication, Soil Scien- tist Huron-Manistee National Forests, Cadillac, MI. outwash ecosystems if they can be shown to have greater re- generation potential from stump sprouts following harvest. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to: 1. Quantify oak stump sprout potential on glacial outwash ecosystems in northern lower Michigan. 2. Define the relationship between depth to saturation and regeneration and growth potential of oak stump sprouts on outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan. 3. Develop predictive equations to estimate the contribu- tion of stump sprouts to regeneration after outwash ecosys- tems are harvested. 4. Develop predictive equations for estimating dbh of oak species from stump diameters on outwash ecosystems. LITERATURE REVIEW OAR SPROUTING Oaks are prolific stump sprouters and sprouts typically grow more rapidly than seedling or seedling sprouts (Johnson 1977,1979). This ability to sprout increases the chance for survival after fire, harvest or other disturbances. Regen- eration plans should include stump sprouts as a valuable source of reproduction (Johnson 1977). Established root systems supporting stump sprouts are capable of much greater stem growth than the root systems of true seedlings (Sander and others 1976). Therefore, the factors that influence stump sprouting success will be considered. Diameter and age of oak trees are known to affect the sprouting potential of oak stumps (Kittredge and Chittenden 1929, Sander and others 1976, Johnson 1977, Sander and oth- ers 1984). Diameter of parent trees can affect the sprout- ing ability of stumps and the shoot elongation of oak sprouts. A negative correlation typically exists between stump size and sprouting ability (Johnson 1977, Lynch and Bassett 1987). As diameter increases, the sprouting ability decreases. Several researchers have reported that smaller diameter classes of black, white, red, pin and scarlet oak (Q. coccinea) had greater percentages of stumps producing sprouts after stem removal than larger diameter classes (Sander and others 1976, Johnson 1977, Lynch and Bassett 1987). Sprouting frequency decreased with increasing diam- eter at breast height but increased with increasing site quality with black, white, red and scarlet oaks of Missouri (Sander and others 1984). However, few large diameter white oak stumps on dry ecosystems of northern lower Michigan were sampled with living sprouts (Lynch and Bassett 1984). Stump diameter also affects the height growth of stump sprouts. Shoot elongation increased with increasing stump diameter up to 6 inches (15.2 cm) for black and white oak in Missouri (Johnson 1979). As stump diameters rose above 6 inches (15.2 cm) there was a decrease in shoot elongation. Shoot elongation of stump sprouts increased as stump diam- eter increased to 4 inches (10 cm) in white oak and 7 inches (18 cm) in black oak of Missouri (Reich and others 1980). A decrease in shoot elongation occurred with stumps larger than 4 and 7 inches for white and black oak, respectively. Johnson (1979) suggested that a optimum root size-leaf area relationship of stump sprouts occurs most frequently at stump diameters of about 6 inches (15.2 cm) for black and white oak in Missouri. The existence of an optimum parent tree diameter for stump sprout potential has not been documented for black or white oak on outwash ecosystems of lower Michigan. Age of the parent stem, much like stump diameter, also affects the ability of oak stumps to sprout and the shoot elongation of sprouts. The number of red oak sprouts and the growth potential of sprouts were found to decrease as age of the parent tree increased (Johnson 1975). Probabili- ties of successful regeneration were determined to decrease as age of stumps increased for black and white oak in the Missouri Ozarks (Johnson 1977). An interaction between stump age and stump diameter of the parent stem is thought to effect black and white oak stump sprout regeneration po- tential. Lynch and Bassett (1987) did not find this inter— action on dry sites of northern lower Michigan for pin, red or white oak. The stump age-stump diameter interaction was found on black and white oak by Johnson (1977) in the Missouri Ozarks. The factors of age and diameter were 10 considered when developing accurate-models for estimating stump sprout regeneration on outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan. EFFECTS OF SOIL MOISTURE ON STOMP SPROUTS Insufficient water is a limiting factor of oak stem growth and regeneration (Kozlowski 1949, Larson and Whitmore 1970, Larson 1974, Hinckley 1975, Tesky and Hinckley 1981). Understanding the effects of limited water availability on the physiology of oak species is important to the study of oak sprouting on the glacial outwash plains of northern lower Michigan. The sandy porous soils of northern lower Michigan are very low in water holding capacity (Host 1987). Water movement downward is rapid on these ecosystems. Sandy soils that are saturated within the reach of parent oak root systems may increase water availability for stump sprout growth on these ecosystems. Many oak species are very sensitive to moisture avail- ability (Zimmermann and Brown 1971). Shoot growth, root growth and stem diameter are influenced by water availabil- ity. Moisture stress induced on red oak trees caused a de- crease in root regeneration, a reduction in shoot growth and a reduction in diameter growth (Larson and Whitmore 1970). Initiation and cessation of root and shoot growth of white and black oaks of Missouri were in direct association to temperature and water stress (Reich and others 1980). Shoot growth of white and red oaks was suppressed at a high soil 11 moisture stress of -8 bars (Larson and Palashev 1973). Stem circumference of white oak in a central Missouri forest was found to be highly positively correlated with soil moisture content (Hinckley 1975). Low moisture availability on outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan are believed to cause limitations to potential shoot growth of white and black oak stump sprouts. Extreme moisture stress or drought can cause very se- vere losses to mature oak forests. Lowered soil moisture caused by two summer droughts led to the decline of a South Carolina oak forest (Tainter, Williams and Cody 1983). Hinckley and others (1979) studied the effects of a severe drought in 1976 on several species of an oak-hickory forest of central Missouri. They reported that growth was reduced, dieback increased, net photosynthetic rates were near com- pensation point and phenological patterns were altered on black and white oaks in the following year. Leaf conduc- tance of black, white and red oaks was drastically reduced by a drought, during 1980, in a oak-hickory forest of cen- tral Missouri (Bahari and others 1985). Northern lower Michigan experienced moderate drought conditions during July and August 1987 and extreme drought conditions during May to July 1988. Responses to the droughts are expected in 1989 to 1990. The effects of a drought are believed to be more detrimental to outwash oak stands of northern lower Michigan that have very dry soils with deep depths to saturation. Outwash stands with shallow depths to saturation (less than 12 '15 ft, 6.1-m) are believed to be damaged less during drought conditions. Information has not been documented to support this reasoning for black and white oaks of Michigan. Outwash sandy ecosystems of northern lower Michigan that are stressed by poor soils and low water availability are also very susceptible to insect, fungal and bacteria at- tacks. Wood boring insects, including the twolined chestnut borer which is highly responsible for transmittal of oak wilt, can enter oak stems much easier when the trees are un- der moisture stress (Solomon and others 1987). Appel and Stipes (1984) found that moisture stress on five to seven year old pin oak induces and increases the infection by fun- gal cankers. Cankers caused by Botryodiplodia gallae were found on black, white and pin oak stump sprouts in clearcut stands on all districts of the Huron-Manistee National Forests of northern lower Michigan (Croghan and Robbins 1985). Outwash dry sites with site indexes under 50 (base age 50) had the highest number of cankers (.96) per stump sprout. Site indexes greater than 57 (base age 50) had a mean of .38 cankers per stump sprout. Croghan and Robbins (1985) stated that B. gallae is a major cause of death of oak sprouts on clearcut stands of the Huron-Manistee Na- tional Forests. Outwash sites with shallower depths to saturation may provide healthier stump sprouts and greater regeneration potential. 13 LOCATION or STUDY AREA The study was conducted on the Manistee National For- est, located in the lower peninsula of Michigan, U.S.A., (Figure 1). The Manistee National Forest is 40 miles wide east to west and 75 miles long north to south. It is lo- cated in parts of Lake, Manistee, Mason, Mecosta, Montcalm, Muskegon, Newaygo, Oceana, and Wexford counties. It lies from Latitude 43°18'to 44°22' and Longitude 85°30' to 86°22'. The forest was established in 1938 and currently con- tains 1,221,671 acres, of this 524,235 acres are in National Forest ownership. There are currently four Ranger Districts including the Manistee, Cadillac, Baldwin and White Cloud. The study area was limited to the southern portion of the forest which includes the Baldwin and White Cloud Ranger Districts (Figure l). The Forest is within one days drive of 46 million people (Draft Environmental Impact Statement USDA Forest Service 1985). The amount of usage and the va- rieties of land uses of the forest are very high throughout the year. CLIMATE OF STUDY AREA Annual average winter temperature of the study area ranges from 19°F (-7°C) to 22°F (-5.5°C) (USDA 1985). An- nual average summer temperature ranges from 64°F (18°C) to 67°F (19°C) (030A 1985). ' Total annual precipitation averages between 30 and 35 14 WM‘MSTEE “TM FMST! THO mama“ Figure 1. Location of study area in the Manistee National Forest (USDA Forest Service, 1985, Proposed Land and Resource Management Plan) inches (76 and-89 cm). 0f the total annual precipitation, approximately 60 percent falls in April through September. The average range of snowfall is from 70 to 83 in. (178 to 211 cm). The first freezing temperature 32°F (0°C) in fall occurs around mid September. The last freezing temperature 32°F (0°C) in spring occurs during early June. TOPOGRAPHY, SOILS AND OVERSTORY OF STUDY AREA The study sites were located on flat to gently rolling, deep sandy outwash plains and overwashed moraines. Slopes were under 10% for all study sites. Soils of the study area were medium to coarse sands. The outwash and overwashed 15 moraines were deposited by glaciers that were present 10,000 to 12,000 years ago (USDA Proposed Land and Resource Manage- ment Plan 1985). Forest overstory composition of the study sites, prior to clearcut harvest, included mature oaks and red maple (Acer rubrum). At time of sampling, the outwash study sites contained stump and seedling sprouts of black and white oak. The overwashed moraine clearcut study sites contained stump and seedling sprouts of black oak, white oak, red oak and red maple. Other tree species common on the clearcut study sites included Prunus spp., witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), red pine (P. resinosa) and aspen (Populus tremuloides and P. grandidentata). SITE DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION (ECS) Information given in this section has been obtained from U.S. Forest Service Ecological Classification System (ECS) Training Workshops held in July 1986, Cadillac, MI and May 1987, Traverse City, MI and from previous research utilizing similar ecosystem types. The use of the ECS system devel- oped on the Manistee National Forest requires permission from Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI and the U.S. Forest Service, Cadillac MI. Sampled sites were selected by ecosystem type as de- fined by a Ecological Classification System (ECS) currently being developed and implemented on the Manistee National Forest. Ecosystem types are defined by the ECS in units called Ecological Land Type Phases (ELTP). An ELTP represents a plant-soil community similar to others in late successional conditions, but can be differentiated based on l6 differences in forest potential and productivity. ELTP grouping is based upon vegetative overstory, soils, ground flora and landform. They are site specific and generally greater then 2.5 acres (1 ha) in size. The ELTP code is a nominal two number code. The first number represents the type of late successional overstory community expected for the site (Table 1) and the second number designates certain key soil characteristics (Table 2). Table l. Ecological Land Type Phase for the Manistee Na- tional Forest first number identification (ECS Training Workshops 1986, 1987). 11 pin-white oak black-white oak mixed oak-red maple red oak-red maple northern hardwoods (sugar maple, beech, basswood, red 3k) U'IOIDOONH ll II II II II moderately well drained site of mixed oak-red maple 1 This ELTP does not have a second code number. ECOSYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS Four types of oak ecosystems on poor sites were sampled in the study area. The four ecosystem types corresponded to four ELTP's, 10, 12, 20 and 52, that are being developed and used for management purposes on the Manistee National For— est. These ecosystem types were selected because they rep- resent oak forests on sandy soils over a range of soil saturation depths. 17 Table 2. Ecological Land Type Phase for the Manistee Na- tional Forest second number identification (ECS Training Workshops 1986, 1987). no textural substratum bands of sandy loam or coarser materials subirrigation (water tables within tree rooting depth for extended time periods) - bands of sandy clay loam of finer materials undifferentiated by ground flora = sandy clay loam or finer bands beneath diagnostic ground flora = loamy surface and substratum textures in red oak-maple and northern hardwood forest types. \1 UI to NI-‘O I ELTP 10 This ecosystem is characterized by a late successional overstory of primarily black and white oak species (Host 1987). Slopes are less than 3%. Red maple is absent from the overstory. Red oak occasionally occurs as a overstory species but black and white oak are the predominant species. Average site index for black oak is 503150 and for white oak 428150- The understory is composed of sparse suppressed species of black and white oak and witch hazel. The ground flora is represented by high amounts of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinium) and sedges (93525 spp.). ELTP 10 typically occurs on outwash plains that are flat to slightly rolling. The soils are dry medium and coarse sands low in nutrients and organic matter and acid to 12 ft. Soil saturation occurs at depths greater than 15 feet and downward water movement is rapid. Soils are clas- sified as sandy, mixed to siliceous, frigid or mesic Typic Udipsamments. 18 'ELTP‘12 ELTP 12 ecosystems differ primarily from ELTP 10 ecosystems in the depth to saturation. ELTP 12 sites have soil saturation occurring within 8 to 15 feet of the sur— face. The ecosystem occurs on flat to slightly rolling outwash plains. Slopes are less than 3%. Although the overstory species are similar to ELTP 10, the average site indexes for ELTP 12 are slightly higher. Average site index for black and white oak are 56 and 49 re- spectively. Red maple is absent from the overstory and red oak is often present in the understory. The understory is composed of witch hazel and sup- pressed black and white oak. Witch hazel tends to have a higher occurrence on the ELTP 12 compared to the ELTP 10. ELTP 20 This ecosystem is characterized by a mixed black, white and red oak overstory. Red maple is present in the overstory although it occurs sporadically. Average site in- dexes are 613150 for red oak, 603150 for black oak, and 529150 for white oak. The understory species are primarily red maple and witch hazel. Suppressed oak species are also found in the understory. The ground flora includes bracken fern, juneberry (Amelanchier spp.), sedges, and maple leaf viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium). The ecosystem occurs on overwashed moraines, kame 19 terraces, spillways and outwash plains that are level to steep. Slopes range from 2 to 30%. Soils are excessively to well drained medium sands and acid to 12 ft. Soil saturation occurs at depths greater than 15 feet and water movement is rapid. Increased water and nutrient availabil- ity are associated with spodic horizons. Soils are classi- fied as sandy, mixed, frigid or mesic Entic Haplorthods. ELTP 52 This ecosystem has not yet been verified by field sam— pling. The preliminary definition is as a moderately well drained mixed oak-red maple site. Overstory vegetation, understory, ground flora and soils are all similar to ELTP 20 sites. It differs by having saturation of the soil oc- curring within 8 ft of the surface. The ELTP 52 ecosystem occurs on level outwash plains with fine to medium sandy soils. Slopes are less than 3%. INDIVIDUAL STUDY SITE LOCATIONS Oak stump sprout regeneration was sampled on seven clearcut sites. Two sample sites were located on the Baldwin Ranger District and five on the White Cloud Ranger District of the Manistee National Forest. Potential sample sites were selected from a list of over 100 clearcut sites on the Manistee National Forest. The sites, were identified using the following criteria: 1) individual site character- istics correlated with ELTP definitions, 2) 5 years or less since harvest, 3) the original stand was a fully stocked 20 mature oak stand (60 years or more in age), and 4) deer damage was minimal (< 50% on sprouts). Two stands of the same age were selected for each ecosystem type except for the ELTP 52 ecosystem which was represented by a single stand. Stands classified as ELTP 10 and 12 were five years old, ELTP 20 stands were four years old and the ELTP 52 stand was three years old. The location of each stand and the ELTP designation is given in Table 3. Table 3. Study site locations and ecosystem types for oak stump sprout regeneration study on the Manistee National Forest of northern lower Michigan. CLEARCUT 01. T15N R12W swl/4 se1/4 Sec. 18, White Cloud Ranger District, Compartment 98 Stand 15, ELTP 52, Site in- dex black oak 553150. CLEARCUT #2. TlSN R12W nel/4 swl/4 Sec. 17, White Cloud Ranger District, Compartment 98 Stand 1, ELTP 12, Site index black oak 533150. CLEARCUT #3. T14N R12W nel/4 Sec. 6, White Cloud Ranger District, Compartment 102 Stand 35, ELTP 20, Site index black oak 625150. CLEARCUT #4. T13N R16W sel/4 swl/4 Sec. 22, White Cloud Ranger District, Compartment 1? Stand 39, ELTP 12, Site in- dex black oak 583150. CLEARCUT #5. T13N R12W sw1/4 swl/4 Sec. 29, sel/4 sel/4 Sec. 30, White Cloud Ranger District, Compartment lll Stand 2, ELTP 20, Site index white oak 493150. CLEARCUT #6. T19N R13W nwl/4 nel/4 Sec. 7, Baldwin Ranger District, Compartment 23 Stand 34, ELTP 10, Site index black oak 503150. CLEARCUT #7. T18N R14W swl/4 swl/4 Sec. 26, Baldwin Ranger District, Compartment 35 Stand 21, ELTP 10, Site index black oak 573150. 21 METHODS The seven clearcut study areas varied in size from fif— teen to thirty acres. Line transects, spaced two chains apart, were established in each clearcut. Square tenth acre measurement plots were established and sampled for stump sprout regeneration every two chains on the transect lines until 100 to 200 oak stumps were measured for each clearcut. The goal for the study was 300 stumps for each ecosystem type. The number of measurement plots per clearcut varied from four to eleven depending on original stand densities and diameters. In an attempt to collect information on a range of stump sizes at a variety of ages, a two-way stratification table was developed for sampling of each ecosystem type. The table contained six stump diameter levels and five age levels (30 cells) (Appendix A-l). Some cells had few or no stumps represented because that particular stratification did not exist, (ex. 100 + year old stumps with a diameter of 7-17 centimeters). STOMP VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENT Stump and sprout variables measured included stump di— ameter, stump age, stump height, number of living sprouts, height and caliper of tallest sprout, and the presence of deer, insect or frost damage. Inside bark stump diameter was measured to the nearest centimeter and recorded as the average of two perpendicular measurements. Age was recorded 22 ' when possible. Stumps without recorded ages were dropped from any statistical analysis requiring age information. Values of age and diameter for multiple stumps originating from the same root mass were averaged. Stump height was measured to the nearest fifteen centimeters. Vertical heights of tallest sprouts were measured to the nearest decimeter (10 centimeters). Stem caliper of the tallest sprout was recorded to the nearest millimeter. Caliper measurements were taken at 15 cm (6 inches) above the point of sprout origin. Multiple stumps originating from the same root mass were considered as one stump and only one measurement of height and caliper of the tallest sprout from the stumps was recorded. Each group of stump sprouts was evaluated separately for damage caused by deer, insects, and/or frost. Damage was recorded in one of five categories as follows: 0 = no damage, 1 = 1 to 25% damage, 2 = 26-50%, 3 = 51-75%, 4 = 76-100%. Damaged was assessed and recorded separately for deer, insects and frost. At least two of three types of damage often occurred on the same sprout (e.g. deer and frost). Deer damage was characterized by browsed stems. Insect damage was characterized by foliar damage, leaf galls and evidence of boring insects in the stems. Frost damage was characterized by the presence of dead leaves and leaf- less living shoots with buds. Disease and canker damage were noted in comments. 23 SOILS Soils information was collected in each sampled clearcut. At least one soil pit to five feet and four fif- teen foot auger holes were excavated in each sampled clearcut. The auger holes were used to determine the pres- ence or absence of subirrigation. Subirrigation is herein defined as a perched water table or soil saturation occur- ring within tree rooting depth (15 ft, 6.1 m) for more than six months of the year. Subirrigated sites were separated into two classes by depth to saturation. The classes were 8 to 15 feet and less than 8 feet. Prior to sampling (July-August, 1987) there had been an abnormal dry late spring and early summer drought throughout the study area. Actual depths of soil saturation, that were recorded from July-August, were estimated to be 15-30 centimeters (6-12 inches) below normal depths. Soil profile descriptions were collected for each clearcut site. Topography, slope, as- pect, and parent material were determined and recorded for each stand (Appendix B-l to B-7). Ground flora vegetation was identified at each clearcut study site (Appendix B-l to B-7). A thick mat of Carex spp. (sedges) was present at each clearcut study site. 24 ' STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Correlation, multiple linear regression, simple linear regression, t-tests and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. SYSTAT (Systat Inc., 1986) and NCSS (Hintze, 1987) were used for all statistical analyses. Correlations Pearson simple correlations between two variables were calculated to identify highly related variables to aid in predictive equation development. Correlation coefficients for selected variables were calculated by species for ecosystem types ELTP 10 and 12. Three continuous variables including 1) height of tallest sprout, 2) caliper of tallest sprout and 3) number of living sprouts per stump were cor- related with selected variables of stump age, stump diam- eter, height of cut stump and with each other. Significance tests (p<.05 and .01) were applied to each correlation to determine if r (correlation coefficient) was significantly different from zero. Multiple Linear Regression By Stump Diameter Classes Sampled stump diameters were put into 5 cm stump diam- eter classes. Multiple linear regression was used to de- velop two types of predictive equations. The first to de- termine the percentage of stumps expected to sprout in each stump diameter class and the second to determine the per- centage of stumps expected to have vigorous sprouts in each stump diameter class. 25 These two equations were developed for black and white oak on ecosystem types ELTP 10 and 12. The dependent vari- able was a proportion of stumps that were observed to meet success criteria for a 5 cm diameter class. The success criterion were 1) the ability to have a living sprout at the end of five years and 2) the ability to produce a sprout 1.4 meters or taller at the end of five years. Equations were weighted by the number of stumps in each 5 cm stump diameter class. The only independent variable included in the equation was stump diameter class (to the second order). Diameter class was given values of 1 to 12 to represent 5 cm diameter classes (l=5cm class, 2:10 cm class, etc...). Logistic Regression Logistic regression estimates event probabilities for dependent variables that assume one of two values (0 or 1). Probability equations were developed for black and white oak on outwash ecosystems. Data from ELTP 10 and 12 ecosystems were combined to represent general outwash sand conditions in northern lower Michigan. Non-linear logistic regression was used to determine the probability that a stump would produce sprouts. In addition, the probability that a stump would produce vigorous sprouts was also determined. Two types of equations were developed to estimate probabilities of a stump attaining a given success criterion following cutting. The two success criterion were 1) a living sprout 26 at the end of five years and 2) a sprout 1.4 m tall or taller at the end of five years. Stumps with at least one living sprout were assigned the value of l and stumps with- out at least one living sprout were assigned the value 0. Stumps were also categorized according to tallest sprout height. Stumps with a living sprout 1.4 m tall or greater were assigned the value of 1 and stumps with shorter sprouts a value of 0. Continuous independent variables (to the second order) considered in equation development were stump diameter and stump age. First and second order interactions of these variables were also considered. Other variables and inter- actions were screened using stepwise regression. Sig- nificant variables (p<.05) including interactions were used to develop the final equations. At least one variable or interaction including diameter and one including age was forced into each equation. Comparisons Between ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 Ecosystems The tested hypothesis was that outwash sands with shal- low depth to saturation (ELTP 12 ecosystem types) had more sprouts, taller sprouts and sprouts of greater caliper com- pared to sandy ecosystems with deep depth to saturation (ELTP 10 ecosystem types). These variables were tested to determine if significant differences occurred between ELTP 10 and 12 ecosystems. T-tests (Steel and Torrie 1980) with p < .05 and .01 were used to determine significant 27 differences by stump diameter classes (see Appendix A-2 for description of classes). Because of differences in the num- ber of growing seasons since harvest, comparisons between other ecosystems (ELTP's) were not applicable. Stu-p Age to Stu-p Diameter Relationships Linear equations were developed using data collected from stumps to determine diameter growth potential of the ecosystem types and to determine if depth to saturation af- fects diameter growth. Simple linear regression equations relating stump diameter to stump age were developed for black oak on ecosystems ELTP 10, 12, 20, and 52 and white oak on ecosystems ELTP 10, 12, and 20. The dependent vari- able was stump diameter and the independent variable stump age. Estimation of dbh from Stu-p Diameters Forest management often utilizes diameter measurements at dbh (4.5 ft). Therefore, an effort was made to estimate dbh from stump diameter. Adjacent to each study site stand- ing trees of each oak species were measured for diameter at 15 cm (6 in) and 30 cm (12 in) from ground level and at dbh (4.5 ft). The total number of standing trees sampled for each species were 446 black oak, 494 white oak and 60 red oak. Linear regression analysis was used to develop predic- tive equations for estimating dbh from stump diameter. Equations were developed for stump heights of both 15 and 30 28 1cm (6 and 12 in) above ground level. Species included black and white oak on ecosystem types ELTP 10, 12, 20 and 52 and red oak on ecosystem type ELTP 20. The dependent variable was dbh and the independent variable was diameter 15 or 30 cm above ground line. The linear equations were structured as follows: 1. Diameter (cm) dbh ground) BO + Bl(diameter cm at 15 cm above 2. Diameter (cm) dbh ground) B0 + Bl(diameter cm at 30 cm above RESULTS SUMMARY OF STUMPS SAMPLED Of the 1241 oak stumps sampled across the study sites, 1084 were used for analysis. The major species recorded in the ecosystems were black, white and northern red oak. The total number of stumps sampled for each species, stumps with sprouts and stumps with vigorous sprouts by ecosystem type (ELTP) are listed in Table 4. In general, a higher propor- tion of black oak stumps sprouted and produced vigorous sprouts across all ecosystems (ELTP's) than white oak stumps. A higher proportion of white oak stumps produced vigor- ous sprouts on ELTP 12 than on ELTP 10. Seventy-one percent of the three year old black oak stumps on the ELTP 52 site had sprouts 1.4 meters or taller compared to 65, 68 and 76 percent of the four and five year old black oak stumps of ELTP 10, 12 and 20 classified sites. 29 Table 4. Number of stumps sampled and percentages of sprouted stumps by ecosystem type (ELTP) and species. ELTP 10 ELTP 12 ELTP 20 erp 52 so2 wo so wo so wo so so wo3 Stumps 95 168 148 192 68 299 42 52 9 sampled Stumps with 88: 80: 89: so: 84: 85: 9o: 92: 57: gprduts (84) .1134). (131) (154) (57) (254) (38). (57) (5) Stumps w th 75: 49: 58: 59: 55: so: 54: 71: 22: vigorous (73) (83) (101) (113) (44) (150) (27) (44) (2) SptOUtO ‘ Percent of 87! 62% 77t 73% 77t 59t 71% 77% 33t stumps that sprouted that had vigorous gprouts 1 ELTP - Ecological Land Type Phase 2 BO - black oak, W0 8 white oak, R0 = red oak 3 Very small sample size, does not give reliable estimates for white gak on ELTP 52. vigorous = a sprout 1.4 meters (4.6 ft) or taller in height at time of sampling Various summary statistics by ecosystem type (ELTP) and species are shown in Table 5. Statistical comparison tests, such as t-tests, were not done on the summary statistics (means) because of variability in responses that occurs over a range of diameters and ages. They are represented in Table 5 to show estimated population means. Ecosystem types ELTP 10 and 12 were compared by diameter classes using t-tests. This information is presented later in the re— ‘ sults. Averaging all diameters and ages together, black oak Table 5. .30 for number of sprouts per stump, average height and caliper of tallest sprout, age of stumps and diameter of Summary statistics by ecosystem type (ELTP)1 and species stumps. ELTP 104 ELTP 12 erp 20 ELTP 52 302 wo so no so wo so so wo3 Ave. number sprouts per 11.3 7.8 12.1 6.8 7.3 6.3 11.1 15.5 5.1 stump, Max. sprouts per stump 41 34 46 29 26 31 30 47 16 Ave. height tallest Sprout 1.7 1.3 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.7 1.7 .8 (meters) Max. sprout height 3.5 3.0 3.9 3.8 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.3 1.7 (meters) Ave. caliper tallest sprout 2.69 1.99 2.74 2.38 2.60 1.94 2.19 2.30 1.00 (centimeters) Max. caliper tallest sprout 5.65 6.10 6.77 6.79 5.81 5.44 4.16 4.80 2.70 (centimeters) Ave. age of stumps 60 56 67 64 55 48 56 64 51 Max. age of stumps 107 107 94 99 96 112 63 109 103 Ave. diameter of stumps 20 14 24 21 19 12 23 32 18 (centimeters) Max. diameter of stumps 58 42 64 66 65 49 44 80 47 (centimeters) 1 ELTP = Ecological Land Type Phase 2 80 = black oak, WO = white oak, R0 = red oak 3 Very small sample size, does not give reliable estimates for white gak‘on ELTP 52. Age of the ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 sites was five years, ELTP 20 sites four years and the ELTP 52 site three years since clearcut harvest. 31 was superior to white oak in average height of tallest sprout, average caliper of tallest sprout, and number of Sprouts per stump for all ELTP's sampled (Table 5). Three year old black oak stumps on the ELTP 52 ecosystem had a higher mean number of sprouts per stump compared to five year old stumps on the ELTP 10 and 12 ecosystems. The low- est number of sprouts per stump for black oak were recorded on the ELTP 20 ecosystem. The number of white oak sprouts per stump was similar on ELTP 10, 12 and 20 ecosystems. The average height of the tallest living black oak sprouts was ten centimeters greater in ecosystem type ELTP 12 compared to ELTP 10. The average difference for white oak stump sprouts was twenty centimeters between the same sites. Black oak sprouts on the ELTP 52 ecosystem, with two fewer growing seasons than sprouts of the ELTP 10 ecosystem, were similar in height to stump sprouts of the ELTP 10 ecosystem. Black oak sprouts on ecosystem type ELTP 20, with one less growing season than sprouts on ELTP 12 ecosys- tems, were also similar in average stump sprout height. White oak sprouts on ecosystem type ELTP 20, with one less growing season than sprouts on ELTP 10 ecosystem, averaged the same height as ecosystem type ELTP 10 white oak sprouts. Average sprout caliper on ecosystem type ELTP 12 was greater for both black and white oak as compared to the ELTP 10 ecosystem. Mean caliper for both black and white oak was similar on ELTP 10 and 20 ecosystem types even though the later had one less growing season. 32 Correlations Selected correlations of measured variables from ecosystems ELTP 10 and 12 are shown in Appendix C-l. Both stump age and stump diameter were significantly correlated with tallest sprout height for white oak sampled on ecosys- tems ELTP 10 and 12. Black oak showed significant correla- tions of both stump age and stump diameter to height of tallest sprout only in the ELTP 10 ecosystem type. Stump age was highly correlated with stump diameter for both oak species on ecosystem types ELTP 10 and 12 (Appendix C-l). The high correlation between stump age and stump diameter may allow for use of only one of the two variables in model development if they effect sprouting equally. Multiple Linear Regression Using Stump Diameter Classes The percentage of stumps sampled with living sprouts is presented in Appendix C-2 by 5 cm stump diameter classes for each ecosystem type (ELTP) and species. Weighted multiple linear regression analysis was performed with data from Ap- pendix C-2 for black and white oak stumps sampled on ecosys- tem types ELTP 10 and 12. The equations predict the percentage of stumps with a living sprout five years after harvest for black and white oak on ecosystem types ELTP 10 and 12. The dependent variable was calculated as the per- centage of stumps with sprouts in each diameter class, weighted by the number of stumps sampled in each class. The independent variables were the first and second order 33 diameter class value (class value 1 to 12). Stump diameters ranged from 5 to 60 cm and were divided into 12 five cm classes. Figure 2 graphically represents the prediction equa- tions estimating the percentage of black oak stumps with living sprouts at the end of five years on ecosystem types ELTP 10 and 12. Predicted percentages of black oak stumps with living sprouts were similar between ecosystem types for the small (10 to 15 cm) and large (55 to 60 cm) stump diam- eter classes. Black oak stumps on ELTP 12 ecosystems were predicted to have 20% more stumps with living sprouts in the 30 to 40 cm diameter classes. Multiple linear regression equations developed for pre- dicting percentage of white oak stumps expected to have liv- ing sprouts at the end of five years are graphically repre- sented in Figure 3 for ecosystem types ELTP 10 and 12. The predicted stump sprout percentages for ELTP 12 ecosystems were greater than those for ELTP 10 ecosystems across all diameter classes. Predicted stump sprout percentages were 15 to 20 percent higher for the ELTP 12 ecosystem type than for the ELTP 10 ecosystem type in the 30 to 40 cm diameter classes. The percentage of stumps with a vigorous sprout (1.4 meters or taller) is presented in Appendix C-3 by 5 cm stump diameter classes for each ecosystem type (ELTP) and species. Weighted multiple linear regression analysis was performed 34 .uoumamwv madam cu coaumamu cw umo>umn momma mumox m>wm uaoudm wcH>HH oco unwed um wcfi>ms NH meqm use 0“ mean mmdxu msmumxmouo Emmauso co meadow xmo Roman new moaufiawnmboue ecumefiumm .N muswfim NP dim 5 3 15m + A83 Lounges man—um om mm on me. 0... mm on mm om m. 9 m _ _ _ _ p — _ _ L _ _ 00.0 2.4 magma, n mmmau 6.3 ones: OP.O oo.n~a Naoooao .oaavooo.+noooao .maovaao.+oam.usoaahamaooa ”NE seam NEIL mood; u mmmao .93 8.823 ON 0 mo.u~a Nammoau .oaovmoo.+A555Ho .oaovmab.umn~.au»ohshamaoha "oL seam . and cod nxwgu 8.0 f , o; l/ 8.0 // coo .l/I/OIVA co; SGI'UIIQBQOJd paivmnss 35 .uouoamwv mason cu cofiumaou ca umm>umn momma memo» o>am usouam wcfi>fia oco Lemma um wca>mc Nu mega mam 0L mean madam aoumzmooo cm83uso do museum xmo sauna new mmuuwawbmboud pmumauumm N. dim a 0. n:.._u + .Aaov .8683: 955m _ p p _ . n p — b p P 00 mm 0m 0». 0¢ mm on mN 0N mp OF m “Nd mega Nut.— mwaHm> fl mmmHU .mHQ QHTS3 om.n~m Aoooao .oaovqmo.-amL.Lukoaaaooaoca NT Lumooau .83: am. aux «Nassau .oaouooo. /-Aoooau .oaovono. nomo. ausoaahooaoom nod seam // // // / .m muswwm 00.0 070 nvmnnv an s n Aumxnv mu m. nvv.nv .o nr n:w;0 mm m. azugu .8 m 2.0 m m. 8.0 s 00.0 n:0.— 36 with data from Appendix C-3 for black and white oak stumps sampled on ecosystem types ELTP 10 and 12. The dependent variable was the percentage of stumps that had a living sprout 1.4 meters or taller in each 5 cm stump diameter class weighted by the number of stumps sampled in each class. The independent variables were the first and second order of the value (1 to 12) representing the stump diameter class. The equations were developed to predict the percent- age of black and white oak stumps with at least one living sprout 1.4 meters of taller five years after harvest on ecosystem types ELTP 10 and 12 by 5 cm stump diameter classes. Regression equations for predicting the percentage of black oak stumps expected to have a vigorous sprout (1.4 meters or taller) on ecosystem types ELTP 10 and 12 are graphically represented in Figure 4. Eighteen to 34 percent more black oak stumps had vigorous sprouts in the 10 to 15 cm stump diameter classes for ecosystem type ELTP 10 com- pared to ecosystem type ELTP 12. Ecosystem type ELTP 12 was predicted to have 15 to 20 percent more black oak stumps with vigorous Sprouts in the 30 to 40 cm stump diameter classes compared to ecosystem type ELTP 10. The larger stump diameters (55 to 60 cm) were predicted for ecosystem type ELTP 12 to have 30 percent more stumps with vigorous sprouts compared to ecosystem type ELTP 10. 37 .uouoamwp easum cu cowumamu cw umm>umn wouwm munch o>Hm madame no muouoa <.~ usoudm mac momma um wcw>mn Nd mHAm cam OH mfiflm mma%u BOUQ>MOUQ £mfl3u30 GO maafiuw XNO MOOHD HON mOHUHHHAmDOHQ fiNuGEHumm .q whfiwwm NP dim 5 0p nfid + A83 .8683: man—am 00 mm 0m me 0e mm on mm om _mp 0, m — P L — h P . P b b — . Nana madame, n mmmau .mwa when: 00 O 00.nmm NAmmmHU .m«000~0.IAmmMHU .mfiavmqm.+w¢0.u>uwawnmnomm “Nd mham Nata mmaam> u mmmdu .mwa OHOLB 0—. O 1// ~3.u~m Namooao .oaovaao.nammoao .oaovNmo.+omo.u»oaaaaoooha "ob seam / 0N0 ./ 0M0 ./ /../ 0¢.0 /.../ 00.0 \\ 00.0 // \ semantic-Ia paivmnss / / \\ \4 2.0 00.0 . 00.0 00.— 38 White oak multiple linear equations predicting the per- centage of stumps with a living vigorous sprout (1.4 meters or taller), five years following harvest, is graphically represented in Figure 5 for ecosystem types ELTP 10 and 12. Stump diameter classes of 10 to 45 cm indicated a greater number of vigorous sprouts for ecosystem type ELTP 12 com- pared to ecosystem type ELTP 10. ELTP 12 ecosystem type had 20 to 25 percent more white oak stumps with vigorous sprouts than the ELTP 10 ecosystem type in the 30 to 40 cm stump di- ameter classes. Little difference was apparent in the esti- mated proportions of vigorous white oak sprouts in the 50 and 55 cm stump diameter classes. Logistic Regression Results Data from ecosystem types, ELTP 10 and ELTP 12, were combined to develop two equations representing outwash sandy soils over a range of water table depths. The first equa- tion was developed to predict the percentage of oak stumps expected to have at least one living sprout at the end of five years. The second equation was developed to predict the percentage of oak stumps expected to have at least one vigorous sprout (1.4 meters or taller) at the end of five years. The dependent variable was dichotomous (0 or 1) for both types of equations. The independent variables included first order, second order and interactions of stump age and stump diameter. The form of the logistic equation and the best model 39 .woumamqp madam ou cowumaou ca umm>umn woumm mumox o>aw madamL no mucosa <.L usouam mco Lemma um wca>mn Nd 094m vcm 0~ mean mods» amummmooo combuso do museum xmo mugs: now moauwaanmnoud commaame NF dim a 0? 050 + momma—0 80 a MA .6650:— 053m 00 mm om mo. 0¢ mm on mm 0N pm. 09 m — — L p P b p _ _ _ so.» a we Namooau .oaavooo.uaamoau .oanvmao.+amo.usoaaaooao "NH seam NN.MN¢ arx/x Naoaoao .oanvooo.+aamoao .oaovmsd.uooa.u>aaaaaoaooo "ob seam // ./ / .m madman 00.0 0.0 0N0 3 S nu 00.0 m m. 04.0 a 5.. 00.0 M o 00.0 m. m 050 m “a 00.0 s 00.0 00.? 40 for predicting the percentage of stumps expected to have a living sprout at the end of five years is given in Table 6 for black and white oak. The equations represent sandy outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan in general. At least one stump age and one stump diameter variable were forced into each equation. Table 6. Logistic regression eouetion'. variables and coefficients for estimating the probabilities of block and white oak stumps having at least one living sprout five yeere following clearcut harvest of sandy outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan. ' Independent Vsriebles2 Regression Coefficients Number of Species 80 Xi X2 X8 X4 Stumps Black Oak 2.3337"a .2598xio‘2"' -2.6510x10'2"' -7.4ss7nio"' 185 white Oek 3.3007" ' -4.9oasxio““ -i.1429.io""' 22) ‘Eouetions ers of the form P(probsoility of live sprout at end of five years) a IiOEXPl-(30001xi+IZXZ¢....Ban)] Xl-Stump Age. xz-Stump Diameter. x3-Stump Agez. X4-Stump Diameter2 Significsnge level. are based on chi-squere test of regression coefficients anO. The levels are 8.05. -.Ol. n'anonsignificent. The logistic regression equations from Table 6 are graphically illustrated in Figure 6 for black oak and Figure 7 for white oak. Estimated probability of a black oak stump having a living sprout decreased as stump diameter increased for all stump ages (Figure 6). The decrease was greatest for stumps over 80 years old. As age increased from 20 to 60 years there was little difference predicted in the probability of black oak stumps having a living sprout.across a range of diameter classes. There was a decrease of 5 to 10 percent in estimated 41 Estimated Probabilities :: mm 0.8 \ 0.5 \ 0.4 0.3 0.2 Probability-1/1+EXP(-(2.334+.063(age)-.265(dia.)-.001( age2))) age-stump age, dia.-stump diameter 0.1 Model chi-square-28.95 0.0 L l L l L l L L l L 1 L 51015 20 25 30 35 4O 45 5O 55 60 65 70 Stump Diameter (cm) *AgeZO +Age40 +Ag880 ‘B-Ageao '9é' (AOGIlCN) Figure 6. Estimated probabilities for black oak stumps on outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan having at least one living sprout five years after harvest in relation to stump diameter and stump age. 42 Estimated Probabilities 0.9 l l l i i + 0.8 M 0.7 0.6 0.5. New 0.4 ' Probability-1/1+EXP(-(3.301-.001(age2)-.0001(diaz))) O 3 age-stump age, dia.-stump diameter Model chi-square=64.89 0.2 L 0.1 " W (1() 1 i_ 1 L L 1 [A .1 L l 1 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 65 4O 45 50 55 6O 65 7O Stump Diameter ( 0m) “" Age 20 —i— Age 40 + Age 80 -8— Age 80 ‘9‘:- Age 100 Figure 7. Estimated probabilities for white oak stumps on outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan having at least one living sprout five years after harvest in relation to stump diameter and stump age. 43 probabilities from age 60 to age 80. A large decrease (22 to 30 percent) in the probability of black oak stumps having a living sprout was estimated as age increased from 80 to 100 years for similar diameters. Figure 7 graphically depicts the probability that white oak stumps will have a living sprout at the end of five years. Stump diameter showed little effect on the ability of white oak stumps to sprout across a wide range of stump ages. However, as stump age increased for any given diam- eter there was a large decrease in the probability of the stump to have a living sprout five years after harvest. The largest decreases occurred from stump age 60 to 80 (28 to 30 percent decrease) and stump age 80 to 100 (34 to 36 percent decrease). A second set of logistic equations, to predict the probability that a stump would have a vigorous sprout (1.4 meters or taller) at the end of five years, is presented in Table 7. The best models and the form of the equations for both black and white oak are given in Table 7. At least one stump age and one stump diameter variable was forced into each equation. The logistic regression equations are graphically il- lustrated in Figure 8 for black oak and Figure 9 for white oak. As stump diameter increased for black oak across stump ages 20 to 60 years the probability for a vigorous sprout increased. At age 80, stump diameter did not seem to effect the probability of a black oak stump having a vigorous 44 Table 7. Logistic regression equation'. variables and coefficients for estimating the probabilities of black and white oak stumps producing a vigorous sprout (1.4 meters or taller) five years following clearcut harvest of ggnay Out...h ecosystems of northern lower Michigan. Independent Variables2 Regression Coefficients NumbOr of Species 80 Xi x2 x3 x4 Stumps Black Oak .2987n'3 1.3155xio‘2“’ .isis‘ -i.9981.(o-3¢ ‘85 white Oak 2.2944" -5.1589xio" 7.3saoxio‘2"' -i.4sssxio’3"' 221 1Eduations are of the form P(probability of live sprout at and of five years) ' 5/i‘EXPI- (BO+BiXi¢BZX2r. . .Ban)] Xi-Stunp Age. x2-Stump Diameter. xasstump AgefStump Diameter. x485tump Diameter2 Significange level. are based on chi-square test of regression coefficients Ohio. The levels are 8.05.01. n3snonsignificant. sprout. Estimated probabilities of black oak stumps having vigorous sprouts decreased as stump diameter increased for a stump age of 100 years. Younger black oak stumps (20 to 60 years) with larger stump diameters (20 to 40 cm) were esti- mated to have the highest probabilities of stumps having vigorous sprouts at the end of five years and would be con— sidered the optimum sizes and ages for regeneration. Figure 9 graphically illustrates the probability that white oak stumps will have a vigorous sprout (1.4 meters or taller) at the end of five years. Across all ages there was an increase in the estimated probability of a white oak stump having a vigorous sprout as stump diameter increased to 25 cm. The increase in estimated probabilities peaked near 25 cm stump diameter and then decreased as stump diam- eter became greater than 25 cm for all ages. As age in- creased, by 20 year intervals, the estimated probability of a white oak stump having a vigorous sprout decreased by 15 45 Estimated Probabilities 1.0 0.9 0.31:: = - : :v——..r ' 0.7 0'6 \\ 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 Probability=1/1+EXP(-(.299+.013(age)+.162(dia.)-.002(age* 01 dia))) age=stump age, dia.-stump diameter Model chi-square=14.15 (3‘) 1 1, L L, 4L L 4L 4L, L 1 ALL L 5 10 15 20 25 so 35 4o 45 50 55' so 55 7o Stump Diameter (cm) -'- Ago 20 -i— Age 40 + Age 60 -8- Age 80 -X- Age 100 Figure 8. Estimated probabilities for black oak stumps on outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan having at least one sprout 1.4 meters or taller five years after harvest in relation to stump diameter and stump age. Estimated Probabilities 46 LO ‘ oe/ - 0.8 0.7' - 0.6 0.5 .2“ 0.4 Probability-1/1+EXP(-(2.294-.052(age)+.074(dia.)-.002( dia2))) age-stump age, dia.-stump diameter 0.3 M 0.2 0.1 0.0 5 1:; Model chi-square=41.99 1 JV 1 1, 1 1. L 1 1 1, L g 10 15 20 25 30 35 4O 45 5O 55 50 65 7O Stump Diameter ( cm) —°— Age 20 “-i— Age 40 —)K— Age 60 -B- Age 80 ‘X- Age 100 Figure 9. Estimated probabilities for white oak stumps on outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan having at least one sprout 1.4 meters or taller five years after harvest in relation to stump age and stump diameter. 47 to 24 percent for a stump diameter of 25 cm. The younger white oak stumps (less than 40 years of age), with stump di— ameters of 20 to 30 cm, showed the highest probabilities for producing vigorous white oak sprouts. Comparing Sprout Development on ELTP 10 and 12 Ecosystems By Stump Diameter Classes Average heights of tallest sprouts within stump diam- eter classes were compared between ecosystem type ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 with t-tests (Steel and Torrie 1980). Average sprout height of black oak on ecosystem type ELTP 10 was significantly greater than average sprout height on ecosys- tem type ELTP 12 in the 0 to 5 cm diameter class (Table 8). In the 31 to 35 cm stump diameter class, average sprout height of black oak was significantly greater on ecosystem type ELTP 12 (Table 8). No other significant differences occurred between ecosystem types ELTP 10 and 12 in average height of tallest black oak sprout. Ecosystem ELTP 12 did have taller mean black oak sprout heights within stump diam- eter classes of 21 to 45 cm, however, when compared to ecosystem type ELTP 10 they were not statistically sig- nificant. White oak sprouts were found to have greater mean heights of tallest sprouts on ecosystem type ELTP 12 (Table 8) for all stump diameter classes except the 16 to 20 cm size class. However, none of the mean values were found to be significantly greater than those of ecosystem type ELTP 10. 48 Table 8. Average height of tallest sprout for black and w ite oak by stump diameter class for ecosystem types ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 of northern lower Michigan. Black Oak White Oak Siump ELTP 10 ELTP 12 ELTP 10 ELTP 12 DJ. ----------------------------------------------- Class Heig Height Height Height t (cm) "2' (m)9 Isis N (m) '819 N (m) I819 N (m) ‘819 0-5 10 1.85 *4 6 1.05 6-10 24 1.93 25 1.52 53 1.42 30 1.61 11-15 12 2.02 23 1.60 37 1.47 41 2.00 16-20 15 2.00 22 2.24 13 1.92 36 1.70 21-25 6 2.02 13 2.09 14 1.04 17 1.26 26-30 4 2.00 12 2.28 11 .83 15 1.32 31-35 9 .83 10 2.02 * 36-40 5 1.42 8 1.91 4 .65 8 1.21 41-45 6 1.02 10 1.82 1ELTPsEcological Land Type Phase 2 . 3W 8 Number of stumps sampled in diameter class 4Average height of tallest sprouts by diameter class Sprout height within a diameter class for a species is sig- nificantly different at the pu Eoumhmouo so xmo mugs: HOW own menus ou Houmamwm madam mo awnmdofiumamm .- muswam om Emm— 0 NF dim x OF 15m + A25 and 983m oop_om_om.onrom om_ovrom 3.4m 2:": new... eaaamaammfimfliillmlrés 3% 5N med 0 ee.u~m Nan: Awwm assumva~8.+mmm.maiu.mae aaaum "Na mean om.n~a 6~aue Ammm assumvaam.+~mm.eiu.mee aaaum nos seam OF S 1' i I om m \u\ d .0 on m . m a 04 new \ I m, on m 00 on 54 Stump Diameter-dbh Relationhip Linear regression analysis was used on diameter data from standing trees measured on the four ecosystem types. The purpose of the regression analysis was to form equations estimating dbh in cm from measured stump diameters in cm. The dependent variable was dbh in cm. The independent vari- able was stump diameter in cm. Equations were developed for stump heights of 15 cm (6 in) above ground and 30 cm (12 in) above ground. Predicted black oak dbh's from stump diameters col- lected at 15 cm were similar for ecosystem types ELTP 10, 12 and 52 (Figure 12). Predicted dbh for ecosystem type ELTP 20 did not follow the same trend, showing higher estimated dbh's at stump diameters less than 35 cm and lower estimated dbh's at stump diameters greater than 35 cm. Predicted black oak dbh's from stump diameters col- lected at 30 cm are graphically shown in Figure 13. Esti~ mated dbh's were similar for all four ecosystem types sampled. The combined data from all ecosystem types was used to from an averaged equation. This equation can be use to predict dbh from black oak stump diameters at 30 cm above ground on ecosystem types 10, 12, 20 and 52. Equations estimating dbh from white oak stump diameters measured at 15 cm are displayed in Figure 14. The equations for each ecosystem type were very similar. The averaged equation developed from all ecosystem types combined can be used to estimate dbh form white oak stump diameters 15 cm 55 .m.mham Ham ppm Nm .om .Nd .o~ myam moaxu awumzmouo sewage“: umzoa suonuuos . wow mssouw o>onm Eu mg on nuouoamfip madam Scum soaumswumo nap xmo somam .ma ouswwm mntd ._._< 0 mm Emu 0 cm Ed B NF aim x o. aim + A83 sowed—s3 madam mm.on_mm_oo mm on m... 0.4 mm om mm ON my — b b n — r P - P O m . . . . . iliiiiliiii i; i i. o. 5 n~a ~66»: A 3868 +2: else 6.8.5 :< \6 at"? 27...: TmEVSmJSmdufie "3.15m .oVX A: 3 Sims mm»: A.2a~m~m.+3~.2nfe "om 5.5m \ in s 3.9% 6316 Tmeav38.+e$.eafie "2 seam z\n‘ui -om n.. Erma. LET: éfleefi.+m$.ufie “Seed. - k. 1 mm m i\\ on P mm mu 9. u. \l.’ o mv m cm mm om. mm 56 .m.m94m Ham use Nm .ou .N~ .o~ mega mmdxu soumzmouo smwwzofi: umzoa cuozuuo: sou mssouw m>onm as em as mumumamfiv madam aouw sowumaaumm nap xmo xomam .mH ouswflm mddd ._._< 0 mm ncid o om n:.d n. N. nfid x 9 Ed + A53 6683: 933m mm.om.mm.ow.mm_omLm¢.o¢.mn_on.mm.ow.m_ 0 arms 83»: 1282558851155 6.8.5 :2 m 84%.. 3:1. Aggaiiiop serum emu: A.fleo$.+26;ufie "3.3.5 \3 3.4.. .51. 1.. . u... . . .\\u .9 5.9.5. 8?: éflemom.+m~m.ufie "2 8.3m \\H\ x.\\. liniow \. x mm .l on ‘a\ \\\\\.ui\\ mum” n\ 0% Lul‘muwu. u \\ m4 u‘d“..\ cm a \\\\.\ .V i... no ”Q +\ iiiom no (um) um paiumnss .m.meqm Ham mam mm .oN .N~ .o~ maqm moaau amumhmoom sewage“: uosoa suonuuos HOW museum o>onm so we um mumuosmap mason Sosa sowumswumo zap xmo muss: .6d answem weed ._._< 0 mm. aid 0 cm nfid D N. Ed x E nfid + A83 saunas“: 983m mu on no om mm on m4 9. an on mm cm 9 _ p r p b r P _ _ — 5 _ 57 o m. .0- ca.n~m amen: A.maav~oe.+oma.~naae um.aeum Ha< owing Bu: A.33m$.+m£.u£e "S med .9 3 8.qu 8T: émaarmn.+a2.mufie "8.15m ON «3.. 8.4m 8810 1388962215.. "2.5.5 I. worms 521. easemem¥8o4ufie "28.5 mm m m CM. 0.. D. mm, W. \1) or.» m; 9.. \\ m .1 on no om no 58 above ground for ecosystem types ELTP 10, 12, 20 and 52. Figure 15 graphically represents linear equations esti- mating dbh from white oak stump diameters measured at 30 cm above ground. Predicted dbh equations were similar for all the ecosystem types sampled. The combined linear equation can be used to estimate dbh from white oak stump diameters at 30 cm. This combined equation can be used for ecosystem types ELTP 10, 12, 20 and 52. Sixty standing red oak trees were measured on ecosystem type ELTP 20 for developing dbh estimating equations. Fig— ure 16 graphically represents the red oak dbh estimating equations from stump diameters measured at 15 cm and 30 cm. These equations represent only ecosystem type ELTP 20. Soil Profiles and Descriptions Soil textures of ecosystem types ELTP 10 and 12 were medium to coarse sands with weak B horizon development. The soils were generally acid to depths of 10-12 feet. The typical horizon sequences for ecosystem types ELTP 10 and 12 are shown in Appendix B-8. The major difference between ELTP 10 and 12 was in the depth to saturation. Typical horizon sequences for ecosystem types ELTP 20 and 52 are shown in Appendix B-9. Textures were generally fine to medium sands to loamy sands. Soils of the ELTP 20 and 52 ecosystems had developed spodic horizons and were acid to depths of 10-12 feet. 59 .m.mh:m Ham can mm .om .N: .o: mean moqxu aoummmouo smwanuwz Hobo: suonuuos no: pssouw o>onm Eu om um mumuoamfiv mason aoum sofiumawumo nap xmo mums: .n: ouswwm madm ._._< 0 mm nEd 0 cm Ed D we add x 9 add + A33 seams—em: Add—am mulch.mmromtmm.om.m¢.o¢rmntom mm omen. F - o m . . . . . 7 3 OP 8 "Na 63...: A2848 +36 7.5:. 6.3.5 :2. \ «Tums. Sue TEA—32.659115 an ad \s .m— 3 34%. 8?: éeaveme.+~§.mufie SN .55 V. s arms. 8?: 1.63:8...21758 "2 55m \ ON 9 3.qu 87a Tmaavmfl.+meo.auaae "2.15m \ mm m i \ .8 wuvwx m” \ .............i% p mm W 9. a. .51 9. m on mm om no 60 .oN med: odzu amumzmooo sewage“: nosoa suosuuos sow pssoum o>onm as on pom n: um mumuoamfip madam Sou: GOAumeHumm app zoo mom .0: ousmmm :5 on £56: 553m 6 Eu 9 296: seem + A33 .5683: :83m mm on mm om mm on m4 04 mm. on mm ON 9 _ p _ _ _ r b b L h _ : 84% 8a: 22882525135 :5 on news; 563m 0 3.4% can: Tmaeeme¥6flgufie :5 2 £36: 95:5. m OP m— iiiliilie ON \a mm \\ on \\ii,\.\ on “\0\ 04 we. (we) qqp Paivmnsa on mm om no 61 DISCUSSION Predicting contributions of oak regeneration to stock— ing of stands following harvest is vital to management of oak ecosystems on outwash sands. Northern lower Michigan contains over one-half million acres of oak on outwash sands for which there are no guidelines for predicting the contri- bution of stump sprouts to stand stocking. Two types of probability criteria were used to develop equations for predicting the amount of regeneration expected from black and white oak stumps on outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan. They were: 1) the probability of a stump having a living sprout and 2) the probability of a stump having a vigorous sprout (1.4 meters or taller). Liv- ing sprouts do not always successfully develop into crop trees. Sprouts that exhibit rapid growth are most often successful in producing a crop trees. Although sprouting probabilities have been developed based on both living and vigorous sprouts, the discussion that follows will concen- trate on probabilities developed for stumps with vigorous sprouts. This relation is probably of greater importance to land managers in Michigan because of the need to predict successful oak stand establishment rather than overall sprouting potential. Previous work has shown that diameter significantly af- fects sprouting potential in black and white oaks (Roth and Hepting 1943, Lynch and Bassett 1987). Age has also been found to significantly effect oak sprouting potential 62 (Rogers and Rogers 1959). In this study, both diameter and age of parent stems were found to affect black and white oak sprouting potential. Johnson (1977) found similar factors controlling black and white oak sprouting in the Missouri Ozarks. The high correlation between age and diameter (Appendix C-l) causes difficulty in determining which is more sig- nificant in controlling sprouting capabilities. It is even more difficult to determine at what age or diameter of the tree one or the other (age or diameter) becomes more influ- ential in regulating stump sprouting potentials. Statisti- cal methods such as multiple linear or logistic regression analysis are methods that can be used to aid in the understanding of the interactions between diameter and age. One major difficulty with using age in prediction equations is the collection of age data. It is often impracticable to age all trees used in estimating sprouting potentials of a particular stand of uncut oak trees. The logistic regression models showed the potential of black oak stumps, 60 years or less in age, to produce vigor- ous sprouts (1.4 meters or taller) increased as diameter in- creased and decreased as age increased (Figure 8). The po- tential of stumps older than 60 years to produce vigorous sprouts decreased as diameter and age increased. This indi- cates that younger, healthier, faster growing black oak trees on outwash ecosystems of northern lower Michigan pro- vide the greatest potential for producing vigorous sprouts. 63 Johnson (1977) using logistic regression with black oak in the Missouri Ozarks reported that the potential for produc- ing vigorous sprouts decreased as diameter and age in- creased. However, trends similar to those found with black oak of Michigan were observed by Johnson. Those trends were an increase in sprouting potential as diameter increased to a given optimum size then a decrease in potential as diam- eter increased beyond this Optimum. The definition of what constitutes a vigorous sprout differed between the studies. Johnson (1977) defined a vigorous sprout as one having reached a height of 9.6 feet compared to a height of 1.4 meters (4.6 feet) as defined in this study. This difference in definition could have caused the development of slightly dissimilar prediction equations between the two studies. Climate, soil types and genetic quality also varied between the two studies. Similar comparisons between Johnson's (1977) work in the Missouri Ozarks and that of outwash ecosystems of north- ern lower Michigan were found with white oak. Logistic re- gression estimated that the potential to produce a vigorous sprout increased as white oak stump diameter increased to 25 cm and then decreased for larger diameters while potentials decreased as age increased (Figure 9). Johnson's (1977) re- ported that white oak stumps in the Missouri Ozarks de- creased in potential as diameter and age increased. Differ— ences between the two studies for white oak may be caused by the same factors previously noted for black oak. 64 Lynch and Bassett (1987), used weighted multiple linear regression with diameter as the only independent variable to show that the probability of white oak stumps on dry sites of northern lower Michigan to produce a vigorous sprout de- creased as diameter increased. They did not provide a spe- cific definition as to what constituted a vigorous sprout. Similar equations were developed for white oak on the ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 ecosystem types. These ecosystems would most closely resemble those sampled by Lynch and Bassett (1987). Results were similar to those reported by Lynch and Bassett (1987). Age of white oak had a greater affect than diameter on stump sprouting potential (Table 6 and Table 7). Lynch and Bassett (1987) stated that white oak sprouting potential was not independent of age and exhibited a consistent pattern of decreased sprouting with increased age. However, their sta- tistical methods failed to show age to be more significant than diameter in estimating the potential of white oak stumps to produce vigorous sprouts. Based on data and meth- ods used in this study, age is considered an important vari- able and should be used whenever possible for estimating sprouting potentials of white oak in northern lower Michigan. Diameter-only equations for white oak, such as the weighted multiple regression equations developed for ecosystem types ELTP 10 and ELTP 12, should only be used to predict regeneration potential when it is not feasible to collect adequate age information. 65 The potential for black oak stumps on ecosystem type ELTP 10 to produce vigorous sprouts increased as stump diam- eter increased to 20 cm based on weighted multiple linear regression. With further increases in diameter, stump sprouting potential decreased (Figure 4). The weighted mul— tiple linear regression analysis showed a similar increase for black oak on ecosystem type ELTP 12; however decreases occurred after stump diameter exceeded 35 cm (Figure 4). The depth to saturation in outwash sands did not sig- nificantly affect oak regeneration potential. Mean growth of oak sprouts on ecosystem type ELTP 12 was greater for in- termediate-size trees compared to mean growth of similar size trees on ecosystem type ELTP 10. However, differences were not significant for all diameter classes. Increasing sampling intensity could result in more sensitive statisti- cal tests capable of identifying statistical differences be- tween ecosystem types. Benefits of increased water avail- ability on growth and regeneration potential should be studied more thoroughly for oak outwash ecosystems. Stump sprout regeneration should also be considered as the major source of natural oak regeneration in these ecosystems since seedling regeneration has been shown to be inadequate (Kittredge and Chittenden 1929, Host 1987). Stu-p Age-Diameter Relationships Stand density of oak study sites was not considered when developing equations between stump diameter and stump age. However, all parent stands were mature (60 to 70 years 66 old) oak stands that had not been disturbed (harvested by thinning or other removal of biomass) before they were clearcut. Stump diameter increased for a given age as available water and nutrients increased from one ecosystem type to an- other. Mean stump diameter of black oak for a given age were of the following order: ELTP 10 < ELTP 12 < ELTP 20 < ELTP 52. This order corresponds to increasing water and nu- trient availability. Differences in diameters among ecosys- tem types became greater as trees became older. Stump sprouts are connected to mature root systems which are ca- pable of tapping available moisture and nutrients. In- creased wood production and shorter rotations of black oak thus may be possible on dry outwash ecosystems that provide greater moisture and nutrients. White oak showed slightly different responses in diam- eter between ecosystem types. Diameters of trees in ecosys- tem type ELTP 12 were larger for a given age than ecosystem type ELTP 20. There was little difference (a constant 2 cm for all ages) between ecosystem types ELTP 10 and ELTP 20. Mean stump diameters for stump ages 50 to 100 years were distributed by ecosystem type as follows: ELTP 10 < ELTP 20 < ELTP 12. Water availability had a greater influence on white oak diameter growth than on black oak diameter growth. Differences in diameter growth of white on a ELTP 10 com- pared to a ELTP 12 were greater than those of black oak (Figure 10 and Figure 11). 67 Silvicultural Solutions to Oak-Regeneration on Outwash Ecosystems Black and white oak are at the edge of their range in northern lower Michigan. Height growth of sprouts is lim- ited by the shorter growing season and by the frequency of frost during the growing season (Elliott 1953, Krittredge and Chittenden 1929). Silvicultural methods should consider climatic factors and control of frost damage. The most se- rious damage from frosts is periodic loss of acorn crops and dieback of lower foliage (Arend and Scholz). Frost may have a significant impact on height growth of sprouts in clearcut openings. Manipulation of cutting practices may help to re- duce the frost factor. Residual overstory, similar to that following a shelterwood or seed tree harvest, may provide enough canopy cover to protect regenerating stump and seed- ling sprouts from frost damage while allowing enough sun- light for growth. The residual overstory may also provide a seed source for additional regeneration from seedlings. Unfortunately, these methods of harvest (shelterwood and seed tree) are often impractical due to low volumes of timber that can be grown on the outwash ecosystems. Artifi- cial regeneration, via planting of oak species, is also economically impractical and is also subject to intense browsing by deer. The succulent sprouts of planted seed- lings are easily located and browsed by deer. Previous silvicultural guidelines for these sandy oak sites recommended short rotation (60-70 years), even-aged 68 , management with clearcut harvestsl. Regeneration following harvest is mainly from stump sprouts. Stump sprout regen- eration is usually inadequate and the stocking of oak in the new stand is usually inadequate. Many of the current mature oak stands on outwash sands on the Huron-Manistee National Forests are not being harvested until methods can be devel- oped that will increase natural oak regeneration. As oaks mature, sprouting capabilities decrease. Thus, the longer these stands remain unharvested, the greater the decrease in the oak component arising from stump sprouts. Deer and Oak Regeneration Deer browsing reduces the height of oak sprouts (Mar- quis, Eckert, and Roach, 1976). A high concentration of nutrients and sugars in the buds of stump sprouts predis- poses them to a higher level of deer browsing. Deer are also capable of finding planted nursery grown seedlings among natural seedlings. The succulent buds of nursery grown seedlings are easily detected by deer (Stroempl 1987). The extent of deer damage is often not very pronounced in forest conditions. Changes in plant composition and re- generation success are usually not linked to deer browsing because deer are often considered as a natural part of the 1Silvicultural Guides for Oak Types, Huron-Manistee National Forests, March 1979. Prepared by James E. McCumber, Manistee National Forest. Unpublished Forest Service Document. 69 .ecosystem. The problem is often not easy to identify or quantify-because deer populations can change dramatically within a few miles and effects are not seen in all areas across the landscape. Controlling deer numbers will benefit oak sprout growth. Unfortunately, controlling deer is expensive and often publicly unacceptable on Federal and State public use lands. Fencing is not very economical on these poor sites. Other possibilities are repellents sprayed on stump sprouts and small individual reusable plastic tree shelters. At this time there are no real economical means to control deer, especially on low value oak sites. CONCLUSION Oak forests growing on outwash sandy soils are limited in growth and regeneration potential due to plant competi- tion and the lack of available water and nutrients. Subtle changes, such as the depth to soil saturation, may increase growth and regeneration of oak on poor sites. Stump sprout regeneration should be considered the major source for the continuation of the oak resource on outwash ecosystems. Silvicultual management should consider practices which fa- vor regeneration from stump sprouts. The effects of age and diameter to sprouting potentials must be understood before prescriptions are made. Particular pieces of information, generated from this study, regarding regeneration of these outwash ecosystems are: 70 1) -There is very little difference in the percentage of stumps that produce a living sprout among ecosystems ELTP 10, 12, 20 and 52 for black and white oak. 2) In ecosystem ELTP 12, black and white oak stumps that sprouted did not have greater mean sprout growth than sprouts on ecosystem ELTP 10 except in the intermediate stump diameters (20 to 40 cm diameters). 3) Oaks in ecosystem ELTP 12 had greater diameter growth than oaks in ecosystem ELTP 10. 4) Both diameter and age affect regeneration potential of oaks in ecosystems on outwash sands. 5) Diameter and age are highly correlated on ecosystem types ELTP lO,'12, 20 and 52 for black and white oak. 6) Young trees (less than 70 years) of large diameter have a greater potential for producing a vigorous sprout than trees of small diameter. A method suggested by the study, is a high density shelterwood with soil disturbance (disking) following the initial harvest. It is recommended that any regeneration present, including both seedlings and stump sprouts, be used for regenerating a new oak stand. A outline of this sug- gested method is shown below. 1. Permanently mark oak seed trees that seem to be pro- ducing viable acorns every year. Look for evidence of small seedlings surrounding parent trees. Try to maintain a minimum of 8 to 10 trees per acre if possible. 2. Harvest one-half of the volume of the stand at age 60 to 70 years in early fall while acorns are beginning to drop. Make sure stems are cut as close to soil surface as possible to provide for sprouting near the base of the stump. Do not harvest seed trees. Leave tops of harvested trees on site. Have logging machinery work tops into soil surface. 3. Disk soil surrounding seed trees following initial harvest. This is to allow for a seed bed for acorns and to mix existing acorns into the soil surface. May have to do 71 this two consecutive years to obtain-a good seed crop. 4. Harvest remaining overstory 15 to 20 years later. Cut all small unmerchantable suppressed trees that were not taken in either harvest. Some of the best stump sprouts may come from these small trees that are often not cut but are left standing or pushed over and uprooted during logging op- erations. Leave over mature super-dominant trees for wild- life and continuing seed source. Use lighter machinery and less soil disturbance for the final harvest. The suggested method is silviculturally intensive and may not be economically feasible. However, if all the ben- efits of maintaining the oak component (such as wildlife habitat, aesthetics and recreational) are greater than the management costs it may be a possible method for maintaining the outwash oak resource. Lower Michigan forests are a valuable renewable re- source that provides a base for diversified economic activ- ity as well as recreational and esthetic amenities vital to societies' well-being. To make sound decisions relative to management of these ecosystems, land managers need a compre- hensive knowledge of them and their potential. The future of Huron-Manistee National Forests and all of Lower Michigan's oak resources and the environmental and economic potential they represent is at a critical juncture. With proper management, these assets can become a sig- nificant economic resource and a important step toward a more economically secure future for the forests. Oak for- ests not only provide wood but they provide the important environmental values of aesthetics, wildlife, tourism, and recreation. Only through proper management can we utilize 72 our oak.forests for all of these benefits.' Only through re- search and education can we understand how to manage our oak ecosystems of Lower Michigan. APPLICATION Models for predicting the percentage of stumps expected to have a living sprout or a vigorous sprout (1.4 meters or taller) were developed on outwash sands of northern lower Michigan. Two models are based on weighted multiple linear regression with stump diameter class as the independent pre- dictor. Two other models are based on logistic regression with stump diameter and stump age as predictors. Use of these models are described below. This section will illustrate how land managers can use diameter informa- tion to predict oak stump sprout regeneration potential be— fore final harvesting on ecosystem types ELTP 10 and ELTP 12. This section will also illustrate the use diameter and age information for determining stump sprout regeneration potential of outwash ecosystems. This method includes ecosystem types ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 together and does not separate them into different ecosystem types. The reason for not separating ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 was that they were not found to be statistically different for the use of separate logistic equations. Larger sample sizes may allow for development of separate logistic equations for ecosystem types ELTP 10 and ELTP 12. 73 Method.I-Using Weighted Multiple Linear Regression for Estimating Black and White Oak Sprouting Potentials on Ecosystem Types ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 from Diameter Measure- aents Use of multiple regression equations involves a before harvest stand inventory of diameters per unit area. Diam- eters can be measured in 5 cm or 2 inch classes at dbh by species. An estimate of the total number of trees by spe- cies for each diameter class should be determined for a unit area, such as per acre. The totals for each diameter class are multiplied by the proportions expected to have a living sprout or to have a vigorous sprout (1.4 meters or taller) to determine the amount of regeneration that can be expected following clearcut harvest. Tables 11 to 14 are used to es- timate black and white oak stump sprouting potentials for ecosystem types ELTP 10 and ELTP 12 using only diameter mea- surements. Table 11 can be used to estimate the proportion of black and white oak stumps on ecosystem type ELTP 10 ex- pected to have at least one living sprout five years follow- ing clearcut harvest. The stand inventory of stems by diam- eter classes are multiplied by the proportion corresponding to each diameter class. The results for each diameter class are added together by species to give an estimate of the number of stumps expected to have a living sprout five years following harvest of a ELTP 10 ecosystem type. This esti- mate can be divided by the total trees per unit area for each species to give a percentage of all stumps on the site 74 expected to have a living sprout. An example of using Table 11 is shown in Table 11.1. Table 11. Proportion of black oak and white oak stumps on ecosystem type ELTP1 10 expected to have at least one living sprout five years following clearcut harvest. Stump2 dbh3 dbh3 Proportion Dia. cm in cm Black Oak White Oak 5 5 2 1.00 0.99 10 9 4 1.00 .92 20 16 6 .89 .74 25 20 8 .82 .63 35 26 10 .71 .37 40 29 12 .67 .22 50 35 14 .63 .00 60 41 16 .62 .00 70 47 18 .66 .00 1ELTP=Ecologica1 Land Type Phase Stump diameter at 15 cm (6 in) above ground. 3dbh estimated from equations relating stump diameter at 15 cm (6 in) above ground to dbh. Table 12 can be used to estimate the proportion of black and white oak stumps on ecosystem type ELTP 12 that can be expected to have at least one living sprout five years after clearcut harvest. This table is used similar to Table 11 and the example shown in Table 11.1 is applicable. The difference between Table 12 and Table 11 is the ecosys- tem type being represented. 75 Table 11.1. Example of how to use stand inventory by diameter class for estimating the proportion of black and white oak stumps having at least one living spiout five years following clearcut harvest on ecosystem type ELTP 10. 1. Two hundred black and white oak trees were tallied for diameter at dbh and put into the nearest two inch class. The 200 trees were also the estimated trees per acre. 2. The tallied trees were arranged by diameter and species and were multi- plied by the estimated proportion for each class and species from Table 11. Black Oak White Oak Total Total Successful Successful dbh Number Proportion Stumps Number Proportion Stumps in. of trees Table 11. Expgcted of trees Table 11. Expected 2 12 1.00 12.00 4 0.99 3.96 4 2 1.00 2.00 2 .92 1.84 6 8 .89 7.12 6 .74 4.44 8 18 .82 14.76 - .63 ---- 10 20 .71 14.20 6 .37 2.22 12 28 .67 18.76 24 .22 5.28 14 24 .63 15.12 4 .00 0.00 16 24 .62 14.88 2 .00 0.00 18 16 .66 10.56 - .00 ---- Totals 152 109.40 48 17.74 3. The total stumps expected to sprout for each species can be divided by the total tallied to give a over all estimated percentage of stems expected to have a living sprout. Black oak would have 109.40/152 x 100 = 72t of stumps expected to have a living sprout, white oak 17.74/48 x 100 = 37t. The total percentage of all stumps (black and white oak) per acre expected to have liv- ing sprouts is (109.40 + l7.74)/200 x 100 = 64t. 1ELTP-Ecological Land Type Phase 76 Table 12. Proportion of black oak and white oak stumps on ecosystem type ELTP1 12 expected to have at least one living sprout five years following clearcut harvest. Stump2 dbh3 dbh3 Proportion Dia. cm in gm _ Black Oak White Oak 5 5 2 0.91 1.00 10 9 4 .96 .98 20 16 6 .96 .82 25 20 8 .96 .73 35 26 10 .91 .56 40 29 12 .86 .48 50 35 14 .74 .31 60 41 16 .57 .14 70 47 18 .35 .00 éELTP=Ecological Land Type Phase agggmp diameter at 15 cm (6 in) above ground. . estimated from equations relating stump d1ameter at 15 cm (6 in) above ground to dbh. Table 13 is used to estimate the proportion of black and white oak stumps on ecosystem type ELTP 10 expected to have at least one living sprout 1.4 meters (4.6 feet) or taller five years following clearcut harvest. The use of Table 13 is similar to that shown in Table 11.1. The inven- tory of stems from an ecosystem type ELTP 10 can be used with both Table 11 and Table 13. The difference between Table 11 and Table 13 is in the criteria for a successful stump. Table 13 was developed using height growth of sprouts as criteria for a successful stump and Table 11 was developed using a living sprout, regardless of height, for criteria of a successful stump. The use one or the other is left to the land manager. 77 Table 13. Proportion of black oak and white oak stumps on ecosystem type ELTP1 10 expected to have at least one living sprout 1.4 meters (4.6 feet) or taller five years following clearcut harvest. Stump2 dbh3 dbh3 Proportion Dia. cm in emf 4! Black Oak White Oak 5 5 2 0.71 0.68 10 9 4 .77 .58 20 16 6 .82 .41 25 20 8 .82 .35 35 26 10 .74 .26 40 29 12 .66 .23 50 35 14 .45 .21 60 41 16 .15 .25 70 47 18 .00 .31 1 2ELTP=Ecological Land Type Phase agggmgsgiggigsrfigmlgqfiztignéngeiggzfiggggggg diameter at 15 cm (6 in) above ground to dbh. Table 14 is used to estimate the proportion of black and white oak stumps on ecosystem type ELTP 12 expected to have at least one living sprout 1.4 meters (4.6 feet) or taller five years following clearcut harvest. Table 14 can be used in the same manner as shown in Table 11.1. The in- ventory of stems from an ecosystem type ELTP 12 can be used with both Table 12 and Table 14. The difference between the two being the criteria for a successful stump. Original equations for developing Tables 11 to 14 were derived from diameter measurements at stump height. Diam- eter at breast height (4.5 ft) was estimated using predic- tion equations that were developed from overstory of similar ecosystem types. For greater accuracy and precision the equations found on Figures 2 to 5 can be used to estimate proportions by 5 cm stump diameter classes. .-Table 14. Proportion of black 78 oak and white oak stumps on ecosystem type ELTP1 12 expected to have at least one living sprout 1.4 meters (4.6 feet) or taller five years following clearcut harvest. Stump2 dbh3 dbh3 Proportion Dia. cm in gm .1 _ Blagk Oak White Oak 5 5 2 0.28 0.67 10 9 4 .47 .67 20 16 6 .76 .64 25 20 8 .84 .60 35 26 10 .91 .49 40 29 12 .89 .42 50 35 14 .74 .24 60 41 16 .44 .05 70 47 18 .01 .00 l ELTP=Ecological Land Type Phase 2Stump diameter at 15 cm (6 in) above ground. 3dbh estimated from equations relating stump diameter at 15 cm (6 in) above ground to dbh. Method II—Using Logistic Regression for Estimating Black and White Oak Sprouting Potentials on Outwash Sandy Soils of Northern Lower Michigan from Diameter and Age Measurements The use of the logistic equations requires a before harvest inventory of oak species by diameter and age. An estimation by unit area (such as per acre) for each species is required. Diameter can be measured in 5 cm or 2 inch classes at dbh. Age can be measured at dbh but six years should be added to obtain an estimate of total stem age. The age can be recorded to the nearest 20 years (20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 years). One mean age is generally acceptable for even aged stands where the small diameter trees are the same age as large diameter trees. If the stand is not even aged, the trees can usually be put into two or more age classes depending on periods of time between site disturbance and establishment. If there are no specific patterns to stem 79 ages and diameters, the appropriate equations shown on Tables 6 and 7 can be used to estimate sprouting potentials. It is recommended to age a large range of stem diameters. Table 15 can be used to estimate the proportion of black oak stumps expected to have at least one living sprout five years after clearcut harvest of a mature northern lower Michigan outwash oak ecosystem. The total number of stem measurements tallied by diameter and age are multiplied by the appropriate proportion in Table 15. The results are added together to obtain an estimate by a per unit basis. An example of using Table 15 is shown in Table 15.1. Table 15. Proportion of black oak stumps on outwash sandy ecosystems of northern lower Michigan expected to have at least one living sprout five years fol- lowing clearcut harvest by diameter and age. Stump1 dbh2 dbh2 Tree Age (years) Dia. cm in cm 20 40 60 80 100 5 5 2 0.96 .97 ---- —--- ---- 10 9 4 .95 .97 .96 .91 —-- 20 16 6 .94 .96 .95 .88 .65 25 20 8 .93 .95 .94 .87 .61 35 26 10 --- .94 .92 .83 .55 40 29 12 --- --- .91 .82 .52 50 35 14 --- --- --- .78 .45 60 41 16 --- --- --- —-- .39 70 47 18 --- --- --- --- .33 1 2Stump diameter at 15 cm (6 in) above ground. dbh estimated from equations relating stump diameter at 15 cm (6 in) above ground to dbh. Table 16 can be used to estimate the proportion of white oak stumps expected to have a living sprout five years after clearcut harvest of a mature outwash oak ecosystem of 80 Table 15.1. Example of how to use stand inventory data by diameter and age for estimating the proportion of black oak stumps having at least one living sprout five years after harvest of a outwash oak ecosystem of northern lower Michigan. 1. A black and white oak stand was determined to be a two aged stand (most stands will have two or more age catego- ries). Diameters (dbh) of 4 to 10 inches averaged 60 years (nearest 20 years) and diameters 12 to 16 inches averaged 100 years (nearest 20 years). One hundred fourteen black oak trees were tallied. This was also the estimate per acre for black oak. 2. The tallied trees were arranged by diameter and age and multiplied by the appropriate proportion from Table 15. Age 60 Age 100 Total stumps Total stumps dbh Number with living Number with living in. of trees sprout of trees sprout 2 __ .. .. .. 4 7(.96)1 6.72 -- -- 6 4(.95) 3.80 -- -- 8 18(.94) 16.92 -- -- 10 60(.92) 55.20 -- -- '12 -- -- 11(.52) 5.72 14 -- -- 8(.45) 3.60 16 -- -- 6(.39) 2.34 18 -- -- Totals 82.64 + 11.66 = 94.30 1Proportion from Table 15. 3. The total stumps expected to sprout (94.30) can be di- vided by the total tallied to give an estimated percentage for the stand. Black oak would be expected to have 94.30/114 x 100 = 83% of all stumps with at least one living sprout. 81 northern lower Michigan. Table 16 is used the same as Table 15 and the example shown in Table 15.1 is applicable. Table 16. Proportion of white oak stumps on outwash sandy ecosystems of northern lower Michigan expected to have at least one living sprout five years fol- lowing clearcut harvest by diameter and age. Stump1 dbh2 dbh2 Tree Age (years) Dia. cm in cm 20 40 60 80 100 '5 5 2 0.96 .92 ---- ---- ---- 10 9 4 .96 .92 .82 .54 --- 20 16 6 .95 .92 .82 .53 .16 25 20 8 .95 .92 .81 .52 .16 35 26 10 --- .91 .80 .51 .15 40 29 12 --- --- .79 .49 .14 50 35 14 --- --- --- .47 .13 60 41 16 --- --- --- --- .12 70 47 18 --- -—- --- --- .10 l 2Stump diameter at 15 cm (6 in) above ground. . dbh est1mated from equat1ons relat1ng stump d1ameter at 15 cm (6 in) above ground to dbh. Table 17 is used to estimate the proportion of black oak stumps expected to have at least one living sprout 1.4 meters (4.6 feet) or taller five years following clearcut harvest. It can be used for outwash oak ecosystems similar to those found in northern lower Michigan. The use of Table 17 is similar to the example shown in Table 15.1. Table 17 differs from Table 15 in the criteria used for determining a successful stump. Table 15 was developed using a liv- ing sprout, regardless of sprout height, as criteria for a successful stump and Table 17 was developed using sprout height growth as criteria. The decision to use one or the other is left to land manager. 82 Table 17.- Proportion of black oak stumps on outwash sandy ecosystems of northern lower Michigan expected to have at least one living sprout 1.4 meters (4.6 feet) or taller five years following clearcut harvest by diameter and age. Stumpl dbh2 dbh2 Tree Age (years) Dia. cm in cm 20 40 60 80 100 5 5 2 0.76 .78 ~--— ~--~ -~-- 10 9 4 .86 .84 .82 .80 --- 20 16 6 .95 .92 .87 .80 .70 25 20 8 .97 .95 .90 .80 .66 35 26 10 --- .98 .93 .81 .57 40 29 12 --- --- .94 .81 .52 50 35 14 --- --- —-- .81 .43 60 41 16 --- --- --- --- .34 70 47 18 --- --- -—- --- .26 iStump diameter at 15 cm (6 in) above ground. dbh estimated from equations relating stump diameter at 15 cm (6 in) above ground to dbh. Table 18 is used to estimate the proportions of white oak stumps expected to have at least one living sprout 1.4 meters (4.6 feet) or taller five years following clearcut harvest. It is applicable to outwash ecosystems similar to those of northern lower Michigan. Table 18 is used in the same manner as the example shown in Table 15.1. Table 16 and Table 18 are both used for white oak and represent the two separate criteria for determining successful stumps. Use of the tables for predicting potential oak stump sprout before final harvest is limited to outwash ecosystems similar to the ecosystem types ELTP 10 and ELTP 12. Species other than black and white oak should be used with discre- tion. Pin and red oak may apply to the tables of black oak in some situations. The tables are limited in use to 83 outwash sandy soils with site indexes of 50 to 60 for black oak and 45 to 55 for white oak. Table 18. Proportion of white oak stumps on outwash sandy ecosystems of northern lower Michigan expected to have at least one living sprout 1.4 meters (4.6 feet) or taller five years following clearcut harvest by diameter and age. Stump1 dbh2 dbh2 Tree Age (years) Dia. cm in cm 20 40 60 80 100 5 5 2 0.83 .64 ---- ---- ---- 10 9 4 .86 .70 .45 .22 --- 20 16 6 .90 .76 .52 .28 .12 25 20 8 .90 .76 .53 .29 .13 35 26 10 --- .74 .50 .26 .11 40 29 12 --- --- .46 .23 .10 50 35 14 --- —-- --- .14 .06 60 41 16 --- --- --- --- .02 70 47 18 --~ --- —-- -—- .01 ;Stump diameter at 15 cm (6 in) above ground. dbh estimated from equations relating stump diameter at 15 cm (6 in) above ground to dbh. Use of dbh Estimation Equations There was little difference between ecosystem types when estimating dbh for a particular species of oak for a given stump height. The suggested use of the predictive equations for estimating dbh from stump diameters is as fol- lows: 1. Determine species of oak (black, white or red). 2. Determine stump height from highest soil line on stump. This should be to the nearest 15 cm or 6 inches. The two levels of stump height used in the equations are 15 cm (6 in) and 30 cm (12 in). Put stump into nearest of the two height classes. 3. Measure diameter of stump to nearest centimeter. 4. Use the appropriate equation for the given species and stump height for estimation of dbh. 84 A review of equations to be used for each species and stump height is shown in Table 19. These equations include all data from ecosystem types ELTP 10, 12, 20 and 52 for black and white oak and ELTP 20 for red oak. The equations can be used for the ecosystem types indicated on Table 19. The estimated dbh is in centimeters. To obtain inches simply divide centimeters by 2.54 or to change from inches to centimeters multiply inches by 2.54. Table 19. Equations for estimating dbh from stump diameters of three oak species found on four ecosystem types Of north ern lower Michigan. Black Oak White Oak Red Oak1 Applicable 10, 12, 20, 52 10, 12, 20, 52 20 ELTP's Stump Height DBH=4.160 + DBH=2.150 + DBH=7.754 + 15 cm (6 in) .616(Dia.3) .607(Dia.) .426(Dia.) Stump Height DBH=3.665 + DBH=1.995 + DBH=8.259 + 30 cm (12 in) .713(Dia.) .694(Dia.) .480(Dia.) 1Very small sample size. Use equations of red oak with dis- retion. ELTP=Ecological Land Type Phase. 3Dia.=Stump Diameter in centimeters. An alternate method to determine dbh from stump diam- eter is to use Tables 20 to 25. These tables show the com- puted estimates Of dbh by 5 cm (2 in) stump diameters. The estimates were derived from the predictive equations in Table 19. Find the table that corresponds to the species and the stump height 15 cm (6 in) or 30 cm (12 in), measured from the highest soil line on the stump. Find the measured stump diameter to the nearest 5 cm (2 in) and read across 85 to find the estimated dbh. Both centimeters and inches have been included as units on Tables 20 to 25. For most purposes Tables 20 to 25 can be used to esti- mate dbh from stump diameter. If more accuracy is needed the equations from Table 19 should be used with stump diam- eter measurements to the nearest centimeter. Applications of stump diameter to dbh estimation equations and tables in- clude such areas as: estimating volume of timber thefts, estimating percent basal areas, research for developing re- lationships based on dbh when only stump diameters are available, and understanding log taper and tree form for specific species growing in specific ecosystem types. 86 Table 20. DBH Estimation of Black Oak From Stump Diameters 15 cm Above Ground. Black ak ELTP's 10, 12, 20 and 52 Stump Height 15 cm. (6 in.) above ground Measured StumpDiameter Estimated dbh cm inches 15 cm. (6 in.) 13 5 20 cm. (8 in.) 16 6 25 cm. (10 in ) 20 8 30 cm. (12 in ) 23 9 35 cm. (14 in ) 26 10 40 cm. (16 in ) 29 11 45 cm. (18 in ) 32 13 50 cm. (20 in.) 35 14 55 cm. (22 in ) 38 15 60 cm. (24 in ) 41 16 65 cm. (26 in ) 44 17 70 cm. (28 in ) 47 19 75 cm. (30 in ) 50 20 Sample size = 442 Equation dbh=4.160 + .616(Stump diameter 15 cm. above gsound) R = .87 ELTP=Ecological Land Type Phase Table 21. Black ak ELTP's 10, DBH Estimation Of Black Oak From Stump Diameters 87 30 cm Above Ground. 12, 20 and 52 Stump Height 30 cm. Measured Stump Diameter cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. (6 in.) (8 in.) (10 (12 ° (14 ° (16 ' (18 ° (20 (22 (24 (26 (28 ' (30 ' in. (12 in.) above ground Estimated dbh cm inches 14 6 18 7 21 8 25 10 29 11 32 13 36 14 39 15 43 17 46 18 50 20 54 21 57 22 Sample size = 446 Equation DBH=3.665 + .713(Stump diameter 30 cm. above giound) E .91 ELTP=EcOlogical Land Type Phase Table 22. DBH Estimation of White Oak From Stump Diameters 15 cm Above Ground. White k ELTP's 10, 12, 20 and 52 Stump Height 15 cm. Measured Stump Diameter cm inches 15 cm. (6 in.) 11 4 20 cm. (8 in.) 14 6 25 cm. (10 in.) 17 7 30 cm. (12 in.) 20 8 35 cm. (14 in.) 23 9 40 cm. (16 in.) 26 10 45 cm. (18 in.) 29 12 50 cm. (20 in.) 33 13 55 cm. (22 in.) 36 14 60 cm. (24 in.) 39 15 65 cm. (26 in.) 42 16 70 cm. (28 in.) 45 18 75 cm. (30 in.) 48 19 88 (6 in.) above ground Estimated dbh Sample size = 494 Equation DBH=2.150 + .607(Stump diameter 15 cm. above giound) § - .90 ELTP=Ecological Land Type Phase Table 23. White Stump Height 30 cm. LTP'S ak 10, 89 DBH Estimation of White Oak From Stump Diameters 30 cm Above Ground. 12, 20 and 52 Measured StumpDiameter 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Sample Equation DBH=1.995 + .694(Stump diameter 30 cm. above 9 1‘ Sound) cm. cm. cm. cm. Clll. cm. cm. cm. Clll. cm. cm. cm. cm. size "' e91 ELTP=Ecologica1 Land Type Phase (6 in.) (8 in.) (10 in. (12 in. (14 (16 ’ (18 (20 ' (22 ' (24 ' (26 ' (28 ' (30 = 494 (12 in.) above ground Estimated dbh cm inches 12 5 16 6 19 8 23 9 26 10 30 12 33 13 37 14 40 16 44 17 47 19 51 20 54 21 90 Table 24. DBH Estimation of Red Oak From Stump Diameters 15 cm Above Ground. Red ak ELTP 20 Stump Height 15 cm. (6 in.) above ground Measured Stump Diameter Estimated dbh cm inches 15 cm. (6 in.) 14 6 20 cm. (8 in.) 16 6 25 cm. (10 in.) 18 7 30 cm. (12 in.) 21 8 35 cm. (14 in.) 23 9 40 cm. (16 in.) 25 10 45 cm. (18 in.) 27 11 50 cm. (20 in.) 29 ll 55 cm. (22 in.) 31 12 60 cm. (24 in.) 33 13 65 cm. (26 in.) 35 14 70 cm. (28 in.) 38 15 75 cm. (30 in.) 40 16 Sample size = 60 Equation DBH=7.754 + .426(Stump diameter 15 cm. above gfiound) .64 E: ELTP=Ecological Land Type Phase Table 25. Red ak ELTP 2 0 DBH Estimation of Red Oak From Stump Diameters 30 91 cm Above Ground. Stump Height 30 cm. Measured Stump Diameter (12 in.) above ground Estimated dbh cm inches 15 cm. (6 in.) 15 20 cm. (8 in.) 18 7 25 cm. (10 in.) 20 8 30 cm. (12 in.) 23 9 35 cm. (14 in.) 25 10 40 cm. (16 in.) 27 ll 45 cm. (18 in.) 30 12 50 cm. (20 in.) 32 13 55 cm. (22 in.) 35 14 60 cm. (24 in.) 37 15 65 cm. (26 in.) 39 16 70 cm. (28 in.) 42 16 75 cm. (30 in.) 44 17 Sample size = 60 Equation DBH=8.259 + .480(Stump diameter 30 cm. above gfiound) - .63 $- ELTP=Ecological Land Type Phase LIST 0? REFERENCES 92 LIST OF REFERENCES Appel, D.N. and R.J. Stipes. 1984. Canker expansion on water-stressed pin oaks colonized by Endothia gyrosa. Plant Dis. 68:851-853. Arend, J.L. and H.F. Scholz. 1969. Oak forests of the Lake States and their management. U.S.D.A. For. Serv., North Cent. For. Exp. Sta. NC-31, 36 p. Bahari, z.A., S.G. Pallardy, and W.C. Parker. 1985. Photo- synthesis, water relations, and drought adaptation in six woody species of oak-hickory forests in central Missouri. Forest Sci. 31:557-569. Brown, A.A. and H.F. Davis. 1973. Forest fire control and use. 2d ed. New York< McGraw-Hill, 686 p. Brown, J.H., Jr. 1960. The role of fire in altering the species composition of forests in Rhode Island. Ecology 41(2):310-316. Croghan, C.F. and K. Robbins. 1986. Cankers caused by Botryodiplodia gallae associated with oak sprout mortality in Michigan. Plant Dis. 70:76-77. Elliott, J.C. 1953. Composition of upland second growth ' hardwood stands in the tension zone of Michigan as affected by soils and man. Ecol. Monogr. Vol. 23, NO. 3, pp. 271-288. Gingrich, S.F. 1967. Measuring and evaluating stocking and stand density in upland hardwood forests in the central states. For. Sci. 13:38-53. Harvard Graphics 1986. Software Publishing Corp., Mountain View CA. Hinckley, T.M. 1975. The effect of drought on water rela- tions and stem shrinkage of Quercus alba. Can. J. Bot. 53:62-72. Hinckley, T.M., P.M. Dougherty, J.P. Lassoie, J.E. Roberts, and R.O. Teskey. 1979. A severe drought: impact on tree growth, phenology, net photosynthetic rate and water rela- tions. Am. Midl. Nat. 107:307-316. 93 Host, G.E. 1987. Spatial patterns Of forest composition, successional pathways and biomass production among landscape ecosystems of northwestern lower Michigan. Ph.D. disserta- tion. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI. Host, G.E., K.S. Pregitzer, C.W. Ramm, J.B. Hart and D.T. Cleland. 1987. Landform-Mediated Differences in Succes- sional Pathways Among Upland Forest Ecosystems in Northwest- ern Lower Michigan. For. Sci. 33:445-457. Informix 1987. SMARTWARE, Informix Software Inc. Johnson, P.S. 1975 Growth and structural development of red oak sprout clumps. For. Sci. 21(4):413-418. Johnson, P.S. 1976. Modal development of regeneration in clearcut red oak stands in the Driftless Area. In: Central Hardwoods Forest Conference I Proceedings, Carbondale, IL., Oct. 17-19, 1976, pp. 455-475. SO. Illinois Univ., Carbondale and U.S.D.A. For. Serv., N. Central For. Exp. Sta., St. Paul, MN. Johnson, P.S. 1977. Predicting oak stump sprouting and sprout development in the Missouri Ozarks. U.S.D.A. For. Serv., North Cent. For. Exp. Sta., Res. Pap. NC-l49, 11p. Johnson, P.S. 1979. Shoot elongation of black oak and white oak sprouts. Can. J. For. Res. 9:489-494. Johnson, R.L. and R.M. Krinard. 1976. Hardwood regen- eration after seed tree cutting. U.S.D.A. For. Serv., So. For. Exp. Sta., Res. Pap. SO-123, 9p. Kapp, R.O.‘ 1978. Presettlement forests of the Pine River watershed (central Michigan) based on original land survey records. The Mich. Bot. Vol. 17, pp. 3-15. Kozlowski, T.T. 1949. Light and water in relation to growth and competition of Piedmont forest tree species. Ecol. Monogr. 19:207-231. Krittridge, J. and A.K. Chittenden. 1929. Oak forests of Michigan. MI State College Ag. Exp. Sta. Special Bull. 4 190. Larson, M.M. and F.W. Whitmore. 1970. Moisture stress af- fects root regeneration and early growth of red oak seed- lings. For. Sci. 16:495-498. Larson, M.M. and I. Palashev. 1973. Effects of osmotic wa- ter stress and gibberellic acid on initial growth of oak seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 3:75-82. 94 Larson, M.M. 1974. Effects of soil moisture on early growth Of oak seedlings. For. Res. Rev. pp. 10-13. Lowell, H.E., R.J. Mitchell, P.S. Johnson, H.E. Garrett, and G.S. Cox. 1987. Predicting growth and success Of coppice-regenerated oak stems. For. Sci. 33(3):?40-749. Lynch, A.M. and J.R. Bassett. 1987. Oak stump sprouting on dry sites in Northern Lower Michigan. North. J. Appl. For. 4:142-145. Marquis, C.G., P.L. Eckert, and B.A. Roach. 1976. Acorn weevils, rodents and deer all contribute to oak regeneration difficulities in Pennsylvania. U.S.D.A. For. Serv., North- east For. Exp. Sta., Res. Pap. NE-356. Mobley, H.E., R.S. Jackson, W.E. Balmer and others. 1973. A guide for prescribed fire in southern forests. U.S.D.A. For. Serv., Southeastern Area, Atlanta, GA. SaPF-Z, 40 p. Reich, P.H., R.O. Teshey, P.S. Johnson, and T.M. Hinckley. 1980. Periodic root and shoot growth in oak. For. Sci. 26:590-598. Rogers, D.J. and P.H. Rogers. 1959. Sprouting capacity of oak stumps in southern Wisconsin. Univ. Wis., For. Res. Note 50, 3p. Roth, E.R. and G.H. Hepting. 1943 Origin and development of oak stump sprouts as affecting their likelihood to decay. J. For. 41:27-36. Rouse, C. 1986. Fire effects in northeastern forests: Oak. U.S.D.A. For. Serv., North Cent. For. Exp. Sta. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-105, 7 p. Sander, I.L., P.S. Johnson, and R.F. Watt. 1976. A guide for evaluating the adequacy Of oak advance reproduction. U.S.D.A. For. Serv., North Cent. For. Exp. Sta., Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-23. Sander, I.L. 1977. Manager's handbook for oaks in the north central states. U.S.D.A. For. Serv., North Cent. For. Sander, I.L., P.S. Johnson and R. Rogers. 1984. Evaluating oak advance reproduction in the Missouri Ozarks. U.S.D.A. For. Serv., North Cent. For. Exp. Sta. Res. Pap. NC-251, 16 p. Smith, W.E. and J.T. Hahn. 1986. Michigan's Forest Statis- tics, 1987: An Inventory Update. U.S.D.A. For. Serv., North Cent. For. Exp. Sta., Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-112. 95 .SOlomon, J.D., F.I. McCracken, R.L. Anderson, R.Lewis, Jr., P.L. Oliveria, T.H. Filer, P.J. Barry. 1987. Oak Pests: A guide to major insects, diseases, air pollution and chemical injury. U.S.D.A. For. Serv., So. For. Exp. Sta., Protection Report R8-PR7. Steel, R.G.D., and J.H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and pro- cedures of statistics. A biometrical approach. Second edi— tion, McGraw-Hill Book Company. Stroempl, G. 1987. Growth and quality of red oak planted in red pine plantation Openings. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources For. Res. Note. No. 44, 6 p. SYSTAT. 1986. Systat Inc. Evanston, IL. Tainter, F.H., T.M. Williams, and J.E. Cody. 1983. Drought as a cause Of oak decline and death on the South Carolina coast. Plant Dis. 67:195-197. Tesky, R.O. and T.M. Hinckley. 1981. Influence of tem- perature and water potential on root growth of white oak. Physiol. Plant. 52:363-369. Timber Mart North. 1987. Third quarter. Timber Mart North Inc. F.W. Norris, Highlands, NC. USDA Forest Service. 1985. Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Land and Resource Management Plan. Huron-Manistee National Forests, Eastern Region 9. USDA Forest Service. 1985. Proposed Land and Resource Man- agement Plan for the Huron Manistee National Forests, East- ern Region 9. ‘ USDA Soil Conservation Service. 1985. Soil survey of Lake and Wexford counties Michigan. U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. Williamson, M.J. 1964. Burning does not control young hardwoods on shortleaf pine stand in the Cumberland plateau. U.S.D.A. For. Serv., Cent. States For. Exp. Sta. Res. Note CS-19, 4 p. Zimmermann, M.H. and C.L. Brown. 1971. Trees structure and function. Springer-Verlag Inc., New York. APPENDIX A Appendix A-l. 96 STUMP DIAMETER Stump diameter*age classes used for stratification Of sampled stumps. < 11.4cm 11.4-21.6 21.7-31.8 31.9-41.9 42.0-52.0 > 52.0 < 4 in. 5-8 9-12 13-16 17-20 > 21 srunp AGE 0-' CLASS CLASS CLASS CLASS CLASS CLASS 25 1 2 . 3 4 5 6 26- CLASS CLASS CLASS CLASS CLASS CLASS 50 7 8 9 10 11 12 51- CLASS CLASS CLASS CLASS CLASS CLASS 75 13 14 15 16 17 18 76- CLASS CLASS CLASS CLASS CLASS CLASS 100 19 20 21 22 23 24 100 CLASS CLASS CLASS CLASS CLASS CLASS + 25 26 27 28 29 30 97 Appendix A-2. 'Stump diameter classes and diameter values repre- sented by each class. Two Inch Stump Diameter _ 1 Diametfir Centimetera Inches Diameter Class Class < 8 O-2.9 1 2 8-12 3.0-4.9 2 4 13-17 5.0-6.9 3 6 18-22 7.0-8.9 4 8 23-27 9.0-10.9 5 10 28-32 11.0-12.9 6 12 33-37 13.0-14.9 7 14 38-42 15.0-16.9 8 16 43-48 17.0-18.9 9 18 49-53 _ 19.0-20.9 10 20 54-58 21.0-22.9 11 22 59-63 23.0-24.9 12 24 64-68 25.0-26.9 13 26 69-73 27.0-28.9 14 28 > 73 > 29.0 15 30+ 1 Diameter class used in analysis Of data throughout the study. Represents stump diameter and not dbh. 2 Two inch diameter class commonly used by foresters. Compatible with diameter class by Stump sprouts which is in centimeters. APPENDIX B 98 Appendix B-l. Profile description for Clearcut l, ELTP 52, White Cloud Ranger District, Compartment 98 Stand 15. ELTP: 52 Classification: Sandy , mixed, mesic Entic Haplorthod Parent Material: Outwash/overwash moraines Physiography: Level Vegetation: Clearcut-moderate carex spp., vaccinium spp.. braken fern (Prior Of harvest-mature black, white oak, red maple) Depth to water table: 6-7 feet Date: August 4, 1987 Horizon Depth cm Description A ‘ 0-5 Very dark grey loYr 3/1 loamy sand: root mat giving structure: clear smooth bound- ary: pH 4.0. AE 5-10 Dark brown 7.5YR 4/2 medium sand: weak, me- dium subangular blocky structure break eas- ily to loose single grain: friable: clear wavy boundary. le 10-31 Brown 7.5YR 4/4 loamy sand: weak, medium subangular blocky structure: friable: gradual smooth boundary: pH 6.0. BS2 31-42 Strong brown 7.5YR 5/6 medium sand: coarse, subangular blocky structure: friable: gradual smooth boundary: pH 6.5. BC 42-57 Brownish yellow lOYR 6/6 medium sand: weak, medium subangular blocky breaking to loose single grain structure: very friable: gradual smooth boundary: pH 7.0. C 57- Brownish yellow 10YR 6/6 medium sand: loose single grain strucrure: very friable: com- mon gravel and coble at 80 cm. Auger Holes to Fifteen Feet 1. Very fine and fine moist sands, 10YR 7/4 at 5 feet. Loamy varves 5 1/2-6 feet. Medium sands 6-6 1/2 feet. Mottling and loamy peds 6 1/2-7 feet. Clay and clay loam texture and mottling at 7-7 1/2 feet. Water table at 7 1/2-8 feet. 2. Loamy very fine and fine sands at 6 1/2 feet. Moist at 6 1/2 feet. Clayey very fine and fine sands at 7 feet and moist. Heavy mottling and heavy clays at 7 1/2-8 feet. Saturation at 8 1/2 feet. 3. Similar to auger hole 1. Mottles at 6-6 1/2 feet. Water table at 6 1/2- 7 feet. 4. Similar to auger hole 1. Soil moist at 4 1/2 feet. Saturation at 5-5 1/2 feet. . 99 Appendix 8-2. Profile description for Clearcut 2, ELTP 12, White Cloud Ranger District, Compartment 98 Stand 1. ELTP: 12 ' Classification: Sandy, mixed to siliceous, mesic Typic Udipsamment Parent Material: Outwash sand Physiography: Level Vegetation: Clearcut-very heavy carex spp., (prior to harvest-black and white oak, vaccinium spp.) Depth to water table: 13-14 feet Date: August 9, 1987 Horizon Depth cm Description A 0-10 Very dark grey lOYR 3/1 fine and medium - sand: weak, medium massive carex roots giv- ing structure: friable: abrupt wavy bound- ary: pH 4.5. Bwl 10-31 Strong brown 7.5YR 4/6 medium sand: weak medium subangular blocky structure: fri- able: abrupt wavy boundary: pH 6.5. Bw2 31-68 Brownish yellow lOYR 6/6 fine sand: weak medium subangular blocky structure: very friable: clear wavy boundary: pH 6.5. C1 68-122 Very pale brown lOYR 7/4 fine and medium sand: loose single grain structure: very friable. C2 122- Yellowish brown 10YR 5/6 medium sand: loose single grain structure: very friable. Auger Holes to Fifteen Feet 1. Medium sands 5-6 1/2 feet. Clay loam peds at 6-6 1/2 feet. Ten percent gravel at 6 1/2-7 feet. Twenty five percent gravel at 7-7 1/2 feet. Impenetrable gravel layer at 8 feet. 2. Varves at 7 feet. Medium sands 7-10 1/2 feet. NO varves at ( feet. Five percent pea gravel 10 1/2 feet. NO gravel at 11 feet. Coarse sands and saturation at 14 1/2 feet. 3. Similar to auger hole 2. Saturation at 13 feet. 4. Similar to auger hole 2. Saturation at 13 feet. 5. Large clay peds at 9 1/2-10 feet. Medium sands 6-13 feet. Clay pads and pea gravel at 13 feet. Coarse sands and pea gravel at 13 1/2 feet. Saturation and coarse sands at 14 1/2 feet. 100 Appendix B-3. Profile description for Clearcut 3, ELTP 20, White Cloud Ranger District, Compartment 102 Stand 11. ELTP: 20 Classification: Sandy, mixed, mesic, Entic Haplorthod Parent Material: Overwashed moraine Physiography: Sloping, shoulder Slope 8% Vegetation: Clearcut-moderate carex spp., vaccinium spp., bracken fern,(Prior to harvest-white, black and red oak, red maple) Depth to water table: > 15 feet Date: August 17, 1987 Horizon Depth cm Description A 0-10 Very dark grey 102R 3/1 medium sand: weak medium subangular blocky structure: fri- able: clear wavy boundary. Bs 10-43 Strong brown 7.5YR 4/6 loamy sand: weak medium subangular blocky structure: fri- able: clear wavy boundary: pH 5.5. Bw 43-65 . Dark yellowish brown lOYR 4/6 medium sand: weak medium subangular blocky structure: friable: gradual wavy boundary: pH 6.0. BC 65-86 Yellowish brown loYR 5/6 medium sand: weak medium subangular blocky breaking to loose Single grain structure: very friable: gradual wavy boundary: pH 6.5. C 86- Yellowish brown loYR 5/6 medium sand: loose single grain Structure: very friable: pH Auger Holes tO Fifteen Feet 1. Medium sands 10YR 6/6 5-7 feet. Impenetrable gravel and coble layer at 7 feet. 2. Medium Sands 5-6 feet. Twenty percent gravel at 6 1/2 feet. Impenetrable gravel layer at 7 feet. 3. Fine sand at 6 feet. Impenetrable layer at 6 1/2 feet. 4. Medium and coarse sands 5-5 1/2 feet. Twenty percent pea gravel at 6 feet. Five percent gravel at 7 feet. Fine sands at 8 feet. Medium sands 8 1/2 feet. Fine sandy loam 10-11 feet. Medium sands 11-12 feet. Medium sands and twenty percent gravel 13-15 feet. 101 Appendix B-4. Profile description for Clearcut 4, ELTP 12, White Cloud Ranger District, Compartment 17 Stand 39. ELTP: 12 Classification: Sandy, mixed to siliceous, mesic, Typic Udispamment Parent Material: Outwash sand Physiography: Level Vegetation: Clearcut-very heavy carex spp. (Prior to harvest-black and white oak, vaccinium spp.) Depth to water table: 8-9 feet Date: August 19, 1987 Horizon Depth cm Description A 0-7 Very dark grey 10YR 3/1 medium sand: weak medium massive carex roots giving struc- ture: friable: abrupt wavy boundary: pH 4.0. E 7-11 Brown 10YR 4/3 medium sand: discontinuous; loose single grain structure. Bwl 11-48 Dark yellowish brown 10YR 4/6 medium sand: weak medium subangular blocky structure: friable: clear wavy boundary: pH 6.0. Bw2 48-79 Dark yellowish brown 10YR 4/4 medium sand: weak medium subangular blocky structure: friable: gradual wavy boundary. BC 79-107 Brownish yellow 10YR 6/6 medium sand: weak medium subangular blocky structure: fri- able: gradual wavy boundary. C 107- Yellow 10YR 7/6 medium sand: loose single: grain structure: friable: pH 6.0. Auger Holes to Fifteen Feet 1. Medium and fine sands 10YR 6/6 5-7 1/2 feet. Mottles common 7 1/2 feet. Water table 8 feet. _ 2. Similar to auger hole 1. Water table at 8 feet. 3. Similar to auger hole 1. Mottles common at 7 feet. Water table at 8 feet. 4. Similar to auger hole 1. Water table at 9 feet. 5. Similar to auger hole 1. Mottles common at 7 1/2 feet to 8 feet. Water table at 9 feet. 102 Appendix 8-5. Profile description for Clearcut 5, ELTP 20, White Cloud Ranger District, Compartment 111 Stand 2. ELTP: 20 Classification: Sandy, mixed, mesic, Entic Haplorthod Parent Material: Overwashed moraine Physiography: Gently Sloping, St slopes Vegetation: Clearcut-moderate carex spp., vaccinium spp., bracken fern (Prior to harvest-black and white oak, red maple, vaccinium, bracken fern) Depth to water table: > 15 feet Date: August 30, 1987 Horizon Depth cm Description A 0-11 Very dark grey 10YR 3/1 medium sand: weak massive carex roots giving structure: fri- able: abrupt wavy boundary: pH 4.5. le 11-38 Strong brown 7.5YR 4/6 medium sand: weak medium subangular blocky structure: fri- able: clear wavy boundary: pH 6.0. Bs2 38-76 Strong brown 7.5YR 5/8 medium and fine sand: weak medium subangular blocky struc- ture: friable: gradual wavy boundary. C 76- Brownish yellow 10YR 6/6 medium sand: weak medium subangular blocky breaking easily to loose single grain structure: very friable: pH 6.5. Auger Holes to Fifteen Feet 1. Varves St at 8 feet. Coarse and medium sands at 10-12 feet. Coarse sands and St pea gravel at 12 feet. NO pea gravel at 12 1/2 feet. At 13 1/2-14 feet St gravel. Medium and fine sands at 14 1/2-15 feet. 2. Similar to auger hole 1. At 11-13 feet 5% gravel. 3. Similar tO auger hole 1. 103 Appendix 8-6. Profile description for Clearcut 6, ELTP 10, Baldwin Ranger District, Compartment 23 Stand 34. ELTP: 10 ’ Classification: Sandy, mixed to siliceous. fridgid, Typic Udipsamment Parent Material: Outwash sand Physiography: level Vegetation: Clearcut-heavy carex spp., vaccinium spp. (Priot to harvest black and white oak, vaccinium spp.) Depth to water table: > 15 feet Date: August 26, 1987 Horizon Depth cm Description A 0-8 Very dark grey 10YR 3/1 medium sand: weak ' medium subangular blocky carex roots giving structure: friable: clear wavy boundary: pH 4.5. Bwl 8-23 Dark yellowish brown 10YR 4/4 medium sand: weak medium subangular blocky structure: friable: gradual wavy boundary: pH 5.5. Bw2 23-77 Dark yellowish brown 10YR 4/6 medium sand: weak medium subangular blocky structure: friable: gradual wavy boundary: pH 5.5. C 77- Yellowish brown 10YR 5/6 medium sand: weak medium subangular blocky breaking easily to loose single grain structure: very friable: pH 6.5. Auger Holes to Fifteen Feet 1. Medium sands 10YR 5/6 from 5-8 feet. Pea gravel 5% at 7 1/2-8 feet. Pea gravel 10% 8 1/2-9 feet. Medium sands 10YR 7/4 and no gravel 9-15 feet. 2. Similar to auger hole 1. NO gravel 7-9 feet. Medium and fine sands 9-10 feet. Ten to 15 feet medium sands. 3. Medium sands 5-15 feet. No fine sands. NO gravel layers. 4 Similar to auger hole 3. Pea gravel < 5% 8-10 feet. 104 Appendix B-7. Profile description for Clearcut 7. ELTP 10. Baldwin Ranger District. Compartment 35 Stand 21. ELTP: 10 Classification: Sandy, mixed to siliceous, fridgid, Typic Udipsamment Parent Material: Outwash sand Physiography: Level Vegetation: Clearcut-heavy carex spp., vaccinium spp. (Prior to harvest-black and white oak, vaccinium spp.) Depth to water table: > 15 feet Date: September 10, 1987 Horizon Depth cm Description A- 0-12 Very dark grayish brown 10YR 3/2 medium sand: weak medium subangular blocky carex roots giving structure: friable: abrupt smooth boundary. AE 12-20 Dark yellowish brown 10YR 4/6 medium sand: discontinuous: weak medium subangular blocky structure: friable: clear smooth boundary. Bw 20-61 Strong brown 7.5YR 5/6 medium sand: weak medium subangular blocky structure: fri- able: gradual smooth boundary. BC 61-86 Yellowish brown 10YR 5/6 medium sand: weak medium subangular blocky structure: fri- able: gradual smooth boundary: 25 gravel. C 86- Brownish yellow 10YR 6/6 medium sand: weak medium subangular blocky breaking easily to loose single grain structure: very friable. Auger Holes to Fifteen Feet 1. Medium sands. No substratum development or stratification. Pea gravel St at 8-10 feet. 2. Similar to auger hole 1. Appendix B-8. 1% ELTP 10 and ELTP 12. ELTP 10 *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** AE Bwld “ - Saturation occurring 8-16 Ft. Typical horizon sequences for ecosystem types ELTP 1 2 *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** *********** AA AA AA AA * * * i ‘* AA AA AA AA * * * * ‘* AA AA AA AA * * * 106 Appendix B-9. Typical horizon sequences for ecosystem types ELTP 20 and ELTP 52. ELTP 20 ELTP 52 eeeeeeeeeee ‘A eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee E eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee 331 & eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee 332 eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee. eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee BC eeeeeeeeeeee ; *********** -; ************ eeeeeeeeeeee‘ 5 FT *eeeeeeeeeee aseeeeeeeeee “7 “A “A A‘- eeeeeeeeeeee to 8 FT eeeeeeeeeeee C ************ ************ “ - Saturation occurring 6-8 Ft. 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