u...“ m. V. aw.»- 4mm?” w. uw-u ., ".4.” .. ......" ...z ’- V A‘vv— ‘ .J. 32;“ 3,3 ...... "wt. 1..” 5.0.3311“, 3'}? ~ - ' 7o :32 Ni: V.» n... Ah»... ‘ 3' v; ,.;._ a . vvv', ‘ n ‘ “13.1... ,. _ .. ‘ v .u‘l-m .1;',‘-I..-.., u A. , ...1. a ' .‘nm ., 3 a 2: "- 5:" 3 :5 f 25%;: . ...-4 a. fi ) 1%: 54:11" 1.315 “r . . 5 9N . s v 4’z‘i‘n":;&§3 s. ugly", --, ’ ‘Itjnf‘: {iid \ , Q“; m 7... 1‘23! 4) 4‘ J . 942:3? imfwig , i v, .2 1‘ ‘3, ~ '2'}; t u n: ;v?‘1§3 1 .. l".§.‘. .., an»; : . 3. Y» ‘ 1 Q5?“ 1" f; K; ‘51 'I ’." . 4... 1;.» ;‘,. "bx". '- :1 ... , '11.? .u . x, 2%? ' V N ‘lx 'V/Iv it. #3.- 3"" 'v v '3 MICHIGAN STATE III III IIII IIII II III IIII II II IIII I 420 1465 I This is to certify that the thesis entitled DIFFERENCE IN TORQUE MEASUREMENTS TAKEN BY MANUAL AND BY AUTOMATIC CAP TORQUE EQUIPMENT presented by Paul Wesley Rearick has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Master Of Science degree in PACKAGING Major professor Date'DCrl/éfl’bg‘e’lj 3/. [9?5/ 0-7639 MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution /M€Mg/ LIBRARY Michigan State University rues u RETURN eoxro removothh mum your record. TO AVOID FINES Mum on or before an. duo. MSU In An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity intuition WM. 1 DIFFERENCE IN TORQUE MEASUREMENTS AKEN BY MANUAL AND BY AUTOMATIC CAP TORQU EQUIPMENT By Paul Wesley Rearick A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE School of Packaging 1995 ABSTRACT DIFFERENCE IN TORQUE MEASUREMENTS TAKEN BY MANUAL AND BY AUTOMATIC CAP TORQUE EQUIPMENT By Paul Wesley Rean’ck Torque testing of bottles and closures is a science with many variables. A research project was designed to investigate the relationship between the variation of older manual torque testers and newer automatic testers. Using a magnetic torque standard made by the Vibrac Corporation, testing was performed to determine how the machines relate to each other without including the variability of bottles and closures. The machines were similar for average values, but the manuals gave higher standard deviations. Two bottle sizes and four closure types were also used in the equipment. Using an Analog Display Secure Pak as the application device, the automatic and manual machines gave results that were not consistently similar to each other with respect to the average value or to the standard deviation. Over the setups tested, a pattern did appear which showed lower variability for non child resistant closures than child resistant. Copyright by Paul Wesley Rearick 1995 To Mom And Dad, For Everything You Have Done To Help Me Through My College Years. Go State! iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank Dr. Hugh Lockhart and Dr. Dennis Gilliland who have both spent many hours working with me through the testing and the statistical analysis. I also need to recognize my other two committee members, Drs. Gary Burgess, and Susan Selke. I would also like to sincerely thank the following students from the School of Packaging at Michigan State University for all their help in the Torque Study: Matt Wadalawala Chris Schachem Scott Dilworth ' Delynnc Vail Allyson Hirschmann Finally, I want to recognize and thank the corporate sponsors Of the Torque Study: Alcon Laboratories Kranson Industries Amway Lederle Laboratories .Ciba Company Owens Brockway Coca-Cola Pfizer Copley Pharmaceutical Seaquist Closures Eli Lilly Secure Pak Fowler Products Sunbeam Plastics Glaxo Sure Torque J .L. Clark Teledyne Packaging Johnson & Johnson Vibrac Kerr White Cap TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .......................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................... x LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ....................... xii INTRODUCTION ............................................. 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................ 3 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS ................................ .7 METHODS ......................... ' ........................ 3 RESULTS ................................................. 17 CONCLUSIONS ............................................. 32 OBSERVATIONS/REMARKS .................................. 35 APPENDIX A. - VERIFICATION OF GOLD BOTTLE PROCEDURE ........ 38 APPENDIX B. - OPERATING PROCEDURE ......................... 43 APPENDIX C. - BOTTLE AND CLOSURE MEASUREMENTS ............ 63 ' APPENDIX D. - RAw DATA TABLES AND GRAPHS .................. 65 LIST OF REFERENCES ....................................... 100 GENERAL REFERENCES ..................................... 102 Vi LIST OF TABLES 1. Verification Of Gold Bottle Summary .............................. 17 2. T-Test Results From Verification Of Gold Bottle ....................... .18 3. Use Of Gold Bottle In Equipment - Summary .......................... 19 4. Series One And Two Removal Torque Values And Standard Deviations ........ 22 5. Amlysis Of Variance For Difference Between Means ..................... 23 6. Analysis Of Variance For Difference Between Log (Std. Dev.). . . ., .......... 24 7. Combined Removal Torques And Pooled Standard Deviations .............. 25 8. Scheffe Multiple Range Analysis For Log (Std. Dev.) On Each Combination. . . .30 9. Scheffe Multiple Range Analysis For Averages On Each Combination. . . .31 10. Dimensions Of Bottles And Closures ............................ 63 11. Verification Of Gold Bottle .................................... 65 12. Use Of Gold Bottle In Testing Equipment ........................... 66 13. Removal Torque Averages And Standard Deviations ................... 68 14. Analysis Of Variance For Means Of Gold Bottle ..................... 7O 15. Multiple Range Analysis For Means Of Gold Bottle .................... 7O 16. Analysis OfVariance For Log (Std. Dev.) or Gold Bottle ................. 7o 17. Multiple Range Analysis For Log (Std. Dev.) Of Gold Bottle ............... 71 Vii 18. Analysis OfVariance For Means - Series Effect ....................... 71 19. Analysis Of Variance For Log (Std. Dev.) - Series Effect ................ 71 20. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series One ........................... 76 21. Testing Of Torque Equipment — Series One ........................... 77 22. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series One ........................... 78 23. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series One ........................... 79 24. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series One ........................... 80 25. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series One .......................... 81 26. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series One ........................... 82 27. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series One .......................... 83 28. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series Two - 28 NCRC ................. .84 29. Testing OfTorque Equipment - Series Two - 28 NCRC ................... 85 30. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series Two - 28 NCRC ................... 86 31. Testing Of Torque Equipment — Series Two - 28 NCRC ................... 87 32. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series Two - 28 CRC ................... 88 33. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series Two - 28 CRC .................... 89 34. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series Two - 28 CRC ................... 9O 35. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series Two - 28 CRC ................... 91 36. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series Two - 38 NCRC ................... 92 37. Testing Of Torque Equipment -.Series Two - 38 NCRC ....... , ............ 93 38. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series Two - 38 NCRC ................. .94 39. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series Two - 38 NCRC ................. .95 viii 40. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series Two - 38 CRC .................. .96 41. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series Two - 38 CRC .................. .97 42. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series Two - 38 CRC .................. .98 43. Testing Of Torque Equipment - Series Two - 38 CRC ................. .99 iX LIST OF FIGURES 1. Variables Affecting Torque Equipment ............................ 4 2. Outline, Torqo Gold Bottle .................................... 9 3.0rderOfTesting-UseOfGoldBottleInEquipment .................... 11 4. Order Of Testing - Series One ................................... 13 5.0rderOfTestingOfSizes-SeriesTwo ............................ 15 6.0rderOfTestingOfMacbinesPerSize-SerhsTwo ................... 16 7. Comparison Of Torque Equipment Over Sizes And Closure Types ............ 26 8. Comparison Of Different Setups Over Removal Machines .................. 26 9. Comparison Of Torque Equipment Over Sizes And Closure Types ............ 27 10. Comparison Of Different Setups Over Removal Machines ................. 27 11. Vibrac Gold Bottle .......................................... 39 12. Verification Holder Circular Disk ................................ 41 13. Verification Holder Front View ................................. 41 14. Sln'e Torque Front View ...................................... 50 15. Sure Torque Side View ....................................... 52 16.Vibrac Torqo Setup ......................................... 55 17. Standard Finish Dimensions For Plastic Bottles And Closures ............. 64 18. Comparison Of Removal Machines - 28 NCRC ...................... .72 X 19. Comparison Of Removal Machines - 28 CRC ......................... 72 20. Comparison Of Removal Machines - 38 NCRC ...................... 73 21. Comparison Of Removal Machines - 38 CRC ......................... 73 22. Comparison Of Removal Machines - 28 NCRC ........................ 74 23. Comparison Of Removal Machines - 28 CRC ......................... 74 24. Comparison Of Removal Machines - 38 NCRC. ........................ 75 25. Comparison Of Removal Machines - 38 CRC ......................... 75 xi LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS CRC = Child Resistant Closure NCRC = Non Child Resistant Closure A.T. = Application Torque T.I.P. = Torque Inch Pounds“ ASP = Analog Display Secure Pak DSP = Digital Display Secure Pak ST = Sure Torque VIB = Vibrac Ave. = Average SD. = Standard Deviation d.f. = degrees of freedom Std. Dev. = Standard Deviation ASTM = American Society of Testing and Materials R.T. = Removal Torque *This term is a widely used by closure and bottle manufacturers. It is also referred to as Inch Pounds Of Torque. INTRODUCTION Torque is the tendency of a force to produce rotation. It is defined as the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from its line of action to the instantaneous axis of rotation.(l) Torque testing of bottles and closures is done to see whether or not a closure will stay securely fastened to a bottle finish. A torque test is also used as a measure of whether or not an effective closure seal has been achieved and maintained. For many years this testing was done by manual machines in which the operator used his/her hands to loosen or secure the closure on the bottle. Automatic torque testing equipment has been developed to help improve the repeatability and reproducibility of torque testing. Many studies have been performed to try to establish an understanding of the relationship between manual and automatic equipment. Comparisons were done between ill-house manual testers and automatic testers as well as between manual testers and specially built automatic testers. The general finding was that there is usually a significant difference between the manual and automatic testers. A research study was developed at Michigan State University with industry representatives from torque tester manufacturers, bottle and closure manufacturers, pharmaceutical companies, and food companies. The goal of this study was to compare the variability of data obtained with manual equipment to the variability of data obtained 1 2 with automatic equipment. The study was designed to look at the base value differences among the equipment as well as how the machines varied for different sizes and types of closures and bottles. Because this study was focused on a few sizes and materials, an understanding would be developed with regard to the relationship among the torque equipment. The samples used in this testing were chosen to best represent the bottle and closure size and type that a majority of the sponsors use. Therefore, sizes 28—400 and 38- 400. Polypropylene child resistant (CRC) and non child resistant closures (NCRC) with High Density Polyethylene bottles were chosen. LITERATURE REVIEW While performing the literature search, the following Data Bases were used: PIRA (Paper, Printing, and Packaging Database) - 1975 to present Michigan State University Libraries Magic System Bibliography trail from published articles and thesis The search revealed 15 articles, theses, trade journals, and publications. The reference sections of some of these publications referred to other articles that could not be retrieved. However, the important findings and key facts of these absent articles were referred to and discussed by publications in our possession. Whenever a particular experiment is performed, there are always variables that are being tested, kept constant, or not controlled at all. Torque testing of bottles and closures has its own Share of variables that play a role in the validity of torque test results.(2,3,4) The variables that play a role, can easily be grouped into 4 categories: material, equipment, environment, and ergonomics. A listing of these variables divided into the four groups is located in Figure 1. In all torque testing experiments, variables from each of these groups affect the testing either directly or indirectly. Much research has been performed to determine how these variables could affect the torque results. Keller(5), in his research, determined that "lubricity of contact surfaces, thread contact angle and pitch have profound effects on the mechanical efficiency of a given size closure, allowing more 4 MATERIAL II EQUIPMENT ENVIRONMENT II ERGONOMICS Material of Closure/Bottle Speed of Rotation Storage Conditions Speed of Rotation Rigidity and Relaxation Settings and Cleanliness of Variability Among of Components Adjustments Container Fill Operators 1 Configuration and Quality of Method of Temperature of 7 Container Finish Sealing Gripping Closure Samples at Time of Surface Testing Type of Closure Precision of Equipment Amount of Friction Top Load Time between CRC or NCRC Application and Removal Use of Lubricants in Closure Lined or Linerless Amoum Of Friction Thread Profile and Dimensions Figure 1 Variables Affecting Torque Equipment or less of the applied torque to be translated to sealing force". Keller also found that "two different lots of closures produwd statistically significantly different removal torques when machine applied. " Dr. Gerald Greenway, University of Missouri-Rolla, found that these relationships occur while testing:(6,7,8) When application torque and capping speed are held constant, as cap application dwell time was increased, removal torques were also higher. When application torque is kept constant, increased speed and dwell time caused an increase in removal torques. Impact force and color can cause a reduction in removal torque of a plastic bottle cap. 5 The second category of variables grouped under equipment has also been researched. Jenkins(9) found that the automatic torque equipment he was testing had acceptable ruggedness, met initial criteria of providing consistent means to test cap torques on or off line, and provided the ability to test non-destructively. Clarke(10) looked at the relationship between a manual Secure Pak tester and an automatic New England Machinery Sure Torque tester. Clarke found the Secure Pak torque tester to be less precise than Sure Torque NEBT33 and determined that the Secure Pak had higher removal torque averages than the Sure Torque for individual operators and for the combined overall averages. In general, Clarke found that the automatic tester performed much better than the manual tester. He hypothesized that the Secure Pak's higher variability could be attributed to different lateral and vertical forces while rotating the closure by hand. Greenway(l I) agreed, and discussed many articles that showed automatic machines giving more favorable results than manual. His articles gave examples of automatics giving lower variation. The third group, environment, has really not been studied according to published research projects. It is generally accepted, though, that these variables, if not controlled, will affect the variability of any testing device or material. The final group, Ergonomics, is one of the toughest variables to keep constant. Human interaction has always played a role in the application and removal of closures on bottles. Humans are indeed different and it is difficult to have different people perform a test in the exact same manner when interaction with' the equipment is high. It is for this reason that automatic torque equipment was developed. 6 With all the variables that affect torque testing, the design of an experiment to provide information on the effects is very important. Hanlon(12) discusses an important point when he states: ”The method selected ought to be consistent with standard practice in other organizations, . . .It is always preferable to evaluate packages in their final form and under actual conditions of manufacturing, storage, transportation, and end use. This may not always be practical, but every effort should be made to approach these ideal conditions in testing the performance of a package. " Hanlon emphasizes that actual bottles and closures should be used in testing. A problem occurs because normal variations will come from bottles, closures, and equipment, making it very difficult to find the variation from the machines only. In order to determine equipment variation, testing should be designed to reduce the variability from bottles, closures, etc. There are always variables that cannot truly be controlled or measured. Hicks(l3) discusses how to work around these variables: ”Manipulation and randomization are essential for a true experiment from which one may be able to infer cause and effect. ..of prime importance is the order in which the experiment is to be run, which should be random order. Once a decision has been made to control certain variables at specified levels, there are always a number of other variables that cannot be controlled. Randomization of the order of experimentation will tend to average out the effect of these uncontrolled variables. " The torque testing equipment, bottles, closures, and the ergonomic function will always possess some sort of variability. Hicks emphasizes that the order in which the testing is performed should be randomized as much as possible to reduce the effects of the variables. This experimental design function is then very important when dealing with any scientific project. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS Equipment Secure Pak Model 25 Manual Tester — Serial # 25-8923MRA (Spring Torque Model Analogue) Secure Pak Torque Tester Electronic Model - Serial # 25-5547MRAD3 (Digital Display) Sure Torque ST33 Model 93, Version 2.6 - Serial # 7329 Vibrac Torqo Model 1502 - Serial # 94-0015 Vibrac Gold Bottle - Serial # TGB 186 ' Mitutoyo Digimatic Caliper — Series 573 Mitutoyo Dial Caliper Gage - Series 209 Mitutoyo Depth Gage - Series 571 Bridgeport Comparator - Serial # 2279 Elaine Wood Holding Fixture and accessories for Verification of Vibrac Gold Bottle Materials Owens Illinois Clic Loc Child Resistant Closures with Polypropylene Inner shell - 28 and 38 mm size Polyseal Fine Ribbed Polypropylene Closure - 28 and 38 mm size Wheaton Plastics 28-400 25 cc High Density Polyethylene bottle Setco Oblong 38-400 90 cc High Density Polyethylene bottle METHODS Throughout this thesis, the actual removal machines are not identified. The four testers are labeled as A, B, C, and D in the methods, results, and data sections. The reasonbehindthiscodingistoguaranteeanadvantage for the sponsors ofthis study inthe knowledge of how all the machines reacted. For analysis purposes, though, the four machines were identified as being an automatic or manual tester. The two manual machines were coded with letters A or B, while the automatics will be C or D. 1. Wattle A special calibration device, made by the Vibrac Corporation of Amherst, New Hampshire, is designed for an on-line calibration. The Gold Bottle, Figure 2, is made in the shape of a Boston round bottle and is designed to give a constant torque fiom the use of internal magnets. This bottle, which is set at a specific torque, can be used to ensure that a torque testing machine is calibrated correctly. The torque value the bottle is set at is determined by how close the circular magnets are placed with respect to each other. The purpose of this testing was to use a Static verification to see what torque value the Gold Bottle should be displaying on the different torque testing equipment. The following is a summary of the procedure. The complete verification method, along with pictures of the setup, can be found in Appendix A. The bottle was placed into 8 h a n m .m _ foes... _ ......mn Jun“ you an ”...“...o :98 :23 3;... . :5. 261:. .6- Svtee.5- 9322.0 ua<3 ~01 8 008. :92: I 2.5.332 ‘iOU to.) I... ...... (0': 2‘ 21‘s... 0 .3) ea .1. I: I :01. ole-ct ill. ...-00.. on: uapuco 080 0080» .WIJ-DO 3.: 235.286 Dar-J“) . 2a 2.3. ACIDS: FLATS CUSTOMER SWO 6”. 43M 0.0. HA8 (cousuu WAG '0' moan cue) /-rpaclricmou um ----I r-o-e .ueouus roowo nor .Il I s so armature I ... _ 33 .o ...-132‘ Figure 2 - Outline, Torqo Gold Bottle 10 a wooden holding fixture, and the radius of the circular disk attached at the neck was measured. Water was slowly added to a five gallon drum until the Gold Bottle magnet releasedandthediskturneda 180degree rotation. Theweightofthedmm andwater was measmed to 0.01 grams and converted to pounds. Multiplying the weight by the radius measured gave the torque value. This test was repeated so that five torque values were determined. At the end of the testing, this entire test was repeated to test whether the Gold Battle's value remained constant. 2. W The Gold Bottle was used as a torque standard for all torque testing equipment to compare the variability of only the equipment. On each torque tester, the Gold Bottle was run in two sets of 25 replications for the removal direction. The machines were set up using the operating procedures developed for each of them. A copy of this procedure is located in Appendix B. The order in which the machines were tested, determined from a random sequence developed on Quattro Pro 6.0 (a computer spreadsheet program), is listed in Figure 3 found on the next page. 3. DimemionaLMrasnrementflanttlesAndflnsntes Specific dimensions for both the bottles and closures were measured to get a representation of the dimensional characteristics of the samples. The T, E, and H dimensions were measured because of their importance in overall thread engagement. On the bottles, the T dimension is the major diameter of the bottle finish including the threads. On the closures, it is also the major inside diameter from one edge of the closure side to ll Order of Testing First Date Second date 1 C B oodeM-th U0>>wa OOUUJI>>U Figure 3 Order Of Testing - Use Of Gold Bottle In Equipment the corresponding side. The E dimension for the bottle is the minor outside diameter of the bottle finish without including the threads. It is measured towards the top of the finish just above the top thread. For the closures, it is the inside minor diameter from the edge of the threads. The H dimension for the bottle is measured from the top of the bottle finish to the bead just below the threads. For the closures, it is measured inside the closure from the top of the closure to the bottom. See the drawing in Appendix C for a schematic of these dimensions. The innerseal and glue is removed from the closures before measuring them. The samples were measured by contact and non contact methods using calipers, depth gauges, and a comparator. The results of the measurements and the company/ industry specifications or guidelines can be found in Appendix C. 12 4. WWW Testing of torque equipment with production bottles and closures was divided into two groups to simplify the design of the experiment. The first half of the experiment, Series One, used the Analog Display Secure Pak as the application device. The second half, Series Two, applies closures with three testers, and removes closures with all four testers. Inthe Series Onetests, the Analog Secure Pak tester isused to recordthe actual application torque for each unit instead of only knowing the desired application torque range as is the case with capping equipment. Capping equipment applies closures to some preset torque value within a range. However, the exact torque value that each closure is applied is unknown. Other testing devices were gradually incorporated into the testing first as removal machines, and then also as application machines. Each size of closure will have one desired application torque throughout the entire study. The 28 mm size had an application torque of 14 Torque-inch-pounds (A.T. =14 TIP), while the 38 mm size had an application torque of 19 T‘IP. 4.a. W The application of closures on bottles was performed only on the Analog Display Secure Pak. The four testers, Analog Display Secure Pak (ASP), Digital Display Secure Pak (DSP), Sure Torque (ST), and Vibrac (VIB) were all used as removal machines. Ten units per setup were used. Due to setup variations of the automatic equipment, the sizes were tested separate from each other. The 28 mm size bottles were tested separately from the 38 mm size bottles. The Quattro Pro spreadsheet random number program was used 13 Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 28 NCRC ASP 2 11 6 8 12 3 DSP l 9 8 7 10 2 ST 3 12 5 5 9 l VIB 4 10 7 6 11 4 28 CRC ASP 7 16 2 2 13 8 DSP 6 15 1 4 16 6 ST 8 13 3 3 15 5 VIB 5 14 4 1 14 7 38 NCRC ASP 9 4 16 14 3 10 DSP 11 1 13 13 , 4 9 ST 10 2 14 16 2 11 VIB 12 3 15 15 1 12 38 CRC ASP l4 6 9 11 7 13 DSP 15 5 10 13 6 15 ST 13 8 11 10 5 l4 VIB 16 7 12 9 8 16 Figure 4 Order Of Testing - Series One 14 to determine the following for each day: which size would be tested first, what type of closure would be tested first for that size, and the order to test removal machines for that size and closure. Each bottle and closure setup was removed on every removal machine. The process was performed a total of six times. The order used to test the removal machines can be found in Figure 4. In the results section, the removal data from this portion of testing is referred as Series 1. 4.b. WWW The application of closures on bottles was performed on the Analog Display Secure Pak, Sure Torque, and Vibrac testers. These three testers, plus the Digital Display Secure Pak, were all used as removal machines. This thesis only investigated the relationship between the removal machines and the application done by the Analog Secure Pak. Data generated from the application by the automatic testers was not used in the analysis that is discussed later. These extra data, though, are included in Appendix D Raw Data Tables to record them for comparisons that were to be done in later studies. Ten samples per closure size, type and removal machine were used. Due to the setup variations of the automatic equipment, the sizes were tested separate from each other. The Quattro Pro spreadsheet random number program was used to determine the following for each day: which size would be tested first, and what type of closure would be tested first for that size. The order of machines used to apply and remove was then kept constant. This was done to make sure the operator did not wear out during the testing performed each day. The manual tester was always the second application device used for each set of bottle size 15 and closure type. The order for removal machines had two different sequences. The manual machines were used first and third, or second and fourth. On each testing day, the same order of testing for the equipment for each size and closure was held constant even though the order of bottle size and closure type varied. Each bottle and closure combination was tested on every removal machine. The process was repeated five times. The order used for each size and closure size is found in Figure 5. The constant order of application and removal machines is found in Figure 6. Day Performed l 2 3 4 5 , 28 NCRC 4 1 3 1 3 28 CRC 3 2 4 2 4 38 NCRC 2 3 2 4 1 38 CRC 1 4 1 3 2 Figure 5 Order Of Testing Of Sizes - Series Two 16 Bottle Size and Closure Type APPLICATION REMOVAL 28 28 38 38 MACHINE MACHINE NCRC CRC NCRC CRC ASP ASP 6 7 5 8 - DSP 8 5 7 6 ST 7 6 8 5 VIB 5 8 6 7 ST ASP 10 1 3 12 DSP 12 3 1 10 ST 9 2 2 1 1 VIB 1 l 4 4 9 VIB ASP 3 10 12 1 DSP 1 12 10 3 ST 4 9 1 l 4 VIB 2 1 1 9 2 Figure 6 Order Of Testing Of Machines Per Size - Series Two RESULTS 1. W The Gold Bottle that was used had a labeled torque value of 12.2 :i; 0.2 TIP. The verification process was performed at the beginning of the testing and then also at the end of the testing. A summary of the data can be found in Table 1 below. The entire data table, Table 11, is located in the Appendix D - Raw Data. Table 1 Verification Of Gold Bottle Summary n = 5 Ave. (T.I.P.) S.D. (T.I.P.) Beginning - Sept. 10, 1995 12.31 0.024 End - Oct. 13, 1995 12.40 0.031 As indicated in Table 1, the initial test of the Gold Bottle gave an average torque value of 12.31 TIP, while the final gave 12.40 TIP. A t-test was performed on these two averages (Ave) to determine if the results are statistically different. The t-test results are found in Table 2. The t-test gave a p-value of 0.0012. Normally a p-value less than 0.05 is considered statistically different. Even though the torque for the two dates are 17 l8 statistically different from each other, they are not practically different. Torque testing differences are considered practically significant from each other when the average values are different by at least 0.5 TIP. Users of analogue equipment do not consider differences ofless than 1 TIP to be significant because the analogue scale has a sensitivity of 0.5'TIP. In our case the difference is only 0.1 TIP. Table 2 T-Test Results From Verification Of Gold Bottle Trial 1 Trial 2 Mean 12.305 TIP 12.400 TIP Variance 0.0012 I 0.0007 Observations 5 5 Pooled Variance 0.0009 d.f. 8 t 4.982 P( |T| > t) two-tail 0.0012 A very low p-value can also be a positive indicator in certain instances. A very low p value might Show that there is high precision in the measurement and recording of the values. In this case, the pooled standard deviation, 0.03, is very small. Therefore, these data support the conclusion that the verification methodology produces precise results. The precision of the experiment exceeds the precision of the torque testers in use. We found this to be true throughout the experiment. Until precision in use matches experimental precision, our designation of significant differences will be guided by the practical limitations imposed by the way in which equipment is used. 19 2.0 Wm This testing was performed on September 10, 1995 before the torque testers were used on the closures to generate the data analyzed in Section 4.1 and again on October 13, 1995 at the end of the study. On each of the two dates and for each of the four machines, 50 removal torques were measure using the Gold Bottle. The purpose of this testing was to see how stable the results were for each machine over the period in which they were used extensively to remove closures. The raw data are found in Appendix D, Table 12. Table 3, listed below, provides the summary statistics. Table 3 Use Of Gold Bottle In Equipment - Summary Beginning - Sept. 10 Average n=50 Standard Deviation 0.30 0.16 0.05 0.04 End - Oct. 13 Average 12.4 12.6 12.5 12.3 n=50 Standard Deviation 0.31 0.14 0.02 0.04 Both Dates Combined Average 12.3 12.6 12.5 12.3 n=100 Standard Deviation 0.31 0.15 0.04 0.04 Examination of the raw data reveals that the data are not normally distributed so that the application of normal theory tests for differences using the raw data were not used. However, some observations can be made based on the summary statistics in Table 3. Clearly the standard deviations did not change much across the two dates for each machine ’whereas there are large differences among the machines. The two manual machines 20 (Machines A and B) had much larger standard deviations than the two automatic machines (Machines C and D). The largest difference in means across dates is 0.2 TIP (Machine A) and the largest difference in means across machines is 0.3 TIP (Machine B - Machine A on September 10 and Machine B - Machine D on October 13). A two-way analysis of variance was performed on the eight means. This anova, Table 14, is found in Appendix D. One factor was the machine and the other factor was the date. The main effect of machine was not significant (p-value = 0.06) and the main effect of date was also not significant (p—value = 0.18). A similar analysis was performed on the logarithms of the eight standard deviations.(Table 16 in Appendix D) The log transformation was done to produce approximate normality in the data. The results assigned significance to the machine effect (p-value=0.01) and not to the date effect (p- value=0.38). The 95 % Scheffe confidence intervals show that the statistically significant pairwise differences are Machine A - Machine C and Machine A - Machine D. The statistically significant differences are between manual and automatic‘machines. This information is found in Tables 15 and 17 in the Raw Data Appendix. The means and variances across the two dates were combined and placed in Table 3. For each machine, the combined mean is the average of the two means and the combined standard deviations come from the pooled variances. These standard deviations will be used as baseline values in the final comparisons of the torque testers. 21 4.1. W The four torque testers (Machine A, B, C, and D) were used to remove closures of four types (28 NCRC, 28 CRC, 38 NCRC, and 38 CRC). Across a series of six days, each combination was tested ten times on each day. In this series, all applications were done with the Analog Secure Pak. In a second series of five days, the experiment was repeated but with applications made by the Analog Secure Pak and the two automatic machines Sure Torque and Vibrac. From the second series, only the data from the application by the Analog Secure Pak were used in the analysis. The means and standard deviations for each set of ten removal torques for all combinations of removal machines, closures and days are found in Appendix D, Table 13. The total number of sets is 4 machines x 4 closures x 11 days = 176. The days labeled 1-6, in Table 13 make-up Series 1 and the days labeled 7-11 make-up Series 2. Table 4, found on the next page gives the average removal torque and standard deviations for the Series 1 and 2 data. A three-way analysis of variance with all interactions was run on the 176 means with factors being Machine (4 levels), Closures (4 levels), and Series (2 levels). For Machine and Closure, the main effects and two-way interaction had p-values of 0.00. The main effect of Series was not significant (p-Value =0.22). Its interactions with the other factors have p-values of 0.40 and 0.04 and the three-way interaction is not significant (p- value = 0.12). An F-statistic for the test of global hypothesis that Series has no effect on themeamhadap—value of0.05. This anova, Table 5, as well as the nextdiscussedanova are found on pages 23 and 24. 22 A three-way analysis of variance with all interactions was also run on the 176 logarithms of the standard deviations. For Machine and Closure, the main effects and the two-way interaction had p-values of 0.00. The main effect of Series was not significant Table 4 - Series 1 And 2 Removal Torque Values And Standard Deviations Average Torque Values (TIP) Removal Machines SERIES A B C D 28 NCRC 1 7.23 6.96 5.15 6.41 2 7.11 6.90 4.96 6.53 28 CRC 1 7.93 7.99 7.57 6.77 2 7.52 7.72 6.98 6.54 38 NCRC 1 7.38 6.64 7.58 5.31 2 7.32 6.64 7.41 4.92 38 CRC 1 10.32 10.38 11.75 10.17 2 9.95 10.06 12.40 11.10 reformat etio ” A B c" D 28 NCRC 1 0.532 0.399 0.454 0.507 2 0.459 0.422 0.427 0.706 28 CRC 1 0.548 0.543 0.713 0.723 2 0.578 0.578 0.598 0.575 38 NCRC 1 0.694 0.671 0.433 0.623 2 0.923 0.665 0.334 0.676 38 CRC 1 0.971 1.131 1.323 2.798 2 0.671 0.732 1.550 2.090 23 Table 5 Analysis Of Variation For Difference Between Means Source Of Sum Of d.f. Mean F-ratio Sig. Variation Squares Square Level Main Effects AzClosure 20.405 3 6.802 28.206 0.0000 BzMachine 534.301 3 178.1 738.57 0.0000 0.362 1 0.362 1.5 0.2226 Interactions AB 84.106 9 9.345 38.753 0.0000 AC 0.723 3 0.241 1 0.3950 BC 1.99 3 0.663 2.751 0.0449 ABC 3.486 9 0.387 1.606 0.1186 Residual 34.725 144 0.241 Total 679.489 175 (p-value = 0.13). Its interactions with the other factors have p-values of 0.86 and 0.09 and the three-way interaction has a p-value 0.04. An F-statistic for the test of the global hypothesis that Series has no effect on the logarithms of the standard deviations had a p- value 0.04. Since Series contributes relatively little to the variation in means and logarithms of the standard deviations, it was dropped from consideration in the subsequent analysis. The closeness of the results from the two series can be seen in Table 4. For each Machine and Closure combination and each series, the reported average is the average of the means across the days in the series and the standard deviation is calculated from the pooled variance. Table 7 gives the results for all eleven days combined. Table 6 Analysis Of Variation For Difference Between Log (Std. Dev.) Source Of Sum Of I d.f. I Mean F-ratio Sig. Variation Squares Square Level A: Machine 0.811 3 0.27 17.809 0.0000 B: Closure 4.405 3 1.468 96.743 0.0000 C: Series 0.035 1 0.035 2.278 0.1334 Interactions AB 1.663 9 0.185 12.173 0.0000 AC 0.012 3 0.004 0.255 0.8575 BC 0.1 3 0.033 2.206 0.0900 ABC 0.283 9 0.031 2.073 0.0357 Residual 2.186 144 0.016 Total 9.591 175 Diagnostics were performed on the residuals of the analyses of means and log(Std. Dev.) to check for normality. The residual and normal probability plot for the means had a few outliers which skewed the data slightly from normal. These outliers, however, did not affect the qualitative nature of the findings. The log (Std. Dev.) normal probability plot showed the data conforms to a normal distribution. The anova showed that the type of closure had the largest effect on both the means and the log (standard deviation). This _ finding was determined from the sum of squares for the closures being the largest component of the total sum of squares. Table 7 - Combm Removal Torques And Pooled Standard Deviations Removal Machines Average Torque Values (TIP) Manuals Automatics A B C D 28 NCRC Ave. 7.17 6.93 5.06 6.46 SD. 0.50 0.41 0.44 0.61 28 CRC Ave. 7.75 7.87 7.30 6.66 SD. 0.56 0.53 0.66 0.66 38 NCRC Ave. 7.35 6.64 ‘ 7.50 5.13 SD. ' 0.81 0.67 0.39 0.65 38 CRC Ave. 10.15 10.23 12.05 10.59 SD. 0.85 0.97 1.43 2.50 As indicated in the Sig. Level column of Tables 5 and 6, all main effects and interactions were found to be significant for both the test on means, and for the test on the standard deviations. Figures 7-10 show the overall relationships between the closure sizes and the removal machines. These bar graphs are helpful to easily compare the sixteen different machine and closure combinations. Figures 7 and 9 Show the relationship between the four removal machines for each closure size and type. It gives an indication of how the removal machines relate to each other over all four closure sizes and types. , Figures 8 and 10 group the removal dates by each closure type and size. It makes it easy 26 3.0 2.5 g 2.0 .2 28NCRC U G a 1.5 a 28 CRC 3 '3 1-0 38 NCRC 3 ° 05 38 CRC 0.0 A Runoval Madtines figure 7 - Comparison Of Torque Equipmalt Over Sizes And Closure Type 3.0 E I: r— : — it: 2.0 A; b g — I B . I E 1.0 ._ [EM 8 [j .— D 0.0 - . __ 28 NCRC 28 CRC 33 NCRC 38 CRC Closure Size And Type figure 8 - Comparison Of Differ-mt Setups Over Removal Machines 27 14.0 E 12.0 i. E é 104’ 28 NCRC g I g 28 CRC a 8.0 E! 38 NCRC 5 6 o D ‘ 38 CRC 4.0 A D B Removal Machines figure 9 - Comparison Of Torque Equipment Over Sizes And Closure Types 14.0 E120 E. E [.3 10.0 A E I g B a 8.0 IIIIIIIIII E, C 5 6.0 DD L— 28 NCRC 28 CRC 38 NCRC 38 CRC Closure Size and Type figure 10 - Comparison Of Differ-mt Setups Over Removal Machines 28 to compare the individual removal machines for the sizes and types. Figures 18-25, located in Raw Data Appendix D, are similar plots which Show the day to day removal values and standard deviations of the machines and closure types. The plotted values for each removal machine and closure type can be easily compared for relationship among closure type and size or by removal machine. The problem with these bar graphs, though, is that it is difficult to relate which combimtions are similar to each other and which are really different. Both anova’s showed that significant interactions are present between closures and machines. Therefore, main effects are not particularly informative and each treatment combination of closure and machine should be considered. The bar graphs give an indication of the relationship between the combinations, but they do not show which pairs are statistically different. A Scheffe statistical comparison of pairwise differences was performed on averages and the log of pooled standard deviations to see which combinations were similar to each other. The results are found in Tables 8 and 9 for standard deviation and average value. The combimtions that are similar to each other (not statistically different) are indicated by the shaded regions as homogeneous groups. For instance, in Table 8, the first eleven combinations have a shaded region indicated in the first column. This shaded region shows that these eleven combinations are similar to each other. Therefore, all of the combinations from 38 NCRC with Machine C to 28 CRC with Machine C are similar to each other. The second column indicates that the 28 NCRC with 29 Machine C through 38 CRC with Machine C are similar. These comparisons continue with the final three columns. All of these comparisons are valid with respect to standard deviation. The comparison of the combinations using the average removal torque values are listed in Table 9. Table 8 Scheffe Multiple Range Analysis For Log (Std. Dev.) On Each Combination 30 if 1:30; 3;: ::1: ;omogeneous Groups ' / 28 NCRC B 0.410 /W 2222:: E 3:23: /\2 28 CRC B 0.532 ¢§%:: 28 CRC A 0.562 /§/__ :22: :: :2: ZS?»- 28 CRC D 0:660 \/__I :2: : 2:: Z§%: : 2:2: 868- 38 CRC B 0.970 /§_ 38 CRC C 1.430 Q? 38 CRC D 2.501 I Z. Looking at the comparisons for both Scheffe tables, the removal machine— closure combinations seem to have more overall similarity looking at the standard deviations than the average removal torques. The standard deviation shaded regions are - much larger and include more combinations that are similar to each other. 31 Table 9 Scheffe Multiple Range Analysis For Averages On Each Combination Combination Of Average Closure Size Removal Removal Homogeneous Groups And Type Machine Torque 28 NCRC C 5.06 § 38 NCRC D 5 .13 § 28 NCRC D 6.46 y. 38 NCRC B 6.64 % 28 CRC D 6.66 % \ 28 NCRC B 6.93 % 28 NCRC A 7.17 % :“ 28 CRC C 7.30 % F— 38 NCRC A 7.35 % 38 NCRC C 7.50 4 :: 28 CRC A 7.75 k /__ 28 CRC B 7 .87 // 38 CRC A 10.15 § 38 CRC B 10.23 §_ 38 CRC D 10.59 R 38 CRC C 12.05 7// CONCLUSIONS The Gold Bottle shows indications of being an important tool in the true comparison of torque testing equipment. The Gold Bottle exhibited reproducible values and is much easier to use as a calibration device than the normal static pulley calibration methods. The most important feature of the Gold Bottle is allowing the comparison of the equipment without including the variability from bottles and closures. This testing showed that all four machines gave reproducible results over time. The automatic testers gave much lower standard deviation values than the manual. When looking at the average removal torques, though, all four machines gave similar results. The Gold Bottle testing shows that the automatic machines show lower variation than the manual machines, with the only statistical difference between Machine A and Machines C and D. Introducing bottles and closures into the testing gave comparisons that are not consistent over the sizes and types of closures. Except for the 38 CRC, the automatic machines usually gave lower removal torque values than the manual. Comparing over the two sizes, the CRC values are usually larger in magnitude than the NCRC values. As indicated in the Scheffe comparisons, there are significant differences between some of the combinations. 32' 33 The standard deviation values show more overall similarities. Except for the 38 CRC values, almost all of the combinations are similar to each other. The CRC standard deviation values are higher than NCRC values for both 28 and 38 mm size. This is the only consistent comparison between the manual and automatic tester when using the bottles and closures. The unusual result is that the manual machines show lower standard deviation values than the automatic when comparing child resistant closures. The most likely explanation for this is in the operation of the equipment. A well trained operator could easily overcome dimensional differences for the closures and bottles for the manual machinesthatcannotbedonewiflltheautomaticmmrs. Inanylot ofbottles andclosures, there are differences in the dimensions of the finish area. These differences would give differences in thread engagement which would not be apparent when using a slow speed of rotation during removal. During the testing, the speed of rotation used on the manual testers was slower that the preset speed of rotation used by both automatic testers. More important closure characteristics appear in the child resistant closure. This type of closure is a push down and turn variety. When the outer closure piece is pushed down, it does not always immediately engage the inner closure piece. Slight rotation of the outer piece is then needed before the engagement begins. I believe that the slower speed of rotation is not affected as much by the extra rotation while slightly faster rotations, as found with both automatics, may be affected. The Gold Bottle Testing showed the automatic machines to have lower variation than manual machines with all giving similar removal torque values. The actual bottles and closures did not clearly show this same relationship while it did show lower variation for NCRC than CRC. 34 More testing should be performed with Gold Bottles with different torque values. Thecomparisoninthis studyusedatorquevaluearound 12 TIP. Ifyou look at the actual removal torque values of closure and bottles, though, the torque values are in the range of 5 to 10 TIP. I believe these four removal machines should be investigated with a Gold Bottle set at this torque range. To really understand the relationship between these machines, a third torque range should also be investigated. This value should be around 22 TIP. A comparison at this torque range will then Show how these machines relate at the higher torque values and give a better relatiomhip between the equipment over a larger torque range. Future testing should also be performed to look at how different operators affect these comparisons. Comparisons with the Gold Bottle along with the study of operators, will truly show how similar the automatic and manual machines are. Other tests need to investigate how closures and bottles affect torque values. These should be performed to isolate source(s) of variation in bottles and closuress. Testing of cavities for both closures and bottles should be fully investigated to check for dimensional differences and see how these differences relate to torque values. OBSERVATIONS/ REMARKS Through out the last two years, I have observed and learned many things which I feel are important with regards to torque testing and the bottle and closure industry. I have included this section to give my input on areas that I feel need to be addressed in a subjective manner. As discussed in the introduction and literature review, many variables affect torque testing of closures and bottles. I feel that the most important variable is the setup and operation of the torque equipment. I believe this because of how frequently the machine setups are changed. Different closures, bottle sizes, and bottle shapes all force changes in the bottle gripping method or setup, and/or type of chuck or device used to simplify the testing. While the manual machines don’t have as much variability in machine setup, the manner in which the operator runs the equipment will affect the variability of the equipment just as much as the machine setup for the automatic equipment. Operating the manual machines can cause differences in speed of rotation, amount of down force, and method in which the closure is gripped. Difference in these parameters are just as important as how tight an automatic machine grips a bottle or closure, or how much downforce it places on the closure. I found that most of the operating manuals were difficult to use while operating the equipment. They were difficult to follow and not as user friendly as I would like a . manual to be. The manuals mixed operating procedures, with other information that is 35 36 ' not always necessarily needed or used during the normal operation of the equipment. I designed my operating procedure to make operating any of these testers as easy and as repeatable as possible. In the procedure, I included only information that was necessary for the operation of the equipment. I recommend that the manufacturers of these and other torque testers as well as ASTM make sure that their operating procedure (manual) is clear, concise, and complete. Throughout the last two years while operating these testers, I have had many sponsors, people from industry, and students ask which machine is better. I believe that no machine, automatic or manual, is always better than the other removal machines. If the machines are set up correctly, operated correctly, and the testing is designed properly, all of the machines will perform in a very satisfactory manner. Some machines seem to be “more forgiving” than others if the setup is slightly off or the machine is operated incorrectly. This testing dealt only with 28 and 38 mm rectangular cross sectioned High Density Polyethylene bottles with 28 and 38 mm polypropylene closures. Certain machine and closure combinations gave lower variation results than the others. To be fair I to all the machines, though, these exact results may only be valid for these circumstances that I tested. In a majority of the cases I have thought about, I feel that the automatic machines might be the better machines to operate for larger studies than the manual machines. Throughout my testing, careful planning had to be performed to make sure that I consistently applied the closure on the Analog Secure Pak in the same manner and method. I needed to be careful about consistent speed of rotation, the amount and type 37 of gripping the closure, amount of downforce used, and the speed of rotation used. This became difficult, and forwd me to shorten the time I would test during a time period to be certain that I was reproducible over time. In summary, without taking any data into account, I believe that each machine has situations where it is the superior machine. I also believe each machine has certain negatives about its operation and/or design. The answer to which machine is better, is that there really is no fair answer. The only answer I can state is that the decision must be made by each individual person, department, and/or company. APPENDICES APPENDIX A APPENDIX A - VERIFICATION OF GOLD BOTTLE Merriam A special calibration device, called the Gold Bottle, is made by the Vibrac Corporation of Amherst, New Hampshire. The Gold Bottle is special in its design for use in on-line calibration. This bottle gives a constant torque from the use of internal magnets. A picture of this Gold Bottle is found in Figure 11 on the next page. The purpose of this testing is to find out what torque value range this Gold Bottle should be displaying on torque testing equipment. The torque value, the bottle is set at, is determined by how close the circular magnets are placed in respect to each other. A circular disk which fastens around the neck of the bottle is made of wood. Concern may arise to the fact that the wood will expand or shrink with the increase of humidity or moisture content. These wooden pieces are stored and used in a temperature controlled room. The temperature consistently stays around 70°F and the humidity remains around 50%. Also, the radius of this disk is measured every time the bottle is tested. Therefore, it is unlikely that changes to the wood composition will occur without being measured or accounted for during testing. Pictures were included with this procedure to show how the fixture is set up. 38 39 Materials; Vibrac Gold Bottle Fishing line - 20 lb. test 2.5 inch diameter, 1 inch thick circular piece of wood - cut into 2 pieces 2 screws and nuts to attach circular piece together wooden grippers to hold bottle 10" x 24" wooden platform to attach grippers to 4 bolts, nuts, and washers to attach platform and grippers 5 gallon drum or pail - must have some sort of cover/lid so spilling does not occur when bottle rotates caliper - measures to 0.0005 inches balance - measures to 0.01 grams some sort of weight equal to about 15 lbs - used to hold platform on table 100 ml squirt bottle Figure 11 Vibrac Gold Bottle 40 Method: The Gold Bottle is placed into the bottle grippers as shown in the pictures on the next page. The thinner piece slides onto the bottle at the shoulder and the thicker piece attaches at the base. The nuts used to secure the bottle to the platform need only to be finger tight. The two piece circular disk fastens to the neck of the Gold Bottle right below the closure. If you wish to test the removal torque (counter clockwise direction), the top bolt should have its head facing to the left. The head of the bottom bolt Should then be facing the opposite direction to the right. If testing for the application direction, just flip the bolts around. The directions for bolts are important so that the disk and bolts are placing the same amount of resistance around the bottle neck and that the center of gravity is at the center. The nuts for the circular disk must be tightly fastened to be assured that the wooden discs will not slip. If you do not fasten the disk tightly, the disk will slip and not engage the gold bottle to completely rotate. Each bolt and nut in the disk must be tightened to the same amount so that the space between the wooden pieces is equal on the two sides of the bottle neck. When fully tightened, the bolts should be parallel to the ground. This assures that you are able to engage the bottle to rotate. This is important because the bolts are used to hold the fish line on which the drum is suspended. Place the weight on the end of the platform that holds the bottle. It will remove any possrbility of the tester moving while testing. Fasten one end of the fishing line to the 5 gallon drum. Be sure to fasten the line at two locations on the handle so the drum is less likely to twirl or sway. Any drum swaying should be reduced to minimize the effect on the accuracy of your verification. Make a loop at the other end of the line and place 41 Figure 12 - Verification Holder Circular Disk Figure 13 — Verification Holder Front View 42 around the end of the top bolt. Carefully place the line on the top of the disk and along the side so that the bucket causes the disk to partially turn. Now the 5 gallon drum is applying a downward force tangential to the radius of the disk at the point where the fish line leaves contact with the disks circumferential surface. With the caliper, either measure the radius from the center of the Gold Bottle closure to the middle of the line or mcasure the diameter from the line to the opposite side. Measure the line at the location where it separates from the circular disk. Record this value. Slowly add water to the drum. It is best to run through a test verification first to make sure the disk is not slipping and to get an idea of how much water you will need. When you first add water, the bottle neck will slowly turn, once the bottle neck rotates a certain amount though, it will stay at that position even though you are still adding water. Add water as slow as possible to get the most accurate results. Towards the end, this means adding the water at a frequency of drops with a squirt bottle. When the gold bottle neck and attached circular disk finally rotate, the disk will turn rapidly. A second person may be used to catch the drum to be assured of no Spilling. Remove the line from the disk. Weigh the drum and water to 0.01 grams. ‘ If needed, weigh the drum and water in portions. Record these weights. Converting your total weight to pounds and multiplying by your radius will give you your torque value in units of inch-pounds. APPENDIX B APPENDIX B - OPERATING PROCEDURE TORQUE TESTERS Secure Pak -Digital Display Secure Pak -Analog Model Sure Torque Vibrac Torqo Michigan State University School Of Packaging September 1, 1995 43 INTRODUCTION TO TORQUE MANUAL This guide was prepared to be used by operators of the torque testers for the torque study started in the winter of 1994. It was designed for use by operators with little or no experience with the tcsting devices. The guide was designed to be certain that all operators were using the same method in testing to reduce variability because of operators. Future use of portions of this manual includes laboratory sessions set up for Packaging courses and seminars. Therefore, a lot of information is repcated regularly throughout this manual so that operators may use only portions of it as appropriate. Note: Whenever you begin testing on a torque tester, always go through the setup process first. Consistency of the setup characteristics is required for all testing in order to get consistent, reproducible results. SECURE PAK MODEL 25 MANUAL TESTER - SPRING TORQUE MODEL (ANALOGUE) Introduction: The tester is easily identifiable because the readout is an analog display with a maximum value of 25 torque inch—pounds.(TIP) It has a dial with needle indicator and two "dead" blocks which hold the maximum reading. It does not require any external power supply. The sensitivity of the readout is :l: 0.5 lbs. This means that values read off of the display can only have a zero or five after the decimal point. Examples are 5.5 torque inch-pounds or 14.0 torque inch-pounds. The use of hand gripping devices while operating the Secure Pak tester is preferred. Gripping devices are preferred because of the consistent manner that the closure is gripped during testing. To apply a closure: Fasten the bottle into the grips on the rotating plate so that each grip contacts a side of the bottle. If one of the grips does not touch a side, reposition the grip(s) one or more spots to better fit the shape of the bottle. Make sure the bottle is snug in the grips without being over-tightened. The bottle must be centered on the rotating plate. Gripping of the bottle is done so that the bottle will not rotate freely from the platen when the closure is turned. Minimize the amount the grips indent (cave in) the bottle walls. Turn both black knobs so that the white markers are near the zero position of the readout. Place the closure on the bottle and turn it clockwise until it is finger tight. 45 If using a child resistant closure: A down force may be required so that the closure parts are engaged correctly. This down force is achieved by pressing down on the closure just hard enough to engage the closure's inner piece. The amount of force you place on the cap (minimum, maximum, etc.) will directly affect your torque value. Use the minimum down force necessary. It is easier to reproduce the minimal force needed to engage the child resistant feature than an ordinary or maximum force. ' For all closures: If a gripping device is used, place it onto the closure. Slowly turn the closure clockwise until the needle reaches the desired value. Hold at the desired value for a second. Record the actual torque value. It is at the point where the inside of the white marker on the right stops. Remove the gripping device and remove the bottle from the grips. Repeat these steps for any more samples. To remove a closure: Fasten the bottle into the grips on the rotating plate so that each grip contacts a side of the bottle. If one of the grips does not touch a side, reposition the grip(s) one or more spots to better fit the shape of the bottle. Make sure the bottle is snug in the grips without being over-tightened. The bottle must be centered on the rotating plate. Gripping of the bottle is done so that the bottle will not rotate freely from the platen when the closure is turned. Minimize the amount the grips indent (cave in) the bottle walls. Turn both black knobs so that the white markers are near the zero position of the readout. If using a child resistant closure: A down force may be required so that the closure parts are engaged correctly. This down force is achieved by pressing down on the closure just hard enough to engage the closure's inner piece. The amount of force you place on the cap (minimum, maximum, etc.) will directly affect your torque value. Use the minimum down force necessary. It is easier to reproduce the minimal force needed to engage the child resistant feature than an ordinary or maximum force. 46 For all closures: If a gripping device is used, place it onto. the closure. Slowly turn the closure counter-clockwise until the closure loosens. Record the torque value. It is at the point where the inside of the white marker on the left stops. Remove the gripping device (if used) and remove the bottle from the grips. Repeat the steps for any more bottles. SECURE PAK MANUAL TORQUE TESTER ELECTRONIC MODEL (DIGITAL DISPLAY) Introduction: The tester has a digital display that shows the torque value. There is no on or off switch for this tester. Pressing the reset button will turn it on. When testing with this machine, be sure to record the torque value right away, because the display will turn off after approximately 30 seconds of non-use. The use of a gripping device while operating the Secure Pak tester is preferred. Gripping Devices are preferred because of the consistent manner that the closure is gripped during testing. To apply a closure: Make sure the toggle switch is to the right (apply). Fasten the bottle into the grips on the rotating plate so that each grip contacts a side of the bottle. If one of the grips does not touch a side, reposition the grip(s) one or more spots to better fit the shape of the bottle. Make sure the bottle is snug in the grips without being over-tightened. The bottle must be centered on the rotating plate. Gripping of the bottle is done so that the bottle will not rotate freely from the platen when the closure is turned. Minimize the amount the grips indent (cave in) the bottle walls. Place the closure on the bottle and turn it clockwise until it is finger tight. If using a child resistant closure: A down force may be required so that the closure parts are engaged correctly. This down force is achieved by pressing down on the closure just hard enough to engage the closure's inner piece. The amount of force you place on the cap (minimum, maximum, etc.) will directly affect your torque value. Use the minimum down force 47 necessary. It is easier to reproduce the minimal force needed to engage the child resistant feature than an ordinary or maximum force. For all closures: If a gripping device is used, place it onto the closure. Press the reset button until the display reads around 0.00 to 0.02. The best value is 0.00, but this is sometimes difficult to achieve. Slowly turn the closure clockwise until the display reaches the desired value. Hold at the desired value for a second. Record the actual torque value. Remove the gripping device (if used) and remove the bottle from the grips. Repeat these steps for any more samples. To remove a closure: Place the toggle switch to the left (remove). Fasten the bottle into the grips on the rotating plate so that each grip contacts a side of the bottle. If one of the grips does not touch a side, reposition the grip(s) one or more spots to better fit the shape of the bottle. Make sure the bottle is snug in the grips without being over-tightened. The bottle must be centered on the rotating plate. Gripping of the bottle is done so that the bottle will not rotate freely from the platen when the closure is turned. Minimize the amount the grips indent (cave in) the bottle walls. If using a child resistant closure: A down force may be required so that the closure parts are engaged correctly. This down force is achieved by pressing down on the closure just hard enough to engage the closure's inner piece. The amount of force you place on the cap (minimum, maximum, etc.) will directly affect your torque value. Use the minimum down force necessary. It is easier to reproduce the minimal force needed to engage the child resistant feature than an ordinary or maximum force. For all closures: If a gripping device is used, place it onto the closure. Press the reset button until the display reads around 0.00 to 0.02. The best value is 0.00, but this is sometimes difficult to achieve. Slowly turn the closure counter-clockwise until the closure loosens. 48 Record the torque value. Remove the gripping device (if used) and remove the bottle from the grips. Repeat the steps for any more bottles. SURE TORQUE AUTOMATIC TORQUE TESTER MODEL ST33 Introduction: This machine needs air pressure to operate. The amount of air pressure in the line used to operate the equipment will affect the repeatability and Reproducibility of this machine. Observe the regulator gauge and the gauge on the tester closely to be aware of any fluctuations in air pressure while operating. Many different chucks, and bottle clamps are used on this machine. These pieces can be found in the benCh drawer labeled ”Sure Torque”. Make sure the correct chuck is in the tester, and the table, platform, and grips are located at the correct dimensional settings. If not, adjust using the set up procedure as needed. If this is the first time operating the machine and you are unsure if the machine is set up correctly, run through the set up procedure. Once you have run through a set up procedure, you should record the positions of the clamps, table, and platform. This will allow you to quickly set up the machine for your particular bottle and caps. Using the same setup parameters also minimizes the variability due to the machine. Set Up Procedure: Turn on the air tank by turning the valve on top of tank in a counter clockwise direction. Turn the value until the regulator gauge show a pressure of 100 psi. One revolution is usually enough to allow the air to move to the testing machines. The needles moving on the regulator gauges and the sound of air exiting the tank will indicate you have opened the valve enough. Turn on the tester by pressing the power button found on the lower left corner of the console. The gauge on the front top portion of the tester should read no less than 80 psi during testing. The machine will not operate if the pressure is less than 70 psi. Press the esc. button so that the display screen shows mode: release. Press the esc. and down buttons at the same time to enter the manual mode. Check to see if the closure will fit in the chuck. The inside diameter of the chuck skirt should be slightly larger than the closure (about 1/ 8th of an inch on all sides). If you are working with a child resistant closure, 49 there should be a silver disk (plunger) located in the part of the chuck that comes into contact with the closure. Extra chucks are located in the bench drawer labeled Sure Torque. To change a chuck: Locate the pin that holds the chuck in place. While pressing the blue button on the pin, pull out the pin. Insert the new chuck into place so that the holes line up. While pressing the blue button, push the pin back in until the end comes out on the other side. If the pin does not want to go all the way in, remove the pin, rotate the chuck 180 degrees (to line the holes up again), and try to press the pin in. To change platform, clamps, and/or table positions: The platform is the metal plate that the bottle sets on. The table is everything else that holds the platform and clamps. See Figure 12 Sure Toque Front View on the next page. Place a bottle on the platform so that it is in contact with the left clamp. There are many different types of clamps. Bottles use different clamp designs depending on their size and shape. The white clamps are used for square bottles, while one set of the aluminum grippers is used for round containers. There are also two sets of bottle grippers for an oblong shaped bottle. All clamps are easily changed with a 3/16 inch allen wrench. The top of the left clamp should contact the bottle somewhere just below the shoulder of the bottle. If it does not, unscrew the black screws below the platform, and adjust the platform to the correct height. Remove the bottle. . Unscrew the black locking lever located on the back of the tester and underneath the clamp holders. A counter balance is located in the stand so the table will not slide down by itself. Turn the silver wheel located on the left of the support stand so that the table lowers around 6 inches. 50 i In clam left clamp I 9 P here \H I“ I / a, . Figure 14 Sure Torque Front View Move the clamps to their outer most positions. With your hands away from the tester, press the "up” button below the word ”TAB. " This will engage the table and platform to raise up to the programmed position that occurs during operation. Place a bottle with a closure screwed on under the chuck. Turn the wheel to raise the table until the skirt of the closure is covered by the chuck. For non-child resistant closures, only about 1/3 of the skirt height should be covered by the edge of the chuck. With child resistant closures, raise the table height until the closure has begun to push up on the spring loaded silver plunger in the chuck. Note for child resistant closures: once you have correctly positioned the clamps, you will need to test a few child resistant closures to make sure the plunger is pushing down hard enough on the closure to consistently engage the child resistant feature. Re-tighten the black locking lever located on the back of the tester. Move the left clamp so that it is snug against the bottle and tighten its black lever to secure it into place. On the console, press the ”down“ button below the word clamp. This will engage the right clamp. Push the clamp and its holder firmly against the bottle. Tighten the black lever that is located under the clamp. 51 Lower the table and release the clamp from the bottle. Press the clamp aml table buttons a few times to be sure that you have correctly set everything up. The normal motion of the tester will engage the clamp first, then raise the table. It will then lower the table first, followed by disengaging the clamp. It is wise to test run a few samples to make sure the positions are set correctly. Record the values of your setup to make sure you can replicate these conditions if needed. See Figure 12 shown earlier, and Figure 13 Sure Torque Side View on the next page for where to record. Once you are finished, press the esc. button below the word ”exit. " To apply a closure: Press the esc (escape) button until the display reads ”Mode: Applied”. Note: there are other testing setups such as ”Applied and Release" , "Double Applied”, etc. See the end of this booklet for the description of each of the different functions. Press Enter once. Apply the closure finger-tight on the bottle and place the bottle next to the left clamp. If the display does not read the desired application torque, press the up or down button to adjust it. With your hands away from the bottle and clamps, press ”enter” once to start the application. Once the platform has lowered, and the clamps have released, remove the bottle and record the actual torque value. To apply another closure, place a new bottle next to the left clamp. Press ”enter" (under the word next) twice to apply the closure. When done applying the last closure, remove the bottle from the platform. Press Esc until the display reads ”Mode: Applied”. If done testing, turn off the machine and close the air tank valve by turning the screw in a clockwise motion until it is tight. To remove a closure: Press the esc (escape) button until the display reads ”Mode: Release. " Note: there are other setups such as "Release and Applied" , "Release 360°", and ”Release Child Resistant. " See the last two pages for descriptions of each. Press enter once. Place the bottle next to the left clamp. With your hands away from the bottle and clamps, press enter once to start the removal. Once the platform has lowered, and the clamps have released, remove the bottle and record the torque value. 52 \rl Figure 15 Sure Torque Side View To remove another closure, place a new bottle next to the clamp. Press enter twice to remove. When done removing the last closure, remove the bottle from the platform. Press Esc until display reads Mode: Release. If done testing, turn off the machine and close the air tank valve by turning the screw in a clockwise motion until it becomes very difficult to turn. VIBRAC TORQO AUTOMATIC TORQUE TESTER Introduction: This machine has three units that have power switches to turn them on and off. These switches must either be turned on in a certain order or all at once. It is the same process to turn them off. The power is controlled through a surge protector to make sure the correct order is followed. When removing a child resistant closure, air pressure is needed to engage the down force. This machine has different chucks that match specific closures. A special bottle clamping device is also used for a 90 cc oblong bottle. All of these extra chucks, and bottle clamping devices are located in the bench drawer labeled Vibrac. 53 Set up of tester: Make sure that the correct chuck is on the machine. Do this by trying to place a closure in the chuck. It should have a snug fit. If you need to change the chuck, locate the chuck you need in the Vibrac drawer in the bench. You will also need an allen wrench that is either next to the machine or in the drawer. Loosen the allen nut on the top of the chuck. While gripping the vertical support rod with one hand, slide the chuck off with the other hand. Place the new chuck on the rod and tighten the nut. Put the other chuck back in the Vibrac drawer. Put the bottle between the clamps. If the chuck is too low so that is does not easily allow you to put the bottle in the clamps, unscrew the black screw that is tightened against the rod and reposition the rod. This screw is right below where the rod goes through the torque tester. Tighten the clamps by lifting up on the lever located on the right clamp. If ' the clamps are too tight or loose, adjust the clamps to better conform to the shape of the bottle. Turn on the power strip located below the table on the floor. To set the torque value, press SET TQ. Punch in desired application torque. A torque value of 15 would read 15.00 on the display. NOTE: In the default mode for opening (removal), the testing device will automatically reapply the closure after removing it. To disable this function punch in all zeros for the application torque. Press Next. Lower the vertical rod down onto the closure so that the gripper covers the top 1/3 to 1A side portion of the closure. Two magnetic devices hold the rod in the up position, one is attached to the tester, one to the rod. It is easiest to lower the rod by gripping it just above the machine and not at the top. If using a child resistant closure: Swing the lever arm so that the red portion of the lever part comes into contact with the vertical rod about 1/ 8 of an inch above the silver colored disk. The silver disk is supported by a black nut that is fastened to the rod. If the lever arm does not come into contact with the rod at or near the correct location, the length of the arm can easily be adjusted by loosening the lever which is near the top of the lever arm. Adjustment of the silver disk can also occur by loosening the allen nut that fastened the black nut (which holds the silver disk) to the rod. Figt exac torq PW To: 54 Place the switch located at the top front of the machine to the down position. You have now engaged the down force. Also on the front top portion of the tester is a gauge that displays the down force being applied. Record this value with the other set up values. Adjustment of this pressure can be done by turning the black dial located on the back. Make sure this value is consistent throughout the entire testing. Return the switch to the up position. Swing the lever arm to the original position away from the vertical rod. Raise the rod off of the closure until the magnetic holders attach. Release the grips, and remove the bottle. Record the linear positions of the clamps whenever you use this testing device. See Figure 14 Vibrac Torqo Set Up on the next page to know where and how to record the positiom. Keep record of these for future use. Not having these pieces positioned at the exact same location every time the torque is measured, will affect the accuracy of your torque values. Different modes of saving and/ or printing release/removal data are possible with this tester. See pages 8-3, 9-3, and 9-4 of the Vibrac manual. To apply a closure: Turn on the power strip located below the table on the floor. Place the bottle and closure into the clamps. Close the clamps by lifting up on the lever which is to the right of the clamps. On the console, press "clear” until the display reads zero. Lower the vertical rod down onto the closure so that the gripper covers the top 1/3 to 1/z of the skirt height of the closure. Two magnetic devices hold the rod in the up position, one is attached to the tester, one to the rod. It is easiest to lower the rod by gripping it just above the machine and not at the top. The display may no longer read zero. 55 Figure 16 Vibrac Torqo Set up Press the "close" button (#2) to apply the closure. Once the machine has stopped, record the value that appears on the display. Press next. Raise the rod off of the closure until the magnetic holders attach. Release the clamps, and remove the bottle. Repeat the steps for applying a closure until all of the closures are applied. If done testing, turn off the power strip. To remove the closures: Place the bottle into the clamps. Close the clamps by lifting up on the lever which is to the right of the clamps. On the console, press clear until the display reads zero. Lower the vertical rod toward the closure so that the gripper covers the top 1/3 to 125 of the skirt height of the closure. SUI Mo MC Mi M 56 If using child resistant closures: Swing the lever arm so the red part comes into contact with the vertical rod. Place the switch located on the top left of the machine to the down position. For all closures: The display may now not rcad zero. Press the ”open” button (#1) to remove the closure. Once the tester has stopped it will report the torque value. Record the torque value. Press next. (if needed) Place the switch on the machine to the up position. Swing the lever arm to the original position away from the bar. Raise the rod off of the closure until the magnetic holders attach. Release the grips, and remove the bottle. Repeat the steps until all of the closures are removed. If done testing, turn off the power strip and close the air tank valve by turning the screw in a clockwise motion until it becomes very difficult to turn. DIFFERENT TYPES OF TESTING AVAILABLE FOR THE AUTOMATIC TORQUE TESTERS SURE TORQUE Mode: Release - removal of any type of closure Mode: Release Double - is used when more than a 360 degree turn is needed to remove Mode: Release & Applied - removes and reapplies the closure to your preset torque Mode: Release Non-Destructive - by programming in a minimum acceptable torque value. This mode checks to see if the closure meets the minimal torque. It will only exert the minimal torque value on the closure. If the release torque is higher than the minimal, it will not be able to remove the closure. Mode: Applied - normal application of all types of closures. 57 Mode: Applied Multiple - is used for higher torques when more than one application is needed to fully apply the closure. Mode: Applied & Release - automatically applies and releases the closure. Mode: ND Release & Applied - checks to see if closure meets minimal release torque. Reapplies closures that met minimal standard to the previous torque. Mode: Release 360° - Used to find the torque needed to turn the closure 360 degrees Mode: Demo Mode: C.R. Release - used with child resistant closures ‘to fully remove the closure from the bottle. VIBRAC See pages 5-1 and 5-2 of the Vibrac manual A life cycle mode is now available with this tester. Press "mode". Then type in the number of Openings and closing you want it to perform. 100 is the default number. Once you have entered the value, press "next”. 58 TORQUE STUDY TEST RECORD SHEET 28-400bottlewithnonchildres’stantclosure Typo of Bottles Used: 45 cc Stuart Closures Used: 28-400 Polyseal Testing Equipment Used and corresponding set up values (see manual for locations): Sure Torque: Table Height: 7/8 (fixed) Platform Height: 15 3/4 Left clamp: 7 Right clamp: 2 1/8 Pressure Indicator reading: read daily (minimum 80 psi) Chuck used: 28 CT Clamps used: plastic triangle Vibrac Torqo: Left Clamp: 28 Right Clamp: 28 Down force Reading: n/a Chuck used: 28 NCRC Clamps used: normal, middle holes metal disk to raise bottle Secure Pak Model 25 Manual Tester Spring Torque Model (Analogue): What holes are bottle grippers located in (hole closest to center is #1): 2 Secure Pak Torque Tester Electronic Model (Digital Display): What holes are bottle grippers located in (hole closest to center is #1): 2 59 TORQUE STUDY TEST RECORD SHEET 28-400bottlewithchildresistantclosure Type of Bottles Used: 45 cc Stuart Closures Used: 28—400 Owens- Illinois Testing Equipment Used and corresponding set up values (see manual for locations): Sure Torque: Table Height: 7/8 (fixed) Platform Height“: 15 3/4 Left clamp: 7 Right clamp: 2 1/8 Pressure Indicator reading: read daily (minimum 80 psi) Chuck used: 28 CRC Clamps used: plastic triangle * for application only - Platform Height = 16.5 Vibrac Torqo: Left Clamp: 28 Right Clamp: 28 Down force Reading: approximately 18 psi Chuck used: 28 CRC Clamps used: normal, middle holes metal disk to raise bottle Secure Pak Model 25 Manual Tester Spring Torque Model (Analogue): What holes are bottle grippers located in (hole closest to center is #1): 2 Secure Pak Torque Tester Electronic Model (Digital Display): What holes are bottle grippers located in (hole closest to center is #1): 2 60 TORQUE STUDY TEST RECORD SHEET 38-400 bottle with non child resistant closure Type of Bottles Used: 90 mL Setco Closures Used: 38-400 Polyseal Testing Equipment Used and corresponding set up values (see manual for locations): Sure Torque: Table Height: 7/ 8 (fixed) Platform Height: 18 1/2 Left clamp: 8 3/4 Right clamp: 4 3/8 Pressure Indicator reading: read daily (minimum 80 psi) Chuck used: 38 NCRC Clamps used: Metal U shaped tape on grippers Vibrac Torqo: Left Clamp: 24 Right Clamp: 24 (up) Down force Reading: n/a Chuck used: 38 NCRC Clamps used: special holder Secure Pak Mode125 Manual Tester Spring Torque Model (Analogue): What holes are bottle grippers located in (hole closest to center is #1): 1 Down force = minimum to engage Secure Pak Torque Tester Electronic Model (Digital Display): What holes are bottle grippers located in (hole closest to center is #1): 1 Down force = minimum to engage 61 TORQUE STUDY TEST RECORD SHEET 38-400bottlewithchildresistantclosure Type of Bottles Used: 90 mL Setco Closures Used: 38-400 Owens- Illinois Testing Equipment Used and corresponding set up values (see manual for locations): Sure Torque: Table Height: 7/ 8 (fixed) Platform Height“: 19 Left clamp: 8 3/4 Right clamp: 4 3/8 Pressure Indicator reading: read daily (minimum 80 psi) Chuck used: 38 CRC Clamps used: Metal U shaped tape on grippers *for application only - Platform Height = 19 1/8 Vibrac Torqo: Left Clamp: 24 Right Clamp: 24 (up) Down force Reading: approximately 18 psi Chuck used: 38 CRC Clamps used: special holder Secure Pak Model 25 Manual Tester Spring Torque Model (Analogue): What holes are bottle grippers located in (hole closest to center is #1): 1 Down force = minimum to engage Secure Pak Torque Tester Electronic Model (Digital Display): What holes are bottle grippers located in (hole closest to center is #1): 1 Down force = minimum to engage 62 TORQUE STUDY TEST RECORD SHEET Vibrac Gold Bottle Type of Bottles Used: n/a Closures Used: n/a Testing Equipment Used and corresponding set up values (see manual for locations): Sure Torque: Table Height: 7 cm below 18 Platform Height: just above 5 3/4 Left clamp: 9 3/8 Right clamp: 5 1/8 Pressure Indicator reading: read daily (minimum 80 psi) Chuck used: 28 CT Clamps used: round metal Vibrac Torqo: Left Clamp: 36 Right Clamp: 36 Down force Reading: n/a Chuck used: 28 ct Clamps used: normal, outside holes Secure Pak Model 25 Manual Tester Spring Torque Model (Analogue): What holes are bottle grippers located in (hole closest to center is #1): 3 Secure Pak Torque Tester Electronic Model (Digital Display): What holes are bottle grippers located in (hole closest to center is # 1): 3 APPENDIX C APPENDIX C - BOTTLE AND CLOSURE MEASUREMENTS Table 10 Dimensions Of Bottles And Closures Ave. S.D. Ave. S.D. Ave. S.D. 28-400 Polyseal 1.0927 0.0012 1.0009 0.0023 0.4098 0.0023 NCRC 28-400 Owens Illinois 1.0952 0.0015 1.0018 0.0026 0.3992 0.0030 CRC Closure Manufacturers 1.096 0.007 1.002 0.007 0.401 0.009 Association“ 38400 Polyseal 1.4871 0.0026 1.3899 0.0015 0.3979 0.0026 NCRC 38-400 Owens Illinois 1.4842 0.0023 1.3901 0.0025 0.4000 0.0020 CRC Closure Manufacturers 1.484 0.007 1.390 0.007 0.395 0.009 Association" 28-400 24 cc 1.0765 0.0021 0.9748 0.0027 0.3926 0.0053 Wheaton Plastics Plastic Bottle Institute“ 1.078 0.010 0.984 0.010 0.400 0.015 38400 90 cc Setco 1.4608 0.0016 1.3785 0.0008 0.4023 0.0059 Plastic Bottle Institute“ 1.464 0.012 1.370 0.012 0.403 0.015 *This information was reported as minimum and maximum values. It was formatted to average and standard deviation values. 63 Ill Figure 17 - Standard Finish Dimension For Bottles And Closures APPENDIX D 65 Appendix D - Raw Data Tables Table 11 Verification of Gold Bottle Rlemoval (counter - clockwise Mon) Drum & 9/ 10/ 95 Water 3 Water 1 Water 2 Total Total Torque Radius Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Value Trial # (inches) (grams) (grams) (grams) (grams; (pounds) T.I.P. 1 2.4522 1238.17 579.93 458.37 2276.47 5 .01 12.30 2 2.4610 1229.38 585.30 457.81 2272.49 5.01 12.32 3 2.4520 1236.06 657.72 374.38 2268.16 5.00 12.25 4 2.4617 1229.15 707.43 337.69 2274.27 5 .01 12.33 5 2.4523 1239.98 624.86 418.05 2282.89 5.03 12.33 Ave. 2.4558 j] 7 2274.856 5.011 12.305 S.D. 0.00451 5 ' 4.3857 0.0097 0.0236 Drum & 10/13/95 Water 3 Water 1 Water 2 Total Total Torque Radius Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Value Trial # (inches) (grams) (grams) (grams) (grams) (Eunds) T.I.P. 1 2.4620 1273.14 ‘ 606.87 410.80 2290.81 5.05 12.42 2 2.4618 1225.19 690.22 376.96 2292.37 5.05 12.43 3 2.4620 1227.65 670.14 385.21 2283.00 5.03 12.38 4 2.4600 1216.56 676.02 395.57 2288.15 5.04 12.40 5 2.4618 1257.07 658.81 365.16 2281.04 5.02 12.37 Ave. 2.4615 -' 1 2287.074 5.038 12.400 S.D. 0.00451 ' ' 4.8565 0.0107 0.0306 Table 12 - Use Of Gold Bottle In Testing Equipment JDay 1 W Test # A B C D A B C D 1 12.0 12.7 12.5 12.3 12.0 12.7 12.5 12.4 2 12.0 12.5 12.6 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.5 12.3 3 12.0 12.6 12.5 12.3 12.0 12.8 12.4 12.3 4 12.0 12.6 12.5 12.3 12.5 12.6 12.5 12.3 5 12.0 12.5 12.6 12.3 12.0 12.7 12.5 12.3 6 12.0 12.5 12.6 12.3 12.0 12.7 12.5 12.3 7 12.0 12.5 12.6 12.3 12.0 12.8 12.5 12.3 8 12.0 12.5 12.5 12.3 12.0 12.4 12.5 12.3 9 _ 12.0 12.5 12.6 12.3 12.0 12.5 12.5 12.2 10 12.0 12.5 12.5 12.3 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.3 11 12.0 12.7 12.6 12.3 12.5 12.6 12.5 12.3 12 12.0 12.8 12.5 12.3 13.0 12.5 12.5 12.3 13 12.5 12.6 12.6 12.3 12.5 12.6 12.5 12.3 14 13.0 12.6 12.4 12.3 12.5 12.4 12.5 12.3 15 12.0 12.7 12.5 12.2 12.0 12.6 12.5 12.3 16 13.0 12.7 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.3 12.5 12.3 17 12.5 12.8 12.5 12.3 12.5 12.4 12.5 12.3 18 12.0 12.9 12.4 12.3 12.0 12.7 12.5 12.2 19 12.0 12.7 12.5 12.3 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.2 20 12.0 12.6 12.5 12.3 12.5 12.4 12.5 12.2 21 12.0 12.5 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.5 12.2 22 12.0 12.7 12.5 12.3 12.5 12.6 12.5 12.2 23 12.0 12.5 12.6 12.2 13.0 12.3 12.5 12.2 24 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.3 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.3 25 12.0 12.8 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.6 12.5 12.3 26 12.0 12.5 12.4 12.3 12.5 12.8 12.5 12.3 27 12.0 12.5 12.5 12.2 12.0 12.8 12.5 12.2 28 12.0 12.6 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.5 12.3 29 12.0 12.3 12.5 12.2 12.0 12.7. 12.5 12.2 30 12.5 12.4 12.5 12.2 13.0 12.7 12.5 12.3 31 12.0 12.7 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.5 12.2 67 Table 12 continued fiDay 1 Day2 Test # A B C D A B C D 32 12.5 12.4 12.5 12.2 13.0 12.8 12.5 12.2 33 12.0 12.4 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.6 12.5 12.2 34 12.0 12.3 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.5 12.3 35 12.0 12.6 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.4 12.3 36 12.0 12.4 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.5 12.3 37 12.0 12.6 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.5 12.3 38 12.0 12.4 12.5 12.2 13.0 12.6 12.5 12.2 39 12.5 12.3 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.9 12.5 12.2 40 12.5 12.3 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.9 12.5 12.2 41 13.0 12.4 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.8 12.5 12.2 42 12.5 12.4 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.5 12.3 43 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.6 12.5 12.3 44 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.8 12.5 12.2 45 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.2 46 12.5 12.4 12.5 12.2 12.0 12.6 12.5 12.3 47 12.0 12.4 12.5 12.2 13.0 ’ 12.6 12.5 12.3 48 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.2 12.0 12.6 12.5 12.3 49 12.5 12.4 12.5 12.2 12.0 12.8 12.5 12.3 50 12.0 12.4 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.6 12.5 12.3 68 Ed 82 and and and... 83C 82. 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E _ seem 350$ d s95:8. ... . 83359 235m 3 dowflo>< 0:98. 3583— Q 039—. 69 3:538 m" 033. an IE. h RE ..1. __ 1.1.1.1: 70 Table 14 - Analysis Of Variance For Means Of Gold Bottle Mean F-ratio Sig. ‘ Square Level 0.047 8.028 0.061 0.018 3.068 0.178 0.006 Table 15 - Multiple Range Analysis For Means Of Gold Bottle A - Machine C -0.205 0.405 A - Machine D 0.040 0.405 B - Machine C 0.070 0.405 B - Machine D 0.315 0.405 C - Machine D 0.245 0.405 1 - 2 -0.095 0.173 Table 16 - Analysis Of Variance For Log (Std. Dev.) Of Gold Bottle Mean E-ratio Sig. Square Level 2.400 26.431 0.012 0.096 1.052 0.381 0.091 71 Table 17 - Multiple Range Analysis For Log (Std. Dev.) Of Gold Bottle 2.307 2.042 1.600 1.334 -0.265 0.219 Table 18 - Analysis Of Variance For Mean Of Gold Bottle - Series Effect d.f. Mean E—ratto Sig. Squares Square Level 21.236 3 7.079 27.433 0.000 534.439 3 178.146 690.396 0.000 8_2_.§38 9 9.170 35.537 0.000 41.286 L60 0.258 679.489 175 Table 19 - Analysis Of Variance For Log (Std.Dev.) Of Gold Bottle - Series Effect d.f. Mean E—rano 81g. Square Level 3 0.268 16.392 0.000 3 1.511 92.456 0.000 9 0.182 11.132 0.000 160 0.016 175 72 3.5 3.0 E t; 2.5 "g" 2 0 ‘3 ' E a 1.5 Machine A E g 1‘0 Machine B a: 0.5 fllllllll] Machine C 0.0123415157891011'.D Days ”mm" Figure 18 - Comparison of Removal Machines - 28 NCRC 3.5 3.0 E 2.5 ‘E E 2.0 E 1.5 5, 1.0 0.5 4 0.0 - = ‘ 6 Days Figurel9-Comparison0fRemovalMachines-28CRC Standard Deviation (TIP) 73 5" u- 5" e l" .N N u: e in Standard Deviation (TIP) 2" e 0.5 0.0 l 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 1011 6 Days Figure 20 - Comparison Of Removal Machines - 38 NCRC 3.5 N in 5" e p—s 0 UI p—t e O .° 0. 1234567891011 Days Figure 21 - Comparison Of Removal Machines - 38 CRC 14.0 E 12.0 2? 8 :- 10.0 13 a 8 5 8.0 0 H E < 9‘ e 4.0 14.0 9° :5 F e C Q Average Removal Torque (TIP) .9‘ c 4.0 74 1234567891011 Days Figln'eZZ-CompafisonOfRunovalMachines-ZSNCRC 1234567891011 Days Figure 23 - Comparison Of Removal Machines - 28 CRC 75 E E", 8 3 Machine A g E Maclu’neB 5 3; Machine C E < MachineD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 Days Figure 24 - Comparison Of Removal Machines - 38 NCRC E E: 8 '5 Machine A E- E g Machine B m go Machine C 3 Machine D 4.0 1234567891011 Days Figure 25 - Comparison Of Removal Machines - 38 CRC 76 m6 oi m6 oi no oi do oi ms oi mo oi o— os oi mo oi o6 oi o6 oi om oi no oi o m6 mi 2. oi m6 oi no oi mo oi mo oi o no oi :. oi o6 mi no oi Em oi 2. 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Table 28 - Testing of Torque Equipment - Series Two 28 NCRC .522 'oation: Mach; 1 L Mal: Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 6.5 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.0 2 14.5 7.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.5 14.0 6.5 3 14.0 6.5 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.0 4 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.0 . 5 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.0 6.0 6 14.0 6.5 14.0 8.0 14.0 6.0 14.0 7.0 7.0 7 14.0 6.5 14.5 7.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 6.5 8.0 8 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.0 7.5 9 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.5 14.0 6.5 7.0 10 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 14.5 6.5 7.0 Application: Machine 1 Removal: Day 1 Da 2 JDay 3 Day 4 Da 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. R.T. 1 14.0 6.2 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.2 14.0 7.0 6.7 2 14.0 6.8 14.0 6.9 14.0 7.0 14.0 6.8 7.1 3 14.0 6.8 14.0 6.9 14.0 7.6 14.0 6.3 7.1 4 14.0 5.9 14.5 6.0 14.0 6.1 14.0 6.9 6.8 5 14.0 6.5 14.0 7.7 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.6 7.2 6 14.0 6.2 14.0 7.7 14.0 7.7 14.0 7.0 6.9 7 14.0 6.4 14.0 7.7 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.1 6.8 8 14.0 6.6 14.0 6.8 14.0 7.9 14.0 6.7 6.7 9 14.0 6.3 14.0 6.4 14.5 7.1 14.0 6.3 7.0 10 14.0 6.6 14.5 7.1 14.0 6.7 14.0 6.9 7.2 Application: machine . emoval: ‘ Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. . R.T. 1 14.0 4.7 14.0 4.7 15.0 5.1 14.0 5.1 4.9 2 14.5 4.2 14.0 5.2 14.5 4.5 14.0 4.2 5.2 3 14.0 4.9 14.0 4.9 14.0 5.1 14.0 5.7 0.0 4 14.0 5.6 14.0 5.2 14.0 4.9 14.0 4.9 4.7 5 14.0 5.0 14.0 5.1 14.0 5.5 14.0 5.1 4.3 6 14.0 4.1 14.0 5.9 14.0 5.0 14.0 5.0 4.4 7 14.5 4.4 14.0 4.7 14.0 5.9 14.0 4.7 5.4 8 14.0 4.8 14.0 5.7 14.0 4.8 14.0 5.2 4.3 9 14.0 4.5 14.0 4.5 14.0 5.9 14.0 5.1 4.6 10 14.0 4.7 14.5 5.5 14.0 5.5 14.0 5.0 4.6 85 Table 29 - Testing of Torque Equipment — Series Two 28 NCRC MBcation: Machine 1 _ 15.8331: Murmur—T Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 5.9 14.0 6.9 14.0 8.0 14.0 6.8 14.0 5.1 2 14.0 6.3 14.0 6.2 14.0 8.0 14.0 6.6 14.0 6.8 3 14.0 5.9 14.5 6.5 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.1 14.0 5.5 4 14.0 5.9 14.0 6.7 14.0 8.0 14.0 6.5 14.0 5.7 5 14.0 6.0 14.0 6.2 14.0 6.5 14.0 7.4 14.0 5.8 6 14.0 5.8 14.0 6.7 14.0 5.6 14.0 6.7 14.0 6.5 7 14.0 5.1 14.0 6.2 14.0 6.5 14.0 6.3 14.0 7.4 8 14.0 6.6 14.0 6.8 14.0 6.7 14.0 6.8 14.0 7.1 9 14.0 7.4 14.5 7.6 14.0 6.7 14.0 6.6 14.0 6.5 10 14.0 6.5 14.0 7.7 14.0 5.5 14.0 5.1 14.0 5.9 lication: Machine 21 emoval: Machine A Day 1 Da 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 7.5 14.0 8.5 14.0 8.5 14.0 8.0 14.1 8.0 2 14.1 9.5 14.0 9.0 14.0 9.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 3 14.0 8.5 14.0 8.5 14.1 9.0 14.0 9.0 14.0 8.0 4 14.1 9.5 14.1 8.0 14.0 9.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 9.0 5 14.1 8.0 14.0 8.5 14.0 8.5 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.0 6 14.0 9.5 14.0 9.0 14.0 9.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 9.0 7 14.1 9.0 14.1 9.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 8 14.1 9.5 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 9 14.0 9.0 14.0 9.5 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.5 14.0 9.0 10 14.0 9.0 14.0 8.5 14.1 8.5 14.0 9.0 14.0 7.5 Application: Machine 2 emoval: Machine Da 1 Day 2 W3 *Da 4 133—5—— A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 9.2 14.0 6.5 14.0 8.2 14.0 8.3 14.0 8.6 2 14.0 8.5 14.0 9.6 14.1 8.3 14.0 8.3 14.0 9.1 3 14.0 8.4 14.0 9.0 14.0 8.3 14.1 9.1 14.0 8.1 4 14.0 8.6 14.0 7.2 14.0 9.2 14.1 8.7 14.0 8.0 5 14.1 9.0 14.0 8.6 14.1 8.4 14.0 8.8 14.0 6.6 6 14.0 8.4 14.0 8.3 14.0 9.1 14.0 9.2 14.0 9.1 7 14.0 8.5 14.0 8.2 14.0 8.6 14.0 8.5 14.0 7.8 8 14.0 8.7 14.0 9.1 14.0 7.8 14.0 8.3 14.0 8.5 9 14.0 9.3 14.0 8.8 14.0 8.6 14.0 8.5 14.0 8.9 10 14.2 9.3 14.1 7.0 14.0 8.8 14.0 8.4 14.0 8.5 86 Table 30 - Testing of Torque Equipment - Series Two 28 NCRC Amfication: Machig 2 g Magi: Machine 5"— Day 1 Da 2 Day 3 Da 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 6.3 14.0 6.7 14.0 7.2 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.3 2 14.2 7.0 14.0 6.9 14.0 6.3 14.0 6.7 14.1 6.3 3 14.0 6.7 14.0 6.8 14.0 6.6 14.0 6.9 14.0 5.0 4 14.0 6.0 14.1 6.9 14.0 7.3 14.0 6.3 14.0 6.1 5 14.0 5.7 14.0 5.4 14.0 5.7 14.0 7.5 14.0 5.5 6 14.0 4.3 14.1 6.5 14.0 5.8 14.0 6.8 14.0 6.1 7 14.0 6.5 14.0 7.2 14.0 7.4 14.0 6.8 14.0 7.2 8 14.0 7.1 14.0 7.0 14.0 6.3 14.0 6.5 14.0 6.5 9 14.1 5.5 14.0 7.1 14.0 6.6 14.0 7.7 14.0 6.7 10 14.1 7.2 14.0 5.9 14.0 6.9 14.0 7.3 14.0 5.5 Application: Machine 2 1'5.qu : Machine ‘ Day 1 Day 2 DTIy 3 Day 4 Da 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.8 14.0 7.8 14.0 8.8 14.0 7.9 2 14.0 6.1 14.0 8.7 14.0 8.2 14.0 8.5 14.1 8.1 3 14.0 8.1 14.1 8.5 14.1 8.2 14.1 8.9 14.1 7.1 4 14.0 8.4 14.0 7.4 14.0 7.6 14.0 8.8 14.0 6.8 5 14.0 9.2 14.0 8.0 14.1 7.0 14.0 7.2 14.0 8.6 6 14.0 5.0 14.0 7.8 14.0 7.5 14.0 8.7 14.1 8.0 7 14.0 7.9 14.1 7.4 14.0 7.8 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.4 8 14.0 7.2 14.0 8.9 14.0 8.7 14.0 8.2 14.1 9.1 9 14.0 7.9 14.0 8.3 14.1 7.9 14.0 7.8 14.0 7.4 10 14.0 8.5 14.0 8.3 14.1 8.1 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.6 Application: Machine Ecmoval: Machine A Day 1 in 2 Day 3 Day 4 Da 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.5 14.0 7.5 14.0 8.5 2 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.5 14.0 8.5 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.5 3 14.0 9.0 14.0 7.5 14.0 9.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 4 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.5 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 5 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.5 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 6 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 7 14.0 7.5 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.5 14.0 9.0 14.0 8.5 8 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.5 14.0 7.5 9 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.0 10 14.0 '9.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 9.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 87 Table 31 - Testing of Torque Equipment - Series 2 28 NCRC "— Apphcation: Machine 3 j iemoval: Machine 5— Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Day 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 7.6 14.0 7.5 14.0 8.3 14.0 9.1 14.0 7.8 2 14.0 8.1 14.0 7.8 14.0 8.7 14.0 7.8 14.0 8.5 3 14.0 7.7 14.0 7.7 14.0 8.7 14.0 8.5 14.0 8.1 4 14.0 8.3 14.0 7.9 14.0 8.6 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.9 5 14.0 8.1 14.0 8.4 14.0 8.3 14.0 9.5 14.0 8.2 6 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.7 14.0 7.9 14.0 8.4 14.0 7.2 7 14.0 7.7 14.0 7.8 14.0 8.2 14.0 8.2 ' 14.0 8.0 8 14.0 8.4 14.0 7.7 14.0 8.4 14.0 7.9 14.0 8.6 9 14.0 7.1 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.4 14.0 8.8 14.0 8.8 10 14.0 7.8 14.0 8.6 14.0 8.6 14.0 8.1 14.0 8.8 Application: Machine 3 fiemoval: Machiner Day 1 Day 2 'Da 3 Da 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 5.6 14.0 5.9 14.0 6.2 14.0 6.3 14.0 6.2 2 *thrown out 14.0 4.8 14.0 6.1 14.0 5.7 14.0 6.3 3 ‘thrown out 14.0 6.2 14.0 6.6 14.0 6.5 14.0 0.0 4 14.0 5.0 14.0 5.1 14.0 6.1 14.0 5.9 14.0 5.9 5 14.0 4.8 14.0 7.1 14.0 5.4 14.0 5.5 14.0 6.0 6 14.0 5.7 14.0 5.2 14.0 6.2 14.0 5.8 14.0 6.0 7 14.0 6.4 14.0 6.2 14.0 5.8 14.0 5.2 14.0 5.7 8 14.0 5.6 14.0 5.8 14.0 6.1 14.0 6.8 14.0 6.7 9 14.0 6.7 14.0 5.5 14.0 5.7 14.0 7.2 14.0 6.4 10 14.0 6.4 14.0 5.8 14.0 7.2 14.0 4.8 14.0 5.2 ‘ Application: Machine 3 _L iFmovai: Machine D'— Day 1 Da 2 D 3 Da 4 Da 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 6.9 14.0 7.1 14.0 6.7 14.0 7.8 14.0 7.2 2 14.0 7.6 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.9 14.0 7.8 14.0 7.7 3 14.0 6.8 14.0 7.1 14.0 7.2 14.0 7.2 14.0 7.4 4 14.0 6.9 14.0 7.4 14.0 7.1 14.0 7.9 14.0 7.9 5 14.0 6.1 14.0 8.7 14.0 8.2 14.0 7.9 14.0 8.3 6 14.0 7.3 14.0 7.9 14.0 7.4 14.0 8.2 14.0 6.6 7 14.0 7.5 14.0 8.6 14.0 7.2 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.2 8 14.0 7.6 14.0 5.9 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.4 14.0 7.9 9 14.0 7.9 14.0 7.2 14.0 8.0 14.0 6.7 14.0 7.4 10 14.0 8.2 14.0 8.2 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.1 14.0 7.7 * data thrown out due to change in equipment setup 88 Table 32 - Testing of Torque Equipment - Series 2 28CRC ‘ —Tp'pfica1ion: Machine 1 icTnovai: Machine A Da 1 13a 2 T13 3 Da 4 Da 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 6.5 14.0 7.5 14.0 9.0 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.5 2 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 6.5 3 14.0 8.0 14.5 8.0 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.0 4 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.5 14.0 9.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 5 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.5 14.0 8.0 6 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.0 7 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.0 8 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.0 9 14.0 6.5 14.0 8.5 14.9 9.0 14.5 7.5 14.0 7.0 10 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.5 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.0 Application: Machine 1 iemoval: Machine B Dayl Da 2 'Da 3 Day 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 7.6 14.0 8.1 14.0 7.3 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 2 14.0 7.3 14.0 8.1 14.0 8.4 14.0 7.9 14.0 7.5 3 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.6 14.0 8.4 14.0 8.5 14.0 7.9 4 14.0 8.3 14.0 8.1 14.0 9.1 14.0 7.6 14.0 7.0 5 14.0 7.9 14.0 8.2 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.7 14.0 8.0 6 14.0 6.9 14.0 7.8 14.0 8.2 14.0 7.7 14.0 7.6 7 14.0 7.6 14.0 7.8 14.0 7.2 14.0 7.9 14.0 8.2 8 14.0 7.4 14.0 7.2 14.0 8.2 14.0 8.1 14.0 7.9 9 14.0 7.4 14.0 7.9 14.0 8.7 14.0 7.4 14.0 6.5 10 14.0 7.2 14.0 8.2 14.0 7.3 14.0 7.4 14.0 6.5 =— Application: Machinel jiemoval: Machine 6- Da 1 Day 2 Da 3 Da 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 8.2 14.0 7.9 14.0 7.4 14.0 7.3 14.0 7.6 2 14.0 6.7 14.0 6.6 14.0 6.8 14.0 6.7 14.0 8.1 3 14.0 6.5 14.0 6.8 14.0 6.9 14.0 6.6 14.0 7.0 4 14.0 6.6 14.0 7.9 14.0 7.7 14.0 6.6 14.0 5.8 5 14.0 6.2 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.3 14.0 6.0 6 14.0 7.0 14.0 6.9 14.0 6.7 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.9 7 14.0 7.7 14.0 6.5 14.0 7.1 14.0 6.9 14.0 5.9 8 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.4 14.0 7.4 14.0 6.4 14.0 5.7 9 14.0 7.0 14.0 6.9 14.0 7.3 14.0 6.5 14.0 6.0 10 14.0 6.8 14.0 7.7 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.3 Table 33 - Testing of Torque Equipment - Series 2 89 28 CRC TT“ ppllcation: Maéhine l _ liefioval: Machine D Da 1 Day 2 Da 3 Da 4 Da 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 6.1 14.0 6.9 14.0 6.6 14.0 7.0 14.0 5.3 2 14.0 5.7 14.0 5.2 14.0 7.2 14.0 6.0 14.5 7.2 3 14.0 5.8 14.0 7.3 14.0 6.8 14.0 6.8 14.0 7.0 4 14.0 7.4 14.0 6.9 14.0 6.9 14.0 6.8 14.0 5.6 5 14.0 7.1 14.0 6.8 14.0 7.3 14.0 6.2 14.0 6.0 ' 6 14.0 7.4 14.0 6.1 14.0 6.5 14.0 6.5 14.0 7.1 7 14.0 7.3 14.0 7.3 14.0 6.6 14.0 6.1 14.0 5.9 8 14.0 6.2 14.0 6.7 14.0 6.7 14.0 6.7 14.0 5.6 9 14.0 6.6 14.0 6.8 14.0 6.2 14.0 6.2 14.0 6.2 10 14.0 6.7 14.0 5.9 14.0 7.0 14.0 6.0 14.0 6.7 Application: Machine 2 Removal: Machine A Da 1 Ba 2 D 3 Da 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 5.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.5 14.0 7.5 14.0 8.0 2 14.0 6.0 14.1 7.5 14.0 8.0 14.1 8.0 14.0 8.0 3 14.0 5.0 14.0 7.5 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.0 4 14.1 6.5 14.1 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.1 7.0 5 14.0 6.5 14.0 8.0 14.1 9.0 14.0 7.5 14.1 7.5 6 14.0 5.0 14.1 8.0 14.0 8.5 14.0 9.0 14.1 7.0 7 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.1 7.5 14.1 6.0 8 14.0 5.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.0 9 14.1 5.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 14.1 8.0 14.1 7.5 A). 14.0 6.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.1 8.0 14.1 8.5 Application: Machine 2 iemoval: Machine HB— Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 JD? 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 6.2 14.2 9.1 14.1 7.5 14.0 9.2 14.0 6.8 2 14.1 4.6 14.0 8.7 14.0 8.7 14.0 8.6 14.0 7.7 3 14.1 7.6 14.0 7.9 14.0 7.8 14.0 8.9 14.0 7.6 4 14.1 6.6 14.1 9.2 14.1 7.4 14.0 8.3 14.0 7.1 5 14.1 7.0 14.0 6.5 14.1 8.9 14.0 7.4 14.0 6.2 6 14.1 4.6 14.0 7.8 14.1 8.7 14.1 7.8 14.0 6.7 7 14.1 4.9 14.1 6.8 14.1 8.0 14.1 8.7 14.0 8.0 8 14.0 4.7 14.2 9.6 14.0 7.7 14.0 6.9 14.0 7.7 9 14.2 4.8 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.1 14.0 8.9 14.0 7.6 10 14.0 6.4 14.1 8.4 14.0 7.6 14.0 9.5 14.0 6.5 Table 34 - Testing of Torque Equipment - Series 2 28 CRC Application: Machine 2 _ igmoval: Machine C— Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Day 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 7.7 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.0 14.1 7.9 14.0 6.3 2 14.0 5.9 14.1 6.5 14.0 7.7 14.0 7..l 14.0 6.9 3 14.1 6.4 14.0 7.2 14.1 7.7 14.0 8.0 14.0 9.9 4 14.0 6.6 14.0 6.6 14.0 6.9 14.0 8.2 14.0 9.1 5 14.0 6.9 14.0 6.5 14.0 7.6 14.1 8.2 14.0 10.8 6 14.0 7.1 14.0 5.8 14.0 6.9 14.0 6.3 14.0 6.6 7 14.1 6.3 14.2 6.7 14.0 7.1 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.1 8 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.3 14.0 7.3 14.0 7.7 14.1 6.9 9 14.0 5.9 14.0 8.2 14.0 7.2 14.0 6.5 14.0 7.8 10 14.2 7.5 14.0 8.6 14.1 7.2 14.0 8.1 14.0 6.8 Application: Machine 2 fREmoval: Machine D Da 1 Day 2 Da 3 Da 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. RT. 1 14.0 5.7 14.0 7.8 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.2 14.0 7.0 2 14.0 6.1 14.0 8.4 14.0 6.7 14.1 7.3 14.0 6.7 3 14.0 5.6 14.1 6.8 14.0 7.3 14.0 6.5 14.0 5.4 4 14.0 6.2 14.0 7.8 14.0 7.5 14.0 6.7 14.0 6.1 5 14.0 6.8 14.0 6.5 14.0 5.9 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.0 6 14.1 3.9 14.1 8.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.1 14.0 5.1 7 14.0 6.8 14.0 5.1 14.2 8.2 14.0 7.6 14.1 7.2 8 14.0 5.9 14.0 6.7 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.4 9 14.1 5.7 14.0 8.0 14.1 10.3 14.0 6.7 14.0 7.2 i 14.0 3.5 14.0 7.9 ‘thrown out 14.0 6.8 14.2 6.2 Application: Machine 3 iemoval: Machine A Day 1 Da 2 Ba 3 Day 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 9.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 2 14.0 6.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.5 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.0 3 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 4 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 6.5 5 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.0 6 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 7 14.0 8.5 14.0 . 8.0 14.0 8.5 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.0 8 14.0 8.0 14.0 6.5 14.0 9.0 14.0 9.0 14.0 7.0 9 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.5 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 10 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.5 14.0 9.0 14.0 8.0 * data thrown out due to problem with chuck 91 Table 35 - Testing of Torque Equipment - Series 2 28CRC _ _Applrcation: Machine 3 iemovai: MachineB- Dayl Da 2 Da 3 Da 4 Da 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 8.8 14.0 8.2 14.0 8.9 14.0 8.4 14.0 9.0 2 14.0 7.7 14.0 9.1 14.0 8.9 14.0 10.0 14.0 7.8 3 14.0 7.2 14.0 7.6 14.0 8.2 14.0 8.1 14.0 7.7 4 14.0 8.9 14.0 8.3 14.0 8.2 14.0 8.0 14.0 8.5 5 14.0 8.0 14.0 9.3 14.0 7.9 14.0 9.0 14.0 8.3 6 14.0 6.8 14.0 9.6 14.0 8.0 14.0 6.9 14.0 7.4 7 14.0 7.7 14.0 7.8 14.0 8.4 14.0 8.2 14.0 8.0 8 14.0 7.9 14.0 10.1 14.0 9.1 14.0 8.7 14.0 8.8 9 14.0 8.8 14.0 8.2 14.0 7.9 14.0 8.5 14.0 8.1 10 14.0 8.7 14.0 6.7 14.0 8.2 14.0 9.6 14.0 7.7 Application: Machine 3 iemoval: Machine?- Da 1 Day 2 Da 3 Day 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 8.1 14.0 8.0 14.0 7.7 14.0 7.4 14.0 6.9 2 14.0 7.7 14.0 6.8 14.0 7.9 14.0 7.7 14.0 6.4 3 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.9 14.0 6.6 14.0 8.6 14.0 8.1 4 14.0 6.5 14.0 7.8 14.0 7.4 14.0 7.8 14.0 8.6 5 14.0 8.3 14.0 7.3 14.0 7.6 14.0 8.1 14.0 5.0 6 14.0 6.1 14.0 7.8 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.8 14.0 7.1 7 14.0 6.6 14.0 6.6 14.0 8.1 14.0 7.8 14.0 8.1 8 14.0 8.4 14.0 6.6 14.0 8.3 14.0 6.7 14.0 6.5 9 14.0 7.1 14.0 7.3 14.0 7.5 14.0 8.9 14.0 7.4 10 14.0 7.0 14.0 7.0 14.0 8.2 14.0 6.3 14.0 7.4 — Application: Machine 3 J Emoval: MachinED—I Da 1 . Da 2 Da 3 Day4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 14.0 7.9 14.0 6.5 14.0 6.8 14.0 7.7 14.0 7.1 2 14.0 7.7 14.0 6.8 14.0 5.6 14.0 6.1 14.0 5.6 3 14.0 5.7 14.0 7.7 14.0 7.3 14.0 6.9 14.0 6.3 4 14.0 7.0 14.0 6.8 14.0 8.1 14.0 7.9 14.0 6.9 5 14.0 6.8 14.0 7.4 14.0 6.8 14.0 7.3 14.0 6.9 6 14.0 7.1 14.0 6.9 14.0 7.2 14.0 7.3 14.0 7.8 7 14.0 7.4 14.0 7.6 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.1 14.0 6.5 8 14.0 6.9 14.0 6.2 14.0 8.5 14.0 7.3 14.0 7.4 9 14.0 6.0 14.0 6.7 14.0 6.7 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.1 10 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.3 14.0 6.6 14.0 7.5 14.0 7.7 Table 36 - Testing of Torque Equipment - Series 2 38 NCRC Application: Machine 1 _ ieLmoval: Machine A Dayl Da 2 Da 3 Da 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 7.0 19.0 7.0 19.0 8.0 19.0 7.0 19.0 7.5 2 19.0 7.0 19.0 6.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 8.0 3 19.0 8.0 19.0 8.5 19.0 7.0 19.0 7.0 19.0 8.5 4 19.0 8.0 19.0 7.5 19.0 8.0 19.0 7.0 19.0 7.0 5 19.5 7.5 19.0 6.0 19.0 7.0 19.5 8.0 19.0 7.5 6 19.0 7.0 19.0 7.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 7.0 19.0 7.5 7 19.0 6.5 19.0 7.5 19.0 6.0 19.0 7.0 19.0 8.0 8 19.0 7.5 19.5 6.5 19.0 6.0 19.0 8.0 19.0 7.0 9 19.0 5.0 19.0 8.5 19.0 6.5 19.0 8.0 19.0 7.5 10 19.0 7.0 19.5 6.0 19.0 7.0 19.0 8.0 19.0 6.0 Application: Machine 1 icmoval: Machine E— Da 1 Da 2 Ta 3 Day4 D 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 7.8 19.0 8.5 19.0 5.6 19.0 6.2 19.0 7.7 2 19.5 7.1 19.0 6.2 19.0 6.0 19.0 6.2 19.0 6.5 3 19.0 5.5 19.0 7.1 19.0 6.1 19.0 6.6 19.0 7.3 4 19.0 6.9 19.0 6.7 19.0 4.9 19.0 6.1 19.5 6.8 5 19.0 6.4 19.0 6.6 19.5 7.6 19.0 6.4 19.5 6.2 6 19.0 6.0 19.0 7.2 19.0 6.9 19.0 6.1 19.0 6.5 7 19.0 7.7 19.0 7.1 19.5 6.7 19.0 5.5 19.0 7.1 8 19.0 5.7 19.0 7.0 19.0 7.6 20.0 6.6 19.0 6.9 9 19.0 6.8 19.0 6.4 19.0 6.6 19.0 6.9 19.0 6.7 10 19.0 6.2 19.0 6.3 19.0 5.9 19.0 6.9 19.0 7.5 Application: Machine 1 icmoval: Machine C— Da 1 Day 2 Da 3 Da 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 7.1 19.0 7.1 19.0 7.0 19.0 7.1 19.0 7.8 2 19.0 7.3 19.0 7.3 19.0 6.8 19.0 7.4 19.0 7.8 3 19.0 7.6 19.0 7.7 19.0 6.6 19.0 7.7 19.0 8.4 4 19.0 7.9 19.0 7.3 19.0 6.5 19.0 7.4 19.0 8.2 5 19.0 7.7 19.0 6.9 19.0 6.7 19.0 6.8 19.0 8.1 6 19.0 7.2 19.0 7.3 19.0 7.7 19.0 7.3 19.0 8.2 7 19.0 7.4 19.0 7.1 19.0 6.6 19.0 7.9 19.0 8.8 8 19.0 7.7 19.0 7.0 19.0 6.4 19.0 7.8 19.0 8.7 9 19.0 6.9 19.0 7.4 19.5 6.9 19.0 7.4 19.0 8.3 10 19.0 7.6 19.0 7.5 19.0 6.5 19.0 6.8 19.0 8.0 93 Table 37 - Testing of Torque Equipment - Series 2 38 NCRC III—Application: Machine 1 icinovai: MachincD-i Day 1 Day 2 Da 3 Da 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 4.4 19.0 4.1 19.5 5.5 19.0 3.9 19.0 4.8 2 19.0 5.9 19.0 4.0 19.0 4.2 19.0 4.7 19.0 4.4 3 19.5 5.5 19.0 4.9 19.0 5.1 19.0 4.4 19.0 4.1 4 19.0 5.8 19.0 4.8 19.0 5.2 19.0 4.7 19.0 3.7 5 19.0 4.3 19.5 5.0 19.0 3.8 19.0 5.2 19.0 4.8 6 19.5 4.9 19.0 4.6 19.0 5.8 19.0 5.3 19.0 5.4 7 19.0 5.0 19.5 6.0 19.0 5.0 19.0 5.1 19.0 3.9 8 19.0 5.3 19.0 5.2 19.0 5.0 19.0 6.1 19.0 4.7 9 19.0 4.8 19.0 4.7 19.0 5.7 19.0 4.1 19.0 5.7 10 19.0 7.1 19.0 5.6 19.0 4.6 19.0 4.5 19.0 5.0 Application: Machine 2 l-Iemoval: Machine A Da 1 Da 2 13 3 Da 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 9.0 19.1 10.0 19.0 8.0 19.0 7.0 19.1 9.0 2 19.1 9.0 19.0 11.0 19.0 9.0 19.1 9.0 19.0 8.0 3 19.0 10.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 10.0 19.1 9.0 19.1 8.0 4 19.0 9.0 19.0 10.0 19.1 10.0 19.0 7.0 19.1 9.0 5 19.0 8.0 19.0 11.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 8.5 19.1 9.0 6 19.0 8.0 19.1 10.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 9.0 7 19.0 8.5 19.1 8.5 19.0 9.5 19.1 7.5 19.1 9.5 8 19.0 9.0 19.1 10.0 19.1 9.0 19.0 9.0 19.1 8.0 9 19.1 9.0 19.0 8.5 19.0 10.0 19.0 9.0 19.1 8.0 10 19.2 9.5 19.1 10.0 19.1 10.5 19.1 9.0 19.0 8.0 Application: Machine 2 _ iemoval: MachineB- Da 1 Day 2 Da 3 Day 4 Da 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.1 9.6 19.1 10.6 19.0 8.5 19.1 11.2 19.1 8.5 2 19.0 10.3 19.1 9.3 19.1 8.1 19.0 8.8 19.0 7.8 3 19.0 9.2 19.2 9.0 19.0 7.5 19.0 8.0 19.1 8.1 4 19.1 9.8 19.1 8.9 19.0 10.0 19.1 8.5 19.1 9.2 5 19.0 9.3 19.1 8.5 19.0 8.8 19.1 8.5 19.1 9.3 6 19.0 8.8 19.0 8.4 19.1 9.4 19.0 8.8 19.1 7.7 7 19.1 9.4 19.1 7.3 19.0 9.0 19.0 9.1 19.1 8.9 8 19.1 8.9 19.1 9.3 19.1 9.4 19.1 8.2 19.0 8.7 9 19.0 9.0 19.2 9.3 19.1 9.2 19.0 9.5 19.0 8.2 10 19.0 9.1 19.0 7.4 19.1 9.4 19.1 7.6 19.1 7.8 Table 38 - Testing of Torque Equipment — Series 2 94 38 NCRC ‘— meadow Machine 2 Mom: Machine 5‘ Da 1 Da 2 fiDa 3 Da 4 Da 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 7.1 19.0 6.0 19.0 7.0 19.0 8.6 19.0 9.0 2 19.1 8.1 19.1 7.3 19.1 7.0 19.1 8.4 19.0 9.5 3 19.0 7.5 19.0 7.4 19.1 7.4 19.0 9.9 19.1 9.4 4 19.0 8.2 19.0 7.8 19.1 7.8 19.1 8.4 19.0 9.0 5 19.0 8.0 19.0 7.2 19.0 . 6.5 19.0 8.6 19.0 9.8 6 19.1 7.7 19.1 8.5 19.0 7.9 19.0 9.2 19.1 8.2 7 19.0 7.8 19.1 7.2 19.0 6.9 19.1 8.3 19.0 9.5 8 19.0 7.7 19.1 7.5 19.0 6.8 19.0 9.2 19.0 9.1 9 19.0 8.0 19.1 7.5 19.1 7.1 19.0 8.0 19.0 9.1 10 19.0 7.9 19.0 8.3 19.0 7.1 19.0 8.0 19.0 9.2 — thation: Maine 2 k icmoval: Machine 3- Da 1 Da 2 D 3 Day4 DayS A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 7.7 19.0 6.8 19.0 8.1 19.1 5.7 19.1 7.0 2 19.0 7.1 19.0 6.8 19.0 6.0 19.1 8.4 19.1 7.7 3 19.1 8.2 19.0 7.7 19.0 5.2 19.1 7.2 19.1 8.2 4 19.1 8.3 19.0 6.2 19.0 8.8 19.1 5.6 19.0 5.2 5 19.0 7.9 19.1 6.8 19.0 6.9 19.1 6.9 19.0 6.8 6 19.0 6.1 19.1 5.5 19.1 7.4 19.0 5.9 19.1 6.2 7 19.1 9.2 19.0 7.2 19.1 7.1 19.1 7.1 19.1 5.9 8 19.1 9.3 19.0 6.6 19.1 7.5 19.1 6.7 19.0 7.1 9 19.1 8.0 19.1 8.0 19.1 8.4 19.0 7.1 19.1 6.1 10 19.0 8.1 19.0 7.4 19.0 6.9 19.0 7.8 19.0 6.3 ‘ Application: Machine 3 iemoval: Machine A Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Da 4 Da 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 9.0 19.0 9.5 19.0 10.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 10.0 2 19.0 9.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 9.0 3 19.0 8.5 19.0 9.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 9.0 4 19.1 8.5 19.0 9.0 19.0 11.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 5 19.0 8.0 19.0 10.5 19.0 9.0 19.0 11.0 19.1 9.0 6 19.0 7.5 19.1 10.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 11.0 7 19.0 9.0 19.0 8.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 9.0 8 19.0 8.0 19.0 7.5 19.0 9.5 19.0 10.0 19.0 9.0 9 19.0 8.0 19.0 10.0 19.1 11.0 19.0 9.5 19.0 10.0 10 19.0 9.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 Table 39 - Testing of Torque Equipment - Series 2 38 NCRC Apphcation: Machine 3 ieTioval: Machine? Da 1 Da 2 "DZ 3 Da 4 DayS A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 8.7 19.0 8.6 19.0 9.5 19.0 8.6 19.0 10.5 2 19.0 8.1 19.0 9.4 19.0 9.5 19.0 9.8 19.0 9.8 3 19.0 8.5 19.0 8.6 19.0 7.9 19.0 10.3 19.0 8.9 4 19.0 7.9 19.0 10.1 19.0 9.6 19.0 10.0 19.0 9.6 5 19.0 8.8 19.1 8.6 19.0 8.3 19.0 8.1 19.0 8.8 6 19.0 9.6 19.0 8.8 19.0 8.8 19.0 8.5 19.0 9.8 7 19.0 9.2 19.0 9.3 19.0 10.2 19.0 9.5 19.0 8.6 8 19.0 8.9 19.0 9.6 19.0 9.2 19.0 9.2 19.0 10.3 9 19.0 9.1 19.0 9.6 19.0 9.2 19.0 9.0 19.0 10.1 10 19.0 9.2 19.0 8.3 19.0 10.4 19.0 8.9 19.0 8.8 ‘ fllication: Machine 3 1 Demon]: Machine E— Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Da 4 Da 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 7.3 19.0 8.5 19.1 6.6 19.0 8.1 19.0 9.0 2 19.0 7.0 19.0 7.5 19.0 7.3 19.0 8.8 19.0 10.2 3 19.0 7.2 19.0 7.4 19.0 8.1 19.0 8.6 19.0 8.5 4 19.0 7.4 19.0 7.1 19.0 , 7.1 19.0 8.1 19.0 7.7 5 19.0 7.7 19.0 7.2 19.0 8.7 19.0 8.0 19.0 8.8 6 19.0 6.9 19.0 7.3 19.0 7.6 19.1 8.3 19.1 7.9 7 19.0 7.7 19.0 8.1 19.1 6.5 19.0 8.4 19.0 8.6 8 19.0 7.2 19.0 7.0 19.0 7.6 19.0 9.6 19.1 8.5 9 19.0 7.2 19.1 6.9 19.0 8.0 19.0 5.7 19.0 8.9 10 19.0 7.3 19.0 6.9 19.0 7.5 19.0 9.7 19.0 9.5 _ Application: Machine 3 Ilkemoval: Machine D Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Day4 Da 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 7.2 19.0 5.4 19.0 6.3 19.0 8.4 19.0 5.2 2 19.0 7.4 19.1 6.1 19.0 8.5 19.1 6.5 19.1 8.0 3 19.0 6.0 19.0 7.1 19.1 8.8 19.0 7.0 19.0 7.3 4 19.0 7.4 19.0 8.6 19.0 5.3 19.0 5.7 19.1 7.1 5 19.0 7.4 19.0 8.3 19.0 7.3 19.0 7.8 19.0 7.8 6 19.0 7.7 19.0 6.9 19.1 6.5 19.0 6.6 19.1 7.1 7 19.0 7.1 19.0 7.2 19.0 6.2 19.0 6.2 19.0 6.3 8 19.0 5.2 19.0 7.8 19.0 6.8 19.0 9.4 19.0 8.1 9 19.1 7.6 19.0 6.5 19.0 5.7 19.0 8.0 19.0 7.5 10 19.0 6.0 19.0 6.8 19.0 8.8 19.0 6.9 19.0 6.8 Table 40 - Testing of Torque Equipment - Series 2 38 CRC ‘— Ewan: Miami: 1 f fiRgmoval: Machine A Dayl Da 2 D 3 Da 4 Day5 A.T. R.T. A.T. RT. A.T. R.T. A.T. RT. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.5 19.5 10.0 19.0 10.0 19.5 10.0 2 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 11.0 19.0 10.0 3 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.5 19.0 9.0 4 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 19.5 9.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 10.0 5 19.0 10.5 19.5 10.5 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 6 19.5 11.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 9.0 7 19.0 10.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 12.0 8 19.0 10.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 11.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 10.0 9 19.0 11.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 11.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 9.5 10 19.0 9.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 9.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 Application: Machine 1 femoval: Machine 5— Day 1 Da 2 Day 3 Da 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 10.0 19.0 9.8 19.0 9.3 19.0 9.5 19.0 9.9 2 19.0 8.5 19.0 11.0 19.0 10.2 19.0 10.2 19.0 10.8 3 19.0 8.3 19.0 9.9 19.0 9.4 19.0 10.6 19.0 11.1 4 19.0 10.9 19.0 11.2 19.0 10.8 19.0 10.4 19.0 11.3 5 19.0 10.6 19.0 9.6 19.0 10.3 19.0 10.3 19.0 9.5 6 19.0 9.5 19.0 11.5 19.0 9.2 19.0 10.3 19.0 9.7 7 19.0 9.4 19.0 10.3 19.0 9.0 19.0 11.7 19.5 10.6 8 19.5 10.8 19.0 9.9 19.0 9.4 19.0 9.3 19.0 10.5 9 19.0 9.7 19.0 10.0 19.0 9.4 19.0 9.5 19.0 10.2 _10. 19.0 10.7 19.0 9.6 19.0 9.4 19.0 9.0 19.0 10.8 Application: Machine 1 iemoval: Machine 5- Da 1 Day 2 Da 3 Da 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 14.0 19.0 11.9 19.0 13.0 19.0 14.0 19.0 11.1 2 19.0 11.9 19.0 12.6 19.0 13.2 19.0 9.7 19.0 15.9 3 19.0 10.7 19.0 11.7 19.0 13.8 19.0 11.8 19.0 8.5 4 19.0 13.0 19.0 13.4 19.0 13.1 19.0 13.8 19.0 9.1 5 19.0 12.8 19.0 13.6 19.0 12.4 19.0 10.6 19.0 11.4 6 19.0 13.5 19.5 11.9 19.0 11.0 19.0 11.2 19.0 10.3 7 19.0 14.2 19.0 13.4 19.0 12.5 19.0 9.2 19.0 12.6 8 19.0 13.7 19.0 13.9 19.5 11.0 19.0 11.8 19.0 12.7 9 19.0 13.2 19.0 15.0 19.0 12.4 19.0 12.5 19.0 13.6 10 19.0 10.7 19.0 15.3 19.0 11.0 19.0 14.0 19.0 12.3 Table 41 - Testing of Torque Equipment - Series 2 38 CRC ‘— Eamon: Macfine 1 'RLemoval: Machine? Day 1 Da 2 Da 3 Day 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 8.9 19.0 9.9 19.0 9.3 19.0 9.8 19.0 11.7 2 19.0 8.7 19.0 12.2 19.0 8.6 19.0 12.4 19.0 11.2 3 19.0 12.4 19.0 9.6 19.0 9.0 19.0 9.4 19.0 11.8 4 19.0 14.9 19.0 11.5 19.0 12.3 19.0 8.4 20.0 10.7 5 19.0 16.1 19.0 10.8 19.0 11.8 19.0 11.7 19.0 13.3 6 19.0 10.2 19.0 12.5 19.0 10.7 19.0 10.1 19.0 11.0 7 19.0 7.8 19.0 14.3 19.0 8.3 19.0 13.5 19.0 9.1 8 19.0 14.9 19.0 8.8 19.0 9.0 19.0 9.2 19.0 8.9 9 19.0 14.6 19.0 11.3 19.0 10.6 19.0 12.4 19.0 13.2 10 19.0 12.4 19.0 8.8 19.0 8.2 19.0 14.6 19.0 14.5 Application: Machine 2 iemoval: Machine A Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Day 4 Da 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.1 11.0 19.0 11.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 12.5 2 19.1 11.0 19.0 12.0 19.0 11.5 19.1 11.5 19.3 11.0 3 19.0 11.5 19.0 11.0 19.0 11.0 19.1 10.0 19.0 10.0 4 19.1 12.0 19.0 12.0 19.0 10.0 19.1 10.0 19.0 10.0 5 19.1 11.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.5 19.0 8.5 19.0 9.0 6 ‘thrown out 19.1 10.0 19.1 10.5 19.2 10.5 19.2 11.0 7 19.1 10.0 19.0 11.0 19.1 12.0 19.0 10.5 19.0 13.0 8 19.0 11.0 19.0 12.0 19.0 12.0 19.0 12.0 19.0 11.0 9 19.0 10.0 19.0 11.0 19.0 11.0 19.1 10.0 19.0 11.0 10 19.0 11.5 19.0 11;5 19.1 12.5 12.1 11.0 19.0 99‘ ‘ flfication: Machine 2 k Removal: Machine B Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Da 4 Da 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 11.4 19.1 11.2 19.1 12.1 19.1 11.2 19.1 11.2 2 19.1 9.9 19.1 13.9 19.0 11.8 19.0 10.8 19.0 10.2 3 19.1 11.5 19.1 9.9 19.0 13.3 19.1 9.3 19.0 10.7 4 19.0 10.4 19.1 10.8 19.1 10.2 19.2 10.8 19.0 11.7 5 19.1 13.0 19.1 13.6 19.1 10.8 19.0 9.3 19.0 11.2 6 19.1 12.5 19.0 12.1 19.1 11.5 19.0 11.8 19.0 11.2 7 19.0 9.6 19.0 12.7 19.1 10.3 19.0 10.5 19.0 8.7 8 19.1 12.3 19.0 10.0 19.1 11.4 19.0 12.0 19.0 9.8 9 19.0 12.2 19.0 10.2 19.0 11.2 19.2 9.7 19.0 10.9 10 19.0 9.9 19.0 11.7 19.1 11.9 19.0 10.9 19.1 9.3 - *datathrownoutduetooperatorerror 98 Table 42 - Testing of Torque Equipment - Series 2 38 CRC rrpplication: Machine 2 i iemovalz Machine 81 Day 1 Day 2 D 3 Da 4 Da 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.1 9.1 19.1 14.0 19.0 12.1 19.0 9.2 19.0 13.9 2 19.0 7.9 19.1 14.9 19.1 9.2 19.0 8.3 19.0 14.6 3 19.0 9.8 19.0 13.6 19.0 9.6 19.0 9.1 19.1 10.7 4 19.0 10.6 19.0 11.2 19.1 10.1 19.0 15.0 19.0 10.8 5 19.0 8.5 19.1 9.0 19.0 10.8 19.0 10.5 19.1 13.4 6 19.2 10.0 19.0 10.8 19.0 13.0 19.0 10.7 19.0 12.0 7 19.0 9.0 19.0 9.6 19.0 10.3 19.0 11.1 19.0 11.1 8 19.0 12.1 19.1 8.5 19.0 9.3 19.1 15.0 19.0 11.5 9 19.0 11.8 19.1 11.0 19.0 12.0 19.1 13.9 19.0 13.7 10 19.0 11.0 19.0 14.5 19.1 9.0 19.2 14.0 19.0 11.7 Application: Machine 2 igoval: Machine D‘- Da 1 Day 2 ’D 3 Da 4 Da 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.1 9.3 19.1 10.8 19.0 12.1 19.0 13.4 19.0 15.4 2 19.0 15.3 19.0 9.1 19.0 12.8 19.2 10.1 19.0 10.0 3 19.0 10.4 19.0 8.5 19.0 10.6 19.0 15.3 19.0 13.0 4 19.1 8.9 19.1 10.7 19.0 10.9 19.1 11.0 19.1 11.0 5 19.0 9.6 19.0 12.0 19.1 9.7 19.1 10.1 19.0 10.3 6 19.0 9.2 19.1 10.3 19.0 8.1 19.0 10.5 19.1 14.8 7 19.0 9.9 19.0 11.0 19.1 12.8 19.1 11.9 19.0 12.9 8 19.0 8.7 19.1 10.2 19.1 10.1 19.1 9.7 19.0 10.1 9 19.0 10.7 19.0 11.2 19.1 13.7 19.0 9.6 19.1 12.6 10 19.1 11.2 19.1 9.8 19.0 8.5 19.1 10.6 19.1 13.8 _ Application: Miag'ne 3 iemoval: Machlne A Da 1 Da 2 Da 3 Da 4 Da 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 12.5 19.0 10.0 19.0 11.0 19.0 11.0 19.0 9.0 2 19.0 12.0 19.0 11.0 19.0 12.0 19.0 11.5 19.1 10.0 3 19.0 11.0 19.0 11.0 19.0 13.0 19.0 10.5 19.0 9.0 4 19.0 11.0 19.0 11.5 19.0 13.0 19.0 11.5 19.0 13.0 5 19.0 11.5 19.0 12.5 19.0 11.0 19.0 11.0 19.0 10.0 6 19.0 12.0 19.0 12.5 19.0 11.0 19.0 11.5 19.0 9.0 7 19.0 11.0 19.0 10.0 19.0 11.0 19.0 12.5 19.0 12.0 8 19.0 11.0 19.0 11.5 19.0 10.0 19.0 11.0 19.0 11.0 9 19.0 10.5 19.0 10.5 19.0 10.5 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.0 10 19.0 10.5 19.0 12.0 19.0 12.0 19.0 11.5 19.0 12.0 Table 43 - Testing of Torque Equipment - Series 2 38 CRC "'" —Appllcation: Machine 3 icmoval: MachincT Da 1 Da 2 T) 3 Da 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 11.8 19.0 10.0 19.0 11.9 19.0 12.1 19.0 12.3 2 19.0 10.3 19.1 12.1 19.0 11.7 19.0 10.8 19.0 10.0 3 19.0 12.2 19.0 11.5 19.0 11.4 19.0 11.0 19.0 12.2 4 19.0 9.8 19.0 9.2 19.0 11.7 19.0 12.0 19.0 10.6 5 19.0 9.5 19.1 10.7 19.0 13.7 19.0 10.7 19.0 11.2 6 19.0 11.2 19.0 11.5 19.0 11.8 19.0 11.9 19.0 11.2 7 19.0 13.0 19.0 11.3 19.0 11.9 19.0 11.4 19.0 10.3 8 19.0 11.8 19.0 9.4 19.0 12.1 19.0 11.7 19.0 11.7 9 19.0 11.0 19.0 11.5 19.0 12.3 19.0 11.0 19.0 13.2 10 19.0 11.0 19.0 11.0 19.0 11.9 19.0 11.3 19.0 12.2 Application: Machine 3 iemoval: Machine 5‘ Day 1 Day 2 Da 3 Da 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. RT. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 9.4 19.0 12.8 19.0 9.8 19.0 11.3 19.1 12.4 2 19.0 11.6 19.0 10.7 19.0 13.8 19.0 14.2 19.0 12.6 3 19.0 11.2 19.0 12.1 19.0 11.8 19.0 12.9 19.0 13.6 4 19.0 10.8 19.0 12.9 19.0 14.4 19.0 16.1 19.0 10.3 5 19.0 9.8 19.0 15.2 19.0 11.6 19.0 14.0 19.0 13.3 6 19.0 11.0 19.0 11.7 19.1 13.2 19.0 12.1 19.0 11.3 7 19.0 12.4 19.0 12.2 19.0 12.2 19.0 9.4 19.0 11.7 8 19.0 10.9 19.0 12.6 19.0 10.0 19.0 10.1 19.0 16.4 9 19.0 14.8 19.0 11.0 19.0 9.3 19.0 9.3 19.0 13.4 10 19.0 14.6 19.0 11.2 *fllrown out 19.0 12.2 19.0 11.6 ‘ Application: Machine 3 iemoval: Machinefll')".l Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. R.T. A.T. RT. A.T. R.T. 1 19.0 14.1 19.0 11.6 19.0 11.4 19.1 8.8 19.0 10.6 2 19.0 11.0 19.0 12.8 19.0 13.4 19.0 15.2 19.0 10.7 3 19.0 11.3 19.0 10.4 19.0 14.8 19.0 12.3 19.1 17.6 4 19.0 14.3 19.0 8.2 19.0 12.1 19.0 12.7 19.0 11.9 5 19.0 10.3 19.1 13.4 19.0 10.7 19.0 13.3 19.0 10.9 6 19.0 10.1 19.0 8.6 19.0 13.5 19.0 10.3 19.0 16.2 7 19.0 11.3 19.0 11.2 19.0 13.4 19.0 12.7 19.0 12.2 8 19.0 10.2 19.0 9.3 19.0 9.8 19.0 11.8 19.0 10.8 9 19.0 12.5 19.0 9.6 19.0 9.2 19.0 10.5 19.1 14.2 10 19.0 9.1 19.0 10.7 19.0 8.9 19.0 9.8 19.0 12.3 "‘ data thrown out due to change in equipment setup LIST OF REFERENCES LIST OF REFERENCES Plastic Bottle Institute, MethndnflestioLClnsmlotque. Technical Bulletin PB] 7, New York, New York; 1978. Plastic Bottle Institute, Methodnflesttorflosntelnrque. Technical Bulletin FBI 7, New York, New York; 1978. Plastic Bottle Institute, Dimensionaandlolemnceaionflasticfinnles. Technical Bulletin FBI 2, New York, New York; 1978. Closure Manufacturing Association, W. Washington DC. 1993. Keller, Robert G. W Closures, Packaging Technology, pg 26 -29; April 1992. Greenway, Gerald, W, Packaging Technology and Engineering, pgs. 38—39, 61; May, 1993. Greenway, Gerald, Danville D.R., and Lazzara, F.L., gallium: ll 'Dfi'SlIl'fiE Ifl' Whales. Modern Packaging, vol. 46, no. 4, pg. 59-67 April, 1973. Greenway, Gerald, Raviwongse, R. ,and Samaranayake, V. ,BxpflimmLShmus WWW, Packaging Technology & Engineering, pages 36-41; September, 1994. Jenkins, K. M. ,Shabushnig, J. G. and Cianciullo, BMW: M, Journal of Packaging Technology, vol. 2, no. 6, pg. 244-246, 256; December, 1988. Clarke, Christopher A., Qualinllmproxememandflntimizatinnnta WWW; Iltilizinglhflaguchilnsafiunction, Thesis for Master of Science Degree, Michigan State University, East lansing, Michigan, 1993. 100 11. Greenway, Gerald, Danville D.R., and Lazzara, F.L., Caplorqne ll 'Dfi'SlIl'fiE IEI' Modern Packaging, vol. 46, no. 4, pg. 59-67 April, 1973. 12. Hanlon, Joseph F., Handhmkgflfiackagefinginming, Second Edition, Technomic publication, Lancaster PA; 1992. 13. Hicks, Charles R. Eundamcntalfinncemjnthenesignnmmenmems Fourth Edition, Saunders College Publishing, New York, New York; 1993. 101 GENERAL REFERENCES GENERAL REFERENCES Greenway, Gerald, Jariyawiroj , C., W1: 10mm, Package Sealing Laboratory, University of Missouri-R0118, Rolla, Missouri. Leblong, Wayne T., We, The Packaging Encyclopedia, pg 215-218; 1982. McCarthy, R.V., WW Attachments. Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Unpublished Thesis; April, 1966. ntIxneJAEnnunuonmreadfihlldzkmstamflnsures. A Thesis, Michigan State University; 1989. 102 "llllllllllll “17171111171“