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This is to certify that the
thesis entitled

Avian Communities in Forested Reparian
Wetlands of Southern Michigan

presented by

Rainy Lynn Inman

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

M.S. degree in Fish. 5: Wildl.

 

 

 

Date 8/1109

0-7639 MS U i: an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution

 

 

PLACE iN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record.
TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due.
MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested.

 

DATE DUE

DATE DUE

DATE DUE

 

L553 9 5. 2001

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11m caCiRClDatoDvanS—p.“

 

AVIAN COMMUNITIES IN FORESTED RIPARIAN WETLANDS OF
SOUTHERN MICHIGAN

By

Rainy Lynn Inman

A THESIS
Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife

2000

ABSTRACT

AVIAN COMMUNITIES IN FORESTED RIPARIAN WETLANDS OF
SOUTHERN MICHIGAN

By

Rainy Lynn Inman

There is a lack of information concerning the avifauna that inhabit midwestern
riparian forests relative to riparian management and national wetland inventory
objectives. For our study, we selected five undisturbed floodplain sites in the southern
Lower Peninsula of Michigan. At each site, 0.64 ha circular sample plots were placed in
a stratified random fashion in three forested wetland zones, and within forested upland
areas adjacent to the floodplain (7-8 plots per site). Point-count surveys were conducted
during the early, mid, and late breeding bird seasons (1998-1999) to assess the relative
abundance and diversity of the breeding bird community in relation to the hydrology and
woody plant structure and species compostion measured within each plot (391 total
point-counts). Trends in ground water depths were similar across forested wetland zones,
which were consistently wetter than adjacent uplands. Plant species richness, dominance,
and vegetation structure differed between forested wetlands and uplands, but were
similar among forested wetland areas. Of the 115 bird species detected, 53 were
categorized as breeders within our southern Michigan sites. Breeding bird abundance
and richness were greater in the forested wetlands than within adjacent uplands, and 15
species had significantly higher breeding densities within forested wetland zones as
compared to the upland. Thus, riparian zones in Michigan are important breeding

habitats for an array of avian species not always found in upland sites.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to acknowledge each of my contributing committee members.
Thanks to Dr. Daniel B. Hayes, Dr. Thomas M. Burton, and Dr. Glenn Y. Belyea for
their generous advice and support throughout the project. I am especially grateful to my
major professor, Dr. Harold H. Prince, for his continual enthusiasm and guidance.

I would also like to extend my profound appreciation to the volunteers whose
outstanding bird identification skills made this study possible. Doug McWhirter, Kevin
Thomas, Russ Schipper, Doug Powless provided invaluable assistance over the past two
field seasons. Additional thanks to Ray Adams of the Kalamazoo Nature Center for
helping to coordinate these bird survey efforts.

I am thankful for the dedication and patience of my two field assistants, Cary
Gardner and Tara VanWyck. My research experience was enhanced through their hard
work and friendship.

Finally, I thank my family and friends, and especially my fellow graduate student
and friend, Jason Hill, for their encouragement and companionship.

This research was funded through contributions from the Environmental

Protection Agency and the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................... vii
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................. ix
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1
METHODS ........................................................................................ 5
Study Area ............................................................................... 5
Habitat Measurements .................................................................. 7
Avian Surveys ........................................................................... 10
Analysis .................................................................................. 13
RESULTS .......................................................................................... 16
Water Depth ............................................................................... 16
Vegetation Structure and Composition ................................................ 16
Snags and Logs ........................................................................... 21
Breeding Bird Surveys ................................................................... 25
DISCUSSION ...................................................................................... 34
APPENDICES ..................................................................................... 42

Appendix A: List of 47 tree species and 49 shrub species found on 39

vegetation quadrats (1800 m2 for trees, 900 m2 for shrubs; 10

quadrats in each forested wetland zone and 9 quadrats in the

upland zone) sampled within southern Michigan study

sites .......................................................................... 42
Appendix B: List of tree and shrub species found on vegetation quadrats

(1800 m2 for trees, 900 m2 for shrubs; 2 quadrats per zone

per site escept Red Cedar upland-1 quadrat) sampled within

each southern Michigan study site ..................................... 46
Appendix C: Importance values for tree species and shrub species found in

forested wetland and upland survey zones in southern Michigan

study sites .................................................................. 55
Appendix D: Total number of logs recorded in riverine floodplain and

adjacent upland survey zones across all southern Michigan
study sites .................................................................. 58

Page

Appendix B: List of bird species observed over all southern Michigan

forested wetland and upland study areas (including within

plot, outside of plot, and between plot records) during the

1998 and 1999 breeding bird seasons .................................. 59
Appendix F: List of bird species observed at each southern Michigan

study site in forested wetland and upland study areas

(including within plot, outside of plot, and between plot

records) during the 1998 and 1999 breeding bird seasons ......... 63

Appendix G: Avian breeding densities within forested wetland and

upland zones over all southern Michigan study sites (within

plot observations only) during the 1998 and 1999 breeding

seasons ..................................................................... 75

LITERATURE CITED ........................................................................... 78

LIST OF TABLES

Number of avian survey plots sampled in forested wetlands and
adjacent forested uplands at each study site during the 1998 and

1999 breeding bird seasons ....................................................

Tree and shrub density (trees ha"; shrubs ha"), tree diameter at
breast height (dbh), and total basal area (m2 ha") over all study

sites for each forested wetland and nearby upland survey zones in
southern Michigan .............................................................

Vegetation cover (% i SE) in four vertical layers of growth for
forested wetland and upland survey zones across southern Michigan

study sites ........................................................................

Species richness summed over each survey zone for trees and
shrubs at each study site in forested wetland and adjacent upland
survey zones ....................................................................

Importance values of tree and shrub species sampled within 39
vegetation quadrats (1800 m2 for trees; 900 m2 for shrubs)
positioned within forested wetland and adjacent upland survey

plots .............................................................................

Avian species observed within forested wetland and upland zones
over all study sites (within plot observations only) during the 1998
and 1999 breeding seasons ..................................................

Avian species observed breeding within the forested wetland
and upland zones verses species breeding exclusively in the
forested wetland zones or the upland zone ................................

Total avian richness of breeders and migrants/transients (within plot
observations only) and mean avian richness (species/0.64 ha plot) in
forested wetland and adjacent upland survey zones across southern

Michigan study areas .........................................................

Densities (birds ha") of the most abundant breeding species
recorded in each forested wetland and upland survey zone in
southern Michigan over the 1998 and 1999 breeding bird

seasons .........................................................................

vi

Page

12

18

19

20

22

25

28

29

31

Table Page

10 Breeding species of low abundance exhibiting significant
differences in densities (birds ha") across forested wetland and
upland survey zones in southern Michigan during the 1998 and
1999 breeding seasons ......................................................... 33

vii

Figure

LIST OF FIGURES

Location of southern Michigan study sites (l-Maple River 1,
2-Maple River 2, 3-Red Cedar, 4-Allegan, 5-Augusta) ..................

Sampling protocol used for placement of 0.64 ha (45 m radius)
avian survey plots and vegetation quadrats (1800 m2 for trees
and 900 m2 for shrubs) within study sites ..................................

Mean water level in forested wetland and adjacent upland plots
across all study sites during the 1999 early, mid, and late breeding

bird season ......................................................................

Number of snags observed in vegetation quadrats (1800 m2) in
each diameter at breast height (dbh) size class (cm) ......................

viii

Page

17

24

INTRODUCTION

Wetlands are characterized by the presence of water, soil conditions unlike the
adjacent upland, and a tendency to support hydrophytic vegetation (Mitsch and Gosselink
1993). Riparian forested wetlands are areas dominated by trees, where the water table is
influenced by the water levels of the adjacent stream or river, and which is slightly below
to slightly above the land surface long enough annually to form hydric soils and to
support hydrophyte growth (Cowardin et al. 1979).

Overbank silt deposition and fluctuating forest hydrology are two important
physical characteristics which distinguish forested floodplain wetlands from hardwood
swamps not adjacent to river valleys (Curtis 1959, Brower et a1. 1990). However,
forested floodplain wetlands exhibit several other unusual attributes including: a linear
form due to their proximity to the river; a higher flux of energy and materials than any
other wetland type due to the open system; and their functional connection to upstream
and downstream ecosystems and lateral connection to upslope (upland) and downslope
(aquatic) ecosystems (Brinson et al. 1981). These floodplain ecosystems are generally
considered to have higher production rates than surrounding uplands and many other
wetlands because of the periodic inflow of nutrients transported by seasonal flooding
(Mitsch and Gosselink 1993). Johnson and McCormick (1979) stated that these
ecosystems are uniquely characterized by high levels of plant diversity, density, and
productivity.

The unique hydrologic and nutrient conditions within floodplain sites often
influence the establishment and succession of plant species (Van der Valk 1982). Factors

such as rate of flow, seasonality of flooding, and duration of flooding determine the

ecology and chemistry of the floodplain, creating a community of herbaceous and woody
species adapted to the riparian conditions (Conner and Day 1982). Curtis (1959)
explained this distinct floodplain community as a result of spatial and temporal variation
that leads to unique spatial distributions of component species. He also stated that within
the floodplain habitat, variation in the plant community was typically associated with
gradients in available moisture, temperature, and light. Curtis (1959) found that the most
straightforward correlation to the species distribution was the gradation of water-retaining
capacities of the soil. His conclusions were later supported by several studies which
correlated the moisture gradient of the floodplain to vegetative species distribution and
diversity (Hosner and Minckler 1963, Johnson and Bell 1976, Franz and Bazzaz 1977,
Robertson et al. 1984, Smith 1996).

Recent efforts to inventory our national wetlands indicate that a significant
proportion of forested floodplain wetlands within the United States have been lost over
the last century (Brinson et a1. 1981, Abemethy and Turner 1987, Dahl 1990). A variety
of influences are responsible for the reduction of forested wetlands, including agricultural
and industrial development, logging, and abusive recreation (Shear et al. 1996, Dowd
1992). As these wetlands are damaged or destroyed, critical habitat conducive to high
wildlife diversity and abundance are lost or diminished (Bull and Skovlin 1982, Sanders
and Edge 1998, Whitaker and Montevecchi 1999). Thomas (1979) stated that wildlife
generally use riparian zones more than any other habitat type, because these wetlands
provide all three essential habitat components: food, cover, and water. Brinson et a1.
(1981) expanded this concept to define four ecological attributes that are important to the

wildlife of riparian ecosystems:

1. The predominance of woody plant communities provides protection, roosting and

nesting areas, favorable microclimates, and standing dead trees and snags that are

valuable habitat for both aquatic and terrestrial animals.

2. The presence of surface water and plentiful soil moisture provide important food

resources for consumers, an area of protection and travel, and breeding grounds for

amphibians and fish.

3. The diversity and interspersion of habitat features provide numerous niches for an

abundance of wildlife species.

4. The linear nature of the floodplain provides protective corridors for dispersal and
migration for birds, ungulates, small mammals, and fish (within the river).

To aid in management and mitigation, recent attempts have been made to develop

evaluation methods for assessing the wildlife habitat functions of these forested wetlands

(Adamus et al. 1990). However, the scarcity of literature on wildlife use within these

systems has hampered the development of assessment techniques (Wakeley and Roberts

1996).

Several researchers in the northwest and southeast US. have undertaken studies
which focus on the avian component within forested wetland habitats. Bull and Skovlin
(1982) correlated bird species abundance and diversity to varying densities of streamside
vegetative cover (low, moderate, and high), and discovered that species diversity and
abundance was greatest in the moderate cover class. It has also been documented that
avian-habitat associations in riparian areas are primarily influenced by the vegetative
composition and structure, which are determined by the soil moisture gradient of the

floodplain (Smith 1977, Douglas et al. 1992). Furthermore, it has been reported that

species abundance and overall bird species richness differ significantly across vegetative
cover types (Wakeley and Roberts 1996, Sanders and Edge 1998). However, few studies
have concentrated on the forested floodplains of the Midwest region (Adams et al. 1995).
The lack of research in this region combined with the probable values they possess in
terms of wildlife and social benefits, make these ecosystems a primary focus for
ecological study. Thus, the purpose of this project was to characterize the forested
wetland zone of river floodplains in southern Michigan.

The project focused on the composition and structure of the woody plant species
and the associated avian community within forested floodplains. 1 hypothesized that the
climatic and moisture conditions of the forested wetland would support a woody plant
community structurally different from the surrounding upland habitats. I further
hypothesized that the forested wetlands would support a distinctive bird community.
Specifically, the avian species relative abundance and richness would be different within
the forested wetlands than within adjacent upland areas. It was also probable that the
density of individual bird species and the combination of bird species within these
forested floodplain habitats would be unique to the wetland ecosystem, as compared to
the upland. Deciduous forested floodplains were chosen for study because the decline of
lowland forests has been greatest in the southern lower peninsula, due to increased human
population and development pressures. Thus, the need for management was greatest in

this area.

METHODS

Study Area

Research was conducted in forested floodplains adjacent to several southern
Lower Michigan river systems (Figure 1). In this region the growing season averages
200-240 days, and the climate is temperate and humid (Austin 1979, Barnes et a1. 1979,
F eenstra 1979, Knapp 1987). Although optimum “reference sites” would be historically
undisturbed by human use, few or no such areas exist in the populated region of southern
Michigan. Most forested floodplain habitats have been altered from their primary
forested state through stream modifications, agricultural use, or lumbering. The riparian
forests judged to be least impacted by human perturbations were thus used as reference
sites for this project.

Riparian stands selected were at least 10 ha in size, and at least 30 years of age.
Sites were adjacent to reaches of rivers with natural flow regimes (upstream of any
impoundment). All study sites were located within or south of the theoretical transition,
or tension, zone (Figure 1). This zone is a region of 47 degree Fahrenheit isotherm of
mean annual temperature which divides Michigan’s lower peninsula into northern and
southern vegetative habitats (Barnes and Wagner 1981). In this area of Michigan, the
majority of lowland forests were expected to be dominated by deciduous trees (Albert
1995)

Sites were also chosen to incorporate a regional sampling distribution across
southern Michigan (Figure 1). In 1998, four study sites were identified, including Maple
River State Game Area-2 sites (Maple River; T. 8N., R. 5W., Ionia County and T. 8N., R.
4W., Clinton County), Allegan State Game Area-1 site (Kalamazoo River; T. 3N./2N.,
R. 14W., Allegan County), and Red Cedar Riverwalk Crego Park-l site (Red Cedar
River; T. 4N., R. 12W., Ingham County). An additional site, the Augusta Floodplain
Reserve (Kalamazoo River; T. 28., R. 9W., Kalamazoo County), was added in 1999.

   
   
      
  
 

LAKE
MICHIGAN

LAKE HURON

Transition

Zone
\

LAKE ERIE

100 Miles
0 100 KM

Figure 1. Location of southern Michigan study sites ( l-Maple River 1, 2-Maple River 2,
3-Red Cedar, 4-Allegan, 5-Augusta).

Reference floodplains were generally lacking in the southeast comer of the state, and
therefore, no sampling was conducted in this area.

Soils data for each of the river floodplains were obtained from county soils books
(Austin 1979, Barnes et al. 1979, Feenstra 1979, Knapp 1987). Although regional
floodplain soils tend to vary greatly due to the unique cycles of wetting and drying, some
characteristics were common to most study areas. The dominant soil series for each
reference area was Ceresco for the Red Cedar site; Capac Variant-Parkhill complex and
Sloan loam at the Maple River sites; Glendora sandy loam within the Augusta Floodplain
Reserve; and Sloan silt loam at the Allegan floodplains. In order, the taxonomic class for
each series is F luvaquentic Hapludoll, Aeric Ochraqualf, F luvaquentic Haplaquoll,
Mollic Psammaquent, and Fluvaquentic Haplaquoll. All soils, with the exception of the
Capac Variant-Parkhill complex, belong to the Mollisol soil order and Aquent (wet
entisols) and/or F luvent (floodplain) suborders. Each of these series was nearly level
with 0-2% slopes, having somewhat or very poorly drained soils which are commonly
found along the floodplains of rivers and streams. All types of soils mentioned were
included in the Hydric Soils of Michigan (SCS 1993), and experienced frequent flooding
(exception of the Capac Variant-Parkhill series, not a hydric soil due to rare flooding

regimes).

Habitat Measurements

At each site, plots were placed in a stratified random fashion in each of four
survey zones: I-Forested Wetland, II-Forested Wetland, III-Forested Wetland, IV-Upland
(Figure 2). Forested wetland survey zones were placed in the river floodplain, and
initially defined by proximity to the river. Survey zone I was set directly on the river
bank, survey zone 11 was set 100-200 m from the river bank, and survey zone III was set
300-400 m from the river bank. The upland survey zone was placed within upland

habitat directly adjacent to the floodplain areas. Plots were established prior to the

 

—II— River

------ Vegetation 2quadrat
:'_'_'.‘.'.'.'.'.'.'.' (1800 m2 for trees)
H (900 m2 for shrubs)

 

Habitat Edge

 

 

it Avian survey plot

 

 

 

 

    
 

River Floodplain Upland

 

 

 

Figure 2. Sampling protocol used for placement of 0.64 ha (45 m radius) avian survey

plots and vegetation quadrats (1800 m for trees and 900 m2 for shrubs) within study
sites.

field season to ensure that all four zones could be sampled, and to enable researchers to
return to the same points during three sampling periods of the bird breeding season over
two years. Eight census points were surveyed at each site (two plots in each survey zone)
excluding the Red Cedar area, in which only seven plots were used (only one upland plot)
due to the small adjoining upland area.

Most habitat features listed as important to bird species in Bibby et al. (1992)
were measured in this study. Avian habitats were analyzed using vegetative
measurements collected within each census plot using two quadrats: one approximately
parallel to the river flow, and one approximately perpendicular to the river flow (Figure
2). Vegetation quadrats ran the full 90 m diameter of the census plot. The following
measures were taken on each census plot only once during the 1998 field season for the
original four study sites, and during the 1999 season for the additional study site.
Individual trees encountered within 5 m from quadrat center were recorded by species
and diameter at breast height. DBH was measured in the following size classes: 1 cm (1-
2.5 cm), 5 cm (2.6-7.5 cm), 10 cm (76-15 cm), 20 cm (15.1-25 cm), 30 cm (25.1-35 cm),
and continuing to increase by 10 cm increments (Curtis 1959). Tree heights were
calculated using a clinometer for every fifih tree within the sampled area until twenty tree
heights were recorded for each plot. The species, stem number, and height were recorded
for every shrub within 2.5 m from the quadrat center. Trees with a dbh less than 1 cm
were recorded as a shrub, and shrubs less than 50 cm high were not counted, as shrubs
this small were considered structurally equivalent to herbaceous groundcover. Snags
(standing dead trees) that were at least 5 cm dbh and within the 5 m sample distance were
counted and recorded according to the dbh classes. As it was not feasible to measure the
dbh of downed woody material, all logs discovered within 5 m of the quadrat center were
classified by the widest diameter of the log using 10 cm diameter size classes (“log-
width”). All snags and logs recorded were identified to species when this was possible,

and were marked as “unknown” otherwise. At all four sites, vertical vegetation density

measurements were taken every third meter along plot transects during the early and the
late bird survey periods in 1998. In 1999 these measurements were taken only once for
the new site, as cover densities increased only slightly from the 1998 early period (34%)
to late period (41%). Vertical density was measured by estimating the percent cover (to
the nearest 5%) of the vegetation directly over a meter tape extended the length of the
plot transects in four vertical layers: 1) 0-50 cm, 2) 51 cm—3 m, 3) 3.1-5 m, 4) >5 m.
These layers were defined to include groundcover, shrubs, understory trees, and overstory
canopy.

In the 1999 season, the depth of standing water or depth to the groundwater table
was recorded to the nearest 1 cm at the plot center during each bird survey. The
groundwater depth was determined using a hand soil auger down to a depth of 95 cm.

Groundwater tables deeper than 95 cm were recorded as >95 cm.

Avian Surveys

Birds were surveyed using a modification of the variable circular-plot method
proposed by Reynolds et al. (1980). Variable circular-plots were chosen because they are
well designed for sampling in structurally complex vegetation, and are often preferred
over transects in fine-grained habitats if an objective of the study is to identify habitat
determinants of the inhabiting bird community (Bibby et al. 1992, Reynolds et al. 1980).
Also, a well-spaced series of point counts represented the area of study better than a few
transects; allowed for less distraction within woodlands than trying to avoid obstacles
along transects; and had the advantage of greater detection of difficult or secretive birds
(Bibby et al. 1992). These point counts were also used to obtain a measure of relative
abundance of the birds, and to calculate relative densities of species using a standard

sampling area for all individuals recorded (Bibby et al. 1992, Reynolds et al. 1980). This

census technique was ultimately chosen as a result of trial comparisons of several survey
methods prior to the actual study, and from a review of the literature recommendations
mentioned above.

It is important to note the assumptions related to the circular-plot method. Bibby
et al. (1992) provides an adequate summary:

1. Birds do not approach or flee the observer-this may affect density estimates.

2. Birds are 100% detectable by the observer-the density of foliage may bias

observations.

3. Birds do not move much during the recording period-may increase the number

of double counts on an individual, overestimation of mobile species.

4. Birds behave independently of one another-behavior may affect individuals

locations and/or detectability.

5. Violations of the above assumptions are not interactions with the habitat or

study design elements-bias may change in different circumstances.

6. Distance estimates to birds are accurate-this may affect density estimates.

7. Birds are fully and correctly identified-this relates to observer bias.

Bird population data were collected on plots having a 45 m fixed-radius (0.64 ha).
Circular bands of 25 m, 35 m, and 45 m were used as quality assurance measures for
distance estimates of recorded individuals. Plot centers were located at least 50 m from
all adjacent vegetation borders and man-made edges (i.e. roads) to avoid sampling
species outside of the plot habitat. To reduce the possibility of multiple recordings of an
individual bird, plot centers were at least 100 m, but preferably 200 m, from the nearest

neighboring plot (Bibby et al. 1992).

ll

Surveys were conducted between sunrise and 10:00 A.M. during the breeding bird
season, beginning the second week of May and continuing through the first week of July
(Brewer et al. 1991). Fourteen days of data collection were followed by a week in which
no sampling occurred to separate the breeding season into three distinct periods: early,
mid, and late. Each of the original four study areas were visited twice during the early,
mid, and late periods of the breeding season in 1998 and 1999; with an additional site

visited similarly in 1999 (Table 1). Each census consisted of a ten minute sampling

Table 1. Number of avian survey plots sampled in forested wetlands and adjacent
forested uplands at each study site during the 1998 and 1999 breeding bird seasons.

 

 

 

Period
Study Site Survey Zone Early Mid Late Total Plots
1998 1999 1998 1999 1998 I999

Allegan I-Forested Wetland 4 4 4 4 4 4 24
II-Forested Wetland 4 4 4 4 4 4 24
III-Forested Wetland 4 2 4 2 4 2 l8
IV-Upland 4 4 4 4 4 4 24

Augusta I-Forested Wetland --- 2 --- 4 --— 4 10
II-Forested Wetland --- 2 --- 4 --- 4 10
III-Forested Wetland --- 2 --- 4 --- 4 10
IV-Upland --- 2 --- 4 m 4 10

Maple 1 I-Forested Wetland 4 4 4 4 4 4 24
lI-Forested Wetland 4 4 4 4 4 4 24
III-Forested Wetland 4 4 4 4 4 4 24
IV-Upiand 4 4 4 4 4 4 24

Maple 2 I-Forested Wetland 4 4 2 4 4 4 22
II-Forested Wetland 4 4 2 4 4 4 22
III-Forested Wetland 4 4 2 4 4 4 22
IV-Upland 4 4 2 4 4 4 22

Red Cedar I-Forested Wetland 4 4 4 2 4 4 22
II-Forested Wetland 4 4 4 2 4 4 22
III-Forested Wetland 4 4 4 2 4 4 22
IV-Upland 2 2 2 l 2 2 11
Total 46 38 46 391

 

12

period following a three minute settling period initiated upon reaching the center point.
During this short time researchers waited for disturbed bird activity to normalize within
the plot. All birds heard and/or seen during the sampling period were recorded at their
approximate distance from plot center within the distance estimation bands (0-25 m,
25.1-35 m, 35.1-45 m). This included birds whose flight originated or terminated within
the plot boundaries (Whitt 1995). Species that were seen or heard within the survey
habitat, but did not land within the plot boundary, were noted as either flying over plot or
outside of 45 m if their flight path never entered the plot. Birds were recorded as
individuals, pairs assumed mated), or family groups. Only adults were counted, although
young and nests were noted on the data sheets. No sampling was done during high wind

or rain.

Analysis

Water depths recorded in 1999 were averaged by survey plot for each survey zone
for the early, mid, and late breeding bird seasons. An analysis of variance (ANOVA,
general linear model) was performed, and Pearson correlation coefficients were
calculated to compare depths across all four survey zones and also to compare depth
differences between the forested wetland zones.

Tree and shrub densities were calculated for each vegetation quadrat (1800 m2 for
trees; 900 m2 for shrubs), and then averaged across all study sites for each survey zone.
Densities were then converted into trees per hectare and shrubs per hectare. Mean tree

diameter at breast height (dbh) was also calculated for each vegetation quadrat, and

13

similarly averaged for each survey zone. Mean basal area was calculated by adding the
basal area of individual trees within vegetation quadrats, and averaging across quadrats
for each survey zone. Vegetation richness was calculated for trees and shrubs by
summing all species recorded at study site in each survey zone. Tree and shrub species
richness values were also summed over all study sites for each survey zone. Importance
values were calculated for each tree species recorded within the 1800 m2 vegetation
quadrats, and for each shrub species recorded within the 900 m2 vegetation quadrats.
Tree importance values were based on the sum of the relative frequency, relative density,
and relative dominance (percent basal cover). Shrub importance values were based on
the sum of the relative frequency and relative density (Curtis 1959, Cain and Castro
1959). Importance values (maximum value = 300 for trees and =200 for shrubs) were
averaged for each survey zone.

Vertical vegetation density was calculated by averaging percent cover values by
survey plot for each survey zone. This calculation was completed for each of the four
vertical layers of growth.

Snags and logs observed within the 1800 m2 vegetation quadrats were
summarized by total number recorded in each dbh or log-width size class for each survey
zone. Total (all size classes) snag and log densities were calculated for each vegetation
quadrat and averaged across all study sites for each survey zone.

Avian densities were calculated on a survey plot basis for each species. Density
was computed by dividing the within plot count (excludes birds observed flying over or
outside of plot) of a given species by 0.64 ha to the density per hectare. These density

values were then averaged across all study sites for each survey zone for every bird

l4

species. Avian richness was calculated for breeding species and for migrating/transient
species. The total number of species in each category was summed for each study site
within each survey zone, and across all study sites for each survey zone. Mean number
of species per plot was calculated by averaging individual plot species counts across all
study sites for each survey zone.

Vegetation and avian density values, mean dbh values, mean basal area values,
and mean avian plot richness values were compared by study site, survey zone, and the
associated interaction using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS v.6.12, SAS 1990). An
analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using the general linear model (GLM) and
mixed procedures. Least-square means statements were utilized to estimate density and
other mean values, as well as related standard errors (SAS 1990). Orthogonal contrasts
were used to compare least-square means calculated by mixed procedures (avian
densities), in order to incorporate the unbalanced data (not all species were observed at

all plots). Differences were considered significant if a p-value < 0.05 was demonstrated.

15

RESULTS

Water Depth

Mean water depth trends in 1999 were similar for all forested wetland areas.
Standing water occurred in only one zone and only during the early census period.
Otherwise, water levels were below the soil surface throughout the census periods.
Forested wetlands had higher mean water depths than upland zone in all periods. Mean
water depth in the upland decreased from the early to the late breeding period, having
many individual depth records below —95 cm (the limit of our measurements). Water
depth was highly correlated with survey zone when all four zones were compared (r =
-0.259, P=0.0002). Differences in depth between season periods (F=20.81, P=0.0001),
survey zones (F=31.61, P=0.0001), and survey zones within periods (F=3.36, P=0.0036)
were all highly significant (Figure 3). Within forested wetlands differences in depth were
significant for period (F=20.05, P=0.0001) and survey zone (F=13.6l, P=0.0001), but not

for survey zone within period (F=1 .87, P=0.1193).

Vegetation Structure and Composition

Mean shrub density (shrubs ha") differed significantly between survey zones
(F=10.67, P=0.0006), but shrub density patterns among zones were similar between sites
(General Linear Model, F=1.09, P=0.4004; zone x site interaction, F =1 .31, P=0.3110)
(Table 2). Shrub density in the forested wetlands was similar, but was significantly
higher in upland zone IV. Mean tree density (trees ha") differed significantly between
sites (General Linear Model, F=l9.62, P=0.0001) and between survey zones (F=4.95,

P=0.0066) (Table 2). The interaction of site and survey zone was also significant

16

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(F =5.27, P=0.0007). Tree densities increased from the river (zone 1) toward the upland
(zone IV). Densities were again similar for forested wetland zones, and significantly

greater in the adjacent upland.

Table 2. Tree and shrub density (trees ha'l; shrubs ha'l), tree diameter at breast
height (dbh), and total basal area (m2 ha") over all study sites for each forested

wetland and nearby upland survey zones in southern Michigan.

 

 

 

Survey Zone
I-Forested II-Forested III-Forested
Wetland Wetland Wetland IV -Upland
Shrub Density (x d: SE) 954 i 656 1504 :L- 757 892 3: 656 5370 :t 656
Tree Density (x :1: SE) 1039 d: 222 1139 d: 222 1543 i 222 3103 :h 243
DBH (cm) (x 3: SE) 20.5 :t 0.4 23.3 a; 0.4 17.0 i 0.3 6.6 :i: 0.3
Basal Area (x :1: SE) 70.4 :i: 11.3 61.6 :1: 1.4 54.1 i: 7.0 32.8 i: 10.9

 

Mean diameter at breast height (dbh) was similar for trees in the forested
wetlands, and significantly higher as compared to the upland zone (Table 2). Mean dbh
values ranged from a high of 23.3 i 0.4 cm in forested wetland zone II, to a low of 6.6 i
0.3 cm in the upland zone. Differences between survey zones (General Linear Model,

F =64l.28, P=0.0001) and sites (F=106. 12, P=0.0001) were considered highly significant,
as was the difference between survey zones at particular study areas (zone x site
interaction, F=82. 13, P=0.0001).

Mean basal area (m2 ha") for trees also decreased from the river toward the
upland, having the highest basal area near the river and the lowest basal area in the

upland areas (Table 2). The only significant differences occurred between the upland and

18

the forested wetland, as the basal areas of forested wetland areas 11 and III were similar to
forested wetland 1.

Patterns of vertical vegetation cover across the forested wetland were
characterized by moderate groundcover, sparse shrub and sapling cover, and a well

developed canopy layer (Table 3). Forested wetland zone II had the least amount of cover

Table 3. Vegetation cover (% i SE) in four vertical layers of growth
for forested wetland and upland survey zones across southern Michigan
study sites.

 

 

 

Percent Cover (% :t SE)
I-Forested II-Forested III-Forested
Vertical Layer Wetland Wetland Wetland IV-Upland
Groundcover 60 i: 6 46 i 6 57 i 6 34 i 6
(0 cm-50 cm)
Shrubs 2714 14:4 28i4 3815
(51 cm-3 m)
Saplings 22 i 4 ll 3: 4 20 i 4 30 :t 4
(3 m-5 m)
Canopy 73 i 5 74 i 5 75 :t 5 55 i 6
(+5 m)

 

in the ground, shrub, and sapling layers. Canopy closure in the forested wetlands was
approximately 74%. Compared with the wetland areas, the upland zone supported
relatively less groundcover, had denser shrub and sapling growth, and a less developed
canopy. Within each vegetation layer, the survey zone had a significant effect on percent
cover values (Mixed Procedure, F =4.46, P=0.0102 for groundcover; F=4.60, P=0.0090

for shrubs; F=5.02, P=0.0060 for saplings; F=3.17, P=0.0378 for canopy), although cover

19

values did not always different between individual zones.

Forested upland zones consistently supported the greatest number of tree and
shrub species within and across study sites, with the exception of one site (Maple 1),
compared to the forested wetlands (Table 4). At the Maple 1 site, low numbers of tree
and shrub species in the upland zone were likely a result of past cutting to clear the area

for agricultural cultivation. There was also a low number of shrub species in the Red

Table 4. Species richness summed over each survey zone for trees and shrubs at
each study site in forested wetland and adjacent upland survey zones.

 

Species Richness

 

 

I-Forested II-Forested III-Forested
Study Sites Wetland Wetland Wetland IV-Upland
Trees
Allegan l4 5 11 22
Augusta 13 12 13 17
Maple l 10 6 9 4
Maple 2 9 6 8 26
Red Cedar 12 9 6 17
All Sites 26 22 25 36
Shrubs
Allegan 12 2 6 20
Augusta 4 12 8 16
Maple l 6 3 3 5
Maple 2 3 5 4 30
Red Cedar 6 5 6 8
All Sites 17 15 16 43

 

20

Cedar upland zone where only one plot was sampled, as compared to two plot at other
study areas. A total of 47 tree and 49 shrub species were observed across all sites in
riverine forests and adjacent upland areas (Appendix A, B).

Two tree species, silver maple (Acer saccharinum) and green ash (F raxinus
pennsylvanica), dominated all three forested wetland zones, and were the only dominant
trees in forested wetland I with an importance value greater than 30 (max=300) (Table 5,
Appendix C). American elm (Ulmus americana) was the third and final dominant in
forested wetland II and III. The riverine forests shared no dominant trees with the upland
zone, where sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and red oak (Quercus rubra) had the highest
importance values. Spice bush (Lindera benzoin) and green ash dominated forested
wetland zones (IV>20). Common buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) was a co-
dominant in forested wetlands I and II, with the addition of highbush—cranberry
(Viburnum opulus) in forested wetland 1. Gray dogwood (Cornusfoemina) and sugar
maple seedlings were the only dominant shrub species for the upland zone.

The riverine forest zones were designated forested wetlands based on the
dominant wetland vegetation being classified as either FACW or OBL and secondary
wetland indicators, in accordance with the United States Army Corps methods of wetland
delineation (Environmental Laboratory 1987). In contrast, the upland zone dominants

were all facultative upland species, and no secondary wetland indicators were found.

Snags and Logs

Mean number of snags per hectare did not significantly differ between survey

zones (Mixed Procedure, F =1 .60, P=0.2099) (Figure 4). All three forested wetland zones

21

Table 5. Importance values of tree and shrub species sampled within 39 vegetation
quadrats (1800 m2 for trees; 900 m2 for shrubs) positioned within forested wetland and

adjacent upland survey plots.

 

 

 

Importance Value (IV)"
I-Forested II-Forested III-Forested
Species‘I Indicatorc Wetland Wetland Wetland IV-Upland
Trees
Silver Maple F ACW 104 98 70 8
Green Ash FACW 46 75 91 5
American Elm FACW- 23 32 3O 9
Sugar Maple F ACU 0 2 3 35
Red Oak FACU l 0 0 32
Shrubs
Spice Bush F ACW- 54 55 88 7
Green Ash FACW 21 59 26 5
Common Buttonbush OBL 22 33 16 2
Highbush-cranberry F ACW 20 8 3 4
Sugar Maple FACU 0 0 0 23
Gray Dogwood PAC 0 4 4 20

 

“Species with importance values over 30 for trees, and over 20 for shrubs, in any survey zone

are listed. Complete plant species lists can be referenced in Appendix A and B.
bMaximum importance value = 300 for trees; 200 for shrubs.

cIndicators:

FACU=Facultative Upland; usually occurs in non-wetlands (1%-33% probability in wetlands)
FAC= Facultative; equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (34%-66% probability)
FACW=Facultative Wetland; usually occurs in wetlands (67%-99% probability in wetlands)

OBL=Obligate; almost always occurs in wetlands under natural conditions (>99% probability)

+ Indicates wetter conditions
- Indicates drier conditions

22

had a greater proportion of larger size snags than did the upland. Differences between
survey zones were significant for the mean number of logs per hectare (Mixed Procedure,
F=6.78, P=0.0013). Total numbers of logs was highest in floodplain zones 11 and III

(Appendix D).

23

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24

Breeding Bird Surveys

A total of 10,664 individuals representing 115 bird species were observed within

survey plots, flying through plots, or just outside of survey plots during the 1998 and

1999 breeding seasons (Appendix E, F). Those species recorded within survey plots (85

species) were identified as either breeding or migrating/transient based on breeding bird

criteria of Brown and Dinsmore (1986) and habitat requirements presented by Brewer et

al. (1991) (Table 6). Species were listed as breeders if the breeding criteria and habitat

Table 6. Avian species observed within forested wetland and upland zones over all
study sites (within plot observations only) during the 1998 and 1999 breeding seasons.
Each species historical status as a breeder or migrant in southern lower Michigan, as
well as their breeding status in each survey zone of this study, is listed. Species are
listed as a breeder if there was confirmed evidence of breeding in at least one survey

survey zone.

 

Common Name

Southern MI
Breeding Status'

Survey Zones

 

I-Forested
Wetland

II-Forested III—Forested

Wetland

Wetland

IV-Upiand

 

Breeder

Acadian Flycatcher
American Crow
American Goldfinch
American Redstart
American Robin
American Woodcock
Belted Kingfisher
Black-capped Chickadee
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
Blue-winged Warbler
Blue Jay

Brown-headed Cowbird
Brown Creeper

Canada Goose
Cerulean Warbler
Common Grackle
Common Yellowthroat
Downy Woodpecker
Eastern Phoebe

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Table 6 (cont'd).

 

Survey Zones

 

Southern MI I-Forested II-Forested III-Forested
Common Name Breeding Status' Wetland Wetland Wetland IV-Upland

 

Breeder

Eastern Wood-Pewee

Gray Catbird

Great Crested Flycatcher

Hairy Woodpecker

Hooded Merganser

Indigo Bunting

Least Flycatcher

Mallard

Northern Cardinal

Northern Flicker

Northern Oriole

Northern Rough-winged
Swallow

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Ovenbird

Prothonotary Warbler

Red-bellied Woodpecker

Red-eyed Vireo

Red-headed Woodpecker

Red-tailed Hawk

Red-winged Blackbird

Rose-breasted Grosbeak

Ruby-throated
Hummingbird

Scarlet Tanager

Song Sparrow

Tree Swallow

Tufied Titmouse

Veery

Warbling Vireo

White-breasted Nuthatch

Willow Flycatcher

Wood Duck

Wood Thrush

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Yellow-throated Vireo

Yellow Warbler

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Migrant/Transient

Alder Flycatcher UB . . . T
Barn Swallow B T T

Bay-breasted Warbler B . T .
Black-and-white Warbler UB T . T .
Black-billed Cuckoo B . . . T

26

Table 6 (cont'd).

 

Survey Zones

 

Southern MI I-Forested II-Forested III-Forested
Common Name Breedig Status‘I Wetland Wetland Wetland IV-Upland

 

Migrant/Transient
Black-throated Green
Warbler
Black-throated Blue
Warbler
Blackbumian Warbler
Brown Thrasher
Carolina Wren
Cedar Waxwing
Cooper's Hawk
European Starling
Field Sparrow
Golden-winged Warbler
Great Blue Heron
House Sparrow
House Wren
Magnolia Warbler
Mourning Dove
Mourning Warbler
Nashville Warbler
Northern Parula Warbler
Northern Waterthrush

Orange-crowned Warbler

Savannah Sparrow

Solitary Vireo

Spotted Sandpiper

Swainson's Thrush

Tennessee Warbler

Wild Turkey

Yellow-rumped Warbler

aBreeding Status Abbreviations:
B=Confirmed evidence of breeding UB=Unconfirmed, but suspected breeding
M=Regional migrant
T=Regional breeder (confirmed or unconfirmed) , but transient through survey zone
.=Not observed within plot in the survey zone

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requirements were met for a given species in at least one survey zone. Of the 85 avian
species found within plots in the forested wetland and upland zones, 53 were considered
actively breeding, and 32 were considered migrants/transients. Although the majority of

breeding species were observed in forested wetlands and nearby uplands (34 species), 12

27

species were found breeding only in the forested wetlands, while 7 species bred solely in

the upland (Table 7).

Table 7. Avian species observed breeding within the forested wetland and upland zones
versus species breeding exclusively in the forested wetland zones or the upland zone.
Species listed include those observed within survey plots during the 1998 and 1999
breeding bird seasons in the southern Michigan study areas.

 

Avian Species

 

Forested Wetland & Upland Forested Wetland

Upland

 

Ruby-throated Hummingbird
Red-bellied Woodpecker
Downy Woodpecker
Hairy Woodpecker
Northern Flicker

Eastern Wood-Pewee
Acadian Flycatcher
Eastern Phoebe

Great Crested Flycatcher
Blue Jay

American Crow
Black-capped Chickadee
Tufted Titmouse
White-breasted Nuthatch
Brown Creeper
Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher
Veery

Wood Thrush

American Robin

Gray Catbird
Yellow-throated Vireo
Red-eyed Vireo

Yellow Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
American Redstart
Scarlet Tanager
Northern Cardinal
Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Indigo Bunting

Song Sparrow
Red-winged Blackbird
Common. Grackie
Brown-headed Cowbird
Northern Oriole

Canada Goose

Wood Duck

Mallard

Hooded Merganser
Red-Tailed Hawk

Belted Kingfisher
Red-headed Woodpecker
Least Flycatcher

Tree Swallow

Northern Rough-winged Swallow
Warbling Vireo
Prothonotary Warbler

28

American Woodcock
Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Willow Flycatcher
Blue-winged Warbler
Ovenbird

Common Yellowthroat
American Goldfinch

Avian richness was divided into breeding and migrating/transient categories for

survey zones within and across study sites (Table 8). All sites had the highest number of

Table 8. Total avian richness of breeders and migrants/transients (within plot
observations only) and mean avian richness (species/0.64 ha plot) in forested
wetland and adjacent upland survey zones across southern Michigan study areas.

 

Avian Richness (Breeders : Migrants/'I‘ransients)
I-Forested II-Forested III-Forested

 

River Study Site Wetland Wetland Wetland IV-Upland
Kalamazoo Allegan 29 : 7 29 : 4 28 : 6 22 : 3
Kalamazoo Augusta 25 : 4 23 : 2 21 : l 22 : 3
Maple Maple 1 30: 7 27 : 3 28 :5 21 : 5
Maple Maple 2 28 : 8 22 : 6 27 : 4 28 : 10
Red Cedar Red Cedar 30 : 9 27 : 6 27 : 8 18 : 3
Total 44 : 21 43 : 14 39 : 14 41 : 19
Species/Plot (x :1: SE) 7.2 :L- 0.3 5.8 :1: 0.3 6.2 :t 0.3 5.4 :l: 0.3

 

breeding species near the river in forested wetland 1. However, breeder richness was
similar across forested wetlands and uplands. Migrants/transients species counts tended
to be highest near the river and decrease toward the upland, although numbers of
migrant/transient species at individual sites did not always follow this pattern. Mean
number of avian species (including breeders and migrants/transients) per survey plot was
greatest near the river, in forested wetland I (7.2 i 0.3). Remaining forested wetland,
areas 11 and III (5.8 i 0.3 and 6.2 i- 0.3 respectively) and the upland (5.4 i 0.3) contained

approximately one less species per plot.

29

Breeding densities of 22 species that were observed 25 or more times in at least
one survey zone over the 1998 and 1999 breeding bird seasons were compared between
survey zones for each species (Mixed Procedure, orthogonal contrasts) (Table 9,
Appendix G). Song Sparrows were observed more often in the forested wetlands than
any other species; reaching a high of 2. 13 birds per hectare in forested wetland 1. Song
Sparrow densities near the river were significantly greater than in forested wetland II and
the upland (IV) (0.94 and 0.70 birds per hectare, respectively). Similarly, Black-capped
Chickadees had significantly higher densities in forested wetland II (0.86 birds ha") and
111 (0.83 birds ha'l), than in forested wetland I (0.36 birds ha'l), but there was no
difference between the wetlands and the upland habitat (F =2.32, P=0.0763). Downy
Woodpeckers were observed more often in forested wetland II (0.66 birds ha'l) than in
the upland (0.30 birds ha"), but no significant distinction could be made between the
other forested wetland densities (F =2.06, P=0.1066). The American Robin (F=6.13,
P=0.0005), Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (F =8.43, P=0.0001), White-breasted Nuthatch
(F=3.28, P=0.221), and Great-crested Flycatcher (F=3.5 8, P=0.0158) were observed most
commonly in forested wetland I, and densities tended to decrease toward the upland.
Near the river, approximately one bird per hectare was observed for Robins (0.94 birds
ha") and Gnatcatchers (0.93 birds ha'l), while about half as many individuals were
recorded for the Nuthatches (0.62 birds ha") and F lycatchers (0.47 birds ha"). Two
species, Brown Creeper (F =9.72, P=0.0001) and Eastern Wood-Pewee (F=6.95,
P=0.0002), were found in the highest densities in forested wetland II and 111, respectively.
Blue Jays had similar densities in forested wetland II (0.53 birds ha") and 111 (0.51 birds

ha") and upland zone IV (0.25 birds ha'l). American Goldfinches and Common

30

Table 9. Densities (birds ha") of the most abundant breeding species recorded in each

forested wetland and upland survey zone in southern Michigan over the 1998 and
1999 breeding bird seasons. Densities in bold are significantly greater than densities
followed by a different letter in other survey zones.

 

 

 

Avian Density (x)'I
I-Forested II-Forested III-Forested
Species Wetland Wetland Wetland IV-Upland"
Song Sparrow 2.13a 0.94b 1.44ab 0.70b
American Redstart 0.95a 0.56a 1.07a 0.39a
American Robin 0.94a 0.88:: 0.4% 0.2%
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 0.93a 0.39bc 0.52b 0.20c
Northern Oriole 0.62a 0.35a 0.26a 0.22a
White-breasted Nuthatch 0.62a 0.54a 0.59a 0.2 lb
Tufted Titmouse 0.53a 0.47a 0.63a 0.39a
Downy Woodpecker 0.52ab 0.66a 0.47ab 0.30b
Great-crested Flycatcher 0.47a 0.33a 0.42a 0.10b
Common Grackle 0.43a 0.63a 0.38a 0.32a
Black—capped Chickadee 0.36b 0.86a 0.83a 0.56ab
Brown Creeper 0.18bc 0.59a 0.35b 0.03c
Blue Jay 0.14b 0.53a 0.51a 0.25ab
Red-bellied Woodpecker 0.40a 0.46a 0.33a 0.18a
Eastern Wood-Pewee 0.24bc 0.43ab 0.65a 0.14c
Red-eyed Vireo 0.3 8a 0.47a 0.58a 0.44a
American Goldfinch --- --- --- 0.90a
Red-winged Blackbird 0.03a 0.36a 0.09a 0.61a
Gray Catbird 0.07a 0.03a 0.01a 0.61a
Northern Cardinal 0.40a 0.18a 0.29a 0.53a
Common Yellowthroat --- --- --- 0.44a
Wood Thrush 0.03a 0.06a 0.13a 0.41a

 

“F or each species density values followed by the same letter do not differ significantly (P>0.05) as

determined by ANOVA (orthogonal contrast). Dashes = no evidence of breeding.

Yellowthroats were not observed breeding in the forested wetland habitat.

Ten additional breeding species of low abundance were observed to have
significantly different breeding densities across survey zones (Table 10). Seven species
were observed in the highest densities near the river in forested wetland I. The Least
Flycatcher (F =5.37, P=0.0014), Eastern Phoebe (F=2.70, P=0.0468), Tree Swallow
(F=2.83, P=0.0397), Northern Rough-winged Swallow (F=2.71, P=0.0460), Warbling
Vireo (F=11.10, P=0.0001), Northern Parula Warbler (F=3.39, P=0.0190), and
Prothonotary Warbler (F=5.74, P=0.0009), all occurred in survey zone I more often than
within the other three zones (Mixed Procedure, orthogonal contrasts). Five of these six
species (excluding Eastern Phoebe) were not observed at any time within the upland
zone. Hairy Woodpeckers seemed to prefer the wetlands over the upland habitat (F =3. 12,
P=0.0272). Two species, the Ovenbird (F=3.55, P=0.0154) and Blue-winged Warbler
(F =5.95 , P=0.0007) were found to have greater densities in the upland as compared to

forested wetlands.

32

Table 10. Breeding species of low abundance exhibiting significant differences
in densities (birds ha'l) across forested wetland and upland survey zones in southern

Michigan during the 1998 and 1999 breeding seasons. Densities in bold are

significantly greater than densities in other survey zones.

 

 

 

Avian Density (x)'I
I-Forested II-Forested III-Forested

Species Wetland Wetland Wetland 4-Upland
Least Flycatcher 0.16a 0.0 lb 0.02b ---
Eastern Phoebe 0.12a 0.02b --- 0.02b
Tree Swallow 0.16a 0.03b --- ---
Northern Rough-winged Swallow 0.06a --- --- ---
Warbling Vireo 0.29a 0.03b 0.03b ---
Northern Parula Warbler 0.04a --- --- ---
Prothonotary Warbler 0.39a 0.17b 0.00b ---
Hairy Woodpecker 0.22a 0.34a 0.19ab 0.04b
Ovenbird 0.00b --- --- 0.15a
Blue-winged Warbler --- --- --- 0.11a

 

3For each species density values followed by the same letter do not differ significantly (P>0.05)

as determined by ANOVA (orthogonal contrast). Dashes = no evidence of breeding.

33

DISCUSSION

Trends in ground water depths were similar across forested wetland survey zones,
while the uplands had consistently lower ground water levels compared with the forested
wetland zones. The river bank zone (I) had a greater depth to the groundwater level than
zones 11 and III. In addition to elevation, other variables such as soil texture, soil aeration,
and internal drainage can also affect local water levels (Robertson et al. 1978).

Forested wetland areas supported significantly less trees and shrubs than in the
adjacent upland zone. Although woody plant densities were not statistically different
between forested wetland zones, structural characteristics of the vegetation were
significantly different from the upland forests. Forest stands with the largest trees, and
greatest total basal area, were located near the river in forested wetland zones I and 11.
Mean size of individual trees and total basal area decreased moving away from the river
into the upland where stands were composed of more numerous, younger trees. Mean
tree and shrub densities in the forested wetlands were similar to eastern hardwood
swamps (Ehrenfeld and Gulick 1981), but considerably less than some southern
bottomlands and subtropical areas (Conner et al. 1981, Pool et a1. 1977). Mean basal area
was greater in southern Michigan forested wetlands than in most mixed hardwood
floodplain forests (Brinson 1990), including southern lowland forests in Wisconsin
(Curtis 1959). Basal area was not statistically different from continuous silver maple and
elm dominated floodplain stands in New Brunswick (Prince 1968). Poor understory
development in southern Michigan forested wetlands was consistent with references
made to the reduced shrub and sapling densities of many riverine forests (Conner et al.

1981, Smith 1996, Bledsoe and Shear 2000). Unfavorable growth conditions in the

34

forested wetland understory are likely due to light limitation caused by high canopy
closure (Marks and Harcombe 1981), and to seasonal flooding (Bell 1974).

Like the vegetation structure, vegetation composition was different between
forested wetland and upland habitats. Species richness in most sites was much greater in
upland areas than in the wetland zones, which had similar numbers of tree and shrub
species. Bledsoe and Shear (2000) and Brinson (1990) documented similar trends in
species richness, where a decrease in site flooding frequency resulted in an increase in the
number of tree and shrub species. Upland forests in southern Michigan supported more
tree species (36 species) than typical stands in southern Wisconsin (29 species) (Curtis
1959). Southern Michigan forested wetlands had similar numbers of tree species as
several other Eastern United States riverine forests, and considerably more species than
most Western US. floodplains (Brinson 1990). For example, 24 tree species were
identified in a New Jersey mixed hardwood floodplain (Frye and Quinn 1979), while a
mixed stand in North Dakota contained only nine (Johnson et al. 1976).

Importance values were greatest for several facultative and obligate wetland
species across all forested wetland zones. Silver maple and green ash were common
dominants within the entire floodplain canopy, with the addition of American elm as a
dominant in the wetter zones of the floodplain (II and III). Buell and Wistendahl (1955)
described a very similar association of trees in the floodplain of the Raritan River, New
Jersey. On the inner floodplain where a series of ridges and poorly drained sloughs were
created through erosion, they found silver maple was the top dominant, followed by red
maple, green ash, and American elm. Similar communities were found along the St.

Lawrence River in Ontario and Quebec, where silver maple dominated forests were

35

associated with riverine sites having low summer water levels; while wetter conditions
supported a combination of silver maple, green ash, American elm, black ash (Fraxinus
nigra), and yellow birch (Betula lutea) (Jean and Bouchard 1993).

The upland zone shared no dominant species with the floodplains, and had fewer
dominant trees and shrubs than in most floodplain areas. Upland dominants included
only sugar maple and red oak, both facultative upland species. These species were also
highly dominant in the mesic and xeric forests of southern Wisconsin (Curtis 1959).

Avian community composition is determined by local food resources, the
availability of suitable territory for breeding and nesting, and the structural composition
of the habitat (Cody 1981, Bibby et al. 1992). Smith (1977) discovered that in forested
habitats, the moisture gradient reflected in the local vegetation structure was an important
factor determining the distribution of the birds. Similarly, Douglas et al. (1992) found
that avian-habitat associations in riparian zones were primarily influenced by vegetation
composition, which was determined by soil moisture. Based on these criteria, we
compared the avian community in two forested habitats, the floodplain wetland and the
adjacent upland, along major river systems in southern Michigan.

Several bird species found utilizing our study areas deserve noting here. The
Acadian Flycatcher and Cerulean Warbler were recorded as breeders in all four survey
zones, while the Prothonotary Warbler was discovered breeding exclusively in the
forested wetland habitat. These three species are historically classified as “unconfirmed
breeders” across most of the southern Michigan region (Brewer et al. 1991). The
Cerulean Warbler and Protonotary Warbler are also “species of concern” for the state of

Michigan, as are several species observed within our sites that were not recognized as

36

breeders within the context of our study. These additional species included the C00per’s
Hawk, Louisiana Waterthrush, and Hooded Warbler (Michigan Natural Features
Inventory 1999). All species of concern within our sites are considered rare or
uncommon in the state (21 to 100 occurances), although the Cooper’s Hawk is bordering
on being secure within Michigan, and the Waterthrush may be more imperiled than the
other species due to its rarity and vulnerability to extirpation from the state. Globally,
these species are all demonstrably secure, being rare only in parts of their ranges. One
species, the Yellow-throated Warbler, is considered “threatened” in Michigan (Michigan
Natural Features Inventory 1999). Although it is globally stable, this warbler is critically
imperiled in the state because of extreme rarity, and was observed only at the two Maple
River sites.

Differences in the breeding bird community were greatest between the forested
wetlands and the upland, where variations in the vegetation structure and composition
were most pronounced. Breeder abundance and richness were greater in the forested
wetlands than within adjacent uplands. This is consistent with the findings of several
studies, which reported that floodplain woodlands supported higher densities of breeding
birds than did wooded uplands (Dickson 1978, Stauffer and Best 1980). However,
Stauffer and Best (1980) found similar numbers of species across both habitats.

A significant number of species responded to the differences between forested
wetlands and uplands by breeding exclusively in one of the two habitats. Birds found
breeding only in the forested wetland were likely utilizing this habitat for several reasons.
Two of the 12 forested wetland breeders, the Least Flycatcher and Prothonotary Warbler,

are known to nest in relatively mature deciduous forests and are sensitive to forest

37

fragmentation (Adams 1995). The wetland stands in southern Michigan were older and
often encompassed larger areas than the adjacent upland forests. The wetlands had
abundant snags surrounded by contiguous forest, which is essential nesting structure for
Red-headed Woodpeckers (Brewer et al. 1991). Red-tailed hawks were also found
breeding exclusively in the wetlands in our study. These hawks were likely responding
to the large deciduous trees and snags available for nesting sites in the wetland study
areas, and not necessarily avoiding the upland zone. Southern Michigan rivers and
adjacent floodplains offer nesting and brooding protection for waterfowl, such as the four
species identified in this study (Canada Goose, Wood Duck, Mallard, Hooded
Merganser) (Bellrose 1980). Tree Swallows, Northern Rough-winged Swallows,
Warbling Vireos, and Belted Kingfishers were observed most often along river banks,
where they are likely to nest and forage (Brewer et al. 1991).

As compared to the forested wetlands, upland stands provided more suitable
breeding habitat for several avian species. Three of the upland breeders require dense
shrub cover for nesting, a structure more characteristic in the uplands (Brewer et al.
1991). American Goldfinches, Common Yellowthroats, Willow F lycatchers, and
Yellow-billed Cuckoos were found mainly at sites with young trees and an abundance of
shrubs. Ground nesters, such as the American Woodcock, Blue-winged Warbler, and
Ovenbird require the high, dry substrate of the upland zone (Brewer et al. 1991).

Twenty-two breeding species were observed 25 or more times in at least one
survey zone over the duration of the study. Sixteen of these species were also found in
Wakely and Roberts’ (1996) investigation of bottomland hardwoods along the Cache

River in Arkansas. Densities were similar in both studies of forested wetlands for

38

Northern Orioles, White-breasted Nuthatches, Eastern Wood-Pewees, Red-eyed Vireos,
Gray Catbirds, Northern Cardinals, Wood Thrushes, and American Goldfinches.
Southern Michigan riverine forests had higher densities of American Redstarts, Common
Grackles, Blue Jays, and Red-winged Blackbirds; and lower densities of Blue-gray
Gnatcatchers, Tufted Titrnice, Downy Woodpeckers, and Great-crested F lycatchers than
in Arkansas (Wakely and Roberts 1996).

Almost 50% of the most abundant species had significantly higher breeding
densities within the forested wetlands than in the adjacent upland. Song Sparrows were
the most abundant species within all three zones of the forested wetland, and had over 2
birds ha“1 in forested wetland 1. Two other highly abundant species (American Robin and
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher) also had their highest densities near the river. Several species
exhibited preference for the adjacent forested wetland zones, including Black-capped
Chickadees, Brown Creepers, Blue Jays, and Eastern Wood-Pewees. White-breasted
Nuthatches, Downy Woodpeckers, and Great-crested Flycatchers were found in fairly
equal densities across the riverine forests. In forests along the Kalamazoo River, Song
Sparrows were also reported to have the highest density (2.5 birds ha") of all birds
observed over the duration of the study (Adams et al. 1995). Compared to our study,
Adams et al. (1995) found slightly lower densities for Blue-gray Gnatcatchers, Downy
Woodpeckers, Great-crested F lycatchers, and Brown Creepers; higher densities for Song
Sparrows, American Robins, Black-capped Chickadees, Blue Jays, and Eastern Wood-
Pewees; and a similar density for White-breasted Nuthatches. Only two of the highly
abundant species, American Goldfinch and the Common Yellowthroat, were observed in

significantly higher densities in the upland areas.

39

Although most structural attributes and vegetation composition were similar for
the forested wetland survey zones, the river corridor in forested wetland I had a distinct
influence on avian community composition. These findings were similar to the
observations of Sanders and Edge (1998) and Whitaker and Montevecchi (1999). Of the
53 breeding species detected at southern Michigan sites, 83% of these were found in
forested wetland 1. Approximately one-third of the breeding birds having significantly
different densities across zones preferred forested wetland I over other wetland and
upland areas. Seven species of low abundance (Least Flycatcher, Eastern Phoebe, Tree
Swallow, Northern Rough-winged Swallow, Warbling Vireo, Northern Parula Warbler,
and Prothonotary Warbler) were found in greater numbers near the river than in all other
areas.

The breeding bird community within forested wetland I is not simply the result of
an “edge effect”, or due to the open canopy structure over the river corridor. If this were
the case, we would have found a similar composition and density of bird species at the
Maple River 1 site within forested wetland III plot #3, which is adjacent to an open field
upland plot. However, no Prothonotary Warblers or Least Flycatchers were found within
plot #3; and American Robins, Blue-gray Gnatcatchers, Eastern Phoebes, Northern
Rough-winged Swallows, Tree Swallows, and Warbling Vireos all had greatly reduced
densities within plot #3 as compared to the river zone plots at this site (no Northern
Parula Warblers were found at the Maple River 1 site). Therefore, cutting within the
forested wetlands would not attract the same host of breeding species, or species in equal

densities, as along the forested river conidor.

40

Avian species richness, species composition of the local bird community, and
densities of individual species were markedly different between forested wetlands and
adjacent uplands. Riparian zones in Michigan not only act as movement corridors for
many birds (Whitaker and Montevecchi 1999), but are important breeding habitats for an
array of avian species not always found in upland sites. There is a recognized need to
maintain these riparian zones across the United States because of the multiple benefits
they provide for wildlife (Brinson et al 1981). This is true in southern Michigan, where

riparian areas provide crucial avian habitat for many species.

41

Appendix A. List of 47 tree species and 49 shrub species found on 39
vegetation quadrats (1800 m2 for trees, 900 m2 for shrubs; 10 quadrats in

each forested wetland zone and 9 quadrats in the upland zone) sampled within
southern Michigan study sites. Species are grouped by common genera
and are listed for each survey zone (Billington 1949, Barnes et al. 1981,

Voss 1985 and 1996).

 

Trees

Shrubs

 

WM

Acer negunda L.d

A car rubrum L.c

A cer saccharinum L.d
Carpinus caraliniana Walterc
Carya cardifarmis (Wang) K.Kochc
Celtis accidentalis L.c

Cercis canadensis L.b

Camus alternifalia L. f.a
Crataegus sp. *

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshalld
Gleditsia triacanthas L.c
Juglans nigra L.‘

Lindera benzain (L.) Blumed
Marus rubra L.c

Platanus accidentalis L.d
Papulus deltaides Marsh.°
Prunus seratina Ehrh.b

Prunus virginiana L.c

Quercus bicaIar Willd.d
Quercus rubra L.b

Rabim'a pseudaacacia L.b
Salix amygdalaides Anderssond
Sambucus canadensis L.d

Tilia americana L.b

Ulmus americana L.d

Ulmus rubra Muhl.c

Hflmstcdflefland
Acer negunda L.d
Acer rubrum L.c

Acer saccharinum L.d

Acer negunda L.d

Carya avata (Miller) K. Kochb
Celtis accidentalis L.c
Cephalanthus accidentalis L.c
Camus alternifalia L. f.’
Camus stalinifera Michauxd
Crataegus sp. *

Diervilla sp. "'

F raxinus pennsylvanica Marshalld
Lindera benzain (L.) Blumed
Rubus accidentalis L.‘

Rubus strigasus Michauxd
Sambucus canadensis L.d
Staphylea trifalia L.c

Ulmus americana L.d

Ulmus rubra Muhl.c

Vibemum apulus L.d

Acer rubrum L.c
Carpinus caraliniana Walterc

Cephalanthus accidentalis L.°

 

42

Appendix A (cont'd).

 

Trees

Shrubs

 

WW
Acer saccharum Marsh.b

Carpinus caraliniana Walter“
Carya cardrfarmis (Wang) K.Kochc
Carya laciniasa (Michaux f.) G. Don“
Celtis accidentalis L.“

Camus alternifalia L. f.“

Crataegus sp. "

F raxinus americana L.b

F raxinus nigra Marshall“

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Hamamelis virginiana L.b

Platanus accidentalis L.“

Papulus deltaides Marsh.c

Quercus bicalar Willd.“

Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm.c
Salix amygdalaides Andersson“
Salix nigra Marsh.“

T ilia americana L.b

Ulmus americana L.“

Wild

Acer negunda L.“

Acer rubrum L.“

Acer saccharinum L.“

Acer saccharum Marsh.b

Carpinus caraliniana Walter“
Carya cardifarmis (Wang) K.Koch“
Carya Iaciniasa (Michaux f.) G. Don“
Celtis accidentalis L.“

Camus alternifalia L. f.“

Crataegus sp. *

F agus grandifalia Ehrh.b

F raxinus americana L.b

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Lindera benzain (L.) Blume“

Malus pumila Miller“

Camus flarida L.b

Camus faemina Miller“

Diervilla sp. "

F rarinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray“
Lindera benzain (L.) Blume“
Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Kochb
Quercus bicalar Willd.“

Rasa palustris Marsh.“

Sambucus canadensis L.“
Staphylea trifalia L.“

Ulmus amen'cana L.“

Vibemum apulus L.“

Carpinus caraliniana Walter“
Carya lacim’asa (Michaux f.) G. Don“
Celtis accidentalis L.“
Cephalanthus accidentalis L.“
Camus amamum Miller“

Camus faemina Millerd

Diervilla sp. *

F raxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Lindera benzain (L.) Blume“
Quercus bicalar Willd.d
Staphylea trifalia L.“

T ilia americana L.b

Ulmus americana L.“

Vibemum Ientaga L.“

Vibemum apulus L.“

 

43

Appendix A (cont'd).

 

Trees

Shrubs

 

Wow
Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch“
Platanus accidentalis L.“
Prunus virginiana L.“

Quercus bicalar Willd.“

Salix amygdalaides Andersson“
Salix nigra Marsh.“

Sambucus canadensis L.“

T ilia americana L.“

Ulmus americana L.“

Ulmus rubra Muhl.“

13211218131!

Acer negunda L.“

Acer nigrum Michaux f.“

A cer rubrum L.“

Acer saccharinum L.“

A car saccharum Marsh.“

Asimina trilaba (L.) Dunal“
Carpinus caralim'ana Walter“
Catya cardrfarmis (Wang) K.Kochc
Carya avata (Miller) K.Koch“
Celtis accidentalis L.“

Camus flarida L.“

Crataegus sp. *

Fagus grandifalia Ehrh.“

F raxinus americana L.“

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Hamamelis virginiana L.“

Juglans cinerea L.“

Juglans nigra L.“

Lindera benzain (L.) Blume“
Malus pumila Miller“

Marus rubra L.“

Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch“
Pinus strabus L.“

Papulus deltaides Marsh.“

Acer nigrum Michaux f.“

Acer rubrum L.“

Acer saccharum Marsh.“

Asimina trilaba (L.) Dunal“
Carpinus caraliniana Walter“
Carya cardifannis (Wang) K. Koch“
Carya avata (Miller) K. Koch“
Cephalanthus accidentalis L.“
Camus altemifalia L. f.“

Camus amamum Miller“

Camus flarida L.“

Camus faemina Miller“

Camus stalinifera Michaux“
Crataegus sp. *

Diervilla sp. *

F agus grandifalia Ehrh.“

F raxinus americana L.“

F raxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Hamamelis virginiana L.“
Juglans nigra L.“

Lindera benzain (L.) Blume“
Malus pumila Miller‘i

Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch“
Papulus deltaides Marsh.“

 

44

Appendix A (cont'd).

 

Trees

Shrubs

 

maximal

Papulus tremulaides Michaux“
Prunus seratina Ehrh.“
Prunus virginiana L.“
Quercus alba L.“

Quercus bicalar Willd.d
Quercus caccim'a Muenchh.a
Quercus rubra L.“

5011'): exigua Nutt.“

Salix nigra Marsh.“

Sassafras albidum (N utt.) Nees“
Tilia americana L.“

Ulmus americana L.“

Ulmus rubra Muhl.“

Prunus seratina Ehrh.“
Prunus virginiana L.“
Ptelea trifaliata L.“
Quercus alba L.“
Quercus bicalar Willd.“
Quercus rubra L.“
Ribes cynasbatti L.‘I
Rosa palustris Marsh.“
Rosa spp“

Rubus accidentalis L.II
Rubus strigasus Michaux“
Salix exigua Nutt.“
Staphylea trifalia L.“
Tilia americana L.“
Ulmus americana L.“
Ulmus rubra Muhl.“
Vibemum apulus L.“l
Vitis riparia Michaux“

Zanthaxylum americanum Miller‘

 

I"Similar species grouped into genera.

“Upland; almost always occurs in uplands (>99% probability)

“Facultative Upland; usually occurs in non-wetlands (1%-33% probability in wetlands)

cFacultative; equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (34%-66% probability)

“Facultative Wetland; usually occurs in wetlands (67%-99% probability in wetlands)

“Obligate; almost always occurs in wetlands under natural conditions (>99% probability)

45

Appendix B. List of 47 tree species and 49 shrub species found on

vegetation quadrats (1800 m2 for trees, 900 m2 for shrubs; 2 quadrats per
zone per site except Red Cedar upland-l quadrat) sampled within each
southern Michigan study site. Species are grouped by common genera
and are listed for each survey zone (Billington 1949, Barnes et al. 1981,

Voss 1985 and 1996).

 

Trees

Wand

Acer negunda L.d

Acer saccharinum L.“

Celtis accidentalis L.c

Crataegus sp. *

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Gleditsia triacanthas L.c

Juglans nigra L.“

Lindera benzain (L.) Blumed
Marus rubra L.c

Platanus accidentalis L.“
Prunus virginiana L.c
Sambucus canadensis L.d

T ilia americana L.“

Ulmus americana L.d
Ulmus rubra Muhl.“

WM

Acer saccharinum L.d

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Platanus accidentalis L.“

Salix amygdalaides Andersson“

. d
Ulmus amencana L.

Wand

Acer negunda L.“

Acer saccharinum L.“

Celtis accidentalis L.c

Camus altemifalia L. f.“
Crataegus sp. "

Fraxinus pennsylvam’ca Marshall“
Lindera benzain (L.) Blume“

AlleganjtaieflameArea

Shrubs

Acer negunda L.d

Celtis accidentalis L.c
Cephalanthus accidentalis L.“
Camus stalinifera Michauxd
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Lindera benzain (L.) Blumed
Rubus accidentalis L.“
Rubus strigasus Michaux“
Sambucus canadensis L.d
Staphylea trifalia L.c
Ulmus americana L.d

Ulmus rubra Muhl.c

Lindera benzain (L.) Blumcd

Cephalanthus accidentalis L.“
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Lindera benzain (L.) Blumed
Sambucus canadensis L.“

. d
Ulmus amerzcana L.

 

46

Appendix B (cont'd).

 

AW

Trees

WW
Sambucus canadensis L.“
Ulmus americana L.“

Ulmus rubra Muhl.c

ISL-Upland

Acer rubrum L.“

Acer saccharinum L.“

Acer saccharum Marsh.“
Caminus caroliniana Walter“
Carya cordiformis (Wang) K.Kochc
Cornusflorida L.“

Crataegus sp. "'

Fraxinus americana L.“
Hamamelis virginiana L.“
Juglans cinerea L.“

Juglans nigra L.“

Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume“
Pinus strobus L.“

Papulus tremuloides Michaux“
Prunus serotina Ehrh.“
Prunus virginiana L.c
Quercus alba L.“

Quercus rubra L.“

Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees“
T ilia americana L.“

Ulmus americana L.“
Ulmus rubra Muhl.“

Shrubs

Acer rubrum L.“

Acer saccharum Marsh.“

Carpinus caroliniana Walterc
Carya cordiformis (Wang) K. Koch“
Cephalanthus occidentalis L.“
Comusflorida L.“

Camus foemina Miller“

Crataegus sp. "

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.“

Fraxinus americana L.“

Hamamelis virginiana L.“

Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume“

Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch“
Prunus serotina Ehrh.“

Prunus virginiana L.c

Ribes cynosbatti L.‘I

Ulmus americana L.“

Vibernum opulus L.“

Zanthoxylum americanum Millera

 

Trees

L-Eoresledflenand
A cer rubrum L.“

. d
Acer saccharmum L.
Carpinus caroliniana Walter“

Shrubs

Celtis occidentalis L.“

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume“

47

Appendix B (cont'd).

 

Carya cordiformis (Wang) K.Kochc
Celtis occidentalis L.“

Cercis canadensis L.“

Fraxinus pennsylvam'ca Marshall“
Platanus occidentalis L.“

Prunus virginiana L.c

Quercus bicolor Willd.“

Quercus rubra L.“

T ilia americana L.“

. d
Ulmus amerzcana L.

W

Acer rubrum L.“

Acer saccharinum L.“

Acer saccharum Marsh.“

Caminus caroliniana Walter“
Catya cordzformis (Wang) K.Kochc
Fraxz'nus americana L.“

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Hamamelis virginiana L.“
Quercus bicalar Willd.“

Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm.c
T ilia americana L.“

. d
Ulmus amertcana L.

WM

Acer rubrum L.c

Acer saccharinum L.“

Acer saccharum Marsh.“

Caminus caroliniana Walter“
Carya cordiformis (Wang) K.Kochc
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.“

Fraxinus americana L.“

Fraxz’nus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch“

Shrubs

Staphylea trzfolia L.“

Acer rubrum L.“

Carpinus caroliniana Walter“
Cephalanthus occidentalis L.c
Camus florida L.“

Camus foemina Miller“

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray“

Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume“

0sttya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch“
Quercus bicalar Willd.“
Staphylea trifolia L.“

. d
Ulmus amencana L.

Carpinus caroliniana Walter“
Cephalanthus occidentalis L.“
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume“
Quercus bicalar Willd.“
Staphylea trifolia L.“

T ilia americana L.“

. d
Ulmus amerzcana L.

 

48

Appendix B (cont'd).

 

Prunus virginiana L.“
Quercus bicalar Willd.d
Tilia americana L.“

. d
Ulmus amerzcana L.

Dbl-Inland

Acer saccharinum L.“

Acer saccharum Marsh.“

Asimina trilaba (L.) Dunal“
Carpinus caraliniana Walter“
Carya cardzfarmis (Wang) K.Kochc
Crataegus sp. "‘

Fagus grandifalia Ehrh.“

Fraxinus americana L.“

Fraxinus pennsylvam'ca Marshall“
Lindera benzain (L.) Blume“
Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch“
Prunus seratina Ehrh.“

Quercus bicalar Willd.“

Quercus rubra L.“

. . . b
T zlza amencana L.

. d
Ulmus amerlcana L.

Shrubs

Acer saccharum Marsh.“

Asimina trilaba (L.) Dunalc
Carpinus caraliniana Walter“
Cephalanthus accidentalis L.“
Camus flarida L.“

Camus faemina Miller“

Camus stalinifera Michaux“
Fagus grandifalia Ehrh.“
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Hamamelis virginiana L.“
Lindera benzain (L.) Blume“
Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch“
Prunus seratina Ehrh.“

Rosa palustris Marsh.“

Salix exigua Nutt.c
Staphylea trifalia L.“

 

ManleRixenStateflameAmJ

Trees

Shrubs

 

W

Acer negunda L.“

Acer saccharinum L.“

Carya cardifarmis (Wang) K.KochC
Celtis accidentalis L.“

Crataegus sp. *

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“

Platanus accidentalis L.“
Papulus deltaides Marsh.“

Carya avata (Miller) K. Koch“
Celtis accidentalis L.“
Cephalanthus accidentalis L.c
Crataegus sp. *

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“

Vibemum apulus L.“

Appendix B (cont'd).

 

 

mmmmmmmuummm
Trees Shrubs
WW3)

Quercus bicalar Willd.“

WW

Acer saccharinum L.“

Carya Iacim'asa (Michaux f.) G. Dond
Platanus accidentalis L.“

Papulus deltaides Marsh.“

. d
Ulmus amerzcana L.

Wand

Acer saccharinum L.“

Carya laciniasa (Michaux f.) G. Dond
Celtis accidentalis L.“

Crataegus sp. *

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Malus pumila Miller“

Quercus bicalar Wind.d

Ulmus americana L.“

Ulmus rubra Muhl.c

W

Acer negunda L.“

Fraxinus americana L.“

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Papulus deltaides Marsh.“

Salix exigua Nutt.“
Ulmus americana L.“

Cephalanthus accidentalis L.“

Fraxinus pennsylvam'ca Marshall“

Carya lacim'asa (Michaux f.) G. Don“

F raxinus pennsylvam'ca Marshall“

Camus amamum Miller“
Fraxinus americana L.“
Papulus deltaides Marsh.“
Rosa palustris Marsh.“
Salix exigua Nutt.“

WW

Trees

Wand
Acer negunda L.“

Acer saccharinum L.“
Celtis accidentalis L.“

Shrubs

. d
Sambucus canadenszs L.

Vibemum apulus L.“

 

50

Appendix B (cont'd).

 

 

WWW
Trees Shrubs
W

Crataegus sp. "'
Fraxinuspennsylvanica Marshall“
Juglans nigra L."I

Papulus deltoides Marsh.c
Quercus bicalar Willd.“

. d
Ulmus amerzcana L.

W

Acer saccharinum L.d

Fraxinus nigra Marshall“
Fraxinuspennsylvanica Marshall“
Quercus bicolor Willd.“

Salix nigra Marsh.°

. d
Ulmus amencana L.

W

Carya cordiformis (Wang) K.Kochc
Celtis occidentalis L.c

Crataegus sp. "'

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Quercus bicolor Willd.“

Salix nigra Marsh.c

. d
Ulmus amerzcana L.

wand

Acer negundo L.“

Acer nigrum Michaux f.b

Acer rubrum L.c

Acer saccharum Marsh.b

Caminus carolim'ana Walterc
Catya cordiformis (Wang) K.Kochc
Carya ovata (Miller) K.Kochb
Celtis occidentalis L.c

Crataegus sp. “
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.b

Cephalanthus occidentalis L.e
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume“

Vibemum apulus L.“

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume“

Vibernum apulus L.“

Acer nigrum Michaux f.b

Carpinus caroliniana Walter“

Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Kochc
Carya ovata (Miller) K. Kochb
Camus alternifolia L. f.“
Cornusfoemina Miller“

Crataegus sp. *

Fraxinus americana L.b

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Juglans nigra L.b

 

5l

Appendix B (cont'd).

 

WW

Shrubs

 

Fraxinus americana L.“

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Juglans cinerea L.“

Juglans nigra L.“

Malus pumila Miller“I

Morus rubra L.“

Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Kochb
Prunus serotina Ehrh.“

Prunus virginiana L.c

Quercus alba L.“

Quercus bicalar Willd.“

Quercus coccim'a Muenchh.“
Quercus rubra L.“

T iIia americana L.“

Ulmus americana L.“

Ulmus rubra Muhl.“

Malus pumila Miller“l

Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch“
Prunus serotina Ehrh.“

Quercus alba L.“

Quercus bicalar Willd.“

Quercus rubra L.“

Ribes cynosbatti L.“

Rosa palustris Marsh.“

Rosa spp“

Rubus accidentalis L.“

Rubus strigosus Michaux“
Staphylea trifolia L.“

T iIia americana L.“

Ulmus americana L.“

Ulmus rubra Muhl.“

Vibemum apulus L.“

Vitis riparia Michaux“
Zanthoxylum americanum Miller“

 

WW

Trees

WW
Acer negundo L.“

Acer saccharinum L.“
Celtis occidentalis L.c
Camus altemtfolia L. f.“
Crataegus sp. *

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Platanus occidentalis L.“
Papulus deltoides Marsh.“
Prunus serotina Ehrh.“
Robinia pseudoacacia L.“

Salix amygdaloides Andersson“
Ulmus americana L.“

Shrubs

Cephalanthus occidentalis L.“
Camus altemifolia L. f.“I
Diervilla sp. "'

Rubus strigosus Michaux“
Staphylea trifolia L.“
Vibemum apulus L.“

Appendix B (cont'd).

 

WWW

Shrubs

 

Acer negundo L.“

Acer saccharinum L.“

Cellis occidentalis L.c

Camus altemifolia L. f.“
Crataegus sp. *

F raxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Papulus deltoides Marsh.“

Salix amygdaloides Andersson“

. d
Ulmus amerzcana L.

Wand

Acer negundo L.“

Acer saccharinum L.“

Crataegus sp. "

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Salix amygdaloides Anderssond

. d
Ulmus amerzcana L.

IYleland

Acer negundo L.“

Acer saccharinum L.“

Acer saccharum Marsh.“
Crataegus sp. “

Fraxinus americana L.“
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall“
Juglans cinerea L.“

Juglans nigra L.“

Malus pumila Miller“
Papulus deltoides Marsh.“
Prunus serotina Ehrh.“
Quercus alba L.“

Quercus coccinia Muenchh.a
Quercus rubra L.“

Salix nigra Marsh.e
Ulmus americana L.“

Cephalanthus occidentalis L.“
Diervilla sp. *

Fraxinus pennsylvam'ca Marshall“
Rosa palustris Marsh.e

Vibemum apulus L.“

Celtis occidentalis L.“
Cephalanthus occidentalis L.“
Camus amamum Miller“
Comusfoemina Miller“
Diervilla sp. *

Vibemum Ientago L.c

Camus altemifolia L. f.a
Comusfoemina Miller“
Diervilla sp. *

Fraxinus americana L.“
Prunus serotina Ehrh.“
Ptelea trifoliata L.“
Quercus rubra L.“

Salix exigua Nutt.“

Appendix B (cont'd).

 

WM
Trees Shrubs

Ulmus rubra Muhl.c

*Similar species grouped into genera.

“Upland; almost always occurs in uplands (>99% probability)

bFacultative Upland; usually occurs in non-wetlands (l%-33% probability in wetlands)
cFacultative; equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (34%-66% probability)
“Facultative Wetland; usually occurs in wetlands (67%-99% probability in wetlands)

cObligate; almost always occurs in wetlands under natural conditions (>99% probability)

54

Appendix C. Importance values for tree species and shrub species found in forested
wetland and upland survey zones in southern Michigan study sites. Maximum
importance values =3OO for trees, and =200 for shrubs in each survey zone.

 

Importance Value
I-Forested II-Forested III-Forested

 

Species Wetland Wetland Wetland IV-Upland
Trees

Acer negunda L. 16 4 7 3
Acer nigrum Michaux 0 O 5
Acer rubrum L. 4 9 7 4
Acer saccharinum L. 104 98 7O 8
Acer saccharum Marsh. 0 2 3 35
Asimina trilaba (L.) Dunal 0 0 O l
Caminis caraliniana Walter 9 12 15 7
Carya cardifarmis (Wang) K.Koch S 2 5 10
Carya lacim'asa (Michaux f.) G. Dan 0 2 2 O
Carya avata (Miller) K.Koch 0 O 0 3
Celtis accidentalis L. 11 3 6 l
Cercis canadensis L. 2 O O 0
Camus alternifalia L. f. 1 2 1 O
Camus flarida L. 0 O O 4
Crataegus sp. "‘ 1 l 4 l4 9
Fagus grandifalia Ehrh. 0 0 4 12
Fraxinus americana L. O 2 3 23
Fraxinus nigra Marshall 2 O 0
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall 46 75 91 5
Gleditsia triacanthas L. 2 O O O
Hamamelis virginiana L. 0 2 O 12
Juglans cinerea L. 0 O O 2
Juglans nigra L. 5 O 0 6
Lindera benzain (L.) Blume 5 0 3 2
Malus pumila Miller 0 O 1 3
Moms rubra L. l O O l
Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch 0 O 1 8
Firms strabus L. O O 0 3
Platanus accidentalis L. 10 8 3 0
Papulus deltaides Marsh. 13 8 0 18
Papulus tremulaides Michaux 0 O O 4
Prunus seratina Ehrh. 1 O O 13

 

55

Appendix C (cont'd).

 

Species

Trees

Prunus virginiana L.

Quercus alba L.

Quercus bicalar Willd.
Quercus caccim'a Muenchh.
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm.
Quercus rubra L.

Rabinia pseudaacacia L.

Salix amygdalaides Andersson
Salix exigua Nutt.

Salix nigra Marsh.

Sambucus canadensis L.
Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees
T ilia americana L.

Ulmus americana L.

Ulmus rubra Muhl.

Shrubs

Acer negunda L.

Acer nigrum Michaux f.

Acer rubrum L.

Acer saccharum Marsh.

Asimina trilaba (L.) Dunal
Carpinus caraliniana Walter

Carya cardifannis (Wang) K. Koch
Carya laciniasa (Michaux f.) G. Don
Catya avata (Miller) K. Koch

Celtis accidentalis L.

Cephalanthus accidentalis L.
Camus altemzfalia L. f.

Camus amamum Miller

Camus flarida L.

Camus faemina Miller

Camus stalinifera Michaux
Crataegus sp. *

Importance Value

 

I—Forested II-Forested III-Forested

Wetland

o—oon-—~ooooo-—-

Nu—s
“mm

WOOOOOOOON

56

Wetland

p—n
goo

ONOONOOOOONO

DJ
on

OOOOOOOO-hOO

1»)
M

0043-3560

Wetland

H
ooo"

uo—no—oooo

DJ
“o

wO-AOOOOOOOO

u—
0‘

OO-hO-bo

IV-Upland

N
wnwo

NNNNONOMMUI

{AD—g

Appendix C (cont'd).

 

Species

I-Forested II-Forested III-Forested

Wetland

Importance Value

Wetland

Wetland

IV -Upland

 

Shrubs

Diervilla sp. "‘

Fagus grandifalia Ehrh.
Fraxinus americana L.
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall
Hamamelis virginiana L.
Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray
Jug/ans m'gra L.

Lindera benzain (L.) Blume
Malus pumila Miller

Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch
Papulus deltaides Marsh.
Prunus seratina Ehrh.
Prunus virginiana L.

Ptelea trifaliata L.

Quercus alba L.

Quercus bicalar Willd.c
Quercus rubra L.

Ribes cynasbatti L.

Rosa palustris Marsh.

Rosa sp. *

Rubus accidentalis L.
Rubus strigasus Michaux
Salix exigua Nutt.
Sambucus canadensis L.
Staphylea trifalia L.

T ilia americana L.

Ulmus americana L.

Ulmus rubra Muhl.
Vibemum lentaga L.
Vibemum apulus L.

Vitis riparia Michaux
Zanthaxylum americanum Miller

LII
A

OflmOOOOOOOOOOOO

57

M
Lit

oooooo-nonoooooc-ooa-ooooosso

26

00
000

OOWMOflA-hOOOOOOOOONOOOOOOO

~w—MMNN——~OOJ>M~\I~O&MVOWO\

—AONU~J\JNO:

u—n
O

Appendix D. Total number of logs recorded in riverine floodplain and adjacent upland
survey zones across all southern Michigan study sites. All logs within the 39

vegetation quadrats (1800 m2) and with a diameter greater than lOcm were counted.

 

 

 

Survey Zone
I-Forested II-Forested III-Forested
Log Width (cm)'I Wetland Wetland Wetland 4-Upland

10 108 293 228 84
20 76 l 95 1 24 43

3 0 23 40 52 30
4O 6 l 2 20 1 3
50 10 3 5 7

6O 2 l 2 l

70 1 0 2 O

80 0 0 0 3

90 0 0 1 l
100 O l 0 l
120 0 0 l 0

l 40 0 0 l 0

1 90 O O l 0
200 O O 0 1
All 226 545 437 l 83

Mean Density (logs ha")" 132.9b 320.6a 257.6a 133.5b

 

aLog Width = the largest diameter (cm) of the fallen tree in lOcm size classes.
bMean densities followed by the same letter have statistically similar values.

58

Appendix B. List of bird species observed over all southern Michigan forested wetland
and upland study areas (including within plot, outside of plot, and between plot
records) during the 1998 and 1999 breeding bird seasons (Scott 1987).

 

 

Family Species Common Name
Ardeidae Ardea heradias Linnaeus Great Blue Heron

Butarides virescens (Linnaeus) Green Heron
Anatidae Branta canadensis Linnaeus Canada Goose

Aix spansa (Linnaeus) Wood Duck

Anas platyrynchas Linnaeus Mallard

Anas discars Linnaeus Blue-winged Teal

Laphadytes cucullatus Linnaeus Hooded Merganser
Cathartidae Cathartes aura (Linnaeus) Turkey Vulture
Accipitridae Accipiter caaperii (Bonaparte) Cooper's Hawk

Phasianidae

Buteajamaicensis (Gmelin)

Phasianus calchicus Linnaeus

Red-tailed Hawk

Ring-necked Pheasant

Meleagris gallapava Linnaeus Wild Turkey
Calinus virginianus (Linnaeus) Northern Bobwhite
Gruidae Grus canadensis (Linnaeus) Sandhill Crane
Charadriidae Charadrius vaciferus Linnaeus Killdeer
Scolopacidae Actitis macularia (Linnaeus) Spotted Sandpiper
Scalapax minor Gmelin American Woodcock
Columbidae Columba livia Gmelin Rock Dove
Zenaida macroura (Linnaeus) Mourning Dove
Cuculidae Coccyzus erythrapthalmus (Wilson) Black-billed Cuckoo
Caccyzus americanus (Linnaeus) Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Strigidae Buba virginianus (Gmelin) Great Horned Owl
Strix varia Barton Barred Owl
Apodidae Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus) Chimney Swifi
Trochilidae Archilacus calubris (Linnaeus) Ruby-throated Hummingbird
Alcedinidae Ceryle aIcyan (Linnaeus) Belted Kingfisher
Picidae Melanerpes erythracephalus (Linnaeus) Red-headed Woodpecker
Melanetpes caralinus (Linnaeus) Red-bellied Woodpecker
Picaides pubescens (Linnaeus) Downy Woodpecker
Picaides villasus (Linnaeus) Hairy Woodpecker

 

59

Appendix E (cont'd).

 

 

Family Species Common Name

Picidae (cont’d) Calaptes auratus (Linnaeus) Northern Flicker
Dryacapus pileatus (Linnaeus) Pileated Woodpecker

Tyrannidae Cantopus virens (Linnaeus) Eastern Wood-Pewee

Hirundinidae

Empidanaxflaviventris (Baird & Baird)
Empidanax virescens (V ieillot)
Empidanax alnarum Brewster
Empidanax traillii (Audubon)
Empidanax minimus (Baird & Baird)
Sayamis phoebe (Latham)

Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus)
Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus)

Prague subis (Linnaeus)

T achycineta bicalar (V ieillot)
Stelgidapteryx serripennis (Audubon)
Hirunda rustica Linnaeus

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher
Acadian Flycatcher

Alder Flycatcher

Willow Flycatcher

Least Flycatcher

Eastern Phoebe

Great Crested Flycatcher
Eastern Kingbird

Purple Martin
Tree Swallow
Northern Rough-winged Swallow
Barn Swallow

Corvidae Cyanacitta cristata (Linnaeus) Blue Jay
Corvus brachyrynchas Brehm. American Crow
Paridae Parus atricapillus Linnaeus Black-capped Chickadee
Parus bicalar Linnaeus Tufted Titmouse
Sittidae Sitta caralinensis Latham White-breasted Nuthatch
Certhiidae Certhia americana Bonaparte Brown Creeper
Troglodytidae fliryatharus ludavicianus (Latham) Carolina Wren
Troglodytes aedan Vieillot House Wren
Muscicapidae Regulus calendula (Linnaeus) Ruby-crowned Kinglet
Poliaptila caerulea (Linnaeus) Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
Sialia sialis (Linnaeus) Eastern Bluebird
Catharusfitscescens (Stephens) Veery
Catharus minimus (Lafresnaye) Gray-cheeked Thrush
Catharus ustulatus (Nuttall) Swainson's Thrush
Hylacichla mustelina (Gmelin) Wood Thrush
T urdus migratarius Linnaeus American Robin
Mimidae Dumetella caralinensis (Linnaeus) Gray Catbird
T axastama rufilm (Linnaeus) Brown Thrasher
Bombycillidae Bambycilla cedrarum Vieillot Cedar Waxwing
Stumidae Stumus vulgaris Linnaeus European Starling

 

60

Appendix E (cont'd).

 

 

Family Species Common Name
Vireonidae Vireo solitarius (Wilson) Solitary Vireo
Vireaflavifrans Vieillot Yellow-throated Vireo
Vireo gilvus (Vieillot) Warbling Vireo
Vireo philadelphicus (Cassin) Philadelphia Vireo
Vireo alivaceus (Linnaeus) Red-eyed Vireo
Emberizidae Vermivara pinus (Linnaeus) Blue-winged Warbler

Vermivara chrysaptera (Linnaeus)
Vermivara peregrina (Wilson)
Vermivara celata (Say)

Vermivara ruficapilla (Wilson)
Parula americana (Linnaeus)
Dendraica petechia (Linnaeus)
Dendraica pensylvanica (Linnaeus)
Dendraica magnolia (Wilson)
Dendraica tigrina (Gmelin)
Dendraica caerulescens (Gmelin)
Dendraica coronata (Linnaeus)
Dendraica virens (Gmelin)
Dendraicafiisca (Muller)
Dendraica dominica (Linnaeus)
Dendraica castanea (Wilson)
Dendraica cerulea (Wilson)
Mniatilta varia (Linnaeus)
Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus)
Pratanataria citrea (Boddaert)
Seiurus auracapillus (Linnaeus)
Seiurus navebaracensis (Gmelin)
Seiurus matacilla (V ieillot)
Oparamis philadelphia (Wilson)
Geathlypis trichas (Linnaeus)
Wilsam'a citrina (Boddaert)
Piranga alivacea (Gmelin)
Cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus)
Pheucticus ludavicianus (Linnaeus)
Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus)
Pipila erythraphthalmus (Linnaeus)
Spizella passerina (Bechstein)
SpizeIIa pusiIIa (Wilson)
Passerculus sandwichensis (Gmelin)
Melaspiza meladia (Wilson)
Zanatrichia albicallis (Gmelin)
Dalichanyx aiyzivaraus (Linnaeus)
Agelaius phaeniceus (Linnaeus)
Stumella magna (Linnaeus)

Quiscalus quiscula (Linnaeus)
Malathrus ater (Boddaert)

61

Golden-winged Warbler
Tennessee Warbler
Orange-crowned Warbler
Nashville Warbler
Northem Parula Warbler
Yellow Warbler
Chesnut-sided Warbler
Magnolia Warbler

Cape May Warbler
Black-throated Blue Warbler
Yellow-rumped Warbler
Black-throated Green Warbler
Blackbumian Warbler
Yellow-throated Warbler
Bay-breasted Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Black-and-white Warbler
American Redstart
Prothonotary Warbler
Ovenbird

Northern Waterthrush
Louisiana Waterthrush
Mourning Warbler
Common Yellowthroat
Hooded Warbler

Scarlet Tanager
Northern Cardinal
Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Indigo Bunting

Eastern Towhee
Chipping Sparrow

Field Sparrow

Savannah Sparrow

Song Sparrow
White-throated Sparrow
Bobolink

Red-winged Blackbird
Eastern Meadowlark
Common Grackle
Brown-headed Cowbird

Appendix E (cont'd).

 

Family Species
Emberizidae (cont'd) Icterus galbula (Linnaeus)

Fringillidae Carpadacus mexicanus (Muller)
Carduelis tristis (Linnaeus)

Passeridae Passer damesticus (Linnaeus)

62

Common Name
Northern Oriole

House Finch
American Goldfinch

House Sparrow

Appendix F. List of bird species observed at each southern Michigan study site in
forested wetland and upland study areas (including within plot, outside of plot, and
between plot records) during the 1998 and 1999 breeding seasons (Scott 1987).

 

 

AlleganfitatefiameArea
Family Species Common Name
Ardeidae Ardea heradias Linnaeus Great Blue Heron
Anatidae Branta canadensis Linnaeus Canada Goose
Aix spansa (Linnaeus) Wood Duck
Anas platyrynchas Linnaeus Mallard
Laphadytes cucullatus Linnaeus Hooded Merganser
Cathartidae Cathartes aura (Linnaeus) Turkey Vulture
Accipitridae Buteajamaicensis (Gmelin) Red-tailed Hawk
Phasianidae Meleagris gallapava Linnaeus Wild Turkey
Gruidae Grus canadensis (Linnaeus) Sandhill Crane
Charadriidae Charadrius vaciferus Linnaeus Killdeer
Cuculidae Coccyzus americanus (Linnaeus) Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Strigidae Strix varia Barton Barred Owl
Apodidae Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus) Chimney Swift
Trochilidae Archilacus calubris (Linnaeus) Ruby-throated Hummingbird
Alcedinidae Ceryle alcyan (Linnaeus) Belted Kingfisher
Picidae Melanerpes caralinus (Linnaeus) Red-bellied Woodpecker
Picaides pubescens (Linnaeus) Downy Woodpecker
Picaides villasus (Linnaeus) Hairy Woodpecker
Calaptes auratus (Linnaeus) Northern Flicker
Dryacopus pileatus (Linnaeus) Pileated Woodpecker
Tyrannidae Contapus virens (Linnaeus) Eastern Wood-Pewee
Empidanax virescens (V ieillot) Acadian Flycatcher
Empidanax alnarum Brewster Alder Flycatcher
Empidanax minimus (Baird & Baird) Least Flycatcher
Sayamis phoebe (Latham) Eastern Phoebe
Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus) Great Crested Flycatcher
Hirundinidae T achycineta bicalar (V ieillot) Tree Swallow

Hirunda rustica Linnaeus

63

Barn Swallow

Appendix F (cont'd).

 

 

AlleganStateflameAreuconfld)
Family Species Common Name
Corvidae Cyanacitta cristata (Linnaeus) Blue Jay
Corvus brachyiynchas Brehm. American Crow
Paridae Parus atricapillus Linnaeus Black-capped Chickadee
Paras bicalar Linnaeus Tufted Titmouse
Sittidae Sitta caralinensis Latham White-breasted Nuthatch
Certhiidae Certhia americana Bonaparte Brown Creeper
Muscicapidae Paliaptila caerulea (Linnaeus) Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
Hylacichla mustelina (Gmelin) Wood Thrush
T urdus migratorius Linnaeus American Robin
Mimidae Dumetella caralinensis (Linnaeus) Gray Catbird
Bombycillidae Bambycilla cedrarum Vieillot Cedar Waxwing
Vireonidae Vireo salitarius (Wilson) Solitary Vireo
Vireaflavifrans Vieillot Yellow-throated Vireo
Vireo gilvus (V ieillot) Warbling Vireo
Vireo alivaceus (Linnaeus) Red-eyed Vireo
Emberizidae Vermivara pinus (Linnaeus) Blue-winged Warbler

Vermivara chrysaptera (Linnaeus)
Vermivara peregrina (Wilson)
Vermivara celata (Say)
Vermivara ruficapilla (Wilson)
Parula americana (Linnaeus)
Dendraica petechia (Linnaeus)
Dendraica pensylvanica (Linnaeus)
Dendraica caranata (Linnaeus)
Dendraica virens (Gmelin)
Dendraicafitsca (Muller)
Dendraica cerulea (Wilson)
Mniatilta varia (Linnaeus)
Setaphaga ruticilla (Linnaeus)
Pratanataria citrea (Boddaert)
Seiurus auracapillus (Linnaeus)
Seiurus navebaracensis (Gmelin)
Seiurus matacilla (V ieillot)
Geathlypis trichas (Linnaeus)
Wilsania citrina (Boddaert)
Piranga aIivacea (Gmelin)
Cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus)
Pheucticus Iudavicianus (Linnaeus)

64

Golden-winged Warbler
Tennessee Warbler
Orange-crowned Warbler
Nashville Warbler
Northern Parula Warbler
Yellow Warbler
Chesnut-sided Warbler
Yellow-rumped Warbler
Black-throated Green Warbler
Blackbumian Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Black-and-white Warbler
American Redstart
Prothonotary Warbler
Ovenbird

Northern Waterthrush
Louisiana Waterthrush
Common Yellowthroat
Hooded Warbler

Scarlet Tanager

Northern Cardinal
Rose-breasted Grosbeak

Appendix F (cont'd).

 

Family

AlleganSiatefiachrealmnfld)

Species

Common Name

 

Emberizidae (cont'd)

Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus)

Pipila erythraphthalmus (Linnaeus)

Spizella passerina (Bechstein)
Spizella pusilla (Wilson)
Melaspiza meladia (Wilson)
Agelaius phaeniceus (Linnaeus)
Quiscalus quiscula (Linnaeus)
Malathrus ater (Boddaert)

indigo Bunting

Eastern Towhee
Chipping Sparrow
Field Sparrow

Song Sparrow
Red-winged Blackbird
Common Grackle
Brown-headed Cowbird

 

 

Icterus galbula (Linnaeus) Northern Oriole
Fringillidae Carduelis tristis (Linnaeus) American Goldfinch
Angustaflmdnlainkeseme
Family Species Common Name
Ardeidae Ardea heradias Linnaeus Great Blue Heron
Anatidae Branta canadensis Linnaeus Canada Goose
Aix sponsa (Linnaeus) Wood Duck
Anas platytynchas Linnaeus Mallard
Cathartidae Cathartes aura (Linnaeus) Turkey Vulture
Accipitridae Accipiter caaperii (Bonaparte) Cooper's Hawk
Buteajamaicensis (Gmelin) Red-tailed Hawk
Phasianidae Meleagris gallapava Linnaeus Wild Turkey
Gruidae Grus canadensis (Linnaeus) Sandhill Crane
Charadriidae Charadrius vaciferus Linnaeus Killdeer
Scolopacidae Actitis macularia (Linnaeus) Spotted Sandpiper
Scalapax minor Gmelin American Woodcock
Columbidae Zenaida macraura (Linnaeus) Mourning Dove
Cuculidae Caccyzus americanus (Linnaeus) Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Trochilidae Archilacus calubris (Linnaeus) Ruby-throated Hummingbird
Alcedinidae Ceryle alcyan (Linnaeus) Belted Kingfisher
Picidae Melanerpes caralinus (Linnaeus) Red-bellied Woodpecker
Picaides pubescens (Linnaeus) Downy Woodpecker
Picaides villasus (Linnaeus) Hairy Woodpecker

 

65

Appendix F (cont'd).

 

Augustafluodplainfiesemicnnfld)
Family Species Common Name
Picidae (cont'd) Calaptes auratus (Linnaeus) Northern Flicker
Tyrannidae Cantapus virens (Linnaeus) Eastern Wood-Pewee
Empidanax virescens (Vieillot) Acadian Flycatcher
Empidanax traillii (Audubon) Willow Flycatcher
Sayomis phoebe (Latham) Eastern Phoebe
Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus) Great Crested Flycatcher
Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus) Eastern Kingbird
Hirundinidae T achycineta bicalar (V ieillot) Tree Swallow
Hirunda rustica Linnaeus Barn Swallow
Corvidae Cyanacitta cristata (Linnaeus) Blue Jay
Corvus brachyrynchas Brehm. American Crow
Paridae Parus atricapillus Linnaeus Black-capped Chickadee
Parus bicalar Linnaeus Tufted Titmouse
Sittidae Sitta caralinensis Latham White-breasted Nuthatch
Certhiidae Certhia americana Bonaparte Brown Creeper
Muscicapidae Paliaptila caerulea (Linnaeus) Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
Catharusfuscescens (Stephens) Veery
Hylacichla mustelina (Gmelin) Wood Thrush
T urdus migratarius Linnaeus American Robin
Mimidae Dumetella caralinensis (Linnaeus) Gray Catbird
Bombycillidae Bambycilla cedrarum Vieillot Cedar Waxwing
Vireonidae Vireo salitarius (Wilson) Solitary Vireo
Vireoflavifians Vieillot Yellow-throated Vireo
Vireo gilvus (V ieillot) Warbling Vireo
Vireo alivaceus (Linnaeus) Red-eyed Vireo
Emberizidae Vermivara peregrina (Wilson) Tennessee Warbler
Vermivara ruficapilla (Wilson) Nashville Warbler
Parula americana (Linnaeus) Northern Parula Warbler
Dendraica petechia (Linnaeus) Yellow Warbler
Dendraica cerulea (Wilson) Cerulean Warbler
Setaphaga ruticilla (Linnaeus) American Redstart
Pratanataria citrea (Boddaert) Prothonotary Warbler
Geathlypis trichas (Linnaeus) Common Yellowthroat
Piranga alivacea (Gmelin) Scarlet Tanager
Cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus) Northern Cardinal

 

66

Appendix F (cont'd).

 

Family

Augusta Elnndnlain RESEDIE (cont'd)

Species

Common Name

 

Emberizidae (cont'd)

Pheucticus ludovicianus (Linnaeus)
Spizella passerina (Bechstein)
Melaspiza meladia (Wilson)
Agelaius phaeniceus (Linnaeus)
Quiscalus quiscula (Linnaeus)
Malathrus ater (Boddaert)

Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Chipping Sparrow

Song Sparrow
Red-winged Blackbird
Common Grackle
Brown-headed Cowbird

 

 

Icierus galbula (Linnaeus) Northern Oriole

Fringillidae Carduelis lristis (Linnaeus) American Goldfinch
W

Family Species Common Name
Ardeidae A rdea heradias Linnaeus Great Blue Heron

Butarides virescens (Linnaeus) Green Heron
Anatidae Branta canadensis Linnaeus Canada Goose

Aix spansa (Linnaeus) Wood Duck

Anas platyrynchos Linnaeus Mallard

Laphadytes cucullatus Linnaeus Hooded Merganser
Accipitridae Buteajamaicensis (Gmelin) Red-tailed Hawk
Phasianidae Phasianus calchicus Linnaeus Ring-necked Pheasant

Meleagris gallapava Linnaeus Wild Turkey

Calinus virginianus (Linnaeus) Northern Bobwhite
Gruidae Grus canadensis (Linnaeus) Sandhill Crane
Charadriidae Charadrius vaciferus Linnaeus Killdeer
Scolopacidae Actitis macularia (Linnaeus) Spotted Sandpiper

Scalapax minor Gmelin American Woodcock
Columbidae Zenaida macraura (Linnaeus) Mourning Dove
Cuculidae Caccyzus erythrapthalmus (Wilson) Black-billed Cuckoo

Caccyzus americanus (Linnaeus) Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Trochilidae Archilacus calubris (Linnaeus) Ruby-throated Hummingbird
Alcedinidae Ceryle aIcyan (Linnaeus) Belted Kingfisher
Picidae Melanerpes erythracephalus (Linnaeus) Red-headed Woodpecker

Melanerpes caralinus (Linnaeus)
Picaides pubescens (Linnaeus)

67

Red-bellied Woodpecker
Downy Woodpecker

Appendix F (cont'd).

 

 

ManleRixeLStatefiameAmfiiconfld)

Family Species Common Name

Picidae (cont'd) Picaides villasus (Linnaeus) Hairy Woodpecker
Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus) Northern Flicker
Dryacapus pileatus (Linnaeus) Pileated Woodpecker

Tyrannidae Cantapus virens (Linnaeus) Eastern Wood-Pewee
Empidanax virescens (Vieillot) Acadian Flycatcher
Empidanax alnarum Brewster Alder Flycatcher
Empidanax traillii (Audubon) Willow Flycatcher
Empidanax minimus (Baird & Baird) Least Flycatcher
Sayomis phoebe (Latham) Eastern Phoebe
Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus) Great Crested Flycatcher
Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus) Eastern Kingbird

Hirundinidae

T achycineta bicalar (V ieillot)
Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Audubon)
Hirunda rustica Linnaeus

Tree Swallow
Northern Rough-winged Swallow
Barn Swallow

Corvidae Cyanocitta cristata (Linnaeus) Blue Jay

Corvus brachyrynchas Brehm. American Crow
Paridae Parus atricapillus Linnaeus Black-capped Chickadee

Parus bicalar Linnaeus Tufted Titmouse
Sittidae Sitta caralinensis Latham White-breasted Nuthatch
Certhiidae Certhia americana Bonaparte Brown Creeper
Troglodytidae Tragladytes aedan Vieillot House Wren
Muscicapidae PaIiaptiIa caerulea (Linnaeus) Blue-gray Gnatcatcher

Catharus minimus (Lafresnaye) Gray-checked Thrush

Hylacichla mustelina (Gmelin) Wood Thrush

Turdus migratarius Linnaeus American Robin
Mimidae Dumetella caralinensis (Linnaeus) Gray Catbird

T axastoma rufum (Linnaeus) Brown Thrasher
Bombycillidae Bambycilla cedrarum Vieillot Cedar Waxwing
Stumidae Stumus vulgaris Linnaeus European Starling
Vireonidae Vireaflavifrans Vieillot Yellow-throated Vireo

Vireo gilvus (Vieillot) Warbling Vireo

Vireo philadelphicus (Cassin) Philadelphia Vireo

Vireo alivaceus (Linnaeus) Red-eyed Vireo

 

68

Appendix F (cont'd).

 

 

 

 

mammflmmam
Family Species Common Name
Emberizidae Vermivara pinus (Linnaeus) Blue-winged Warbler
Vermivara peregrina (Wilson) Tennessee Warbler
Vermivara ruficapilla (Wilson) Nashville Warbler
Dendraica petechia (Linnaeus) Yellow Warbler
Dendraica magnolia (Wilson) Magnolia Warbler
Dendraica tigrina (Gmelin) Cape May Warbler
Dendraica caranata (Linnaeus) Yellow-rumped Warbler
Dendroica virens (Gmelin) Black-throated Green Warbler
Dendraica dominica (Linnaeus) Yellow-throated Warbler
Dendraica cemlea (Wilson) Cerulean Warbler
Mniatilta varia (Linnaeus) Black-and-white Warbler
Setaphaga ruticilla (Linnaeus) American Redstart
Pratanataria citrea (Boddaert) Prothonotary Warbler
Seiurus auracapillus (Linnaeus) Ovenbird
Seiurus navebaracensis (Gmelin) Northern Waterthrush
Oparamis philadelphia (Wilson) Mourning Warbler
Geothlypis trichas (Linnaeus) Common Yellowthroat
Piranga alivacea (Gmelin) Scarlet Tanager
Cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus) Northern Cardinal
Pheucticus Iudavicianus (Linnaeus) Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus) Indigo Bunting
Spizella passerina (Bechstein) Chipping Sparrow
Passerculus sandwichensis (Gmelin) Savannah Sparrow
Melaspiza meladia (Wilson) Song Sparrow
Zonatrichia albicallis (Gmelin) White-throated Sparrow
Dalichanyx aryzivaraus (Linnaeus) Bobolink
Agelaius phaeniceus (Linnaeus) Red-winged Blackbird
Stumella magna (Linnaeus) Eastern Meadowlark
Quiscalus quiscula (Linnaeus) Common Grackle
Malathrus ater (Boddaert) Brown-headed Cowbird
Icterus galbula (Linnaeus) Northern Oriole
Fringillidae Carpadacus mexicanus (Muller) House Finch
Carduelis tristis (Linnaeus) American Goldfinch
ManlaRixerStatefiameAmJ
Family fipwies Common Name
Ardeidae Ardea heradias Linnaeus Great Blue Heron
Anatidae Branta canadensis Linnaeus Canada Goose
Aix spansa (Linnaeus) Wood Duck
Anas platyrynchas Linnaeus Mallard
Anas discars Linnaeus Blue-winged Teal
Laphadytes cucullatus Linnaeus Hooded Merganser

 

69

Appendix F (cont'd).

 

 

ManleRixeLStatefiameAreaLZLcanfld)
Family Species Common Name
Cathartidae Cathartes aura (Linnaeus) Turkey Vulture
Phasianidae Phasianus calchicus Linnaeus Ring-necked Pheasant
Meleagris gallapava Linnaeus Wild Turkey
Gruidae Grus canadensis (Linnaeus) Sandhill Crane
Charadriidae Charadrius vaciferus Linnaeus Killdeer
Scolopacidae Scalapax minor Gmelin American Woodcock
Columbidae Columba livia Gmelin Rock Dove
Zenaida macraura (Linnaeus) Mourning Dove
Cuculidae Caccyzus erythrapthalmus (Wilson) Black-billed Cuckoo
Caccyzus americanus (Linnaeus) Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Strigidae Strix varia Barton Barred Owl
Trochilidae Archilacus calubris (Linnaeus) Ruby-throated Hummingbird
Alcedinidae Ceryle alcyan (Linnaeus) Belted Kingfisher
Picidae Melanerpes caralinus (Linnaeus) Red-bellied Woodpecker
Picaides pubescens (Linnaeus) Downy Woodpecker
Picaides villasus (Linnaeus) Hairy Woodpecker
Calaptes auratus (Linnaeus) Northern Flicker
Dryacopus pileatus (Linnaeus) Pileated Woodpecker
Tyrannidae Cantapus virens (Linnaeus) Eastern Wood-Pewee
Empidanaxflaviventris (Baird & Baird) Yellow-bellied Flycatcher
Empidanax virescens (V ieillot) Acadian Flycatcher
Empidanax minimus (Baird & Baird) Least Flycatcher
Sayomis phoebe (Latham) Eastern Phoebe
Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus) Great Crested Flycatcher
Hirundinidae Pragne subis (Linnaeus) Purple Martin

Corvidae

Paridae

Tachycineta bicalar (Vieillot)

Stelgidapteryx serripennis (Audubon)

Hirunda rustica Linnaeus

Cyanacitta cristata (Linnaeus)
Corvus brachyrynchas Brehm.

Parus atricapillus Linnaeus
Parus bicalar Linnaeus

70

Tree Swallow
Northern Rough-winged Swallow
Barn Swallow

Blue Jay
American Crow

Black-capped Chickadee
Tufted Titmouse

Appendix F (cont'd).

 

 

W

Family Species Common Name
Sittidae Sitta caralinensis Latham White-breasted Nuthatch
Certhiidae Certhia americana Bonaparte Brown Creeper
Troglodytidae Thryotharus ludovicianus (Latham) Carolina Wren

Tragladytes aedan Vieillot House Wren
Muscicapidae Paliaptila caerulea (Linnaeus) Blue-gray Gnatcatcher

Sialia sialis (Linnaeus) Eastern Bluebird

Catharusfitscescens (Stephens) Veery

Catharus ustulatus (Nuttall) Swainson's Thrush

Hylacichla mustelina (Gmelin) Wood Thrush

T urdus migratarius Linnaeus American Robin
Mimidae Dumetella caralinensis (Linnaeus) Gray Catbird

T axastoma rufum (Linnaeus) Brown Thrasher
Bombycillidae Bambycilla cedrarum Vieillot Cedar Waxwing
Stumidae Stumus vulgaris Linnaeus European Starling
Vireonidae Vireaflavifrans Vieillot Yellow-throated Vireo

Vireo gilvus (Vieillot) Warbling Vireo

Vireo alivaceus (Linnaeus) Red-eyed Vireo
Emberizidae Vermivara pinus (Linnaeus) Blue-winged Warbler

Vermivara peregrina (Wilson) Tennessee Warbler

Vermivara ruficapilla (Wilson) Nashville Warbler

Parula americana (Linnaeus) Northern Parula Warbler

Dendraica petechia (Linnaeus) Yellow Warbler

Dendraica pensylvanica (Linnaeus) Chesnut-sided Warbler

Dendraica magnolia (Wilson) Magnolia Warbler

Dendraica tigrina (Gmelin) Cape May Warbler

Dendraica caerulescens (Gmelin)
Dendraica caranata (Linnaeus)

Dendraica virens (Gmelin)
Dendraicafusca (Muller)

Dendraica daminica (Linnaeus)

Dendraica cerulea (Wilson)
Mniatilta varia (Linnaeus)
Setaphaga ruticilla (Linnaeus)

Pratanataria citrea (Boddaert)
Seiurus auracapillus (Linnaeus)
Seiurus navebaracensis (Gmelin)

Seiurus matacilla (V ieillot)

Oparomis philadelphia (Wilson)

71

Black-throated Blue Warbler
Yellow-rumped Warbler
Black-throated Green Warbler
Blackburnian Warbler
Yellow-throated Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Black-and-white Warbler
American Redstart
Prothonotary Warbler
Ovenbird

Northern Waterthrush
Louisiana Waterthrush
Moumirg Warbler

Appendix F (cont'd).

 

 

MapleRixeLStateflameAmfimmld)
Family Species Common Name
Emberizidae (cont'd) Geothlypis trichas (Linnaeus) Common Yellowthroat
Piranga alivacea (Gmelin) Scarlet Tanager
Cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus) Northern Cardinal
Pheucticus ludavicianus (Linnaeus) Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus) Indigo Bunting
Spizella passerina (Bechstein) Chipping Sparrow
Spizella pusilla (Wilson) Field Sparrow

Melaspiza meladia (Wilson)
Zanatrichia albicallis (Gmelin)
Dalichanyx aryzivaraus (Linnaeus)
Agelaius phaeniceus (Linnaeus)
Quiscalus quiscula (Linnaeus)
Malathrus ater (Boddaert)

Icterus galbula (Linnaeus)

Song Sparrow
White-throated Sparrow
Bobolink

Red-winged Blackbird
Common Grackle
Brown-headed Cowbird
Northern Oriole

 

 

F ringillidae Carpadacus mericanus (Muller) House Finch

Carduelis tristis (Linnaeus) American Goldfinch

Wank

Family Species Common Name
Ardeidae Ardea heradias Linnaeus Great Blue Heron

Butarides virescens (Linnaeus) Green Heron
Anatidae Branta canadensis Linnaeus Canada Goose

A ix spansa (Linnaeus) Wood Duck

Anas platyrynchas Linnaeus Mallard

Laphadytes cucullatus Linnaeus Hooded Merganser
Accipitridae Accipiter caaperii (Bonaparte) Cooper's Hawk

Buteajamaicensis (Gmelin) Red-tailed Hawk
Charadriidae Charadrius vaciferus Linnaeus Killdeer
Scolopacidae Actitis macularia (Linnaeus) Spotted Sandpiper

Scalapax minor Gmelin American Woodcock
Columbidae Columba livia Gmelin Rock Dove

Zenaida macraura (Linnaeus) Mourning Dove
Cuculidae Caccyzus erythrapthalmus (Wilson) Black-billed Cuckoo

Caccyzus americanus (Linnaeus) Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Strigidae Buba virginianus (Gmelin) Great Horned Owl
Apodidae Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus) Chimney Swift

 

72

Appendix F (cont'd).

 

 

WWW
Family Species Common Name
Trochilidae Archilacus calubris (Linnaeus) Ruby-throated Hurmningbird
Alcedinidae Cetyle alcyan (Linnaeus) Belted Kingfisher
Picidae Melanerpes erythracephalus (Linnaeus) Red-headed Woodpecker
Melanerpes caralinus (Linnaeus) Red-bellied Woodpecker
Picaides pubescens (Linnaeus) Downy Woodpecker
Picaides villasus (Linnaeus) Hairy Woodpecker
Calaptes auratus (Linnaeus) Northern Flicker
Tyrannidae Cantapus virens (Linnaeus) Eastern Wood-Pewee
Empidanax minimus (Baird & Baird) Least Flycatcher
Sayomis phoebe (Latham) Eastern Phoebe
Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus) Great Crested Flycatcher
Hirundinidae T achycineta bicalar (V ieillot) Tree Swallow
Stelgidapteryx serripennis (Audubon) Northern Rough-winged Swallow
Hirunda rustica Linnaeus Barn Swallow
Corvidae Cyanacitta cristata (Linnaeus) Blue Jay
Corvus brachyrynchas Brehm. American Crow
Paridae Parus atricapillus Linnaeus Black-capped Chickadee
Parus bicalar Linnaeus Tufied Titmouse
Sittidae Sitta caralinensis Latham White-breasted Nuthatch
Certhiidae Certhia americana Bonaparte Brown Creeper
Muscicapidae Regulus calendula (Linnaeus) Ruby-crowned Kinglet
Poliaplila caerulea (Linnaeus) Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
Catharus ustulatus (Nuttall) Swainson's Thrush
Hylacichla mustelina (Gmelin) Wood Thrush
Turdus migratarius Linnaeus American Robin
Mimidae Dumetella caralinensis (Linnaeus) Gray Catbird
Bombycillidae Bambycilla cedrarum Vieillot Cedar Waxwing
Stumidae Stumus vulgaris Linnaeus European Starling
Vireonidae Vireaflavrfrans Vieillot Yellow-throated Vireo

Vireo gilvus (V ieillot)
Vireo alivaceus (Linnaeus)

73

Warbling Vireo
Red-eyed Vireo

Appendix F (cont'd).

 

 

W
Family Species Common Name
Emberizidae Vermivara pinus (Linnaeus) Blue-winged Warbler
Vermivara peregrina (Wilson) Tennessee Warbler
Parula americana (Linnaeus) Northern Parula Warbler
Dendraica petechia (Linnaeus) Yellow Warbler
Dendraica magnolia (Wilson) Magnolia Warbler
Dendraica caranata (Linnaeus) Yellow-rumped Warbler
Dendraica virens (Gmelin) Black-throated Green Warbler
Dendraicafusca (Muller) Blackburnian Warbler
Dendraica castanea (Wilson) Bay-breasted Warbler
Dendraica cerulea (Wilson) Cerulean Warbler
Mniatilta varia (Linnaeus) Black-and-white Warbler
Setaphaga ruticilla (Linnaeus) American Redstart
Seiurus auracapillus (Linnaeus) Ovenbird
Seiurus navebaracensis (Gmelin) Northern Waterthrush
Oparamis philadelphia (Wilson) Mourning Warbler
Geothlypis trichas (Linnaeus) Common Yellowthroat
Piranga alivacea (Gmelin) Scarlet Tanager
Cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus) Northern Cardinal
Pheucticus ludavicianus (Linnaeus) Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus) Indigo Bunting
Spizella passerina (Bechstein) Chipping Sparrow
Melaspiza meladia (Wilson) Song Sparrow
Agelaius phaeniceus (Linnaeus) Red-winged Blackbird
Quiscalus quiscula (Linnaeus) Common Grackle
Malathrus ater (Boddaert) Brown-headed Cowbird
Icterus galbula (Linnaeus) Northern Oriole
Fringillidae Carpadacus mexicanus (Muller) House Finch
Carduelis tristis (Linnaeus) American Goldfinch
Passeridae Passer domesticus (Linnaeus) House Sparrow

 

74

Appendix G. Avian breeding densities within forested wetland and upland zones over
all study sites (within plot observations only) during the 1998 and 1999 breeding
seasons. Migrant and transient densities are followed by the related abbreviation.

 

 

 

Avian Density (10'I
I-Forested II-Forested III-Forested

Common Name Wetland Wetland Wetland IV-Upland
Breeder _
Acadian Flycatcher 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.06
American Crow 0.08 0.04 0.11 0.17
American Goldfinch 0.40T 0.20T 0.32T 0.9
American Redstart 0.95 0.56 1.07 0.39
American Robin 0.94 0.88 0.49 0.29
American Woodcock . . . 0.05
Belted Kingfisher 0.01 0.01 0.03 .
Black-capped Chickadee 0.36 0.86 0.83 0.56
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 0.93 0.39 0.52 0.20
Blue-winged Warbler . . . 0.11
Blue Jay 0.14 0.53 0.51 0.25
Brown-headed Cowbird 0.26 0.22 0.27 0.34
Brown Creeper 0.18 0.59 0.35 0.03
Canada Goose 0.13 0.03 . 0.05T
Cerulean Warbler 0.20 0.28 0.23 0.09
Common Grackle 0.43 0.63 0.38 0.32
Common Yellowthroat 0.08T 0.07T 0.07T 0.44
Downy Woodpecker 0.54 0.68 0.49 0.33
Eastern Phoebe 0.12 0.01 0.00 0.02
Eastern Wood-Pewee 0.24 0.43 0.65 0.14
Gray Catbird 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.61
Great Crested Flycatcher 0.47 0.33 0.42 0.10
Hairy Woodpecker 0.22 0.34 0.19 0.04
Hooded Merganser 0.04 . . .
Indigo Bunting 0.18 0.05 0.34 0.22
Least Flycatcher 0.16 0.01 0.02
Mallard 0.29 . . .
Northern Cardinal 0.40 0.18 0.29 0.53
Northern Flicker 0.03 0.11 0.08 0.04
Northern Oriole 0.62 0.35 0.26 0.22
Northern Rough-winged

Swallow 0.06 . . .
Ovenbird 0.00T . . 0. 15
Prothonotary Warbler 0.39 0.17 0.00 .
Red-bellied Woodpecker 0.40 0.46 0.33 0.18
Red-eyed Vireo 0.38 0.47 0.58 0.44
Red-headed Woodpecker 0.03 0.04 .
Red-tailed Hawk . 0.01 0.02 .
Red-winged Blackbird 0.03 0.36 0.09 0.61
Rose-breasted Grosbeak 0.17 0.07 0.18 0.14

 

75

Appendix G (cont'd).

 

 

 

Avian Density (x)'
I—Forested II-Forested III-Forested
Common Name Wetland Wetland Wetland IV-Upland
Breeder (cont'd)
Ruby-throated
Hummingbird 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02
Scarlet Tanager 0. l 3 0.06 0. l 8 0.08
Song Sparrow 2.13 0.94 1.44 0.7
Tree Swallow 0.16 0.03 . .
Tufted Titmouse 0.53 0.47 0.63 0.39
Veery . 0.02 0.02 0.02
Warbling Vireo 0.29 0.03 0.03 .
White-breasted Nuthatch 0.62 0.54 0.59 0.21
Willow Flycatcher . . . 0.06
Wood Duck 0.03 0.07 0.00 .
Wood Thrush 0.03 0.06 0.13 0.41
Yellow-billed Cuckoo 0.07T 0.06T 0.03T 0.06
Yellow-throated Vireo 0.18 0.14 0.10 0.04
Yellow Warbler 0.21 0.11 0.06 0.25
Migrant/Transient
Alder Flycatcher . . 0.02
Barn Swallow 0.04T 0.03T
Bay-breasted Warbler . 0.01T .
Black-and-white Warbler 0.03T 0.05T .
Black-billed Cuckoo 0.02T
Black-throated Green
Warbler 0.01M 0.02M 0.02M
Black-throated Blue
Warbler . 0.02M
Blackbumian Warbler 0.03M 0.05M
Brown Thrasher . . 0.03T
Carolina Wren 0.01T . 0.00T .
Cedar Waxwing 0.40T 0.10T 0.12T 0.18T
Cooper's Hawk . . 0.03T
European Starling 0.14T 0.03T .
Field Sparrow . 0.02T
Golden-winged Warbler 0.01T .
Great Blue Heron 0.01T 0.01T .
House Sparrow 0.03T .
House Wren . . 0.03T
Magnolia Warbler 0.01T 0.01T 0.03T
Mourning Dove 0.03T . 0.02T
Mourning Warbler 0.01M . 0.02M .
Nashville Warbler 0.06M 0.03M 0.10M 0.03M
Northern Parula Warbler 0.04M . .
Northern Waterthrush 0.01 M 0.02M
0.02M

Orange-crowned Warbler

 

76

Appendix G (cont'd).

 

 

 

Avian Density (x)'

I-Forested II-Forested III-Forested
Common Name Wetland Wetland Wetland IV-Upland
Migrant/Transient (cont'd)
Savannah Sparrow . . . 0.02T
Solitary Vireo . 0.02T
Spotted Sandpiper 0.01T
Swainson's Thrush 0.06M . . .
Tennessee Warbler 0.03M 0.01M 0.02M 0.02M
Wild Turkey 0.02T . . .
Yellow-rumped Warbler 0.06T 0.03T 0.06T 0.01T

 

“Non-Breeding Density Abbreviations:
M=Regional migrant
T=Regiona1 breeder (confirmed or unconfirmed) , but transient through survey zone
.=Not observed within plot in the survey zone

77

LITERATURE CITED

Abemethy, Y. and R. E. Turner. 1987. US forested wetlands: 1940-1980. F ield-data
surveys document changes and can guide national resource management.
BioScience 37(10):721-727.

Adams, R. J. Jr., S. Allen, M. A. Evans, and C. Stefanich. 1995. Conservation of bird
populations in riparian forests of southwest Michigan. US. Department of the
Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, USA.

Adamus, P. R., R. D. Smith, and T. Muir. 1990. Manual for assessment of bottomland
hardwood firnctions-operational draft. US. Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, USA.

Albert, D. 1995. Regional landscape ecosystems of Michigan, Minnesota, and
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