PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINE return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE JUL 0 5 2006 012 9 0 6 11/00 chlMpGS—p.“ ASSESSMENT OF RURAL ITS WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS SOLUTIONS By Qingyan Yang A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Civil & Environment Engineering 1 999 ABSTRACT ASSESSMENT OF RURAL ITS WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS SOLUTIONS By Qingyan Yang The US Department of Transportation’s “Rural ITS Program Plan” has established the preliminary ARTS architecture, in which seven Critical Program Areas (CPAs) have been identified. The evaluation of potential Advanced Rural Transportation Systems (ARTS) technical solutions is still underway. Many CPA functions potentially require wireless communications support. However, available wireless communications systems that currently cover urban areas, may not be available in rural areas because of limitations in coverage, capability, or transmission rate. In order to optimally design for the desirable range of ARTS services, it is necessary to analyze in detail and evaluate wireless communication systems and technologies within the rural context. This document offers a review and assessment of the existing and emerging wireless communications systems in light of communications needs for Advanced Rural Transportation System (ARTS) application. The scope of this research includes: 0 Identifying wireless communications functions associated with rural ITS fimctions; o Researching existing and emerging wireless communications technologies; 0 Evaluating wireless communications technologies in terms of rural ITS needs; and 0 Providing recommendations for further rural ITS wireless communications research and operational test issues. DEDICATION To my parents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to thank the US Department of Transportation, F HWA for supporting this research financially, and Mr. Gary G. Nelson of Mitretek System for his valuable contribution to this work. The author wishes to thank Dr. Virginia Sisiopiku for her great advice. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix 1. Introduction 01 1.1 Problem Statement 02 1.2 Literature Review and Expected Results 04 2. Strategies and Methodology 07 2.1 Analysis Model of the National ITS Architecture 07 2.2 Logic Model of Rural Communications Analysis 08 2.3 Analysis and Assessment Procedures 08 3. Generation of Rural Wireless Functions 10 4. Analysis of Rural ITS Operational Scenarios and Assessment of Baseline Wireless Technologies 13 4.1 Rural Safety Operations 14 4.1.1 Description of rural safety operations 14 4.1.2 Critical attribute requirements of related wireless communication functions-45 4.1.3 Assessment of baseline wireless technologies 17 4.1.3.1 Roadside to vehicle broadcast communications (voice / data) 17 4.1.3.2 Vehicle to vehicle interactive communications (data) 17 4.1.3.3 Vehicle based broadcast communications (message) 18 4.1.3.4. Fixed wide area wireless communications (data / voice) 19 4.2 Emergency Response Services (ERS) Scenario 19 4.2.1 Emergency Response Service (ERS) scenario 19 4.2.2 Critical attribute requirements of related wireless communication fimctions 19 4.2.3 Assessment of baseline wireless technologies 20 4.2.3.1 Accidents notification 20 4.2.3.2. Emergency response services 24 4.3 Tourism and Travel Information 26 4.3.1 Tourism and travel information scenario 26 4.3.2 Critical attribute requirements of wireless communication functions ------- 26 4.4 Rural Coordinated Transit Service 28 4.4.1 Rural coordinated transit service scenario 28 4.4.2 Critical attributes of related wireless communication functions 28 4.4.3 Assessment of baseline wireless technologies 29 4.4.3.1 Mobile wide area wireless communications for transit fleet management 29 4.4.3.2 Fixed wide area wireless communications for transit information distribution 30 4.4.3.3 Vehicle based broadcast communications 31 4.5 Rural Public Safety Services 32 4.5.1 Rural public safety service scenario 32 4.5.2 Critical attribute of related wireless communication fimctions 32 4.5.3 Assessment of baseline wireless communications technologies 33 4.5.3.1 Wide area wireless systems for rural enforcement fleet management ------- 33 4.5.3.2. Vehicle to roadside wireless communications 34 4.5.3.3 Vehicle based broadcast 34 4.6 Rural traffic Management, Infrastructure Operation and Maintenance --------- 36 4.6.1. Rural traffic management, infrastructure operation and maintenance scenarios 36 4.6.2 Critical attributes of related wireless communication functions 36 4.6.3 Assessment of baseline wireless communications technologies 37 4.6.3.1 Fixed wide areas wireless communications for data collection and information distribution 37 4.6.3.2 Mobile wide area wireless communications for maintenance fleet management 37 4.6.3.3 Vehicle to roadside wireless communications 39 4.6.3.4 Vehicle based broadcast 40 4.7 Rural Commercial Vehicle Operations 40 4.7.1 Rural Commercial Vehicle Operations scenario 40 4.7.2 Critical attributes of related wireless communication functions 40 4.7.3 Assessment of baseline wireless technologies 41 4.7.3.1 Wide area wireless communications for commercial vehicle fleet management 41 4.7.3.2 Other Commercial Vehicle Operations - DSRC communications ----------- 42 5. Overview of Existing & Emerging Wireless Technologies 45 5.1 Rural Wireline Services 47 5.2 Rural Wireless Services 47 5.2.1 Rural radio telephone service 47 5.2.2 Rural cellular systems 48 5.2.3 Analog / d9igital microwave systems 48 5.2.4 MMDS (also MDS, ITF S and WCS) - wireless cables 49 6. Generation of Matching Matrix 50 7. Assessment Candidate Wireless Technologies — Concept and, Goal and Criteria 52 7.1 Goals of Assessing Candidate Wireless Solutions 52 7.2 Assessment Criteria 53 7.2.1 Candidate Technology maturity 54 7.2.2 Technology deployment time frames 55 7.2.3 Technology feasibility 55 7.2.4. Technology cost effective 56 7.2.5 Technology deployment priorities 57 7.3 Potential Quantitative Assessment Model 57 8. Assessment of Rural Wireless Solutions — Summary of Results 59 8.] Vehicle to Vehicle Wireless Communications 59 vi 8.2 Roadside to Vehicle Broadcast Wireless Communications 61 8.2.1 Site-specific roadside warnings 61 8.2.2 Remote controlled roadside broadcast 61 8.2.3 Wide area advisory broadcast communications 62 8.3 Mobile wide area wireless communications 64 8.3.1 Passenger vehicle mobile wide area wireless commmiications 64 8.3.2 Personal communications device (PCD) 66 8.3.3 Commercial vehicle fleet management 67 8.3.4 Transit vehicle fleet management 69 8.3.5 Maintenance fleet management 70 8.3.6 Enforcement fleet management 72 8.3.7 Emergency response vehicle fleet management 74 8.4 Fixed Wide Area Wireless Communications 77 8.4.1 Communications links to roadside facilities 78 8.4.2 Rural Traveler information accessing 80 8.4.3 Inter-agency information exchanging 81 8.5 Vehicle to roadside short range wireless communications 84 8.6 Vehicle Location 86 8.6.1 Vehicle location for fleet management 86 8.6.2 Vehicle location for Mayday and E-911 fimctions 87 9. Summary of Rural Wireless Solutions 89 9.1 Statewide Multi-agency Cooperative Wireless Networks 89 9.2 Probe Data Collection Institutional Issues 89 9.3 Compatibility & Interoperability with Nearby Urban System 90 9.4 Development of Rural Telecommunications Infrastructure 91 9.4.1 Development of 3rd generation cellular systems 91 9.4.2 Rural LMDS and WLL services 92 9.4.3 Rural satellite services 92 10. Conclusions 95 Appendix A: Refined Rural Wireless Functions and Their Constraints -------- -- 97 Appendix B: Summary of Candidate Wireless Technologies 101 Appendix C: Matching Matrix of Rural Wireless Functions and Candidate Wireless Systems & Technologies 127 Appendix D: Rural Wireless Functions’ Attributes and Wireless Systems’ Attributes, and Attributes’ Matching l3 0 Appendix E: Solution Trade-off of Rural Wireless Functions 134 Appendix F: Solution Time Frame of Rural Wireless Functions 137 Appendix G: Preliminary Recommendations for Further Research and Operational Tests 143 REFERENCES 148 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Relationship Between Rural Transportation Operational Scenarios and Wireless Functions 16 Table 2 Current HAR Technologies 18 Table 3 Non-automated Accidents Notification Approaches 23 Table 4 Available Pre-trip & En route Information Distribution Technologies ----- 27 Table 5 Assessment of Current Baseline Rural Transit Wireless Technologies ----30 Table 6 Assessment of Current Transit Information Distribution Technologies ----31 Table 7 Assessment of Baseline Technologies of Rural Enforcement Operations --35 . Table 8 Assessment of Baseline Data Collection & Distribution Wireless Technologies 38 Table 9 Assessment of Baseline Maintenance Wireless Technologies 39 Table 10 Assessment of Baseline CVO Fleet Management Wireless Technologies 42 Table 11 Candidate Wireless Systems & Technologies 46 Table 12 Communication Functional and System Attributes Matching ------------- 51 Table 13 Solution Trade-off of Vehicle-to-vehicle Communications Functions ---- 60 Table 14 Hybrid Solution of Wide Areas Advisory Broadcast 62 Table 15 Solution Trade-off of Roadside to Vehicle Broadcast Function ---------- 63 Table 16 Hybrid Solution of Passenger Vehicle Mobile Wide Area Wireless Communications 65 Table 17 Hybrid Solution of PCDs 67 Table 18 Hybrid Solution of Commercial Fleet Management 68 Table 19 Hybrid Solution of Transit Fleet Management 70 Table 20 Hybrid Solution of Maintenance Fleet Management 71 Table 21 Hybrid Solution of Enforcement Fleet Management 73 Table 22 Hybrid Solution of ERS Fleet Management 75 Table 23 Solution Trade-off of Mobile Wide Area Wireless Communications Functions 76 Table 24 Hybrid Solution of Dedicated Communications Links 80 Table 25 Hybrid Solution of Rural Traveler Information Access 81 Table 26 Hybrid Solution of Inter-agency Information Exchanging 82 Table 27 Solution Trade-off of Fixed Wide Area Wireless Communications Function 83 Table 28 Solution Trade-off of DSRC Functions 85 Table 29 Solution Trade-off of Vehicle Location Functions 88 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Logic of Specifying Rural ITS Communications Functions 09 Figure 2 Analysis Sequence of Rural Wireless Communication Functions and Requirements Analysis 11 Figure 3 Working Procedure of the Generation of Matching Matrix 50 Figure 4 Concept of Assessment of Rural Wireless Communications Functions -- 53 ix Assessment of Rural ITS Wireless Communications Solutions 1. Introduction Advanced Rural Transportation Systems (ARTS) intends to utilize developing ITS technologies to improve safety and efficiency of rural surface transportation systems. The US. Department of Transportation’s “Rural ITS Program Plan” has established the preliminary ARTS architecture, in which seven Critical Program Areas (CPAs) have been identified. The evaluation of potential ARTS technical solutions is still underway. Though many CPA functions potentially require some types of wireless communications support, wireless communications systems that currently cover urban areas, may not be fully suitable for application in rural areas. This is due to limitations in coverage, capability or transmission rate. Thus, optimal design for ARTS services requires detail analysis and further evaluation of wireless communication systems and technologies under the rural environment. This research assesses existing and emerging wireless communications systems in light of the communications needs for Advanced Rural Transportation System (ARTS) applications. The scope of this research includes: 0 Identification of wireless communications functions associated with rural ITS functions and estimation of requirements for applicable communication technologies; 0 Review of existing and emerging wireless communications systems and technologies; 0 Evaluation of wireless communications systems and technologies with respect to rural fii’féhwfl :1. ITS needs; and Development of recommendations for further rural ITS wireless communications research and operational test issues. 1.1 Problem Statement In general, rural transportation systems experience the following operational burdens: Typical rural roads include non-divided two-lane facilities with less frequent maintenance. Rural roads serve diverse user groups that have different service and information needs. For example, the main concern of distance travelers maybe unfamiliarity with the surroundings, whereas local residents worry more about isolation. Complex geographic features (steep grades, blind corners, curves, few passing lanes, etc.) and adverse weather conditions may impose driving difficulties in rural mountain areas. Travel speed in rural settings show large variance. Driver fatigue due to long distance driving may contribute to rural accidents. Unlike urban areas experiencing heavy congestion problems, rural congestion is concentrated in tourist hot spots, etc. with local, seasonal and event-related features. The rural highway system involves high unit costs for service delivery, maintenance, and operations. Public transportation services in rural areas are limited or non-existent. The small operation of rural transit and paratransit systems lacks service coordination and faces challenges of price, cost and availability. 0 The emergency response service in rural areas requires more detection and response time than in urban areas. 0 Rural roadways report fewer multiple vehicle accidents than urban roadwaysand a high proportion of single vehicle accidents. Also, animal related accidents mostly occur in rural areas. Thus a need exists for deployment of advanced ITS technologies to improve travel safety and reduce the consequences from traffic incidents in rural areas. Obviously, communications capabilities are the backbone of this process. It is important to stress that the low demand and market penetration of information services in rural areas makes ITS deployment there more difficult. The major problem is that while Wireline communications network support is readily available in urban areas, it is typically non-existent in rural environments. In summary, current rural communications services have the following features. 0 Low density of population in rural area results in low market penetration of rural commercial terrestrial communication service, even for telephone, cable TV, and cellular, which are very common in urban areas. 0 The costs of information services and power supply are high in isolated rural areas. 0 Rugged terrain in rural areas affects reliability of radio propagation and coverage of effective wireless communication and positioning. 1.2 Literature Review and Expected Results The National ITS Architecture identifies a wide range of communications requirements, interface and implementation options for ITS ftmctions. It defines the interfaces between the subsystems, the communications necessary for implementing these interfaces, as well as the potential communications load estimation based on different operational scenarios (e.g., urban, inter-city and mountain areas). The communications documentation provides a good overview Of possible uses Of various existing and emerging communications technologies, and is considered as one of the best references in designing ITS related communication applications. In particular, at least the following aspects in the National ITS Architecture could not fully satisfy the requirements of rural ITS communications function analysis. 0 The Communications Part of the National ITS Architecture primarily makes recommendations concerning the type of existing and emerging communications. It neither prescribes a design for implementation of ITS systems, nor focusses on detailed solutions under particular ITS operational scenarios. Thus, it does not fully consider rural transportation operational features. 0 Several considerations concerning communications solutions need to be addressed in greater detail. The practical solution should not only meet the technical performance requirements, but also consider reliability, cost effectiveness, as well as early deployment possibility. For example, even when the communication performance analysis shows that a certain technology can afford the growing requirements of various ITS services, the availability of this communications technology in rural areas may limit the application Opportunities. 0 Due to the non-maturity of the technology, vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communications were not addressed in detail in the National ITS Architecture. These communications do play an important role in several rural ITS applications scenarios. 0 The communications technologies, especially the wireless ones, are rapidly being developed; many new systems and technologies are not fully covered by the National ITS Architecture. Besides the National ITS Architecture documents, there are other documents that focused on the discussion of potential ITS communications solutions. Reference [1] overviewed current rural telecommunications infrastructure situations; [2] investigated the detailed implementation of effective in-vehicle warning systems that can satisfy the rural transportation environments. Reference [3] discussed the three types of emerging wireless technologies (e.g., PCS, DSRC and Vehicle-to-vehicle communications) and their potential technical feasibility in ITS applications. Meanwhile, there are many ITS operational tests that assessed communications planning, technical performance feasibility, and well as the radio propagation environment affects in rural ITS applications [3][4][5][6][7]. These test results will further benefit the future rural ITS communications design and solution selections. On the other hand, none of these studies provides a detailed analysis of the communications requirements for rural ITS applications, the full footprint review of current and emerging wireless technologies, as well as the assessment of potential rural applicable wireless solutions for rural ITS applications. To bridge this gap this research address the following aspects: 0 Description of wireless communications functions associated with rural ITS applications and their function attributes requirements; 0 Summary of existing and emerging wireless communications systems and technologies; 0 Assessment of candidate wireless communications in terms of rural ITS needs; and 0 Recommendations for further research and operational tests. 2. Strategies and Methodology 2.1 Analysis Model of the National ITS Architecture The National ITS Architecture provided the framework for integration of transportation and telecommunication functions to enable the effective implementation of various ITS user services. Since there are multiple communications technologies available, the flexibility in choosing the solution among various applicable technologies can facilitate the satisfaction of the application needs. This resulted in one of the most important concepts in the National ITS Architecture, based on which the whole architecture could be leveraged into three inter-connected but relatively independent layers: the institutional, transportation and telecommunication layers. The major benefit of this concept is to minimize the risk and cost of deployment, and maximize the market penetration, as well as the early deployment of ITS service [8]. The transportation layer represents the collection of transportation fimctions, or ITS user services, while the communication layer contains the collections of communication supporting functions. These two layers are connected in terms of the data flows defined in the transportation layer and associated with the communications services in the communication layer [8]. Also, the same data flow can be supported in several different ways by the communication layer, which means multiple communication technologies solutions. 2.2 Logic Model of Rural Communications Analysis Within the National ITS Architecture framework, the rural ITS is considered as the extension of the interoperable ITS in the rural environment. The logic model in Figure 2 describes the relationship of rural communication functions and rural transportation operations. In more detail: 0 The transportation layer, under the rural environment context, specifies the functions required by the rural ITS user services. 0 The communications layer, under the rural environment context, specifies rural wireless communication functions. 0 The required rural wireless communication functions and the rural environment context describe communications systems and technical attributes, and the technologies that supply those attributes. 2.3 Analysis and Assessment Procedures Based on the logic model presented in Figure 2, the actual core analysis procedure in this study includes: 0 Generation of rural wireless functions; 0 Analysis of rural ITS applications scenarios; 0 Overview of existing and emerging wireless technologies; 0 Generation of matching matrix between needs and candidate technologies; and National ITS Arch. Rural ITS N Transportation - I Layer l Rural Rural ITS Context Functions $ Communication | Layer ‘T ’ - 1 Rural Wireless L ommunicatio 7 Functions 9 Rural Wireless 1 Communication ( - System & Tech. Figure 1. Logic of Specifying Rural ITS Communications Functions 0 Assessment of candidate wireless technologies for rural ITS applications. The last two steps of the analysis belong to the assessment procedure, which is a combination of qualitative and limited quantitative analyses. More specifically, the generation of a matching matrix between the rural ITS requirements and the technology candidates are based on the comparison of the rural ITS function attributes and existing and emerging wireless systematic attributes as determined by a qualitative analysis. Moreover, the assessment of candidate wireless technologies is based on the satisfaction of wireless candidate solutions toward particular rural ITS applications (fimctions). A limited quantitative analysis is introduced to rank the applicable level of candidates. 3. Generation of Rural Wireless Functions Many existing documents investigated rural ITS user needs / requirements and their relationships with ITS user services. The National ITS architecture provided a detailed analysis of communications requirements toward each ITS user services, by matching the rural ITS functions versus ITS user services. Within the rural environment context, the potential wireless communication requirements for each rural ITS function could be initially generated for each Critical Program Areas (CPAs). Then, additional re- organization work is done, based on the analysis logic procedure shown in Figure 3. The generated rural wireless firnctions are shown in Appendix A in a comprehensive table that describes their relationships with rural ITS needs / functions. The classification of rural wireless functions is done based on the following criteria. 1. Level 1 classification was based on type of wireless communications, i.e. 0 Vehicle to vehicle wireless communications; 0 Roadside to vehicle broadcast (short range / local area); 0 Mobile wide area wireless communications; 0 Fixed wide area wireless communications; and 0 Vehicle to roadside wireless communications. An additional function that has relationship with the above wireless functions is the vehicle location frmction. 10 Rural ITS ARTS Program P1 f Needs +— National ITS Architecture I FRelated , 7 Rural Applications unctrons D . . of ATIS Survey escrrptron Rural Wireless Communication Functions l l Rural Wireless Rural Wireless Rural . . . C t t Commumcatrons Functions on ex System Attributes Performance 1? y Re-categorization Wireless Comm. Wireless of Wireless ) System > Communications Functions Technologies Attributes Technology Scanning ——-fl & Matching Figure 2. Analysis Sequence of Rural Wireless Communication Functions and Requirements Analysis 11 2. Level 2 classification is based on different rural wireless application scenarios associated with different user groups. At the same time, the rural operational considerations related to rural wireless functions are summarized. General rural wireless communications constraints include: o Feasibility of adequate monitoring and data collection in sparse areas " 0 Effective and efficient information dissemination for sparse and mountainous region 0 Radio propagation problems in rugged and sparse areas for positioning and communication systems - Needed reliability with acceptable false alarm rate, 0 Needed real-time information and frequency of updating, and o In-vehicle equipment and standard issues for maximum user coverage. In summary, for each rural ITS wireless function, the following aspects are investigated and summarized: - Identified needs I functions. List of rural wireless communication fimctions that are included within this refrned function. - Outputs I outcomes. Summary of the refined wireless communication functions. 0 Information (data) flow. Summary of wireless data flow of each refined fimction. 0 Function Attributes Requirements. Investigation of potential requirements Of refined wireless communications function and its critical level. 12 4. Analysis of Rural ITS Operational Scenarios and Assessment of Baseline Wireless Technologies The rural transportation users could be divided into several user groups with different information and communication concerns and requirements. They are: 0 General Travelers (passenger vehicles, either tourists or local residents); 0 Residents (transit riders); 0 Highway Agencies (including maintenance personnel); 0 Enforcement Agencies (highway patrol, local police, etc.); 0 Emergency Response Service Agencies (including Emergency Response Services (ERS), highway service patrol, fire department, emergency medical service agencies, tow service agencies, etc.); 0 Transit Agencies (rural public transportation providers); 0 Commercial Vehicle Operators (commercial motor carriers); and 0 Information Service Providers (third part of information service providers). Based on different user groups, and their different information and service needs, rural transportation operation was divided in the following scenarios for detailed investigation of rural wireless functions’ attributes under certain operational environments. 0 Rural safety operation scenario; 0 Rural Emergency Response Service (ERS) scenario; 0 Rural tourism & traveler information service scenario; 0 Rural coordinated transit service scenario; l3 0 Rural public safety service scenario; 0 Rural traffic operation and infrastructure maintenance scenario; and 0 Rural commercial vehicle operations scenario. The rural wireless functions based on each scenario are analyzed based on the following requirements: 0 Identification of the priority requirements of wireless communication firnctions; o Specialization of particular wireless function attributes requirements; and 0 Assessment of current baseline wireless technologies in rural ITS applications. The relationship between the rural transportation operational scenarios and related wireless functions is shown in Table l. The following sections summarize the main results of the analysis and focus on baseline wireless technologies assessment. 4.1 Rural Safety Operations 4.1.1 Description of rural safety operations One of the major goals, of rural ITS is to improve safety and security of rural transportation. Generally, the following types of operational structures are used in this scenario: 0 Site-specific roadside to vehicle warning systems; 0 En route vehicle based warning systems; 14 Remote controlled roadside warning systems; and Remote controlled security monitoring (which are discussed later under the rural public safety service scenario). 4.1.2 Critical attribute requirements of related wireless communication functions The following rural wireless communications functions are involved in at least one of the rural safety operational scenario: Vehicle to vehicle interactive communications (data); Vehicle based broadcast communications (data / message); Roadside to vehicle broadcast communications (voice); Vehicle to roadside DSRC (data); and Fixed wide area wireless communications (data / voice). Specifically, the following aspects should be carefully considered: Communication range for effective roadside event-activated warning; Communications range for vehicle based safety warnings; Vehicle to vehicle communications operational modes; Reliability issues for safety warnings; and Portability of communications systems for flexible operation. 15 Table 1 Relationship Between Rural Transportation Operational Scenarios and Wireless Functions Rural Wireless Functions Rural Transportation Scenarios Safet ERS Traveler Transit Law Traffic CVO y Info. Enforcement Mgt. Vehicle-to-vehicle X comm. Vehicle based X X X X X X X broadcast communications Self—organized roadside X to vehicle broadcast Remote controlled X X X X roadside to vehicle broadcast Wide area advisory X X X X broadcast Passenger vehicles X X X wide area mobile communication Maintenance fleet X management Commercial vehicle X fleet management Transit fleet X management Enforcement vehicles X X fleet management Emergency response X vehicles fleet management Personal communication X X X X X X devices Dedicated wireless X X X X links to roadside facilities Rural pre-trip X information access Inter-agency information X X X X X X exchanging Intersection collision X avoidance En route vehicle probe report ln-vehicle sign X X X Commercial vehicle X operations Vehicle priority signal X X X X control Vehicle Location X X X X X X l6 4.1.3 Assessment of baseline wireless technologies 4.1.3.1. Roadside to vehicle broadcast communications (voice / data) For site-specific and remote controlled roadside to vehicle warning systems, currently applicable approaches include 0 Roadside static warning signs; 0 Roadside warning flashing beacons (some in combination with roadside sensors); 0 Variable Message Signs (V MS) (some in combination with roadside sensors); 0 Roadside Highway Advisory Radios (HAR) (some in combinations with road side sensors); and 0 Proposed in-vehicle sign systems. The latter two approaches need roadside to en route vehicles wireless communications support. Current operation of HAR systems includes flash beacons that are located upstream, outside of the HAR communications range, to alert drivers to tune to the HAR channel for warning information. Obviously, this is not suitable to safety related roadside to vehicle warnings. The summary of HAR features is presented in Table 2. 4.1.3.2 Vehicle to vehicle interactive communications (data) Several vehicle-to-vehicle communications prototype systems have been proposed [2][9][10][11]. The only tested vehicle-to-vehicle interactive communications system is in the California PATH project [10], which aimed to demonstrate Automated Highway System technologies. The objective of this effort is to increase the capacity of urban l7 congested fieeway systems through automation of vehicle control. This system is not suitable for the rural transportation scenario, where congestion only occurs in small part of system and inter-vehicle safety is the most important issue. Table 2 Current HAR Technologies HAR Application Features Advantages Limitations Licensed User available in-vehicle Limited coverage Analog voice system receiver Low voice quality AM radio band (530—1700 kHz) Low-cost installation Interference with nearby Maximum message length 60 surroundings seconds; Available frequencies Coverage : Non-automated 0 rural rolling terrain, 3-5 activation miles 0 flat rural areas, 6-8 miles 0 mountainous area 1-2 miles Limited power (maximum 10 W) Needs advisory signs 4.1.3.3 Vehicle based broadcast communications (message) Currently, the technology available for vehicle based broadcast warnings is the Safety Warning System (SWS). The operational field test in the rural areas illustrated that the system can effectively warn nearby equipped vehicle [12]. On the other hand, the rural terrain will significantly affect the communications range. Moreover, heavy foliage is expected to affect the system signal propagation performance, which will further reduce the communications range. Finally, since this system works on the police radar frequency band the on-board receiver will work on the same frequency as the radar detector, which is still illegal in several states of the US. 18 4. 1.3. 4. Fixed wide area wireless communications (data / voice) Fixed wide area wireless communications that connect center and roadside facilities will be discussed in the latter section in combination with wireless communications for roadside data collections. 4.2 Emergency Response Services (ERS) Scenario 4.2.1 Emergency Response Service (ERS) scenario In general, the effectiveness of Emergency Response Service (ERS) is measured based on the following three time intervals [13]: 0 Time between crash occurrence and ERS notification (accident notification time); 0 Time from ERS notification to arrival of EMS at the crash scene; and 0 Time from ERS arrival at the crash scene to arrival at the hospital. In this operational scenario, the following two basic functions are addressed: 0 Accidents notification and location determination. 0 Emergency response service and accident data collection. 4.2.2 Critical attribute requirements of related wireless communication functions The following wireless communications functions are involved in the Emergency Response Service scenario: 0 Mobile wide area wireless communications (voice / data); 19 0 Vehicle to roadside DSRC (data) 0 Vehicle based broadcast (message); and o Fixed wide area wireless communications (voice / data). The critical aspects that potentially affect wireless function attributes are further discussed in detail. They are: 0 Accident location accuracy and working mode (Mayday and E-91 1 needs); 0 Critical communications attributes of accident notification (e.g., seamless coverage, low delay, etc.); 0 Critical communications function attributes of coordinated emergency response service (interoperability); and 0 Critical communications function attributes for on site data collection (on-site video transmission). 4.2.3 Assessment of baseline wireless technologies 4. 2. 3. 1 Accident notification 1. Roadside call box system The wireless call boxes use existing cellular network to deliver coded information. The main advantages of the wireless call box systems are their ability to call different agencies in response to different type of assistance needed; and the ability to interface with a variety of communications and sensors technologies through its external communication capability [14]. 20 Due to the large rural mileage of the rural highway system, the full coverage of roadside wireless call box system is limited by effective cellular wireless communication coverage and deployment cost. 2. Mayday systems There exist several commercial Mayday systems that take advantage of existing cellular networks to delivery emergency notification information. The current coverage of cellular systems (90% US population, and 70% US land mass [15]) provide a reasonable deployment coverage of these Mayday systems, but not wide enough to cover sparse rural areas. In addition, several Mayday operational tests have been done. The .test results illustrate that effective location, enough wireless coverage and system reliability are three main problems of current Mayday systems. 3. Enhanced Wireless 911 Systems Based on 1999 figures, there are 70 million cellular phone users [15] in the US, but only a small proportion of them are equipped with in-vehicle Mayday system. Though FCC announced three stages of E-911 deployment blueprint, currently, only 7% of the country has met FCC Phase I needs of the E-911 order (April, 1999) [16]. Most of the Phase II location technologies (e.g., handset-based GPS, AOA, TDOA, hybrids system, and others) are undergoing Operational tests by several vendors. Most of the currently used network-based E-911 systems use the analog AMPS system, 21 which faces the challenge of the developing digital cellular systems. The limited coverage of cellular networks in rural areas will limit these system’s application; meanwhile, the sparse distribution of base stations in rural areas also affects the location capability. The recently FCC announced modification of E—911 rules, which added handset-based location technology for E91] deployment, involves a trade-off that can significantly benefit the rural deployment of E-9ll locations. 4. Alternative communications approaches There are several non-automated accident detection and notification approaches that can be used as alternative communications approaches. A summary of the non-automated options is offered in Table 3. Currently, since wide deployment of Mayday and E-911 systems is not available, the voice based probe reports still play an important role in incidents notification [17][18]. A related study illustrated that, within cellular coverage, the average detection time using cellular phones is lower than roadside call boxes and other types of probe reports [17]. On the other hand, the data communication capability of Specific vehicles, such as law enforcement vehicles, maintenance vehicles, and commercial vehicles will enhance the probe report ability in rural areas. Furthermore, the early deployment of in-vehicle advanced vehicle location (AVL) systems in such types of vehicles is also expected to enhance the probe reporting accuracy. 22 Table 3 Non-automated Accidents Notification Approaches Probes Notification Advantages Limitations Desired Media Additional Capability General Cellular Fast notification in Limited coverage E-9ll Passenger communication Voice only In-vehicle coverage location Commercial CB radio Fast notiTcation in Very limited N/A vehicle communication coverage coverage Voice only Satellite Very good Expensive cost In-vehicle communication coverage Long delay location in rural areas Limited widely applications deployment SMR / ESMR Fast notifihation in Voice only In-vehicle radio communication Communication location coverage routing Data (Interoperability) communicati ons Enforcement LMR/ SMR Fast notification in Communication In-vehicle vehicle radios communication routing location coverage (Interoperability) Maintenance LMR/ SMR Fast notification in Communication In-vehicle vehicle radios communication routing location Cellular coverage (Interoperability) Data communicati ons Other patrol LMR/ SMR Fast notification in Communication In-vehicle service radios communication routing location Cellular coverage (Interoperability) Data communicati ons ”Roadside Landline No need for in- Limited Limited call box wireline vehicle device deployment application in _ Cellular in rural areas rural areas Roadside Landline No need for in- Limited Not suitable facility wireline vehicle device deployment in nrral areas Cellular Limited feasibility of detection algorithm 23 4. 2. 3. 2. Emergency response services (ERS) 1. Mobile wide area wireless communications (voice / data); Currently, most of the emergency response agencies use some type of LMR or SMR systems, most of which are voice-based. Commercial cellular and pager systems are also used as alternatives. In addition, the usage of AVL and on-board computer systems in ERS vehicles requires powerful data communication capability. The current ERS communications experiences the following main problems that need to be overcome: 0 Communication coverage in the rural areas. The ERS wireless system should enable coverage of large rural areas and various types of terrain (e.g., mountains). Reliable communications should be guaranteed. 0 Data communication capability. The current wireless data capability seriously limits the collection and transaction of on-site video information. 2. Vehicle to roadside wireless communications (data) Vehicle to roadside wireless communications are used to actuate signal priority control when emergency response vehicles pass through intersections. This system is mainly used in rural local roads to improve the response time of ERS vehicles. Currently, optical and spread spectrum beacons are used for traffic signal preemption and priority. These beacon systems usually range from 2500 to 3000 feet and do not need high data transmission rate [19][20]. 24 3. Vehicle based broadcast (message) A vehicle based broadcast system allows the ERS vehicles to broadcast warning information to nearby vehicles of their arrival, which can clear the road downstream of the emergency vehicles' path. Currently, audio warning is the typical approach used. Vehicle based message-warning systems, such as Safety Warning System (SWS), started to be tested and deployed in the ERS vehicles [21]. The operational test results of SWS system are discussed in section 3.2.1 .3.3. 4. Fixed wide area wireless communications (voice / data). Currently, most emergency information exchange is through telephone, faxes, e-mail, and limited shared wireless channels. Therefore, information exchange lacks an automated update mechanism, backup communication facilities, as well as inter-comparability communication abilities [22]. Besides institutional issues exist. Inter-agency coordinated communication systems are highly desirable and automated in time information upgrading ability is also important. Besides the wireline infrastructure, microwave radio relay system is a common approach to satisfy point-to—point, or point-to-multi-point high capacity connections. 25 4.3 Tourism and Travel Information 4.3.1 Tourism and travel information scenario Many rural areas are characterized by long distances that complicate the information delivery to travelers in the region. The main focus of user needs is the dissemination of traveler information. Basically, traveler information falls into two broad categories: pre- trip and en-route, though they do share many overlapping areas [7]. 4.3.2 Critical attribute requirements of wireless communication functions For traveler information distribution, the following wireless communications functions could be used. 0 Mobile wide area wireless communications (voice / data) 0 Vehicle to roadside broadcast wireless communications (data) 0 Wide area broadcast (voice / data), and o Fixed wide area wireless communications (data). In addition to communications coverage problems that were mentioned above, specific function attributes for traveler information distribution systems include: 0 Information upgrading rate; and 0 Information delivery capability. 26 Table 4 Available Pre—trip and En Route Information Distribution Technologies Large coverage Interoperability Lack of standardization Baseline Technology Advantages Limitations Additional desired features Variable message En route information Limited locations signs Flexible set up No pro-trip capability HAR En route information Voice only Digital HAR User terminal Limited power FM HAR available Potential interference Limited voice quality No automated activation Commercial broadcast Pre-trip & en route Voice only Digital technology information Non-accurate information (DAB / MMBS) Large coverage Limited access in rural area Coverage extension (Satellite Broadcast) _Weather radio Continuos weather Specific radio Nationwide service information Limited in rural areas FM subcarrier En route information Limited rural coverage Standardization Coverage extension Commercial TV Pre-trip information Non-accurate information Limited coverage in rural area Coverage extension (Directed Broadcast Satellite) Telephone call-in Pre-trip & en route Limited coverage in rural areas Coverage extension (Satellite telephone) Fax Pre-trip Limited coverage in rural Coverage extension areas (Satellite communications) Internet access Pre-trip & en route Limited coverage in rural High speed data Interactive area capability Limited data capability Response time Coverage extension (Satellite communications) Personal Pre-trip & en route Limited rural coverage High speed data Communication Interactive Data capability capability device (e.g., cellular, Coverage extension pager) (Satellite communications) CB radio En route information Limited rural coverage Lack of discipline and control in radio service In-vehicle information system Pre-trip & en route Limited rural coverage Coverage extension (Satellite communications) Roadside kiosks Pre-trip & en route Limited rural coverage Limited update capability Coverage extension (Satellite communications) High speed data capability 27 4.4 Rural Coordinated Transit Service 4.4.1 Rural coordinated transit service scenario Isolation and accessibility to public transportation services are critical concerns to many rural residents. Many rural transit systems have small fleet, which means that technological applications at the level of the individual system may have difficulties and inter-agencies integration or coordination is necessary [23]. The requirement of rural transit communications should support two basic functions: 0 Transit vehicle fleet management; and 0 Transit traveler information service. 4.4.2 Critical attributes of related wireless communication functions The following wireless communications functions are involved in the rural transit operational scenarios. They are 0 Mobile wide area wireless communications (voice / data); 0 Vehicle based broadcast communications (message); and 0 Fixed wide area wireless communications (voice / data). 28 4.4.3 Assessment of baseline wireless communications technologies Traditional static traveler information delivery media include daily newspapers, information brochures and maps, and static signs. In the last decade, communications technologies brought various new information distribution approaches. Table 4 summarizes current available ITS pre-trip and en route information accessing technologies and presents their major advantages and shortcomings. 4.4.3.1 Mobile wide area wireless communications for transit fleet management Transit agencies mainly depend on agency-dependent radio systems, ranging from simple analog systems to sophisticate multiple channel digital trunked systems, in terms of the Size of the transit fleet. Currently, most transit wireless systems have no compatibility with local fire or police department radio systems [24]. Their low band analog systems do not satisfy new emerging data needs such as Automated Vehicle Locations (AVL); whereas the new upgrading systems, such as digital trunked system, started to enhance data service capacities to support this type of functions. Medium to large transit systems also use commercial cellular and pager systems for supervisory and maintenance personnel [24]. New deploying CDPD data services also started to be used for transit vehicle AVL applications. In general, wide area wireless systems currently used by transit systems suffer from the following problems: 29 0 Lack of sufficient rural coverage and system capacity; 0 Lack of data communications capability; and 0 Lack of interoperability with other agencies (e.g., ERS agencies, traffic management agencies). Currently rural transit wireless technologies are summarized in Table 5 [25][26]. Table 5 Assessment of Current Baseline Rural Transit Wireless Technologies Base line wireless Features Limitations Technologies Simple analog / digital Low band VHF (<60 MHz) Limited rural coverage system 150- to 170- MHz band No or limited data 450- to 470- MHz band capability Voice; Limited data capacity; Incompatibility Simplex or duplex; 25 kHz channel space Trunked system (new 400 MHz band, 800 MHz Limited rural coverage updated system band Limited data capability Voice / data; Incompatibility 12.5 or 25 kHz channel space Efficiency of spectrum Group talking & direct mode Support AVL etc functions Analog Cellular Used for voice Limited rural coverage communication Limited data capability Pager One-way notification Limited rural coverage CDPD AVL functions support No voice commrmications Limited rural coverage 4. 4. 3.2 Fixed wide area wireless communications for transit information distribution Similar to traveler information distribution, multiple technologies can be employed for presenting transit information to the travelers, such as pre-trip transit information, en route transit information; and on-board transit information. The assessment results are shown in Table 6. 30 Table 6 Assessment of Current Transit Information Distribution Technologies Transit information Base line wireless Limitations distribution Technologies Variable message signs Cellular, LMR, pager, Limited rural coverage Spread spectrum radio Data capability Personal Communication Cellular Limited rural coverage Devices Smart kiosks Spread spectrum radio Update period Data capability Limited rural coverage TV VHF / UHF Broadcast Broadcast only Limited rural coverage Internet Wireless / wireline Internet Not widely available in rural areas On-board information LMR/SMR Data capability Limited rural coverage 4. 4. 3.3 Vehicle based broadcast communications (message) According to the rural transit user survey [23], trip automated notification systems are desirable by many transit users in order to narrow the transit vehicle pickup window and reduce the customers waiting time, especially under inclement weather conditions. The proposed system uses on board transmitters located on transit vehicles for calling customers within a short range. Riders could only receive the signal when the bus is within one to two miles of the pickup point [23]. They would then have advance notification of the bus’s impending arrival and do not have to wait at the bus stop until it was known for certain that the bus is nearby. This type of system is not currently available for applications. 31 4.5 Rural Public Safety Services 4.5.1 Rural public safety service scenario The main rural ITS functions that relate to rural enforcement operations include [25][26]: 0 Enforcement fleet management; 0 In-vehicle information systems; 0 On-site information collection; 0 En route warnings; 0 En route probe reports; 0 Signal priority control; - Interagency coordination; and 0 Remote site security monitoring. 4.5.2 Critical attribute of related wireless communication functions The following rural ITS wireless communications functions are involved in implementation of the rural public safety operations scenario. 0 Mobile wide area wireless communications (voice / data); 0 Vehicle to roadside wireless communications (data); 0 Vehicle based broadcast communications (message); and o Fixed wide area wireless communications (voice / data). 32 Specifically, the following aspects are most important for public safety with respect to communications. 0 Data communications capability to support advanced image and video transmission services; 0 Reliability and security of communications; and o Interoperability. 4.5.3 Assessment of baseline wireless communications technologies 4. 5. 3. 1 Wide area wireless systems for rural enforcement fleet management Currently, public safety and law enforcement wireless systems range from agency dedicated conversational analog LMR system to statewide multiple agency sharing sophisticated trunked system, to leased commercial wireless systems [27] [28] [29] [30]. According to a national survey, the current law enforcement and public safety wireless systems have the following features [29]. 0 Most agencies own, rather than lease, their primary LMR systems. 0 Voice is the main type of communication, but the need for data communications is growing. 0 Integration and interoperability issues need to be addressed; and 0 Alternative communications, such as CB radio, cellular, and pager are available. Besides self-owned LMR systems, commercial services are, playing an important role in public safety communications. However, they cannot be used as the base around which to 33 build vital operational public safety systems. The reason is that commercial systems will not support public safety use as a primary form of communications; and no commercial provider will offer the level of reliability, priority access, security and coverage that public safety agencies demand. The Table 7 illustrates the above assessment results. In general, current operational problems of public safety wireless systems include diversity of spectrum resources; lack of interoperability; limitations of current commercial systems; security problems; and new rural ITS functions requirements (i.e., vehicle probes, incident detection and notification; and incident on-site data collection). 4. 5. 3. 2. Vehicle to roadside wireless communications In this scenario, vehicle to roadside wireless communications are used to actuate signal priority control when enforcement vehicles approach the intersections to reduce the waiting time of enforcement vehicles. Currently, optical and spread spectrum beacons are used for traffic signal preemption and priority. These beacon systems usually range from 2500 to 3000 feet and do not require high data transmission rates [19] [20]. 4. 5. 3.3 Vehicle based broadcast Vehicle based broadcast systems allow enforcement vehicles to broadcast warnings regarding their arrival to nearby vehicles in an effort to safely and rapidly clear the downstream road. Currently, audio warning is the major approach used. Vehicle based warning systems, such as SWS system, is undergoing testing and deployment in law enforcement vehicles. The operational test result of SWS system is discussed in the section 1.1.3.3. 34 Table 7 Assessment of Baseline Technologies of Rural Enforcement Operations Baseline Technology and Current Limitations Future Extended Tendency Features Dedicate LMR/SMR System VHF, 800 MHz 800 MHz 23% to 51% Analog (81%), Digital (13%) Voice-only (91%) Data -only (27%) Voice / data alternative (1 9%) Trunked system Digital trunked system In-vehicle information Data capability Coverage in rural areas Digital 13% to 25% Current preferred system (54%) - + 5.1 voice channel per agency ( +40%) - + 4.9 channels per agency (+70%) Replacing system (46%) - 13.7 voice only channel per agency - 4.9 data only channel per agency from 24% to 27% Double within 2 years More in next 5 years On-site information Slow scanning video detection transmission AVL frmctions Up to 40% (within 5 years) Interoperability No single radio band Multi-agency integrated system - 83 at least one dedicated for interoperability channel Non overlapped coverage Different proprietary systems No common plan Security issues No voice / data security Digital encryption Alternative Systems CB Radio Rarely used in rural areas Amateur radio Rarely used in rural areas Cellular radio (87%) Limited coverage in More in next 5 years; Extended rural areas coverage CDPD Limited coverage in More in next 5 years; Extended rural areas coverage 35 4.6 Rural Traffic Management, Infrastructure Operation and Maintenance 4.6.1. Rural traffic management, infrastructure operation and maintenance scenarios Most of the Rural Traffic Management, Infrastructure Operation and Maintenance functions can be classified in three categories: 0 Rural information collection; 0 Rural traffic management; 0 Rural infrastructure operations and maintenance. Most of these functions need advanced conrrnunications to support data transfer between the control center and the roadside facilities. In addition, rural maintenance work also needs effective management of maintenance vehicle fleet. 4.6.2 Critical attributes of related wireless communication functions In general, the following wireless communications functions are involved in this operational scenario: 0 Mobile wide area wireless communications (voice / data); 0 Vehicle based broadcast communications (message); 0 Vehicle to roadside wireless communications (data); and o Fixed wide area wireless communications (voice / data). 36 The following aspects that significantly affect the selection of a wireless communication approach need to be further considered. 0 Data collection systems’ working mode (i.e., polling and trunking); - Information transmission capacity and throughput (i.e., video transmission); 0 Vehicle probe reports issues; 0 Portable management communications requirements; and 0 Features of the rural highway system environment. 4.6.3 Assessment of baseline wireless communications technologies 4. 6. 3. 1 Fixed wide areas wireless communications for data collection and information distribution The current common features of the wireless technologies used for data collection and information distribution are summarized in Table 8. 4. 6.3.2 Mobile wide area wireless communications for maintenance fleet management Current maintenance fleet management mainly relies on agency-dependent LMR/SMR systems that work on assigned highway maintenance frequencies at low VHF fiequency band. Voice based communications is the major approach used [31]. Cellular systems and pager are used as alternative communications options. 37 Table 8 Assessment of Baseline Data Collection & Distribution Wireless Technologies Baseline Technical Features Current Limitations Technology Dedicated links LMR /SMR Radio Data Limited rural coverage Data rate 9.6 Kbps Limited data capability FCC licensed Limited data quality Coverage several miles SS Radio Data, Codec Line-of-sight (limited coverage); Data rate 200 Kbps Geometry limitation Unlicensed Protocol compatibility Coverage 0.3 to 6 miles Unprotected channel space Flexible installation Low transmission power Microwave Data, Video, Codec Line-of-sight transmission Data rate up to 7.5 Mbps Installation & maintenance cost FCC Licensed Multi-path sensitivity Coverage several miles Geometry / weather affect Flexible installation High data capability Cost effective installation NWS radio Voice Limited coverage Commercial links Cellular Telephone Data, Voice Limited commercial coverage in (analog) Data rate 1.2 — 14.4 Kbps rural areas Coverage 3.2 — 16 Km Service charge Pager Data Limited commercial coverage in One-way rural areas Data rate 2.4 - 9.6 Kbps Service charge Coverage several miles Satellite (V SAT) Data, video High service charge Data rate 384 Kbps - 1.544 Test and demonstration system Mbps 38 Many ITS operational tests on maintenance management now involve advanced on-board sensors and AVL technologies to enhance the data collection and fleet management of maintenance vehicles. This requires more powerful data communications capability than traditional LMR/SMR systems could offer. On the other hand, the rural wireless coverage poses another critical barrier. The assessment results are summarized in Table 9. 4. 6. 3.3 Vehicle to roadside wireless communications In this scenario, vehicle to roadside wireless communications are used to actuate signal priority control when maintenance vehicles approach the intersections. This system is mainly used in rural local roads in an effort to reduce the waiting time of maintenance vehicles. Currently, optical and spread spectrum beacons are used for traffic signal preemption and priority. These beacon systems usually range from 2500 to 3000 feet and do not require very high data transmission rates [1 9] [20]. Table 9 Assessment of Baseline Maintenance Wireless Technologies Baseline Features Limitations Technology Dedicated links LMR Radio Voice, data Limited rural coverage Data rate up to 9.6 Kbps Lirrrited data capability FCC licensed Limited data quality Coverage several miles —Commercial links Cellular telephone Voice Limited coverage in rural areas Coverage 3.2 - 16 Km Service charge Pager Message One-way communications One-way Limited coverage in rural areas Service charge 39 4. 6.3.4 Vehicle based broadcast Vehicle based broadcast system allows the maintenance vehicles to broadcast warning information to nearby vehicles regarding their arrival, this can give effective warning information for their slow moving. Vehicle based warning systems, such as SWS system, is undergoing testing or deployment in the law enforcement vehicles. 4.7 Rural Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) 4.7.1 Rural Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) scenario Most of the Commercial Vehicle Operation functions are covered by ITS CVO user services. CVO scenarios in rural areas should address the following functions: 0 Commercial vehicle safely in rural areas (which is cOvered in the rural safety scenario). a Commercial fleet management in rural areas. In addition, commercial vehicles can be also used as probe vehicles to help the rural ITS data collection and incident notification functions. 4.7.2 Critical attributes of related wireless communication functions The wireless communications functions that are involved in the implementation of rural CVO scenarios are: 40 0 Mobile wide area wireless communications (voice / data); 0 Vehicle to roadside wireless communications (data); and o Fixed wide area wireless communications (voice / data). 4.7.3 Assessment of baseline wireless technologies 4. 7. 3. 1 Wide area wireless communications for commercial vehicle fleet management Although traditional CB radios have declined in popularity in the recent years, they are still being used by truckers for local information accessing. However, CB radio service is not widely available in rural areas because of communications range limitations. Many carriers continue to rely on dedicated two-way LMR/SMR systems for local or regional commercial vehicles fleet management. Some carriers have replaced radios with cellular telephones, and others have installed satellite or terrestrial based two-way text or voice-plus-data transmission devices, such as ESMR system, data networks, and GEO satellite communications systems. Data only systems, such as CDPD networks, ARDIS and RAM Mobitex networks, mainly focus on metropolitan and urban areas and can not cover rural areas. Currently, over 150,000 trucks in the US use satellite-based systems for dispatching and vehicle follow-up [32]. The current satellite based system is a GEO based system (such as AMSC and Qualcomm systems) and recently Little LEO data only systems such as OBCOMM system. 41 Although meteor burst is rarely used in fleet management it has some advantages for fleet management applications, including low cost and large coverage [33]. The current commercial fleet management wireless communications technologies and their limitations are listed in Table 10. Table 10 Assessment of Baseline CVO Fleet Management Wireless Technologies Baseline Wireless Technology Current Limitation CB Radio Limited coverage in rural areas Voice only SMR / Trunked system Limited coverage in rural areas Data capability ESMR system (rented) Limited coverage in rural areas Data capability Data networks Data only Limited coverage in rural areas Data capability GEO Satellite system Data only Large delay High expensive service Cellular Limited coverage in rural areas Data capability Page One-way message Limited coverage in rural areas Data capability Meteor burst system Long set-up time Limited data capability 4. 7.3.2 Other Commercial Vehicle Operations (C VO) - DSRC communications Other commercial vehicle operations include the following functions: 0 Commercial vehicle administration; 0 Commercial vehicle hazardous materials management; 0 Commercial vehicle electronic clearance (WIM / AVI); and 42 0 Commercial vehicle roadside safety inspection. The first two functions can take advantage of wide area wireless systems for commercial vehicle fleet management functions. The latter two functions usually need to be supported by dedicated short-range communications. The current DSRC technologies include optical beacons, spread spectrum beacons, infrared beacons and RF beacons. The most widely used system in the US. is the RF beacons. The main advantage of DSRC system is its capability of transferring high rates of data between vehicle and roadside readers. Current RF beacons work in two types of modes, i.e., backscatter and active, also with several different product-based standards. Though the national DSRC interoperability standard has passed, the deployment applications are still underway. In general, the wireless solutions mentioned above satisfy ITS requirements by: 0 Taking advantage of existing (mostly commercial or dedicated) communications systems (e.g., cellular radio, ESMR, existed SMR, etc.); 0 Providing new services within current spectrum allocations by means of resource sharing (e.g., HAR radio, FM subcarriers); or 0 Establishing dedicated systems with new spectrum, when current allocations are inadequate or new spectrum is required to meet growth demands (e.g., DSRC). 43 The main difference among these approaches reflects the trade-Off between the cost and benefit for each ITS application. If the commercial system could match the requirements of certain ITS application, it could be cost-effective to use the existing system by sharing or leasing. On the other hand, if ITS applications need specific or independent wireless communication support (e.g., safety-related applications), the dedicated communications systems are preferred. 44 5. Overview of Existing & Emerging Wireless Technologies The main part of this analysis includes wide investigation and summary of the current and emerging available wireless communications systems and technologies. For each candidate system or technology, the following features are examined in detail: Main system design aims; Current system deployment and service situation; Technology advantages and disadvantages; Current and future deployment and development tendency; System standardization and compatibility, and Network architecture and user interface. Especially, for emerging systems or developing technologies, additional attention is paid 01'): Maturity of the system; Economical feasibility of services; Commercial or operational test availability, and Cost of deployment, implementation, and maintenance (if necessary). Table 11 lists potential candidate wireless systems that are investigated below in terms of their operation features (commercial and dedicated system) and information delivery features (two-way / one way; voice / data / video). 45 Table 11 Candidate Wireless Systems & Technologies Classification Candidate Systems & Technologies Terrestrial system Commercial system Two-way voice / data Cellular system (AMPS/NAMPS/GSM/TDMA/CDMA) ESMR system PCS system (Two-way paging /CDMA/TDMA) 3 G systems (WCDMA/cdma2000/UWC-l36) Cordless phone (CT-2/DECT / PACS / PWT) Two-way data only ARDIS RAM CDPD Metricom Ricochet Telemetry system Wireless LAN system (Infrared / RF radio) One-way system Radio paging (one-way / two-way) Broadcasting system AM & FM subcarriers (RDBS/ SCA) TV & HDTV subcarriers (SAP) High Speed subcarriers (HSDS / DARC / STTC) Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB) Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service (SDARS) Mobile Multimedia Broadcast Service Dedicated system Two-way voice/data /video Conventional LMR system Dedicated trunked system (SMR) Spectrum Spread Radio (FHSS / DSSS) Meteor burst system HF radio One-way voice / data HAR & AHAR system (AM, FM) Safety warning system (SWS) One-way/ two- way data Beacon system (Infrared / RF radio) Vehicle-to-vehicle communication system Wireless LAN Satellite system Commercial system One-way/ two- way Voice/data /video Broadcast Satellites System (BSS) Satellite PCS (data/voice; data only) Broadcast Satellite for Fixed Service Location system E91 1 (AOA / TDOA / Hybrid system) GPS / GLONESS DGPS network Dead-reckoning Map-matching Roadside beacons (fixed route) Integration "wireless infrastructure Commercial system Rural radio telephone system Analog / digital microwave system Wireless cable / MMDS LMDS WLL 46 The summary of this analysis was given in Appendix B together with the assessment of the technical maturity and rural availability of each candidate wireless technologies. The current rural information infrastructure situation is summarized in the next paragraphs. 5.1 Rural Wireline Services Wireline systems, ranging from traditionally used pairs of copper to modern fiber optic cables, have been widely deployed in urban areas as backbone telecommunication infrastructure. Three types of wireline networks exist: 0 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN); 0 Cable TV Networks, and 0 Computer Networks. In comparison with urban areas, most of these wireline infrastructures may be partly or fully unavailable in rural areas. Potential solutions involve long-term wireline backbone extension from urban and suburban areas, or short-term, rural wireless alternative solutions. In the following sections, the latter option will be explored. 5.2 Rural Wireless Services 5.2.1 Rural radio telephone service Rural radio telephone service is a fixed radio service where wireless communication technology is used to provide telephone service in remote areas. Conventional rural 47 radiotelephone stations may employ standard duplex, analog technology similar to that of pre-cellular mobile telephone services. Besides fixed service, it can also work as a mobile terminal (also called “mobile telephone” service)-the predecessor of cellular system (e. g., LMR system), with high power transmitting tower and large coverage area. The latest such system is called IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone System). Currently, there some operational IMTS systems in rural US, which are being replaced by cellular systems, BETRS systems and new emerging WLL systems. 5.2.2 Rural cellular systems The cellular system in North America has already covered the urban areas and parts of rural areas. The deployment of cellular system in the rural areas highly depends on the demand and marketing penetration of rural communities. Besides mobile services, cellular system could also be used as fixed wireless service in rural areas using directional antennas. This concept has been included in BETRS and WLL systems. 5.2.3. Analog I digital microwave relay systems Microwave relay systems have been widely used for high capacity, long distance signal transmission for many years. It provides an alternative to leased line and fiber optics in rural areas. In addition, microwave licenses for rural systems are much easier to acquire. Since wide-open spaces are much less congested with microwave traffic, the rural application of microwave technology is a very good solution for establishing rural 4s backbone infrastructure. 5.2.4 MMDS (also MDS, ITFS and WCS) - Wireless cables Multi-channel Multiple Distribution Service (MMDS) is a wireless cable alternative to wireline cable TV distribution. The whole system can support up to 33 TV channels in situations where there is neither local broadcasting nor sufficient customer density to support a regular cable system. The common coverage of the system is 10-20 miles. The Wireless Cable Association International estimated that there are 220 MMDS systems now operating in the US, with 40 million line-of-sight homes passed, serving 1 million basic cable subscribers. A key issue facing wireless cable modern technology is the lack of two-way capability. 49 6. Generation of Matching Matrix By matching rural wireless functions and communication systems attributes, potential candidates of each rural wireless function are generated. The logic based on which the marching matrix was generated is shown in Figure 4. The matching relationship between communication functional and system attributes is shown in Table 12. The detailed matching matrix is shown in Appendix C. The summary of wireless functions attributes and wireless systems attributes is shown in Appendix D. Current I I , System Rural Wireless Technologies Attributes Functions $ 9 ‘ Versus. Current Rural Wireless _¥ Functions Technologies Functions Attributes Marching Matrix Figure 3 Working Procedure of the Generation of Matching Matrix 50 Table 12 Communication Functional and System Attributes Matching Attributes range 0 propagation, power, rate, , etc.) type topo orrnatron type 0 ) very ( on o ogy, , etc.) (BW rate) ; Access transmrssron ( , , 'vability) essage ( o ' error rate and coding for data) ( 0 access transmrssron ) etc.) etc. CC COSI penetration Penetration 51 7. Assessment of Candidate Wireless Technologies — Concepts, Goals, Model and Criteria Assessment of rural wireless solutions includes the following procedures. Definition of assessment goals and criteria; Assessment of candidate wireless communications technologies for certain rural wireless communications functions. Discussion of potential improvements of current baseline wireless technologies; Summary of potential rural wireless solutions at the system architecture level and deployment time frame; and Recommendations for future research and operational test. The assessment logic is shown in Figure 5. The development of assessment goals and criteria considered the possibility for matching appropriate technologies to the different rural ITS function and information delivery needs. Summary of potential rural wireless solutions and assessment of the technical maturity and deployment time frame of current and emerging candidate wireless technologies are detailed in Appendix B. 7.1 Goals of Assessing Candidate Wireless Solutions The main goal of the assessment is to optimally match current and emerging wireless technologies to rural ITS function requirements. Sub goals of the assessment include following: 52 0 Wireless solutions should take advantage of mature technologies; 0 Wireless technology development tendency should match the deployment priority of ITS firnctions; and 0 Wireless solutions should be cost effective for potential early deployment. ’ Baseline Wireless Technologies I Deficiencies (Assessment) Rural ITS Improvements Assessment 1 Wireless (Assessment) I Results I Functions Candidate Wireless 7 Solutions ‘ (Matching Matrix) Existing & Emerging Wireless Systems & ’l Technologies Figure 4. Concept of Assessment of Rural Wireless Communications Functions 7.2 Assessment Criteria The assessment consists Of two stages based on the detailed analysis of candidate wireless technologies. 53 1. Wirelss technologies’ maturity and development tendency, including o Candidate wireless technology’s maturity; and o Candidate wireless technology’s developing time-frame (rural availability). 2. Feasibility of wireless solutions, include 0 Technical gaps between function needs and candidate technology; and o Candidate wireless technology’s current rural availability. 7.2.1 Candidate technology maturity Maturity usually reflects on the reliability and popularity of the technology. The assessment ranks could be [34]: 1. High Maturity Proved technology; and Stable official standard and high product proliferation 2. Medium Maturity o Proved test and applications; 0 NO standard and high product proliferation; and 0 Emerging official standard and high product proliferatiOn. LLOW Maturity o No standard and low product proliferation; 0 Emerging official standard and low proliferation; and 54 0 Stable official standard, but reaching obsolescence; low or high product proliferation, with vendors and end-users switching to other technologies. 7.2.2 Technology deployment time frames (rural availability) Technology deployment time frames reflect the technology development tendency within the defined time frames. Specifically, the potential technology availability in the rural areas was investigated. The assessment ranks could be: 1. Future Availability - More than 5 years; 2. Near Future Availabilig - One to five years; 3. Current Availability - Within one year. 7.2.3 Technology feasibility Technology feasibility reflects the satisfaction of the technology in terms of actual applications requirements. The assessment ranks could be: fl - technology meets all criteria (without gaps); 2. Medium - technology practically meets criteria (time-limited gaps); and 3. Low - technology does not meet criteria (technical gaps exist). 55 7.2.4. Technology cost effectiveness Technology cost effectiveness reflects the deployment efficiency, which partly affects the technology deployment priority. In general, technology cost includes: 0 Equipment cost; 0 Service cost; 0 Installation cost; and 0 Maintenance cost. A cost-effective technology implies the technology feasible with the lowest technology cost. For each wireless function, this criterion is used to sequence the multiple wireless solution. Although cost-effectiveness methodologies have long been used to weigh alternative solutions, a full cost-effectiveness analysis is not practical for this assessment, primarily because many of the costs are difficult to quantify in the absence of a specific geographical setting and practical application scenarios. Therefore, this assessment is limited to a very general level. The assessment ranks could be: 1. High; 2. Medium; and 3. Low:. 56 7.2.5 TechnOlogy deployment priorities Finally, the technology deployment priority depends on several factors, such as: Needs / functions satisfaction (mainly); Cost effectiveness of the technology (both for implementation and for traveler incurred); . m Potential technology acceptance; and g , i . Potential benefits (i.e. safety or timesaving). : Thus, the ranks for these criteria could be: I. High; 2. Medium; and Low. 3. 7.3 Potential Quantitative Assessment Model The rank of each candidate wireless communication technology was the function of the factors mentioned above: Rank of a candidate wireless technology toward a certain associated rural ITS function = [IT F, TM, TA, TC, TP, W1, W2, W3); Where, TM - Technology maturity 57 TA - Technology deployment time frames (rural affordability) TF - Technology feasibility (for certain rural ITS functions) TC - Technology cost-effectiveness features TP - Technology deployment priorities (depending on associated rural ITS function) W1, W2, W3 - Weight coefficients The relative weight coefficients W1, W2, and W3 were introduced to balance the technical feasibility; technical affordability; and technical deployment priority requirements. The selection of W1, W2 and W3 reflects the trade-off among these three factors. Determination of the proper values of the weights should be based on sophisticated survey and statistical verification, and is beyond the research scope of this study. It should be emphasized that the assessment model proposed in this section is neither fully developed nor statistically tested (out of this thesis scope) due to the lack of: o Sufficient statistic survey of TP; 0 Sufficient benefit/cost analysis information; - Sufficient statistic survey of weight coefficient W1 , W2 and W3; and 0 Sensitivity (robust) verification of the assessment results. 58 t l .1" 8. Assessment of Rural Wireless Solutions — Summary of Results In the following sections, six (6) classes of identified rural wireless functions were assessed. These are: 0 Vehicle to vehicle wireless communications; 0 Roadside to vehicle broadcast wireless communications; 0 Mobile wide area wireless communications; 0 Fixed wide area wireless communications; 0 Vehicle to roadside short-range wireless communications; and 0 Vehicle Locations. The following sections summarized the related results. 8.] Vehicle to Vehicle Wireless Communications The inter-vehicle communications system is very important for rural applications because of the lack in infrastructure support in rural transportation operations. The vehicle to vehicle communications is still in its early development; as most of technologies required are not currently available. Moreover, the final deployment of vehicle to vehicle communications will highly depend on the technology maturity, acceptability, as well as market penetration. In current rural applications, technology such as the Safety Warning System (SWS), appears as a cost-effective solution, whereas the cooperative driving technology isanother 59 potential solution. Table 13 provides a comparison of potential cost-effectiveness issues of various vehicles to vehicle communication technical solutions. Table 13 Solution Trade-offs of Vehicle-to-vehicle Communications Functions Refined thction Rgf'med Function Least Cost Best Best Cost/ Alternatives Level 1 Level 2 Performance Performance 1.Vehicle-to- 1.1 Vehicle-to- ‘Dynamic Platoon vehicle wireless vehicle interactive Wireless control communications communications LAN 1.2 Vehicle based Safety ‘Cooperative Safety broadcast Warning driving Warning System System (SWS) (SWS) - *Proposed technology With respect to technology development, the following research fields are expected to benefit the evolution of vehicle to vehicle communications technologies. 0 Wireless LAN technologies 0 3“I generation cellular technologies 0 In-vehicle Data Bus (IDB) Preliminary recommendations regarding vehicle to vehicle communications development include: o Standardization of the Safety Warning System (SWS); o Cooperative driving technology investigation and prototype technology testing; 0 Research on the integration of vehicle based communications and on-board safety sensors; 0 Development of on-board communication gateways in support of vehicle to vehicle wireless communications; and 60 0 Research on the concept and technologies of inter-vehicle coordinate collision avoidance. 8.2 Roadside to Vehicle Broadcast Wireless Communications 8.2.1 Site-specific roadside warnings One of the most significant features for site-specific roadside warning systems is that they provide automatic activated alerts with acceptable leading times for driver maneuver reaction. This concept has been tested, but still is not deployed due to the lack of support for roadside to vehicle communication infrastructure and lack of availability of user devices. The SWS system is the only system that has similar features, whereas the improved AHAR systems and proposed in vehicle Sign systems are alternative potential solutions. 8.2.2 Remote controlled roadside broadcast For the remote control scenario, the coverage and continuous information services are the two main function attributes. HAR and its evolutionary products (e.g., digital HAR and LPFM HAR) are ideal solutions for local information delivery, whereas the proposed in- vehicle sign system and 200 MHz radios are potential alternatives that need further test verification and technology evolution. 61 8.2.3 Wide area advisory broadcast communications None of currently available wide area advisory broadcast communication technologies fully satisfy the coverage needs for rural service with respect to both technical feasibility and technical availability. Thus the potential solutions should be hybrid structures. Technically, the SDARS system satisfies both coverage and data capability requirements, but the system is still under development and the service is not available. High-speed subcarrier service will be the best alternative. The vision of hybrid solutions is described in Table 14. Table 14 Hybrid Solution of Wide Areas Advisory Broadcast Solutions Alternatives Result & Improvement Current Commercial Cellular Still partial coverage of AM/FM/TV Pager ‘ the rural areas; i.e., the RBDS Interstate freeway High-speed subcarrier Near future + SDARS + Satellite PCS Full coverage of rural + MMDS/LMDS areas and more data capability Future + *DAB + *MMBS + *DTV More data capability *Proposed technology The additional considerations for wide area broadcast applications include: o ATIS applications interface protocol compatibility (SAE 12369) 0 Interactive broadcast service Table 15 summarizes potential cost-effective trade-offs of the solutions. 62 “TH- Table 15 Solution Trade-off of Roadside to Vehicle Broadcast Function Refined Refined Least Cost Best Best Cost / Alterna—tives Function Level Function Level Performance Performance 1 2 2. Roadside to 2.1 Self- HAR (analog, SWS (fixed) SWS (fixed) HAR (digital) vehicle organized AM) DSRC (in- HAR (FM) broadcast roadside to vehicle sign) 200 MHz communication vehicle radio broadcast communication 2.2 Remote HAR (analog, HAR (Digital) HAR (Digital) 200 MHz controlled AM) HAR (FM) HAR (FM) radio roadside to DSRC (in- vehicle vehicle sign) .1 broadcast E communication E 2.3 Wide area Commercial High-speed SDARS SCA / SAP l advisory broadcast FM subcarrier Pager (through RBDS it broadcast (AM/FM/ ‘DAB Satellite) Cellular / communication TV) *MMBS Satellite PCS s Pager SDARS DBS MMDS/LMD S *Proposed technology Preliminary recommendations for further research in this area include: 0 Further investigation of Automated Altering HAR concept and system implementation; 0 In-vehicle Sign concept and technology realization for rural environments; 0 Roadside detection sensors and issues of integration with warning facilities; 0 Human factor issues for effective alarming leading time; 0 Operational test warning related communications under rural environments; - Cost-effective AHAR technical solutions; 0 Investigation of the potential use of 200 MHz radio; 0 Development of the concept of broadcasting traffic information through SDARS; 0 Investigation of the potential improvement of multi-path interference at rural rugged 63 terrain for high-speed broadcast subcarrier systems; and 0 Investigation of potential ITS service using DAB and MMBS. 8.3 Mobile wide area wireless communications Technically speaking, multiple solutions of mobile wide area wireless communications technologies are available and applicable. However, in practice, rural coverage and data capability restrictions limit their applications. The trade-offs of mobile wide area wireless communications functions are summarized next. 8.3.1 Passenger vehicle mobile wide area wireless communications In rural ITS applications, the following sub-functions need mobile wide area wireless communications support for passenger vehicles. 0 En route vehicle probe report 0 In-vehicle Mayday functions 0 In-vehicle information system 0 Route guidance, and 0 E-911 locations. Most of the existing wide area wireless systems currently support in-vehicle mobile wireless communications and do not fully cover the rural areas. Such systems include analog and digital cellular systems, ESMR, (two-way) pager, and data networks. The 64 analog cellular systems can cover part of the rural areas, at least the most of interstate highway systems and major corridors. The deploying satellite PCS systems can merge the rural gaps, although the market penetration is still low. The emerging 3rd generation cellular systems and WLL systems are expected to improve both the rural coverage and data communications capability and can fully satisfy the rural ITS functions in the future. Currently, the best solution for rural application is the terrestrial/satellite hybrid cellular systems based on 2nd generation digital technologies. The vision of hybrid solutions for in-vehicle wide area wireless communications is discussed in Table 16. Table 16 Hybrid Solution of Passenger Vehicle Mobile Wide Area Wireless Communications Solutions Alternatives Result & Improvement Current Cellular systems Still partial coverage of CDPD rural areas; i.e., the ESMR Interstate freeway Satellite PCS Satellite PCS can merge the Paging system rural gaps but depends on Data networks the market penetration Near future + Digital cellular system Full coverage of rural areas (terrestrial / satellite is possible but depends on hybrid networks) the market penetration Future + *3“ generation cellular + *WLL More data capability and system full coverage of the rural areas *Proposed technology Other issues that may potentially affect the development of passenger vehicle based wide area wireless communications include the development of In-vehicle Data Bus (IDB); Wireless Application Protocol (WAP); and 3“I generation cellular technology. 65 8.3.2 Personal communications device (PCD) Similarly to the in—vehicle wide area wireless communication function, the Personal Communications Device (PCD), will support the following sub-functions in rural ITS applications: 0 Traveler information service through Personal Communications Devices (PCDS); «- Emergency notification; and o E-91 1 locations. As in the case of in-vehicle wireless communications, existing wireless communication systems that support Personal Communications Devices (PCDs) suffer the limitation of rural coverage and data capability. The deploying satellite PCS and emerging 3” generation cellular technologies are expected to improve the situation. Currently developing Wireless Application protocols (WAP) will also benefit the interoperability of various wireless systems and the new mobile Internet services. Moreover, the new E-911 rule (which allows the handset embedded GPS receiver) will further improve the emergency notification and E-911 locations in rural areas. The vision of hybrid solutions for in-vehicle wide area wireless communications is summarized in Table 17. 66 Table 17 Hybrid Solution of PCDs Other issues that may potentially affect the development Of PCDs include the development of Wireless Applications Protocol (WAP); and the deployment of 3rd generation cellular technology. 8.3.3 Commercial vehicle fleet management In rural commercial vehicle operation applications, the following sub-functions need wide area wireless communications support: 0 Fleet dispatching and routing; o Orr-board safety monitoring; 0 En route vehicle probe report; and o In-vehicle mayday function. As described above, the most important attributes in supporting commercial vehicle fleet 67 Solutions Alternatives Result & Improvement Current Cellular systems Paging system Still partial coverage of CDPD Data networks the rural areas; i.e., the ESMR Interstate freeway Satellite PCS Satellite PCS can merge the rural gaps but depend on the market penetration Near future + Digital cellular system + Cordless Full coverage of rural (terrestrial / satellite system areas is possible but hybrid networks) depends on the market penetration Future + "'3"r generation + *WLL More data capability and cellular system full coverage of the rural L areas *Proposed technology management functions in rural environments is the rural coverage, data capability requirements, and reliability of communications. The regional LMR/SMR wireless systems will continue to play an important role in supporting commercial fleet management. Several commercial systems, such as cellular, pager, commercial ESMR, and data networks are all used for commercial fleet management, but suffer limitations of rural coverage. Satellite-based systems started to be used for rural coverage. Besides from the traditional GEO systems, the developing Little LEO systems started to provide data-only but cheaper service for fleet management. Terrestrial / satellite hybrid cellular system will be the additional approach. The vision of wireless technologies in support of rural commercial vehicle operations is presented in Table 18. Table 18 Hybrid Solution of Commercial Fleet Management Solutions Alternatives Result & Improvement Current Regional LMR/SMR Paging system GEO and Little LEO CDPD Satellite (Big LEO) systems for fleet ESMR Meteor Burst management already Satellite (GEO, Little HF Radio available in rural areas. LEO) Near future + Digital cellular Improvements in data system (terrestrial / capability satellite hybrid Lower cost networks) Future + *3” generation More data capability cellular system and Lower cost *Proposed technology Other considerations regarding the rural CVO communication support include: 68 0 Commercial Vehicle Information Network System (CVINS); o In-vehicle data Bus (IDB); - Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). 8.3.4 Transit vehicle fleet management In rural ITS applications, the following transit related sub-functions require wide area wireless communications support: 0 Fleet dispatching and routing; 0 En route vehicle probe report; 0 In-vehicle mayday function; 0 On board security monitoring; 0 On-board information displays; and o On-board electronic payment. LMR/SMR radio systems are commonly used wireless approaches for current transit fleet management. Commercial cellular, pager, and data networks (CDPD) are used in transit fleet management. Technically, the ESMR system can satisfy most of transit management functions, except from the limitation of rural coverage and data capability, the same as other territorial based systems. The satellite-based system could merge the rural coverage gaps. The emerging 3rd generation technology and deploying satellite PCS system can improve the wireless 69 communications performance. The vision of wireless technologies in support of rural transit vehicle operation is summarized in Table 19. Table 19 Hybrid Solution of Transit Fleet Management Solutions Alternatives Result & Improvement Current Regional LMR/SMR Cellular system Partial coverage of CDPD Paging system (two- rural areas. waY) Near future + Statewide LMR + Data networks Improvements in data + Satellite (Little + Digital cellular capability and rural LEO) system (terrestrial / coverage satellite hybrid Lower cost Little LEO networks) may merge the rural coverage gaps m + *5?” generation More data capability cellular system and Lower cost ‘Proposed technology Other considerations regarding the rural transit communication support include: 0 Transit Communications Interface Protocols (T CIP); o In-vehicle Data Bus; and 0 Development of statewide multi-agency shared LMR networks. 8.3.5 Maintenance fleet management In rural ITS applications, the following maintenance vehicle management sub-functions present a need for wide area wireless communications support: 0 En route vehicle probe report; and 70 0 Fleet dispatching and routing. The current maintenance Operations mainly rely on agency dependent LMR systems, with the features of voice and limited data capability. Several commercial systems, such as cellular and pager are also used to support maintenance operations. The poor rural coverage and data capability limit these applications. Technically, the data networks can also be used if the coverage could be extended to the rural areas. The satellite-based system could merge the rural coverage gaps. The emerging 3rd generation technology and deploying satellite PCS system can improve the wireless communications performance. The vision of wireless technologies in support of rural maintenance operation is shown in Table 20. Table 20 Hybrid Solution of Maintenance Fleet Management Solutions Alternatives Result & Improvement Current Regional LMR/SMR Cellular system Partial coverage of Paging system (two- rural areas. way) CDPD Data networks Near future + Statewide LMR + Data networks Improvements in data + Satellite (Little + Digital cellular capability and rural LEO) system (terrestrial / coverage satellite hybrid Lower cost Little LEO networks) may merge the rural coverage gaps Future + *Tu generation More data capability cellular system and Lower cost *Proposed technology Another considerations regarding the rural maintenance communication support includes the development of statewide multi-agency shared LMR networks. 71 8.3.6 Enforcement fleet management In rural ITS applications, the following basic sub-functions of rural law and enforcement fleet management require wide area wireless communications support: 0 Fleet dispatching and routing; 0 En route vehicle probe report; 0 In-vehicle information; and 0 On-board information record & report. The law enforcement and public safety community needs agency dependent, statewide wireless systems with enough security, reliability and interoperability. Thus, dedicated digital trunked LMR/SMR systems with full rural coverage-and enhanced data capability will be the best solutions. Such systems can support gradual requirements of delivering photographs, fingerprints and maps, slow moving video, as well as full motion video. Commercial systems, such as cellular systems and pagers, are proposed alternatives. The developing advanced digital data service and emerging 3rd generation cellular technologies may be utilized when they become proven and cost effective. Moreover, public safety will require access to multiple forms of transportation mechanisms in the future, including both dedicated and commercial networks. Due to the emergency nature and special requirements of public safety, there are many instances where private infrastructure must be used, instead of commercial services. The future public safety 72 service should match the following performance needs: 0 Voice and low speed data (9.5-19.2 Kbps typically) for dispatching, Fax, short transaction processing, and snapshots; 0 High speed data (64-128 Kbps) for long transaction processing, slow video, snapshots; and 0 Full motion videos. Most of these high-capacity data transmission needs could also be satisfied through emerging broadband satellite systems. The vision of wireless technologies in support of rural public safety service is described in Table 21. Table 21 Hybrid Solution of Enforcement Fleet Management Solutions Alternatives Result & Improvement Current Regional LMR/SMR Cellular system Partial coverage of Paging system (two- rural areas. way} CDPD Data networks Near future + Statewide LMR Statewide coverage + Satellite (LEO) Improved data + Digital cellular capability and rural system (terrestrial / coverage satellite hybrid Improved security and networks) reliability Improved interoperability Future + *3” generation More data capability; cellular system National + *Satellite interoperability _ (Broadband) *Proposed technology Other considerations include: 73 0 Information compression technology development; 0 APCO Project 25; o Statewide LMR networks; 0 3rd generation cellular system; - Interoperability, security and reliability; and 0 Usage of commercial services. 8.3.7 Emergency response vehicle fleet management In rural ITS applications, the following sub-functions of emergency response services require wide area wireless communications support: Fleet dispatching and routing; En route vehicle probe report; In—vehicle information systems; and On-board information record and report. Similarly to the case of mobile wireless communications systems for public safety community, the Emergency Response Services (ERS) also need interoperability, reliability and security support. The current agency-dependent LMR systems is expected to enhance the data capability, coverage and interoperability. The emerging statewide LMR networks and commercial terrestrial / satellite hybrid networks will highly benefit the rural ERS service in the near future. The emerging 3rd generation cellular 74 technologies will be utilized when they become proven and cost effective. High-capacity data transmission needs, for ERS on-site data collection, could be satisfied through emerging broadband satellite systems. The vision of wireless technologies in support of rural ERS service is shown in Table 22. Table 22 Hybrid Solution of ERS Fleet Management Solutions Alternatives Result & Improvement Current Regional LMR/SMR Cellular system Partial coverage of rural Paging system areas. (two-way) CDPD Data networks Near future + Statewide LMR Statewide coverage + Satellite (LEO) Improved data capability + Digital cellular and rural coverage system (terrestrial / Improved security and satellite hybrid reliability networks) Improved interoperability Future + *3" generation More data capability and cellular system Lower cost + *Satellite (Broadband) *Proposed technology In summary, Table 23 presents potential cost-effective trade-off of the proposed solutions for wide area wireless communications functions. Preliminary recommendations for further research in this area include: 0 Investigation of the IDB wireless gateway in support of multiple wide area wireless communications; 75 Table 23 Solutions Trade-off of Mobile Wide Area Wireless Communications 76 Functions Refined Rgffned Function Least Cost Best Best Cost / Alternatives Function Level Level 2 Performance Performance 1 3. Mobile wide 3.1 Passenger Cellular / PCS Satellite PCS Cellular / PCS Cellular- area wireless vehicle mobile Paging system ‘30 system (terrestrial / CDPD communications wireless satellite hybrid ESMR communications system) Data networks WLL 3.2 Mobile Cellular IP'TS Satellite PCS Cellular / PCS 53W wireless Paging system ‘36 system (terrestrial / Cordless communications satellite hybrid Data through PCDs. system) Networks WLL 3.3 Commercial LMR/SMR Satellite Satellite PCS Data vehicle fleet ESMR (GEO, LEO) (GEO, LLEO) Networks management Paging system Telemetry Cellular / PCS HF radio Meteor Burst 3.4 TransTfleet LMR/SMR Satellites Statewide ESMR management Paging system (LEO) LMR Data Cellular / PCS 36 system Cellular / PCS networks Data networks (terrestrial / Telemetry satellite hybrid system) Satellite (LLEO) 3.5 Maintenance LMR/SMR Satellite Statewide ES—MR vehicle fleet Paging system (GEO, LEO) LMR Data management Cellular / PCS ‘36 system Cellular / PCS Networks (terrestrial / satellite hybrid system) Satellite (LLEO) 3.6 Enforcement LMR/SMR Satellite Statewide ESMIT fleet Paging (GEO, LEO) LMR ‘Satellite management Cellular / PCS ‘36 system Cellular / PCS (Broadband) Data Networks (terrestrial / satellite hybrid system) 3.7 Emergency LMR/SMR Satellite Statewide ESMR response vehicle Paging (GEO, LEO) LMR *Satellite fleet Cellular / PCS ‘36 system Cellular / PCS (Broadband) management Data Networks (terrestrial / satellite hybrid __ system) ‘Proposed technology Investigation Of the benefit of Wireless Application Protocols for ITS traveler information services; Integration of the relationship between IDB and WAP; 3rd generation wireless technologies; Information compression technologies; Mayday test for new satellite systems aaEO); Performance of statewide networks in support of rural wireless communications; Performance of terrestrial/satellite hybrid networks in support of Mayday services; Image video transmission testing; Investigation of developing digital data services under 2"d digital cellular networks; Interoperability for public safety and ERS services. 8.4 Fixed Wide Area Wireless Communications Fixed wide area wireless communications in rural ITS applications should support the following functions: Communications links toward roadside facilities, which include 0 Roadside data collection (roadside sensors and detectors); 0 Roadside video transmission; 0 Remote controlled roadside to vehicle broadcast; 0 Remote controlled displays (e.g., VMS); 0 Roadside kiosks; 77 0 Roadside beacons; and 0 Roadside smart call boxes. 0 Rural pre-trip information, which includes 0 Rural telephone service; 0 Rural Internet / data services; 0 Rural TV / cable TV services; and 0 Rural broadcast service. 0 Inter-agency information exchanging. 8.4.1 Communications links to roadside facilities Unlike the traffic management systems in urban areas, the rural traffic management systems suffer the following problems: The low volume Of traffic makes the data collection and corridor-wide incident detection using sensors not affordable; o The communications needs tend to be clustered in potentially hazardous areas; 0 Communications timing needs to vary based on seasonal conditions; and o Wireline infrastructures are ofien non-existing. There are different types of roadside facilities that need communications links for data collection, information delivery, and remote controlling. Traffic control systems (sensors and detectors) traditionally only need low-speed, narrow band data communications, such 78 as VMS and HAR radios. Remote kiosk systems and roadside video facilities need more data capacity / throughput than other roadside facilities. Depending on the different data transmission requirements, the dedicated communication links in rural applications could have multiple solutions. For low-data rate on-field data collection and remote information distributions (e.g., VMS or HAR), either the existed LMR/SMR, spread spectrum radio systems or commercially available systems, such as pager, cellular, etc. can be used as the connecting links. The difference is in the trade-off between the self-owned solutions and leased service solutions, which could change case by case. The HF and Meteor Burst systems could be also considered as alternative types of cost effective solutions for low-data rate non real-time information delivery at remote rural areas. For high data rate information delivery, such as T-l rate remote kiosks and on-site video transmissions, the dedicated spread spectrum radio and microwave systems are cost effective solutions. VSAT Satellites could also provide leased satellite channels to satisfy slow scanning video transmissions. The emerging broadband satellites will provide more capacity. By taking advantage of compression technology, the emerging 3rd generation cellular systems will also potentially support high-speed information delivery. The vision of wireless communication solutions for connecting roadside facilities is described in Table 24. 79 Table 24 Hybrid Solution of Dedicated Communications Links Solutions Alternatives Result & Improvement Current 1) Low data rate 1) Low data rate Partial coverage of LMR/SMR ESMR rural areas. SS radio Data networks Limited data capability Cellular networks Meteor Burst radio Paging system HF radio Satellite (GEO) 2) High data rate SS radio Microwave Satellite (GEO) Near future + Statewide LMR Improved data networks capability and rural + Digital cellular coverage networks Reduced cost for high (terrestrial / satellite data rate information hybrid networks) delivery Future + *Satellite + "'3"I generation More data capability (Broadband) cellular system *Proposed technology Other considerations in this area include the development of the National Transportation Commrmications for ITS Protocol (NTCIP). 8.4.2 Rural traveler information accessing Rural traveler information accessing has a strong relationship with the deployment of rural telecommunications infrastructure, which can help to distribute traffic information to rural residents, and provide demand response services. The deployment of rural wireless infrastructure will enhance the ability of rural travelers 80 and residents to access traffic information and support demand response services. Again the terrestrial/satellite, wireless/wireline hybrid structure is viewed as most the cost- effective solution. The vision of rural wireless telecommunications is described in Table 25. Table 25 Hybrid Solution of Rural Traveler Information Access Solutions Alternatives Result & Improvement Current Cellular networks HF radio Partial coverage of Cordless system Satellite (GEO, rural areas. DBS LEO) Rural telephone Near future + Digital cellular Improved data networks (terrestrial / capability and rural satellite hybrid coverage networks) Combination with + SDARS existing rural + MMDS/LDMS telecommunication infrastructure. Future + *3"! generation More data capability cellular system + 'Satellite (Broadband) * Proposed technology 8.4.3 Inter-agency information exchange The inter-agency information exchange suffers multimedia information sharing among different agencies (centers). For sparse rural areas, where the wireline infrastructures may not be available all the time, the wireless communications links among agencies normally need to support [3 5]: o T-1 lines; 81 0 Multimedia data exchange; - Center-to-center backup; and 0 Virtual LANS. The interagency information exchange will use combination of wireless services (such as LMR radio) and satellite services (GEO, LEO), or microwave relay link. The vision of inter-agencies information exchange is presented in Table 26. Table 26 Hybrid Solution of Inter-agency Information Exchange Solutions Alternatives Result & Improvement Current LMR/SMR system HF radio Partial coverage of rural Microwave areas. Satellite (GEO) Near future + Statewide LMR + MMDS/LMDS Improved data + Satellite (LEO) capability and rural + Digital cellular coverage system (terrestrial / satellite hybrid networks) Future + *Satellite + *WLL More data capability (Broadband) *Eroposed technology Additional considerations include the development of the National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol (NT CIP) and combination with wireline networks. Table 27 lists the trade-offs of the fixed wide area wireless communications functions. Preliminary recommendations for further research on fixed wide area wireless communications in rural ITS applications include: 82 Table 27 Solution Trade-off of Fixed Wide Area Wireless Communications Function Refined Refined Function Lowest Best Best Cost / Alternatives Function Level Level 2 Cost Performance Performance 1 4. Fixed wide 4.1 Dedicated LMR/SMR Microwave Statewide Cellular- CDPD area wireless Communications to Pager ’Satellite — LMR ESMR communications Roadside Facilities Cellular/PC Broadband Cellular/PCS Data networks S ‘3G system Spread Meteor Burst Telemetry spectrum HF Radio Spread Radio Satellite - PCS Spectrum 4.2 Rural Traveler Cellular ‘Satellite - Cellular/ HF Radio Information /PCS Broadband PCS Satellite (GEO, Accessing (using Cordless ‘36 system (terrestrial LEO) Rural Tele- SDARS satellite Rural radio communication DBS hybrid telephone Infrastructure) system) MMDS/LMDS SDARS WLL DBS 4.3 Inter-agency LMR/SMR ‘Satellite - Statewide HF radio Information broadband LMR Satellite (GEO) Exchanging Microwave Microwave MMDS/LMDS *WLL TProposed technology 83 Investigation of the effective wide area data collection in rural areas; Investigation of effective probe report data collections in rural areas; Investigation and testing of the developing advanced digital cellular services for rural ITS data transmission (e.g., video transmission); Investigation of the new satellite systems (LEO) for potential rural ITS on-site data transmission; Investigation of 3rd generation cellular technologies for fixed wireless communi- cations applications; lnvestigation of potential deployment of WLL in rural areas to service rural ITS data transmission; and Investigation of future broadband satellite service for rural ITS applications. 8.5 Vehicle to Roadside Short Range Wireless Communications In rural ITS applications, the following functions need dedicated short range communications (DSRC) between the roadside beacons and passing-by vehicles. Roadside to vehicle broadcast (In-vehicle signs); En route vehicle probe report; Intersection collision avoidance; Vehicle priority signal control; and Commercial vehicle operations. Interoperability, high reliability (active than passive), and data capability are three critical 84 issues for successful DSRC products. Besides commercial vehicle operations, DRSC applications for other functions are still limited. One of the reasons is the lack of maturity of beacon technologies. In rural ITS applications, DSRC technology has the potential to play an important role in many rural ITS functions. Since most of the functions described above are still under development, the evolutionary features of beacon technologies are not fully understood at present. Table 28 illustrates the assessment of current DSRC results and potential trade- offs of DSRC rural applications. Table 28 Solution Trade-off of DSRC Functions Refined Function Refined Function Least Cost Best Best Cost / Alternatives Level 1 Level 2 Performance Performance 5. Dedicated Short 5.1 Intersection RF (active) RF (active) Range Wireless collision Spread Communication avoidance‘ spectrum 5.2 En route IR beacon RF (active) vehicle probe report 5.3 Commercial RF RF (active) RF vehicle Operations (backscatter) (backscatter) 5.4 Priority signal Spread Optical control spectrum beacon 5.5 In-vehicle RF RF (active) signs“ (backscatter) Spread spectrum "' Proposed technology and function Standardization of DSRC is another consideration that may impact this area of study. Preliminary recommendations for further research include: Investigation of the intersection collision avoidance using DSRC; 85 0 Investigation and testing of in-vehicle signs for roadside warning applications; and 0 Potential vehicle en route probe report data collection using DSRC. 8.6 Vehicle Location Typically, two classes of vehicle location functions are necessary in the rural ITS requirements, i.e., Automated Vehicle Location in supporting fleet management and In- vehicle Mayday and E911 functions. 8.6.1 Vehicle location for fleet management Currently, GPS is the main vehicle location sensor for fleet management due to the low cost of GPS receiver. The flat rural area terrain can avoid GPS signal blockage problems, but the rugged or mountain areas still suffer from this problem. The combination of dead reckoning and map-matching filnctions with GPS will help. The developing national DGPS network and the potential adjustment of GPS policy, such as the release of SA error and new civilian L5 frequency, will improve the GPS location accuracy and ability in the future. Despite the fact that there exist other vehicle location approaches, most of the new developing satellite systems (e.g., LEO) also include vehicle location ability. In general, these location approaches are not better than GPS, but the combination with GPS will increase the vehicle location accuracy. 86 8.6.2 Vehicle location for Mayday and E-911 functions Many commercial Mayday systems currently exist. The deployment of these systems in rural areas was limited by cellular or other terrestrial wireless coverage limitations. The emerging digital terrestrial / satellite networks will potentially improve this situation. On the other hand, developing network-based location technologies (AOA, TDOA, or combination of them) are limited in rural areas because of the cellular coverage and the sparse distribution of cellular towers in rural areas. More Specifically, AOA is sensitive to long ranges, whereas TDOA needs minimum 3 towers to locate caller. If these network technologies can be used in combination with terrestrial / satellite hybrid cellular networks, they will benefit the rural location needs. Since the new FCC rule already included the handset embedded GPS for an alternative of E-911 solutions, these types of PCDs will Significantly benefit the rural location in the near future, when the terrestrial / satellite hybrid cellular networks become available. Table 29 lists the potential trade-Offs of vehicle locations in rural ITS applications. 87 Table 29 Solutions Trade-off of Vehicle Location Functions Vehicle Least Cost Best Best Cost / Alternatives Location Performance Performance Fleet GPS *DGPS GPS+ Dead Signpost Management reckoning or Other Sat. locations Map-matching GLONSS Mayday Embedded ‘DGSP GPS+ Dead TIDGET GPS reckoning or map-matching E-911 DGPS Embedded GPS AOA/TDOA AOA / TDOA TIDGET *—Proposed technology and function Other considerations regarding Mayday standardization, include the following: [36] o Oak-bridge National Lab is developing Position Location Referencing System; 0 SAE In-vehicle Navigating Committee is developing a Mayday Message Set; 0 TIA document TR 45 - PN 3581.1 Enhanced Emergency Services addresses networking issues; and 0 ISO/T C 204 working group has proposed Mayday messaging requirements. Preliminary recommendations for further research include: 0 Investigation of potential AOA/TDOA applications in terrestrial / satellite hybrid cellular networks; 0 Investigation of handset embedded GPS applications in terrestrial / satellite hybrid cellular networks; and 0 Investigation of GPS plus Dead reckoning or Map-matching location performance in rugged rural terrain. 88 9. Summary of Rural Wireless Solutions Based on the above analysis, the vision of rural wireless solutions and preliminary recommendations for further research are summarized in the attached Appendix H. Moreover, several important issues regarding rural wireless communications opportunities that may affect future deployment of rural ITS system and wireless telecommunications infrastructures are briefly summarized. 9.1 Statewide Multi-agencies Cooperative Wireless Networks In the recent years, more than 30 states in the US. proposed or developed multi- agencies cooperative statewide wireless systems. Most of these systems use advanced digital trunk radio technologies that form a statewide wireless mobile communication network. This approach enhances the system efficiency and coordination capability, while satisfying different state agencies’ specific service requirements. The full deployment of such statewide wireless systems is expected to satisfy various rural ITS wireless requirements including state wide law enforcement; emergency response services, and rural highway data collection and management. 9.2 Probe Data Collection Institutional Issues In rural areas, due to the limitation of wide deployment of automated roadside detectors, the probe data collection is a very important issue. Many simulation studies and ITS 89 operational test illustrated that the vehicle probe data collection, with suitable distribution and percentage probe vehicles, can effectively provide accurate real-time traffic information. However, the actual application of the vehicle probe concept for data collection faces many institutional barriers. Many rural agency-owned vehicles can, potentially, take advantage of AVL technologies and act as probes. Agency fleets that can be considered include: 0 Transit fleet; 0 Maintenance vehicles; 0 Law enforcement vehicles; and 0 Emergency response vehicles. In addition, commercial truckers, traveling in rural areas, can also be considered as potential sources of probe reports through the use of AVL and AVI services. Finally, the new E-911 rule that involves GPS embedded wireless terminals will also benefit the rural probe reporting in the near future. 9.3 Compatibility and Interoperability with Nearby Urban Systems The development of seamless ITS system that includes rural and urban ITS is a very important issue. Design of rural ITS systems should take under consideration the need for compatibility and interoperability with nearby urban systems that are necessary for the realization of seamless operations. In the communications area, this issue refers to the broad compatibility of communications between the urban and rural systems, which also 90 includes the integration of wireless / wireline hybrid networks. In general, It includes: 0 Compatibility in service provide to users; and 0 System compatibility for seamless operation. The rural wireless communications solutions that address this requirement should at least satisfy the following: 0 Standardization of equipment interface, where NTCIP plays the most important role; 0 Standardization of communications interfaces, such as data format software interface; 0 Compatibility of communication media, which can support seamless, integrated communications infrastructure. 9.4 Development of Rural Telecommunications Infrastructures 9.4.1 Development of 3rd generation cellular systems Third generation (3 G) wireless systems refer to currently developing next generation cellular technologies. The primary aim of 3G technologies is global coverage for speech and low-to-medium bit rate data services with the provision of high bit rate services over a limited coverage area [37][38]. The rural vision of 3G system will provide up to 144 Kbps data rate and full coverage with low error rate. The prototype 36 system testing is currently ongoing. The powerful data capability of 3G systems is expected to benefit rural ITS wireless applications, such as slow-scan or real-time video transmission. 91 9.4.2 Rural LMDS and WLL services LMDS systems use microwave signals in the 28 GHz spectrum to transmit interactive voice, video, and data signals within small cells of 2-10 miles diameter. They can carry digital data at speeds more than 1 Gbps. LMDS promises a wireless alternative to fiber and coax to deliver two-way video and high-speed data services in rural areas. Moreover, the concept of Wireless Local Loop (WLL) aims at taking advantage of wireless access technologies to provide telecommunication connection instead of wireline infrastructures. This is especially important for rural areas where wireline systems are not ready or cost effective. For this, WLL systems have to prove at least as good as the services provided by cables to carry and deliver voice, data, TV video, Internet access, multimedia, and high-speed data, etc. Deployment of LMDS and WLL in rural areas will provide alternative wireless backbone infrastructure support, a feature that is crucial for rural ITS applications. 9.4.3 Rural satellite services Advantages of satellite-based mobile communication networks include wide-area coverage; network flexibility and compatibility with terrestrial existing networks; and terrain independence. Four types of commercial satellite systems are under development: 0 Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) system, 0 Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service (SDARS) system, 0 Global mobile satellite communication system, and 92 0 Broadband Satellites Service (BSS) system. 1. Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Systems Direct Broadcasting Satellite (DBS) systems deliver cable-like television programming directly from satellites. Thus, they can provide video service to remote rural areas instead of wireline cable systems. Besides current video service and emerging HDTV services, other potential data services, such as Internet or interactive TV services, have been proposed for the future. The nation wide coverage of DBS systems creates an opportunity for distribution of traveler information in the rural areas using such systems. 2. Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service (SDARS) The developing SDARS technology aims to provide uninterrupted high quality signal to mobile users with seamless coverage (99% of locations and time), not only on highways but also everywhere in the service area where mobile receivers are used. Its hybrid satellite/terrestrial operation structure guarantees to provide adequate service to rural and remote areas, as well as the reception with portable receivers inside buildings. Furthermore, SDARS technology also includes 32 Kbps ancillary data services with high quality audio broadcast, which provide the potential capability to broadcast traffic information more than hi gh-speed subcarrier services. From the technical perspective, SDARS can satisfy both the coverage. and data capability needs of rural ITS wide area broadcast requirements. 93 3. Global Mobile Satellite Communication Systems Satellite systems that can provide mobile voice/data communication services have been developed many years ago. The first generation systems (e.g., Inmarsat system) took advantage of maturely GEO technologies. The newly developed LEO/MEO system uses more complex satellite technologies and promises global mobile data / voice services similar to terrestrial networks. These systems claim to provide services such as international roaming; rural telephone service; cellular fill-in services; commercial vehicle services, as well as maritime, aviation and government services. Most of these systems aim to fill in the telecommunication gaps of terrestrial coverage in rural areas. 4. Broadband Satellites Service (BSS) Systems Broadband Satellite Service (BSS) systems are intended to provide flexible capacity on demand for high-volume telephony, video conferencing, broadcast video, and high-speed Internet data services. Most of the BSS system are still in development and will not be operational until 2003 at the earliest. Potential fields that broadband satellites would appear ideal for serving future rural areas needs include: 0 Dedicated point-to-point connectivity; - Alternatives of fiber-based backbone networks, and o Fixed telephone (in rural areas). The BBS system has the potential to merge the gaps in rural ITS infrastructure, and satisfy high-speed, high capacity data transmission requirements, such full motion video, in rural ITS applications. 94 10. Conclusions In conclusion, there exist many wireless solutions for each rural wireless communications functions. Some proposed technologies are only partially available in rural areas at present, and other technologies face time-limited gaps of deployment and maturity. Technically, the current wireless systems could satisfy most of rural wireless requirements, if service coverage could be guaranteed. Commercial systems and their innovations could provide wireless support for certain rural wireless firnctions. However the low demand for services in rural areas impose cost-effectiveness burdens and limit the wide use of such systems in rural applications. The deployment of ITS dedicated systems is sensitive to the cost balance among the equipment, installation, and maintenance. Commercial services, on the other hand, primarily bare only service costs. The analysis performed in this study led to the development of a comprehensive matching matrix of rural wireless functions versus candidate wireless technologies (Appendix E-G); a summary of solution trade-offs for rural wireless functions, a discussion of potential deployment time-frames, as well as preliminary recommendations. 95 Appendix Appendix A: Refined Rural Wireless Functions and Their Constraints Appendix B: Summary of Candidate Wireless Technologies Appendix C: Matching Matrix of Rural Wireless Functions and Candidate Wireless Systems & Technologies Appendix D: Rural Wireless Functions’ Attributes and Wireless Systems’ Attributes, and Attributes’ Matching Appendix E: Solution Trade-off of Rural Wireless Functions Appendix F: Solution Time Frame of Rural Wireless Functions Appendix G: Preliminary Recommendations for Further Research and Operational Tests 96 30528: 0500000 M0 5008 00000.. 00525 30_ 00 32>. 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Cellular and PCS Technologies As the main form of commercial wireless service, cellular technology is a rapid developing technologies that will continue play a most important role in rural ITS applications. The following Table B-1 summary the visions of cellular and PCS technologies development tendency in US. As in the below table, The most questions that limited cellular services involving in rural ITS fields include: 0 Coverage at rural areas (which highly depends on the market penetrations); 0 Data service capabilities; and 0 System interoperability. 1 First of all, though the wireless carriers will continue to extend terrestrial cellular coverage to the rural areas, the low density of users in sparse rural areas will still limit the demand of service. The rural gaps will be merged through current deploying satellite PCS system (Big LEO) technically in near future. The integrated terrestrial and satellite lOl cellular network will satisfy the fill coverage of cellular service in both urban and rural areas. Obviously, this will definitely benefit the rural ITS applications, but it should be under condition of successfully marketing deployment of satellite PCS systems. Secondly, The analog cellular technology will be compatible and rapid replaced by full digital service in the future, though the analog system will continue to work and extend in the rural areas. Currently there are three incompatible digital technologies has been deployed in the US landmass, and all of them focus more on urban areas. The proposed inter-compatibility and interoperability will be realized in the near future, such as the recently announced interoperability of GSM and TDMA systems [39]. Thirdly, with the growth of data service requirements these years, enhanced data service through cellular network has been the most active field in wireless community. The current slow speed circuit-switched data service through analog cellular networks will gradually be replaced by powerful packet data services and high speed circuit data services through digital cellular systems. The two major digital cellular groups, TDMA/GSM and CDMA all proposed and are testing and these enhanced data services, such as GSM’s GPRS and HSCSD to EDGE [99], and CDMA’s IXR'IT to 3XRTT[40]. Fourthly, the emerging 3rd generation cellular technology (30) will start to be deployed in the near future, which has promised a full coverage, high quality voice (e.g., 32-64 Kbps), as well as more capable data service (e.g., 144 Kbps to 3 Mbps) vision for both urban and rural areas. 102 Finally, In the application field of wireless industry, the widely application of interoperability - Wireless Applications Protocol (WAP) started to be a significant feature of wireless product recently. It will not only benefit mobile computing and wireless Internet service, but also improve the development of ITS related wireless products with crossing platform interoperability [41][42]. Thus, the successful development and evolution of cellular technologies will provide a unique commercial wireless resources and opportunities toward rural ITS applications. 103 Table B-1 Summary of Cellular Related Technologies 384 Kbps - 3 Mbps Candidate Current Technical Near Future Future Current Technologies Features Maturity & Rural Available Analog FCC licensed Keep deployment Being replaced by Maturity (AMPS, commercial service into rural areas digital technology Covered part of NAMPS) Covers 90% US Compatible with And 3" generation rural areas population and 70% satellite systems technology US land mass [40] Analog voice Circuit switched data service 14.4 Kbps Support Wireless Application Protocol [41] GSM/ FCC licensed Keep deployment Evolving to 3G Maturity with TDMA commercial service into urban areas system rapid (IS-136) Dual mode compatible Compatible with (W-CDMA / innovation AMPS satellite systems UWC-l 36) No rural GSM covers 7.3% and CS & PS 38.4 Kbps; 384 Kbps EDGE coverage TDMA covers 6.2% of 76.8 Kbps HSCSD services [45] US land mass [43] / (2000) urban areas focused 14-155 Kbps GPRS Digital voice (2000) Circuit switched data GSM / TDMA service 9.6 Kbps, interoperability Short Message Service (2000+) Support Wireless [44] Application Protocol [41] TZDMA (1? FCC licensed Keep deployment in Evolving to 3 G Maturity with 95 or commercial service urban areas system rapid cdmaOne) Dual mode compatible Compatible with (cdma2000) innovation AMPS satellite systems 3XRTT data up to No rural Covers 10.4% US land Circuit switched & 2 Mbps [46] coverage mass [97] / urban Packet switched areas data service 9.6 to Digital voice 64 Kbps Circuit switched data Dedicated High- service 14.4 Kbps speed Data Rate Short Message Service (HDR) service 1.8 Support Wireless Mbps [40] Application Protocol First phase of [41] cdma2000 (lXR'I'I‘ 144 Kbps) (2001) [461 3 Generation FCC licensed Prototype system Full deployment Low maturity (W-CDMA, commercial service deployment (Japan (both terrestrial and Non-available UWC-l36, ln development and 2003) [47] satellite systems) technology cdma2000) test 32 — 64 Kpbs currently Multiple solution digital voice lO4 data [48] CDPD Overlay on AMPS Overlay on digital Merging with 3G Maturity system cellular systems (up packet data Non-available More than 50% US to 64 Kbps) services in rural areas land [49] / regional Merging with digital (CS-CDPD coverage data packet services could be used at Digital data only 19.2 part of rural Kbps areas) CS-CDPD for rural alternative Telemetry Overlay on AMPS Overlay on cellular Overlay on cellular Maturity system system networks networks Covered part of (Cellemetry, 80% to 90% of rural areas (the MicroBurst) cellular coverage same as cellular [50] [5 1] coverage) Very short messages PDA & Web Start to services Merging with new Merging with new Medium phone Wireless Application services services maturity Protocol standard Non-available in rural areas 105 2. Cordless Technologies AS another branch of low-tier PCS development technology, Cordless technologies started to evolve from residential service toward PBX services, public tele-point services, etc. Both of the two mainstream advanced cordless technologies, European DECT and Japanese PHS, have been developed their US version, PWT/PWT—E and PACS standards. Most of current cordless application in US are focusing on PBX and Wireless Local Loop solutions, which aims to merge the gaps among local wireline telecommunications services and provide low speed data service [52]. Cordless technologies, which focuses more on highly voice quality have the following barriers: 0 Limited mobility; 0 Limited coverage; 0 Limited data services; and o Incompatibility. Most of the early deployment of cordless systems will focus on local urban and rural areas; The future vision of widely applications of cordless technologies is still not very clear, though both of the technologies promised to be competitive with cellular systems in terms of lower service price [53]. The following Table B-2 summarized the potential development of cordless technologies. 106 Table B-2 Summary of Cordless Technologies Candidate Current Technology Near Future Current Maturity Technologies Features Future & Rural Availability CT 2/ CT 2+/ Digital voice 32 Kbps Being replaced by new Low Maturity CT 3 Limited deployment digital systems (DECT, Non-available in PHS, etc.) rural areas PWT/PWT-E FCC licensed (PWT- Low-tier PCS Maturity (DECT) E) WLL applications w/innovation Unlicensed (PWT) Interoperability with Non-available in Digital voice 32 Kbps AMPS GSM and rural areas Urban coverage TDMA [53] Wireless PBX applications Low data service 32 Kbps PACS FCC licensed Low-tire PCS Maturity (W ACS/PHS) Digital voice 32 Kbps WLL applications w/innovation Urban coverage Interoperability with Non-available in Wireless PBX GSM and TDMA [109] rural areas applications Low data service 32 Kbps 107 3. LMR/SMR and ESMR Technologies Development The agency-dependent LMR/SMR systems are still keeping as an important role in providing agency-specific services & fimctions that common commercial services would not be satisfied, such as specific security issues. The current used LMR/SMR technology ranges from simplex analog system at low VHF frequency band to sophisticated digital trunked system at high UHF frequency 800/900 band. Most of current systems are voice major. The evolution of LMR/SMR technologies will feature as 0 Analog to digital technology; 0 Enhanced data transference capability; and o Interoperability. There are at least several aspects that potentially affect the development of LMR/SMR technologies. Firstly, for the low VHF frequency band systems (lower than 400 MHz), according to FCC narrow-band rule, the current common 25 KHz narrow-band VHF channels will be narrowed for preventing from overcrowded with two stages of transactions [54]: 0 Stage 1 — August 1, 1996 (12.5 KHz) and 0 Stage 2 — January 1, 2005 (6.25 KHz). The narrow band solutions will affect the improvement of voice service quality and data communications capability of current low frequency band VHF LMR systems. In public safety communications, the developing APCO 25 project already proposed the narrow band solutions for this transaction, which had been adopted by the public safety community [55][56][57]. Besides APCO Project 25, the European TETRA is another 108 leading standard in digital LMR field, which proposed to be compatible with APCO Project 25 standard [58]. For high UHF band (800/900MHz), the digital trunked technology domains because of spectrum efficiency and potential data service capability. Secondly, the rural ITS related LMR/SMR users include 0 Maintenance Agencies; 0 Law enforcement & public safety agencies; 0 Emergency response agencies; 0 Transit agencies; and 0 Commercial Vehicle Operators. These agencies have different function and operation requirements and used different LMR technologies and systems currently. Most of these agencies suffer more and more similarly barriers in satisfying rural ITS functions, such as coverage, overcrowded channels, and interoperability issues, etc; Moreover, the independence operation of these systems is inefficient. Thus currently, more than 30 states in the US are proposing or deploying this type of multi-agencies sharing statewide wireless systems [59][60], which can satisfy statewide coverage up to 97% percent, as well as the enhanced data communications capabilities [59]. Thirdly, several newly ITS functions need more powerfill LMR/SMR systems. For example, the Emergency Response Service (ERS) and public safety service require more security communications, reliable and redundant system capacity, as well as more data capability (to transmit image and video) in the near future. On the other hand, the commercial ESMR system will continuously keep competitive 109 with developing cellular service by integrated functions (message, pager and cellular within a single handset), direct operation mode (push to talk) features. The enhanced data services and wireless Internet service will be available through ESMR system in the near future [61]. In short, the evolution features of digital ESMR systems include: 0 Extension to nationwide terrestrial networks; 0 Competitive serve price toward cellular service; and 0 Enhanced data capability (up to 64 Kbps); The following Table B—3 summarized the development tendency of LMR/SMR/ESMR technologies 110 Table B-3 Summary of LMR/SMR/ESMR Technologies Development Candidate Current Technology Near Future Future Current Technologies Features Maturity & Rural Available Analog LMR FCC licensed Digital instead Narrow band Maturity (low VHF) Narrow band (12.5 Improved circuit (6.25 kHz, 2005) Partly available kHz) switched data Enchanted data in rural areas ‘ Regional coverage service 9.6 Kbps services Circuit switched data State-wide service 4.8 Kbps-9.6 network Kbps) 220 MHz SMR FCC licensed Standardization National wide Medium service Operational test Prototype systems network Maturity 14.4 Kbps data Non-available , in rural areas Digital LMR/ FCC licensed Enhanced data Sate-wide Maturity SMR Regional coverage capability ( 9.6 - network Partly available (400 — 900 Limited data 64 Kbps) in rural areas MHz) capability More state wide Several state wide network network deployment deployment ESMR (iDEN) FCC licensed Extended toward National wide Maturity commercial services nationwide network Non-available Full digital trunked network Data 64 Kbps in rural areas system Data services 9.6 Large coverage (92 Kbps, both circuit of top 100 US and packet market) [61 ] switched [61] Two-way radio / paging/ cellular combination Support Wireless Application Protocol [41] Ill 4. Data Networks Development The commercial data networks, such as ARDIS and RAM, will continue to extend is coverage from urban focus toward nationwide networks according to the market demand; meanwhile, the data capability will increase up to 19.2 Kbps to competitive with CDPD services. Besides traditional data service, the wireless Internet service based on new development WAP is promising [44]. The CDPD service will continue overlay on the current cellular network and gradually merge with new digital packet services of digital cellular systems and coming 3“I generation cellular services. The Matricom Richenet wireless networks will continue to extend is coverage in urban areas for low mobility wireless Internet service with high speed from 28.8 Kbps to 128 Kbps [62]. The current Wireless LAN technology focused more fixed on in-door high-speed network connections, which can provide up to 11 Mbps data throughput using spread spectrum technology. The developing next generation of wireless LAN technology, such as HiperLAN/Z, proposed 54 Mbps physical layer and up to 25 Mbps at layer 3 high speed connections, and also prepare to support 3rd Generation cellular networks [63]. For the dedicated data transmission system, spread spectrum radio is continuing to serve as short-range line-of-sight data connectors in transportation applications instead of wireline facilities. The unlicensed requirement, flexible configuration, and large capacity (e. g., for video transmission) are main advantages of spread spectrum radios. As backup or low cost alternative remote communications systems. Meteor Burst prefers 112 for remote long-range low data update and capacity applications. HF radios are also good backup communications for rural areas. The advanced automated frequency selection and error collection technologies will enhance the communications ability of Meteor burst and HF communications reliability and stability [64]. The following Table B-4 summarized the data networks development visions. 113 Table B-4 Summary of Data Networks Technologies remote monitoring for short data long Advance communication protocol Candidate Current Technology Near Future Future Current Maturity & Technologies Features Rural Available WD Overlay on AMPS Overlay on digital Merging with Maturity system cellular systems (up digital cellular Non-available in More than 50% US to 64 Kbps) and 3G packet rural areas land [104] / regional Merging with digital data services (CS-CDPD could coverage data packet services be used at part of Digital packet data rural areas) 19.2 Kbps CS-CDPD ARDIS FCC licensed More 19.2 Kbps sites Nationwide Maturity commercial service Network extension coverage Non-available in Covering 427 Combination with rural areas MSAs, 90% US satellite business population [65] / urban coverage Packet data service 4.8 Kbps, partly 19.2 Kbps RAM Mobix FCC licensed Network extension Nationwide Maturity commercial service Combination with coverage Non-available in Covering 427 satellite rural areas MSAs, 93% US business population [66]/ urban coverage Data PS 8 Kbps Tow-way paging services Maturity Matricom Unlicensed Deployment of 128 Nationwide Maturity Rechinet Regional coverage Kbps coverage Non-available in Urban coverage Network extension rural areas . Data 28.8 Kbps _Wireless Unlicensed High speed such as Voice capability Medium Maturity LAN In-door applications 54 Mbps [63] Competitive with Non-available in Data 500 Kbps — 10 Compatible with wireline rural areas Mbps wireline systems networks IEEE Standardization Satellite “optic standardization Compatible with 3"l fiber” _ cellular systems [63] Dedicated Unlicensed Advance Medium Maturity Spread Dedicated system communications Partly used in rural Spectrum applications protocols areas Data 1.2 Kbps — 2 More data capability Mbps No standardization Medium Maturity Meteor Burst Long delay Backup data only systems Maturity Short message 1.2 — l Kbps data Several usage in Current used in Low-cost two-way remote alternatives rural areas 114 distance HF Radio Long set up time Long delay Frequency variable Backup communications Advance communication protocols Improvement of reliability Maturity Several usage in rural areas 115 5. Broadcast Technologies Development Broadcast technologies covered a very large scope. Commercial pager technology original belongs to one-way broadcast system. The extension of terrestrial coverage, new development of satellite paging service [67], makes the one-way paging service available globally. Also, the three in one paging service (voice, message, e-mail) is proposed in the near firture [68]. On the other hand, two-way paging services continue growing, the future evolution includes the enhancement of reverse channel, in combination with e-mail / fax service, as well as merging with future PCS service [69]. Commercial AM/F M broadcast systems are preparing to evolve to terrestrial Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB) systems in the future; meanwhile, the Satellite Digital Audio Radio System (SDARS) is to be available in the near future. Both of theses systems provide additional data services (48 to 64 Kbps) besides high quality audio [70] [71]. On the other hand, in the application of FM subcarier technologies, the SCA subcarrier service has been used widely in background music, stock marketing and remote education services; but the data capacity of SCA was very limited. The RBDS and three types of high-speed FM subcarriers have been tested and deployed in ITS traveler information services [72][73][74][75] and the two of high-speed subcarrier technologies have been considered by CEMA as the formal standards [76]. The future domain deployment technology of high-speed subcarrier is still not clear, though the nationwide interoperability is promised. As proposed, the commercial TV broadcast service and satellite based Directed Broadcast 116 System (DBS) will continue to evolve to Digital TV (DTV). The current investigated MMBS (Multi-channel Multimedia Broadcast Service) aims to taking advantage of HDTV terrestrial frequency spectrum (VHF 740—790 MHz) to provide high quality audio and additional high-speed data service (up to 64Kbps) in the future. For ITS dedicated broadcast systems, the current started deployment of fixed Safety Warning System (SWS) is good of roadside warnings. The currently widely used analog AM HAR system has poor coverage and voice quality; which will be replaced by the digital technologies. The FCC commented Low Power FM (LPFM) broadcast service provided another chance to improve the current HAR system performance by using F M HAR technology. The following Table B-5 summarized the development of broadcast technologies. 117 Table B-5 Summary of Broadcast Technologies Candidate Current Technology Near Future Future Current Maturity Technologies Features & Rural Available Pager :n-e- FCC licensed Satellite paging Merging to PCS Maturity with way commercial service through LEO [68] services innovation Covering urban and Extending to rural Covered part of suburb areas, part areas rural areas rural areas Voice, email, 43.5 million one-way message 3 N l and (1998)[77] service [69] Several traffic High speed / information services capacity providers On-way data 2.4 to 9.6 Kbps Pager — two- TCC licensed More coverage Merging to PCS Maturity with way commercial service Enhanced reversed services innovation 150,000 two—way channel capability Non-available in pager users (1998) High speed / rural areas [77] capacity Multiples service Reverse channel 300- 500bps [78] SWS system FCC licensed More deployment Medium maturity Operation test down More messages Available in rural Several deployment Liability issues areas HAR / AHAR FCC licensed Digital voice / message Maturity Analog and sharing LPFM stations test and deployment Available in rural with commercial AM Better signal quality areas broadcast AHAR widely deployment Widely used in ITS Commercial FCC licensed Merging with Digital Being Maturity AM/FM commercial service Audio Broadcast (DAB) replaced Partly available in 12,300 licensed radio SDARS system by digital rural areas stations (1998) broadcast Widely coverage services Voice only Broadcast data service 48Kbps to 64 Kim) SCA / SCS Unlicensed Low speed data services Being Maturity Overlay on (1.2 Kbps — 4.8 Kbps) replaced Not clear commercial AM/FM by digital broadcast broadcast Low speed data services services and (1.2 Kbps — 4.8 attached Kbps) data services Commercial FCC licensed Interactive TV Full Maturity TV / Cable TV commercial service Deployment of HDTV deployme Partly available in Wide coverage HDTV data 2 Mbps nt of rural areas 118 DBS for rural areas HIT-TV SAP / VBI / Unlicensed Merging with deployment Furl Low maturity DTV Overlay on TV of DTV deployme Not clear channel DTV data 2 Mbps nt of DTV Low speed data (7-15 services years) (9.6 Kbps — 19.2 Kbps) MMBS FCC licensed Technology & operational Deployrne Low maturity commercial service test nt of Non-available Proposed multi- MMBS technology channel CD-audio service currently and data service (64 Multi- Kbps) [79] channel CD-audio and data service (64 KbPS) [RBDS Unlicensed Co-existing with high speed subcarriers Maturity Overlay on Partly available in commercial AM & rural areas FM broadcast Operational test (1.2 Kbps) Several commercial vendors Regional DGPS correction broadcast High speed Unlicensed Interoperability nationwide Medium Mauu'ity subcarrier Several prototype Improve multi-path performance in rural Partly available in (HSDS/DARC system deployment areas rural areas ISTIC) Standardization processed Broadcast 16-18 Kbps Digital Audio lBOC-DAB Prototype system Replacing Low maturity Broadcast development & test deployment current Non-available (DAB) Data: 48 Kbps FM, 2.4 analog technology Kbps AM [80] services currently Satellite FCC licensed Service available (2001+) Low maturity Digital Audio commercial service Additional 64 Kbps Non-available Radio System Under deployment broadcast data system (SDARS) 100+ channels deployment Covering US land currently mass CD quality audio 119 6. Satellite Technology Development Most of new development satellite communications systems are under their early deployment stage. There are at least three Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) systems that have been on service currently to provide TV service to remote rural area [81]. The proposed Digital TV service is coming in the near future. The traditional GEO satellite communications systems, such as AMSC and Qualcom OmiTrac system will continue to serve commercial vehicle fleet management. The new launched LEO service will focus mainly on voice service first. The new features included in Globalstar Big LEO system, such as interoperability with terrestrial digital cellular networks, providing pay phone service for remote rural areas, are very attractive for potential rural ITS service [82]. Though two major vendors, Iridium and ICO, fell in financial problems because of underestimating marketing penetration, which potentially affect or delay the deployment of satellite-PCS market, many proposed new systems will enter the commercial service in the near future. On the other hand, the low-cost Little LEO systems, which are data-only stored-and-forward systems, are also on their early deployment sage, only one such system is available currently. The other type of proposed satellite service, broadband satellites, which include either GEO or LEO satellites, will not be on service until 2003 [83]. These systems can provide high speed and high capacity service like backbone optic fiber networks. The summary of the development tendency of satellite communications is listed in the following Table B-6. 120 Table B-6 Summary of Satellite Technologies Candidate Current Technology Near Future Future Current maturity Technologies Features & Rural Available Direct FCC Licensed DTV broadcast Medium maturity Broadcast No standard Interactive TV Available in rural Satellite (DBS) Several systems Potential data broadcast services areas Traditional FCC Licensed New system deployment Maturity GEO system Global or regional Data capability Available in rural coverage areas Fleet management Limited data capability (2.4 — 9.6 Kbps) High service charge Satellite — PCS FCC Licensed Interoperable with Fully Maturity Global coverage terrestrial cellular deployment Available in rural Under deployment or networks areas development New systems Digital voice / data deployment Data capability (2.4 — 38.4 Kbps) Lower service charge Satellite — data FCC Licensed Fully deployment More data Maturity only Under deployment (2000+) capabilities Available in rural Store-forward system High speed data areas Regional service 1.93 — 50 Kbps Data 0.6-9.6 Kbps Lower service charge Satellite FCC Licensed Start-deployment Fully Low Maturity broadband Under development (2001+) deployment Non available Broadband system 16 Kbps — 5 Mbps system - 155 Mbps data deployment Global coverage currently 121 7. Vehicle Location Technologies Development Basically, the vehicle location service, which is required in rural ITS functions, include Automated Vehicle Location (AVL) and emergency incident location (Mayday & E- 911). The location accuracy and availability are two major features that need to be considered in rural ITS applications. Traditional autonomous vehicle location approaches, such as dead reckoning, map matching, are in combination with advanced GPS service to form integrated vehicle location systems for best system performance. The GPS system performance is expected to be improved in the near future because of the release of SA service, the widely employment of nationwide DGPS system, as well as the emerging new L5 civilian frequency [84]. On the other hand, the network-based E—9ll technologies, which already succeed in analog cellular systems, are facing the challenge of digital cellular networks; several pilot tests have been done [85][86]. 122 Table B-7 Summary of Vehicle Location Technologies Candidate Current Technology Near Future Future Current Maturity Technologies Features & Rural Available Dead Seldom used alone More accurate sensors & algorithms High maturity Reckoning Integration with other Integration with other location methods Rural Available location methods Error accumulation Map-matching Accuracy < 15m More effective algorithms High maturity Seldom used alone Integration with other location methods Rural Available Integration with other location methods Signpost Accuracy < 50 ft Integration with other location methods High maturity (varied) Non-available in Used for fixed route mral areas transit systems Discontinuous location GPS Global system SA terminated L5 civilian down- High maturity (AVL, Widely used (accuracy 15-40 link frequency Available in rural E-911 handset- Accuracy 100 m m in general) and dual band areas based solution) (2RMS) (2000-2005) receiver Rural Available Integration with other location methods GLONESS Global system Integration with other location methods Medium maturity Not fully operational (e.g., GPS) Available in rural Fully operational (accuracy 15 m [87]) areas ' Rural Available DGPS National deploying Nation wide DGPS Maturity system network (2003) Non-available Several commercial Accuracy 2 to 10 m service currently regional systems (2RMS) [84] (through FM subcarrier) Accuracy 2 to 10 m (2RMS) [84] Other satellite Applicable GEO In combination with satellite Maturity location systems communications Available in rural Deploying LEO New satellite systems deployment areas systems E-911 - AOA Developing & FCC Phase II (2001) Medium maturity operational test (accuracy within 125 m in 67 % time) Non-available in Mainly for analog Covering digital systems rural areas systems currently Distance sensitive Expensive antenna systems _ Accuracy varied E-911 - TDOA Developing & FCC Phase II (2001) Medium maturity operational test (accuracy within 125 m in 67% time) Non-available in Mainly for analog Covering digital systems rural areas systems currently At least three stations Accuracy 120-125 m 123 8. Rural Telecommunications Technologies Development Though the current rural areas lack in wireline telecommunication infrastructures. Many wireless alternatives have been proposed or being tested to merge this gap. Advanced digital technologies have been used in new rural telephone systems [88]. Emerging satellite telephone also aimed on rural telephone service [82]. Microwave systems have been widely used in both commercial and dedicated areas in combination with wireline systems in rural areas. The new generation digital microwave technologies allow more capacity and high-speed information delivery [35]. Sin addition, the new development of MMDS / LMDS system also aims to provide “last mile” broadband connection to rural areas, providing both interactive TV and high-speed Internet and data service [89]. WLL concept also aimed to be competitive with wireline infrastructure to support rural areas. Many candidate technologies, such as digital cellular, cordless, and propertied are proposed to be used for WLL solutions. 124 Table B-8 Summary of Rural Telecommunications Technologies Candidate Current Near Future Future Current Technologies Technology maturity & Features Rural Available Rural FCC licensed Being replaced Being replaced High telephone Analog / digital by cellular by cellular, maturity Limited coverage system satellite phone Partly Low data 9.6 Emerge satellite and WLL available in Kbps rural telephone system rural areas Microwave FCC licensed Digital systems High data High Digital system instead of analog capability up to maturity High capacity systems 155.52Mbps Partly High data [35] available in capability rural areas MMDS/ FCC licensed Rural prototype system Low maturity LMDS Several deployment Partly operational test Broadband connection 1.5 to 155 available in Mbps rural areas WLL Several Rural prototype system Low maturity operational test deployment Partly available in rural areas 125 9. Other ITS Dedicated Wireless Technologies Development The other ITS dedicated wireless technologies include Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) and vehicle to vehicle communications. The DSRC technology has been used widely in Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system. The current systems suffer problems of incompatibility. Though technically, vehicle to vehicle communications will benefit the rural ITS safety functions, this technology is still on its early research and development stage. The following Table B-9 illustrated these technologies development tendency. Table B-9 Summary of Other ITS Dedicated Wireless Technologies Candidate Current Near Future Future Current Technologies Technology Maturity & Features Rural Available DSRC Used in ETC Standardization Medium beacon applications maturity More Non-available incompatible in rural areas systems Vehicle to Several test & More prototype system Low maturity vehicle proposed systems Interoperability with ITS Data Non-available Bus in rural areas 126 “3835 boa—3 x x x x x x W as 023 202% a 0282 3:288 3.8 N X X 3080i 68.5 tsunami £032, 9 «Ease comma—nus x x x x .28 . .888 “3038: 33.. 28.5 2285 .883 £022, 8 .3632; 2255 >< >4 >< SMS 11m (WA/WV) m SCIW'I / SCIINW IM 5517517.! ouscr NV'I 889mm >< 019'}! 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Transmission speed bps very low (<1 kbps) low (<56 kbps) medium ( 56 kbps - 2 Mbps) high ( 2 Mbps - 45 Mbps) none (doesn’t matter) Information volume package size (byte) short I long SLstem capacity number of users small I medium I large / doesn’t matter Information update update time interval sub-sec. I sec. Imin. / hr. I day Eriod System reliability high I normal (commercial) Message reliability high I normal Mesgge latency delay time see. I min. I doesn’t matter Linkage circuit I package / both Mobility vehicle speed (70 mph) I walking speed/ fixed] both High (60-80 mph), medium (20-40mph), slow (10mph) Battery life hr long I none (need not) Equipment cost money lowI high / none (need not) Service cost money low / high I none (need not) Security yes I no _ Interoperability national I regional I product I none (need not) Market penetration complete I high I optional Deployment schedule near term I meddle term I loriterm Portability yes I no I both . User types User: GT-General Traveler, R-Resident, TD-Transit Driver, MP- Maintenance Personnel, PIP-Highway Patrol, CVD-Commercial Vehicle Driver, ERP-Emergency Response Personnel, All users. Vehicle: GV-General vehicle, TV-Transit Vehicle, MV-Maintenance Vehicle, CV-Commercial Vehicle, ERV-Emergency Response Vehicle, HPV-Highway Patrol Vehicle, All Vehicle Center: TIA-Highway Agencies, TA-Transit Agencies, EA-Enforcement Agencies, ERSC-Emergency Response Service Center, ISP-Information Service Provider, FM-Fleet Management Center, CVA-Commercial Vehicle Administration, TC- Toll Collection Service 131 Table D-2 Wireless Communications System Attributes K. 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