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THESlS

: COO

This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

An Experimental Study on the Effect of Static and
Dynamic Impulsive Blade on Turbulent Slit Jet
presented by

Tahir Z. Hakim

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

MS degree in Mechanical Engineering

“Cl/xfiiéaw
U Major professor

Date 8M0“? 97’

 

0-7639 MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution

 

 

 

 

LIBRARY
Michigan State

University

 

 

PLACE IN RETURN Box to remove this checkout from your record.
TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due.
MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested.

 

DATE DUE

DATE DUE

DATE DUE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11100 W.“

 

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC
IMPULSIVE BLADE ON TURBULENT SLIT JET
By

Tahir Z. Hakim

A THESIS
Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering

1997

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ABSTRACT
An experimental study was performed to determine the effect of a static and
impulsive blade on a free jet. The study showed that for both the cases the free jet
defected, but there was a lag in the defection of the flow when under the influence of the
Dynamic impulsive jet. Although the ratio of the speed of the impulsive blade to free jet
was 0.03, the free jet angle of deflection did not coincide with the Static mode of
operation of the impulsive jet and lagged by 10 to 20 degrees at various down stream

locations.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................ v
NOMENCLATURE ............................................................................ viii
English ................................................................................. viii

Greek .................................................................................... viii
Symbols .................................................................................. viii
Definitions ............................................................................... viii

1 . INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1
1.1 Motivation ............................................................................ 1

1.2 Objective ............................................................................. 5

2. EXPERIMENTAL APPARTUS ....................................................... 6
2.1 Flow System ......................................................................... 6

2.2 Slit Jet ................................................................................. 8

2.3 Deflector Blade ..................................................................... 8

2.3.1 Operation of DB Assembly ........................................... 9

2.3.1.1 Positioning of the Deflector Blade ................................. 9

2.3.1.2 Running of the Deflector Blade ...................................... 10

2.4 Deflector blade Detection Device ................................................ l I

2.5 Pressure Transducer ................................................................. 13

2.6 Hot Wire Anemometers ............................................................ 13

2.7 Visualization ........................................................................ 14

2.8 Data Acquisition and Processing ............................................. 15

2.9 Traverse Control .................................................................. 15

3. DATA PROCESSING ................................................................. 27
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 27

3.2 Digital Camera Processing ....................................................... 27

3.3 X-Array Calibration and Processing ............................................ 28

3.4 Transient Velocity Calculations ................................................ 32

3.5 Normalization of Data ............................................................ 33

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...................................................... 34
4.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 34

4.2 Steady State Measurements ...................................................... 34

4.2.] Velocity Profile with out DB .......................................... 34

4.2.2 Velocity Profile for Yb/Wj = -O.5 ..................................... 35

4.3 Velocity Profiles For Deflected Flow ............................................ 36

4.3.] Velocity Profile for Yb/Wj = -0.1 ..................................... 36

4.3.2 Velocity Profile for Yb/Wj = 0.125 ................................... 37

4.3.3 Velocity Profile for Yb/Wj = 0.175 ................................... 37

4.4 Transient Motion (DB) Study ................................................... 38

4.4.1 Introduction ............................................................... 38

4.4.2 Velocity of Deflector Blade (DB) ...................................... 39

4.5 Comparison of Steady State Results with Transient .......................... 40

4.5.1 Flow Angles .............................................................. 40

iii

.IPPE.

'12

4.5.2 Velocity Profiles .............................. 41

5. UNCERTAINTY CONSIDERATIONS ....................... 129
5.1 Pressure Transducers ................................ 129
5.2 Uncertainty in positioning of DB ........................ 129
5.3 Traverse control - Uncertainty .......................... 130
5.4 DB Assembly ..................................... 130
5.5 Optical Encoders ................................... 130
5.6 Hot Wire Anemometers .............................. 131
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ......................... 132
7. RECOMMENDATIONS ................................ 133
8. REFERENCES ...................................... 135
APPENDIX A: DEFLECTOR BLADE ASSEMBLY .................. 136

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.
Figure 2.

Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.

Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.

Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
Figure 24.
Figure 25.
Figure 26.
Figure 27.
Figure 28.
Figure 29.

Figure 30.

Schematic representation of an Induction System-MAPS ......... 3
Schematic representation of an Induction System fitted

with an auxiliary supply source ......................... 4
Air flow apparatus. (Wind tunnel) ...................... 16
Schematic of reversible blower used in wind tunnel ........... 17
Calibration Curve to estimate speed(m/sec) in the

wind tunnel for a given Voltage (volts) of reversible blower ...... 18
Slit jet assembly .................................. 19
Experimental facility ............................... 20
Set up for transient detection of DB ..................... 21
Optical encoder voltage response ....................... 22
Optical encoder voltage response to moving blade ............ 23
Schematic of X-array hot wire probe ..................... 24
Tuft probe used for measuring the steady state angles .......... 25
Nominal Angle of deflection measured by DYCAM

for Yb/W ' = «x ................................... 26
Velocity distribution < U > on at X/W j = 1.5 and Yb/Wj=o< ..... 42
Velocity distribution <V > /Uo at X/Wj=1.5 and Yb/Wj=o< ..... 43
U-rms.at X/Wj=1.5 and Yb/Wj=o< ..................... 44
V-rms.at X/Wj= 1.5 and Yb/Wj=o< ..................... 45
Velocity distribution <U>/Uo at X/Wj= 1.5 and Yb/Wj=-O.5 . . . 46
V-rrns. for X/Wj=1.5 and Yb/Wj=-O.5 .................. 47
U-rms. for X/Wj= 1.5 and Yb/Wj=-O.5 .................. 48
Velocity distribution < U > on at X/Wj= 1.5 and Yb/Wj=—O.l
(Nominal deflection angle of jet=30°) .................... 49
Velocity distribution <V > /Uo at X/Wj=1.5 and Yb/W j =-0.1
(Nominal deflection angle of jet=30°) .................... 50
U-rms. at X/Wj= 1.5 and Yb/Wj=-O.1

(Nominal deflection angle of jet=30°) .................... 51
V-rms.at X/Wj=1.5 and Yb/Wj=-0.l

(Nominal deflection angle of jet=30°) .................... 52
Velocity distribution < U > /Uo at X/Wj= 1.5 and Yle j =0.125
(Nominal deflection angle of jet=45°) .................... 53
Velocity distribution < V > /Uo at X/Wj = 1.5 and Yb/Wj=0.125
(Nominal deflection angle of jet=45°) .................... 54
Velocity distribution < U > on at X/Wj=1.5 and Yb/W j =0. 175
(Nominal deflection angle of jet=48°) .................... 55
Velocity distribution <V > /Uo at X/Wj=1.5 and Yb/Wj=0.175
(Nominal deflection angle of jet=48°) .................... 56

Schematic representation of locations, of the hot wire
probes used during the transient motion of the DB.
For given Yp/W j and Yb/W j, Independence of < U > No measured

Figure 31.

Figure 32.

Figure 33.
Figure 34.
Figure 35.
Figure 36.
Figure 37.
Figure 38.
Figure 39.
Figure 40.
Figure 41.
Figure 42.
Figure 43.
Figure 44.
Figure 45.
Figure 46.
Figure 47.
Figure 48.
Figure 49.
Figure 50.
Figure 51.
Figure 52.
Figure 53.
Figure 54.
Figure 55.
Figure 56.
Figure 57.
Figure 58.
Figure 59.
Figure 60.
Figure 61.
Figure 62.
Figure 63.
Figure 64.
Figure 65.
Figure 66.
Figure 67.
Figure 68.
Figure 69.
Figure 70.

with respect to dYb/dt .............................. 58
For given Yp/Wj and Yb/W j, Independence of < V > /Uo measured

with respect to dYb/dt .............................. 59
For given Yp/Wj, difference in measured angle between

the steady state and transient (for transient

Vb/Uo=0.03) ................................... 60
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj=-O.525 and Yp/Wj=—0.5 . . . . 61
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j =-0.4 and Yp/Wj=-0.5 ...... 62
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj=-O.275 and Yp/Wj=-O.5 . . . . 63
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j =-0. 15 and Yp/Wj=-0.5 ..... 64
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj=-0.025 and Yp/Wj=-O.5 . . . . 65
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj= +0.1 and Yp/Wj=—0.5 ..... 66
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj= +0.175 and Yp/Wj=-O.5 . . . 67
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj=-0.525 and Yp/Wj=-O.2 . . . . 68
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj=-O.4 and Yp/Wj=-O.2 ...... 69
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj=-O.275 and Yp/Wj=-O.2 . . . . 70
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j =-O. 15 and Yp/Wj=-0.2 ..... 71
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj =-0.025 and Yp/Wj=-O.2 . . . . 72
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj= +0.1 and Yp/Wj=-O.2 ..... 73
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj= +0.175 and Yp/Wj=—0.2 . . . 74
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j =-O.525 and Yp/Wj=0.2 ..... 75
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j =-0.4 and Yp/W j =0.2 ...... 76
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j =-0.275 and Yp/W j =O.2 ..... 77
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj=-O. 15 and Yp/Wj=0.2 ...... 78
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj=-0.025 and Yp/Wj=0.2 ..... 79
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j = +0.1 and YhWj=O.2 ..... 80
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj= +0.175 and Yp/Wj=0.2 . . . . 81
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j =-0.525 and Yp/Wj =0.4 ..... 82
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj =-0.4 and Yp/Wj=0.4 ...... 83
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j =—O.275 and Yp/Wj=0.4 ..... 84
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j =-0. 15 and Yp/Wj=0.4 ...... 85
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j = -0.025 and Yp/W j =0.4 ..... 86
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j = +0.1 and Yp/Wj=0.4 ..... 87
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj= +0.175 and Yp/Wj=0.4 . . . . 88
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj=-O.525 and Yp/Wj=0.6 ..... 89
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j =-O.4 and Yp/Wj=0.6 ...... 9O
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j =-0.275 and Yp/W j =O.6 ..... 91
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j =-O. 15 and Yp/Wj=0.6 ...... 92
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j =-0.025 and Yp/W j =O.6 ..... 93
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj = +0.1 and Yp/W j =O.6 ..... 94
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj= +0.175 and Yp/Wj=0.6 . . . . 95
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j =-O.525 and Yp/W j =0.8 ..... 96
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/W j =-O.4 and Yp/W j =O.8 ...... 97
Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj =-O.275 and Yp/W j =O.8 ..... 98

vi

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Figure 71. Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj =0 15 and Yp/Wj=0.8 ...... 99
Figure 72. Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj=.0.025 and Yp/Wj=0.8 . . . . 100
Figure 73. Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj= +0.1 and Yp/Wj=0.8 . . 101
Figure 74. Histogram of flow angles at Yb/Wj= +0.175 and Yp/Wj=0.8 . . . 102
Figure 75. Velocity distribution < U > /Uo at X/Wj= 1.875 Yb/Wj=o< . . . . 103
Figure 76. Velocity distribution < U > on at X/W j = 1.875 Yb/Wj=-1.025 . . 104
Figure 77. Velocity distribution < U > /Uo at X/W j = 1 .875 Yb/Wj=-0.9 . . . 105
Figure 78. Velocity distribution < U > on at X/W j = 1.875 Yb/Wj=-0.775 . . 106
Figure 79. Velocity distribution < U > on at X/W j = 1.875 Yb/Wj=-0.65 . . 107
Figure 80. Velocity distribution < U > /Uo at X/Wj=1.875 Yb/Wj=-0.525 . . 108
Figure 81. Velocity distribution < U > /Uo at X/Wj= 1.875 Yb/Wj=-0.4 . . . 109
Figure 82. Velocity distribution < U > on at X/Wj= 1.875 Yb/Wj=-0.275 . . 110
Figure 83. Velocity distribution < U >/Uo at X/Wj= 1.875 Yb/Wj=-0.15 . . 111
Figure 84. Velocity distribution < U > /Uo at X/Wj=1.875 Yb/Wj=-0.025 . . 112
Figure 85. Velocity distribution <U >/Uo at X/Wj= 1.875 Yb/Wj=0.1 . . . . 113
Figure 86. Velocity distribution < U > /Uo at X/Wj= 1.875 Yb/Wj=0. 175 . . 114
Figure 87. Velocity distribution <V >/Uo at X/Wj= 1.875 Yb/Wj=o< . . . . 115
Figure 88. Velocity distribution <V > /Uo at X/Wj=1.875 Yb/W j =-1.025 . . 116
Figure 89. Velocity distribution < V > /Uo at X/W j = 1.875 Yb/Wj=-0.9 . . . 117
Figure 90. Velocity distribution <V > IUo at X/Wj=1.875 Yb/Wj=-0.775 . . 118
Figure 91. Velocity distribution (V > Mo at X/Wj= 1.875 Yb/Wj=-0.65 . . 119
Figure 92. Velocity distribution <V > /Uo at X/Wj=1.875 Yb/W j =-0.525 . . 120
Figure 93. Velocity distribution <V > /Uo at X/Wj= 1.875 Yb/Wj=-O.4 . . . 121
Figure 94. Velocity distribution < V > /Uo at X/W j = 1.875 Yb/Wj=-0.275 . . 122
Figure 95. Velocity distribution < V > /Uo at X/Wj=1.875 Yb/Wj=-0.15 . . 123
Figure 96. Velocity distribution < V > /Uo at X/Wj= 1.875 Yb/Wj=-0.025 . . 124
Figure 97. Velocity distribution <V > /Uo at X/Wj=1.875 Yb/W j=0.1 . . . 125
Figure 98. Velocity distribution < V > /Uo at X/Wj= 1.875 Yb/Wj=0.175 . . 126
Figure 99. Velocity profiles (< U > /Uo) as a function of position of DB

(-0.525 s Yb/Wj s -0.15) ............................. 127
Figure 100. Velocity profiles (< U > /Uo) as a function of position of DB

(-0.153Yb/stO.175) ............................. 128
Figure A-l. Deflector Blade design ............................. 147
Figure A-2. Deflector Blade carriage ............................ 148
Figure A-3. Center rod used for carrying the DB-carriage .............. 149
Figure A-4. Center rod with locking nut .......................... 150
Figure A-5. Center rod holder ................................ 151
Figure A-6. Spring loaded pullers (Primary drivers) .................. 152
Figure A-7. Deflector blade-knife edge under pulling force ............. 153
Figure A-8. I-beam used to connect the DB with the DB carriage ......... 154
Figure A-9. Stops for the main spring. ........................... 155
Figure A-lO End plates for holding the DB assembly .................. 156
Figure A-ll Remote mechanism used for the release of the DB ........... 157

vii

 

 

 

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NOMENCLATURE
ENGLISH

A : Coefficient in Collis and Williams
B : Coefficient in Collis and Williams
CR : Center Rod

DB : Deflector blade

g : Force of gravity

IM : Interrupter module

K : Spring stiffness

Lm, : Deflector blade length

L,: Length of the Slit jet

n : Coefficient in Collis and Williams

Pm: Atmospheric pressure

P1,: Pressure Transducer

Q : Magnitude of the velocity measured by the hot wire
Sj : Slit jet

Std.dev : Standard deviation
TDB : Thickness of DB

U : Mean Velocity in X-direction

U0 : Velocity in wind tunnel

V : Mean Velocity in Y- direction

Vb : Velocity of DB

Wj : Width of the slit Jet

Yb : Position of DB

Yp : Position of the probe

S.S : Steady State

Z : Vertical height in the Bemoulli’s equation

GREEK

D : Angle between a slant wire and the probe axis, generic velocity measure.

y : In plane flow angle

1] : Ratio of voltage of a hot wire at an angle divided by the voltage of the same wire
my=0.

SYMBOLS

< > : Average value of the velocities

~ : RMS value of the velocity

viii

 

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DEFINITIONS
Deflector blade : The knife edge that deflects the flow field coming from the slit

jet.
Impulsive blade : Same as above.

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Motivation:

Thebasicmofivafionbehindtheexperhnemismlatedtoanmnomobileinducfion
system. IntheMomobfleindmfionsystem,seeFigmel,thehnakeairpassesthrough
thermnator,aheleaner,massflowairsemor,andthrofilebodybeforeiterfiemintothe
itnakenmnifoldoftheengine. Theamountofairthatisconfingintotheengineis
mnitoredbytheMAFS(massairflowsensor). Thissensorutilimsmallhotwire
sensorgwhich measnmthespeedoftheincomingair.Thenmssflowgoingtotheengine
isinferredonthebasisofdatatakenfi'omtheMAFS.

TheemrMpmblemistoexactlymeasmethemassflowmehtheinducfionsystem
.Umteadyflowefi‘ects,wfihthewaespondmgdifl‘eremminthemfiobehveenthe
masmedwbchyanddwdesfiedspmialavmgevalue,mkwmereadingoftheMAFS
sensoranunreliableindicatorofthemassflowrate.Conversely,ifthetruennssflowis
known,thenthesensoreanbecahhrated.Forthisifwehaveanamdliarysupplysouroe
connected to the induction system, see Figure 2 and monitor the mass flow (in) air in the
auxiliarysupplysystemthenthesensoroutputE,(t)canbecah’bmtedasafimctionofthe
knownnnss flow E .(m° (t)).

chewrdfimympplysomceismainminedmaconstamwessme,mepecfiveofthe
mmrpmthentheinflowfiomtheauxfliarysystemwmbewnealymoduhtedandwe

system

deflec

comin

willhaveknownmassimotheengineatalltimes. Thiscanbedonebycontrolling theair
comingintotheinletoftheauxiliarysupplysystem.

Thisexperincmisthefirststeptotheknowledgeflntoneneedsmbufldupsucha
systemasstatedabove. Inthisexperimentweseehowthefluidfieldbelmveswhenitis
deflectedbyanimpubiveblade. Itisanalogoustowhatwewoulddotocontrolthefluid
comingimotheauxiliarysupplyplenumwiththehelpoffineblades.

Theexperimentis,firstlyastudyofthesteadyanalysisoftheproblem,thatis,when
thebladeisinafixedpositiomandsecondly,itisastudyofthetransientcondition,when
thebhdeisinmotion.Thelatterdepictswhatwmtldoccmwhenthebladesmoveintothe
flowmthofthejetwhichwouldothemiseMerhtotheamdfiarymplnyold. Inthe
experiment,wehaveasannedthewidthoftheinletducttobeanalogoustothewidthof
thejet. Hence wedoourexperimentby keepingtheaboveapparatus inmindandby
visualizingtheefi‘ectofhighspeedbladesastheypartiallyopenorclosetheinlettothe
mndliaryairsupply.

 

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1.2 Objective.

Theobjective ofthisthesisworkisto determinehowthetm'bulentjetbehavesunder
theinfluenceofanimpulsiveblade. Thischaracteroftheflowfieldcanbestudiedintwo
ways:

0. To observethedeflection ofthejetwhenthedeflector/impulsive blade ispre-
positioned inthe flowfield.
ii). To recordthemainflow ficldwithdekctor blade intransient state.

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2. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS
2.1 Flow System

As shown in Figure 3 ,for the experimental work, a high-flow device/apparatus was used,.
'I'hisdevicehaddimensionsof2090x95x95mmThefanwaspoweredbyareversible
blower ofCincinnati Fan ModclNo. PB-141A,runbya3 hp, 3450rpmmotor (Balidor
model no. M36101). 'I'heflowratestln'oughtheblowerwasadjustable manuallyby
closing andopening of the suction duct of the blower, Figure 4. Therefore, the control of
theinflowspeedthroughtheSj (Slitjct)canbemonitoredtotherequirementofthe
experiment.Thevelocity,atthevenacont1actawasselectedtobe35mlsee.’l‘his
limitationwasimposedbythecah’bmtingunitpresentinthelab.
Thespeedofmemflowwasdeterminedbythepresmnedropbetweentheambiemmd
thatinsideofthewindnmnekUsingtheBemoulfiequafionandknowingthemn
presmrevahtewithinthettmneltheinflowvelocity couldbeealculated(asshownlater).
Arclationbetwecnthevoltageandthevclocityinthcwindttmnel,thusobtainedisshown
inFigme5.whichisusedtomamtainedtherequiredspeedinfl1ewindnmnel.
Sothroughtheexperhnemthepressmenansducermonfioredthevebcityatvem
contactausedtonormlizethemeasuredvelocitiesintheflowfield.
LetPubethenmospheficpmssumandPnbcthemeasmedpmmebythcpressme

tramducer (having a certain mp value in inches of water/volts).me the Bernoulli

equation; we have:

L'sir

NW

51"

“he.

“acre

PAN-Pu =pV2/2
Usingtheaboveequation;

v=[(PATM'P1'x)X2]/p p=densityofair.
nowlet(PAm.P1-x) =P’
asP*isthepmssummeasmedbythepmssmenansducer,mdeachpmssmenansdmer
hasitownmp.ValueinchH20/volts.AlsothisP’=p.gz and p.=densityofwater
Therefore combining all the equations we have;

V=(22(p~/p)2)°"
Where Z= inofwater/ volts ‘ volts

=Mpvalueofo*volts.
Nowhyflerpohfingthedensfiyofairandbrhgingthevahiesinthesametmits

(m/sec)we havetheresulting equation to calculatetheveloeity ofairasaresultofpressme

dmpbetweenambiethhepmssmeinsidethewindnmnelmeasmedbytherTx

v = (2 ‘ 9.81*1.94/.00232*.0254* Mp value 0fo * volts)“ = m/ sec

Therefore with the help of the above equation, knowing the voltage generated by the

Px.Tx(preesm'etransducer), wecanfindtheresultantvelocityatthevenacontracta.

DH

(1:

2.2 Slit Jet

Theslitjetassemblyshownin Figure.6 .Itischaracterizedbyaslitwidthoij)of
40mandalengthof300mmforthepresentexperiment.Thcplenum,whichisopento
theaunosphereupsu'eamofthejet, ischaracterizedbythedimensions 775mm(or 12.916

timesthewidth)x475mm(or 1.583 timesthelength)x460mmastheupstreamdimension.

2.3 Deflector blade .

Auavelingdeflectorbhde,guidedbynmnerssuchthmitshadmgedgcwasatX/Wj
=l.5anddrivenbytensionedspringsasshowninFigme.7,isusedtointerruptthejet
flow. Thcapparatugtoachievethisdymmichnenupfionofthejegwasdesignedand
fabricatedaspartofthepresentthesisefl‘ort. Adetaileddescriptionofthisunitis
preeentedinAppendbtmabriefdescriptionisgivenbelow.

'I'hedeflectorbladewaspositionedatvarious insertiondcpthstorecordthesteady
staterecponseofthejet. Initsdynamicmde,thetensionedspringspropelledthe
deflector blade from its initial position: Yb(0)=-101 mm=-2.525‘Wj, to a desigmted final
position. The fimlpositions, y(oo), of

y(ao) = -4mm=-0.l"Wj

+5 mm = 0.129%

= +7mm=0.175“Wj

WET

.‘lx

2.3,‘

9

wereselectedforfirrtherstudy. Itwasdeterminedthatafimlpositionoflmmor
y(ao)/Wj=0.175wascompatiblewiththe objectivesofthisinvestigationandthisvaluewas
usedforthedynanncmeaanements.

Anmestingtechnique,whichst0ppedthebladeatfl1edeshedlocafionwasan
importantaspectofthisdesign. SeeAppcndixA.

ThreeIR(Infi'ared)photocellsoropticalencodcrs(OP),wcreused,asshownin
Figure 8. andasdescribedinsection 2.4,todeterminethevelocity ofthc blade: dyaldt.
The second and-third photo cell provided the relevant blade velocity information for the

measurements reported in this thesis.
2.3.1 Operation of DB assembly

AsMedearlierJhNtheDBassemblyismaddifionddwicefittedoverthesfitjet

apparatus. The mode of operation is as follows:
2.3.1.1 Positioning ofthc DB

FirstofalLtheDBhastobepositionedatthevem-conhactathewidthofthe Sj
is40mm(Wj). Asthefluid flomtheplenumcntersthewindttmnelintheformofa
jeLavem-conuactaisformeddownstreamtheexitplaneoij.Incaseofanideal
flufithejawidthwnfinuectodecremeandsueamlnnsbecomeasasymptoticafly

parallel [Valentine (1967)]. In case ofa real fluid, however, the vena-contracta

2.3.1

10
(minhmnnjetwidth)formswithinslitjetwidth,downstreamtheeidtplane. In
additiondependhgupontheReymldsnumberofflnjegsymneuicvonexmotionis
developed; these motions make significant contributions to the spread ofthejet [BW,
ClarkandKit(l980),FossandKorschelt (1983)]. Forthisparticularexperimenth=
40mm,meansthat vena-contracta wouldoccurat60mm,(= 1.5‘Wj) downstream
theexitphne. So,theDBhadtobepositionedat60mmfi'omtheknifeedgesofthe
Sj. Forthisthefomscrews(intheendplates)wereusedtopositiontheDB. As
Mgthesescrewsmughthesanephchbdmthevaticalmovememoftheuppcr
twohalveawhichthenmovedthewholeDBassemblyupordown. Thus,thevertical
positioningoftheDBassemblycanbedoneeasilyinthismamer. Thelateralplaeing
oftheDBoverLj(lengthofthejet)isdonebyplacingthebottomhalfofthcend
platesoverthesupportplate(wooden)oftheSj. Oncetheadjustmemhasbeenmadc,
whhthehelpoftheveMermidtheadjusfingscmwsnencomesthermnmgofthe

DB overthe rails.
2.3.1.2 Running ofthe DB

Oncethewholeset-upisdone,theDBisreadytonmoveritslength. Forthis,the
twopullersarepoppedontotheDB, andthentheDBispulbdbackagainstthe
springforcctoapredeterminedpositionandthenreleased. AssoonastheDBis
releaseditaccelcratestowardsitsterminationpoint,whichistheendofthecenterrod.

ThealignmentoftheDBtipandthatofthetipoftheknifeedgeofthe Sjisdonebya

2.4

Fe

c011

11
thinthreadpendulum. ThependuhunisplacedontheSjknifeedgeandthethread

withaweightattachedhangsdownundertheinfluenceofgravity. Thecenterrodis
placedinmhawaymylooseningthenmsinthemmdholdenthatwhenthe
DBisleckcdinposition,thetipoftheknifeedgeoftheDBjusttomhesthettnead
pendulum. Inthisway,boththetipsoftheknifeedgeeoftheSjandtheDBarc
ahgmdandthisdetemmesmestmtposhionoftheDBknifeedgewfihrespeatoWi
(.20<Wj<20).AssoonasthebladehitstheendofthecenterrodthelOmmspring-
loadedballsintheDBcarriagepopinpositionontheindentsonthecenterrod,thus
lockingtheDBcarriageinposition. Thepuflerawhicharestilltmdertheinflueneeof
thespring,continuetheirmotionbypoppingofl‘theDB. So,theDBisheldinthe
desiredpositionandtheprimarydriversdisengage. Forthcnextrunagainthepullers
areattachedtotheDBandthewholeroutineisrepeated,exceptnowtheendposition
ofthebhdeiskmwmsounlessmincrememdchangemtheDBposifion'sdeshed,

theadjustmentofthecenterrodisnotundertaken.
2.4 DB-DetectionDevice

Asmentionedearlicr,intheoperationoftheDB,thattheDB acceleratestowardthe
endposition, oritsdestination. 'l'hismeansthatthevelocityofDBisafimctionofXW=
F(X)). Therefore,theposifionoftheDBcanbedetemfinedemphicaflyorbyamlyfical

considerations. InthisexperimentthepositionofDBatacertaininstantintimeisdonc

bloc

out;

“‘88

+_/. j.

83V:

Vohj

Such

inbe
"311a

12
byempificalmethods,thesetupisshowninFigme8. ForthiathrecIR’s,optical

eneoders(OP)orintem1ptermodu1es(M)wereused.

TheOpticdemoderhastwopanstomomiscalbdtheemfltaandtheotheriscalbd
thedetector. WhenacertainpowersupplyisgiventotheMtheomputfi'omtheMis
lecstlmnthempplyvoltage,assoonasthegapbetweentheemitterandthedetectoris
blocked,thesameannuntofmagnitudeofthatofthesuppliedvoltageappearsasan
output.

Inthisexperiment,afive-voltsupplywasusedandgiventothell\d. Thcpowersupply
wascannibalized fi'omanold computer,(sincc power supplytoafloppydisksisfivevolts).
Specialemphasiswasgiventoafive-voltmpplyastheA/Dboardresponsestoaninputof
+/-10volts. So,assoonasthefivevoltmpplywasswitchedon,thell\drespondedand
'gaveanoutput of0.81 -0.82 voltswithfluctuations of+/-5milli-volts, Figure 9. Butas
soonassomethingisplacedinbetweenthegapofMthereisariseinvoltageto5+/-0.7
voltsfigurelO.

' Therefore,athinsn-ipofmetalonnnnthicknesswasplacedovertheDBcarriagein
suchawaythatwhenDBhitstheendpositionofitsnm,thetipofthemetalstrippasses
inbetweenthegapoftheIM. Forthisthreeopticaleneoderswerenmuntedontheside
railalongthetravelpathoftheDBreferfigmeS.Sowhcnevertherewasavariationinthe
timeseriesoftheomputvoltageoftheMitisknownthattheDBisatthatparticularIM.
IntheexperhnenhthehstMisswitchedonwhentheDBhadcompkteditsuaveL The
distamebeMemthefirstandthesecondM(orOP)isGOmmandthedistamebemeen

thesecondandthethirdis48mm. Figure 10. showstheresponseoftheIMwhentheDB

int"

2.5

V6101

13
Inspassedthroughit. Inthisnnnner,thepositionoftheDBcanbedetectedata

particularinstamhtfimedm'ingitsnavelfi'omitsinifialtoitsfinalstate.

NB: Itisalsoworthmenfioningherethatassoonassomeobsmictionkplaeedh
betwecnthegapofthecmitterandthedetector,thevoltagcatoncedoesnotjmnpt05
+/-0.7volts,butaslighttimelagisinbetween. Soforanalyzingpurposesmnyvariation

intheoutputoftheIM/OPisanindicationofobstruetionoftheemitterdetectorgap.

2.5 Pressure Transducers

Forthemsmememofthepmsmneinsidethewindnmmlandforthecahbrafionof
thehotwhescnsoraAoneTORRbflCSBaratonpressmcnansducerswasused.
\ 2.6 Hot Wire Anemometers

Hotwireprobes,fashionedasX-arrayswereusedforthemeasmementoftheflJN)
velocitycomponentsinthcflowfield. Hotwiredataweretakenusingconstant
temperature anemometers , the X-array sensor survey was accomplished using DISA
55M10 anemometersAlltheX-array probes wercbuiltintm'bulentshearflow laboratory
-bfic1figmstateUmversity.Eachhotwhesensorwaseomnmtedfiom5micro-nnta
Ttmgstenwire,thewirelengthwas3nnnwithaetiveregionoflnnninthecenter.0n
ehhersideoftheactivemgionwppersdphatephnmgwasaddedtothenmgstemhs
diameterwasapprofinntelySOmicron. ThelengthtodiameterratioonOOwaskeptfor

allsensors.Figure ll indicatesthegeneralappearanceofanX—arrayprobeuseddm'hig

com
com
betwe

coudu

2.7 F

angle

14
theexperiment.Allhotwiresensorsprobeswereoperatedwithanoverheatratiooflfi

andthecoldresistanceofthewheswerefoundintherangeflomlS- 5.00hms.
TheX-arrayprobeswereusedtoprovidetimeseriesvaluesfortheUandtheV
componentsofthevelocityateachmeasmement location. Allthehotwiredatawas
mmpematedfortcmperatumtoreducemeemmbythechangemflmfluidtemperatme
betweenflncafibrationandthemeasWJemperatmemeasmeMswere
conductedusing athermistorwithsensitivity of 2.03°K Ohmsat 293°K. Alltemperature
changeswere assmnedto be “longterm(of the order of 10’s of minutes)”andtherefore

theresponsetimeofthethermistorwasconsideredto be sufficient.
2.7 Flow Visualization

Adighalcamemwasusedalongwhhthehrflpmbeinordertoestnnatethennanflow
angleoftheturbulentflowdownstreamfi'omtheslitjet. Thetufiismadeofstrandsof
threadmountedonaneedleandheldinaholder;seeFigure 12. Thetuflprobewas
placedintheflowandtheangleofdcflectionwasindicatedbytheorientationofthetufl.
Sineethejetflowexistedwithinanopaquewindttmnel, directvisualizationofthetufi
wasnotpossible. Forthismasonandbecausetheinformationcanbedigitallyprocessed,
adigitalcamera(DYCAMDC-10)wasusedtorecordtheflowangles. Thecamerawas
mowedinsidethewmdmnnelmdphotographsofthemfiwcmtakenfordifl’erem
positionsoftheblade. smethecamerawasoperatedinamO-mode,thelightingofthe

interiorofthewindttmnelwasproducedbytheflashofthecamera. Thephotographs

2.8 Data

Fast-16A
bits With a
8sharinei
Sample all

Fast-16130

1 5
obtained fi'om the digital camera were processed on computer using PhotoShop software.

Themeanflowanglewasdetectedasafimctionofthe positionofthe blade, Figure 13 .
Manyphotographs (1500) were taken to confirm for the mean flow angle for arange of-

~105 Ybs 10 00.255 Yb/Wj S 0.25).
2.8 Data Acquisition and Processing

ThedMacquishionforthehot-wheX-anaypmbewasaeeompfishedwhhanAmlog
Fast-16A/DCardwithanIBM 486-66 PC clone. TheA/Dboardlmdaresolution of16
bitswitharangeof+/-10volts; themaidnmmsamplerateofthesystemwaslMHz. An
8-clmnmlsampleandholdcardwasusedinconjumfionwiththeA/Dcardmorderm
sampkaflthedifl‘emmchamelsataninstammfimeandtoholdthevahwumfltheAmbg

Fast-l6 board can read each channel.
2.9 Traverse Control

Alineartraversewasusedforthepositioningofthetuflandthehotwireprobesinthe

flow field. The motion ofthc traverse was controlled by a stepper motor connected to a

pcrsoml computer.

HCTOr

F1

16

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Fig 3. Air Flow appratus ( Wind tunnel ) , used for the generation
of the jet.

17

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to Plenum

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig 4. Reversible blower used in the wind tunnel , with adjustable
Suction duct.

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3.5:

3.2

gel

10

3. DATA PROCESSING

3.1 Introduction

Themfornnfionprovidedmthefoflowmgsecfiondescribesflrdmawquisifionand
process’ng. Section3.2describeshowthemeanflowanglesweieachievedforthesteady
statemeasurcments. By“steadystate”wemeanthatthebladewasplacedatacertain
position inthe flow field. Section 3.3 describes the processing algorithm for the probes.
Section 3.4 describes howtheposition of the moving deflector (DB)wasdeterminedand

3.5dealswithfitrtherdetailsforthereductionofthedata.

3.2 DigitalCameraProcessing

Aninifialsctofobservafiomwiththedignalcamemwemrecordedmestabfishthe
generic attributes of the deflected jet. Followingtheseobservations, theDB was
positionedatthelocations: -10mmSy3510mm(or-0.25SYb/Wj$0.25)andthetufiwas
usedtoidentitytheflowangleswithinthedeflectedjet. (Aseriesofypositio-wasused
forthisassessment,theindividualtufiangleswereaveragedtorecord‘the”ang1eofthe
561-)

'I‘hesedataarepresentedinfigmell Asshown,thereisasystematicincreaseofthe

deflectionangle with respect to the DB position (yg).

27

3.3 X-I

An)

28
3.3 X—Array Calibration and Processing

An X-wire was used to provide two components ofthc velocity in the plane of
deflectionofthemainflow. Theplaneoftheprobcistheplaneparalleltothetwowires
oftheprobe, Figurell . TheprocessingoftheX—arrayhot—wireproberequiredtwo
voltagesfi'omthewiresintheprobetobeknownatthesameinstant. Thesevoltages
werethenprocessedtogethertoprovideflowspeed,Q(t)andalsoy(t)theprobeangle.

TheshnplestX—amypmcesshgalgorithmisbasedonthe“cosmehw”anddealswhh
the concept of efl‘ective cooling velocity (Bradshaw (1975)). This concept suggests that
thehotwiresintheX-arrayareonlycooledduetothevelocitycomponerfiperpendicular
tothewire,theflowcomingatananglcnearlyparalleltotheinclinedwireisignored; in

this concept. The efi‘ective cooling velocity “Qefl” is givenby the relation.
Qeir=QCOS-(l3-Y) (1)

Intheaboveequationy-anglewastermedasthcflowangle,andisdefinedastheangle

betweentheaxisoftheprobcandthe inplane velocityvector,theangleflistheangle

betweentheaidsofthepmbeandthelmeperpendicuhrtothehotwneflheabove

equationcanthenberewrittenas,

Qua = Q 1 C08. (15) C08- (7) + Sin (13) Sin (7) ] (2)

Substitt

We get

HE [Mr

Uand)

29

Substituting the values,
U= Q C08- (1) (3)
V = Q Sin (7) (4)
We get the following equation,
Qeir= U Cos. (B) + V Sin ([3) (5)

Thetwo scmorsintheX-an'ayaretheusedtosolvetheaboveequationfortheunknown

Uandbe,

Q: = U (308- (B) + V Sin (15+) (6)

Qea=UCos.(B-)+VSin (B-) (7)

Thevalueofthe“fl” isdeterminedfiomthecalibrationdata,theabovetwoequationcan

betransformedas;

Wher

inca:

W1

30
Qeir=[(F«2+A(Y=0))/(B (i=0)/ COS-(W1 WI“) (8)

Qw=[(E2--A(Y=0))/(B (Fm/CO?» (13-)")l "HT” (9)

Wherethe-and-i-indicatethevoltagesandcoefl‘. associatedwith-Band+flsensors,but
incaseofanX-arraywe haveQ=CU2+V’)”2 andtan"(v/u)=y,also.
Theabove“law”isvalidforflowanglesupto+/—12degrees(Fosset.al(1986))butfor
lugeranghsofdeflectionorvariationintheflowangles,thecosinelawhastobe
modified;becausethentheinfluenceoftheflowcomingtothehotwireatalargerangle,

i.e.paralleltowirewouldalsoadded.ThustheCosinelawcanbemodifiedto

Qea=Q(COSZ(B-’Y)+k28in2(l3-'Y)) (10)

wheretheadditional term Psm 2(Ii-y) takesinaccountthecooling ofthc hotwiredueto
the‘tangcmialzvebcity,andthetermk2isdetemmedbyfliecah’brationdam.
Alternatively,thealgorithm describedinFoss et.al (1995) providesamethodbywhichthe
magnitude(Q)anddhecfion(y)ofthebcalvebchycanbedeternfimd.hthis,the
conceptofspeed-wireandanangle-wircisused. Thatis,thewirewhichismorc

perpendicularto flowdirectionisnnreresponsivetothevelocitymagnitudeandthiswas

designated
dcsignaied

111': pic
angle of Ih
was repeat

1). Thesei

 

In combinai
'5 POSStble i

c(”weight

0‘5 degrees
In this a‘
Wmlfihip

of
the “lies

31
designatedasa“speed-wire”.Thesecondwire,whichismoretangentialtothevelocity,is

designatedasthe“ang1e-wiie”.
Thpmcessmgalgorhhmmquhedmextendedcalflnafiondatasetmpecificaflythe

mgleofthepmbcwhhmspectmtheflowwasvmiedatagivenspeedandthispmcess

wasrepeatedforsixflowspeeds. ThisprovidesthespeedandtheanglewiredataasHQ,

y). 'I'hesedatawerefittoamodifiedtheCollinsandWilliamrelationshipas:

E’(Q. r) = Am + 3(7) Q‘” (1 1)

wheren=n.also.
AtagivenspeedQ,thereisauniquevalueoftheanglewirevoltagez E(Q,0)anda

measured voltage: E(Q,y). These values are combined to define n as

may)
= —"————l 12
" 1549.0) 1 ( )

Incombination, (11)and(12) provideapairofrelationsthatcanbeiteratively solved. It
ispossibleto showthatthenatureofthe smoothedcalibrationdatacausethistobea
convergent calculation. The iterations are continued until convergence to a change in y of
0.5 degreesisobtained.
mthisdgorhhmthemhialyvahwisdeternnnedbyusmgthemsmeefi‘ecfivemofing
relationship andthe technique of Bradshaw (1975) to infer (Q, 7) fi'om E. andE; (voltages

ofthc wires), as stated earlier as:

32

512 = AI + BI 11‘) Cos. (MW!

E22= A. + 132le Gas (132 m"

Convergenceisachieved fortherange -36Sys36 degrees.
ThusknowingTandthevelocityvectorisspeedwire. Thevalueonmfi‘om
previouscalculationaisthefirstestimateoftheflowspeed. Theyiscomputedasy=y(n)
andnisgivenbytheEqu. l2.wereE(y,Q)isthemeasuredvoltageoftheanglewireand
E(O, Q) is computed, forthe angle wire. The flow speed can be computed fi'om equation
8,and9. Usingspeedwirevoltageanddistinct‘?” valuesclosertothatinterpolated
resultsbetwecnthetwoequations.
Thcspeedwire/anglewirepmcessingalgofithmhasbeenshowntoimmersethe
sensitivityoftheprobetoi36degrees. ThroughoutthisexpcrimenttheX—arrayhasbeen

used to take measurements: given the two-component velocity fields.

3.4 Transient Velocity Calculations

WhentheDBisinthemotionfi'omOPl to 0P3 ,itisdesiredtoknowtheUandV
velocitycomponentofthejet,whichis beingdeflectedbymovingDBwiththehelpofa
staticprobe(X-array).'I’hespeedoftheDBmiderthespringforceisnotuniform. But
withthehelpoftheOP,sweareableto determinethepositionatacertaininstantintime,

byanalyzingthc timeseriesofvoltages.

using
const
60118
As i

each

3.5 l

E

33
ThenbycorrelatingthepositionoftheDBoth/M,withthetimeseriesofthehotwiie

using quadratic polynomials of “t” in the form of , AtA2+Bt+C ( where A,B,C are
constants of the equation), We were able to find the two velocity components
corresponding to a specific position ofthc DB in space.
Asthcreweievariationinspeedofthe DB overeachrun,so individualco-relations for

eachdatasetwhererequiiedtoestimatetheUanchomponents.

3.5 Nornnlization of Data

Allthedatainthisstudyispresentedinnon-dimensionalform. Themeasurement
locationsarenormalizedbythetotal widthoijandthevelocitycomponentsaie
mrmfizedbythemcommgwbcuy,msmedbymepressmeuamduccrandmflizingthe
Bermmfieqmtionhpmssmedifieremialismkenbetweentheamwphemandthewmd

ttmnelandisusedintheBernomliequation).

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction

Theexperimentwasconductedintwoparts. Resultsofthefirstpartdealswiththe
steadystatemeasmememOftheSjundertheinflmnceofthepre-posfiionedDB. The
resultsofthisisthenusedasthebasisoftlrseeondpartoftheeaqaerimeutwhentheDBis
intransientmotion. Sections4.2-4.3dealswithsteadystatemeasmementsandsection

4.4 throughthe endofthe chapter, dealwiththetramient study.
4.2 Steady State Measurements
4.2.1 Velocity profile with out DB

Townduathesteadysmtemeasmennmghwasfirstmbedecidedwhatspeedofthe
jetistobeusedinthewindtunnel. Asthepre—existingcalibrationunitintheturbulem
shearflowlaboratoryhasalimitationof37meters/seoondonit,sothespeedselectedfor
themeamn'ementhadtobelessthanthisinordertohaveapropercah‘brationdoneforthe
hotwire. Thespeedwasthensebaedto35meters/second,andthesamewasmahnained
inthewindttmneLwiththehelpofthecah'brationcurvechosenforit. Thehot-wire
semarwascdihatedforsbmpeedsmngingfiomltoflnflsandthenhsefledhnothe

wind tunnel.

34

35
'l‘hevelocitysm'veywasearriedomfi'om-ISYp/MSIatX/Wj=l.5inthewind

tunnelusingthehotwireprobemhesymbolYprepresemstheYlocationoftheprobe. The
<U>ondist1ibutionisshowninFigmel4. Fromthisitcanbeobservedthattheslit-jet
flowisnotsymmefiicalaboutthecenfialaids,andthemostlikelyreasonforthisisthe
pressmeofthesuctionbloweronthey<0 sideofthettmneLTheshifiintheprofileofthe

jetisfoundtobeZ unnfi'omthecenterlineinfen'edfi'omthefigmeslllto 17.
4.2.2 Velocity profile for Yb/Wj = -0.5

TheDBwaspositionedatYb/W=-0.5,andthevelocityprofilewasobtainedwithl
mmincrementaltraverseofthe x-arrayprobe; seeFigure 18.Thenon-synnnetrical
behaviorofthejetisagainevidentinthesedata. (Notethattheprobewaslimitedto
Yp/Wj=-0.5becauseofthe DB’s position). ByplacingtheDBat-O.5weobservetlnt
thefluctuationofUandVcomponentshasdroppedby36%and35%respectively;see
FingOanle.ItisinferredthattheDBlmsimermptedtheregularformtionofthe
smallscalemotionsthatareknowntoexistattheedgesoftheshearlayer. Itisthese
motionsthatareassumedtoberesponsibleforthelargefluctuationlevelsoftheslitjet;

seeFigure l9and20.

4.3 V

4.3.1

fluct
featu
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Nete

3 6
4.3 Velocity Profile for Deflected Flow

Foradeflectionangle of30°offlow, the probe waspositioned parallelwiththe jet axis
,sineetheX-anaylndaeoneof136degreesinwhichitcancapnn'ethevelocity.Forthe
45° deflectiontheprobewasorientedat25° givingacone ofobservationz9t081

degrees.
4.3.1 Velocity Profile for Yb/Wj = -0.1

WhentheDBisplacedath/M=-0.ltheangleofdeflectionwas30 : 4degreesas
obtained fiomtheDYCAM. Theresulting velocity profile figure21,showsthat<U>/Uo
hasdeflectedtoonnnfiomthecenteraidsoftheslit-jetinthedireetion oftheinsertion.
Furthermore, Figure 21 and Figure 22 revealareductioninthe U-component ofthe
velocity with an increase in the V-component. However, looking at the <V~> / Uo ,see
figme24,we observethatthejetprofileismaintained,as thereisminimumvalueof
fluctuationinthchomponentwhenthe<U>vah1eatitsmaxinnnn. Anotherdistinet
featureofthe deflectedjet isthatthey-component velocity: <V>onlyexhibits positive
valueathenngnitudeof which(ascomparedtothepreviousplot) hasalsoincreased.

Note tint the peak rmgnitude of<V> is halfof<U>.

37
4.3.2 Velocity Profile for WM = 0.125

Adeflectionof45°i 1.5 degrecsresultswhentheDBisplaceath/Wi=0.l25. For
thiscondition,theprobeisorientedat25°sotlntthedeflectedjetcanbecaptm'edbythe
hot wire sensor. The velocity profiles obtained are restricted to 0.125 <Yp/Wj < 0.1,
becauseofthewidthoftheDB. Aremarkableincreaseinthe<V>componentofthe
velocityisindicatedbythesedata. Note that <V>~<U>;seeFigures 25andFigme 26. In
bothofthesefigmesweobservethatthejethasbecomebroader,asthestreamlincsofthe
jetarenowunderastronginfluenceoftheV-componentofthevelocitywhichcauscsthe
wideningofthejet. Thejetedgehasshifiedtoy/szo.4,i.e.,l6mmfi'omthecentral

line of the slit-jet.
4.3.3 Velocity Profile for Yb/Wj = 0.175

FortheDBatYb/Wj=0.l75,theangleofdeflectionis48°.'l'heinereaseofthe
deflectionangleisassociatedwithafiu‘therreduction of the <U> componentand<V>
component. However, the <V> component is comparable to that of <U>. For Yb /W =
0.175, <U>isreducedbyabout 30%and<V>isincreasedto about 25% of U0. The
magnitudeofthedeflectionforthiscasewaslargeenoughtosatisfytheinitialobjectiveof
acompletelateraldisplacementofthejetcolumn. Hence,thiscasewasselectedforthe

studyofthetramientefi‘ectgseefigm'es27t028.

38
hthehnendedpracficetherewinbeasetofnmvingbladesthatwouldbeusedfor

guidingthea'nflowinoromoftheamdliaryplenum,thnsmaintainingtheplenumata
constantpressure.(Refertofig l ). Therefore,inthe following sectiomastudyfl‘ransient)

iscarriedomtodeterminethejet flowcharacteristiesofthedymmicimertionoftheDB.

4.4 Transient-Motion (DB) Study

4.4.1 Introduction

ForthefiansientstudyoftheexpethheDBwasnmintheraflsunderthe
influenceofthesprings; andattheendofthetravelitwasstoppedatapre—determined
positionintheflowfieldtocauseadeflectionofthejet. Withtheknowledgefi'omthe
steadystateanalysis,weknowthatwhentheDBisat0.l75,thejetwouldbetotally
deflected out of the slit-jet projected areato they>0 side.

AstheDBwasnmfiomoneextremetotheother,seeFigure08,thedistancebetween
thethreeIMwasfixedandtlntofmefirstMmdthestmtposifionwasalwfixed. The
distancebetweenOplandOP2was60mmand0P2toOP3was48mm,soonee,theDB

triggered 0P1 it traveled 108 mm before st0pping at +0.175 Wj.

3 9
4.4.2 Velocity of DB

Therearesixarbitrarilychosen positions fortheX-arrayprobcs, i.e., Yp/Wj=-0.5,-
0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, O.8.asshowninthefigme29.Allthemeasmementswereexecuted
usingtheselocations. AsingleexperimentwasexecutedbyreleasingtheDBath=~200
mm=-5"Wj. 'I'hetimingfortheexperimentwasstartedasispassedtheOPl detectorand
continuedtmtilitcametorcstatthetermimtion: Yb=0.175‘Wj. Twelve such
experimentswere executed for each position of the probe. Hence, ‘72 experimentswere
usedtocreatetbetransientdatareportedherein.

For each run of the blade corresponding to the specific YP/Wj position, DP and hot-

InthestudyofthethneseriesoftheOPoutprfis,weobsewethatthevebcityin
betweenanyspecifictwo OP’sisnot constant. Ofthetotalmunberofmns(72), the
meanvelocityoftheDBcalculatedbetweenOPlandOP2wasl.03m/swithastandard
deviation of 0.1487 m/secandthemeanvelocity between OP2and0P3 was 1.06ch
withastd.dev of .0139 m/sec,givingnominal Vb/Uo of 0.03.

Fromthenumericalvalues,itisobviousthattheDBdoesnothaveauniformvelocity
butitisinacceleratedmotion. Hence,asimplecorrelationbetweenthebladespeedand
thatofthehotwiretimeserieswasnotpossible. Thecorrespondencebetweentheblade

speedbetweenOP2and0P3andtheposition(Yb)wascstablishedas

 

4.5 Com;

4.5.1 Flow

 

40

y. = yawn) + 130 - «0P2»

4.5 Comparison of Steady State Results with Transient Results

4.5.1 Flow Angles.

'I'heflowangles,recordedfi'omthehot-wirereadingsfortheerunsatcachYp
location, permit the averaged angle fiom the transient condition to be evaluated for a
giveanvalue.Thetransient anglewascalculated fiomtherespectiveUandVvelocity
components.ForeachthheflowangleisdependentuponthepositionoftheDBandis
independentofthespeedofitasshowninfigure30and31respectively.1nwhichitis
revealedtlmtforanychosen YpandYb<U>/annd<V>/Uoisindependent of dYb/dt
.Thus with the help ofthese two velocity components the angle obtained as fimction ofthc
Wmanbecomparedwiththedefleaionmgleobtamedfiomthemfimthesteady
state. Thisdhectcompafisonrevealsasystematicfiendwhereintheflowangle<95¢> for
thetransientconditionlags_be;_hmdthevalueof<9j..>forthesteadystateconditionsee
figure32.'I'heaveragevalueofthe<9jet>transient,isobtainedfromthehistogramof
angles,seefigme33to74.Allthesehistogramsareconstructedfi'om12runs.Seeing
theseplotsitwouldbeforthmentioningthat,whentheanglesforcachrunisdifi‘erent,it
ismdicafiveofthevorficesshededbymeja.Andwhenmeangkissamefornmdmum

runsthatisthemeanflowangleoftheflow.

ltls'u

thcpres

4.5.2 \

Vel
Yp Val

profile

thede

4 1
It is instructive to realize that this lag occurs for the low velocity ratio: V3/Uaas0.03, of

the present experiment.
4.5.2 Velocity Profiles

Vebcfiyprofileshthefiansflcasecanbereconsfiuaedfiomthemhermsateach
vaahre.’l'heseprofilescanbecomparedwiththesteadystateprofiles.Thevelocity
profilesof<U>and<V>areshowninfigure 75 to 98,andanoverallbehaviorofthejet
astheDBmovesacrosstherisshowninfigure99and100,inwhichonecanobserve

thedeflectingtrendofthe Sj.

 

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5. UNCERTAINTY CONSIDERATIONS

5.1 Pressure Measurements

Forthecalculationofthenormalvelocityinthewindnmnel,lTorrMKSBm'atronwas
used; ithasanassociatedunoertaintyof 0.08%ofthemeasmedvah1e(MKSInstnnnents
(1994)). Fmthermore,thislevel of uncertainty comparesto 0.04 cm/secinthe
msmementotitheapproachvelocity. Butsinoethis experimentwasoonductedatahigh

speedof35 m/sec,sofl1eassociateduncenaintywiththemrmalspeedof35mlsecseems

to be negligible.

5.2 Uncertainty in the Position of the DB

Forthemeasurement,theDBwasalignedwithoneofthelmifeedgesoftbeslitjet.
Thealignmentwasdonewiththehelpofthestandardthreadpendulum. OneetheDBwas
properlyalignedwiththeknifeedgesoftheslitjegitwasthen nansversebackorforthto
thedesirableposition. TbeuncertaintyassociatedwiththeplacingoftheDBattheexact
position lessthenbej; 0.3mmasaflertheafigningtheDBMththethh'dpenduhma
scalewasusedtotransverseitinandoutofthecenterrodholderwiththehelpofa

vernier.

129

1 3 0
5.3 Traverses Uncertainty

Thetraverseusedforpositioning thehotwiresandthetufiprobeisrunwiththehelpof
asteppermotor. 'I‘hedrivingscrewoftheu'aversedoesnotexactlyhavethepitchof
lmmbutO.989mm,sothereisanerrorof0.011mmforeachmmofmovement;whichisa

biasederrorandiscalculatedandaddedtothetraversewheninuse.

5.4 DB Assembly

T"
I
l

ThebladeDBassemblyismovedupordownwiththehelpofthetwolefl-andright-
handedscrewstopositiontheDBatthevenaconu'acta. Thepitchofthesescrewsisnot
exactlylnnnforeachmhlt1.5mmforeachtm'n,therefore, everytumtheDB
moved 1.5mm. So,againforpositioningofDB,thescrewsweretmnedandtheassembly
movedupanddown,andwhenDBwasBSmmabove Sj, thelockingnutswere
tightened,andthedistancemeasured withaVemier,the errorinadjustmentwouldthen

be:0.01mmMax.)foralltheadjustmentsoftheDBatvenaconn'acta.
5.5 OpticalEncoders
AstheopticalencoderpassedastheinformationabomasthepositionoftheDB,when

itwastriggered. 'I'hesamplingratewasZKHZ,i.e.,foreve1-y0.0005 seconds,wewere

meamn-ingthepulseoftheOP. SotoexactlyknowwhentheDBu'iggeredtheOP,inthat

 

131
0.005 seconds gapwasdiflicult tojudge, soamiddlevalue0.0025 secondwastaken

betweenthe samplesas thcpoint oftriggeringthe OP.
5.6 Hot W'n'e Anemometer

Allthedatatakenbythehotwirewaspreandpost ealibratedandwaslimitedby
0.10mm/secforaspeedof35m/sec.forthehotwire. 'I'hesamplingfi'equencywas 2K
HZratefor 10seoonds. 'I‘hetime(sampling)wastakenlessastoobservethetriggering
ofOP’sbutforhotwirethesampling ratewaslesstogiveusagoodaverage.Thenby
changingthe sampling rate ofthe would have madethecorrelation dificuit. Aswe
wantedacontinuoussamplingrateofboth hotwireandthatoftheOPsotheyeouldbe

CO-related in the same time domain.

 

6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

methepresflresultsobservedfi’omtheexpefimem,weseemObasicthings One
thatthejetcouldbetotallydeflectedoutoftheprojectedareaoftheSjwidthwhenthe
insertionofthebladewas+5andsecondmostimportantthingweobservedwasthatthe
relationbetweenthedynamicandthesteadystatewasafi'ectedbythespeedofD.blade;
Le.,althoughwehadamlmivelymflerspeedwimmpeamUo,hneventhenthem
wasalagbetweenthedynanficandthestaticresponseoftbejet; Incaseofdynamicthere 12:
wasalaginvolved,andthejetdidnotproducethesamedeflectionanglesasthatwhichit
didinthesteadystate.

SointuitivelyonecansaytlntifDB speedwasismuchslower,thenitwouldhavethe
sameresponseasthatofthesteadystate,btnifthespeedofDBbladetendsmincrease
thelagfactorplaysanimportantpartandthedeflectionobtainedfromthedynamicdoes
notmatchwiththatofsteadystate. Althoughtherespectivemeasmememsofthedynamic
fordifl‘erentnmsoftheDBforagivenspeed,areindependentofthespeedofthebladeas
Vb./Uofactorisof0.03,soifweareonlyconsideringitdynamicresponseoftheDB,then

thevaluesobtainedfortheflowareindependentofthebladespeed.

132

7. RECOMMENDATIONS

ThwmcertahhnpoflMreconmndatiomwhichmmadeforthisexpefimem
whichwouldhelpintheforegoingstudyofthe same; theserecommendatiomare

appended below:

1'I'heexperimentshouldbeconductedforvariablemdsoftheDB,sothattherelation
ofdynaniicandstaticcouldbeformulated; andthespeedof Vb./Uo=lcouldbevery
helpful for analyzing the jet flow behaviors. For this the mechanical device which was
usedhemshofldbemphcedwithanahpistonandlinemmflmechafismasthatwould
helptocontrolthespeedtheDBtoanydesiredlevelwithcontrollingoftheairpressme,
andthelinearrailswouldofi'erminirmnnfi'ictiontomovementoftheDB.(asitwasnot

thecaseinthisexperiment.)

2 ThecalculationsofrelatingthetimeseriesandthatofDBweredonemnually,by
usingcalculator, itwouldbemuch betterto designasofiwarethatwould help to correlate
thetwo,andforagiveninstantoftimetellsthepositionoftheblade alongwiththe

corresponding mgnitudeofthevelocityobtainedbythehotwires.
3. IheappamtususedfortheseexpefimeMwasfixedupsidedowninthewindnmneL

whichposedallot ofprobletm forsettingandadjustingthevariousparametersofDB

assembly; itwouldbebetterthattheassemblywofldbeplacedstraightasthatwouldhelp

133

.- .I;

 

 

134
theerqaerhmmertoeasflyadjmtmypmeroftheDBassemblymthedeshedsetdng
withoutanyhassle.

4 Itwouldalsobewonhwhikthattheexperhnemasstatedemfieriscaniedomwith
vafiabkjetspeedandalsowithvariabkflowspeedasthatwouldhelpmfindomthe

relationbetweenthedynamicandthestaticbehaviorofthe flowfieldtotheDB.

 

 

8.

9.

8. REFERENCES

. AppliedfluidDynamicsI-IandBookbyRobertD.Belvins

Turbulentjets byN. Rajaratnam

thid Mechanics By Victor L. Streeter and E Benjamin Wylie

Experimental Fluid Mechanics By P. Bradshaw

Mechanics Othtid ByI H Shame

SyedK. Ahi‘lnstabflityphenomenaintwodimensionalslitjetflow”Ph.D. dissertation
MSU

HandBookoffluidDynamicsandFluidMechanicsVol. 2. Experimentaland
Experimental Fluid Dynamics By Joseph A.Schetz

Hot wire and Hot Film Anemometer By Ron F. Blackwelder

Hot Wire Anemometry By Comet-Bellot

10. FossJ,F , WallanceJ, Wark,C ‘Vorticity measurement”, Instrmnentation for Fluid

Dynamics, Joseph and Allen Fuhs ed. , Wiley and sons, Inc. , pp 1066-1067, 1995

11. MKS Instruments, Inc., Bulletin 120/150510-2/94,1994

12. Topics in Applied Physics Vol. 12. By P.Bradshaw.

135

APPENDD( A: DEFLECT OR BLADE ASSEMBLY

Introduction.

Asstatedearliatheexperhnemmvolvesmestudyofaphnmrshtjetdeflected
impulsively by a deflector/impulse blade. The equipment needed forthe generation of the
flowfieldalreadyeadstedinthelaboratory,thatistheflowsystemandtheslitjet
apparatus. Bmanintermediatedevicewasdesignedthatwouldfitovertheslitjet
assembly,andcarryaDBwithit. Sothenninflowfieldcouldbecutatdifl‘erent
incrementaldepths 'I'hisdevicewhichiscalledthedeflectorbladecarriageassembly
(DBCA), has the following characteristics:

a. Deflector blade position adjustable in x-y-z co-ordinates.
b. Positive stop to the transient motion of the DB.

c. PrimarydriversdisengageswhentheDBisinposition.
d. No pitching or yawing of the DB during its motion.

e. Allpartsdetachable.

f. Canbeoperatedfromremote.

g. Cost-efl‘ectiveness.

136

137
Tocdaforaflflnabovefeatmegadaaibdmclmmcaldedgnwasmdenakentofiilfin

thejobandatthesametimebecost-efl'ective. Alistofpm'tsandtheirfimctionsis

appended below.
Component List

Adetaileddesignwasundertakento achievethetargetofmakingtheDBAC,butbeinga

mechanicaldevke,flhadsomedisadvamagestoh,mo.1hosedisadvamageswmbe

 

statedlater. Allthemajorpartsoftheassemblywerefabricatedwiththeexceptionsofa
few which werelocallypmchased. 'I'hissimpledevicehadfifieencomponents, each

componentperformingatmiquefimctionalistofalltheseisasfollows:

Description Quantity

1. Deflector blade (knife edged) 01
2. DB extension 01
3. Center rod 01
4. Pullers (primary drivers) 02
5. Rails 06
6. End plates 02
7. Stop—center 01

8. Cushion-center rod 01

10.

ll.

l2.

l3.

14.

15.

1 3 8
Stops-main springs
Right/left landed screws
Center rod holder
End plate clamps (angle iron)
I-beam in DB carriage
Remote release

11' .

Description and Use of Components

02

02 each

01

02

01

01

02

Withtheuseoftheaboveitems,itwaspossiblefortheDBtobereleasedandbe

positioned at various locations in the exit plane of the flow field. The function of each is

briefly described below and the characteristics of the assembly stated earlier would also be

highlighted in the description.

Deflector blade

The deflector or the “impulsive blade” is used to deflect the flow of the main jet. It’s

madeofcurlicueandhasa45- degreeknifeedge.Thelengthofthebladei3360nnn,

havingalcnifeedgeof300mm,thatis,150mmoneithersideofthecenterline,anda

thicknessofll.5mmawidthof50mm. 'I'heLDBwasselectedtobeBOOmmbecause

theLj isalso300mm,sothedeflectorbladecouldfiillybeutilizedtocuttheflow

field. OnonesideoftbeDBthereisaknifeedgeandontheothersidethereisa

139
femalepanforthemnnecflonofthebhdeextensionthaththeAflenscmwspass

throughthebhdeextensionandgointothefemalepaflofthemahDB. figureA-l.

Deflectorbladeextension
Anextensionof300xlOOxll.5mmcanbeattachedtotheDBwiththehelpofthe
Allenscrewsmentionedabove. 'I'hematerialoftheDBandofitsextensionisthe
same. Theonlydifl‘erenceisthattheDBhasaknifeedgeononeside,whereas,the
extensionisasimplerectangularpiece. ButinthecomseoftheexperhnenLithas
provided(DBextension)averyvitalrole,andthatwas,thattheslingoftheremote
mleasewasanachedbytheAllenscmwstomeextensionandhalsoprevemedthe
swirlingofairfi'omthetopsideoftheDBtorejointhemainflowstreamwhichwas
deflectedbytheDB,buttherewasadisadvantageinhavingtheextension—thatit

added extra weight.

Deflectorbladecarriage

Themostimportantpartofthewholeassemblyisthedeflectorbladecarriage,asit
performthehnponammskofcarryingtheDBfi'omitsinifialtoitsfinalstate FigureA-
2. Thedeflector blade carriagehasgotaspring—loaded mechanismandanI-beamto hold
theDB. Thepmposeoftheseitemsisquiteunique. Weshallfirststartfrom thespring-
loadedmechanism. Therearetwo 10mmspring-loaded steelballsincorporatedinthe
sidesofthecarriage Figure.A-2. Thestrengthofthespringsisadjustable; thesizeof

thebdhusedhthecmfiageisthesanndiannterasthflofthemdemsonflnmmd.

140
So,itisaprecisefitwhenbothareinposition. WhathflppenSiS,whentheDBisin
motionithastobestoppedinaspecificlocationinspace: soundertheinfluenceofthe
primaryforceprovidedbythepullers,theDBissetintoanacceleratingmofionastheDB
appmachesthepre—determhdpositionmspacefihesprmgbadedbaflsoftheDB
carriagepopintopositionandrigidlyholdtheDBatthatparticflarpointinspace.This
locationisdeterminedbypositioningofthecenterrod.

Ahhoughabigdisadvamageofhavingsuchameclmnismisthatwhentheindemis
notpresentonthecenterrodonwhichtheDBisriding,thespringforcepushesthe10
mmsteelballsagainstthesurfaceofthecenterrodwhichcausesfi'ictionandreductionof
speedoftheDB. 'I'hestifiiess‘K”ofthespringcannotbereducednmch,asthatwould
mducemeretmdmgforceonthecanhgewhenthecardagehnsthehflemonthem
mdandapositivestopcouldnotbeachieved. Soacompromisehastobemadebetween

thespeedofthebladeand thefrictionposedbythespringshitheDB carriage.

CenterRod
Acircularsteelrodofdiameter20mmandlengthSlOmmisusedtocarryoutthe
firnctionofholdingthecarriage and preventingtheyawingoftheDBwhenintransient
motionFigureA-3.'I‘hefigureshowsthewaythecenterrodisconstructed;atoneendof
thecenterrodwehavetheindentstoholdtheDBcarriageandacaplikestopisalso
attached to preventthccarriage from over shootingtheindent (aswehave reducedthe
spring force to reduce the friction) figure A-4. the desire to stop the blade at an exact

position. Forthisnumberofadjustmentswerecarriedoutinordertolmveenoughspring

141
forceto stoptheDBatthedesiredpositiononthecenterrodand atsametimetohad

minimumof friction.

InDBcarriageasmallbrassring isalsofittedontheinsideofthecarriagetoreduce
theclearamebeMeentheMerandhself;mecbammeisabomlmou.Bmssmatefial
waspreferredforthisringonthebasisofits ability tohavelessfi'ictionwiththesteel
centerrod.DuetothistheDBcarriagedoesnotshiverwhenitsisridingonthecenter

rod , otherwise the DB would cock on its way towards the Sj.

Stoponthecenterrod.
Achculardisctypestopisplacedattheendofthecenterrod FigureA-4. andit
alsohasacircularfoampackingattachedtoit.Themainpm'poseofthestopistoprevent

theovershootoftheDBasthespringsinthecarriagearenotverystifl‘;soitspossible
that over shoot, may occur when the DB is speeding towards the its termination position
andhasgainingmoMum.WhentheDBcarfiageisinposhiononthecMermdthe
clearancebetweenthestopandthecarriageislesstheafiactionofamm. Thecircular
pieceoffoamplacedinbetweenthecenter rodstopandtheDBcarriagefillsupthe
clearancebetweenthetwo. Thereasonforhavingthiscircularpicceoffoamistoprevent
theslammingoftheDBcarriageagainstthestop,sotheDBcarriageisretardedgradually

anddoesnotbormceofi‘theendstop.

142
Centerrodholder

Anotherveryhnponamdeviceconmctedtothecentermdisthecentermdholder
FigureA-S . Itisacirculardischoldingthecemermdinit,withanh1temaldiameterof
20mmandanexternaldiameterof40mm. Theintemaldiameterissfightlygromdsothe
centerrodcaneasilybefittedintoit. Twosetsofscrewsareusedatthebottomofthe
holdertofightenagainstthecentermitherebyholdinghfigidlyinposition Thiscenter

rodholderisthen fittedtotheendplate. Bylooseningthescrewswhichgripontothe

 

Wmiomcmeasilymowthecemamdbackandfonfitherebyadjusfingthe

position or the termination point of the DB while it is in motion.

Pullers

Themaindrivingforceisprovidedbythetwopullers FigureA-6,whicharermde
ofTeflonandarerectangularinshapewithagapinbetweentoholdtheDB. Bothtop
and bottom of each puller have spring-loadedballs of 2.5 mmdiameter. I-Iavingthis
spring-and-ballmechanismhelpstoholdtheDBastheyfitoverthenotchintheDB.

'I‘hestifiressofthesespringsisadjustedinsuchanmnnerthatwhentheDBispulled
backagainstthemainspringforce,thepullersrigidlyholdontotheDB,thuswhenthe
DBismleasedbythemnntemchanismrmderthemainsprmgfomepotenfialtheDBis
accelerated towards the min flow field. The spring force of all four spring-loaded (two in
eachpuller)islessthanthatoftheonesintheDBcarriage. Becauseassoonastheballs
oftheDBcarriagepopinplaceonthecenterrod,themotionoftheDBisstopped,but

thepullersarestilltmdertheinfluenceofthemainspringforceandtheycontinuetheir

143

motionbypoppingofl'thenotchintheDB. OncetheDBisinpositionandmeasmements
undenakenhythex-mypmhgtheDBisreadyforthenextnm.
Boththeprhnarydfiversmuflemhmposifionedequidistamfiomtheoemflhneof
theDBsothereisatmiformpullontheDB FigureA-7. Secondly,itwouldbeworth
mentioningthatthepullersaremdeof'l‘eflon,astoreduoetheirweightandtomake
memmommbustagamstthemmberofnmsthmmeyhawmgothrougmandheingfigm
alsohelpshredwingtheufilimfionofthemahsprihgfimemwmdsovercommgthe

inertiaofthedriversandthusmoreforoecouldbeutilizedindfivingtheDB.

I-Beam
AnI-heam Figm'eA-B isanintermediateoonnectionbetweentheDBandits

carriage. TheI-beamismountedsymmetricallyontheDBandisthenslidintotheslotof
theDBcarriage. AlsoonthesidesoftheDBcarrhgetherearefomsetsofAllenscrews
whichtightenontotheI-heamwhentheI-beamisinpositionintheDBcarriage. Thel-
beamdoesnotonlyformtheeonnectionbetweentheDBandthecmiagebutitalsohelps
mthesecondaryadjustmentoftheDB. Itactslikeavernier; theminadjustmentofthe
finalpositionoftheDBintheexitplaneoftheSjcanhedonebythemovementofthe
MummesecondaryadjusunenflfinaladfimhnemCmbedombymovingmeI-heam

and the DB carriage.

144
Rails

Therem'ethreetypesofrailsusedintheeonstrmtionoftheDBassemhly. Theyare

as follows:

1. Bottom and tOpside rails

2. Sidemils

Thefimctionofthetopandthehottomrailsistoguidethemotionofthepullers
steadilydm'ingitslinearn'avel. Thehottomrailprovidesthemainpathforthemotionof
thepuflersandguidesitsteadflyfi‘omthestarttotheendinasu'aightline. Thereisa
slightclearancehetweenthewallsofthehottomrailandthe pullers,asthishelpsthe
pullers to self-adjust itself during its linear travel.

T'hetopmlwhichflmhelpshguidhgflnmotbnofthepulkrshasasecondmy
functiontoit,thatis,whenthepullerspopofl'fiomtheDB,itpreventsthepullerfi‘om
jmnpingofl'thebottomrail'l‘hethirdtypeofrailarethesiderails. Theyhavean
hnportantroletoplayinguidingtheDBthmughitsmotion. Thereisalmmclearance
betweenthesidewallsofthesiderailsandthatoftheDB,topand bottomsurface.'l‘he
clearanceissuggestedtoheminhmlsothatdmingthetansicflmofionoftheDBover
theeenterrod, itdoesnotrolLAflthethreedifi‘erenttypeofrailsusedinthisassemblyare
nudeofAhminumbecauseofitsmhemmeenyofbemgfightandmbustaheserafls

were locally purelnsed).

145
Stops-MainSprings
ThemainspringusedtoprovidethemaindrivingforeetotheDBhaspullersonone
sideandastoponthe other. Thesestopsarecircularpinswhichfitmthegroovesdrilled
intheupperandthehottomrail FigureA-9. 'I‘hesestopsareadjustableatvarious
msfibmontkmkmembymcmasmgordecreasmgthedistamefiomtheposhbnthe

blade is released So, indirectly, positioning of the stops determines the spring force.

EndPlates

'I'hewholeDBassemhlyisheldinpositionduetotheendplates FigureA-lO. The
endplateshavetwoparts:theupperandthelowerpart. Thelowerpartisusedtoform
thefigidmthgfortheassemblymdisheldmpositionomothewoodenplatfom
carryingtheslitjetwiththehelpofangledironandbolts. Theupperhalfoftheendplate
housesthethreerailsonitssidesandthusholdstheDBassembly.

Bothoftheendplatesareconnectedtogetherwithfomlongscrewshavingapitchof
1.5 mm. Twoofthescrewsareright-handedandtwoofthemarelefi-handed. Eachset
isplacedinbetweentheendplates.

Amthersafetydevicefortheupperhalfoftheendplateamthetwohckingnms,
whichwhentightenedholdtheendplateinposition, andthuspreventitfi'omeoming

downormovingupifaccidentallythescrewsaretamperedwith.

l 46
Remote Release

'l‘hewholeassemblyishousedinthewindtunnel. WemounttheDBassemblyand
theslitjetapparatusupsidedownonthesuctionplenumofthewindtlmnel Thesuction
pkmmaasasamcuumchamberandsuckstheanthroughtlnpknumoftheslfljetand
out of the reversible blower; so, it is a problemto operate the deflector blade manually in
the suction plenum. So, aremote mechanismwas meded to pull and release the blade.

Forthis,aspindleinabearing,FigureA—ll ,wasfittedontopofthewindtunnel. The

bearhgwaswpfifledbyachcuhrdixthoughwfichthespmdkpassedandremhedthe
centerlineoftheDBassembly. Themtwoequidistantcordswerefittedontherearsideof
theDBextensionandconnectedbyasinglenyloncordtothespindle. Turningthe
spindlefi'omtheomsideofthewindttmnelcausedthenylonthreadtobewoxmdonthe
sleemndthmtheDBwasptflbdbackagamstthesprmgforcetoapredetemmed
position. Onrelease,thethreadwasunwoundunderthespringforceandtheDBwas

hauled in position, accelerating towards the main flow field out 0ij

147

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I I I II\\, T\/ ]:F j:l
I I ' II\\ N I” III
1 I 1 1 1 35 1 1:1 111
1 1 l—w} 360 >
' O ‘
f\ _f’\ T
\JV' \1
300 360
A _A
Wf' \/ |
O 11 Deflector Bloole

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig A-l Deflecror blade design.

148

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fr?‘ T 1
ll... ”/3 _____ 9 _____ 40
_"'1 rl\ ——————————— J

50 80.08 45

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

III II

III III
','.J LJ.‘
“(H (.LWH

 

I.\J__YJV_
| I I
I 'X
1 l “'10 ( Spring loodeol bolls )

 

Fig A-2 Deflector blade carriage design.

149

 

 

 

 

-— 510 . 4+

CENTER RED FDR HDLDING
THE DB-CARRIAGE.

Fig A-3 Center rod for carrying the DB carriage

150

Locking nut

 

 

"“ 510 :_/

 

 

 

 

 

I 0 —§ 30

 

l T

Center rod
—.| +5

CENTER REID WITH THE LDCKING NUT

 

Pig A-4 Center rod with the locking nut.

151

 

 

 

 

 

I ...... - .
80 80 40 O
1 “my “ l . ,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Locking nuts For
center rod

Fig A-S Center rod holder.

152

 

 

 

18

 

 

UN
[:31
1,>1

:@

 

 

 

 

P>l
-13--
“Q...

<>i

>1

 

 

 

1,
85

5 mm spring loaded boll

 

 

—_—_—

 

 

 

Spring Loaded pullers

Fig A-6 Spring loaded pullers ( Primary Drivers for the DB)

 

 

153

 

Pulling Force

V

r\ Pulling f-‘orce
l/

 

 

 

 

k}

45

Fig A-7 Deflector Knife Edge.

154

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

J I L .
r5 i ' 1° £3
F11: HUT fl: {HT
T ir—45—‘l
4‘15L l 10

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig A-8 I-Beam to connect DB with the DB carriage.

 

155

Stops (holds the spring)
Upper Ron

 

i 7

 

I
‘>

 

 

 

i i

] \-Moin Springs (pulls the DB)
Lower Ron

 

 

 

Fig A-9 Stops for the main springs.

 

156

 

.2332 mo 2... 322. 3.. as... Em a _ -< a:

A NEBDJ .w mama: v mmijn. mzm Itum

 

mvdfi use 9...». mo ”Eda L951.

 

 

/
mvsc mciuou

.wcda Lean:
one m>oc ov mzmcum

 

 

 

 

Boom m5. .20.... 09 co_mcmpxu .936 .36 mg».
\@ mo P.3d Lean:

 

 

 

 

(6.30: .00; (.3.ch \

 

157

Spindle turning Knolo

Bearing Housing

Bearing

/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Upper part 0?
Wind Tunnel

 

Cord attached
to DB

 

 

 

-— Spindle

 

Fig A-l 1 Remote mechanism used for the release of the DB.

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