ANALYSiS AND lMPLECATIONS OF HlSTO‘NCAL EVENTS IN 'fHE DEVELOMAEM’ OF THE MICHIGAN MTERCOLLEGSATE AMET 1C ASSOCIATl‘ON ME: 6.: R1. 9.9m d M. A. MKZHEGAN STATE UNW!“ Jam“ Harold Cooper, Jr. 1959 4. «4 yu— jigs»: LIBR A R Y Michigan State University ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATIONS OF HISTORICAL EVENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICHIGAN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLE TIC ASSOCIATION BY JAMES HAROLD COOPER, JR. AN ABSTRACT Submitted to the College of Education of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation 1959 opproeo Vi 137%on <7 I/ ‘ James Harold Cooper, Jr. AB STRAC T Title. Analysis and implications of historical events in the development of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association. Statement of the problem. The purpose of this study was to: (1) Present as accurate an account as is possible of the formation and development of policy of the M. I.A.A. from its inception in 1888 until the close of the school year 1958-1959; (2) Show the effects of an economic crises and two world wars upon Association growth; (3) Report several instances when it seemed that organizational and policy mistakes were made and show the effects of these mistakes upon Association growth; (4) Show ways and means by which a large representative college athletic organization solved many of its inter- collegiate athletic problems; and, (5) Provide a concise tabulation of Association events which, in the final analysis, were related to present day activities. Methodology. A datum searching questionnaire was pre- pared by the writer. It was sent to all athletic directors of M. I.A.A. member institutions. These institutions were: Adrian College, Albion College, Alma College, Calvin College, Hillsdale College, Hope College, Kalamazoo College, and Olivet College. After the question- ‘ naires were returned, an interview schedule was arranged. The 2 James Harold Cooper, Jr. schedule was based on the writer's judgment of the importance and need for the existing data in specific locales. Much datum was also obtained from college libraries and city newspapers. After compiling the existing data that were pertinent to this study, the writer developed a concise history of the Michigan Inter- collegiate Athletic Association. Next, a subjective analysis of his- torical events was based upon background material offered by the following sources: (1) Harry A. Scott, Competitive Sports in Schools and Colleges, (2) Handbook of the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives, (3) Dr. Paul L. Cook of Albion College, (4) Dr. William J. Gilbert of Albion College, and (5) DeGay Ernst, the Commissioner of the M.I.A.A. Conclusions. The following conclusions were derived from this historical investigation; 1. A shifting national economy, interspersed with two world wars, has definitely affected Association growth and development. 2. The rule which limits varsity participation to three years (Freshman Rule) will not reappear in the M.I.A.A. until college enrollments warrant its readoption. 3. Small colleges in the State of Michigan are having an increasingly difficult time attracting students to their campuses. Large universities offer more facilities, less expense, and a larger curriculum. 3 James Harold Cooper, Jr. 4. The M.I.A.A. is in definite need of: a) Revised entrance and membership requirements. b) Increased administrative control. (Increased, exacting powers given to the Commissioner of the Association). c) Constitution revision and addition. Recommendations. The following recommendations are given to indicate what further studies are needed concerning athletic association administration: 1. Rules and regulations (constitutions) of all athletic conferences and/or aSsociations in the United States should be analyzed. This study should arrive at criteria which would act as guide posts for the organization of an ideal athletic association. 2. An athletic association should be developed and studied which is organized and operated with strong college presidential control. Faculty representation should still be necessary in this type of an association; however, the total athletic program would be firmly under the ausPices of the college presidents. 3. The interrelations between conferences of the same locale should be analyzed. 4 James Harold Cooper, Jr. Adrian CollefiBulletin. Adrian: Adrian College, 1959. [Adrian] Daily Telegram, November 27, 1954. Albion College Bulletin. Albion: Albion College, 1957. Albion College Pleiad, February, 1888 - April 11, 1929. Alma College Bulletin. Alma: Alma College, 1959. Almanian, January, 1903 - December, 1905. Barnard, Chester 5. "A History of Intercollegiate Athletics in Kalamazoo College." Unpublished Master's thesis, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 1940. Barnard, Chester S. "Deciding a Conference Three-Way Tie in Basketball," Athletic Journal, 19:38, April, 1939. Beal, W. J. History of the Michigan Agricultural College. Lansing: Wynkoop Hullenbeck Crawford Company, 1915. Belding, Lester Coit. “A History and Survey of Physical Education and Athletics in the South Dakota Intercollegiate Athletic Association. " Unpublished Master's thesis, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1940. Calvin College Bulletin. Grand Rapids: Calvin College, 1959. Campbell, William Giles. Form and Style in Thesis Writing. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1954. Constitution and By- Laws of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association, revised to January 1, 1956. Goodsell, Charles T. , and Willis F. Dunbar. Centennial History of Kalamazoo College. Kalamazoo: Kalamazoo College, 1933. Hagle, Anson E. "Piersonal - Memoirs of Anson E. Hagle." Unpublished Autobiography, Evanston, Illinois, 1924. Handbood of the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives. Revised March 10, 1958. Conference of Faculty Representatives. 5 James Harold Cooper, Jr. Hillsdale College Bulletin. Hillsdale: Hillsdale College, 1958. Hillsdale College Herald, March 22, 1888 - June 13, 1895. Hillsdale Collegian, October 9, 1913 - March 19, 1920. Hillsdale Standard, June 11, 1889 - June 8, 1897. Hope College Bulletin. Holland: Hope College, 1959. Kalamazoo Collge Bulletin. Kalamazoo: Kalamazoo College, 1959. Kuhn, Madison. Michigan State, The First Hundred Years. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1955. Lantz, Charles P. "A History of the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference." Unpublished Master‘s thesis, Pennsylvania State College, State College, 1935. M.I.A.A. Statistics, 1955-1956, 1956-1957, 1957-1958. Michigan Agricultural College (Michigan State University) Faculty Meeting Minutes, February 26, 1891 - June 11, 1906. Minutes of the Independent College Presidents of Michigan, 1922. Minutes of the M.I.A.A. Board of Directors, 1920 - 1959. Moore, Vivian Lyon. The First Hundred Years of Hillsdale College. Ann Arbor: The Ann Arbor Press, 1943. p Numerous unlisted correspondence, M.I.A.A. files, Albion College, Albion, Michigan. Oliver, Thomas (ed.). M.I.A.A. Handbook. Albion: Recorder Press Company, 1939. Olivet College Bulletin. Olivet: Olivet College, 1959. Rogert, Peter M. , John Lewis Rogert, and Samuel Romilly Rogert. Rogert's Thesaurus of Words and Phrases. New York: Grosset 8: Dunlap Publishers, 1947. 6 James Harold Cooper, Jr. Scott, Harry Alexander. Competitive Sports in Schools and Colleges. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1951 . Sprankle, Dale R. ”A History of Athletics at Albion College. ” Unpublished Master‘s thesis, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1940. The [Albioxfl Recorder, April 17, 1930 - May 24, 1952. The Detroit Free Press, December 10, 1920 - October 19, 1949. The Harrow, 1889. East Lansing: Class of 1891, 1889. The Heliostat, 1896. East Lansing: The Class of 1897, 1896. The [Hillsdale] Collegian Herald, April 22, 1897 - June 9, 1898. The Hillsdale Daily Standard Herald, June 3, 1909 — June 6, 1910. The [Kalamazoo College] Index, November, 1907 - March 22, 1917. The [Lansing] State Journal, November 27, 1954. The M.A.C. Record, October 10, 1899 - June 9, 1908. The Speculum [M.A.C.] , May 10, 1 890 - June 15, 1895. The Wolverine, 1900. East Lansing: The Class of 1901, 1900. The Wolverine, 1904. East Lansing: The Class of 1905, 1904. Voltmer, Carl D. A Brief History of the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives. Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Publishing Company, 1935. ' Weekly Almanian, October 6, 1908 - February 17, 1920. ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATIONS OF HISTORICAL EVENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICHIGAN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLE TIC ASSOC IA TION BY JAMES HAROLD COOPER, JR. A THESIS Submitted to the College of Education of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF AR TS Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation 1959 DEDICATION This study is respectfully dedicated to my wife, Darlene R . Cooper, Jr.; and to my parents, Mr. and Mrs. James H. Cooper. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer is most grateful to Dr. King J. McCristal for his valuable suggestions, guidance, and assistance in the writing of this study. I would also like to acknowledge Dr. Paul Cook of Albion College who offered much of his time in providing important information concerning the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association. The writer is also indebted to his wife, Darlene, whose patience and understanding helped considerably toward the successful completion of this study. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION . The Problem Statement of the Problem . Need for the Study Limitation of the Problem Definition of Terms General Outline 11. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Content of Athletic Association Histories Literature Related to M. I. A.A. History Summary 111. METHOD OF RESEARCH . Determining Validity . Location of Material Method of Securing Data Treatment of the Data IV. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICHIGAN ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION Preface PAGE 12 13 14 14 15 16 21 22 22 Section 1. Origin, Inception, and Early Development of the M. I.A.A. (1888- 1902). Section II. The Period of Athletic Reform (1908- 1921) Section III. The Period of the First Judge Advocate, Clark L. Herron (1922-1931) Section IV. The Period of Judge Advocate, James B. Hasselman (1931-1933) Section V. The Early Period of Judge Advocate DeGay Ernst (1933-1945) Section VI. The Post War Period of Judge Advocate, DeGay Ernst (1946-1958) Section VII. The Present Period of the Commissioner of Athletics, DeGay Ernst (1959) V. EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS . Summary and Suggested Remedial Measures VI. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMEN- DATIONS Summary Conclusions Recommendations BIB LIOGRAPH Y . 24 46 55 64 70 84 98 101 111 115 115 117 118 119 APPENDICES . . . Appendix A (Materials Questionnaire) Appendix B (Data Sheet--Pre sent Members of the M. I. A. A.) . Appendix C (Faculty Secretaries of the M. I.A.A. Board ofDirectors). Appendix D (M. I.A.A. Temporary Rules Concerning G.I.'s) vi 124 125 126 132 133 FIGURE 4a. 4b. LIST OF FIGURES Location of Historical Data . Location of M. I.A.A. Colleges M. I.A.A. Mileage Chart (Automobile) . The Second Annual Field Day of the M. I.A. A. at Hillsdale, Michigan (1889). Program of Events The Second Annual Field Day of the M. I.A.A. at Hillsdale, Michigan (1889). Program of Events. (cont'd) vii PAGE 17 19 20 30 31 CHAPTER I INTRODUC TION The Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association was organized by a group of student representatives from four colleges in South Central Michigan. Members of the respective school's student athletic associations met at Jackson, Michigan, in March, 1888, to organize a State Field Day which would pit the teams of these schools against each other in games of skill and endurance. From this rather inconspicuous beginning the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association was organized as an operating, functioning body. The schools represented were Hillsdale College, Albion College, Olivet College, and Michigan Agricultural College. Since the Association’s inception many important historical developments have occured in this organization. These important events have never been collected and recorded in a concise study which tells how the affairs of the Association have been handled and how policies have been shifted by the Athletic Board of Control to suit the Conditions brought. about by world interaction. I . The Problem Statement of the Problem. A study of this type reflects a number of purposes, some of which fall into minor classifications. For clarity in this study however it is felt that these should be included. The purposes of this study will be to: (1) Present as accurate an account as is possible of the formation and development of policy of the M. I.A.A.* from its inception in 1888 until the close of the school year 1958-1959: (2) Show the effect of an economic crisis and two world wars upon Association growth: (3) Report several instances when it would seem that organizational and policy mistakes have been made and show the effects of these mistakes on the growth of the Association: (4) Show ways and means by which a large representative college athletic organization solves many of its intercollegiate athletic problems: and, (5) Provide a concise tabulation of Association events which, in the final analysis, will be related to present day activities . Need for the study. At present, no record exists of a study Concerning the M. I. AoA. which develops the historical background of the Association or makes an analysis of the policies instituted by this Association. The only existing source of significance is the M. I.A.A. 1 Handbook which was published in 1939. This particular work a“Hereafter the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association Will be referred to as the M. I.A.A. lThomas Oliver (ed.), M.I.A.A. Handbook, (Albion, MiChigan: Recorder Press Co. , 1939). contains many accurate records, but makes no effort to look behind the scenes to see what makes the Association function. Thus, a study is needed which not only, . provides the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association with a complete and accurate set of records . and . . .provides the M. I. A. A. with a publication to be used as a median for publicizing the sports program it sponsors,Z but also seeks to make an analysis of the governing body (policy determining board) which is the controlling power behind many of the events that occured. The present study deals mainly with the organization and development of the M. leA. A. , and leaves the record books to tell the story of individual and team achievement. within the Association. Limitations of the problem. In deve10ping an adequate historical account of any situation, a writer is confronted by a number of circumstances over which he has little control. The limi- tations that are pertinent to this study are listed as follows: (1) The resource Inaterial used for this study has been obtained mainly from within the Association itself, thereby giving the study a pro- Association coloring at times. (2) No work of this type can be error free; therefore, some errors will be the result of natural occurances which can only be corrected with the presentation of accurate 2lhicl.. p. 3. historical data which are contrary to the existing publication. (3) Primary source Inaterial was unavailable until the Association elected faculty secretaries to the Board of Directors of the M. I.A.A. in 1920. After that date this study employed primary source material exclu— sively. (4) All work is subject to Association censorship. Names of institutions and personnel have been deleted from the record where history deals with certain of the more unsavory incidents which took place in the Association’s development. In this connection a specific incident itself will not be left. unnoticed; but, for reasons pertaining to censorship, the reader may find some difficulty in pin-pointing its origin. Definition of terms. Athletic Association. An athletic association, . represents the extension of the principle of faculty control of athletics to a group of colleges. Membership in an athletic conference is voluntary. The group is usually composed of colleges in the same geographic area which are logical rivals in athletics and which are somewhat similiar in such matters as curriculum, entrance requirements, educational philosophy, size of student body, and financial support . . . . . Although the conference is in complete control of all matters pertaining to athletics of a particular group of colleges, there is no attempt to usurp the right of an institution to control its own program of intercollegiate athletics . The athletic conference usually concerns itself with such matters as: defining the rules and passing upon the elgibility of all athletes; defining and enforcing the amateur code; determining the program of conference sports and prescribing the rules under which they are to be played; defining the length of various sports seasons and limiting the number of games which may be played: drawing up and approving schedules of games, tournaments, and conference meets; declaring conference champions and making awards; setting up the machinery for procure- ment, instruction, assignment, and supervision of game officials, and determining their fees; defining the code of operations of the conference, including meeting dates, procedures for admitting new members, selection and duties of officers, and all other matters pertaining to the conduct of its business; and naming delegates to represent the conference at national or other meetings of assoc- iations or federations. The Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association. This Association complies with the definition of an Athletic Association and consists of the following colleges in Michigan: Adrian, Albion, Alma, Calvin, Hillsdale, Hope, Kalamazoo, Olivet and such colleges of liberal arts in the State of Michigan that. may be admitted by a two-thirds vote of the Association Directors. Board of Directors of the M. I.A.A. The governing body of this Association shall be a Board of Directors composed of one faculty and one student. representative from each member of the Association, the faculty representative not to be the athletic director or member of the personnel of the Physical Education department. 4 This body exercises control over all statements made under the definition of an athletic association. 3Harry Alexander Scott, Competitive Sports in Schools and Colleges, (New York: Harper and B—r—others Publishers, 1951), pp. 231-233. 4Constitution and By- Laws of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association, Article IV, revised to January 1, 1956. Judge Advocate. A Judge Advocate is appointed by the Board of Directors to whom the Board submits Inatters of eligibility, Scheduling, or anything that they seem fit to him for decision. The Judge Advocate then becomes an advisor and a single controlling person with limited powers . College yearbooks and newspapers . Any publication that was edited by the student body and sanctioned by the governing institution . II. General Outline In analyzing existing data, the following periods are developed with specific relation to the organization of the M. I. A. A. and to the development of Association policies: (1) Origin, inception, and early organization of the M. I.A.A.. , 1888-1908. (2) Athletic reform (rulings concerning professionalism and eligibility), 1908-1921. (3) The period of the first Judge Advocate, Clark L. Herron of Hillsdale, 1922-1931. (4) The period of Judge Advocate, James B. Hasselman of Lansing, 1931-1933. (5) The early period of Judge Advocate, DeGay Ernst of Grand Rapids, 1933-1945. 7 (6) The post-war period of Judge Advocate, DeGay Ernst, 1946-1958. '(7) The present period of the Commissioner of Athletics, DeGay Ernst, 1959. A concluding chapter makes an evaluation (analysis) of the historical developments of the M. I.A.A., These periods were determined by the writer as the most logical and suitable for analyzing AssOciation events. Each period has its definite character- istics (eligibility rules, Judge Advocates, and governing policies), but in the main they may be looked upon as part of the whole story of Association affairs . Subheadings are used when they are needed to help provide a proper interpretation of Association action. These subheadings may also help to suggest relationships between the different periods. CHAPTER 11 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Content of Athletic Association Histories. A large part of the historical work that has been done in connection with athletic associations in the United States is recorded only in thesis form. The majority of such records include a survey of the present situation, a phase which ultimately becomes the author’s main concern. A good example of this type of work may be seen by examining Lester Coit Belding‘s, "A History and Survey of Physical Education and Athletics in the South Dakota-Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. "1 In his report, Mr. Belding concerns himself with an analysis of matters which pertain to the situation in 1940. Included in his survey study are data which pertain to: Enrollment, location, means of support, and type of institution; Distance between member schools by automobile; Type of control of athletics in each member school; and, other survey type data which show only the situation as it presently existed. It is also very revealing to note that a substantial section lLester Coit Belding, "A History and Survey of Physical Education and Athletics in the South Dakota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. ” (unpublished Master’s thesis, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1940). 9 was devoted to problems in the administration of athletics. 2 Belding compiled a rating chart which each member college scored according to its own existing situation. The college athletic directors scored each item on the rating sheet according to the degree of difficulty of administrating each item. A few of the areas covered by this rating chart are the administrative problems of: (1) Finance, (2) Facilities and equipment, (3) Organization, (4) Small staff, (5) Overemphasis of some sports at the expense of others, (6) Not enough emphasis on physical education, (7) Student body cooperation, (8) Faculty cooperation, (9) Community support, (10) School size, (11) Geographic position in the conference, (12) Excessive schedules, (13) Coaches handling too many sports, (14) Training rules broken, (15) Alumni control and criticism.(l6) Over emphasis on winning, and (17) Lack of security of tenure. The biggest problem in the South Dakota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference related to the distance of travel between member schools. The schools were scattered over the entire state. The lack of rivalry between the schools was evident because of this great distance. Another problem in this conference was that member schools were not uniform in size. The schools ranged in enrollment 2Ibid. , chapter 4, 10 from a few hundred to approximately 2, 000. 3 This report related mainly to the situation in 1940. The historical aspects of the conference were all recorded in the third section which concerned itself with the formation of the conference, its inception and early development. Another study which follows somewhat the same structure as that used by Lester Belding is a Master's thesis by Charles P. Lantz, entitled, "A History of the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference."4 Lantz made a survey of rules of the existing athletic conferences and/or athletic associations in the United States. Through this historical development he set up the following list of reasons why athletic conferences are formed:5 1. To supervise intercollegiate athletics. 2 To make and enforce rules of eligibility. 3. To develop clean sportsmanship. 4 To make athletics an asset to the general education program. 5. To develop public appreciation for the educational side rather than the commercial side of athletics. To keep athletics in proper bounds. 7. To have the athletes in keeping with the standards and aims of Christian Collegiate Education. 8. To further supervision by faculty or administrative officers. 9. To secure satisfactory officials for athletic contests. 10. To develop intramural athletics. 0‘ 3Ibid., p. 93. 4 Charles P. Lantz, ”A History of the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, " (unpublished Master's thesis, Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa., June, 1935). 51bid., p. 33. 1 1 This survey study was used as a tool to search for the existing athletic conditions in the conference. When the present athletic conditions were discovered, Lantz applied rules constructed by other athletic associations to correct the situation present in the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. Carl D. Voltmer, in his A History of the Western Inter- collegiate Conference, had a different approach.6 His study aimed, . to set forth an accurate and detailed account of the formation and development of the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives. It is a written record of the inception and development of the Conference; a reflection of the general picture of intercollegiate athletics over the last forty years, particularly in the Middle West; and a record of a leading pioneer athletic organization. This study attempted to bring out some of the glaring administrative errors that had been made by the Western Inter- collegiate Conference. The athletic problems Voltmer found are recorded in the chronological order of conference action which was taken by the administrative officials. After presenting these problems and explaining conference rulings on them, Voltmer evaluates each ruling and shows the effect that these actions had upon athletics in the Middle West and, to a degree, throughout the nation and the world. 6Carl D. Voltmer, A Brief Histogy of the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives, (Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Publishing Company, 1935). 7Ibid.. p. vii. 12 Literature related to M. I.A.A. history. The M. I.A.A. Handbook, completed in 1939 by Thomas Oliver, contains many important historical notes which are helpful in the organization of a history of the Association. The record section of the handbook is quite complete. It contains records of most athletic events sanctioned by the M. I.A.A. from 1888 to 1939. Some of the outstanding policy changes are recorded in chronological order from 1888 to 1939. Each athletic sport sanctioned by the M. I. A.A. is explained in a small historical sketch which concerns the inauguration of the sport. into the Association and its development up to 1939. In our analysis, we find no effort to identify the reasons behind the events which have shaped the M. I. A. A. as we know it today. Many histories of the colleges in the M. I. A.A include small sections dealing with the organization and development of the Association. Such studies help describe the early formative periods of the Association on which there is little other material to be found. Some of- the people contributing to these historical efforts are: Chester S. Barnard formerly of Kalamazoo College, W. J. Beal and Madison Kuhn of Michigan State University, Charles T. Goodsell and Willis F. Dunbar of Kalamazoo College, Vivian Lyon Moore of Hillsdale College, and Dale R. Sprankle of Albion College. Some of their work will be found in the present study. 13 Summary. Through analyzing the previous studies one is able to detect three definite trends in the recording of histories of athletic conferences: (1) The pointing out of weaknesses in an association at the time of writing along with appropriate corrective measures; (2) A compilation of records which show the trends of athletic power in the Association; and, (3) The recording of data to show where and why administrative errors have been made in athletic association organization and development. Along with this trend we find an attempt to organize methods of preventing the reoccurance of these administrative errors. It is with this third trend that the present study is primarily concerned. CHAPTER 111 ME THOD OF RE SEAR C H In setting up an historical study of this type a systematic approach must be followed in the handling of data. Among the steps in this approach are: (1) Determining the validity of the resource materials; (2) Locating necessary data; and, (3) Treating the data after it has been found. Each step will be dealt with individually. Determining validity. An important aspect of any historical study is determining the validity of the resource material. This process requires inquiry into the author's background, checking of his biblio- graphical references, and searching for proof of authenticity. Inter- views in connection with this study were arranged with people whose contacts with the Association helped validate some of the materials that are used. The following people were interviewed: Paul L. Cook of Albion College; Dale R. Sprankle of Albion College; William J. Gilbert of Albion College; George Mather, Editor of the Albion Recorder; Vivian L. Moore of Hillsdale College; Dwight B. Harwood 0f Hillsdale College; Harold M. Davidson of Hillsdale College; Helen K. Gethman of Olivet College; Kenneth G. Hance of Michigan State University; and DeGay Ernst, Commissioner of the M. I_ A. A. Their general knowledge of the high points of M. I.A.A. affairs proved to be 15 very encouraging, but frequently when questioned about specific occurances, their replies were vague. With the strict usage of primary source material from 1920 until the present, much of this period‘s history is error free. The use of secondary source material for the period 1888 to 1920 naturally risks the possibility of error in this investigation. It should be noted, however, that primary source material was used whenever it was available. Location of material. Much of the resource data that is used in this study was obtained from Albion College, Albion, Michigan. The Athletic Board of Directors of the M. I.A.A. holds its annual Association meeting at Albion College. The present secretary of this Board, Dr. Paul L. Cook, of Albion College, retains all M.I.A.A. records and minutes in the Association files located at Albion College. Within these files are located such material as: (1) Minutes of the Board of Directors' meetings; (2) Correspondence between the Secretaries of the Association and outside observants; (3) Eligibility reports; (4) Studies on eligibility, recruiting, and constitution revision; and, (5) Brochures concerning M.I.A.A. publicity. These _materials cover the period 1920 to 1959. Unfortunately there is no indication of the whereabouts of similar material before the 1920 period. 16 Historical data was also obtained from Michigan State University, Hillsdale College, Alma College, and Kalamazoo College. Figure 1 represents the materials that were available at each institution mentioned; Figure 2 shows the location of these and other M. I.A.A. colleges; and Figure 3 represents the distance between each member institution by automobile. These three figures show the proximity of the member institutions. Method of securing data. The following steps were used to gather data for the study from the M. I.A.A. member institutions, both past and present. The first step was the preparation of a questionnaire; next, interviews were held with Association officials and historians; and last, at least one visit was ar ranged with a resource person from each member institution. In this way the writer was able to meet some of the M. I.A.A. administrative personnel, thereby gaining valuable first hand information. do Questionnaires were sent to all M.I.A.A. Athletic Directors. .,. The questionnaire was concerned primarily with three matters: (1) Were Association officials interested in assisting with the investigation? (2) Would the persons contacted be willing to help in an historical *See Appendix A. 17 Albion College -- Albion, Michigan Personal-Memoirs of Hanson E. Hagle M.I.A.A. Board of Director’s Meeting Minutes (1920-1959) M. I.A.A. Constitution M.I.A.A. Secretaries' correspondence The Pleiad The Albion Recorder The Detroit Free Press (Recorder files) "A History of Athletics at Albion College, " by Dale R. Sprankle Alma College -— Alma, Michigan The Almanian The Weekly Almanian Hillsdale College -- Hillsdale, Michigan The Hillsdale College Herald The Hillsdale Standard The Collegian Herald The Hillsdale Daily Standard Herald M. I.A.A. Handbook, edited by Thomas Oliver The First Hundred Years of Hillsdale College, by Vivian L. Moore Kalamazoo College -- Kalamazoo, Michigan The Index M.I.A.A. Statistics, 1957-1958. "A History of Intercollegiate Athletics in Kalamazoo College, " by Chester S. Barnhard. Centennial History of Kalamazoo College, by Charles T. Goodsell and Willis F. Dunbar. Michigan State University (Michigan Agricultural College) -- East Lansing, Michigan. The Wolverine The Harrow FIGURE 1 LOCATION OF HISTORICAL DATA 18 The Speculum The Heliostat The M.A.C. Record History of the Michigan Agricultural College, by W. J. Beal. Michigan State, The First Hundred Years, by Madison Kuhn. Minutes of the Faculty Meetings FIGURE 1 (continued) 19 m N ---'Present Members ——— Pact Huber. \ l I ,Kllszv Alimony \ \ \ I Ypsilanti IllillldaJe {AdriaL I j— l FIGUREZ mum OP M.I.A.A. COLLEGES 20 3mm; .MrzaoanHEOO M.AdaaaZO—Z QZ<~H 20mm GHAHnHEOOV Ammdz m Hmmmarmz or: 9548 muHAO OONEEE HnHOZ Hddamdda 23/440 4244 ZOHmJ< ZSMQ< 21 study? (3) Where were the richest sources of data located? A definite interest was shown by the Directors and they were generous in offering their assistance. After the questionnaires were returned, an interview schedule was arranged. The schedule was based on the writer's judgement of the importance and need for the existing data in specific locales. Much of the data for this study was secured through personal interviews and by searching through the libraries and by reading old copies of college and city newspapers. Many persons werecontacted by letter in the search for primary source material relating to the period prior to 1920. Many of these contacts provided other leads which were also checked out, but with poor results. Treatment of the data. All of the datum that is pertinent to this study is recorded and given proper identification. Datum that cannot be published, for reasons previously mentioned, is discussed as it relates to the specific situations; however, names have been excluded. CHAPTER IV HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICHIGAN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION PREFACE The writer does not claim that the forthcoming historical sketch is all inclusive. All incidents to which the writer placed great significance are recorded. Only major incidents which are vividly portrayed will help verify the final analysis and implications of the historical development of the M. I.A. A. This historical development of the M. I.A.A. is divided into many distinct periods (sections). The periods were determined after a careful analysis of major world wide historical trends (war, depression, prosperity) and of major Michigan Intercollegiate historical developments. When the two patterns were compared, a few exacting breaks were evident; namely, the depression era beginning in 1930- 193 1 3 and the post war modern era beginning in 1946. It seems evident from the existing data that world wide interaction had an effect on the policies incorporated by the M. I. A.A. *See Chapter 1, page 6. 23 There are a few cases when major administrative incidents overlap from one period to the next. The incident in question may be related to one particular policy, but the means of administering the policy often changes from period to period. Therefore, through the administration of policy by the Board of Directors of the M. I.A. A. each period has its own definite characteristics. The periods were then combined to give the reader a chronological flow of historical data relative to the development of the M. I. A. A. SECTION I. ORIGIN, INCEPTION, AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE M. I.A.A. (1888-1908) The origin of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association may be traced as far back as 1882. At this time considerable discussion was held concerning athletic contests, but few steps toward organization were taken until 1884. 1 Kalamazoo College reports the organization of an athletic association in 1879, and Albion College reports the same type of organization beginning in 1884. The first athletic associations formed at all the colleges which were to eventually compose the M. I. A.A. were student organized and student operated. The faculties at the institutions had slight concern with the organization of athletics and therefore showed little interest. The first local Field Days recorded were held in June, 1884, at Michigan Agricultural College and Olivet College. Albion College held its first local Field Day in 1885, where competition in the following events was held: Putting the 32 1b. shot, broad jump, hitch kiCk, high jump, hand spring jump, running broad jump, mile run, boxing, wrestling, baseball throw, passing rugby, hop—step-and jump, 1The Wolverine, (Michigan Agricultural College, 1900), p. 181. 25 and the 100 yard dash. The day ended with a game of baseball and football. 2 A local Field Day was held at Olivet College in June, 1884, to which Albion College was invited. The practice of invitational Field Days gained in popularity and soon Olivet College, Albion College, and Michigan Agricultural College were holding Field Days which included all three institutions. Anson Hagle records: Previously, as you have seen there had been a few minor field contests, on the side, when the colleges met for baseball or football games, but not until the spring of 1887 did they hold an all day event with more than two colleges participating. The first one was when Olivet invited M.A. C. and Albion over for an intercollegiate contest--we (Albion) went. They had all kinds of jumping, boxing, high-kicking, drop-kicking of football, and running . 3 A week after the above event, Albion College invited both Olivet and Michigan Agricultural College to a field day held at Albion. Two weeks after the meet at Albion, Michigan Agricultural College invited Olivet College, Albion College, and Hillsdale College to a glorious field day in East Lansing. The M. A. C. field day was held on Friday and Saturday June 3rd and 4th. The Olivet delegation of forty men, arrived Friday morning. Fifty men from Albion and thirty from Hillsdale came on a special zAnson E. Hagle, ”Personal-Memoirs of Anson E. Hagle, " (unpublished autobiography, Evanston, Illinois, 1924), p. 107. 31bid., p. 111. 26 at 6 P.M. This is, we believe the first time in the history of the state that four Michigan Colleges have participated in a like event. 4 Individual contests in football, rugby football, and baseball were started by the colleges during this same period; but to the scheduling of invitational Field Days belongs the credit of the origin of the M.I.A,A. The addition of Hillsdale College to the list of Field Day participants increased to four the number of colleges taking part. Eventually each member college held an invitational meet with the result that there were too many such events. With this problem in mind, James J. Heckman of Hillsdale College proposed an annual 5 Field Day Meet to which each college would send its top performers. Inception of the M. I.A.A. Before a meeting could be held to plan an annual Intercollegiate‘Field Day, representatives from four Michigan Colleges met at Jackson, in March, 1888, to organize a state intercollegiate baseball league. The representatives at the meeting included J. M. Estabrook, B. K. Canfield, A. E. Bulson, Jr. , and A. B. Cardley from Michigan Agricultural College; Leigh Layman from Adrian College; A. H. Rockafellow, and D. W. Springer from 4News item in The Speculum, (Michigan Agricultural College), June, 1887. 5Vivian Lyon Moore, The First Hundred Years of Hillsdale College, (Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ann Arbor Press, 1943), p. 247. 27 Albion College; and H. M. Coldren, and E. D. Palmer from Hillsdale College. The University of Michigan declined an invitation to join the league. It was expected however that Olivet College and possibly one Ohio school would enter the league. The following rules were formulated to govern the affairs of the baseball league: A board of directors, one of whom is (chosen by each club, shall have general management and elect the officers from their own number. No club can employ a player who is not a bona fide student or instructor in the college where the club is located. Nor can the club have more than one professional player on its list. The directors select regular umpires. The local club has all receipts and pays all ordinary (railroad and hotel) expenses. Each club must have an official scorer. 6 Two games must be played between each two clubs. Here we find the first. evidence of a Michigan athletic association's use of eligibility rules in intercollegiate athletics. One week later the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association was formed at a meeting in Albion. The meeting was held to complete plans for one grand, general Field Day which was to take the place of the number of smaller Field Days previously held. The colleges represented at this meeting were Albion, Olivet, Michigan Agricultural, and Hillsdale. In this regard the Hillsdale College Herald states that , 6News item in the Hillsdale College Herald, March 22, 1888. 28 A constitution was formed which will be submitted to the several colleges for approval. Each college is to contribute to the general expenses in proportion to the number of male students as shown by their respective catalogs. The first and trial sports will extend over a period of two days, and will be held the last of May, at Lansinig, Albion, and Hillsdale as will be determined later. Another meeting was called for on April 14, 1888, at Lansing, to decide where the Field Day was to be held, at which time Lansing was chosen as the site for the first Intercollegiate Field Day of the Association. The officers elected at this meeting became the first official officers of the M. I.A.A. They included: President, E. H. Barringer of Hillsdale College; Vice President, D. W. Springer of Albion; and Secretary, J. N. Esterbrook of Lansing. On May 31, June 1 and 2, 1888, the M.I.A.A. held its first annual Field Day. The following excerpt provides a brief account of this event which was held at M.A. C .: Students moved into fifty tents set among the buildings and gave the dormitories to 165 visiting men. The road at Faculty Row was used for track events and the drill ground for field contests. Although the Aggies (M.A.C .) took more than their share of the honors, the division was rather equal. Freshman Leander Burnett, a grandson ' of Chief Petoskey, captured three of the nine jumps-- standing broad, backward, and running hop, step, and jump--as well as the high-kick with both feet. 7Ibid., March 29, 1888. 8Madison Kuhn, Michigan State, The First Hundred Years, (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1955), p. 157. 29 A good time was reportedly had by all and plans were immediately made for the second annual Field Day of the M. I.A. A. Changes in Athletics Events. The primary object of the Field Day meet was to provide friendly contests in all the athletic sports, and to provide an exhibition of physical skill and endurance. It was the original purpose to sponsor events annually only in baseball and track, but at the second annual field day in Hillsdale, tennis matches were introduced, and an exhibition football match was played between Olivet and Albion. 9 Many of the athletic events which were sponsored by the M. I.A.A. in 1889* were soon excluded from the list when problems of administration and entries made it impossible, from the standpoint of time, to continue them. In 1892, football was dropped from the list of sports at field day and was confined primarily to the fall season. Hot unseasonable weather and interference with the preparation for minor sports were given as reasons for this action.10 In 1893, the following events were discarded: standing three jumps, broad hand- sping, throwing baseball, passing rugby, standing hop, step, and jump, 9Thomas Oliver, op. cit., p. 11. *See Figure 4 (pages 30 and 31) which shows many of the events of the Second Annual Field Day at Hillsdale. 10Dale R. Sprankle, “A History of Athletics at Albion College,” (unpublished Master's thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1940), p. 17. 30 mrHZmErH .mO 24m00mnm owwfi .Z4UHEOH2 .mdawflmdifim H4 .<.<.H .2 NEH. .mO MCoAH QAHHM 4H .mO 2<0 952:1. 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C3:1. ......:._....1__: n:::...: . 80: >50! {...-:5... 3.2!»...— .e ass—EB ((3 LO 0:... .45. .5343. 5...... ......... ...3. so... an... ......m ...: 5:: . . .....2 an... 2:25. it... an... 3:33.. sag...» ......— . its...» .288: 831.. .l .m Om. n .P4gdm .32: ...:Z ......i. ......n .3fl‘-=a-' ......i ...:_.n ......i ...c: uziias ...—.7533. ..... . .. . 43...: 5.5:: .32: ......r. ion-29.5... . .33. ......r n .17.: so: . docuzfisuooi ....._;_.1:_. .....I .....2 .1::.:_.: ...:Z... 5.... .....I .....Z ...._:.._.....I. ...:2... 14...: ...—n 5.. ...: ...:2... 3...... 2.22:5. ... ...: _. ......L: ........:...l. 7...]. J. I ...........— .5... ...: ...: .u ...—:3“: .2 a; .1“... ....._._.—. xvi: ...-Hui..— .52.... . .....E... ...... .....z 57...: 1—Kl.f _...__._'_: ..=- m b. 32 and standing high jump. Only 21 field sports still remained on the program. Other events which fell by the wayside by 1900 included bicycle racing, standing broad jump, and the All-Around. The Indoor Meet at Field Day included feather weight, light weight, and heavy weight wrestling; individual club swinging; tumbling; horizontal and parallel bars; and boxing. The program of indoor sports was continued until the 1907 Field Day meet when the Board of Directors decided to drop all indoor sports and make Field Day strictly a track meet. Tennis and baseball were continued as supplementary attractions at the Field Days. 11 In 1901 , the Association adopted football as an intercollegiate sport and offered a cup for the championship team. A percentage plan was incorporated which pitted Albion College, Kalamazoo College, and Hillsdale College against Olivet College, Michigan State Normal College, and Michigan Agricultural College. Football championships were not recognized by the Association until the 1904 season when Albion College won the cup. Basketball received its original impetus in 1895 at Albion College. In 1898, a basketball league was formed with most M. I.A.A. schools becoming members; however, basketball did not become a sanctioned sport of the M. I.A.A. until the 1910- 1911 school year. 11The M.A. C. Record, (Michigan Agricultural College), January 2, 1907. 33 Baseball contests, which were held annually at the Field Day meets, were brought under the rules of the M. I.A.A. in 1898, and the percentage plan was adopted for awarding the championship cup. This plan declared the team with the highest winning percentage the champion. Previous to this date, the team that had won the most number of games was declared the winner. 12 Development of a constitution and rules concerning eligibility of participants. The first constitution adopted by the M. I.A.A. was concerned only with the organization and running of the annual Field Day program. In 1890, the following Field Day rules were adopted by the Board: 1. All entries shall be in the hands of the secretary by May 20. 2. No person can be a contestant who has not been a student enrolled in one of the colleges of the Association within a year previous. 3. Any contestant forfeits his right in the contest who is not on the ground when the event is called; provided the event is called according to the programme. 4. But 3 entries may be sent to the secretary by each college in any given sport. Only the two first named shall become contestants, except when one of them shall, either through sickness or injury, be unable to participate. 5. A tax of $200.00 will be raised to pay the Field Day expenses, and will be levied per capita on the male students of the four colleges. 1 ' 12Vivian Lyon Moore, op. cit., p. 257. 13The Speculum, May 10, 1890. 34 The eligibility of the participants soon became a burning question to all officials of the M. I.A. A. Professional athletes, ”ringers, " were haunting the Eastern Athletic Association and the Board of Directors of the M. I.A. A. were determined not to let the situation arise in the M. I.A.A. In 1891, rule 2 concerning participants was amended to read, Each contestant must bring a certificate from the president of his college or principal of his department certifying his connection with the institution. according to rule 2.14 The rules concerningleligibility were again changed in 1893, after the Board of Directors was unable to enforce the ruling it had sanctioned in 1891. The rule stated that no contestant would be eligible to participate unless he was a bona fide student for at least one full term of the current year. Constitutional revision by the Board of Directors was continued for the next four years. No concrete evidence of work in this area was shown until a constitution was issued which most nearly resembles the groundwork of the present constitution. This constitution clearly states that the faculty of the member institutions must approve all actions taken by the Board of Directors. The incorporation of faculty control of athletics was beginning to take hold 14Ibid., May 10, 1891. 35 on the M. I.A. A. The appended constitution of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association is included here: ARTICLE I The objects of this Association shall be: First: to promote and regulate a pure and healthy condition of Athletic or dher contests in the colleges of Michigan; Second: to establish a uniform standard of requirements or qualifications for admission to intercollegiate contests. AR TIC LE II The officers of this Association shall consist of a President and a Secretary, who shall serve for one year or until their successors are appointed. AR TIC LE III Meetings of this Association may be called by the President, or he shall call a meeting at the request of three members. AR TIC LE IV There shall be one regular meeting to be held at time and place of the meeting of the State Teachers. AR TIC LE V Each college shall have one representatiVe who shall cast the vote of his college at all meetings. AR TIC LE VI All the rules adopted by the Association shall be submitted to the Faculty of each college for ratification and the Secretary shall be notified of the result of such action. AR TIC LE VII This constitution and by-laws may be amended or added to by a two-thirds vote of the members present 36 at any regularly called meeting, or such vote may be taken by mail, if necessary. 1 The athletic rules formed by the Association were in keeping with the previous statements issued by the Board concerning eligibility, but the rules were more stringent. They were incorporated as a definite measure to combat the professionalism and mismanagement which was creeping into the Association. The Field Day of 1897 was was very unsuccessful. No program was planned and the Directors had to make one up as they went along. Many managers of athletic teams also paid no attention whatsoever to the directors, and they went about constructing their own rules for the contests. 16 Thus in 1898, the Directors, with faculty support, passed the following rules which clarified the position of the Association concerning eligibility: 1. No one shall represent any Institution'of this Association in any game or athletic contest unless he be a bona fidg student, doing at least two-thirds full work in a regular course, or an equivalent amount of special work. 2. No student shall be eligible to engage in any contest who, directly or indirectly receives or ever has received any gift, remuneration or pay for rendering of any athletic service to any institution in the association. This rule shall not disqualify any student otherwise eligible who is engaged as instructor in general (class) gymnastic exerciSes. 15Minutes of theFaculty Meeting, (Michigan Agricultural College), April 9, 1897. 16The Hillsdale Standard, June 8, 1897. 37 It shall disqualify anyone who receives compensation of any sort for services or while rendering services as a trainer in any special line or lines of athletic sport. ‘ It is agreed that the following shall be legimate expenses for an athletic association to bear: a) The difference between training table expenses; b) Traveling expense, c) expenses for uniforms, shoes and other articles of athletics clothing necessary in athletic work, d) medical expenses connected with training or with disabilities incurred in practice or in contests, e) expenses for amateur prizes and medals. No one shall represent any institution or their association who, since entrance into the institution, has performed any athletic service anywhere for pay (except as provided in the rule previous) or who accepts cash prizes or sells prizes of any kind, received as a reward for athletic skill. (This rule shall go into effect in the spring of 1899). No student who has been under regular engagement with pay as an athlete or as a trainer or coach with any association that promotes athletic sports shall be eligible to represent his institution on any athletic field. No student shall engage in any contest under an assumed name. No student shall be permitted to participate in any contest so long as he has more than two “conditions“ against him. No student shall be permitted to participate in any contest who is, in the judgment of the faculty, delinquent in his studies because of athletics. Ratification of the list of players on every athletic team must be obtained from the faculty committee of athletics. ‘ No person shall be eligible to compete in any contest of the association unless he has been in regular uLiIillo .! lo )uzld 10. ll. 38 attendance at the institution he represents for at least (12) weeks during the college year; providing that this rule shall not apply to contests of the fall term. These and other rules adopted shall be interpreted strictly in accordance with the letter of the rule. In addition to these rules it is required that the chair- man of the faculty committee on athletics in each college shall sign the following certificate in the case of all baseball, football or other teams that represent the college, namely: 'I hereby certify that the above are all bona fide students meeting the conditions of the M. I.A.A. as to attendance, amount of work, and scholarship. '17 In 1903, a new constitution was read and approved by the Board of Directors which provided for the addition and suspension of members. New members could be added to the Association by a unamimous vote by the Board and present members could be suspended by the Board by a two-thirds vote. The following rules were adopted to govern athletic events sanctioned by the association. 1. 2. Rules governing Field Day and indoor contests shall be those adopted by the A.A.U. 4 Rules for baseball shall be those of the American league. Rules for football shall be those of the Eastern Universitie 3. Rules for basketball shall be those of the Y. M. C.A. Athletic Association of America. Rules for tennis shall be those of Spaulding's Tennis Guide . 18 17News item in the Collegian Herald, (Hillsdale College), April 21, 1898. 18News item in The M.A.C. Record, January 27, 1903. 39 However, the burning question concerning the use of professional players in athletics had not been solved. In 1904, 1905, 1906 many reports filtered between member institutions, each accusing the other of having professional athletes on their teams. Finally on March 9, 1906, a meeting was held in Battle Creek at which time the delegates proposed a number of recommendations which were to conclude forever the use of professional players. The following recommendations were adopted at this conference and subsequently by the Board of Directors of the M. I.A.A. l. i That no student may play more than four years in the aggregate in any intercollegiate sport and that this participation be confined to undergraduates. 2. That no student be allowed to play on the college teams who is below the grade of college freshmen, provided that no person be allowed to compete in any contest after fall term unless he has been regular attendance at the institution he represents for at least 12 weeks during the current college year. 3. That no student shall be allowed to compete in any contest who is not taking at least 2/3 of the full recitation work required, and is maintaining a grade satisfactory to the college faculty. 4. No student shall be permitted to participate in any contest so long as he has more than two conditions against him. 5. Students who transfer to M. I.A.A. institutions must remain inactive in athletics for a period of one year beginning at the time of entrance. 6. Eligibility lists must be signed by the secretary of the faculty of the school. 40 7. There shall be no preliminary training period prior to the beginning of academic instruction. 8. The football season shall end on the Saturday before Thanksgiving. 9. No person shall be eligible to play on any college team in the M. I.A.A. who shall become a regular member of a professional or semi—professional or any paid team, or who shall play in more than eight games during the summer vacation at which an entrance fee is charged. 19 A very important suggestion made at this conference did not take effect until 1908, when total faculty control over the M. I.A.A.. was instituted. Thus, the rules which governed the M. I.A.A. for many years were instituted and a strong foundation was laid for future developments . Admission of new members. The four colleges (Albion College, Hillsdale College, Michigan Agricultural College, and Olivet College) which comprised the M. I.A.A. at its inception in 1888 were soon joined by Michigan State Normal College (Eastern Michigan University) of Ypsilanti. In February, 1892, Michigan State Normal College sent in a petition to become a member and was accepted into 20 M. S. N. C. continued its the Association after a short discussion. membership in the M. I.A.A. until 1902 when it dropped out of the Association for a period of eighteen years. 1911318., March 13, 1906. 20The Albion College Pleiad, February 17, 1892. I ,4» .rlf...$.ryu‘(. of. ad . 41 Kalamazoo College also made application for membership in 1895, but because the college lacked the necessary athletic records to qualify, their request was refused. In the spring of 1896, application was again made, and this time membership was granted to Kalamazoo College. Since that time Kalamazoo College has been a continuous member, in good standing.21 In 1895, Adrian College made application for admission, but the request was tabled. The application did not reappear until February 1900, when the Board of Directors decided to include Adrian College in all sanctioned athletic events for the remainder of that school year. By 1908, Adrian College was ready for full participation into the M. I.A. A. Adrian was formally accepted into the Association in February, 1908. 22 Alma College made application for membership into the M. I.A.A. in the spring of 1902, and was wholeheartedly welcomed. Since acceptance into the Association, Alma has also been a continuous member, in good standing. In 1903, a number of schools tried to break down the admission barriers to the M. I.A.A. Field Day. Mount Pleasant 21Charles T. Goodsell and Willis F. Dunbar, Centennial History of Kalamazoo College, (Kalamazoo, Michigan: Kalamazoo College, 1933)p. 138. 22The Albion College Pleiad, February 13, 1908. I,)J.. .IL 1 1|‘(« .1 in... J iv a. 42 Normal (Central Michigan University), Marquette Normal (Northern Michigan College), Ypsilanti Normal, (Eastern Michigan University), Detroit College, Adrian College, and Hope College all asked permission to participate in the annual June meet. The M. I.A. A. colleges opposed the plan; therefore, limiting the Field Day in 1903 to only Albion College, Alma College, Hillsdale College, Kalamazoo College, 23 Michigan Agricultural College, and Olivet College. The withdrawal of M. A. C. and the instituting of faculty control in the M. I.A.A. Michigan Agricultural College (Michigan State University) by 1900 had become the leading power in all athletic events in the M. I.A. A. Since the first occurance of Intercollegiate Field Days, M.A. C. has won over 40 percent of the 1st medals, the relay race twice, the baseball championship nine times. 24 After the annual Field Day in the spring of 1907, M.A. C., by winning the meet, had won a total of eleven straight Field Day championships. The M.A. C. power, through numbers, had become too great for the other member schools of the M. I.A. A. This imbalance of power in athletics was recognized by the M. A. C. authorities. Many M. I.A. A. schools had failed to complete their schedules against M.A. C. in the 23The M.A.C. Record, April 21, 1903. 24The Wolverine, (Michigan Agricultural College, 1900), P. 182. 43 fall of 1907. After this action by the Association's schools, M.A. C. asked to withdraw from the Association. At a special meeting in Lansing, on January 31 , 1908, eight delegates reorganized the M. I.A. A. These delegates included: Professor Herron and Mr. Coldren of Hillsdale College, Professor Williams and Mr. Puffer of Kalamazoo College, Professor Miller and Mr. Thacker of Olivet College, and Professor Green and Mr. Latham of Albion College. 25 Professor Lacky and Mr. Cargo of Adrian College were also present at this meeting and after the period of reorganization, Adrian College was asked to join the Association. Thus, after the school year 1907-1908, there were six member institutions: Adrian College, Albion College, Alma College, Hillsdale College, Kalamazoo College, and Olivet College. The M.A. C. Record reports the following concerning M. A. C. 's withdrawal: By action of the Board of Directors of the M. I. A. A. held at Hotel Downey Friday night M. A. C. is now free to make an independent schedule, a condition which it has been looking forward to for several seasons . . . . The fact that the rapid growth of the college has naturally placed us with institutions of a different class than those now forming the M. I.A. A. 26 25The Albion College Pleiad, February 13, 1908. 26News item in The M.A. C. Record, February 4, 1908. 44 One important situation overlooked by most accounts of this period is the fact that this meeting marked the first time when full control of the M. I.A.A. was taken by the faculties of the member institutions. Beginning in 1908, faculty control of all athletic policies issued by the Board of Control is extremely evident. The M. I.A.A. had been founded in 1888 solely by student athletic directors. Continuously since its inception the faculties of the member colleges have been slowly taking over control of all athletic administration. As early as 1891, an advisory committee consisting of faculty representatives from each member college was formed. This committee regulated all programs and Field Day arrangements. Awards. In 1888, at the first annual Field Day it became the practice of member institutions to share in the sponsorship of medals for the winners. The highest award, a gold stick pin, was awarded to the All Around winner by a local jeweler in each city which took an interest in athletic contests. In 1893, the silver medal was dropped as the second place prize, and only mementoes were given. About this time, a baseball cup was being given by Mr. Brackett of Lansing to the winning team in the baseball tournament. Mr. Brackett also had Started to award a cup in football to the recognized champion of the 27Minutes of the Faculty Meeting (Michigan Agricultural College), April 27, 1891. 45 Association, even though the sport was not officially sanctioned by the M. I.A.A. By 1903, the M. I.A.A. Board of Directors had instituted the awarding of pennants to the winning teams in the indoor meet, the track and field meet, the baseball championship, and the tennis tournament. Summary. The M. I.A. A. grew out of local Field Days which were soon combined into invitational Field Day Meets in 1884. With the addition of Hillsdale College to the list of participants in 1887, the number of invitational field days increased to four. This large number created the problem of too many field days, which caused excessive absences from academic classes. Thus, in March and April, 1888, one glorious Field Day meet was planned and the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association was born. The problems that faced the student directors of the M. I.A.A. during the early formative years, 1888 to 1908 concerned: (1) The eligibility of athletes, (2) the rise of professionalism in college athletics, and (3) the controls placed on member institutions. Eligibility rules were passed, rules against professionalism were instituted, and complete faculty control of athletics was started in 1908. The eligibility of athletes from the member colleges had been Solved, but the problem of professionalism creeping‘into athletics in 11he Association was still a burning question before the faculty Board of Control. SECTION II. THE PERIOD OF ATHLETIC REFORM (1908- 1921) By 1908, the problem of professional athletes participating on M. I.A.A. college teams had become acute. The Association was now under the direct authority of the faculty directors. The responsibility of establishing eligibility rules which would keep out ”undesirables” from the Association fell upon their shoulders. Combating professionalism through eligibility rules. In the fall of 1911, two football players from Adrian College were declared ineligible by the Board of Directors. It was proved that both players had achieved only enough entrance credits to be eligible as juniors in high school. The credits which made both players eligible for college had been forged. In fact, one player had only entered college on the night before the disputed contest. 1 Adrian College was subsequently suspended from the M. I.A. A. in April, 1912, but regained admittance in September, 1913, after the Adrian representatives produced affidavits that proved that other member institutions of the M. I.A.A. had athletes that were also ineligible. 2 1The Weekly Almanian, (Alma College), October 6, 1911. 2Chester S. Barnard, "A History of Athletics in Kalamazoo Cellege," (unpublished Master's thesis, University of West Virginia, Morgantown, 1940), p. 52. 47 The charges produced by the Adrian representatives were directed in the main at summer and Sunday baseball participation. The rules, until 1912, stated that no college baseball player could remain eligible if he participated in any summer baseball program. In 1912 this rule was discarded as it was felt by the Board that summer base- ball participation would not interfere with a student's amateur standing unless he competed for money or valuable prizes. In June, 1920, the rule concerning Sunday baseball was dropped. The rule had stated that no college athlete could remain eligible if he participated in baseball games on Sunday. By discarding this rule, the Board of Directors were immediately reprimanded by the college presidents of member institutions. The following excerpt from a letter to President H. L. Stetson of Kalamazoo shows feelings that existed among the administrative heads of the member institutions. I think one of the most important things for us to consider is the future of the M. I.A.A. Our colleges seem to have no morals at all in these matters. We seem to be favoring falsehood, professionalism, Sunday baseball, Sunday football, unsportsmanlike tactics, and almost everything objectionable. While it is probably true that heads of institutions and their members of the faculty are not cognizant of these happenings until after they happen, it is true that our M. I.A.A. is, at the present time, of bad influence and undesirable reputation. However, we presidents must see to it that our separate institutions make new rules and live up to them honestly, getting rid of students and coaches who persistently violate them, or else we must select new members of our faculties for the executive committee and demand that the executive committee accomplish the 48 desired results. 3 The action taken by the Board of Directors of the M. I.A. A. prompted the calling of a meeting at Jackson which included the seven M. I.A.A. college presidents, the faculty advisors to the M. I.A. A. , and the coaches from the various member colleges. At this meeting, President Crooks of Alma College presented the facts: That in two colleges men on the college payroll as coaches are playing on athletic teams: that several colleges have men on their baseball teams who have formerly been employed in professional baseball: that high school graduates throughout the state quite frequently ask a college representative what can be done for them in the way of finances because their athletic ability has won offers of financial advantage. After the facts were presented at the joint meeting, it was recommended (later adopted by the M. I.A. A.) that: (l) The existing rules in the M. I.A.A. concerning professionalism be continued. Special emphasis was directed toward the ruling that any college student who was playing in intercollegiate athletics would be disqualified if he played on any other team during the year. (2) Sunday baseball would be prohibited. (3) Paid coaches would be prohibited from playing on teams of the institutions that employed them. (4) The promotion of athletics in the several colleges would be kept under 3Letter from President H. H. Crook of Alma College to President H. L. Stetson of Kalamazoo College, November 22, 1921. 4Minutes of the Meeting of Independent College Presidents of Michigan, May 18, 1922. 49 institutional control and that all financial aid to men on athletic teams would be upon a purely scholastic basis. (5) Faculty control of all phases of athletics within the Association. (6) Athletic editors of college newspapers would refrain from making references which would breed bad feeling between institutions engaged in any competition. To further strengthen the faculties' control on athletics in the M. I.A.A. , one person was appointed to act as a referee in all disputes concerning eligibility and scheduling. Professor Clark L. Herron of Hillsdale College was appointed the first M. I.A.A. referee on October 6, 1922. Thus, the M. I.A.A. had strengthened its amateur status by adding eligibility rules which (when they were followed) eliminated professional participation in athletics, by demanding higher entrance requirements to be met by prospective students before participation, and by including an Association referee who was to be in supreme command of all Association affairs. Admission and withdrawal of members. The addition of Adrian College to the M. I.A.A. in the Spring of 1908 established the number of member institutions at six: Adrian College, Albion College, Alma College, Hillsdale College, Kalamazoo College, and Olivet College. Ibid. 50 Adrian College remained an active member in the M. I.A.A. until the end of the 1921- 1922 school year when Adrian felt that it would be to the school's advantage to remain out of Association com- petition. During the 1908-1922 period Adrian College had been sus- pended in 1912 because of ineligible participantsfk Other schools which applied for admission during the 1908- 1921 period were Michigan State Normal College (Eastern Michigan University) and Hope College. Michigan State Normal College applied for readmission to the M. I.A.A. in June, 1909, but their application was refused by the Board of Directors.6 Application was again made by M. S. N.C. in October, 1919. After M. S. N. C. had ratified all eligibility rules established by the Board, it was admitted to the M. I.A.A. in‘March, 1920. 7 Hope College entered its first application for membership in the Association in April, 1914. The application was refused on the grounds that Hope College was too distant from the center of the intercollegiate conference. Olivet College dropped out of competition with M. I.A.A. schools in 1919-1920 because of a lack of male students. Olivet did, *See page 46 . ,6News item in the Hillsdale Daily Standard Herald, June 3, 1909. 7News item in the Hillsdale Collegian, March 19, 1920. 8Ibid., April 9, 1914. 51 however, retain membership in the M. I.A.A. as a non-participating member. It was unnecessary) therefore for Olivet to apply for readmission in 1920-1921 when the school engaged in the fall M. I.A.A. sports program. Thus, at the close of the 1921-1922 school year the following institutions comprised the membership of the M. I. A. A.: Albion College, Alma College, Hillsdale College, and Kalamazoo College, Michigan State Normal College, and Olivet College. Changes in athletic events sponsored by the M. I.A.A. The 1908-1921 period continued to contribute to the changes in the annual M. I.A.A. Field Day. Beginning in 1909, the mile relay which had been a separate event until this time was included into the track program. The relay was still considered a special event though, and the winner was awarded a banner. Thus, the mile relay was no longer a championship event sanctioned by the M. I. A.A. 9 The hammer throw , which was one of the field events included in the early Field Day programs, was discontinued before the 1912 Field Day-Meet and the javelin throw was introduced in its place. Final approval of the javelin throw as an event of field day was not given until 1914. A few schools objected to the event, saying that it was even more dangerous than the hammer throw which it replaced. 10 9Thomas Oliver, op. cit. , p. 9. 10News item in the Weekly Almanian, (Alma College), October 4, 1913. 52 The game of basketball, which a few institutions had begun playing as early as 1895, was finally adopted by the M. I.A.A: as one of its official sports for the first time beginning with the 1910-1911 season. From this period on basketball has been one of the champion- ship sports sponsored by the Association. The problem of securing adequate officiating at all athletic contests was a pressing problem for the Board of Directors. Beginning in 1913, a committee was appointed whose function it was to investigate and assign officials to all M. I.A.A. contests. This is the first attempt made by the M. I.A.A. to engage satisfactory referees and umpires. The plan so described was not changed until October, 1922, when coaches were asked to draft a list of acceptable officials for basketball, 12 baseball, and football. The effect of World War I upon the Association. With the entrance of the United States into the first World War, the athletic programs of the colleges of the M. I.A.A. had to be curtailed. Lack Of man power and the organization of Student Army Training Corps We re given as reasons for the suspension of all Association Champion- Ships in 1917 and 1918. The short duration of the war, ended by an Armistice on November 11, 1918, allowed the M. I.A.A. to resume 11Thomas Oliver, op. cit., p. 9. 12Minutes of the M. I.A.A. Board of Directors Meeting, October 6, 1922. 53 operations beginning in 1919. At a Board of Directors Meeting in December, 1918, it was decided that a full sports program would be started immediately. The Board also decided that participation of any student in the fall of 1918 would not count toward the completion of the four year total participation rule. 13 Summary. The addition of faculty control of athletics of the M. I.A.A. in 1908, brought about many needed changes in the administration of eligibility rules of the Association. This change was not immediate, even though a majority of the rules originated by the Board were so constructed as to call for the immediate elimination of all eligibility problems. The transition was slower than was expected, and few problems concerning eligibility were solved by the end of the 1921-1922 school year. The power given to one head person, a referee, was soon to bring order out of chaos. Only when this was accomplished could a workable list of eligibility rules be created which would eventually wipe out the problems caused by the pro- fessional athlete. The 1908-1921 period may be observed also as period Wherein a modern day conception of athletic events was developed by the Association. The following athletic events were under the official rules prescribed by the M. I.A. A. in the spring of 1922: football, 13News item in the Hillsdale Collegian, December 13, 1918. 54 basketball, baseball, tennis, and track. Both cross-country and golf were soon to be added. Thus the period of reorganization and reform had brought the M. I.A.A. out of the “Dark Ages” into a period of modern athletic organization and development. SECTION III. THE PERIOD OF THE FIRST JUDGE ADVOCATE. CLARK L. HERRON (1922—1931) All problems connected with professionalism and eligibility had not been solved by the incorporation of faculty directors in the period 1908-1921. There were times when even the Faculty Board of Directors of the M. I.A.A. was unable to make an adequate decision on student eligibility. Thus, in October, 1922, a long standing member of the Board of Directors, Clark L. Herron, of Hillsdale was chosen to be the referee of the M. I.A. A. It was his duty to make all decisions concerning eligibility and scheduling.1 In 1924, the title of referee was changed to Judge Advocate. The minutes of the M. I.A.A. state that a Judge Advocate would, if the board saw fit, be appointed by the Board of Directors. He would advise the Directors on such matters as they would submit to him from time to time. Eligibility rulings. Action was begun immediately to make Eligibility rules more binding on students. In October, 1923, an amendment was suggested Whid'l stated that no student who had completed 1Chester S. Barnard, op. cit., p. 67. 2Minutes of the M. I. A.A. Board of Directors Meeting, October 5, 1923. 56 a season on one M. I.A.A. college team would ever be permitted to participate in any other M. I.A.A. game as a member of any other M. I.A.A. college team. The ruling was proposed as a means of preventing one institution from robbing athletes from another institution by offering a better scholarship or more chances to participate. The rule, as it was first read, proved to be too demanding of the student. Thus, on October 3, 1924, a one year residence rule was instituted which would not permit a student immediate partipation in athletics if he switched from one M. I.A. A. institution to another. 3 At this same meeting, the four year rule concerning participation in athletics was also re-adopted. The rule stated that no student shall participate in intercollegiate athletics for more than four years in the aggregate and that all college playing would count toward the total. A forerunner of the Freshman Rule, which required one year's residence before participation in varsity athletics, was incorporated by the Board of Directors in June, 1926. The ruling Stated, Freshmen shall not be eligible to compete in more than two of the following sports: football, basketball, and baseball. 3Ibid. , October 3, 1924. 4Ibid. 5Ibid., June 4, 1926. 57 It was also decided at this meeting that freshmen would have to pass at least ten hours of work each semester and have an average in all work of .5 or better. (A=3, B=2, C=l, D=O, E or F: -l). Upper- classmen had to pass at least twelve semester hours of work with an overall average of at least .7 (based upon this scale). The eligibility rules concerning freshman athletes never had a chance to operate, for in December, 1926, the Board of Directors issued the following ruling Concerning freshmen, A student will be ineligible to compete in inter- collegiate athletics in the M. I.A.A. until he has been a year in residence at the institution he represents and has met the scholastic requirements indicated in Rule 5. (Rule 5 concerns grade points). The one year Freshman Rule went into effect in the fall of 1927, and remained, even with continued resentment against it, an M. I.A.A. rule for a number of years. Freshman teams were immediately organized, and the following rules were set up to govern their action: TeamS--Freshman teams shall be composed of lst year men only who have had no previous competition in the same sport--either freshman or varsity. Qualifications--Freshman players shall maintain a satis- factory standing during the lst semester and a . 5 average the second. 6ibid. 71bid., December, 1926. 58 Games--Games shall be limited: Football, 4 games; Basketball, 6 games; Baseball, 4 games. Disqualifications--Any freshman participating in any game in excess of or in violation of the above limitations shall be credited with varsity competition which shall disqualify him for his next year in college. No freshman shall play on a varsity team--if so, such participation shall count as varsity competition; provided, junior colleges may use freShman in varsity competition, but this shall count as varsity competition if such players later transfer to a M. I.A.A. College. Awards--Freshman making their numerals for the lst time may receive a numeral jersey. Thereafter numerals only. Freshman awards shall not be given ' out until the M. I.A.A. scholastic rule has been satisfied for the semester in which the numerals were earned. 8 By limiting varsity competition to sophmores, juniors, and seniors, the Board of Directors incorporated a rule into the by-laws which was to cause the Association continued grief for the next fifteen years. Admittance of new members. The period 1922-1931 saw the addition of only one college to the membership of the M. I.A. A. As one school was gained and one was lost, there was no change in the total number of institutions belonging to the Association. In 1922, there were six member schools; Albion College, Alma College, Hillsdale College, Michigan State Normal College, Kalamazoo College, and Olivet College . 8Minutes of the Special Meeting of the M. I.A. A. Board of Directors, June 1, 1929. 59 Central Michigan Normal College (Central Michigan University) applied for membership in 1923, but lost its chance for membership on a secret ballot vote in which a 3/5 majority was needed for membership. The City College of Detroit also applied for mem- bership in June, 1925, but action on their admittance was postponed indefinitely. Their membership application was brought before the Board late in 1926 and the motion was defeated--two schools for; four schools against. InDecember, 1925, the Board of Directors issued the following statement, The M. I.A.A. shall consist of only privately endowed colleges of the state.9 This statement, naturally excluded Michigan State Normal College from continued membership in the M. I.A. A. as they were the only state supported institution in the Association. With the "handwriting on the wall,” Michigan State Normal College, in a letter from President McKenny, asked to withdraw from the M. I. A. A. The resignation was 10 The accepted, leaving the Association with only five members. Normal school had become a powerhouse in the Association and had dominated the athletic scene for at least the last four years it was a 9News item in the Albion College Pleiad, December 7, 1925. 10Minutes of the M. I.A.A. Board of Directors Meeting, June 5, 1926. 60 member (1922-23, 1923-24, 1924-25, 1925-26). Normal's enrollment also was increasing at a faster rate than the enrollments of other M.I.A.A. schools. In December, 1926, Hope College applied for membership in the M. I.A.A. and was immediately accepted since the school complied with all the rules set down by the Association. 11 The question concerning readmission of Adrian College to the Association was discussed in 1928, but no action was taken at that time. Thus, the M. I.A.A. consisted of six colleges at the close of ~ 1931; Albion College, Alma College, Hillsdale College, Hope College, Kalamazoo College, and Olivet College. Changes in the M. I.A.A. sports program. Cross-country was officially sanctioned by the Association on October 6, 1922. All meets were run by Western Conference rules and the course was from 4 to 4 1/4 miles in length. 12 The Sport remained in operation until 1932 when it was abandoned by the Association due to the lack in interest of member schools to support it. The participation of women in the Annual Tennis Tournament sponsored by the Association had had a continuous existance from 1896 until 1925, when the Board decided to restrict the tournament to 11Ibid., December, 1926. 121bid., October 6, 1922. 61 men's play. Women's tournaments have been held since at the member colleges, but they are in no way connected with Association affairs. In 1926, the permanent records of the M. I.A.A. were started and all previous records made by Michigan State Normal College were stricken from the record. Similar action had occured when Michigan Agricultural College was dropped (from the Association in 1907. i The situation concerning baseball became acute during the 1929 season as a few teams did not finish out their schedules. The expense involved in fielding a team was felt to be too great by most schools. The Albion Recorder states, As only Hillsdale and Hope'of the six M. I.A.A. schools are having diamond teams this spring, it was felt that the expense (of continuing baseball) would be greater than the interest aroused would warrant. Finally, on May 30, 1930, a vote was taken concerning the advisability of continuing baseball as an M. I.A.A. sport. The only school in favor of continuing the sport was Hillsdale College whose baseball team was having a successful season. Baseball was not re-introduced into the M. I.A.A. until the 1948 season. Finances. Before 1927 all Field Day Meets and all expenses incurred by the M. I.A.A. were paid out of monies derived from a tax 13Thomas Oliver, op. cit., p. 60. 14News item in the (Albion) Recorder, April 17, 1930. 62 on each member school. The tax was based upon the total male enroll- ment of the school. At the December 2, 1927 meeting of the Board of Directors it was decided by the Board that a flat tax of $75. 00 would be a better method of assessing the schools. Accordingly, each school was assessed $75. 00 for the 1927-28 school year. 15 The flat taxation method of securing funds is still the practice, although the rate has increased. Money that was not used frequently was returned to the schools at the end of the school year. In 1930, the assessment was reduced from $75. 00 to $50. 00. The reduction proved to be only one of the results of the world wide economic depression of the 1930's. Uniform contracts and eligibility blanks. Beginning in 1924, the M. I.A.A. printed a complete set of uniform blanks which were used in the administration of player eligibility and game contracts. Most schools had to be reminded continuously of the fact that the . . 16 offlClal forms were to be used. Summary. Primary changes in the M. I.A.A. during the period 1922- 1931 were: (1) Originating the post of Judge Advocate; (Z) Incorporating the Freshman Rule which prohibited freshman players from participating in varsity athletics; and, (3) Continuing supervision of the eligibility of contestants to maintain competitive 15Minutes of the M. I.A. A. Board of Directors Meeting, December 2, 1927. 16Ibid., May, 1924. a... 63 standards in the Association. In December, 1930, a special committee* was chosen to provide for a Judge Advocate who was not closely connected with the Association. At the end of the 1930-31 school year, Clark L. Herron resigned his post as the first Judge Advocate of the M. I.A.A. 17 *Clark L. Herron of Hillsdale College, Herbert W. Clack of Alma College, and Allen B. Stowe of Kalamazoo College. 17Ibid., May 29, 1931. SECTION IV. THE PERIOD OF JUDGE ADVOCATE JAMES B. HASSELMAN (1931-1933) The short period in which James B. Hasselman was Judge Advocate of the M. I.A.A. may be described as a period of economic curtailment for the Association as well as for all of the schools belonging to the Association at this time. The freshman rule. was still under heated discussion since its inception in 1926, and the prob- lem of contracting teams from different schools for competition was continually before the Board of Directors for increased action. The Board of Directors had previously decided to appoint a Judge Advocate who had no connections with member schools of the Association. :1: The committee appointed for this purpose selected James B. Hasselman, head of the Publications Department at Michigan State College. His nomination was accepted unanimously by the Board and in May, 1931, the committee reached an agreement with Mr. Hasselman. James B. Hasselman accepted the position offered to him in 1931 even though it offered no financial reward. His administration was immediately faced by a sharp curtailment of expenditures . ”‘Board of Directors Meeting held December 5, 1930. See page 63. 65 Report on the recommendations by the College Presidents Association. At the May, 1932, meeting of the Board of Directors of the M. I.A.A. the following report brought a warning of the economic difficulties forced upon the Association by the world wide depression: Recognizing the importance of strict economy under present economic conditions in conducting our athletic programs, and further recognizing the fact that the Michigan College Presidents Association has recently passed resolutions looking toward this end, the Directors of the M. I.A.A. respectfully request that the College Presidents, at their convenience, make it possible for a committee of Directors to meet with representatives of the Presidents in discussing future plans and programs. The Directors feel that the present situation calls for a careful analysis of all phases of the questions involved, in order to avoid the possibility of destructive effects which might follow too drastic action in curtailment of present programs. 1 After this plea for a joint meetingbetween the M. I.A.A. Board of Directors and the College Presidents Association, little was accomplished toward this end until Olivet College announced her withdrawal from the 1932 football season on September 23, 1932. The Recorder states that, The announcement indicated that Olivet was abandoning football and possibly other intercollegiate sports because the financial outlay was too great and because of a desire to have the entire student body actively engaged in the athletics program. 1Minutes of the M. I.A.A. Board of Directors Meeting, May 30, 1932. 2News item in the (Albion) Recorder, September 24, 1932. 66 The reasons for Olivet's withdrawal from football by G. F. Foster, given at a special Board of Directors meeting in October, were; (1) A sharply reduced student body, and (2) a lack of candidates for the team. The record shows that only nine men reported for football practice at Olivet in the fall of 1932. 3 It was then decided that from this point on, any college must notify all other colleges of their withdrawal from any of the Association's sanctioned sports and eadi college must vote favorably on such requests. The action taken by Olivet College, and the possibility of such action occuring at other colleges in the Association prompted a special meeting to be called between the College Presidents Association and the M. I.A. A. Board of Directors. The meeting was held in Lansing on January 23, 1933, and the following recommendations were put forth: 1. Cross-country is to be abolished as an official M. I.A.A. sport. 2. Field Day is to be economized and costly awards are to be eliminated. 3. College assessments should be lowered. 4. "Home and home" game contracts should be established for all sports with the elimination of guarantees. 5. Equalize travel distances between schools by extra compensation to distant schools. 3Minutes of the Special Meeting of the M. I.A.A. Board of Directog, October 12, 1932. 67 6. Eliminate Freshman Competition to all but intramurals. These proposals were definite measures toward curtailing expenses. The action taken by the Board of Directors shows that all concerned felt the pressing need to economize only if this economy did not hurt their positions as athletic powers in the Association. Recommendation numbers one, two, four, and five were immediately passed, which resulted in eliminating cross-country as an official M. I. A. A. sport. The third recommendation was not adopted and the assessment of each college was maintained at $75.00 per year. The sixth recommendation caused the most disagreement among the members of the two administrative groups. The freshman rule was causing increased expenditures since most schools now had freshman teams. Therefore, this recommendation wanted to place freshman competition on an intramural basis. The Board of Directors were decidedly against this action. They felt that an intramural program would cost the same or more than the freshman teams that each school now sponsored. Changes in Freshman Rules. When Olivet College withdrew from football in the fall of 1932, a ruling was made by the Board of Directors which allowed Olivet a one year elimination of extra-mural freshman competition in each sport in which it sponsored a varsity 41bid., February 9, 1933. 68 squad. This is the first instance when the freshman ruling seems to be more of a hindrance than a help to the Association. Contracts for athletic contests. Contracts for all athletic contests were to be made out in triplicate with the third copy being filed with the secretary of the M. I. A. A. at least fourty-eight hours before the contest. Contract blanks were being provided at this time by the Association and it was stressed by the Board of Directors that 5 they be used. The adoption of golf as a M. I.A. A. sport. The first indication of golf becoming a sanctioned sport by the M. I. A. A. came upon a notice by Professor Robert Clack of Alma at the May 30, 1930, meeting of the Board of Directors. Action on this suggestion was continually postponed until the May 27, 1933 meeting of the Board. At this meeting golf was accepted as an official M. I.A. A. sport to begin in the spring of 1934.6 Summary. James B. Hasselman's term as Judge Advocate was short lived for at the December 2, 1932 meeting of the Board of Directors it was announced that he would be unavailable for the coming year (1933). 5Minutes of the M. I.A. A. Board of Directors Meeting, December 2, 1932. 6 Ibid. 69 During his tenure in office Mr. Hasselman had experienced a tightening of the Association's purse strings as a result of a world wide economic depression. He had also experienced increased power, for in October 1931, it was decided by the Board of Directors to allow the Judge Advocate the power to select the All M. I.A. A. teams in all sports. During his term in office golf had replaced cross-country as a sanctioned sport and the freshman rule was beginning to cause trouble. At the regular meeting of May 26, 1933, James B. Hasselman resigned and a committee was chosen to search for a new Judge Advocate. .> .il l.’ t . Irltll '[llJIJ .I . . t ' ... SECTION V. THE EARLY PERIOD OF JUDGE ADVOCATE, DEGAY ERNST (1933- 1945) The period of the new Judge Advocate, DeGay Ernst, a former track star at Michigan State College, began in the fall of 1933. Mr. Ernst, along with the Board of Directors, faced the problem of operating an Association in the midst of a world wide economic decline. Some of the problems that faced his administration are listed as follows: (1) Whether or not to uphold the Freshman Rule; (2) Whether to allow all liberal arts colleges in Michigan admittance to the Association, or to limit the number of schools in the Association only to those which were church related institutions; (3) Whether to allow junior college transfers the right to participate in sports immediately upon transfer to Association schools. A brief treatment of these problems is included below. 2:: Continued problem with the Freshman Rule . With Olivet College dropping out of football for the 1932 and 1933 football seasons, opinion seemed to indicate that the freshman rule be stricken from the books and that freshman be allowed to compete on college teams. *See page 57 for an explanation of the Freshman Rule. , . .Jh..IJ m . 71 Until five or six years ago, the Association permitted the playing of freshman. Then, in the period of high tide in enrollments, it adopted the freshman rule. Now the enrollments are so sharply reduced that one of the colleges of the group, Olivet College, is not able to maintain a varsity team without using freshmen. Two others are on the danger line. Moreover, all the colleges feel that to maintain both varsity and freshman schedules . as the state institutions do . . . is to incur much additional expense without protecting freshmen from the evils of competition. They find, also, that to drop freshman schedules puts them at a disadvantage with the state institutions in the present sharp competition for students. I should add that in general the colleges favor the freshman rule, . . . I personally was very active in having it adopted . . . but the financial emergency and the sharply reduced enrollments have brought grave problems not anticipated when the rule was introduced to our by- laws. In December, 1933, Olivet College once again asked for permission to re-enter the Associations' football race with the stipulation that they be allowed to use freshmen. It was decided by the Board of Directors that Olivet could compete in football for the 1934 season only with the following provisions: (1) No games with Olivet College would count for the Championship; and, (2) No Olivet College freshmen would be charged with a year of eligibility. The vote for this measure was carried 8 to 4. 2 1Letter from President John L. Seaton of Albion College to President Harry Gage, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Decenber 2, 1933. 2Minutes of the M. I.A. A. Board of Directors Meeting, December 8, 1933. 72 After everything had been arranged, Olivet College reported in the spring of 1934 that she would be unable to field a football team anyway because of financial difficulties. After this announcement, suspension of the freshman rule was brought to a vote by the Board of Directors and was promptly defeated seven votes to five. 3 The following year (1935) Olivet College was able to field a football team, but once again only if the institution complied with the rules set down by the Association. No football contest in which Olivet College participated would count for the championship. Extra- mural competition for freshman teams had been in progress ever since the rule was incorporated into the M. I.A. A. by- laws in 1926. In 1935, because of continued financial difficulties and enrollment problems the number of freshman games was reduced. Freshman teams could compete in only three football games, six basketball games, four golf matches, four tennis matches, and four track and field meets. No competition was to be with teams of other M. I.A.A. schools.4 In 1937, the program was expanded to include four football games, six basketball games, six track meets, six tennis matches, and six golf matches. The provision that teams could not participate with other teams within the M. I.A. A. also was 31bid., May 25, 1934. 4Ibid., December 6, 1935. 73 continued. When the freshman rule was discarded at a later date, all freshman competition was disbanded. The freshman rule caused more trouble for the Association in 1937, when Olivet once again had (to ask permission to use freshmen players on their varsity football team. Olivet has only fourteen men available for the squad, with the prospect of two more to come. Some of these men are in such shape from last season's injuries that their use to the squad is uncertain. Also, as some of these men are inexperienced, the squad will be much weaker than last year's. For these reasons Olivet is faced with only two possibilities: (1) cancel all games; (2) fulfill the schedule by using freshman. Olivet prefers the latter course for two reasons: (1) less inconvenience would be caused the other colleges; (2) this would preserve a con- tinuity of football activity which would greatly aid Olivet in determining its future policy as regards football. It is understood that Olivet's games under this arrangement would not be included in conference standings. The policy of allowing certain football teams the right to use freshman players but not allowing their games to count for the championship was discarded in 1939. Adrian College at this time, had entered the Association and had requested the same treatment regarding football that was given to Olivet College. In the spring of 1937 when we were invited to affiliate with the M. I.A.A. we hesitated because of a fear that something like this (inability to field a team) would happen. Our very small freshman class last year simply confirmed our fear, but we decided to wait until this fall to bring the 5Letter to the M. I.A.A. Board of Directors members from Kenneth G. Hance, M.I.A.A. Secretary, September 15, 1937. 74 matter before the board. At present we have 24 men out for football. Of these 12 are upper-classmen and 12 are fresh— men. These figures may change slightly in any direction within the next few days, but obviously the problem will not be altered to any appreciable degree. The request was granted, and further action by the Board of Directors in 1939 also allowed all games to be counted for the M. I.A. A. foot ball . . 7 championship. The question concerning freshman competition on varsity squads became acute in the spring of 1940, as both Olivet College and Adrian College again asked permission to use freshmen on their teams. Male enrollments at other member institutions were also sharply reduced because the army draft prior to World War II was taking many college men to fill the quotas established by the federal government. A report from Hope College concerning the draft situation follows: It is quite evident that if the draft situation continues, Hope College will be hit very hard and Bud (Hinga) told me (DeGay Ernst) that four or five of his regulars are subject to an early call. If these boys are taken from his squad it will be necessary for Hope to play freshmen. A request for freshmen use was granted to both Olivet College and Adrian College, but on June 10, 1940, Olivet College 6Letter from Robert M. Vogel of Adrian College to Kenneth G. Hance, M.I.A.A. Secretary, September 17, 1938. 7Minutes of the M. I.A.A. Board of Directors Meeting, December 2, 1939. 8Letter from DeGay Ernst to Allen B. Stowe, M. I. A. A. SeCretary, June 10, 1940. “' 75 announced that it was going to discontinue football because, It has ceased to be the wholesome, amateur, sportmanlike activity it once was. Seventeen days after this announcement the following decision was reached by the Board of Trustees at Olivet College: In view of Olivet's recent decision to discontinue competitive football and because of the fact that the constitution of the M. I.A. A. requires member colleges to participate in all sports as a permanent policy, Olivet College, through its faculty representative requested permission to withdraw from the M. I. A. A. Thus, due primarily to the continued enforcement of the freshman rule concerning M. I.A. A. athletics, one college felt the pressure to continue within the Association too great to bear and they withdrew on June 17, 1940. Olivet College had been one of the original Association members in 1888 and had been a member of the Association until this period with the exception of 1919 when World War I had forced the' school to close its doors because it lacked the necessary students to keep the school in operation. After the 1940 football season, Adrian College again asked permission to use freshman in football for the 1941 season. They stated that if they were not allowed this privilege they would also be forced to withdraw from the Association. The action, taken by Adrian, 9News item in the (A1bion) Recorder, June 10, 1940. 101bid., June 18, 1940. in ”him; .In t . 1111i} 76 finally prompted the Board of Directors to abandon the freshman rule; but, abandonment was not accomplished until many hard feelings were expressed by exponents on both sides of the issue. The mail vote concerning football only taken on September 26, 1941, proved to be unanimous with the following provisions: 11 1. All freshmen must score at least 93 or better on the American Council on Education Psychological Examination for 1941 . 2. Freshmen entering in February, 1941, need to meet upper-classman eligibility requirements. At the Board of Directors meeting on November 28, 1941, the Board voted that suspension of the freshman rule would apply to all sports. Thus, the freshman rule, which was not regarded as one of the best policies of the M. I.A.A. , was discarded. Freshmen were now allowed to compete on all athletic teams of the Association if they met the requirements for eligibility established by the Board of Directors. Admittance of Colleges to the M. I.A. A. When Judge Advocate, DeGay Ernst, first assumed his position, there were six colleges in Michigan that were members of the Association: A1bion College, Alma College, Hillsdale College, Hope College, Kalamazoo College, and Olivet College. With Olivet's withdrawal from football 11Letter from Allen B. Stowe, M. I.A.A. Secretary, to all M. I.A. A. Faculty Representatives, September 26, 1941. 77 in 1932, 1933, and 1934, a special meeting was held by the College Presidents Association which passed on the following recommendation to the M. I.A A. Board of Directors: It was unanimously voted to recommend to the Directors of the M. I.A.A. that steps be taken to increase the number of colleges in the group. The contests, especially in foot- ball, have become too few to mean much except as individual contests. A championship based on four games has little dignity or value. The situation this year (1934) with two teams tied at the top and two tied at the bottom is an illustration of conditions likely to reoccur frequently. Moreover, our series has become so short and our cham- pionships are so relatively unimportant that we no longer draw 'rnuch publicity. . It has become necessary to play half or more than half of the football games outside the circuit. For various reasons that is undesirable. 1 No action was taken immediately to include more colleges in the Association, but a ruling was passed which provided for a double round robin to be played in 1936. 13 In 1937, the double round robin football schedule was abandoned with the inclusion of Adrian into the Association. The re-entrance of Adrian College into the M. I.A.A. was not a surprise to officials connected with the Association. Adrian had been a member off and on until her withdrawal in 1921, and had 1"?'Letter of recommendations from the College Presidents Association to the M. I.A.A. Board of Directors, December 7, 1934. 13Minutes of the M. I.A. A. Board of Directors Meeting, December 7, 1934. 78 kept up athletic relations with many of the colleges presently in the M. I.A. A. (1936). An investigation of Adrian College's athletic situation was carried out by Dale R. Sprankle and Kenneth G. Hance, both of Albion College at that time, and on December 4, 1936, Adrian College was asked to join the M. I.A. A.. Adrian College was officially welcomed into the Association at the Board of Directors' Meeting of May 28, 1937.14 On December 2, 1938, Calvin College of Grand Rapids, applied for admission to the M. I.A. A.. Calvin was rejected because she did not comply with the Association rules which compelled schools to participate in all sports in order to be members. Ferris Institute, situated in Big Rapids, and Lawrence Institute of Technology also applied for admission to the Association at this time. The very next spring (1939) the Detroit Institute of Technology applied for admission, but they were rejected when the M. I. A. A. Board of Directors issued the following statement, It is the concensus of the Board that the M. I.A.A. should be limited to church related liberal arts colleges which will participate in all of the sports of the conference. 14Ibid.. May 28, 1937. 151bid., December 2, 1938. 16News item in the (A1bion) Recorder, November 24, 1939. 79 The application of Ferris Institute was rejected because the institution could not be recommended due to financial and eligibility problems. Lawrence Institute of Technology withdrew its application before action could be taken by the Board. Thus, by turning down four of five applications, the Board of Directors did not help to increase the size of the M. I.A.A. With Olivet's withdrawal from the M. I.A.A. in 1940, the Association was once more left with only six members: Adrian College, Albion College, Alma College, Hillsdale College, Hope College, and Kalamazoo College. Administrative athletic problems handled by the Board of Directors. Many minor athletic problems appeared before the Board of Directors of the M. I.A.A. during the 1933-1945 period. The Board made rulings concerning junior college transfer students, eligibility, publicity, finances, an M. I.A. A. Handbook, and an All Sports Trophy. Junior College students who transfered to an M. I.A.A. inStitution were immediately eligible to participate in all Association athletic events until the spring of 1935. In May, 1935, after continued Complaints by junior college administrators throughout the State of Michigan, the Board of Directors changed the ruling to read that only atfter two years of junior college could a student become eligible to Participate in the M. I.A.A. 17 17Minutes of the M. I.A. A. Board of Directors Meeting, May 25 . 1 935. 80 All other eligibility rules of the Association remained as they were throughout this period except for the ruling concerning the grade point average of participants. Freshmen were required to maintain a .7 average on the three point scale (A=3; B22; C=1; D, E, or F=0) and all other students were required to maintain an average of 1.0 or better to remain eligible for competition. The means of publicity and the method of finance of the M. I. A. A. remained unchanged during this period. Begininning in l 935, only the Judge Advocate, Mr. Ernst, could release information to the several wire services for publication. The 1933-1945 period may be considered a period of transition for the M. I.A.A. publicity from a beginning of loose connections to one of rigid control by the Board of Directors and the Judge Advocate. The financial picture also remained the same even though there was a definite need for - . l . . . Increa51ng the annual fee. 9 Even though an increase in expenditures was felt by the Association, the regular $75.00 annual fee was kept intact until after World War II. The final athletic problems contacted by the Board of Directors at this time concerned the inauguration of two motivational deVices which were to help create added interest in all M. I.A.A. 18Ibid., November 22, 1939. 19Correspondence to the Faculty Representatives of the M- 1. A.A. from H. M. Davidson of Hillsdale College, May 14, 1937. 81 athletic events. The M. I.A.A. Handbook, which contains records, a history, and other general information about the Association, was prepared and presented to the Board of Directors in 1939. 20 The first edition of the Handbook was distributed to the members of the Association in 1939. Subsequent editions have not been published because of the great expense involved in printing the new editions. Another motivational device, the All Sports Trophy, was instituted on December 7, 1934. Proposed by Allen B. Stowe of Kalamazoo College, the Trophy was to be given to the school which achieved the best composite record in all sports sanctioned by the M. I.A.A. This trophy has been in continual existance from the 1934- 1935 school year until the present time. Thus, the Association had firmly established itself as a ruler of athletic policy among the member colleges in the State of Michigan; however, the Second World War was soon to disrupt future plans of the M. I.A. A. World War II. The Second World War, which began for the United States on December 7, 1941, had a very decided effect on the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association. In May, 1942, Adrian C Ollege asked permission to remain out of athletics for the duration of the war. No action was taken at this time, but at a special meeting of . 20Minutes of the M. I.A.A. Board of Directors Meeting. May 25, 1939. 82 the Board of Directors on June 4, 1942, it was decided by the Board to abolish all championships for the duration of the war and to let the colleges individually contract their own games. 21 Hope College reported that it would have to discontinue all spring sports for 1943. Many other colleges completely disbanded their sports programs for the duration of the war because of: Limited athletic funds. Transportation difficulties . Limited finances. Shortage of manpower. .1:me If a student had participated during the years that the Association had disbanded because of the national emergency, these years were not counted as participation years on the students eligibility. Beginning in 1946 this plan was altered and limits were once again imposed on athletic participation. Summary. The problems that faced the various administrations of the M. I.A.A. during the years 1933 to 1945 were overcome mainly by adhering to the wishes of the member institutions. Enrollments at a. number of the institutions were reduced (Kalamazoo College from 4 1 9 students in 1930 to 271 students in 1940). The financial burden of 211bid., June 4, 1942. 22News item in the (Albion) Recorder, June 24, 1942. 23Minutes of the M. I.A. A. Board of Directors Meeting, I\TC>V'ember 8, 1945. 83 providing teams for some athletic events was also overwhelming. This period also saw the abolition of the Freshman Rule which limited students to three years of varsity competition. With the elimination of this rule, policies concerning freshmen athletes were hastily established. The elimination of the rule soon caused more hardship to the policy making board, but the explanation of these hardships must be left to the next period in which they have a greater significance. At almost the exact moment when the Association was beginning to feel the effects of increased military preparations by the United States government, the Board of Directors voted to preserve the Association and put it ”into mothballs” for the duration of World War II. ‘— ...._.u . is is.” rm" SECTION VI. THE POST WAR PERIOD OF JUDGE ADVOCATE DEGAY ERNST (1946- 1958) World War II ended in August, 1945, and as was true following World War I, arrangements were made almost immediately by the M. I.A.A. to resume athletic relations. At a meeting on November 8, 1945, it was decided by the Board of Directors to begin a full slate of sports in the fall of 1946, with football leading the way. Little did the Directors realize that the problems of returning veterans would be overwhelming and that many long hours would be spent in drawing up eligibility rules to include the returning G. I. 's. This major problem was not the only one that faced the M. I.A. A. in the beginning of 1946. The Board was soon to make major decisions concerning: (1) Finances, (2) M.I.A.A. Handbook revision, (3) Eligibility requirements, (4) Publicity, (5) Admission of new members, and, (6) Remuneration for the Judge Advocate. Many problems also developed out of the use of rules which were made prior to World War 11. At this time many of the existing rules had Small significance when compared to the changes made in athletic Philosophy and policy . 1Minutes of the M. I.A. A. Board of Directors Meeting, Nov- ember 8, 1945. 75F . I. I III III .211i .1. l. .1 . 11.1.! ring—I’m. 'd, . . . av 85 Development of M.I.A.A. eligibility requirements. When the first meeting of the Board of Directors was held after World War II, it was decided that all eligibility rules that applied during the 1941- 1942 school year were to apply to the present school year, 1945-1946. The return of hundreds of veterans soon changed the minds of the Directors, and they began to incorporate rules early in 1946 which governed the eligibility of the G. I.'s. * These rules stated that all G.l. 's that were properly enrolled were eligible for competition the first semester of 1946-1947 regardless of their previous status, but it was ruled that they must: (1) carry the proper work load required by the Veterans Administration, and (2) be eligible for G.I. compen- sation. The rules also stated that a G. I. would be eligible his second semester regardless of his first semester academic record. All G.I. 's enrolled either the first or the second semester of 1946- 1947 had to meet the regular Association eligibility requirements for the 1947-1948 school year. 2 The initial rule concerning G.I. participation was continued through 1949-1950. The rule was dropped for the 1950-1951 and the 1951-1952 school years but was renewed again in 1952 when many males returned from service in the Korean War. A problem was “See Appendix D for rules effective September, 1946' 21bid.. May 18, 1946. 86 created for the Board as the rules which applied to the World War 11 G. I. 's were not applicable to the Korean situation. Service men were now made eligible immediately upon entrance to or returning to their former college. If they returned to another college in the M. I.A.A. , they would be subject to the eligibility rules which called for a one year non- participation period. 3 The eligibility rule concerning Korean ..-—... War veterans was continued for the one school year 1952-1953; at which time it became a permanent eligibility rule for the Association. Another eligibility rule which entered once again into '1 M. I. A. A. affairs concerned the freshman 'rule regarding varsity “"7" participation. By dropping the freshman rule in all sports in 1941, the M.I. A.A. had allowed all freshmen the right to participate on varsity teams if they: (1) passed the psychological examination set up by the American Council on Education for 1941 (a score of 93 or higher was required), and (2) met the upperclassman requirements their second semester if they had entered college in February of the school year. Much discussion centered around the possible waiver of the examination for freshman entrants who maintained at least a C average in high school. In October, 1948, the situation became acute and a 31bid., October 1, 1952. 87 special meeting was held at which the following proposal was presented and adopted: Any student who is regularly admitted to the freshman class of any member college in the M. I.A.A. as a graduate of a senior high school or its equivalent and who is carrying twelve or more semester hours of work, as elsewhere provided for in M.I.A. A. eligibility rules, shall be eligible for athletic competition during his first semester of residence (thereby dropping the use of the psychological examination) and that this rule shall become effective at the end of the 1948 football season.4 A few of the Directors recommended that the C average be maintained, (Professor Kleis of Hope College and Professor Gilbert 9 of A1bion College) but this average was not required for quite some time. In 1951, all freshmen were required to maintain a .7 average after their first semester (Average based on A23, B22, C21, D20, E or F2 -1). After the second semester a freshman had to maintain a C average (1.0) or better to remain eligible for varsity competition in the Association. A drastic change came in 1953, when the Board voted to raise the freshman grade point average to 1.0. This ruling did not stay in effect long, for on November 20, 1954, it was reversed to the previous .7 average. A final major eligibility rule which changed because of out- side pressure upon the Association was the ruling concerning junior 4Minutes of the Special M. I.A.A. Board of Directors Meeting, October 7, 1948. 5Minutes of the M:I.A.A. Board of Directors Meeting, NOVember 20, 1954. 88 college transfers. One college in the Association had been outwardly accused of raiding junior college teams of their players. Other schools had been accused of the same action, but not in an outward fashion. The raid, brought out in most State newspapers, was reported by Palmer Hern of Bay City who was the President of the Michigan Junior College Conference (M. J. C. C. ). He reported as follows: The M. I.A.A. could end these raids with one change in its eligibility requirements . . . . Now it allows all Junior College transfer students to become eligible immediately. We wish they'd rephrase that rule to read, 'Junior College Graduates' instead. Then our players would be safe the full two years. ffifi.fi‘ . 3911' “in, I 1" After this revealing action the M. I.A. A. Board of Directors passed the ruling which satisfied both the M. J. C. C. and the M. I.A.A. The ruling stated that, Junior College graduates or attendents at Junior Colleges for a period of two years who otherwise meet scholastic standards are immediately eligible for competition (in the M. I.A.A. ), however, junior college students of less than two years residence must complete one semester's residence and meet eligibility requirements (of the M. I.A.A.) before being declared eligible. 7 Thus, aside from a few minor interpretations of existing eligibility rules, the rules have remained the same up to the present period (1959). Changes in athletic events and policies. Eligibility rule 6News item in The Detroit Free Press, October 18, 1949. 7Minutes of the M. I.A.A. Board of Directors Meeting, May 1 9 . 1950. 89 additions were not the only policy changes made by the Board of Directors of the M. I.A.A. during this period. Many changes also occurred in the type of athletic contests sanctioned by the M. I. A.A. and in the rules governing these athletic events. The major changes occurred in baseball, cross-country and football. $.51. I - Baseball was the first sport to be readmitted to the As so- ciation's list of events. This sport was previously dropped after the 1929 season due to financial reasons and lack of adequate manpower. On May 16, 1947, baseball was once again reinstated as a sanctioned sport. It began full operations in the spring of 1948 with Adrian College and Kalamazoo College not participating for a few years. The baseball schedule was first organized as a double round- robin of single games and a tournament consisting of the first four place teams was held at the Annual Field Day. In 1950, the Field Day Tournament was dropped in favor of staging only a double round robin of single games. This plan also proved unsuccessful Since many games were rained out. In 1951, a single round robin of C101.1b1e-headers was played, and with the exception of the 1955 baseball Season this scheduling plan has been in effect. 81bid., May 16, 1947. 91bid., May 19, 1955. 90 At the same meeting in which baseball was voted as an M. I.A.A. sport, cross-country was also readmitted into the Association's list of events. Cross-country had been abandoned as an official Association sport in 1932 because of a lack of interest by member schools to promote such a program. But, on May 16, 1947, cross- country was voted once again to be an M.I.A.A. Sport. 10 In November, 1 948, the official distance of four miles was set for the run, and beginning in 1952, the Annual Cross-Country Meet was held at the several colleges in order of alphabetical listing. In 1951, all cross-country 3“--:-‘-;-__—‘-T—F. . _ “ r b l I‘. 1 meets during the season were counted as 1/2 points toward the championship; the other 1/2 points was based upon the results of the Annual Conference Meet. This plan of operation is still in effect today. One of the most popular established M. I.A.A. sports, football, was not effected by many rule changes until the National C ollegiate Athletic Association (N. C. A.A.) abolished two platoon football in January, 1953. Except for minor variations the M. I.A.A. a~bided by the rules instituted by the N. C. A.A. until the completion of it: the 1958 football season. All rules of other sanctioned athletic events (basketball, tennis, golf, and track) have remained unchanged but for 101bid.. May 16. 1947. *See ChapterIV, Section VII, page 118 for 1959 football rule Cl‘lange. 91 a few minor additions or interpretations. Other events which dianged the complexion of the M. I.A.A. sports program include: (1) Voting by the Board of Directors to discontinue the Indoor Track program on November, 23, 1948. (Discarding this plan was recommended by the Coaches Association which felt that the added expense and the unsuitable training period 5"“ warranted its discontinuance); (2) A decision by the Board of .2 Directors to discontinue spring football practice. (The suggested “ rule was made law on November 18, 1949, after a recommendation F. from the College Presidents Association for no between season practice of any sport);12 and, (3) A decision to stage an all M.I.A.A. mid- winter basketball tournament which would increase the monies in the depleted treasury. (The tournament was eventually held at Albion College on January 5, 6, and 7, 1950. It was regarded as a financial failure and the several colleges voted not to continue the tournament). 13 Admission of new members. As the sports program of the M. I.A. A. was increasing in the number of events sponsored, likewise the number of participating member institutions was also increasing. ”Ibid.. May 23, 1948. 12lbid'., November 18, 1949. 13Contents of a letter from H. M. Dividson of Hillsdale _ College to W. J. Gilbert of Albion College, ~January 31, 1950. 92 At the end of World War 11 there were six colleges that remained members of the M. I.A.A. (Adrian College, A1bion College, Alma College, Hillsdale College, Hope College and Kalamazoo College). In 1952, Olivet College applied for readmission to the Association and was granted immediate entrance. Olivet was also encouraged to 14 enter into a full program of sports as soon as possible. The following report indicates Olivet's relationship to the Association: Olivet left the league 12 years ago because of the small male enrollment, but has maintained basketball and baseball relations with Albion much of the intervening time. It has also played Adrian regularly and had some contests with the other M. I.A.A. members. Olivet is now said to have a few more men students than a year and a half ago, but 1952 football schedules are already fully drafted without its participation in that sport. Olivet was one of the early members of the league, but several times has had enrollment declines that forced it to partially or fully pull out of championship competition. Olivet College did not participate in football in 1952, but did field teams in this sport beginning in 1953. On May 21, 1953, a very controversial measure was passed Whi ch stated that . A member college can remain in good standing if it participates in any six of the seven (M. I.A.A.) sports, 14Minutes of the M. I.A.A. Board of Directors Meeting, May 22, 1952. 15 News item in the (A1bion) Recorder, May 24, 1952. a; ...“..r cant-nan...“ 3mm“ 7 ,1 <1____, \ 93 notice of non-participation to be given to the Secretary not less than 1% months in advance of expected participation. 1 Even though this ruling was passed unanimously there is continued agitation among Association members concerning this ruling. Later, at the same meeting, an application was received from Calvin College of Grand Rapids for entrance into the Association. 3:3 Calvin College had been refused admittance on a number of occasions previous to this meeting because she did not participate in all the However, with the ruling just 1” - sports sanctioned by the Association. passed, Calvin's application could be considered as the Knights participated in all M. I.A.A. approved sports but one. The required two-thirds vote was reached and Calvin College was admitted con- ditionally into the M. I.A.A. on May 21 , 1953. After serving a one year probationary period, Calvin College was fully accepted into the M.I.A.A. on May 20, 1954.17 With the admission of Olivet College and Calvin College the Association had expanded to include eight institutions--the largest membership in the history of the M. I.A.A. 16Minutes of the M. I.A.A. Board of Directors Meeting, May 21 , 1953. 17lbid., May 20, 1954. 94 Other administrative advances made by the M:I.A.A. As the number of institutions increased the membership of the M. I.A.A. , administrative problems arose concerning the means of finance for the Association and the methods to be used to enhance M. I.A.A. publicity. The concept of operating the Association on a non-profit basis with non-paying positions was soon to become a method of the past. The dues charged to each member School remained at $75.00 per year until November, 1946, when the Board voted to increase the fee to $150. 00 per year. The fee was payable in two installments. E I An increased economy and a higher cost of living were given as the " basic reason for this raise. The full $75.00 fee per semester was not always assessed because there were times when an excess was noticed in the M. I.A.A. treasury. It was not until 1954 that the flat $75.00 fee per semester was stabilized and the monies in the treasury we re kept intact. On May 20, 1954, the treasurer was authorized, on a motion by Allen B. Stowe, to purchase $500. 00 worth of Postal Savings C ertificates. This action is the first evidence shown by the M. I.A.A. fOr investing monies of any sort. An additional $1000. 00 was invested in government securities in November, 1956. The major increases in M. I.A.A. expenses during this pe riod were: (1) The establishment of a petty cash fund of $50.00 95 for the Secretary of the M. I.A. A. ;18 (2) An increase from five to eight cents per mile for M. I.A.A. travel for all members of the Board of Directors; and, (3) The addition of a token salary for the services of DeGay Ernst, the Judge Advocate. Small amounts of cash had been given to Mr. Ernst from time to time beginning in 1938, but it was only when the annual honorium was increased to $100. 00 that the position of Judge Advocate became an added expense for the 19 Association. Along with the administration of finances, the problem of publicity releases by the Mg. I.A.A. to the several wire services was ever present. The publicity of the M. I.A. A. had been in a sorry state for a number of years. The Judge Advocate had been given the power to make all releases to the press news services, but there were times when information leaked out to the wire services which was not in the be st interest of the M. I.A. A. The Board of Directors now regulates the Judge Advocate's power somewhat. They summarize what items are to be released to the wire services before the Judge Advocate is allowed to make the actual release. 20 18Ibid., November 18, 1957. 1‘91bid., May 20, 1954. 201bid., November 17, 1958. 96 The M. I.A. A. has also appointed a Publicity Director whose duties have mainly centered in the preparation of brochures and in the gathering of statistics from the several colleges for publication. 21 Dick Kishpaugh of Kalamazoo, Michigan, presently holds this position in the As sociation. Summary. The post war period of the M. I. A.A. with Judge {22 Advocate DeGay Ernst may best be considered as a period of growth in many directions. The Association ad0pted the statement of Principles on Intercollegiate Athletics published by the North Central Association as its guide in policy formation and as criteria for the conduct of its (M. I.A. A.) athletic program. This period also experienced: (I) Rejection of another M. I.A. A. Handbook publication; (2) Adoption of a Sportsmanship Trophy; (3) Organization of publicity under the strict auspices of the Association; (4) Stabilization of M. I.A. A. finances; (4) Clarification of eligibility rules; and, (5) Increased M. I.A.A. membership. The ground work for the present constitution and by-laws was formed during the period 1946-1958, and few changes in the Organizational set-up of the Association have occured since the end of the 1957-1958 school year. Considering all periods of Michigan Intercollegiate 21Ibid., November 20, 1950. 97 Athletic Association history, the post war period may be considered to be one of the most strongly organized. Never in the history of the Association had so great a number of institutions been joined together to promote a Christian attitude in all athletic endeavors. ‘Il .i "J c.— ' AA." . I .13 SECTION VII: THE PRESENT PERIOD OF THE COMMISSIONER OF ATHLETICS, DEGAY ERNST (1959) On May 19, 1959, the office of M. I.A.A. Commissioner of Athletics was organized and Judge Advocate DeGay Ernst was appointed to the office. The following rules were adopted by the Board of Directors which govern the activities of the Commissioner of Athletics: 1 1. The title of the office shall be Commissioner the M. I. A. A. 2. The officer shall be selected and appointed by a majority vote of the Board of Directors. 3. The appointment shall be made for a period of three (3) years. (a) The election of the Commissioner shall be made at the spring meeting of the Board of Directors. (b) At the fall meeting preceding the termination of office, the Board of Directors shall arrange for recommendations to be made relative to tenure. , (c) In an emergency situation resulting in the vacating of the office of the Commissioner, the secretary of the Board of Directors shall assume the authority and responsibilities of the office until such time as a call meeting of the Board of Directors shall select and appoint a new Commissioner. 1Minutes. of the M. I.A.A. Board of Directors Meeting, May 19. 1959. Luci: _."I.3_\.r'h.-ag ”wrung—.1 : ,7 i. :1" ““. 99 4. Duties and responsibilities of the Commissioner. (a) He shall assist the Conference in enforcement of the constitution. (b) He shall serve as a clearing house for all reports and records. (c) He shall decide on all cases of a controversial nature involving conference members. (d) He shall interpret and clarify any point of law involving the Constitution and By- laws. (e) He shall specify to the secretary of the Board of Directors the method of procedure followed. (1') Any decision shall be subject to appeal to the Executive Board (Committee). Any school or the Commissioner may present the appeal by letter or in person. (g) He shall be in attendance at all meetings of the M. I. A. A. (h) Any neglect on the part of a member institution to fulfill its obligations will be reported by the Commissioner to the Board of Directors of the M. I.A. A. and to the comparable authority of the offending institution. The compensation level established for the office of Commissioner was set at $400. 00. Another $400. 00 is provided to the Commissioner per year to be used for travel expenses, secretarial _ expenses, and other miscellaneous items. To meet the added expense the Board of Directors voted to increase the annual fee levied on each School. The fee was increased from $75.00 per semester to $100. 00 Per semester. An Executive Committee was also established at this meeting. Three faculty members compose the committee. It is their ZIbid. .1 73".Vh. ’.&.‘2 mm I 100 duty to assist the Commissioner of the M. I.A.A. , interpret the Constitution, and consider any grievances that may arise. 3 Other matters acted upon at the spring meeting of 1959 include: (1) Establishing a method of contracting officials for all intercollegiate contests; (2) Dispensing with the N. C.A.A. football rule concerning limited substitution and incorporating the free substitution rule; and, (3) Eliminating the Sportsmanship Trophy which had been instituted one year previous. I- Summary. The present period is definitely a period of administrative reorganization for the Association. The creation of two new administrative agencies is a step forward in the organization of a stronger central-powered Association. Whether these improvements will be carried out to their fullest measure will only be seen in the actions of the Association in the years to come. 31bid. CHAPTER V EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS The Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association, the second oldest athletic conference in the United States, was organized h _,..'.thi_..J-‘" ‘ by four small institutions in the State of Michigan. The institutions wanted to promote a broadened athletic program based upon high Christian ideals and fair play. After the Association's initial 1 organization, many administrative problems became evident. Pro- fessional athletes appeared, student control proved faulty, ineligibility prevailed, and administrative control was weak. Not all methods used to correct these problems have been satisfactory; in fact, the last athletic problem listed is still in evidence today. Many questions concerning the past and present policies inforced by the administrators Of the M. I.A.A. must also be answered in the near future. Will the freshman rule, which limits varsity participation to sophomores, juniors, and seniors, be revived once again because of a slight increase in enrollments of member institutions? Will the Board of Directors (including the Commissioner of the M. I.A.A.) continue their policy of 10Ose administrative control over member institutions? Will adequate entrance requirements be established by the M. I.A.A. for those institutions which will seek admission in future years? Will all present 102 member institutions be able to remain active in the M. I.A. A. ? The problem concerning entrance requirements must be discussed first. Until 1926, any institution gained admittance to the Association that was in the State of Michigan, would comply with all rules established by the Association, and was voted a member by the Board of Directors. After 1926, the M. I.A. A. limited its membership FT to only privately endowed colleges in the State of Michigan. This rule is further strengthened by the Constitution of the M. I. A.A. which states that only liberal arts colleges in the State of Michigan may be all. "5.4m- ” — . admitted to the Association. 1 Therefore, by adhering to a strict interpretation of the constitution, any institution that is a liberal arts college in the State of Michigan and which receives the required two- thirds vote of approval from the Board of Directors may be admitted to the Association. There are no requirements or criteria to be met for entrance into the Association other than those listed above. There is no minimum enrollment figure; no qualifications have to be met by Staff members; there is no specific religious preference (the procedure has been to limit membership to church related colleges); and the institutions are not required to be accredited before admittancea 1Constitution and By-laws of the Michigan Intercollegiate WC Association, revised to January 1, 1956. aOne member institution was allowed admittance to the M. I. A. A. r"3Cent1y which was not an accredited college upon admittance. I. "Wherrxnllluu ,Ihlsl 14* u c 103 Enrollment figures for the second semester of the 1958-1959 school year indicate that the highest total college enrollment of an M. I.A.A. member is 1,819 and the lowest total college enrollment is 410.b With this wide enrollment difference from which to draw athletic participants, an institution with 400 students can hardly be expected to compete on the same level with an institution with over 1,800 students. (This fact has been self evident over the past eight years). The ideal arrangement in forming an administrative inter- collegiate athletic association is to have all members of about equal strength. 2 Thus the equalization of M. I. A. A. members must begin in enrollments. It is also very noticeable that all present member institutions are affiliated with Protestant religious denominations. What would result if an institution which was not affiliated with a Protestant faith made application to the M. I. A. A..? How would their application be handled? Would they be able to gain admittance? When members of the Board of Directors were approached with these questions, they Were divided in their opinions concerning what course to take. It is very evident that no substantial criteria has been instituted which will adequately prepare the Association for new members. bSee Appendix B . 2Harry A. Scott, Ibid., p. 231. In E I [ fluid: oll- uns’jw . 104 The loose administrative control exercised by the Board of Directors of the M. I.A.A. is another real problem. The only time in the history of the M.I.A. A. that a member institution was punished for a violation of rules occurred in 1912. At that time Adrian College used two ineligible players in a football game. The college was suspended for one year from M. I.A.A. competition. All other cases __ of rule infractions seem to have been handled in a haphazard manner. Two excellent examples of loose administration are as follows: Example I. In 1932, Olivet College was unable to field a 1 football team. They asked permission to be excused from participation in football. Their request was granted; and, even though it was against the rules of the Association, they were allowed to remain a member of the M. I. A. A. A complete change of heart appeared three years later when Calvin College applied for admittance to the M. I.A. A. Calvin met all the requirements needed for admittance, except that they did not compete in31_1_ of the sanctioned M. I.A.A. sports. They Were not admitted at that time.C1 In one instance the rules were Clearly violated; in another, they were strictlyfollowed. Example 11. Presently, Article III of the M. I.A.A. C Onstitution reads , CSee page 46. dRefer to Chapter IV, Section 5. 105 A member college can remain in good standing if it participates in any six of the seven sports, notice of non—participation to be given to the secretary not less than twelve months in advance of expected non-participation. This rule was included in the Association rules in May 1953, so that Calvin College could gain admittance to the M. I.A. A. Since this time other member institutions have taken advantage of and have violated the existing rule. The reason that the ruling was instituted into the M. I.A.A. i 5 self evident, but it has since caused hardship to both the Board In 013'” a! lm.—a Inn-AK . .1 . 1 1 . D of Directors and Athletic Directors connected with M. I.A.A. affairs. A twelve month notice of non-participation must be given before a school is allowed to drop any particular sport. This part of the ruling has never been followed (except for Calvin College), and many times notice of non-participation has been given less than a month in advance. To further add to the disregard for rules, the violating schools have never been punished in any way for their late actions (The ruling itself is not actually feasible. It is almost impossible for an athletic coach to know one year in advance the type and amount 0f material that he will have available for his team.) Once again, it is evident that a stronger administrative body 1 S needed which will institute new control measures. These new 3Constitution and By- Laws of the M. I.A. A. , revised to Jarluary l, 1956. 106 controls will then, strengthen the central organization of the Association. e The one year residence rule required before varsity participation is the last present administrative problem which faces the Board of Directors of the M. I.A.A. (Freshman Rule). When the ruling was instituted in 1926, the Board of Directors felt that all freshmen athletes, for their own protection, needed one year to mature physically and socially. The enrollment figures before the depression were also high, and the number of students participating on athletic teams at that time was not as great as the number participating today. However, with the advent of the depression, a few schools dropped considerably in enrollment and in their ability to finance intercollegiate athletics. Olivet College and Adrian College had repeatedly to ask permission ~ of the Board to use freshmen athletes on their varsity teams. After struggling nine years with enforcement measures to keep the rule intact, the Board of Directors decided to abandon the rule in 1941. The possibility of readoption of the one year residence rule 1 3 remote. The question has been brought to the attention of the Board numerous times since the rule was discarded. (May and November, 1 947; October, 1948; May, 1949; November, 1949; May, 1950). Aetivity concerning the rule has centered around private discussion 6See Summary and Recommendations, page 112. 4Minutes of the M. I.A. A. Board of Directors Meeting, N<>Vember 28, 1941. 107 over the past few years; however, the question is not a dead issue. Basically, the larger institutions are in favor of readoption as they have the manpower in the top three grades to support all athletic teams; however, the smaller schools are definitely against the measure. Thus, readoption of the freshman rule will not occur until all institutions have reached an enrollment, financial, and competitive level which Ft“; warrants the use of the rule. Not all the affairs of the Association have been clouded by i w. _‘- 4|...— inefficient administration. The M. I.A.A. has contributed much good a” Li E Van Ill? toward the development of an amateur spirit and high athletic ideals among the member institutions in the State of Michigan. The Asso- ciation has limited collegiate competition to four years in the aggre- gate, appointed worthy officials, established a close faculty control over all athletic endeavors, instituted standardized eligibility rules which curbed the activities of professional athletes, organized suitable schedules for member institutions, created the Commissioner's position, and served as a medium for a closer relationship between the smaller institutions in the State of Michigan. The Association has had the fortunate experience of a low turnover of member institutions. Only two institutions, other than the eight present members, were at one time members of the Association. Michigan Agricultural College (Michigan State University) and Michigan State Normal College (Eastern Michigan University) ., . .u 5!! .(‘MT . “(V . 1‘. ‘5‘.» 108 retained membership in the M. I. A. A. until their enrollment figures and athletic powers reached a much higher plane than other members of the Association. Many institutions have sought admission to membership in the M. I.A. A. , but most have been refused after an investigation by Association officials. The criteria used for these decisions were determined by the investigators for each individual case. The Association has also performed a service to its member institutions by backing and supporting them when loCal athletic problems were evident. Little or no publicity has been given to unsavory incidents which occur from time to time in Association affairs. When radical publicity was given, the Association stood by its members; however, the Board of Directors also analyzed their own rules, and, When necessary, made the proper changes in order to keep high Standards of athletic participation in the State of Michigan. 5 The influence of outside occurances (world interaction) on the growth and development of the M. I.A.A. has been distinct. Both World War 1 and World War 11 eliminated all athletic actions of the 1'7'E1ember institutions. The M. I.A.A. disbanded active relations in 1 917-1918 and in 1942-1946. The Korean War, beginning in 1950, did 51bid., May 19, 1950. 1 ..- 109 not effect the organization to any appreciable degree. The world wide depression of the early 1930's greatly reduced Association activities. It did not, however, completely curtail action. The depression lowered college enrollments and also created financial situations which made it difficult for institutions to support athletic teams. Through this undesirable situation, however, the Board of Directors F7?“ succeeded in keeping the M. I.A.A. intact.f 1 Present day influences of world interaction on the M. I.A. A. o ”J“ '~‘.\.c-m‘fl.~ am— are effecting the Association in only one way. Presently the Board of 1—y—1—«u— 1 a" La." Directors has felt the increased cost of supporting the organization. To counteract the increased cost the membership fees charged to the institutions were increased. Prosperity, then, has also put its mark On Association development as well as world war and depression. With the world status continually changing, the future relationship of the M. I.A. A. with world developments is difficult to predict. However, prediction is also interesting and profitable. If a major war were to occur within the years to come, the M. I.A. A. Would continue to follow the established pattern (athletic inactivity Without total disbandment). If a major depression were to occur, the the activities of the Association would be limited, but this reduction fSee Chapter IV, Section IV. 110 could not completely annihilate M. I. A. A. activities. Continued prosperity raises another problem which the B oard of Directors must face if the M. I.A.A. hopes to continue its existance. There seems to be little reason to expect the present pattern of prosperity to be otherwise in the future. An increased e conomy has created higher wages which in turn has increased tuition c osts and operating expenses for all schools. State supported insti- tutions have not had to raise their tuition costs or board and room costs to such a marked degree. Increased taxes also help state supported institutions provide for salaries and operating expenses. The facilities which a state supported institution can provide are also greater than those of privately endowed colleges. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the small colleges in the State of Michigan will find it more difficult in the future to attractadequate numbers of Students to their campuses. One way in which the small schools will be able to attract Students to their campuses is through their athletic program. With this fact in mind, the M. I.A.A. will have to improve its administrative control over athletics in the Association. Through improved control, the Association will be able to provide the type of athletic program which continually promotes the amateur spirit, constantly develops a keen attitude toward athletic competition, and always strives for clean, “I; ' ‘ ‘I ‘.-— rm—‘q a D ‘lr max.— ‘ ) 111 Christian sportsmanship. Thus, changes are definitely needed in the administrative organization of the Association. Summary and suggested remedial measures. Since its inception in 1888 the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association has provided its members many services. However, to further provide the Services that have previously been mentioned, the Association I". will have to eliminate some of the present problems facing its develop- 3‘ ment. The two following changes in administrative policy must occur ‘ if the M. I.A.A. is to continue as an influencial organization in athletics in the State of Michigan. (1) Association entrance requirements will have to be re-examined by the Board of Directors in order to establish a well defined set of criteria upon which membership in the Association 51 8 based. (2) The administrative control of the Association will have to be revamped inorder to establish exacting methods of leadership in an uncertain future. g The following suggestions are recommended by the writer, an outside observer, as possible solutions to the existing problems: 1. The Association should establish sound criteria for the a-dmission of new members into the M. I.A.A. This criteria should be gAgreeing with these policy changes are: DeGay Ernst, Commissioner of the M. I.A. A.; Paul L. Cook, present Secretary of the M. I.A.A.; and William J. Gilbert, past Secretary of the M. I.A.A. 112 included in the M. I.A.A. Constitution. The criteria should include: (a) Specific type of institution to be admitted; (b) Specific lower and upper enrollment figures; (c) Location limitation; ((1) Faculty control of athletics; (e) Participation in all sanctioned sports; (f) Staff qualifications; (g) Coach qualifications; (h) Financial capabilities; (i) Exacting entrance requirements and graduation Fl requirements; and, (j) Institutional acceptance by a major accrediting agency. A two-thirds vote of approval from the Board of Directors should be met before final approval. 2. The Board of Directors of the M. I.A.A. , with a strong e " Commissioner as a leader, should strictly interpret the Association's C onstitution . 3.h Penalties should be levied on any member institution who violates any Association rule. Due warning should be given the institution so that it may instigate remedial action. However, if remedial action is not taken, some penalty should be levied against the institution by the Commissioner. (Example: The Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives [Big Tea imposes the following penalties on institutions for violation of rules: (a) The offending institution or staff member may be reprimanded by the Commissioner and warned hNote: The writer is cognizant of the fact that the Com- rnissioner of the M. I.A.A. has been granted vast powers; however, a clearer definition of his powers is needed. .1! tr. Iflhlhlg ‘1’. .0” 1 . o . (b) (C) (d) (e) 113 against repetition of the offense. The staff member found in violation may be denied the privilege of contact with any prospective athlete for a period of one year; and the same penalty may be imposed upon all staff members of the sports involved. The institution may be denied the right to schedule games with other Conference members in the sport in in which the violation occurred. put; The Commissioner may order severance of athletic relations with the offending institution. The Commissioner shall report promptly by mail to the Presidents, the Faculty Representatives, and the Athletic Directors of the member institutions all impositions of reprimands and penalties. The decision of the Commissioner may be appealed by the penalized i nstitution . )6 4. A secretary should be hired by the Association (part time would suffice) who will keep all M. I.A.A. files, records, contracts, eligibility reports, and other miscellaneous items up to date and accurate . 5. The Presidents of the member colleges should investigate the athletic status of their individual institution. The athletic program Should follow all rules and regulations established by the M. I. A. A. If these measures are acted upon, the M. I.A.A. will 6Handbook of the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives, published by the Conference, revised March 10, 1958, p. 15. 114 become a stronger administrative organization and will continue to be able to offer the type of athletic program necessary for the survival of intercollegiate athletics in the small colleges in the State of Michigan. A I} t “be“ _ If. : F"? J M '5 -X.‘ CHAPTER VI SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary. It was the purpose of this study to: (1) Present as accurate an account as is possible of the formation and development of policy of the M. I.A.A. from its inception in 1888 until the close of the school year 1958-1959; (2) Show the effed: of an economic crisis and two world wars upon Association growth; (3) Report several instances when it would seem that organizational and policy mistakes have been made and show the effects of these mistakes on the growth of the Association; (4) Show ways and means by which a large repre- sentative college athletic organization solves many of its intercollegiate athletic problems; and, (5) Provide a concise tabulation of Association events which were related to present day activities. Most historical studies of athletic associations have fallen into one of three basic patterns. These patterns are as follows: (1) The pointing out of weaknesses in an association at the time of Writing along with appropriate corrective measures; (2) A compilation of records which show the trends of athletic power in the Association; and, (3) The recording of data to show where and why administrative errors have been made in athletic association organization and development. Along with the third pattern we find and attempt to .....I\ 23.: '5‘:an . . _ 116 organize methods of preventing the reoccurance of these administrative e r rors. Examples of the first pattern include Lester Coit Belding's Master's thesis, ”A History and Survey of Physical Education and Athletics in the South Dakota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference,” and Charles P. Lantz's Master’s thesis, ”A History of the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. ” The second pattern in the development of historical studies is exemplified by Thomas Oliver’s, M. I.A.A. Handbook. Records of all M.I.A.A. athletic events (until 1 939) are listed. The third pattern (followed closely by the present Study) may be evidenced in the work by Carl D. Voltmer, A History gthe Western Intercollegiate Conference. The following steps were used in the procedure of locating and analyzing historical data concerned with the M. I.A.A. l.* A questionnaire was prepared which located the richest sources of data, determined that there was an interest in an historical study, and showed that the persons contacted would be willing to help. The following Athletic Directors answered the questionnaire favorably: Robert J. Gillis of Adrian College, Dale R. Sprangle of Albion College, Arthur L. Smith of Alma College, Barney Steen of Calvin College, *See Appendix A. . .1. ..is 1 All... I114 117 Frank Waters of Hillsdale College, Alvin W. Vanderbush of Hope College, Rolla Andersen of Kalamazoo College, and Henry S. Paul of Olivet College. 2. An interview schedule was arranged and interviews were held with Association administrators. The schedule was based on the writer's judgement of the importance and need for the existing data in specific locales. 3. Data were collected, recorded and given proper identification. 4. A subjective analysis of the historical data of the M. I.A.A. '-~m" ‘— 1 ‘, was produced. The following persons who are affiliated with the Association offered assistance in the analysis: Paul L. Cook of Albion College, William J. Gilbert of Albion College, Harold M. Davidson of Hillsdale College, and DeGay Ernst, the Commissioner of the M. I.A.A. Conclusions. The following conclusions may be derived from the present historical investigation: 1. A shifting national economy, interspersed with two world wars, has definitely effected Association growth and development. 2. The rule which limits varsity participation to three years (Freshman Rule) will not reappear until college enrollments warrant its readoption. 3. Small colleges in the State of Michigan are having an increasingly difficult time attracting students to their campuses. Large universities offer more facilities, less expense, and a larger Curriculum. 118 4. The M. I.A.A. is in definite need of: (a) Revised entrance and membership requirements. (b) Increased administrative control. (Increased, exacting powers given to the Commissioner of the M. I.A. A.) (c) Constitution revision and addition. Recommendations. The following recommendations are given to indicate what future studies are needed concerning athletic association administration: 1. Rules and regulations (constitutions) of all athletic con- ferences and/or associations in the United States should be analyzed. This study should arrive at criteria which would act as guide posts for the organization of an ideal athletic association. 2. An athletic association should be developed and studied which is organized and operated with strong college presidential control. Faculty representation should still be necessary in this type of an association; however, the total athletic program would be firmly under the auspices of the college presidents. 3. The interrelations between conferences of the same locale should be analyzed. BIB LIOGRAPHY ql ,4, AL" f} "t '8‘ ”24"." PET: Tlt’fflfl B IB LIOGRAPH Y A. BOOKS Beal, W. J. History of the Michigan Agricultural College. Lansing: Wynkoop Hullenbeck Crawford Company,fil915. Campbell, William Giles. Form and Style in Thesis Writing. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1954. Goodsell, Charles T. , and Willis F. Dunbar. Centennial History of Kalamazoo College. Kalamazoo: Kalamazoo College, 1933. Handbook of the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives. Revised March 10, 1958. Conference of Faculty Representatives. Kuhn, Madison. Michigan State, The First Hundred Years. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1955. Moore, Vivian Lyon. The First Hundred Years of Hillsdale College. Ann Arbor: The Ann Arbor Press, 1943. Oliver, Thomas (ed.). M.I.A.A. Handbook. Albion: Recorder Press Company, 1939. Rogert, Peter M. , John Lewis Rogert, and Samuel Romilly Rogert. Rogert's Thesaurus of Words and Phrases. New York: Grosset 8: Dunlap Publishers, 1947. Scott, Harry Alexander. Competitive Sports in Schools and Colleges. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1951. Voltmer, Carl D. A Brief History of the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives. Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Publishing Company, 1935 . B. NEWSPAPERS [Adrian] Daily Telegram, November 27, 1954. flion College Pleiad, February, 1888 - April 11, 192.9. l,j.‘:1...tf.~yr & nun. r1. roam , . .dillulllird'.d 121 Almanian, January, 1903 — December, 1905. Hillsdale College Herald, March 22, 1888 - June 13, 1895. Hillsdale Collegian, October 9, 1913 - March 19, 1920. Hillsdale Standard, June 11, 1889 - June 8, 1897. The [Albion] Recorder, April 17, 1930 - May 24, 1952. The Detroit Free Press, December 10, 1920 - October 19, 1949. The [Hillsdale] Collegian Herald, April 22, 1897 - June 9, 1898. The Hillsdale Daily Standard Herald, June 3, 1909 - June 6, 1910. The [Kalamazoo College] Index, November, 1907 - March 22, 1917. The [Lansing] State Journal, November 27, 1954. The M.A.C. Record, October 10, 1899 - June 9, 1908. The Speculum [M.A.C.], May 10, 1890 - June 15, 1895. Weekly Almanian, October 6, 1908 - February 17, 1920. C. PERIODICALS Barnard, Chester S. "Deciding a Conference Three-Way Tie in Basketball," Athletic Journal, 19: 38, April, 1939. D. UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS Barnard, Chester 5. "A History of Intercollegiate Athletics in Kalamazoo College.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 1940. Belding, Lester Coit. "A History and Survey of Physical Education and Athletics in the South Dakota Intercollegiate Athletic Asso- ciation. " Unpublished Master's thesis, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1940. 122 Hagle, Anson E. "Personal - Memoirs of Anson E. Hagle." Unpublished Autobiography, Evanston, Illinois, 1924. Lantz, Charles P. "A History of the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. " Unpublished Master's thesis, Pennsylvania State College, State College, 1935. Sprankle, Dale R. ”A History of Athletics at A1bion College. ” Unpublished Master's thesis, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1940. E. COLLEGE BULLETINS AND YEARBOOKS Adrian College Bulletin. Adrian: Adrian College, 1959. Albion College Bulletin. Albion: Albion College, 1957. Alma College Bulletin. Alma: Alma College, 1959. Calvin College Bulletin. Grand Rapids: Calvin College, 1959. Hillsdale College Bulletin. Hillsdale: Hillsdale College, 1958. Hope College Bulletin. Holland: Hope College, 1959. Kalamazoo College Bulletin. Kalamazoo: Kalamazoo College, 1959. Olivet College Bulletin. Olivet: Olivet College, 1959. The Harrow, 1889. East Lansing: Class of 1891, 1889. The Heliostat, 1896. East Lansing: The Class of 1897, 1896. The Wolverine, 1900. East Lansing: The Class of 1901, 1900. The Wolverine, 1904. East Lansing: The Class of 1905, 1904. F. MISCELLANEOUS gonstitution and By- Laws of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association, revised to January 1, 1956. £I.A.A. Statistics, 1955-1956, 1956-1957, 1957—1958. L; JARS-15. g! 'k. (.n 7‘“ “1 fit: ‘i-‘fll-Vfi L. We“. Ili.l¢.EI|J|.l-IIIJ 1. . .. u .I 123 Michigan Agricultural College (Michigan State University) Faculty Meeting Minutes, February 26, 1891 - June 11, 1906. Minutes of the Independent College Presidents of Michigan, 1922. Minutes of the M. I.A.A. Board of Directors, 1920 - 1959. Numerous unlisted correspondence, M. I.A. A. files, A1bion College, Albion, Michigan. sup-s“ 3.1.x . an“! -‘A ._ APPENDICES g: -m.-TM‘ M "KAIV'T" . APPENDIX A MATERIALS QUES TIONNAIR E 1. I will cooperate in this study. Yes No 2. At College we have the following materials . which may be of value in the present investigation: (check those F which apply and complete the dart). Years available City newspaper records School newspaper records 1 College yearbooks College record books College histories Association records Association histories or studies C O O C C oorhmoloo‘m 3. These records may be examined only at College. 4. I will be glad to schedule an interview with you anytime Specific times State convenient times 5. I would like to receive an abstract of this historical document. Yes No 6. Additional comments: The following Athletic Directors answered this questionnaire favorably: Adrian College . . . . Robert J. Gillis A1bion College . . . . Dale R. Sprank1e(retired--Spring, 1959) Alma College . . . . Arthur L. Smith Calvin College . . . . Barney Steen Hillsdale College . . . Frank "Muddy” Waters Hope College . . . . Alvin W. Vanderbush Kalamazoo College. . Rolla Anderson Olivet College . . . . Henry L. Paul APPENDIX B Data Sheet - Present Members of the M. I.A.A. Adrian College Adrian, Michigan Enrollment: 1889-1890 - 217 r"- 1899-1900 - 239 1909-1910 - 273 1919-1920 - 118 1929-1930 - 276 1939-1940 - 305 1949-1950 - 684 1959 - 564 Date College was founded: 1845 Date College was voted into M. I.A.A.: 1908-192 and 1938 Colors: Black and Canary Nickname: Bulldogs Athletic Facilities: Ridge Gymnasium (Seating capacity-2, 500) Adrian College Field (Seating capacity-2, 500, lighted) Baseball field Director of Athletics: Robert J. Gillis Denomination: Methodist Albion College Albion, Michigan Enrollment: 1889-1890 - 529 1899-1900 - 475 1909-1910 - 500 1919-1920 - 530 1929-1930 - 867 1939-1940 - 879 1949-1950 - 1402 1959 1310 *Enrollment figures from 1889 to 1950 include the total school student population for the whole school year. 1959 figures indicate second semester enrollment only. 127 Date college was founded: 1835 Date College was voted into M. I.A.A.: 1888 Colors: Purple and Gold Nickname: Britons Athletic Facilities: Stanley S. Kresge Gymnasium, 1925 (Seating capacity-1, 500) Kresge Swimming Pool, 1938 (Seating capacity-400, six lanes) Alumni Athletic Field (5 tennis courts, 1/4 mile cinder track, football field, lighted) Director of Athletics: Elkin R. Isaac Denomination: Methodist Alma College Alma, Michigan Enrollment: 1889-1890 - 218 1899-1900 - 201 1909-1910 - 274 1919-1920 - 276 1929-1930 - 326 1939-1940 - 419 1949-1950 - 724 1959 648 Date College was founded: 1886 Date College was voted into M. I.A.A.: 1902 Colors: Maroon and Cream Nickname: Scots Athletic Facilities: Memorial Gymnasium, 1922 Bahlke Field (Seating capacity-3, 100) Football Track Baseball diamond Director of Athletics: Arthur Smith Denomination: Presbyterian "rfi i'A‘Q‘L-umfifi fr 1" 1 128 Calvin College ‘ Grand Rapids, Michigan Enrollment: 1889- 1890 1899-1900 48 (including Seminary) 1909-1910 - 204 (including Seminary) 1919-1920 - 253 1929-1930 - 369 1939-1940 - 495 1949-1950 - 1365 1959 - 1819 Date College was founded: 1876 Date College was voted into M. I.A.A.: 1953 Colors: Maroon and Gold Nickname: Knights Athletic Facilities: Christian High School Gymnasium Franklin Park Baseball Tennis Director of Athletics: Barney Steen Denomination: Christian Reformed Hillsdale College Hillsdale, Michigan Enrollments: 1889-1890 - 515 1899-1900 - 310 1909-1910 - 476 1919-1920 - 321 1929-1930 - 392 1939-1940 - 445 1949-1950 - 916 1950 703 Date College was founded: 1844 Date College was voted into M. I.A.A.: 1888 Colors: Royal Blue and White Nickname: Dales n | ‘rrmtfl’ [‘1‘ 129 Athletic Facilities: Harold F. Stock Fieldhouse, 1925-27 (Remodeled, 1945-49) Swimming Pool Stadium (Seating capacity-2, OOO, lighted) Martin Field (baseball) Director of Athletics: Frank "Muddy" Waters Denomination: Baptist Hope College Holland, Michigan Enrollments: 1889-1890 - 47 1899-1900 - 81 1909-1910 - 347 1919-1920 - 405 1929-1930 - 423 1939-1940 - 525 1949-1950 - 947 1950 - 1088 Date College was founded: 1848 Date College was voted into M. I.A.A.: 1926 Colors: Orange and Blue Nickname: Flying Dutchmen Athletic Facilities: Carnegie Gymnasium (Remodeled, 1954) Holland Civic Center Riverview Park (Seating capacity-4, 500) Football Baseball Director of Athletics: Alvin W. Vanderbush Denomination: Dutch Reformed 130 Kalamazoo College Kalamazoo, Michigan Enrollments: 1889-1890 - 168 1899-1900 - 232 1909-1910 - 160 1919-1920 - 293 1929-1930 - 419 1939-1940 - 391 1949-1950 - 662 1959 610 Date College was founded: 1883 Date College was voted into M. I.A.A.: 1896 Colors: Orange and Black Nickname: Hornets Athletic Facilities: Arthur C. Tredway Gymnasium, 1911 Angell Field, 1946 (lighted) Football Track Calder Field House, 1958 MacKenzie Field (intramurals) Woodworth Baseball Field Stowe Tennis Stadium, 1946 Director of Athletics: Rolla L. Anderson Denomination: Baptist Olivet College Olivet, Michigan Enrollments: 1889-1890 - 328 1899-1900 - 268 1909-1910 - 238 1919-1920 - 141 (no accurate account) 1929-1930 - 291 1939-1940 - 271 1949-1950 - 161 1959 410 Date College was founded: 1844 Date College was voted in M. I.A.A.: 1888-1940 and 1952 Colors: Cardinal and White 131 Nickname: Comets Athletic Facilities: MacKay Memorial Gynmasium, 1928 (Seating capacity-1,000) Reed Field (Seating capacity-1, 000+, lighted) Football Baseball Track Tennis Director of Athletics: Henry L. Paul Denomination: Congregational APPENDIX D M. I.A.A. Temporary Rules Concerning G.1. 's In Effect September, 1946 Any undergraduate transfer student, properly enrolled at any member college of the M. I.A.A. at the beginning of school in F September, 1946, except those who enroll at some other college after September 1, 1946, and then transfer to that particular member college in question, shall be eligible for competition in the M. I.A.A. during the first semester of the academic year 1946-1947. Any undergraduate G.I. student properly enrolled in any member college of the M. I.A.A. , who is not a transfer student, shall be eligible for athletic competition in the M. I.A.A. during the first semester of the academic year of 1946-1947, regardless of his previous status. It is further understood that if any undergraduate G.l. student who is not a transfer student. properly enrolled at a member college of the M. I.A.A. , at any time during the first semester of the academic year 1946-47, he shall be eligible for athletic competition in the M. I.A.A. as soon as he is properly enrolled, provided he is carrying an academic load acceptable to the Veteran's administration in all details so that he is certified by the Veteran's Administration as eligible for G.l. compensation. fir—'2' ; ‘ . f. rt“..- ‘ Such student shall be eligible also for the second semester of the academic year 1946-47, regardless of the record he makes during that part of the previous semester in which he was enrolled at a member college of the M. I.A.A. , provided of course that he is properly enrolled and is carrying an academic load acceptable to the Veteran's Adminis- tration in all details so that he is certified by the Veteran's Adminis- tration as eligible for G.l. compensation. Any undergraduate G.I. student properly enrolled at any member college of the M. I.A.A. at the beginning of the second semester of 1946—47, except those who have been enrolled at some other college since being discharged from the service, shall be immediately eligible for competition in the M. I.A.A. EaCh undergraduate G. 1. student who is not transferred, who either enrolls at a member college of the M. I.A.A. sometime during the first semester of the academic year of 1946-47, or who enrolls at the beginning of the second semester of the academic year 1946-47, APPENDIX C Faculty Secretaries of the M. I.A.A. Board of Directors Professor Henry L. Ewbank (A1bion College) Professor E. Roscoe Sleight (A1bion College) Professor Albert J. McCulloch (Albion College) Professor Kenneth G. Hance (Albion College) Professor Allen B. Stowe (Kalamazoo College) Professor William J. Gilbert (Albion College) Professor Paul L. Cook (A1bion College) 1920-1926 1927-1928 1928-1932 1933-1940 1940-1948 1948-1957 1957- [7,“. 134 shall satisfy all eligibility requirements in order to be eligible to compete in the M. I.A.A. at the beginning of the first semester in the academic year 1947-48. Any competition during the year 1945-46 is not to count as a year of competition. R83??? USE GEJLY (“ff'Y-M 5'3 AUG 15 1332 “'7 y W ,. ~ as, t~F 1.] IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 'lullltltttlltllttgyllII '