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THESIS

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This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

Keeper of the Snakes

presented by

Michael S. Hormuth

has been accepted towards fulﬁllment
of the requirements for

 

Master of Arts degree in Telecommunication

 

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6/01 c:/CIRC/DateDua.p65-p. 15

KEEPER OF THE SNAKES
By

Michael S. Hormuth

A THESIS
Submitted to
Michigan State University
In partial fulﬁllment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF ARTS
Department of Telecommunication

2002

ABSTRACT
KEEPER OF THE SNAKES
By

Michael S. Hormuth

Learning about my family’s history and the way that my parents were raised has
given me insight into why I was raised a certain way, and why I have the values
that I do. In this personal documentary, interviews with my relatives provide

answers to the question “How did I become the person that I am?”

In Memory of the Keepers of the Snakes

Michael Hormuth, Rudolf P. Hormuth, and Peter A. Hormuth

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Robert Albers for creative consultation, Scott Seward for technical

assistance, and Barbara Hormuth for her support.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction
Background
A. Historical Background
B. Personal Background
Method
A. The Documentary
B. Personal Documentary
C. Interview Questions
Program Description
Evaluation and Conclusion
Appendix A
Appendix B

References

10
23
27

32

Introduction

Who am | and how did I become the person I am? How do | see myself and my
place in this world? In midlife, people are supposed to take a good hard look at
themselves, and hopefully attain a better understanding of who they are.
(Cavanaugh, 1992, p. 272) In this project, I investigated my family's past in order

to gain insight about the development of my character.

My identity has been shaped by many experiences, some of which were passed
down to me by my parents and their families. Even my name was passed down
to me. I am named Michael Stephen Hormuth, after my father's father, Michael
Hormuth, and my mother’s father, Stephen Pisklak. Who were my namesakes
and what effects did they have on my life? Although they are deceased, I believe
there is still part of them alive in me. Their heritage, customs, ethics, values, and
stories were passed down to me as l was growing up. Those that I embraced

became a part of me.

I am the keeper of the snakes. There are two snakes, each preserved in a corked
bottle, which were handed down to me from my father’s father. The story I heard
when I was a child was that my grandfather caught these poisonous snakes in
the jungles of South America. I asked my father about the snakes when I was an
adult, and the story he told me then was different than when I heard it as a young

boy. The snakes were a catalyst, which started a conversation with my father that

I would not have had otherwise. I wanted to believe that my grandfather was a
great hunter who traveled the world. It turned out that my grandfather was never
in South America and did not catch the snakes. A family friend was the person
who actually caught the snakes. When my father told me his story, I learned
about things I did not ask, things about his family history, coming to America from
Germany, and his life as an immigrant child growing up in New York. He told me
about what his parents were like, and what things affected his life when he was

growing up.

After my grandfather died, the snakes held memories of him. When I went away
to college, my younger brother, Pete, became the keeper of the snakes. Pete
treasured and safeguarded the snakes and in doing so, kept the stories alive.
When Pete died, the snakes came back to me and I again became the keeper.
With the recent death of my father, these two bottles now represent memories of
my grandfather, father, and brother. I did not start to collect the stories about my

father’s Side of the family until it was too late. Now, their stories are lost.

My mother’s side of the family iS also rich in heritage, adventures, and stories.

My mother and her siblings are still here to tell me their family history. These are
the stories of their father, Stephen Pisklak. emigrating from Slovakia to America,
and what is was like for them growing up in Brooklyn, New York. I have begun to

understand more about who my relatives are, and more about who I am.

Background

Historical Background

During the late 1800s and early 19003, millions of immigrants passed through
Ellis Island seeking a better life for themselves and their families. My father and
his family emigrated from Germany, my mother's father emigrated from Slovakia,
and my mother's mother was born in the United States of Slovakian parents.
There were common experiences within the two families and similarities in the

way the children were raised.

Both families came to America because they sought a better life. Both raised
their children in Brooklyn, New York. Both struggled with Ieaming a new

language and new customs. How did these experiences affect me?

Personal Background
There are customs I observe, and traditional family meals I prepare. I have
certain values and ethics that are rooted in my family background. What makes

me carry on these traditions and place an importance on those values?

It is easy to understand where some traditions, such as preparing certain foods
on certain holidays, came from. For example, my family prepares a sauerkraut
juice and mushroom soup that is made only on Christmas Eve because this meal

was a traditionally meatless meal. It is not as easy to understand where my

values came from. Why do I feel that hard work and careful money management
are important? Where did I get my sense that loyalty, charity and honesty are

important? Why is education important?

In order to answer these questions, I looked at how my mother and her brothers
and sisters were raised, the things in their lives that affected their values, and the

things they passed on to their children.

METHOD

The Documentary

My investigation into the answers to these questions is a documentary. The term
"documentary" was ﬁrst applied to Flaherty's work in a 1926 review of Mme,

F laherty's ﬁrst work, Nanook of the North, was considered a romantic
documentary that expressed "actuality" or a "slice of life." (Sherman, 1998, p. 5)
In her book, Documentirlg Ourselves, Sherman (p. 20) discusses many types of
documentary. The term cinema vérité was ﬁrst used to describe the style of
Rouch and Morin in Chronicle of a Summer, where the ﬁlmmakers interviewed
people on the street. Postvérité communicates a shared reality by creating a

dialogue between the subjects and the ﬁlmmaker. (Sherman, p. 27)

Since I am also part of the culture of the people that I will be interviewing, my
interviews are more focused. In Sherman's (1998, p. 51) section on conveying
the cultural point of view, she explains that a member of that culture, rather than
an outsider, would be more able to present their world as they see it. Although I
did not live the experiences that my mother and her brothers and sisters did, I am
not that far removed. I am better able to focus on the cultural points the
interviewees are trying to make than an outsider. Rabiger (1992, p. 11) says that
the value of a documentary process is that it affirms the importance of
imagination and empathy while probing the depths of life for its meanings.

Rabiger (p.6) also states that a documentary is not concerned with measurable

facts but that it exists to scrutinize the organization of human life and promote
individual human values. A documentary is a combination of the subject and
seer, the event and the reaction to the event. It juxtaposes the like and the unlike
and compares them. The documentary is not about the process of doing
something but the effect on those that are participating in it. It is a topic unfolding
as a story and dealing with the meaning of the events. In relating the stories of
my relatives, the meanings will ﬁt together in a broader picture, one that will help

me understand where I came from and who I am.

Personal Documentary

My thesis is a documentary, but not of the historical events surrounding Stephen
Pisklak’s immigration to America. It is a personal documentary that relates the
experiences of the children of Stephen Pisklak as they lived in the dual culture of

their Slovakian heritage and their neighborhood in Brooklyn.

Stephen brought some very strong ideas and values with him to America. What
was it like having him as a father? Rose, their mother, also brought strong
values. How did she affect their lives? The stories of my mother and aunts and
uncles discuss the customs, values, and ethics that were passed down to them,
their meaning, and the impact on their lives. They, in turn, have passed some of

those traditions and values to their children.

Interview Questions

I interviewed my mother and her brothers and sisters, and asked each of them
questions from a list, which I provided prior to the interview. Additional questions
were asked to clarify or expand upon ideas generated as the interview
progressed. Interviewees were not required to answer all the questions, and
were encouraged to speak about what affected their lives. These questions
ranged from holiday customs and traditions to family values and ethics (See

Appendix A for a complete list of questions).

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

These interviews gathered stories that helped me in my search for meaning and
identity. I want to present to the audience an engaging and personal account of
my search for identity. My audience is mostly family members and others who
are in the same position as I am: an adult with a family background of diverse
cultures, speciﬁc customs, traditional beliefs, and instilled values. The audience
is one that may have lost touch with some part of their past and may be nostalgic
for the storytelling of their family history, a meaning for their existence, or a

strengthening of memories and family ties.

The act of storytelling has a social and cultural function. My objective is to
explore how the family stories unfold the background that I came from. My
identity, who I think I am, and how I view the world all have their roots in this
background. The stories have affected me and the storytelling strengthens my
ties to family members. The bottles of snakes, and the memories that came with
them, brought me back to ask my mother and her family to retell their stories. In
doing so, I was re-connected to my deceased family members, my family history,

and to the storytellers themselves.

An existing audio recording of my grandfather, Stephen, reminiscing about

coming to America, and family photographs present the family history.

The video project is intended for use as a stand-alone program for the family of
Stephen Pisklak. It may become part of a larger collection of family records and

memorabilia.

The interviews were shot on location, mostly at my relatives’ residences. They
include Rockville, MD; Ocean City, MD; Washington, D. C.; Kingwood, TX;
Dunwoody, GA; Syosset, NY; North Brunswick, NJ; Winchester, MA; and Ellis

Island.

EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION

Through these interviews with my mother and her brothers and sisters, l have
found the answers to questions I asked about myself. Having relatives that
immigrated to America has had an effect on my life. My Slovak heritage has
exposed me to many traditions and customs. I learned that some traditions, such
as the holiday foods, were kept by some of my relatives. Other relatives didn’t
like some of the foods and don't make them for their families now. My mother and
aunts and uncles don’t feel strong ties to their heritage because they grew up in a
very diverse culture in Brooklyn, New York. Even the language has almost died
out in the family. The oldest of the children, my Aunt Rosemarie, spoke only
Slovak when she started school. The youngest, my Uncle Joe, only remembers a
few Slovak sayings. My relatives all have interesting stories about growing up in
a dual culture, but only Rosemarie continues to take Slovak classes. My family
keeps only some of the traditions and remembers some of the language. Even
though they may be fading out in the family, I found that following family

traditions or using some of the Slovak phrases is a celebration of who we are.

Besides traditions, the family has strong values. The interviews revealed how

these values were passed down to my mother and her siblings and to me. We

learned by example.

10

The story of the Pisklak family coming to America from Slovakia illustrates the
character of the people in this family. It took years and a lot of hard work to save
enough money to get to America. First, they sent the oldest son who worked in
the coal mines in Pennsylvania. He saved and sent money to bring the next one
in the family. For years, the family was Split between the two countries. It is this
work ethic that I think was instilled in my grandfather's children. This is where I

got my work ethic.

My grandparents raised a family of eight children in Brooklyn, New York. The
oldest children remember the depression. Money was tight and they didn’t buy on
impulse. The stories I heard when l was growing up had an effect on me and the
way that I handle my money. I ﬁnd it hard to spend money. I don't buy on

impulse. I feel that it is important to save.

Loyalty was another value that my grandfather had. He ran a garage and
supported his customers whenever he could. The family doctor was his
customer. The ice man and local grocer were his customers. He was loyal to his
customers and his community. He was also very honest with his customers. He
was able to keep his business going strong even through the depression. I found
that I do have a sense of loyalty to the merchants in my community. I am honest
in my dealings with my clients. This way of doing business is part of my family's

values.

11

I heard many stories about how charitable my grandmother was. During hard
times, people would knock on her door and ask for food. They were never turned
away. She helped her neighbors who were less fortunate. She got her children
involved those acts of kindness. As a result, I think my mother has instilled in me

the value of charity.

The last question I asked myself was why I think education is important. I found
out that my grandfather and grandmother didn't ﬁnish high school. My
grandfather ﬁnally ﬁnished by taking classes at night. He wanted to go to college
to design cars. When he found out how long it would take, he decided to ﬁx cars
instead. He then started his garage business. When his oldest son talked to him
about taking over the garage, my grandfather replied that he didn’t want his son
to have to work as hard as he did. He offered to help his son go to college. He
knew the value of higher education. Most of his children eventually ﬁnished
college. My mother went to college part time after work. It took her about ten
years to complete her degree. I was very young when she ﬁnished but I do

remember going with her to her college. I Ieamed that college was important.

The video program, Keeper of the Snakes, presents the interviews with my

relatives. I know where certain traditions came from and why I observe them. I

found out where I got the ethics and values that are important to me.

12

The video was viewed and evaluated by a small panel including family and non-
family members. Each viewer was asked to respond to the same survey
questions after viewing the video to determine the effectiveness of the

documentary (See Appendix B for the Viewer Survey questions).

The video was mailed to or Shown individually to eleven individuals for
evaluation. Five viewers responded to the survey questions. Two are family
members who participated in the video interviews for the documentary. Three
respondents are not members of my family. Of the three non-family member
respondents, one has educational experience in media. I will include my own

evaluation of the video program as I review the survey responses.

0 Only one viewer responded "Not Sure" when asked if the introduction and
conclusion were understandable. That viewer commented that she thought
"the story was going to be about one side of the family but the documentary
ended up about the other side of the family." I thought the video discussed the
reason that the story started with the snakes and my father’s side of the
family. It also explained that when my father died, there was nobody left to tell
the stories of his side of the family. I was able to investigate the things in my
family’s past that affected my life because my mother and all of her brothers
and sisters are still alive. I may have been able to make the transition from

one side of the family to the other stronger, but I did not want to make it

13

sound like my mother's side of the family was considered for the project only

after my father died.

All responses indicated that the viewers understood what the "joumey” meant
to the author. To me, this was a personal journey through the family’s past to
ﬁnd out what things affected my life and the way that I was brought up. One
viewer commented that "it molded the author's ethics, standards, and way to

view the world and his place in it!"

During the introduction of the video, I asked several questions that lead me to
search for my identity. I asked why I followed certain traditions and why I had
certain values and ethics. The viewers all responded that they found
themselves asking the same kinds of questions. The non-family viewers
expressed this in more detail in their comments. One wondered when her
grandparents came to the US, where they settled, and what they did.
Another stated that although she was very curious about her ancestors, she
has not taken the time and effort to ﬁnd out the information in such detail as
the author has done. A third non-family viewer said that the video inspired her
to ask why she possesses certain character traits and to ask even deeper
questions. A family member expressed concern that she didn't know all the

information which came out about her family in the video.

14

Almost all of the respondents indicated that they thought the author found the
answers to his questions. One viewer indicated that she was not sure and
commented that "I believe he found some answers, but uncovered more
questions-which is a good thing. I believe he discovered more information
than he originally set out to explore." I agree with this comment. I got much
more from the interviews than I thought I would, and it was difﬁcult to keep the

scope narrow and in focus.

In the video interviews, my relatives expressed that you Ieam values by
example and that it is not what you tell your children, it is what you do. The
viewer survey asked "How do you think we develop our values?” The
responses were ”by osmosis," by imitating our parents, by example, and what
we see and do at home. Another response was "Through our life
experiences." I think these responses support what I was ﬁnding out in the

interviews.

When asked if the video program was interesting, the non-family viewers said
that it was ”rewarding and funny” and "Quite entertaining." Family members

responded by saying they were enlightened and "blown away."

In my introduction to this paper, I said that the snakes were a catalyst which

started a conversation with my father about the family history and the things

that affected his life when he was growing up. The survey asks the viewers

15

what they think the snakes mean. One viewer responded that the snakes
represented the family's stories that were passed down through the
generations. The others who responded agreed more with what I stated in the
paper's introduction. They said that the snakes served to start an
introspective questioning by the author as to who the family was, and how his
forebears inﬂuenced his values. One response was ”They were the catalyst.
Without the unusual memorabilia, the author may not have begun his

questioning."

The viewers all responded that the overall quality of the program, the video
and audio quality, and readability of the text was good. They gave it the
highest score on a one through ﬁve rating. However, I found that I had
problems with both the video and audio in the production. I should have put
more emphasis on production planning. I started the interviews with a
professional DVCAM video camera. When this camera developed mechanical
problems, I used a consumer grade Mini DV camcorder. The inconsistency
showed. Quality and color balance changed from scene to scene. I needed to
develop a consistent style before the ﬁrst video recording. Since most
interviews were in the subject's home, most of the settings were in fairly small
rooms. This presented problems in designing the set and choosing the proper
equipment for the locations. I didn‘t have a good plan for lighting the subjects
with the instruments I was bringing to the locations. As a result, there were

scenes with ﬂat lighting, the subjects were not well deﬁned from the

16

backgrounds, and the video had a lackluster quality. In one instance, a
subject's glasses showed a lot of glare from the lighting instruments. I should
have been prepared to deal with that problem and move the instruments
accordingly. I did not plan on a speciﬁc size in framing the subjects and I
should have kept that consistent throughout the interviews. Going from a
medium close up in one scene to an extreme close up in the next scene was
disturbing. In most interviews, a shotgun microphone was used instead of a
lavaliere. In some situations, this allowed for poor sound quality and a high
background noise level. Room acoustics were different for each interview and
the shotgun microphone exaggerated echoes and other problems. The audio
problems gave the video program an inconsistent sound quality from scene to
scene. This was disturbing especially when one scene with high ambient

noise cut to another scene with low noise.

Only about half of the viewers responded that the music was appropriate and
added to the video. One family member commented that she was aware there
was music but did not pay attention to it. I thought my effort to include the
Slovakian national anthem and original variations on that music would have
caught her attention. A non-family viewer said that She "would have enjoyed
more ethnic music. It was not explained to the viewers that this was the
national anthem of the country where my ancestors were born. I could have

spent more time in searching for Slovakian folk music for the video.

17

The survey asked, "Did the speakers have things to say that went together
with each other?” The respondents all said yes. One viewer commented that
"The clips ﬁt together smoothly. Transition from one subject to the next was
done effortlessly.” I had my doubts, maybe because I was too close to the
people I interviewed and the subject being discussed. I felt that I could not
step back and look at the program objectively. I had trouble making decisions
about what to edit out and what to include. One family member thought that
the importance of the family’s religious background should have been
included. A non-family viewer wanted to see more interactions between the
interviewees and thought the banter between the two sisters was "priceless.” I
realized how special the interaction on camera was, but I could not arrange
for any more interviews with two or more people. Some of my relatives were
unwilling to be interviewed with their brothers or sisters. Time and distance
also prevented more taped interactions between interviewees. Two other
viewers said they could not think of anything else which should have been
included. They commented that the subject was covered well and that "the
video was relaxed and understandable. It gave the feeling that the viewer was

a part of the setting."

When asked what should have been left out, only one viewer responded. This

was a family member who said "There was a bit too much on the mushroom

soup. I think the word sauerkraut seems to intrigue everyone."

18

0 My goal was to present the audience with an engaging and personal account
of my search for identity. A non-family viewer gave the following comment: "I
enjoyed the comments and impressions on the impact of the values left by the
parents. I liked the fact that each sibling had his or her own opinions, and
remembrances expressed . This piece shows the unique way a family comes
to treasure experiences, foods, and histories. It is sensitive and light, but has
tremendous depth, because of the unifying legacy the grandparents left in the
hearts of the members of this family. Very inspirational. This piece caused me
to reﬂect on the values I might leave with my own child." A family viewer gave
this last comment: "It was very involving and enlightening. I think you really
captured all the different aspects we were exposed to via our parents and

how they affected us even without our knowing it was happening."

Viewers said the video ﬂowed, it was interesting, and entertaining. It was also a
catalyst. They began asking themselves questions about their own family culture.
I feel this documentary was successful and communicated a shared reality as
discussed by Sherman. (1998, p. 27) In the process, there was a dialogue which
revealed the experiences that helped form some of my family’s values. Rabiger
(1992, p. 6) said a documentary promotes individual human values and deals
with the meaning of events. As the family story unfolded, the signiﬁcance of
events became clear. For example, hard work brought the entire family to

America. This is reﬂected in our strong work ethic today.

19

During the interview process, I found that the relationship I had with my relatives
changed. I was not a nephew or a son asking my aunts, uncles, or mother
questions about the family. They were responding to me as an individual, as
someone they were revealing their feelings to. I got to know them on a different
level. I now have a better appreciation of my family’s culture, history, and

strength of character.

As the project moved forward, I developed my skills as an interviewer. I handled
the last interview differently than the ﬁrst. I Ieamed how to engage my relatives in
a conversation, ease their self-consciousness in front of the camera, and get
them to share their thoughts by leading them with questions tailored to their
individual experiences. I found I could not direct the interviews to ﬁt my
preconceived ideas, but rather the project took on a life of its own. After I
reviewed all the interviews, I discovered there were common threads I could build
on. My relatives all talked about how they manage their money and their father's
mantra, "Do you need it? Must you have it? Is it necessary?" I Ieamed how my
narration had to bring these pieces together so they would ﬂow and unfold in a

story.

I found how the documentary and interview process can gather information,
feelings, and emotions and present them in an interesting and engaging manner.
One thing that interested me when I was researching my family background was

the way that the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation gathered and presented

20

the stories of those immigrants who passed through Ellis Island. On the web site
at www.ellisisland.org, The American Family Immigration History Center allows
you to set up a family scrapbook with information and images. I think it would be
interesting to explore the possibilities of creating something similar whereby
families can share their stories and experiences with video clips and create little

documentaries.

I found the answers to my questions of self-identity. I know where my work ethic
came from and why I handle money a certain way. I found where I got the values
of loyalty, charity, and honesty. I know why education is important to me. The
snakes were the catalyst, which started me on a personal journey. The "Keeper
of the Snakes" was a thought-provoking program which prompted the audience

to ask themselves, ’Who am I, and how did I become this person?"

21

APPENDIX A

22

APPENDIX A

Interview Questions

1. When you were growing up, was your Slovak heritage important to you or
did you want to blend in with your friends and neighbors? How do you

think your heritage affected you?

2. Do you ﬁnd yourself saying or doing something that is what your parents

would have said or done?

3. What customs or traditions did your grandparents bring from the old
country that your parents tried to preserve? What things did they change?
What things did you, your brothers, and your sisters try to preserve or
change? Do you think you passed some of these things on to your

children?

4. Do you think the way that you were brought up was different than the way
that your older or younger Sisters were brought up? Did the rules change?
Did the customs and traditions change over time? What similarities or
differences are there between the way that you were brought up and the

way that you have tried to bring up your children?

23

5. Were you given guidelines, directions, or paths that you should follow by
your parents and grandparents? Do you think we live by example and by

imitating our parents?

6. What things or lessons in life do you think your parents passed on to you?

7. What things did you get from your parents that you felt were valuable

enough to pass on to your children?

8. Was there a turning point in your parents' or grandparents’ lives that had

an effect on the rest of the family? Was there a turning point that had an

effect on your life?

9. Are there family stories or sayings that you have passed down to your

children? Have the meanings changed?

10.What traditions or holiday customs did you observe in your family when

you were a child that you now observe in your own family? Are there new

traditions that you have picked up?

11.00 you encourage your family to try the types of foods you grew up with?

24

12.When you were growing up in Brooklyn, did you feel that you were rich or
poor? Was your family affected by the depression? Is the way that you

handle your money affected by the way that you were brought up?

13.Your father owned his own business. Where do you think he got his
business sense? Do you think they way he ran his business affected the

family in any way?

14.Your father had quite a sense of history. Do you think that is something
that was passed down to you and your brothers and sisters? Do your

children have a sense of where you came from, your roots?

15.What were your grandparents like? Were there strong similarities or

differences between your grandparents and your parents?

16. Do you think that your relationship with you father or mother has made a

difference in who you feel that you are. Did you feel that you had to

measure up to the standards that your parents set?

17. Do you think you followed in your father’s footsteps? Do you think your

mother has inﬂuenced the path you have taken?

25

APPENDIX B

26

APPENDIX B

Viewer Survey
Keeper of the Snakes

This survey can be ﬁlled out on your computer and returned to me by
email. Please put an “X” in the box, and ﬁll in your comments. The space
will expand with the length of your comments.

Thank you for taking the time to complete this survey and emailing it back
to me. I appreciate your efforts.

1.Was the introduction and conclusion understandable?

 

Yes

 

 

No

 

 

Not Sure

 

 

Comments

 

2. Did you understand what this journey means to the author?

 

Yes

 

 

No

 

Not Sure

 

 

 

Comments

 

3. Have you found yourself asking the kinds of questions the author asked
himself?

 

Yes

 

 

No

 

 

Not Sure

 

 

Comments

 

27

4. Did the video bring up additional questions you might ask? If so, what?

 

Yes

 

 

No

 

 

Not Sure

 

 

Comments

 

5. Do you think the author found the answers to his questions?

 

Yes

 

 

No

 

 

Not Sure

 

 

Comments

 

6. How do you think we develop our values?

 

 

7. Did you ﬁnd the program interesting?

 

Yes

 

 

No

 

 

Not Sure

 

 

Comments

 

8. What do you think the snakes mean?

 

 

9. What did you think of the overall quality of the program?

Good

 

'UO'l‘th—t

OCT

28

10. Were the subtitles readable and clear?

Good
1

2

3

4

5
Poor

 

11. How was the visual quality of the video?

Good
1

2

3

4

5
Poor

 

12. How was the audio quality of the video?

Good
1

2

3

4

5
Poor

 

13. Did you feel that the music was appropriate and added to the video?

 

Yes

 

 

No

 

Not Sure

 

 

 

Comments

 

14. Did the speakers have things to say that went together with each other?

 

Yes

 

 

No

 

 

Not Sure

 

 

Comments

 

29

15. What would you add to the program?

 

16. What would you leave out of the program?

 

17. Do you have any other comments?

 

L

30

REFERENCES

31

REFERENCES

Cavanaugh, J. C. (1992). Adult development and aging Paciﬁc Grove, CA:
Brooks/Cole.
Rabiger, M. (1992). Directing the documentary. Boston, MA: Focal Press.

Sherman, S. R. (1998). Documenting ourselves: Film, video, and culture.
Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky.

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