LIBRARY Michigan State University PLACE IN RETURN Box to remove this checkout from your record. To AVOID FINES return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE 6/01 c:/ClRC/DateDue.p65-p. 15 COTTOHSEED MEAL versus LINSA-ED OIL LEAD AS THE PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF PROTEIN FOR REPRODUCTION AND LACTATIT‘II OF DAIRY HBIFERS. CEHESIS FOR DEGREE OF M.S. Lane A. Moore P 1929 TH E815. ACKNOVILEDGBDBNTS The author of this thesis wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. C. F. Huffman, Research Assistant in Dairying in carrying out this experiment and the kindly criticism.given in preparing this manuscript. He also Wishes to express his gratitude to ‘Professor E. L. Anthony, Head of the Dairy Husbandry Department for his kindly criticism in preparing this manuscript. The author also wishes to acknowledge his appre- ciation of the aid given by Dr. E. D. Devereaux of the Department of Bacteriology in carrying out bacterial counts of the udders of the animals on this experiment. ~ Likewise the author wishes to express his appre- ciation to Dr. G. S. Robinson of the Experimental Chemistry Department for his aid given in making Iron Analyses in determining the rate of food passage. I Introduction TABLE OF CONTENTS II Review of Literature and General Discussion A. Head of Protein in the Ration 1. General Need (a) (b) (c) (d) (6) Milk Maintenance and Growth Proper Utilization of Nutrients Reproduction Phosphorous 2. Amino Acids Required in the Ration (a) (b) (o) (d) (a) (ti Tryptophane Lysine Tyrosine Cystine Arginine and Histedine Proline B. cottonseed Meal versus Linseed Oil Meal as a Source of Protein 1. Cottonseed Meal (a) manufacture of cottonseed products (b) Amino Acids (c). Feeding Experiments (1) Rate (2) Dogs (3) Humans Page CDQQ-dmIFIFNNHl-‘Hl-‘m r4 :4 #1 <3 12 12 12 15 18 18 22 22 Ce (4) (5) (6) ('7) (8) Sheep Poultry Swine Horses and Mules Cattle 2. Linseed Oil Meal (a) Manufacture of Linseed Oil Meal (b) (0) Amino Acids Feeding Experiments 3. Feeding Experiments Where Cottonseed Meal and Linseed Oil Meal have been Compared Directly (a) (b) (c) (a) (a) it) Rats Sheep Poultry Swine Horses and mules Cattle Poisonous Effects of Linseed Oil Meal and Cottonseed Meal 1. Linseed 011 Meal 2. Cottonseed Meal Injury (3) (b) (c) (d) (6i Perl Perl Pyrophosphoric Acid Betaine and Choline Bacteria and Molds Iron Deficiency Page 25 23 27 50 40 40 41 41 42 42 43 it: 48 49 49 49 50 50 51 52 Page (i) Protein Decomposition Products 53 (8) Acidosis 54 (h) Gossypcl 54 (1) Lack of dietary Factor or Factors Carried by Hay 58 D. Costive Effect of Cottonseed Meal 65 (1) Consistency of Feces 63 2 Rate of Food Passage ‘ 65 B. Effect of Feeding Cottonseed Meal on.the Udder 65 P. Discussion of Review of Literature 67 III Experimental Work 68 A. Object 68 B. Original Plan.of Experiment 69 1. Procedure 69 (a) Animals Used 69 (1) Previous History 69 i 2 ) 'Age 70 (3) Inheritance 70 (b) Choice of Bations 71 ( 1) Milk '71 (2) Grain. 71 (3) Roughage 71 (4 ) Mine rals 72 (a) Management . 72 h (1) Water 72 (2) Shelter 73 (3i Bedding' 73 (4) Care 73 (5) (6) (73 Feeding Methods Milking Body weights to be Used in Calculation of Rations 2. Collection of Data is) (b) (o) (d) Reproduction Record (1) Oestrum Periods (2) Bree ding Data (3) (4) r5) (6) (7) (8) Ease of Parturation Placenta Recovery Udder Colostrum Offspring Lactation Record (1) (2) Milk Butter Eat Feed Records (1) (2) m Feed Consumed Nutrients Required Nutrients Consumed Observations (i) (2) (3) (4) (5) Weight Height at Withers Consistency of Feces Rate of Food Passage Bacterial Flora of the Udder Page 73 73 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 76 76 75 76 77 77 Page (6) Condition of Coat 71 (7) Length of Hair - 77 (8) Double Thickness of Hide 77 (9) Looseness and Pliability of Hide 77 (10) Helath 77 (11) Abpetitie 77 (12) Condition of Flesh 77 (13) Lice 78 (14) Shedding 7e (15) Blindness 78 (16) Blood Counts 78 (17) Ebod Tests 78 (18) Photographs 73 C.Procedure * . . 73 1. Animals Used 78 (3) Age 79 (b) Inheritance 79 2. Choice of Rations 79 (a) M11]: 79 (b) Grain 79 (c) Roughage ;9 (d) Minerals 80 5. Management 80 (a) Water 80 (b) Shelter 80 (0) Bedding 80 (d) Care 80 ( e) Feeding Methods so Page (f) Milking . 80 (g) Body Weights Used in Calculation of Rations 80 D. Experimental Results and Discussion 81 l. Reproduction Record 81 |(a) Lot I Cottonseed Meal 81 (b) Lot 11 Linseed Oil Meal 92 (0) Discussion of Reproduction 101 2. Lactation Records 102 (a) Mill: 102 (b) Butterfat 102 (0) Discussion of Lactation Records 106 3. Feed Records 103 (a) Feed Consumed 103 (b) Nutrients Required 104 (c) Nutrients Consumed 104 (d) Discussion of Feed Records 104 4. (Observations 104 (a) Weight 104 (b) Height at withers 105 (0) Consistency of Feces 106 (d) Rate of Food.Passage 110 (e) Bacterial Flora of Udder 112 (f) Condition of Coat 113 (3) Length of Hair 115 (h) Double Thickness of Hide 113 (i) Looseness and Pliability of Hide 114 (.1) Health 114 (k) Appetite 114 (1) Condition of Flesh 114 Page (m) Lice 115 (n) Shedding 115 (o) Blindness 115 (p) Blood Counts 115 (q) Hemoglobin 115 (r) Blood Tests 115 (s) Photographs 116 E. General Discussion.of Experimental desults 117 F. Summary - 119 I7. Bibliography 121 V. Appendix 146 A. Table 145 B. Graphs 196 Ce Plates 205 INTRODUCTION . One of the chief causes of low production and unp proditable returns in dairying is a lack of sufficient pro- tein in the ration. Home grown feeds are high in energy and low in protein. It is therefore necessary to purchase a high protein concentrate in order to properly balance home grown feeds for dairy cattle. Efficient sources of this necessary protein are found in cottonseed.mea1 and linseed oil meal. Cottonseed meal athough it furnishes the cheapest source of protein is not recommended for use in very large amounts. If fed heavily it is thought to produce injury. Cottonseedp mealinjury has been attributed to beri beri, pyr0phasphoric acid, bacteria and molds, betaine and choline, iron deficiency, protein decomposition products. acidosis, gossypol and lack of a factor or factors carried by hay. A lack of a factor or factors carried by hay seems very probalbe in view of thefact that cottonseed meal is a product of the Southern States where cottonseed hulls have been used as a roughage which lack a factor or factors carried by good quality hay; Linseed oil meal on the other hand, a Northern product, has not produced injury because in the North a good quality roughage has been fed. This investigation is an attempt to determine whether cottonseed meal compared to linseed oil meal could be fed as the principal source of protein for proper growth, reproduction and lactation of dairy cattle with a good quality .hay. i lly .llvl) .(I «rill—i .. gllntul .. .u e_ r . mt. flu Mm! r e MU r 7 \1)‘|‘1‘|1||I’.F¥- r e 0 if M S m ”V o P h V 1 c D Q a b to ‘3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND GENERAL DISCUSSION Home grown feeds are generally low in protein. Suffi~' cient protein in the ration of dairy cattle is often a limi- ting factor in growth and milk production. Hence home grown feeds should frequently be supplemented by the use of a high protein concentrate. Cottonseed meal usually furnishes the cheapest available source of a high protein concentrate but is not heartily recommended by all authorities. It is seldom recommended for calves and only in small amounts for lactating COWSe NEED OF PROTEIN IN TILE RATION Proteins or feeds high in protein are» needed in the ration for proper growth, maintenance or weight, and milk production. Sufficient amounts are necessary for the efficient utilization of all the nutrients of the ration. Protein or protein feeds also are high in phosphorous and therefore assist in making up mineral deficiencies. Proteins are specifically needed for the amino acids which they con- '53 in. General Need Van Slyke (1) quotes the average protein content of cows milk as 3.2 per cent. Therefore a cow producing 40 .. 2 .- pounds of milk daily would be producing 1.28 pounds of pro- tein per day. Since the animal body is unable to build up protein to any great extent from carbohydrates or fats, it is therefore apparent that the cow needs considerable pro- tein in the ration for milk production. Haecker (2) working with some 20 head of animals each year for a period of 8 years, concluded that under ordinary conditions, the ration of alcow should contain 1.5 units of crude protein to one unit of protein produced in the milk. Hills (3) in trials covering 14 years in which a large number. of animals were used, found that the low protein raw tion which he was using containing 9.76 per cent digestible crude protein was inadequate in respect to its digestible protein content in that it did not enable a cow to produce a full yield of milk. Ellett and Holdaway (4) working with a small number of cows in comparing narrow andwide rations found that those cows on the wide ration with nutritive ratio, 1:11, de- creased in milk flow, at first rapidly and later more slowly. Savage (5) after two years study, concluded that the Haecker standard for crude protein requirement for milk pro- duction should be increased by 35 per cent. Converse (6) got a 16 per cent increase in milk yield by increasing the-protein 20 per cent and the total digestible nutrients 10 per cent over the Haecker standard using 5 cows for 3 thirty-day periods. - 3 .. Fraser and Hayden (7) in an investigation used two lots of 9 cows each for 151 days. Lot I fed a ration with a nutritive ratio of 1:6, produced 12,553 pounds more of milk than Lot II fed a ration with a nutritive ratio of 1311. Let I consumed 54.59 pounds of total digestible nutrients and Lot II consumed 71.91 pounds of total digestible nutri- ents for-each 100 pounds of milk produced. The cows on this experiment were given what they would consume. Maintenance and Growth Hills (3) found that a ration containing 9.76 digestible crude protein was inadequate in its digestible protein con- tent in that it did not enable cows to maintain live weight. Ellett and Holdany (4) found that those cows on a wide ration, that hada nutritive ratio of 1:11, lost flesh rapidly. Proper Utilization of Nutrients Ellett and Holdaway (4) noted the low digestion co- efficients on a ration with a wide nutritive ratio of 1:11. Armsby (8) explains thelowered digestibility of nutrients whereprotein is limited in comparison to the carbohydrates, in the following manner. The excess of car- bohydrates causes an increase in nitrogeneous excretion Products in the feces much accounts for the apparent lowered digestibility of the protein part of the ration. . ~v fi-hu “nu it'll .t. i .. 4 .. The lowered digestibility of the carbohydrate part of the ration is due to the fact that the organisms of the rumen have an excess of soluble carbohydrates to act upon. Therefore the more insoluble carbohydrates are not acted upon an that they are left for the digestive Juices to act upon and therabre may be excreted. The addition of nitrogenous material stimulates bacterial action upon the insoluble starches, leaving less to be acted upon by the digestive Juices. Reproduct iong In a study of the protein necessary for reproduction, Rckles (9) found that the withdrawal of nutrients for growth of the foetus could not be measured on a dry matter basis. A Holstein calf at birth contains as much dry matter as 200 to 275 pounds of Holstein.milk. Hills (3) concludes from 14 records that foetal con- struction makes a small noticeable draft upon the digestible protein intake to a daily usage of from 0.05 to 0.1 pound. This may amount to 10 per cent of the entire protein intake extending over the entire gestation period, the large part of which, however, comes during the latter part of gestation. Phos phc me From an examination of a table compiled by Forbes (10) it is especially noticeable that feeds high in protein carry a 5 - a high per cent of phosphorous. Proteins or protein feeds must therefore assist in correcting a phosphorous deficiency in dairy cattle rations. Reed and Huffman (11) recommended the use of protein concentrates asta source of phosphorous in Michigan dairy rations. It is apparent from the review of literature that protein or feeds high in protein are essential for the maintenance of weight, milk, production, and reproduction. They also prevent waste of nutrients and furnish a source of phosphorus. The need of protein for*milk production appears to be of the greatest importance in the nutrition of dairy cattle. Amino Acids Required in the Ration As previously stated, proteins are needed specifically pfor the amino acids which they contain. The efficiency of some proteins is limited, unless supplemented by other sources of proteins. This is due to a deficiency of certain amino acids which cannot be synthesized by the animal organism. Osborn and Mendel (12) make this statement: "Obviously 'the relative values of the different proteins in nutrition are based upon their content of these special amino acids *which cannot be synthesized in the animal body and which are Endispensable for certain distinct, as yet not clearly de- fined processes which we express as maintenance and repair". - 5 .. Hart and Humphry (13). in a study of the efficiency of the proteins of milk, corn and wheat found that the quality of the protein is an important factor in maintenance and milk production. They concluded that the mammary gland will not compensate for deficiencies in protein structure. In connection with the ability of animals to make up these deficiencies of amino acids, Mathews (14) states: "While it appears that animal protoplasm has in general the same chemical properties as plants, there is no doubt that this power of manufacture of amino acids which is so note- worthy a property of plant life is reduced certainly to a very subordinate power in the animal, for it appears necessary to supply most animals with ready made amino acids". apparently some proteins are more valuable than others depending on their essential amino acids content. It there- fore seems wise to inquire into the content of amino acids carried by Linseed 011 Heal and Cottonseed Heal. However, before such a study can be of value it is necessary to know what amino acids are necessary. Consequently, a brief re- view and discussion of the necessary amino acids will be made. Hawk and Bergeim (15) believe that lysine, tryptophane, cystine and tyrosine are absolutely essential for normal development, while hitidine and proline may also be necessary. The remaining amino acids so far as known are not essential. W Osborne and Mendel (12) reported that typtophane was one of the limiting amino acids of casein for proper growth. Sure (16) found that rats could not synthesize tyrpto- phane from alanine and indole. He also found that WptOphane was the primary growth-limiting factor in the protein of corn. Mitchell (17) working with mice on rations composed of isolated amino acids found that mice survived longer if tryptophane was included as one of the amino acids. Jones, condone: and Moeller (18) noted the high tryptophane content of the proteins of oil seeds. Ackroyd and Hopkins (19) working with rats observed that rations deficient in tryptophane resulted in a marked loss in body weight. sine According to bus]: (20) lysine is present in proteins of animal origin. He also pointed out that zein the principal protein of corn, is deficient in lysine. Lusk also stated that lysine is the only amino acid with a straight chain which does not fem glucose. Hart, Nelson and Pits (21) presented evidence which indicated that the mammary gland cannot synthesize lysine and that this amino acid is not dispensible for normal main- tenance. .. a - . Buckner, Nollau and Kastle (22) using chicks got better growth on a diet supposed to be high in lysine than with one somewhat low in this amino acid. The grain mixtures used in this work were rather complicated. However, Osborne and Mendel (25) corborated the work of Buckner, Nollau and Kastle. These investigators working with chicks concluded that chickens as well as rats require lysine for normal growth. McGinty, Lewis and Marvel (24) working with rats on a gliadin ration which was low in lysine found that several amine and hydroxy derivitatives of caproic acid would not replace lysine. Good growth was made when the gliadin ration was supplemented with lysine or with the inactive d l - lysine. Osborne and Mendel (25) found that the addition of lysine to a ration containing 9 per cent of the protein edestein improved the growth of rats. Geiling (26) found that lysine did not appear to be necessary for maintenance of adult mice. Osborne and Mendel (12) reported that lysine was one of the amino acids necessary for proper growth on a ration consisting of zein as the source of protein. gracine Since tyrosine is a cyclic compound, it is reasonable to suppose that the animal body cannot synthesize it. How- ever, very little direct work has been done with this amino 801de .. 9 .. Aberbalden (27) demonstrated that tyrosine was necessary for satisfactory nutrition. Sure (28) working with rats concluded that tyrosine was one of thelimiting factors of growth with a ration containing 9 per cent lactalabumin as the only source of protein. Lightbody and Kenyon (29) reported that the growth ef rats for a 12 week period on a diet extremely low in tyrosine, was independent of the tyrosine content of the fOOde cyst ine Osborne and Mendel (30) found that the additinn of cystine to a diet in which casein was fed at a low level as the sole source of pmtein, promoted more adequate growth than a ration of casein alone. Geiling (26) working with mice reported that cystine appeared to be necessary for the maintenance of adult mice. Sherman and Merrill (31) observed that rats fed on whole milk powder diluted m. times its weight with starch and supplemented with yeast grew more rapidly when cystine was added. Lewis (32) found that the addition of cystine to the diet of dogs on a low protein diet of beef heart diminished the less of nitrogen from the body. This is interpreted to be the result of a specific demand for cystine for metabolic purposes. .. 10 .. Later Lewis (53) reported the same results when casein was used as the source of protein. The work of Sherman and Woods (34) showed that cyst ine aided in the growth of rats on an otherwise adequate mtion in which whole milk powder was fed at a low level. Muldoon, Shiple and Sherwin (35) found that dogs were not able to synthesize cystine or cysteine under stress of brombezene poisioning even though an inorganic form of sulphur was furnished. Johns and Pinks (36) stated that cystine was necessary for proper growth from the protein phaseolin. Arguing and Hist idine These two amino acids are considered together because they are similar in chemical structure and were considered as inter changeable in animal metabolism by some of the earlier investigators. Ackroyd and Hopkins ‘19) using rats reported that when arginine and histidine were removed from the diet of rats which had previously reoe ived a complete amino acid mixture, resluted in a rapid loss of body weight. When either arginine or histidine were restored to the ration there was no loss of weight. It was suggested that the body has the ability to convert arginine into histidine and visa versa. Rose and Cox (3'?) using rats as a ration of hydrolyzed gave an ‘2 his 3’20' 0! the d the :is‘. take p12 not cut: f, {,1 5,» H! a: .11 - casein from which the arginine and histidine had been extracted, found that the addition of histidine invariably gave an immediate resumption of growth at a normal rate. This showed that histidine is an indispensable ”component of the diet. However, when arginine was substituted fer the histidine in the ration, resumption of growth did not take place which indicated that histidine and arginine are not mutually interchangeable in metabolism. Later Rose and Cook (38) presented evidence to show that arginine and hestidine are not interchangeable in purine metabolism. It is apparent from recent investigations that histidine is an essential amino acid. However, the require- ment of the animal organism for arginine has not been definitely determined. Praline Aberhalden (39) suggests that proline is not an indispensible amino acid in maintenance and that the organism.may be able to synthesize it from glutamic acid. Sure (40) presents evidence which shows proline is indispensable for growth and that the:rat is unable to transform pyrolidone carboxylic acid into proline. It appears from.the review of literature that the amino acids, tyrosine, tryptcphane, lysine, cystine, and thestidine are absolutely essential for maintenance of weight or for proper growth. -12.. Arginine and proline are probably essential. Although.the field has been fairly well covered as to the essential nature of the amino acids Just discussed, one is left somewhat amiss as to what amino acids are necessary for milk production. Since milk protein is supposed to be a fairly complete protein food, one is led to wonder somewhat if the amihc acids necessary for growth and maintenance are sufficient for milk.production. COTTONSEED MEAL versus LINSBED OIL MEAL AS A SOURCE OF PROTEIN In studying the value of a feed which is new or not commonly used, it is a common procedure to compare it with.some feed of similar nature in common use. Since linseed oil meal is a feed of high protein content which is commonly fed it is used as a basis for ascertaining the value of cottonseed meal as a source of protein. Cottonseed.Mea1 Cottonseed meal is a high protein feed containing 37 per cent (41) digestible protein. It contains many amino acids which give it a high biological value. Many feed- tng experiments have been conducted with this product. It is manufactured from the delinted cottonseed as follows.(42) ggnufacture of Cottonseed Products it he crude oil mill, the cottonseed is first run - 13 - through revolving screens which separate out the larger pieces of trash mixed with it, then passed over shaking sieves and magnets, and through cyclone cleaners, to get rid of the sand, nails, and dust. Next the seeds are fed into the delinters, where the little short cotton hairs which the gins failed to remove are taken off, com- pacted into a felt, and rolled out like cotton batting, ready for the mattress maker or gun-cotton manufacture. From the last of these delinters the seed goes to the hullers, which break the hard outer coat or.hull and liberate the soft 011 containing meats. To separate the hulls and meats as thoroughly as possible, the material as it comes from the hullers is run over shaking screens. The hulls are passed through a second and sometimes a third huller, and then through additional separators until they come out practically free from any of the valuable oil-bearing interior portion. The meats when nearly freed from the hulls are ground through a series of three cr.more heavy steel rolls, and finally carried into storage bins ever the pressroom. In expressing most of the edible oil abroad several grades are frequently made by a repressing of the same batch of raw material. Cottonseed, however, in the United States, . at least, is pressed only once, and when hydraulic presses are used it is always heated or cooked before pressing. The cooking is done in.a shallow, steam-Jacketed pan equipped “ham the tea: many hi] the cool the coo. - 14 - with.a mechanical stirrer, which, as it revolves, mixes the meats thoroughly and prevents uneven cooking. In many mills a second pan, called a subheater, similar to the cooker and installed Just below it, serves to hold the cooked batch until the presses are ready for it. The type of press most commonly used in this country in.the production of cottonseed oil is the steel box-frame hydraulic. It consists of a series of horizontal steel plates set one above the other, and provided with closely fitting steel sides so that the whole machine is really a series of steel boxes without ends piled one upon the other, the lowest box resting upon a hydraulic piston. One after another all the boxes are charged with cooked meats wrapped in heavy press cloths until the press is filled. The compressed air is then turned on, and the oil as it is squeezed out flows down over the sides of the press and through troughs to the settling cistern. Asit comes from the press the dark red oil contains some fine meal. Before being pumped or shipped to the refinery, therefore, it is held in settling tanks or cisterns until most of the finer particles have settled out. The residue in the steel boxes, the cooked meats from amich.the oil has been pressed, are taken from the machine in slabs and go on the market as cottonseed cake. These slabs may be cracked and the material sold as "cracked Bake" used chiefly in range cattle feeding; or it may be - 15 ’ broken into smaller pieces and sold as "pea size" cake, used in range sheep feeding. The finer particles are sold as "screenings". The slabs are, also ground and the product sold as cottonseed meal. An increasing amount of crude cottonseed oil is made in.mills equipped with a type of continuous working press known as the expeller. The expeller is built somewhat on the principle of the ordinary meat grinder, and is simply an interrupted screw revolving inside of slotted steel barrel. The ground seed enters through a hopper at one end of the barrel, is pressed along toward the opposite end, and finally discharged around a cone, which can be set in or out of the outlet orifice, to give any desired pressure. Squeezed from the seeds by the pressure of the screw, the oil runs out through the small slits in the 'barrel, and after settling, or better, filtering through :1 filter press, is ready for shipment to the refinery. The :residue after the oil is pressed out is sold on.the market :as "whole pressed cotton seed" or "cold pressed cotton seed". Agino Acids A complete analysis of the essential amino acids of cottonseed meal does not seem to be available. Osborne and Voorhees (43) were among the early ins Testigatore to report any work.pertaining to the proteins of cottonseed meal. They reported a yield of 15.3 per cent - 15 - globulin from the air dried oil-free product, with which they worked. This, however, constituted only 42.3 per cent of the total nitrogen. of the product studied, so that globulin is probably not the only protein present in cottonseed meal. Aberhalden and Rostoski (44) determined the mono-amino acids of the "edestin" of cottonseed meal calcukmed for dry, ash free, "edestin" which were as follows: Percent Glycocoll 1.2 Alanine 4.6 Amino valerianic acid -present Praline 2.3 Glutamic acid 17.2 Aspartic acid I 2.9 Phenylalanin 3.9 Serin 0.4 Tyrosine 2.3 TryptOphane present Ravens (45) made a study of the basic amino acids found in cottonseed meal. He analyzed for the following amino acids eXpressed in percentage of the total nitrogen in the sample. Percent Arginine N 18.736 Cystine N’ 0.906 Histidine H 7.397 Lysine H 3.807 - 17 - Nitrogen expressed in percentage of the feeding stuff. Percent Arginine R 1.2733 Cystine R 0.0616 Histidine R 0.5027 Lysine N 0.2588 Hamilton, Nevens and Grindly (46) report the following analysis: (Expressed as percent of the total nitrogen) C.S.M. Alfalfa Corn Oats Per cent Per cent Per cent Percent Arginine N 18.7 8.0 8.73 11.65 Cystine H 0.945 0.991 1.07 0.944. Histidine H 7.171 3.93 4.83 5.80 Lysine N 4.21 4.43 2.2 2.84 Expressed as percent of the feed C.S.M.' Alfalfa Corn Oats Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent Arginine n 1.27 0.210 0.1228 0.195 Cystine R“ 0.0641 0.026 0.0151 0.016 Histidine R 0.4079 0.103 0.068 0.97 Lysine H 0.286 0.117 0.091 0.048 Nollan (47) gave the analysis of the followung feeding stuffs. - Expressed as percent of the total nitrogen O.S.M3 Oats Tankage Soy Beans Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent .Arginine N 12.77 11.42 12.34 15.92 Cystine N 2.74 4.48 2.46 1.52 Hist idine H 7.57 9.58 2.18 2.6 I'5’81116 I 1.94 0.00 2.50 7.02 - l8 - Jones and Conska (48) isolated two globulins from cottonseed meal the 1 and b globulins from a sodium chloride extract which yielded 2.59 and 16 percent, respectively. The material used for extraction was 74 per cent of the original meal, and the percent of nitrogen extracted by the method used was only 39 percent of the total nitrogen. Apparently all those amino acids listed as essential, tyrosine, trypt0phane, lysine, cystine and histidine with possibly arginine and proline, have been mentioned as present in varying quantities in cottonseed meal. The arginine, cystine, histidine and lysine content of cottonseed meal as analyzed by the different investiga- tors check.fair1y well. Nollau (47) reported a lower lysine and higher cystine content than the other investiga- 'tors. It will also be noted that arginine, cystine, 111stidine, and lysine content of cottonseed meal compares (quite favorably with.the amino acid content of the other feeding st uffs tabulated. Although cottonseed meal appears to be quite a complete source of the essential amino acids the true value as a source of protein should be further demonstrated by animal expo rimentat ions . lea digg Expe riments Bets. Gallup (49) using rats investigated the digestibility of cottonseed meal treated in various ways, -19» and fed at different levels in order to get the effect of. varying the protein intake upon.the digestibnity. The re- the ’ sults by/Bergeim.(50) method are as follows: Nature of Food Per Cent Average Diges- No.0f of Ration tibiliyy trials Cottonseed meal 25 61.2 3 ' 7 44 71.5 2 7 " autoclaved 25 50.2 3 2 " v 45 64.4 2 7 " extracted 31.2 73.6 2 2 i n 51.8 81.2 2 7 " " and gossypol 31.2 70.7 2 " " gossypol 51.8 75.4 2 Autoclaved seeds 40 64.0 1 " " 66 66.7 2 It will be noted from examination of this data, that in every case the digestibility of the protein was the high- est where the larger per cent protein was fed. The average digestibility of cottonseed meal varied 10.3 per cent at time two levels fed. Cooking lowered the digestibility, as shown.by'the fact that the cottonseed meal which is cooked during the process of manufacture and the autoclaved cotton- seed. meal had a lower digestibility than the extracted cottonseeds. The presence of gossypol, a toxic principle found in cottonseed meal,did not lower the digestibility. Jenes and Waterman (51) found that the addition of one Per cent gossypol to the weight of protein being used in 'VitrOnexperimentation, slowed up the action of pepsin and .. 20 .. . trypsin on the globulin of cottonseed meal. Ravens (52) obtained 66 percent as the average utilitation of the proteins of cottonseed meal for growth using three rats for two periods each. He also noted a supplementing effect in metabolism where alfalfa hay and cottonseed meal were fed together. Osborne and Mendel (53) obtained satisfactory growth with cottonseed globulin as the only source of protein. Satisfactory growth occurred where cottonseed meal was fed as the sole source of protein at a 15 per cent level and also when cottonseed flour was fed to furnish protein at an 18 percent level. Good growth also occurred at a 9 per cent protein level from cottonseed meal, and even consider- able growth occurred at a six per cent level. No toxic effect was noticed by feeding either the cottonseed meal or cottonseed flour. McCollum and Simmonds (54) reported that cottonseed flour fed as the only source of protein so as to furnish 6 per cent protein in a ration consisting of agar agar, dextrin, butterfat and a salt mixture was sufficient for maintenance of weight. Richardson and Green (55), -. (56) carried on quite an extensive investigation with rats using cottonseed flour as the sole source of protein. They were able to keep rats alive from 400 to 565 days with cottonseed flour in the diet as the only source of protein. A ration containing 50 per ‘ - 21 - cent cottonseed flour; protein free milk and butterfat was sufficient for normal growth.and development and for re- production to the third generation. No better growth was obtained but more frequent reproduction with lower'mortality occurred by the addition of 5 per cent casein to this diet. The above ration contained approximately 25 per cent protein since the cottonseed flour used contained 51.19 per cent protein. A ration of 50 per cent cottonseed flour witn 5 per cent casein and butterfat without additional minerals supported normal growth and reproduction through the second generation although the second generation did not grow normally on this diet. Rats which received 50 per cent cottonseed flour as the sole source of protein, minerals and vitamines gained and maintained body weight for 135 days. The addition of butterfat improved the latter ration. N0 toxic effect was apparent in feeding from 45 to 50 per cent cottonseed flour through four successive generations or during 565 days of the life of one individual. Later Richardson and Green (57) found that an extract of cottonseed flour fed at the rate to correspond to 50 per cent cottonseed flour in the ration contained sufficient water soluble accessory factors for normal growth. They also reported that cottonseed flour contained a fat soluble accessory factory found in butter fat in that the fat soluble 6X1: ract of cottonseed flour fed at a very high level took the - 22 - place of butterfat in.the ration. A ration containing cottonseed flour as the source of protein fed at an18 per cent level induced almost normal groimh in the male and better than average growth in the female with fairly normal reproduction, although high mortality occurred among the second generation. Normal grOImh did not occur at a 9 per cent level of protein and very.litt1e growth at 6 per cent level. At a 4 per cent level the rats lost in weight at first and then success- fully maintained their weight for 50 days. The digestibility of cottonseed meal for rats averages approximately 65 per cent. The proteins appear quite com- plete since they will support growth and reproduction.through the third generation when fed as the sole source of protein and will maintain weight fairly well when fed so as to fur- nish only 6 per cent protein in.the ration. ‘Qgg_, Osborne and Mendel (58) determined the nitrogen balance of three dogs fed a diet consisting of 50 per cent cottonseed flour with sugar and lard furnishing the re- maining part of the ration. The results of nitrogen utili- zation were as follows: Dog 5 - 72.6 per cent Dog 6 - 67.2 " 9 Dog 7 - 74.9 7 " Humans. Rather (59) ran seven digestion experiments on men, three of which were with cottonseed meal, two with cO‘ttonseed flour, and two with meat. The digestibility of 13119 protein of cottonseed meal averaged 77.6 per cent and - 23 - that of cottonseed flour 78.4 per cent as compared with 96.6 per cent for the protein of meat. .5933: Sinner and King (60) found that a ration con- sisting of cottonseed meal, shelled corn and timothy hay was superior to a ration of shelled corn and timothy hay for fattening lambs. Jenes and Dickson (61) reported that 80-pound lambs can be fed more than one-half pound cottonseed meal daily for a 70-day period with cottonseed hulls without any noticeable 111 effects. Gray and Ridgway (62) fed 65 ewes through the winter on a ration of cottonseed meal and hulls with no ill effects except in one case where blindness occurred. The ewes were fed this ration from 63 to 210 days. _ Poultgz. Osborne and Mendel (23) found that fer poultry, cottonseed flour was a suitable supplement for the proteins of corn gluten. Phillips (63) reports feeding experiments with chickens in comparing the feeding value of cottonseed meal and butter Inilk. Thirty birds were placed in each lot with the follow- ing rations: .Gottonseed meal Lot Lot on Standard Ration Grain 10 lbs. corn 10 lbs. com 10 lbs. wheat 10 lbs. wheat 5 lbs. cats 5 lbs. oats “8.811 5 lbs. bran 5 lbs. bran 5 lbs. shorts 5 Its. shorts 5.3 lbs. cottonseed meal 50 lbs. butter’milk - 24 - Average eggs produced per hen. Average eggs produced par for one year 55.69 hen for one year 166.87 Total feed consumed 50.24 lbs. Total feed consumed 63.1 lbs They concluded that cottonseed mealuwas worthless for poultry since the production on cottonseed meal was only approximately one-third as much as when buttermilk.was fed. No effect upon the fertility of the eggs from these two lots was noted, but the hatchability was less in the case of the lot receiving cottonseed meal. Evidently, in this investigation the reason for the lower egg production in the case of the cottonseed meal lot was pronably due to a considerable lower feed consumption. Eherefore, the cottonseed meal ration may have beenless palatable. mhe New'mexico Station.(64) reports the following data in comparing cottonseed meal and meat scrap as a source of protein in an experiment run for six months with twelve birds in each lot. Pen No. Bran Alfalfa Meal. Cottonseed Meal Meat Scrap 25 3.75 3.75 none 2.5 2‘ 2.5 2.5 5.0 none 29 3.75 3.75 2.5 none 28 4.5 4.5 1.0 none 27 5. 0 5 .0 none none ~25» Results Pen.No. Eggs Produced Nutrients Consumed Per Cent Nutrients per hen used for edible lbs. eggs produced 25 1221 ' 36.78 28.96 26 1336 32.237 37.07 29 1159 32.766 32.30 20 1021 30.075 31.15 27 1158 19.935 51.75 It can be noted that pen 26 recieving 50 per cent of the maah ration.as cottonseed.msa1.produced the most eggs and utilized the nutrients consumed for edible eggs produced most efficiently. Evidently, cottonseed meal proved a very good source of protein in this experiment. Clayton (65) presented data to show that cottonseed meal comprising as much as 11 per cent and 22 per cent of the mash ration of chickens was more efficient for egg production than.meat scrap fed at the same level of protein. He also reported data which indicates that cottonseed meal is good for'fattening broilers When it comprises 25 per cent or less, 0f the mash feed. inorrison.(66) fed beef scrap and cottonseed meal at the same level in the‘mash of two lots of hens for six months. 30 found that the cottonseed meal lot produced the most eggs. 3n0rrdson.concluded that cottonseed meal used as the chief Source of protein is palatable to fowls, and will produce 9888 when fed Judiciously. . 1 \III I“ - 25 - Hartwell and Lichtenthaeler (67) compared cottonseed meal with beef scrap. ri‘hese investigators found as a feed for fattening chicks that there was very little difference in the gains of the chicks. However, they point out that cottonseed meal is always consumed less readily than beef scrap. Thompson (69) presents data which tends to show that the addition of amineral mixture composed of bone meal, calcium carbonate and salt is beneficial to mashes where cottonseed meal is used. Thompson (68) reported that where a ration com posed of a grain rationlof oats and mile and a mash composed of 50 per cent ground oats and 25 per cent bran was fed to hens, it caused the app arance of "cottonseed meal spots" in about 8 per cent of the eggs produced. . The "cottonseed meal spot" in an egg is described as a brown spot with a reddish. tinge varying from the size of a pin point to one-fourth of an inch in diameter. This spot floats on the surface of the yolk and is readily seen when the egg is candled. Fertility and hatchability of the eggs were not effected. The health of the hens receiving this ration remained unchanged. Cottonseed meal can be placed in the mash for consump- tion by chickens in amounts from 10 per cent to 50 per cent without any apparent ill effects upon health. The factor which limits its use in some cases seems to be the lack of Palatability. .. 27 .. Swine. Curtis and Carson (70) in 1892 reported that cottonseed meal fed to hogs would cause death in six weeks. They also reported that raw cottonseed, roasted seed, boiled cottonseed meal and boiled seed produced the same effect, although boiling seemed to lessen the apparent toxic effect. They described the effects as follows: "The first sign of sickness, appearing in from six to eight weeks after cotton- seed meal is added to the ration, is a moping dullness of the animal with loss of appetite and tendency to lie apart. Within the course of 12 to 36 hours, often within shorter time, the animal becomes restless; staggering in his gait; breathing labored and spasmodic: bare skin showing reddish inflammation; sight defective and both nervous and muscular systems feeble and abnormal in action. The fatal cases all show - "thumps" - spasmodic breathing andin many instances the animal will turn in one direction only. Those pigs, which do not die, become stunted and do not grow". Emery (71) placed two pigs on experiment: which had been fed a ration of skim milk. One pig was placed on a ration of cottonseed meal and wheat bran, while the other received a ration of corn meal and bran. The pig which received the cottonseed meal andbran weighed 88 pounds at the beginning of the experiment and after 103 days weighed 145 pounds, with a failing appetite. The pig receiving the corn meal and bran ration weighed 91 pounds when started and 171 pounds at the end of the experimnnt. - 28 .. Dinwiddie (72) reported that three pigs died in 38 days after receiving a ration of one part cottonseed meal and three parts corn chops. Each pig at the time of death had. consumed 23 pounds of cottonseed meal. The addition of turnips to the above ration had little beneficial effect. A substitution of bran in place of corn chops proved bene- ficial. Pigs on a check ration of bran one part and corn chops three parts grew normally. A Sow fed 1.3 pounds of cottonseed meal per day during the last 80 days of the gestation period gave birth to three healthy pigs. Burtis and lialone (73) fed weanling pigs in small pens a ration of one-fifth cottonseed meal and four-fifths corn meal.) One-fourth to one-half of the pigs died in from five to seven weeks. In cases where cottonseed meal was replaced after two or three weeks with corn for two or three weeks and this alternating method of feeding continued, the pigs grew normally. Georgeson (74) placed one lot of pigs on a ration of one~fourth cottonseed meal and three-fourths corn meal, and another lot on one-half cottonseed meal and one-half corn meal. The results were equally disastrous, the pigs of both lots dying within three to eight weeks, the larger ones being the more resistant. In all cases, post mortem examination reVealed severe inflammation and congestion of the intestines, 101183. and heart. The authors state, however, that cotton- 3991 meal produces very rapid gain in both pigs and large hogs if the feed is changed before symptoms appear- - 29 . Goldberg and Maynard (75) reported that nine pigs out of a lot of twelve died within eight to twelve weeks on a ration of 60 per cent corn.meal, 10 per cent wheat middlings, 25 per cent cottonseed meal and 5 per cent molasses with a mineral mixture ad libitum. The pigs weighed from 30 to 50 pounds each when placed on experiment. ~Barnett and Goodall (76) successfully fed three hogs for a period of 28 days on a ratian of two parts corn and one part cottonseed meal. The hogs consumed an average of 2.3 pounds of cottonseed meal daily, with an.average gain of 1.67 pounds per day. Warren and Williams (77) fed three lots of pigs for 120 days on the following ration: Lot 1 Milo'chops 8 parts, 6.3.1:. 1 part Av. daily gain 0.86 lbs. Lot II Milo chops 8 parts, Tankage 6 parts.Av.daily gain 1.13 lbs. Lot III Milo chops 8 parts, 0.S.M. 5 parts,Tankage 3 parts Av. daily gain 0.99 lbs. The pigs in Lot I could not be induced to consume as mudh feed as the pigs in the other lots. one pig in Lot I died on the 70th day, apparently from cottonseed meal ins Jury. A lack of palatability was the reason for the smaller gains when cottonseed meal was fed. It is reported from the Texas Station (78) that five - 30 - brood sows, receiving a ration containing 15 per cent cottonseed meal stay in good condition and produce as many pigs as do tankage fed sows, but the pigs do not start to grow quite as rapidly as do the tankage fed pigs. ”The following statement is made: "We have not had any toxic condition with brood sows on pasture where they received a ration containing 15 per cent cattonseed meal and the sows farrow as large litters as do the tankage fed sows". They also note that pigs when fed free choice with a self feeder made good gains and showed no toxic effects when allowed oat pasture, whereas under dry lot or unfavorable pasture conditions the pigs will eat too much meal. Apparently, cottonseed meal even in small amounts is quite toxic when fed to swine for a very long period of time. Cottonseed meal can, however, be used to advantage for a short period. Pasture, apparently, exerts some in- fluence in neutralizing the bad effects of cottonseed meal. Horses and Mules. Bell and Williams (79) fed a grain ration of oats, bran.and cottonseed meal with cat hay as roughage to nine work horses; while seven of their team mates received a ration of oats and bran with cat hay as a roughage. The amount of cottonseed meal fed varied con- siderably, most of the animals refusing to eat more than two pounds daily although one consumed three pounds per day. One pound per day per 1000 pounds live weight proved to be the most satisfactory quantity to feed. Mares which were 1 31 - fed cottonseed meal during the period of pregnancy showed no ill effects from its consumption, nor were any ill effects noticeable on the colts when foaled. The feeding of cotton- seed meal did not prevent the mares from becoming pregnant. One mare on this eXperiment died after receiving three pounds of cottonseed meal daily for 46 days. Post mortem examination disclosed an inflamed condition of the stomach and intestines. The indications in this case were that death was due to the effects of cottonseed meal on the system. The effects were not noticeable until too late to prevent the loss of the animal. These investigators also noted that the mares thrived better and consumed their ration containing cottonseed meal more satisfactorily after they were turned on grass. Burkett (80) after conducting numerous investigations on the types of rations best suited for use in North Carolina, concluded that two pounds of cottonseed meal as a part of the daily ration could be fed to horses and mules with satis- factory results. Curtis (81) after completing several experiments on feeding cottonseed meal to horses and mules, concluded that two pounds may be successfully supplemented in the ration without any harmful effects. However, if more than two pounds daily were placed in the ration, the feed would be refused after some time. Templeton (82) carried on sons quite extensive in- vestigations on supplementing cottonseed meal in the ration 01' working mules. In one experiment, four lots of five mules - 32 - each were used. Lots I and II were turned out to pasture, whereas Lotsifll and IV were kept in a dry lot during the times they were not being worked. The mules in Lots I and II were paired in teams and those in Lots III and IV like- wise. The rations fed Lots I and II were reversed after 150 days and continued for an additional 150 days. The rations of Lots III and IV were likewise reversed. Mules in hot I received a ration of 10.26 pounds ear corn, three pounds oats, one pound cottonseed meal and 15 pounds of Johnson grass hay per 1000 pounds live weight. The mules in Lot II received a ration of 16 pounds of ear corn and 15 pounds of Hohnson grass hay per 1000 pounds live weight. For the first 150 days, Lot I gained an average of 60 pounds and Lat II gained an average of 76 pounds per mule. With the rations reversed, Lot I gained an average of 69 pounds and Lot II gained an average of 45 pounds per mule. Both rations were consumed with apparent relish although the anhmals gained less on the cottonseed meal ration which con- tained 1.5 pounds less of total digestible nutrients. Lot III received a ration of 11.4 pounds of ear corn, 1.1 pound cottonsed meal, and 10 pounds of Johnson grass hay per 1000 pounds live weight, whereas Lot IV received a ration of 13.7 pounds of ear corn and 12 pounds of Johnson grass hay per 1000 pounds live weight. Lot III lost an average «of 4 pounds and Lot IV gained an average of 4 pounds per Emile. With the rations reversed, Lot III gained an average - 53 - of 7 pounds and Lot IV lost an average of 14 pounds per mule although the animals lost some weight on the cotton- seed meal ration which contained 2 pounds less of total digestible nutrients. Six mules refused to consume more than 1.1 poundof cottonseed meal per 1000 pounds live weight, while four took to the ration readily and would have consumed more had it been offered. Apparently the oats fed Lot I and II or the pasture played some part in getting the animals to consume the cottonseed mealmore readily than.in case of Lot III and IV. The health, spirit and endurance of work and heat were the same when fed the ration of ear corn as the sole concentrate as when fed the ration con- taining the cottoneed meal or the ration with cottonseed meal and oats. Gayle and.Lloyd (83) wintered five mares weighing 900 pounds/60:01; ration of two pounds of corn and cob meal, two pounds cottonseed meal, eight pounds silage, and ten pounds of Johnson grass hay with no ill effects. Seventeen.mares averaging 1100 pounds were wintered on a daily ration of 5.6 pounds of ear corn, 1 pound of cottonseed meal, 8 pounds of silage and 10 pounds of Johnson grass hay with an average gain in weight of 50 pounds. Five colts were fed for 150 days on a daily ration of 0.5 pound corn and cob meal, 1 pound cottonseed meal, 8 pounds Silage and 5 pounds of Johnson grass hay. TWenty-four colts were successfully fed for 150 days OII a daily ration of 1 pound cottonseed meal in three different - 34 - lots, receiving other different ingredients. Nine yearling colts were fed 1.75 pounds of cottonseed meal daily for 150 days with no ill effects. Thirty two-year-old mules were successfully fed 2 pounds_of cottonseed meal in their ration for 120 days. It appears from the foregoing investigations that one to two pounds daily of cottonseed meal can be used as a supplement in a ration for horses and mules. Three pounds evidently produced bad effects where oat hay was used as roughage. Pasture in one case seemed to play some part in making cottonseed meal more palatable while in another case oats and pasture was a factor. Cattle. Fraps (84) reports the digestibility of the protein of cottonseed meal for steers and sheep as 88.4 per cent. . Rusk and Snapp (85) report that for steers cottonseed meal excelled either ground or whole soy beans as a protein supplement to a ration of shelled corn, corn silage and alfalfa hay. This test was run for 200 days. Goodell (86) fed two lots of 8 steers each for 140 days. Lot I received a daily ration of 5.8 pounds of cotton- seed meal and 78.17 pounds of silage which contained 18.3? pounds of total digestible nutrients. The average daily gain was 1.9 pounds. Lot II received a daily ration of 11.6 pounds of velvet beans and pod meal and'72.oz pounds of Silage which contained 21.19 pounds of total digestible nutrients. The average daily gain was 1.59 pounds. r 35 - In.three other lots of steers, each animal consumed 6.29 pounds of cottonseed meal per day for a period of 108 days with no ill effects. Each lot received a different type of silage. Templeton and Goodell (87) successfully fed 120 steers an average of 5.24 pounds of cottonseed meal in experiments covering four years with an average of 114 days in each feeding period. Emery and Kilgore (88) in 1895 fed four steers large amounts of cottonseed meal with no perceptiable effect on the health of the steers. Steer number one fed 92 days, consumed an average of 92 pounds of cottonseed meal, 17.2 pounds cottonseed hulls, gained 150 pounds per day. Steer number two fed for 92 days, consumed 18 pounds cottonseed meal and 15.6 pounds cottonseed hulls per day, gained 155 pounds. Steer number three fed for 135 days, consumed an average of 9.6 pounds cottonseed meal and 14.1 pound cotton- seed hulls daily gained 185 pounds. Steer number four which was fed for 135 days, consumed an average of 8.3 pounds cottonseed meal and 12.4 pounds cottonseed hulls daily, gained 240 pounds. Gully (89) after considerable work using a large number of animals, recommends the use of cottonseed meal and cottcn~ seed hulls for fattening cattle. Captain Wright (90) fed 2,000 head of steers a ration of 8 pounds cottonseed meal and 25 pounds cottonseed hulls with hay once per week. The steers varied in weight between - 55 - 850 and 950 pounds when.the feeding period started, and when sold weighed between 1141 and 1690 pounds. The average gain for one month was 75 pounds. Three animals died. The cause ofébath was attributed to pleuro pneumonia. Forst and Varley (91) attempted to produce mastitis by feeding cottonseed meal for'a six month period. They'began feeding at the rate of 6 quarts of cottonseed meal per day, and gradually increased to 10 quarts per day. Ten quarts of cottonseed meal weighs approximately 15 pounds. -Hay was used as roughage. At the end of the period the animal failed to show any ill effects. I McNutt (92) placed on experiment two lots of calves ranging in age from five to ten.months, with six animals in each lot. Lot I received a grain mixture of corn, oats, and wheat bran. Lot II received a grain mixture of cottonseed meal, oats and wheat bran. Each lot received the same amount of corn silage and hay. In Lot II four’calves under ten months of age made no gain for the first two months, and appeared unthrifty. The other two calves in this lot which ‘were ten months of age made good gains. The calves in Lot I gained normally. The results tend to show that cottonseed meal should not be fed to calves under ten months of age. The quality of hay used in this experiment was not mentioned. This same investigator fed a bull calf cottonseed meal with skim.milk. At first one-fourth pound was fed, and the amount was gradually increased until the calf received one and one- - 37 - half pounds daily. The calf died 71 days after the feeding of cottonseed meal had started. Emery (71) reported that three calves which were fed cottonseed meal, skim milk and hay died at 60 days of age. One ate sand while another had convulsions. The cause of death in two of the calves was .thought to be due to the cottonseed meal which was fed. Bust (93) reports observing peculiar toxic symptoms in draft oxen which were receiving two pounds of cottonseed meal per day. He describes the condition as follows: "Edematous swelling appeared at the extremities, the appe- tite being undisturbed. In later stages weakness of the hind quarters appeared and in single animals disturbances of equilibrium. Four of of fifteen of the affected oxen showed disturbances of vision. Apparently, they became completely blind as was evidenced by their grouping gait and colliding with other animals and surrounding objects. Exam- ination of the eyes revealed no special lesions except marked protrusion of the eye ball and abnormal enlargement of the pupil. The most severly affected animals were slaughter ed and the remainder recovered after the administration.of laxatives and alteration of the diet including discontinuance of the use of cottonseed meal. flautier and Larsen (94) report having recorded a number of poisoning cases of calves directly traceable to the cotton- seed. meal eaten. 4 33 - Dinwiddie and Short (95) fed two 400-p0und Jersey steers a ration of co ttonseed meal and cottonseed hulls. The cotton- seed meal was fed at the rate of 2 pounds a day at the begin- ning and increased to four pounds during the second month. After 70 days from the time the experiment started there was a loss of appetite, and a loss of weight. The gait 0f the animals was unsteady and reeling. The defect of locomotion appearing in all four limbs. Blindness occurred, and one animal died. The erythrocyte count of the animal which died was 3,400,000 per cubic mm with the hemoglobin at 50 per cent. Moore (96) placed three lots of heifers on experiment with five animals in each lot. A summary of feed consumed ' and milk produced for the first 180 weeks was as follows: Average daily per cow. Grain CoSeMo Wheat 1000.110 Com Chops Rice Bran f Bran L013 I 4:086 1062 0.04 0008 Lot 11 5.11 0.65 0.91 0.14 Lot 111 5.51 0.40 0.86 0.16 Roughage Rice Hay 0.8. Silage Green Milk Produced Polish Hulls Feed , Let I 0.06 9.18 2.92 2.79 13.7 110‘ II 0.03 0.22 1502 0022 0.62 1403 Lot III 0.05 6.01 6.09 5.19 11.7 r 39 - The feed consumed and milk produced for the last 140 weeks ran practically the same as for the first 180 weeks. Breeding data was given as follows: Times Bred Calves Dropped Months between calving Lot I 56 22 14 Lot II 41 24 13 Lot III 29 24 12 There were 14 cases of garget in Lot I. There was 1 case of garget in.Lot II. There were 2 slight cases of garget in Lot III. In Lot I one cow lost two quarters of her udder and two cows lost one quarter. In Lot II one cow lost one quarter of her udder. Lot I had three cases of retained afterbirth. Lot II had one case of abortion. . One calf was born dead in Lot I, and another was weak. The investigators conclude from their results that the feeding of 5 pounds of cottonseed meal/£2: :2; great length of time is injurious to the dairy cow causing inflammation of the udder, difficult breeding and retention of the after- biztht mention is not made as to whether the cows of each lot were.kept together or separately. Coombs and Curtis (97) carried on extensive investiga- tions using cottonseed meal as the principal concentrate. Iheir'results will be discussed fully in.the latter part of this thesis. . 40 - Apparently cottonseed meal furnishes a good source of protein for dairy cattle but if fed in large quantities for a long period of time, it produces injurious effects. Linseed Oil Meal Linseed oil meal (old process) is a high protein feed containing 30.2 per cent (4l-a) of digestible pro tein. Very little work has been reported upon its amino acid con- tent. It is used and recommended as a feed for all classes of live stock. zyannfacture of Linseed Products 2 According to Henry and Morrison (41-h), linseed oil . mesil is the by-product of flaxseed from which the oil has been extracted. The oil is extracted by means of two Processes, the "01d process" and the "new process". .Praetically all the linseed oil meal used in the United States is manufactured by use of the "01d process". ' By the 01d process the flax seeds are subject to a lleating, crushing and pressing process in the extraction of the oil. By the new process the flax seeds are heated and <3rushed and the oil extracted by the use of naptha. The new process oil meal contains 3 per cent more crude protein but 2.9 per cent less oil. The protein is slightly less digestible by the new process and the feed as a whole is less palatable. .. 41 .. Amino Acid; No analytical work as to the amino acid content of linseed oil meal seems to be available. Feeding Experiments MoCollum and Simmonds (54) working with rats, used a ration of 14.3 per cent flaxseed oil meal, 2 per cent agar agar, 75 per cent dextrin, 5 per cent butter fat and 3.7 per This ration contains 5 per cent protein, all Five of six cent salts. of which is derived from the flaxseed oil meal. rats in.this lot lost weight steadily and died within three to four months. In a ration similar but containing 6 'per cent tchl protein from the flaxseed oil meal, there was a slow decline in weight. A ration of 8 per cent flax seed protein just served to maintain body weight. These investigators conclude that, when taken.as the sole source of protein, the proteins of flaxseed are of distinctly lower value than are those of wheat, maize and oat kernels. Little need be said concerning feeding experiments carried out using linseed oil meal. It has always proven 0:3 great value as a supplement to ration for most all types Of livestock. Henry and Morrison state (41-0): "Linseed oil meal is one of the most popular dairy feeds and is excellentfor - 42 - horses. It is one of the best protein-rich supplements for fattening. cattle and sheep, and gives good results with swine when fed in a proper combination, but it should not be fed as the only supplement to pigs not on pasture". Bull (98) states: "Linseed cake or meal is one of the most valuable and useful by-products. It is not only very high in feeding value but unlike cottonseed cake meal, it is a safe and usually a profitable feed with any kind of animals." Feeding Experiments where Cottonseed deal and Linseed Oil Meal have been Compared Directly. 353g. McCollum and Simmonds (54) found that it re- nd calving. Date Age Oestrous Cycle lst oestrum period No date noted 2nd " " 2-9-28 819 days 5rd " " 2-20-28 830 " 11 days Bred 4th " " 3- 2-28 841 " 11 " 5th " n 4-6- 28 875 " 35 " - 94 - 6th oestrum period 4-29-28 890 days 14 days Bred Examined 7- 9-28 Pregnant Calved 11-22-28 1106 " Observations at calving time. (a) East of Parturation. This animal calved without assistance. The calf was found in the gutter in the morning. (b) Placenta. i Placenta came away in about three hours. Condition - normal. There were two cotyledons in.the dorsal cervical region which presented no healthy villi, all being short tufted and of a grayish opaque color. (0) Recovery I Recovered in a normal manner. (d) Udder ' The udder showed very little congestion. It softened up after*milhing began. (e) Colostrum. ' No microorganisms found. (f) Offspring. . The calf (male) was very strong at birth. Obtained colostrum. No blindness observed. This calf died at 48 hours of age due to Bacillus Coli infection. G-9's, G-l's and one herd calf lied-from this infection in the same manner at about the same time. This calf was injected three hours after birth.with anti white scour serum. Weight 88 pounds. Time carried 276 days. -95.. Post Ebrtem.Examination by Drs. Sholl and Keyer, of the Department of Animal Pathology. There was some evidence of degenerative change in the liver. The kidneys showed congestion and some evidence of cloudy swelling. There was some eurdled milk in the abomasum and the mucosa showed congestion and numerous small hemorrhages. The lungs showed marked congestion and numerous small hemorrhages. No pneumonia was noted. There were many subepicardial hemorrhages.over the heart. Cultures. B. 0011 was cultured from the liver. Diagnosis. B. Coli septicemia. Observations from second to third calving. Date Age Oestrous Cycle lst oestrum period 12-17-28 1151 days 2nd 7 " 1-18-29 1165 7 - 52 days 5rd 7 7 5- 5-29 1209 7 46 7 Bred Animal G‘4 0 Observations to first calving. Date Age Oestrous Cycle Born 12-28-25 Placed on experiment 5-51-26 95 days lst oestrum period 2- 8-27 407 " 2nd 7 7 5-18-27 445 7 58 days 5rd 7 7 4- 4-27 462 7 l7 7 Bred 4th 7 7 4-25-27 481 7 19 7 . 7 5th 7 7 5-12-27 500 7 19 7 7 Calved ‘ 2-12-28 776 7 - 95 - Observations at calving time. (a) Base of Parturation. It was necessary to pull the calf. Normal presentation. (b) Placenta. Placenta came away in about four hours. Condition- heal thy. (c) Recover . This animal recovered in a very normal way. (d) 'Udder. I The udder showed considerable congestion but could not be considered abnormal. The swelling seemed to extend all along the abdominal wall. This condition disappeared by the eighteenth day. (6) Colostrum. Streptoccus was isolated from the left rear quarter. (f) Offspring. The calf (male) was fairly active at birth. It was able to get on its feet andnurse. »This calf was not quite as lively as it should have been. No blindness observed. Height 79 pounds. Time carried 276 days. 7 Observations from first to second calving. Date Age Oestrous Cycle lst oestrum period 5-15-28 _808 days 2nd 7 , 7 4- 6-28 850 7 22 days 5rd 7 7 4-28-28 852 7 22 7 4th .7 7 5-19-28 875 7 21 7 Bred 5th 7 7 7» 2-28 917 7 24 7 7 I III-J)" I l' H” .lllll ) - 97 - Examined 12-1-28‘ Calved 4-15-29 1204 days Observations at calving time. (a) Ease of Parturation. 7 It was necessary to pull the calf. Normal presentation. (b) Placenta. Placenta came away in about seven to eight hours. Condition.- healthy. (c) 'Udder. The udder contained some hardness but not more than normal. (8) Colostrum. Incompleted. (f) Offspring. The calf (female) was very strong and active at birth. No blindness observed. Jeight 81 pounds. Time carried 287 days. Animal G-6 Observations to first calving. Date Age Oestrous Cycle Born 4416-26 Placed on experiment 7-19-26 94 days lst oestrum period 6-4-27 414 " 2nd 7 7 6-25-27 455 7 21 days- 5rd 7 7 7- 8-27 448 7 15 7 4th 7 7 7-15-27 752 7 7 7 Bred Calved ‘ 4-18-28 752 7 drill! 1! .O I! I «I. I '«H H h.»(! I! llrvl ‘ "I'llu I 11D1’ l 'l ll" tl \ \O I)!" - 98 - Observations at calving time. (a) Base of Parturation. It was necessary to pull the calf. Hormel presentation. (b) Placenta. The placenta cane away before morning, the animal having calved some time during the night. Condition of placenta was no mal. (0) Recovery. This cow recovered in a normal way and was active imgediately after calving. (d) Udde 1‘. The udder contained considerable swelling. The swelling extended forward along the underline. The hardness disappeared in ten days. (e) Colostrum. Streptococcus in all four quarters. (r) Offspring. Calf (female) was normal and very lively. No blindness observed. Jeight 79 pounds. Time carried 277 days. Observations from first calving to second calving. Date Age Oestrous Cycle lst oestrum period 5-17-28 764 days 2nd " " 6- 6-28 781 " 20 days 3rd 7 7 . 6-26-28 801 7 20 7 4th " " 8-11-28 847 " 46 " Bred 5th." " 10-15-28 912 " 65 " " 6th " " 11-14-28 942 " 50 " " Examined . 2- 2 ~29 Pregnant. - 99 - Animal G-8 Observations to first calving. Date Age Oestrous cycle Born 5-21-26 Placed on experiment 8-18-28 89 days -lst oestrum period 7-25-27 430 " 2nd " " 8-15-27 451 " 21 days Bred Calved 5-18-28 727 " Observations at calving time. (a) Ease of Parturation. It was necessary to pull the calf. A nonnal presenta- tion except that one foot was bent back so that it was necessary to push the calf back in order to get the other foot started. (b) Placenta. The placenta came away in five hours. Condition - normal. Only the gravid horn was examined. Absolutely no indications of disease. (0) Recovery. Recovered in a normal manner from the effects of calving. (d) Udder. J The udder contained the usual congestion common to heifers with some swelling along the underline. (e) Colostrum. Streptococcus found in the right hind quarter. (f) Offspring. The calf (male) was strong at birth. No blindness observed. Jeight 80 pounds. Time carried 276 days. .. -M.A i m.— __.- d.- I ~100- Observations from first calving to second calving. Date Age lst oestrum period 8-5-28 806 2nd " " 11-26-28 919 5rd 7 7 1-21-28 975 Animal G-lO. days If '1 Observations to first calving. Date Age Born 10-5-26 Placed on experiment 1-5-27 92 lst oestrum period 2-13-28 495 2nd " " 3-4-28 513 3rd 7 7 3-20-28 529 4th 7 7 5-8-28 578 Examined' 7-9-28 640 Calved 12-9-28 794 days 7' Observations at calving time. (a) Ease of Parturation. It was necessary to pull the calf. offered very little resistance. (b) Placenta. The placenta was expelled about calving. The condition was healthy. (0) Recovery. ' Recovered normally. (d) Udder. Oestrous Cycle 115 days Bred 56 I! W Oestrous Cycle Bred 20 days " 16" N 49 " " Pregnant However, it three hours after - lOl - The udder was not exceptionally hard or inflamed. (e) Colostrwn. No sample taken. (f) Offspring. The calf (female) was normal and active as birth. The calf was injecte three hoars after calving with anti white scour serum and removed from the dam twelve hours after calving to be raised by the Udahl system. No blindness observed. Jeight 88 pounds. Time carried 281 days. Observationszdom first to second calving. Date Age Oestrous Cycle lst oestrum period 12-20-28 805 days 2nd " " 1-22-29 858 " 3rd " " 2-11-29 858 " 20 days 4th " " 3-25-29 900 " Bred Discussion of Reproduction. The reproduction records of both lots is summarized in Tables XXXI and.KXXII. One calf in Lot I was quite small which was probably due to inheritance since the calf's dam was also the smallest animal in both lots. The weights of the calves from Lot I compare favorably with those in Lot II. The loss of three calves, two in Lot I and one in Lot II can in no way be attributed to the effects of the rations upon the dams since the calves were strong and active at birth. Apparently a very virulent type of Bacillus 0011 was present in the herd at the time these calves were affected. The heavy feeding of cottonseed meal has not caused difficult breeding nor retention of placentas. - 102 - There was apparently little difference in.favor of either lot from the standpoint of reproduction. Lactation Records Milk. Milk records for all animals by thirty-day periods will be found in Tables XVIII to XXX, inclusive. Animals G-l to G-5 inclusive have completed the first lactation. The total milk produced the first lactation period by animals G-l, G-3 and G-5 in Lot I, fed cottonseed meal was 9,958, 10,286 and 10,897 pounds of milk.respective1y. While animals G-2 and G-4 in Lot II fed linseed oil meal produced 6,540 and 12,102 pounds of milk respectively. Animals G-l to G-8 inclusive have com- pleted ten months. The ten months milk records of the cows in Lot I fed cottonseed meal and the cows in.Lot II fed linseed oil meal is as follows: Lot I Lot II Pounds of milk for 10 months Pounds of milk for 10 months G-l 9,846 G-2 6,340 G-3 10,231 G-4 11,088 G-5 10,099 G-6 7,854 G-7 7,529 G-8 9,240 Butterfat. The butterfat produced by thirty-day periods will be found in Tables XVIII to XXX inclusive. The ten months butter- fat production of the animals in Lot I fed cottonseed meal and in Lot II fed linseed oil meal is as follows: LIIII. fl IDIO'O» I ( 7))! -1] I {III I (I 1 I. ) i .1 ll 7' I .I V ( '1'. t 9 |u .I 77)] (7‘0. 4105 - Lot I Lot II Pounds of butterfat for 10 months Pounds of butterfat for 10 months G-l 513.5 - G-2 235.7 G-Z 889.8 G-4 407.6 G-5 346.0 G-6 273.4 G-7 277.1 G-8 329.6 The average percent of butter fat in the milk of Lot I was 3.43 per cent, and for'Lot II 3.6 per cent. Discussion of Lactation Records One animal, G-2 in Lot II, proved to be a rather low producer. She produced only 6,340 pounds of milk and did not milk a full ten months. This low production is probably due to inheritance. Two animals in Lot I and one in Lot II made better than 10,000 pounds of milk.for the first lactation. There is apparently little difference between the two groups from the standpoint of milk and butter fat production, although Lot I which received cottonseed meal has a slight advantage. Feed Records Feed Consumed. A complete record of,feed consumed by thirty-day periods by all animals in this experiment is contained in Tables I to XXX inclusive. Feed consumed by all animals to calving is found in Table I to XVII inclusive. - 104 - Feed consumed by all animals from first to second alving is included in Tables XVIII to XXVII inclusive. Tables XXVIII to XXX inclusive includes feed consumed by three animals which have calved the second time. Ngtrients Required Nutrients required will be found in.the same tables as those in which feed consumption is tabulated. Nutrients Conswmed Nutrients consumed will likewise be found in the same tables as those in which feed consumed is tabulated. Discussion of Peed Records An examination of the tables shows that animal G-l consumed an average of 7.1 pounds of cottonseed meal daily during the first lactation. Animal G-5 consumed 7.4 pounds. Animal G~5 consumed 7.5 pounds. These amounts of cottonseed meal are several times more than.the average feeder would use to supplement a ration. The feeding of such large amounts of cottonseed meal is not in harmony with the common opinion that not more than two to three pounds should be fed to dairy cattle. Excess protein consumed by both groups is approximately 50 per cent more than.the requirements for the Savage Standard. Observations We 152‘: o I The growth in weight of the two lots of animals up to first calving is shown in Graphs I to lVII inclusive. The - 105 - growth in weight of each pair is compared to Eckles Normal. In every case the animal in the lot fed cottonseed meal weighed less than.the paired animal in.the linseed oil meal lot. It must be remembered that in every case the smaller animal of each pair was placed in.the cottonseed meal lot. All the first original animals, G-l to G-lO inclusive, are, however, above chles Normal from 18 months of age to calving time. Animals G-ll to G~12 and G-l4 are also above Eckles Normal. The remaining animals, G-13, G-15 and G-l6 are below Eckles Normal a though most of the other animals were also below Eckles Normal at this age. Table XXXIV shows the growth in weight of G-l to G-lO inclusive by six month periods up to 36 months of age compared to Eckles Normal at ZO-months of age. Apparently there was little difference in growth by weight between the two lots of animals. However, there was a slight difference in favor of Lot II. height of Jithers. The growth in height at withers of the two lots of animals up to first calving is shown in Graphs I to VIII in- clusive. The growth in height at withers of each pair is compared to Eckles Normal. Practically all animals of the original group except G-7 were normal in height at withers at first calving. Table XXXIV shows the growth in height of withers of animals G-l to G-lO inclusive by six months periods to 36 months of age. - 106 - Apparently there was little difference between the two lots in growth in height at withers, . though the animals in Lot II may have a slight advantage which may be explained on the basis of individual variation. Consistency of Feces. No previous attempt has been made experimentally to study the costive or laxative effect of cottonseed meal. Consequently, an attempt was made to compare the effect of cottonseed meal and linseed oil meal upon the consistency of feces by feeding various amounts of each with and without silage. 7 It was thought that the consistency of the feces should be measured by some mechanical means in order to avoid personal prejudice and variation in judgment. Consequently, the following mechanical method was used. The feces samples were taken immediately after evacuation and as near the same hour each day as possible. The samples were placed in a six inch evaporating dish and pressed down just sufficiently so as not to allow any Oprn air spaces. (See Plates I and II) The feces were then leveled off even with the edges of the dish with a smooth stick. A wooden ball approxi- mately three inches in diameter with graduations about its circumference was gently placed in the middle of the dish. Each graduation was called a degree which read from 15 to 45 degrees. A 500 gram weight was placed on top of the ball, which was flattened. The distance which the ball pressed into the feces was determined by the graduation of degrees on the - 107 - on the ball. In other words, the softer the feces, the farther the ball sank and the greater the reading in degrees and visa versa. Using the method as described, the consistency of feces of 4 groups of animals was determined. The consistency of feces of animals G~1, G-3 and G-5 in Lot I and animals G-2, G-4 and G-6 was determined for a 10-day period. The observa- tions were taken during a period of heavy milk production and consequently the animals were being fed cottonseed meal and linseed oil meal quite heavily. They were 24 to 50 months of age. The results are shown in Table XXXV and Graph X. The animals in Lot I received 7.8 pounds to 9 pounds of cottonseed meal and the animals in Lot II received 6 to 12.6 pounds of linseed oil meal daily. The results shOW'very little difference in the consistency of feces of the two groups. The consistency of feces of animals G-7 and G-9 of Lot I, and G-8 and G-lO of Lot II was determined for a lO-day period. These animals had not yet freshened and were re- ceiving 2.4 pounds of cottonseed meal and 5 pounds of linseed oil meal daily. The results are sl-own in Table XXVI and Graph X. The results secured in the first two groups of animals indicated that there was practically no difference in the consistency of feces of cattle fed on cottonseed meal or linseed oil meal along with silage and timothy hay. Since succulent feed, such as silage, is regarded as having a -lOB- laxative effect, six mature cows were placed on.an experiment to determine the effect of feeding cottonseed meal and lin- seed oil meal without silage. A group of cows were divided into two lots of three animals each. The cows in both groups received 4.5 pounds of ground corn, 4.5 pounds gro nd oats each, and all the timothy hay which they would clean up in addition to the protein concentrate. The animals in Lot I, numbers 158, 179 and 150, received in addition, nine pounds of cottonseed meal daily, while those in Lot II, numbers 225, 226 and 217, received nine pounds each of linseed oil meal daily. A seven day preliminary period was allowed, during which time the silage was replaced by timothy hay. The consistency of the feces excreted by the groups was determined daily for six days, after which the animals in Lot I were fed nine pounds of linseed oil meal and those in Lot II were fed nine pounds of cottonseed meal daily. Two days were allowed :or the change from co ttonseed meal to linseed oil meal and vice versa. The consistency of the feces from both groups was then observed daily for six days. The effect of these feeds on the consistency of the feces is shown in Table XXXVII and Graph XI. It is apparent that there is but little difference between the consistency of feces of animals fed cottonseed meal and linseed oil meal. t is also of interest to note in Table ZLXVII that the change from cottonseed meal to linseed oil meal and vice versa failed to produce a disturbance in the digestive tract. These animals if I! If." Ill! at! o I. I. 3s. Q) AI! «r l I; In t - 109 - were not accustomed to having cottonseed meal in their ration. The results obtained in the first and third groups of animals indicated that the heavy feeding of cottonseed meal did not affect the consistency of feces any more than the heavy feeding of linseed oil meal. However, there was a possibility that the heavy feeding of cottonseed meal caused an irritation in the digestivetract which resulted in a soft feces. In order todetermine the effect on fine mansistency of feces of feeding a small amount of cottonseed meal and lin- seed oil meal without silage, six animals were placed on ex- periment. The cattle in Lot I, numbers 202, 194 and l-B were fed two pounds of cottonseed meal, three pounds of corn and oats daily with timothy hay for roughage. The cattle in Lot II, numbers 165, 173 and 2-B received two pounds of linseed oil meal in addition to three pounds of corn and oats daily with timothy-hay. A seven day preliminary feeding period was allowed, after which, the consistency of feces was determined daily for eight days. Animals in Lot I were then fed two pounds of linseed oil meal in place of cottonseed meal, and those in Lot II were fed two pounds of cottonseed meal in place of two pounds of linseed oil meal. These changes were made in one day. Observations were made daily on the feces for eight days thereafter. The results are shown in Table XXXVIII and Graph XII. - llO - The method of judging the consistency of feces by physical appearance depends largely on the judgment of the investigator. The use of a wooden ball with graduations to measure the depth into which the ball sinks into different feces when a 500 gram weight is placed on it is a superior method of measuring the consistency of various feces. Heifers which were raised on cottonseed meal as the principal source of protein from three months of age have excreted, for more than two years, feces which are just as soft as those excreted by animals raised on linseed oil meal for the same period. In.this investigation, the amount of cottonseed meal or linseed oil meal did not affect the con- sistency of the feces. When silage was left out of the ration and cottonseed meal and linseed oil meal were fed at the rate of nine pounds per day, no difference could be shown in the consistency of the feces. A sudden change from cottonseed meal to linseed oil meal feeding, and vice versa, had no apparent effect on the consistency of the feces. Cows which were fed only two pounds of cottonseed meal or two pounds of linseed oil meal daily excreted feces of about the same consistency. Apprent- ly the levels at which cottonseed meal was fed in these rations had no effect on the consistency of feces. Rate of Food Passagq; To measure the rate of food passage in cattle it is necessary to feed some substance and detect its first and last appareance in the feces. It is fiderefore necessary to 6 111 - find some subs ance which.the animal does not digest or absorb and one which does not affect the digestive system. Ferric oxide was considered suitable for this purpose because it is very insoluble, and because there is such a small amount of iron in the feed which cattle consume, so that any raise in the amo nt of iron.in the feces could easily be de- tected by chemical analysis. The animals used in this experiment were G-5 and G-7 in Lot I and G-4 and G-6 in Lot II. Animals G-5 and G-7 received 2.3 pounds of cottonseed meal per day and G-4 and G-6 received 3 pounds of linseed oil meal per day. They also received what- ever silage and timothy hay they would clean up. These animals were from 20 to 24 months of age when this experiment was run. one hundred grams of ferric oxide was fed in the morning [nixed with the grain and silage. Samples of the feces were collected and the time of passage noted. These collections con- tinued for approximately 70 hours after the iron oxide was fed. Analysis for the iron content of the feces are shown in Table XXXIX. The first appearance in the feces of the ingested iron oxide of animals G-5 and G-7 in the lot fed cottonseed meal was 11 hours and 45 minutes, and 11 hours and 30 minutes, respective- ly. The iron first appeared in the feces of animals G-4 and G-6 fed linseed oil meal in 12 hours and 50 minutes and 12 hours, respectively. The iron excretion reached the peak in animals G-5 and G-7 in 25 hours and 50 minutes, and 24 hours and 45 minutes - 112 - respectively, after the iron oxide was fed. In Lot II the peak of excretion occurred in animal G-4 31 hours and 10 minutes and in G-6 31 hours after being fed. Samples evidently were not taken for a sufficient length of time to measure the complete lag since considerable ton re- mained in the feces after 70 hours. The lag, however, was con- siderably longer than that obtained by Reed and Huffman and Add ington (150). It seems cuite apparent from this investigation that cottonseed meal is not costive in comparison to linseed oil meal. The results tend to show that cottonseed meal is more laxative than linseed oil meal. However, insufficient numbers of animals were used to warrant a very definite conclusion. Bacterial Flora of the Udder Bacteria in milk from each animal in both lots was determined over a period of six months. Samples were taken for three consecutive days each month at the evening milking. The milk of each animal was drawn into a sterile tube in approxi- mately equal amounts from each quarter. One on of milk was then pippetted in 9 cc of sterle physiological salt solution. One cc of this dilution was then plated in duplicate using nutrient agar. Plates were incubated for 48 hours at room temperature and then incubated for‘48 hours at 37° centigrude. Results are shown in Table XL. tApparently all bacterial counts were within a normal range with the exception of one animal, G-3 in Let I, which had a rather high count. An examination of themilk from the ~ 113 - separate quarters revealed a high count in one quarter. However, this cow has never shown any signs of mastitis. The animals in both lets have been free from this disease altho gh animals of the experimental herd have had mastitis. Tests for the reduction of hethylene blue were also run for two months as shown in Table XLI.L. It was apparent that the type of organisms present in the udder flora of the animals used in this investigation did not affect the keeping qualities of the milk, so that these tests were discontinued. Condition of Coat. Observations on the coat were made as planned. Results with the or'ginal ten.animals of this experiment are shown in Table XIII. . In Lot I the observations "sleek" was made 39 times; "very sleek" 9 times; "fairly sleek" 65 times; "fairly rough" 35 times and "reap " nine times. In Lot II "sleek" was observed 28 times; "very sleek" 3 times; ”fairly sleek" 66 times; "fairly rough" 39 times and "rough" 9 times. Apparently there is little difference between the two groups in this respect. fingth of Kai r. Observations on length of hair were made as planned. Results of these observations are shown in Table ZLIIIL. There appears to be little difference between the two lots in this respect. QQuble Thickness of Kids; Linseed oil meal is used extensively by snowmen to produce - 114 - a thin loose hide. Observations on do ble thickness of hide were made as planned. Results of these observations are shown in Table TKL‘V . There appears to be little discernable difference between the two lots in this respect. Looseness and Pliability of Hide. Linseed oil meal is used quite extensively by showman as a part of the fitting ration for the purpose of making the hide loose and pliable. Observations on looseness and pliability of hide were made as planned. Results of these observations. are shown in.Table .XLV.. Little difference can'be discerned between the two lots in this respect. Health. Obse;vations were made of the health of the animals as planned. All animals remained in good health throughout the eXperiment. The health of G-1 and G-9 in Lot I was noted, as fair, instead of good at several Observation times. The health of G-4 in‘Lot II was also observed as fair for three observa- tions. The reason for such observations was because the animals were milking very heavy. Appetite, The appetite of all animals remained nonnal at all times, although occassionally an.anima1 refused feed which occurs among normal cattle. Condition of Flesh: Observations of the cendition of flesh were made as planned. Results are tabulated in Table TZLVI' . There was very litgle difference between the two lots. ~ 115 - Lice Obse:vations for the presence of lice were made as planned. Lice were found in a few cases during certain seasons of the year. The lice were not prevalent in one let any more than in the other. Shedding. Observations for the shedding of hair was aade as planned. Results of these observatiuns are shown in Table XLVII . No particular difference could be noted in either group. Blindness. No blindness was observed. in either group. Blood Counts. Erythrocyte and leucycyte counts were made by the standard method of counting. The results are shown in Tables XLIX and L. Apparently all animals remained nonnal in their erythrocyte count. ’However, the leucycyte count seemed to run high in a great many cases of both lots. This condition will be inves- tigated further. Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin content of the blood was also checked each month by use of the Tallquiét Hemoglobin scale. .The results are shown in Table L1. The results show that none of the animals of either group were below nonnal. Blood Tests_ Blood samples were taken each month for abortion tests. - 116 - All animals remained negative throughout this eXperbnent. Photographs Photographs were taken of cows and calves at freshening to show'the strength and size of both cows and calves. Plates III to IXXVII. ihtographs were also tat n of the calves at 90 days of age to show grwoth and health. Bhtographs of all heifers were taken at 15 months of age. - 117 GENEjAI DISCUSSION OF EXEERIMEHTAL RESULTS Cottonseed meal and linseed meal were compared by feeding two lots of animals. Linseed oil meal was used as a standard of comparison against cottonseed meal since linseed oil meal is considered as a good safe source of protein. Cottonseed meal is considered as a good source of protein but not a safe feed to use in large amounts or for long periods of time. In.this experiment cottonseed meal was compared to lin- seed oil meal starting with heifer: calves at 90 days of age and continuing through lactation. The ration was supplemented with corn, silage, a good quality timothy hay, bone meal and salt. Whole ground corn was also fed at various times as a source of energy. The growth, reproduction and lactation.of the two groups were about equal when the factor of inheritance was taken into consideration. Both lots consumed approximately 50 per cent more protein than was required by the Savage Standard. Cottonseed meal has been considered as a costive feed. In measuring the consistency of feces and rate of food passage these investigations do not confirm the idea that cottonseed meal is costive. The method used in determining the rate of food passage indicates that the lag of food is longer than previously reported by other investigators. Cottonseed meal is believed to cause mastitis. No mastitis was noted in either lot and batterial counts of the adder flora revealed normal counts for the cows in both lots with the exception.of one animal in Lot I. This condition, - 118 - ‘ however, often occurs in normal cattle not affected with mastitis. In observations which were made upon the condition of coat, loosencss and pliability of hide, health, appetite, condition of flesh, lice and shedding, no particular difference could be ascertained between the two groups. In measuring the length of hair and double thickness of hide, there was no difference between the two lots. Erythocyte counts were made which revealed that all an'nals remained normal. The leucocyte count seemed to be abnormally high in both lots. This condition may be associated with heavy feeding of concentrates and should be investigated further. There was no manifestation of cottonseed meal injury in any of the animals at any time during this investigation. Cottonseed meaL was fed in amounts to furnish all the required protein in the form.of cottonseed mea . Two and four tenths pounds were fed up to first calving. is much as 11.7 pounds were fed to one animal for a short period of time. Three of the animals in Lot I consumed an average of from 7.1 to 7.4 pounds of cottonseed meal daily from first to second calving with no ill effects. The symptoms of cottonseed meal injury have been produced by some investigators by feeding concentrates other than cottonseed meal. This would seem to eliminate the factor gossypol as a cause of cottonseed meal injury to cattle. ‘Apparently "cottonseed meal injury" in cattle is due to a lack of factor or factors carried by hay. A good quality hay was fed throughout this experiment. l. Cottonseed meal when compared to linseed oil meal furnished a good source of protein for growth, reproduction and lactation. 2. As much as 7.1 to 7.4 pounds average daily of cottonseed } ck“ meal were fed on an adequate rati n through the fi'st lacta ion with no apparent inj1ry. 5. Cottonseed meal inbry is probably due to a lack of factor or factors carried by hay. 4. Cottonseed mealéid not prove costive to dairy cattle when compared to linseed oil meal in rations with and without corn silage. 5. The heavy feeding of cottonseed meal to dairy cows did not produce mastitis. 6. There was no appreciable difference in the ef seed meal and linseed oil meal upon the condition of coat, length of hair, double thickness of hide, looseness and pliability of flesh, and shedding. I 7. The heavy feeding of cottonseed meal had no effect on the erythocyte count or'per cent of F moglobin of the blood of dairy cattle.' 1. 2. 3. 4e 5. 6. '1. -121- 4 . BIBLIOGRAPHY Van Slyke, Lucius L. 1927. Modern Methods of Testing Milk and Milk Products. pp.16. Orange Judd Publishing Co., Inc., New York, Publisher. Haecker, T. L. 1914. Investigations in Mill: Production. University of ‘ Minnesota Agr'l. Exp. Sta. Bulletin 140. Hills, J. In 1922. The Maintenance Requirements of Dairy Cattle. Vermont Agr'l. Exp. Sta. Bul. 226. Ellett, w. 13., andnHoldaway, o. ,w. 1920. The Effects of High Protein and High Energy Rations in Feeding Dairy Cows. Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Va. Agr'l. EXp. Sta. Technical Bul. 20. . Savage, B. E. . 1912. A study of Feeding Standards for Milk Production. 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Per Gt. 7 45 0.06 6 45 0.081 5 0.065 6 15 0.062 10 0.08 9 45 0.082 6 45 0.065 9 10 0.064 11 45 0.154 11 50 0.195 9 45 0.065 12 0.911 12 so * 13 0.252 12 so 0.113 13 45 * 14 50 14 55 15 40 15 50 15 16 50 14 50 18 16 55 18 50 16 50 22 25 18 20 19 50 21 50 24 50 1.56 18 45 21 55 2.02 22 50 1.42 27 50 2.26 19 55 25 20 2.02 25 20 1.85 51 2.54 21 55 1.56 24 45 2.15 26 55 2.10 55 25 2.16 24 20 2.00 26 50 2.05 28 25 2.10 57 55 1.82 25 50 2.40 27 40 2.01 51 10 2.92 40 50 1.65 26 55 2.14 28 25 1.88 55 2.72 45 50 27 55 2.28 55 1.77 56 55 1.98 45 29 10 2.28 56 40 1.55 40 50 1.99 49 50 50 20 2.20 58 20 42 « 51 15 55 25 1.99 40 50 44 1.56 55.45 56 55 42 48 15 0.78 56 45 0.858 57 45 44 5O 50 62 55 0.684 40 47 52 50 64 45 40 50 48 57 0.62 66 45 0.504 41 49 15 61 70 45 0.4 42 55 64 45 44 56 50 68 25 0.540 47 62 50 0.7 48 64 45 50 45 67 0.5 55 71 50 0.556 56 50 59 50 0.544 64 45 68 0.426 71 50 0.401 * Only those samples were analyzed which would determine the starting pant, high point of iron excretion. ~184- 3 693 3 O OH Om OH OH OH OHH Om OO 0th OO 3 non OHIO O on OH OH OH. 3 On OON Ob Od OH 3 Oh OO ON Ola E ON OO OH OH OOH ON ON OO OH OH on O5 OO OO Om Ola .- 8 ha 8 cm OO OOH OOO OOH OON OON 0mm Ono OON To Hams HHo H535.”— HH #3 Fl! Ll OO 0mm 93.. OON ONO OHOH OHO En Nod ON OO O» ON OO OmH OON OOH 3H ONH OH OO OH ole .va mama. B OOH Od ad O OH OH ON OpH OH 011 .oa O OH OO on 3 on I. {L Home 33838 H «3 3.25 855 awash no no .39 3.8903 ONH OOH OOH OOH and OO OON OO 00 To ONOO OOOH OOQ n1... ON OO ON a... 3 2 H06 OleNIO 3min OmthlO .575...“ 3.8..“ 3.33 5:24 3.2..” 8.3an 3.2.»: 8:34: ON... OHlHH .NIOHIHH SJHIHH ONImH OH ONIOHIOH OmabHaOH Oven fl L !-1 F1 .{\ ~185- 3 5 8 3 on on S on on 375 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 on 8.2.5 3 3 on 2 on an . S on on 3.2.5 .. .. on 2. «a .. «a 3 3 .. 3.3.3 .. .. mm mm 8 .. «a 5 on .. 8.3.: .253 32 2 2. an . ha 3 on .8 55 $473 2.4 3 3. To m4 3 5.4 are To H50g HHO 60859 HH 93 ads 595 352m .3 8 3 .3 930m 5 33 83.33; so 83328 HAN Manda Hana 600309900 H #3 if I‘"‘1 }‘u PM. .—. - 186 TABLE XIII Condition of Goat hi 1 0.3.1.1. Lot II 13.0.1. G-B G—lO 0-1 6-3 G-5 0-7 G—9 G—2 6-4 G—G Data 3-17-2‘ mmmmmmmmmnnmmsmmsmnnmmm ssmmmnmmm mmsmmnmmssmnmmmasm mrsssnmmmmmnmmmammnmnaammmssmsm mmssmmmmnmnmmmmsmmmmmsanmmnnnmn mmmmmmmmmnmnmnmmamnmsmssmmnmmnnm mmmmmmmmmnnnmnamnmnnmnmm ssmmmnmnmmmmsmnmsmsmmmmmmnmm smssmsmmusmsmmsmmmmmamsmmssmmn mmssmmmmnmnnmmmsmsmmmssmmammmnn ssammmmmmnmn mmmsmmmmmwmsmmmnumm £3::éfimg,mummm%mm H&&hwwlmmwmwwwhmmmbm0Hfihfimnmmhh P- hirly R - Rough 8 - Sleek V-Vory v - ~ v ._ .. Lt \' _ .— V-fl ... \- ... .— b _ .— -18’7 - TAEEE XLIII Length of Hair 1n.Hilimeters Lot I Bot II Date G-1 G-3 G-5 G-7 G-9 G-2 G-4 G-6 G-8 G-IO 3-17-26 21 20 4-19-26 22 3O 35 32 35 5-13-26 32 25 24 4O 28 32 6-19-26 24 3O 18 25 3O 3O 7-19-26 23 19 21 22 23 25 25 23 8-31-26 19 19 19 19 25 25 19 18 9-27-26 18 33 25 25 28 19 29 25 10-29-26 22 3O 3O 4O 4O 4O 45 4O 12-6-26 45 4O 3O 4O 3O 4O 35 5O 38 1-8-27 48 33 4O 33 27 47 24 34 45 3O 2-7-27 5O 38 35 55 4O 32 35 4O 60 25 3-8-27 35 40 28 45 5O 35 3O 4O 45 25 4-6-27 28 3O 25 35 35 3O 24 3O 30 22 5-7-27 26 22 25 28 25 32 23 3O 18 3O 6-7-27 26 21 24 2O 25 25 28 20 24 28 7-15-27 28 18 15 23 28 28 18 22 22 24 8-22-27 17 13 22 22 18 20 2O 25 23 25 10-11-27 31 19 29 25 23 27 18 23 35 25 12-1-27 35 32 31 33 25 4O 28 35 45 3O 1-17-28 35 32 25 3O 35 3O 18 30 35 30 2-15-28 20 15 25 25 28 18 20 25 28 25 8-10-28 19 14 14 14 24 19 18 12 16 21 9-21-28 15 14 16 10 24 22 9 12 19 22 10-16-28 26 2O 23 26 25 33 25 19 27 20 11-14-28 29 2O 2O 32 29 31 29 29 29 28 12-12-28 26 22 22 26 28 33 25 25 37 24 1-23-29 24 25 23 25 25 27 25 29 29 27 2-20-29 20 22 20 25 27 22 28 23 20 26 3-20-29 18 22 24 22 27 24 24 21 23 23 ~ 188 - TABIE XLIV Double Thickness of Hide 1n.Milimeters Lot I 0.8.M. L05 II LOOOMO Date G-l G-3 G-5 G-7 G-9 G-2 G-4 G-G G-8 G-lO 3-17-26 4.3 7.4 4-19-26 5 4 7 5 4 5-13-26 6 4 5.5 7 5 4 6-19-26 6 6 5 8 6 5 7-19-26 8 7 5 4 9 8 5 4 8-31-26 8 7 6 4 9 9 6 4 9-27-26 9 7 7 4 9 7 6 4 1029-26 9 7 7 5 11 8 5 6 12-6-26 10 8 8 6 4 10 10 7 6 1-8-27 9 8 9 6 5 11 9 7 8 4 2-7-27 11 9 8 6 6 11 10 8 7 5 3-8-27 11 9 9 7 6 11 10 9 9 5 4-6-27 12 9 9 7 6 12 10 10 8 6 5-7-27 11 10 11 8 8 13 11 11 10 6 6-7-27 11 7 10 8 7 11 9 10 11 6 7-15-27 12 11 10 10 11 12 10 12 13 8 8-22-27 11 10 11 10 10 13 11 9 15 8 10-11-27 12 12 13 11 9 13 12 13 13 10 12-1-27 12 11 10 11 11 12 11 9 14 11 1-7-28 12 10 10 10 11 12 10 10 11 9 2~15~28 11 10 10 11 10 11 9 11 12 11 8‘10-28 908 905 9 905 1105 1005 11 11 1305 1005 9-21-28 12 10.5 10.7 8.5 12 11.5 11.2 10.2 12 11 10-16-28 10.5 10.5 9.5 10.5 11 10 11.5 10.5 13.5 10 11-14-28 11.5 10 10 11 11 10.5 11.5 11.5 13.5 10 12-12-28 12 9 10.6 10 10.5 10 11.5 11.5 13.5 8.5 1-23-29 11 10 9 10 9.5 10 10 11.5 11 11 2-20-29 11 9 8 10 10 10.5 10 11 13 11 3-20-29 10.5 10 9 9.5 11 9.5 10.5 10 11 10.5 TABLE KLV Looseneaa and Pliability of Hid. Int II 3.0.11. lot I 0.8.11. 6.10 ' G—7 0-9 ‘05 6-1 mu 3-12-26 FI. & P 4—19-26 I. 5-13-35 6-19-26 ~MN-» 049-. 0. ‘0 94049494 9.9-. an. “maul. m m 000 0 0 00 0 0.. 0000 0 00 0% n5 qqqnééénénqéséégj 0.9.9.3351... Egg-’9 ma. (10900-0 94 9-0 fl. fig 9. fl. 6.8.8-8-8.8.8.8e8.8~808.8.8-808°8 08 ~25 gageegeggg aaaaaaagesaaia ”2 2 %"& “NNNMNMmmmfi-c 04330) 0145:. 040194940404 0808-808.8.8.8~3-8-8.8.8.8 808-808-843 434308080843“ gaugeaeggggaafieaaeaaéaeeeaaq “mummmmmmm mg [5503030194 mmmmmmm 080808.808.8.8.8.8.8.8-8-8.8.3.8 o8~8 0808-8 I808 ..ggagaaegaeggezafiaeaeeeieefi U) mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm“mammmmm 43.8.808-8-808-808'8'860808-843-808-8 «808 080808 :SaagedgaeasaeaeeaageZaeifieea T - tight 3 - stiff P - pliable mmmmfi Eggfiggm mmm 00000 0000000 000 0 dagaafiaaazaaaaaaéagaag n. ma. 0003000.“. MNNMI mam. nmmmmm mug: 5'1 «8 .4 084-84-8608-8-808.8.8080808.8-8.6.8.8 .8“ .8 ...eggqgggeaqggegeeeieaee VJ mm m m mmmmmmmm a. p. ~$~~2~22.*...... “53.“.miee 08 43d 08 g 0808-8 -8 08 ~8°8 I4 néqnfiqfiéfi ééééfiégaqfifinénfln m mmmmmmmmmmgmmmgmmmgfimmmmmmm 0808 08 08.8 0808.808-808.8-8°8.8.8o808-8.8 4508-8 08-8-8 ...:Aggagggegggeégqqqaqggéei (GUI gmmbbmmm 430808 843.808 «808 .8 meagegagaaeeifiee h ... 0 p l V 8 VS mum -8“-8 P P 8:? &:P &P 8.: 8: a. P F - fairly 5 2—33-29 FI. 3-20-29 I. 8: P 2-17-27 I. 8: F S 3-8-27 4007 12-6-26 I. 8. P 18- 27 5-7-27 6-7-27 7-15-27 8-22b27 10-11-2 12-1-27 1-17-28 2-15-28 8-10-28 9-21-20 10-10-2 11614- 1-23-29 10-29-26 1|Ililll til ) I - 190 - TABEI.XLVI Condition of Flesh I101; II 150011. G-2 G-4 G-6 G-8 G-lO nu nun. nu GGGGFGGGGFFGFGGGGGGGGF G GGGGGGGGGGGFGGFGGGGGGGGGGGG G GGGGGGGGGGFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG G G GGGGGFGGFGFGGGGGGGGGGGFFFFFGGG G G GG GGGGGFGGFGFGGGGGGFGGGVVGGGGGGF Lot I c.s.'. G-1 G-3 G-5 G-7 G-9 Date G G GGGGGGGGFFFFGFGGGFFFFFF G G GGGGGGGGGGGGGGFGGGGGFGGGGGv GGGGGGGFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGF G FGGGGFGGFGFGGGGGGGFGGGGFGGGFFF G P G FGGGGGFGGFGEGGGGGGGFGGVGGFGFFFF 3-17-26 4-19-26 5-13-26 6-19-26 7-19-26 8-13-26 9-27-26 10-29-26 12-6-26 1-8-27 2-7-27 38-27 4-6-27 5-7-27 6-7-27 7-15-27 8-22-27 10-11-27 12-1-27 1-17-28 2-15-28 4-20-28 5-10-28 8-10-28 9-21-28 10-11-28 11-14-28 12-12-28 1-23-29 2-20-29 3-20-29 F- Fairly G- Good V - Very P - Poor 0800 850 088 0800 0800 0500 88m 0800 880 flow omlnmta 02 oz oz 02 oz 088 on on on an 00-0 .73 oz 02 on on on 088 am on 0900 on 3.0.7: 880 on on on 850 880 on on on 850 00.0.72 oz on 880 on on 850 88 on on on 004 0-0 on on 20 on an on on oz on 02 00.2.0 cappfia 880 2 $3 880 no» .2. 050.35 58> .0» new .3 00.2-0 unppga 880 oz 880 880 no» on on no» 880 80» 00.2...” 02 00> 8 em on on oz 0303 on on 0.0-73 oz 00 02 oz 00 on on 00 on on 5-3.3 3 0 >3 02 on 58> oz 880 880 on on on 850 5.0.0.0 850 880 880 850 880 850 flow 280 950 880 3.3-0. 0303 £52 0.50: 333 008.20 . on ha 0b 590» knob 88m Me: 0.83% 02 80> #0 08.3 oz hmlbto 40585 . 0082.0 0085 005209 83.39 0085 >0 950 008.29 008.39 008.29 005 25 >770 . 008 .2» 00:85 02 850 980 003.39 3» 880 on 0.085 «a 8:0 «mos: 0.0-0.0 n 23: 1 oz 850 280 £030 860 20> 38 .2 £030 38 >0 - 00 c 9: 0m 80m 80m 0 0H 0 0H 02 85m 30m 080% a 0% thb.& .302 .303 333 02 an 58> an on on on 58> 20> >0- 0.” oz on 02 oz 02 on on on on 00.0.3 on on on on on on on 0.0 00.2.2 02 on on on oz on on on . 00.3.... 02 oz 00 on oz on on on 00.0 0.0 8 on on 88 on on on on 00.2-0. 0.? >3 : 02 90 20> oz on 8 00.2.0 00> on on on on on 00-2.0 on on on on on 00.2.0 i town 0% 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .70 0.0 0.0 To : 3.8 I .E SE... . 500 .3 0.50020 ) 1.1a! 1.3 \J‘. L., -k' r!) * . . .I’. u C u m C ~ .r\ C x I \ .C m 0 L . a L a. r , 0 . \ I k l v .\ firll ...) -IhL'I. n i‘{.ILJfl . ~192- 30 30 30 >3 «8, «3 £0 «3 a 380 a 330 a 330 850 a 33 a 380 850 a 835 a 380 a 330. 030-0 03 w 30 . 880 850 850 280 a 825 850 880 880 £80 a 035 «Wow-m 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 70 20.0 0.0. + To . 38 O C 3 2E2- ! t .14 8 .0 326353 ham 00 023200 . 000.02 000.000.0 000.00 000.000.02 02.0 000.00 000.000.0 000.00 000.000.> 000.00 000.000.0 0.0 000.02 000.000.0 000.00 000.00>.0 000.00 000.000.02 0.0 000.00 000.000.0 000.02 000.000.0 000.02 000.000.0 000.02 000.000.0 00.0 000.02 000.000.0 000.02 000.000.0 000.02 000.000.0 000.00 000.000.0 0.0 02.02 . 22 >00 3 ...... 08.0 000.0006 000.00 000.0006 0.0 . 000.02 000.000.. 000.00 000.000.0 000.02 000.020.» 0.0 000.02 000.000.0 000.00 000.000.0 000.02 000.000.0 000.00 000.000.0 0.0 000.02 000.000.0 000.00 000.002.0 000.0 000.000.0 0.0 000.0 000.000.0 000.00 000.02 000.000.0 000.00 000.000.0 2.0 000.00..0 tl 009.300.2202 nophooumphmm notoood 822.2. 3225.00 028000.. no»: a an 95.. 009000023 00 0022 20E 0 on om.— 00‘000252 00mm. 0.222052“ 2.2.. 92.3.30 0.0.2.3 ofl.moo -- - .1ulwmw .3233 2022005 00. 0.0.22.2 0.02.2 2.00.3 .20 30.0. 0.3.5 huh 03.300223 022.0 000.50.30.52“ H H H.225” mafia 000.0 000.000.0 000.00 000.0,“.0 000.02 000.000.0 000.00 000.0»m.a hi0 .. 0.0 000.00 000.000.. 0...;: 00,...2.. 00\.a 000.00-.c 3 000..” 000. .1.” p- , 0 0- . . . p. . 00..00 .0 000.00 00c.000.n 0'a p . 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HH ..3 40.0.0 H 03 .H MANHH 00.80 30202.00 02.00200. 2:. .3 00550000 00 5030800 MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE Age inDays .mrmdzw 0?: 00¢ own own 0mm 00m 1 3 00m can own 0mm orm coo Com 0 m 00¢. o¢¢ MICHIGAN .AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE sf;- :3 § MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AgoinDaya MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLI ECE 9900,. CH .904 ...... 00 20.00 000 awn.» Wm «05.. MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE 9 gARTMg' OF MQIMAntg Age in Days MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE S! ngARTMEa- OF A A 1.59 in Days MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE 9 Days in Age D§ARTME§T OF MgHEMAWS MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE 9‘ 9 g a . _‘ 7 , OF MgHEMATEs Days MICH IGAN STATE COLLEGE hav- E COLI. FG i-I-Ci-“GAN AGRICULTURAL - .m . » ...-.. 0. ... L.. RICULTURAL CL... L. L... I! ." . t. 1 5 (J ANA J —~ I '.|C.H 1 .1] iliiiJFWW/Wl! Ill ‘9 .- .. . .. 0. 0. . L L W .... o 0 A .L V. ...: ..... - L. . .L. ~ >L . VI» 0. _ . . ... I... ...AIIOIIIIII ‘. ti. ...I - 4 .. L L . . .. 0 .. ... .. ..Htfl..m...v . _ L . . . 0 . . .L. L 1. 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Q , .. .-- .1 pH r r I \rH - 208 - PLAflE I , Showing Apparatus used to determine Consistency of Feces Plate II Showing operation of Determining Consistency of Feces. ~209- 1) nrflfi -~¥_ . . 7 r . . 7 20 140“”E‘6L‘L‘eollfgfuz noise mo zoo no no " ‘T'fl. ' "F‘ ‘ 3a ‘f1 G-1 and calf at first calving. Principal source of Protein - Cottonseed Meal PLATE IV 4 ..a G-l at 43 months of age. This animal consumed an average of 7.1 pounds daily of cottonseed meal during first lactation. - 210 - PLATE V G-2 and calf at first calving. Principal source of Protein, Linseed oil meal. PLATE VI G-2 and calf at second calving. - 211 - FLAIR VII G-3 and calf at first calving. Principal source of Protein, Cottonseed Meal PLATE VIII G-3 and calf at second calving time. Consumed an average of 7.4 pounds of Cottonseed Meal during the first lactation. G-4 and calf at first calving. Principal source of Protein. Linseed Oil Meal PLATE X 20 40 80 I00 I20 I40 I60 180 zoo “o 24 '50 ) t—T—i ‘ t T ‘ ”I i l x J I50 ; 777* ‘ 747 I ~ V,,%_ ; A ‘ x ‘ ‘ 1 \ I‘!‘ —i A i g i? f u- 0 '. \ ‘ 4x 5 G-4 and calf at second calving. - 213 - PLATE X ’ '2 s: , 3L,_zl_. 1i G-5 and calf at first calving. Principal source of Protein, Cottonseed Meal PLATE XII G-5 at second calving. Consumed an average of 7.5 pounds of Cottonseed Heal during first lactation. ~ 214 - PLATE XIII G-6 and calf at first calving. Principal source of Protein, Linseed Oil Meal. ' PLATE XIV G~6 at 38 months of age.- Has not calved second time. - 215 - PLATE XV ' '256 2a w .21 _- G-7 and calf at first calving. Principal source of Protein, Cottonseed Heal. PLATE XVI G-7 at 57 months of age. Has not calved second time. - 216 - PLATE XVII G-8 and calf at first calving. Principal source of Protein, Linseed Oil Meal PLATE XVIII G-8 at 57 months of age.- Has not calved second time. G-9 and calf at first calving. Principal source of Protein, Cottonseed Meal. PLATE XX ”w" ”Au—.- '3 ‘0 - x. C 5 ‘ —.= ’“" ‘1‘. $1 ‘5 w ,.. A . I I 3"». ' ‘ t. . p .0 ‘. v If .411. - 0 s. G-9 at 53 months of age. Has not calved second time. ’e’liiull. Clan! - 218 - PLATE XXI G-lO and calf at first calving. Principal source of Protein, Linseed Oil Meal. PLATE XXII ... ~ 1:5». G-lO at 52 months of age. Has not calved second time. .0 - 219 - PLATE XXIII 20 40 ' 60 80 G-ll or G-l 's first calf (female) at 3 months of age. ’ PLATE XXIV G-ll at 15 months of age. vPrincipal source of protein, Cottonseed Meal. G-12 or G-Z's first calf.{female) at 3 months of age. PLATE XXVI G-12 at 15 months of age; Principal source of Protein, Linseed oil Heal. G-S's first calf (male) at 5 months of age. PLATE NI II G-4's first calf (male) at 5 months of age. G-15 or G45's first calf (female) at 5 months of age. PLATE XXX G-15 at 15 months of age. Principal source of Protein, cottonseed Meal - 225 - PLATE XXXI , 20 40 «4' G-14 or G-6's first—calf (female) at 5 months of age. PLATE XXXII G-l5 or G-7's first calf (female) at 3 months of age. PLATE 25:2:an v,'._._‘..‘."l G-8's first calf (male) at 5 months of age. PLATE XXXIV G-16 or G-lO's first calf at 5 months of age. - 225 - PLATE XXXV G-l’? or G-5's second calf at Simonths of age. 9/03/36