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This is to certify that the
thesis entitled
The Effect of the Agricultural Extension Service
on Famers' Behaviour and Attitude Towards the
Recommendations on Production of Cotton and ’
Maize in Wadi Zabid Project, Yemen Arab Republic
presented by ,
Jasem M. Al—Shereeda
has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for
M.S. degree in Dairy Science
! ‘ ‘ l ' I ,
Major professor I ,
Date 8/ 1/ 84

 

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JUN 8 89 v.
. 185

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.. v5.2. W95}:

THE EFFECT OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE

ON FARHERS' BEHAVIOUR AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE
RECOMMENDATIONS ON PRODUCTION OF COTTON AND ‘

HAIZE IN WADI ZABID PROJECT, YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC

BY

Jasem H. Al-Shereeda

A‘THESIS

\ /'

Submitted to
Hichigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Dairy Science

1984

ABSTRACT
THE EFFECT OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE
ON FARMERS' BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE

RECOMMENDATIONS ON PRODUCTION OF COTTON AND
MAIEE IN WADI EABID PROJECT, YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC

BY

Jasem Al-Shereeda

The present thesis is a study of farmers attitudes and
adoption of agricultural innovations in a pilot project in
Tihama Valley in the Yemen Arab Republic (North YemenL. The
main problems investigated were:

1. Farmers attitudes towards the agricultural innovations;

2. Adoption of agricultural innovations;

3. The relationship between adoption and size of land hold-
ing.

4. The relationship between adOption of innovations and
existing rental system.

S. Recognizing of rural leaders.

6. Factors affecting adoption of innovations which are
considered to be constraints on adoption of the agricul-
tural extension recommendations and the examining of
alternative information delivery systems in reaching
farmers.

This study revealed that, there is a high positive

attitude and high adoption of agricultural extension recom-

mendations.

Jasem Al-Shereeda

The result of examining the researcher hypothesis were:

1. A farmer's attitude is related positively to the
farmer's interaction with the agricultural extension
service.

2. A farmer's adoption is related positively to:
a. A farmerfis interaction with the agricultural exten-

sion service.

b. The land ownership.
c. The size of the land holding.
d. The age of the farmer.

It is most interesting that the researcher discovered
that older farmers are more likely to adopt improved prac—
tices than younger farmers and that illiteracy is not an
obstacle for the adOption of the Wadi Zabid Project which is
contrary to all findings in the literature. These findings
may be logically accepted, keeping in mind that most of land
owners are older farmers and that the project was started 10
years ago, therefore making the sample of this study late
adopters.

Finally» a number of recommendations and suggestions

for other similar projects in Tihama are offered.

gun-fly) Jf‘u‘ yi (fi‘Ifi-l‘00) cLya—H ‘nJLn—Jl L’s-“4.95 63.1.“ (yr—H u—H

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0 (\‘YA Jed-2'4- \‘TA Wk)

1......1JJ—‘l a.“ _;.u.~l

To:
The Late Shaik Abdulla Al-Salem Al-Sabah (1950-1965) the

father of our Constitution and the founder of the modern

State of Kuwait.

To:

Messrs: Mohammad Th. Al-Ghanem, Abdulla H. Al-Sager, Shaik
Yousef Ibn Essa, Sayed Ans. Suleiman, Mashaan Kh. Al-Khaled,
Abdel Latif M. Al-Thnyan, Sulaiman Kh. Al-Adsani, Yousef M.
Al-Marzok, Saleh O. Al-Rashed, Yousef S. Al-Humaydi,
Mohammad D. Al-Marzok, Sultan A. Al-Kulaib, Meshari H. Al-
Bader, and Khaled A. Al—Hamad honourable members of the
first elected National Assembly of the State of Kuwait (June
1938 - December 1938).

I dedicate this work.

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express by sincere appreciation to my major
advisor and Committee Chairman, Professor Robert Cook for
his comments, encouragement and helpful suggestions. Also,
I would like to thank Professor Donald Meaders and Dr. Mary
Andrews, members of the committee, for their comments and
suggestions. Also, thanks to Mr. Sofian for his help in the
calculations. I am indebted to Mr. Abdel Latif Al Hamad -
former Minister of Finance and Planning, for encouraging me
to continue towards a M.S. in this subject when he was
Director General of the Kuwait Fund.

Special thanks to Mr. Faisal Al Khaled, Director
General of the Kuwait Fund for his constant encouragement.
I amigrateful to Professor Ramzi Al Khalidy, Agricultural
Advisor at the Kuwait Fund for his assistance. I am grate-
ful to the Tihama Development Authority (T.D.A.) staff and
particularly the agricultural extension agentslknrtheir
assistance in collecting field data.

Last, but not least, I thank the farmers of Wadi Zabid,
whithout whose c00peration and voluntary help neither this

study nor this Thesis would have been possible.

iii

LI ST OF TABLES O O O O O O O O O O I

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

I.

II.

III.

IV.

I NTRODUCTION O I O O O O O 0 O
The Problem . . . . . . . .
Purpose (Objectives) . . . . .
Motivation for this Research .
Importance O O O O O O O O O I
Generalization . . . . . . . .
Hypothesis 1 . . . . . . . . .

r

"

OOPOOOOOOO.

0

0000000000

Hypothesis 2: Adaption of Improved P a
Production in Zabid Project . . . .
Activities and Achievement of TDA .
Target and Progress in Extension and
Training Section . . . . . . .
The Agricultural Credit Fund in Yemen and its
Role in Agricultural Development . . . . .

0.000.000.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . .
Models of Innovation-Decision Process

Factors Affecting the Rate of Adoption
Time 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O
The Progressive Farmer Strategy .
Opinion Leadership . . . . . . . .
Leader Behavior . . . . . . . . .

DESIGN OF THE STUDY . . .
POpulation and Sampling .
Organization of Field Work
Questionnaire Design
Variables . . . . .

Definitions . . . . I
Data Analysis . . . .

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . .

Adoption of Cotton and Maize Crops Under
Different Systems of Irrigation. . .

Farmers Attitude Towards the Recommendations of

Cotton and Maize Craps . . . . .

iv

Page
vi

viii

ommmqqmmmw

9—:
b

CHAPTER

IV.

‘ FOOTNOTES 0 o 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o

BIBLIOGI{API.IY O O C O O O O O O O O O 0

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION (Cont.)

Farmers Attitude Towards the Recommendations
of Maize Crops . . . . . . . .
Adoption of Improved Practices of Cotton Crop .
Adoption of Improved Practices of Maize Crop . .
Farmers Interaction with the Agricultural
Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Co- relation Between Farmers' Attitude and
Agricultural Extension Communication . . . .
Co-relation Between Farmers Adoption and
Agricultural Extension Communication . . . .
Factors Affecting the Adoption of the -
Agricultural Extension Recommendations
Adoption and Land Ownership . . . . . .
Adoption and Size of Land Holding . . .
Adoption and Farmers Age . . . . . . . .
Adoption and Farmers Education . . . . .
Farmers Attitude Toward the Credit Fund
serVices O O O O I O O O O O O O 0
Mass media 0 O O O O .0 O O O O O O O O O O O O 0
Local Leadership . . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farmers Level of AdOption in Various
Extension Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary . . . . .
Purpose . . .
Methodology .
Findings . .

Conclusions . .
Recommendations

APPENDICES
A The Questionnaire . . . ... .
B List of Agricultural Extension Agents
Participated in Data Collection . . . .
C The Agricultural Extension Recommendation

of Cotton and Maize Crops . . . . . . .

Page

91
93

95
105
114

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
1. Crop Areas, Yield and Production as of 1975
1980 O 0 I O O O. O O O O O O O O O I O O 0 0 10
2. Adoption of Recommendations of Cotton and
Maize crops 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 4o
3. Farmers Attitude Towards the Recommendations
of Cotton Crop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4. Farmers' Attitude Towards the Recommendations
of Maize Crop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5. Adoption of Improved Practices of Cotton Crop 49
6. Adoption of Improved Practices of Maize Crop . 53
7. Farmers Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
8. Farmers Attitude Towards AdOption of
Recommended Practices and Their Interaction
with the Agricultural Extension Program . . . 59
8-1. Result of Chi-Square Test of Farmers Attitude
and Extension Communication . . . . . . . . . 60
9. Adoption of Extension Recommendations and

Assistance Received from Extension

Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

9-1. Result of Chi-Square Test of Adoption and

Extension Communication . . . . . . . . . . . 63
10. Perceived Reasons for Non-AdOption . . . . . . 65
ll. AdOption and Land Ownership . . . . . . . . . 69
11—1. Result of Chi-Square test of Adaption and Land

Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
12. AdOption and Size of Land Holding . . . . . . 71

12-1. Result of Chi-Square Test of Adoption and
Size of Landholding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

13. Adaption and Farmers' Age . . . . . . . . . . 73

vi

Table

13-1.

14.
14-1.

15.

16.
17.
18.

18-1.

19.

Result of Chi-Square Test of Adoption and

Farmer's Age . . . . . . . .

Ad0ption and farmers' Education

Result of Chi-Square Test of AdOption and

Farmer'erducation . . . . .

Farmers' Attitude Towards the Credit Fund

Service . . . . . . . . . .

Radio Listeners and Period of Listening

Television Watchers . . . .

List of Local Leaders From Extension Depart?

ment Record and Farmers Opinion About Those

List of Local Leaders Who Have Been

Recognized by Interviewing Farmers .

Farmers' Level of Adoption in the Extension

Offices in Wadi Zabid Project

vii

Page

73
76

76

78
79
80

81

83

86

Figure

U1 :5 U N
0

LIST OF FIGURES

Adeption Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Paradigm of the Innovative-Decision Process

Accumulated Percent of AdOpters Over Time .

Percent of New Adapters at Given Time .

Categories of Adopters on the Basis of

Innovativeness

viii

Page
23
26
3o
30

30

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

To fulfill the pre-determined objectives of Wadi-Zabid
project as mentioned in the International DeveIOpment Agency
(IDA) appraisal report No. 73A, 1973, expatriate and. Yemen
agricultural specialists from the Ministry of Agriculture
and in particular the departments of Research, Plant
Protection and Extension and Training worked together
towards starting the implementation of the agricultural
development programs during August and September of 1974.

Throughout the project period from l974tx>l979 these
three agricultural departments worked co-operatively in
implementing their plans, though they worked separately.
Tihama DevelOpment Authority helped greatly in the
realization of such co-operation and co—ordination among
these agricultural departments. Beside these departments,
Agricultural Credit Fund (ACF) helped and played an
important role in fulfilling the pre-determined objectives
of Wadi Zabid Project.

The implementation of Wadi Zabid DeveloPmen't Project
started after getting the approval of a feasibility study
made by Tesco and Fap Group by the financial agents of World

Bank and Kuwait Fund.

2
Wadi Zabid is one among the seven wadis and the first
development project in Tihama coastal region. Only after
realizing the educational and economic results and the
ability of repaying the credit to the financial agents, were

other projects approved and started by financial agents.

Objectives of wadi Zabid Project: (1)

Wadi Zabid DevelOpment Project had several main
objectives. Such objectives were approved by the Yemeneese
Government and the Financial Agencies. Actions were
undertaken through the last four years before realizing
them. These main objectives could be summarized in the
following points:

1. Improving the existing irrigation system by constructing
5 diversion weirs, improving the existing canals and
extending and establishing some new canals to reacth
other new areas.

2. Constructing some new rural roads to aid communication
between‘villages in the project area and new areas of
construction.

3. Constructing houses and offices for expatriates and
Yemenee personnel.

4. Establishing t3“: TDA organizational structure with its
various departments and sections.

5. Selecting and training Yemenee personnel needed for

realizing the objectives of the various departments.

3

Developing the plant production in the project area

through the following actions:

a) Increasing the cultivable area through improving the
existing irrigation system by building the 5
diversion weirs, improving and extending existing
canals.

tn Providing more irrigation water and for longer
periods in some parts of the project area.

c) Identification of the main production constraints in
the area through an overall examination of the
existing agricultural pattern.

d) Carrying out a meaningful research plan, dealing
primarily with production limiting factors in the
region, to reach certain recommendations related to
new high yielding varieties, new technology and
agricultural practices, suitable pest and weed
control under local conditions and effects of
different pesticides on crops, soils, animals and
human beings.

e) Examining the research results implemented on the
experiment station and the laboratories under farm
conditions in farmers verification trials, with
reference to different irrigation systems and
economic merits as compared to existing farmers'

practices.

4
f) Formulation of definite work all recommendations
based on both experimentations and verifications
which are transferred to the extension service

department.

(:gZ> Teaching farmers the new recommendations by the

extension service department and convincing them
with the recommendations application and adoption,
utilizing all possible extension teaching methods
and audio-visual aids. Starting first with the
demonstration methods (fields, aggregates, farms and
field days) then followed by other individual
contact, group contact, and mass-media methods.

h) Providing farmers with needed inputs for development
(selected seed, fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides,
agricultural machineries and Sprayers) at suitable
times, with suitable prices and at suitable places.

Helping other agricultural projects in Yemen, official

bodies and financial agencies in gathering the needed

statistical information for developing the agricultural
sector of the Yemenese economy. ‘

Sending extension agents and other TDA personnel to

attend training courses inside or outside Yemen in the

various agricultural, financial and administrative
fields to help in the realization of the desired
developmental levels whether in Wadi Zabid Project area

or in other potential areas of develOpment.

D

, “._--_._A..__—q _

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W

The Extension Service is considered angactive and

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dynamic department, acting as a two way bridge and a liaison

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between farmers and their problems on one side and research
departmspaw their. soiutions and _.r¢,°°mmendat.i°n$ 0*? the
other side. Thus, through its active»and dynamic role, it
is the Extension Service that educates farmers about the

agricultural innovations, application, and consequently

plays an outstanding role inldeveloping the agricultural

"BFRQHEEEQPNEUS‘EUEal.life-

The agricultural Extension and Training Department of
the Tihama Development Authority (T.D.A.) started its
organized act1v1t1es and efforts in Wadi Zabid project area
i’nWSep‘tember 1974 based on pr._-e -determined objectives,
scientific teaching methods and organized and well-planned
programs.

Evaluation of the agricultural extension in Wadi Zabid
project will lead to improve extension which will lead to
improve and also will lead to better understanding how

extension Operates.

W

The purposes of this study are:

ii) To measure the attitude of the farmer toward the

Extension Services re

,/ “\
2. To measure the extend

mmendations.

   
   
 

f adaption of the recommended

field practices by the farmers.

6
3. To measure the extend of success that the Extension
Service has achieved regarding the recognition of the
local leaders.
4. To discover some~of the factors affecting the adoption
of the Agricultural Extension recommendations.
5. To examine alternative informational delivery systems

that the Cooperative Extension could utilize in reaching

farmers.

W
This study was carried out because of many reasons.

Primarily it is because of the changing structure of

a. “as” “"‘M‘fl‘h‘

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agriculture and the questionable consequences of the Tihama
Agricultural Project in Yemen Arab Republic. It is
motivated in part by the: author' 5 background, which includes
being familiar with the prOJect of Wadi Zabid through
official missions, and by'a special concern for Yemen and
the Yemenese who have had, historically, a significant
impact in the Middle East and still have the potential to
continue affecting the progress of the Arab World. It is
also motivated by the fact that the author is a staff member
of the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development, which
supports many projects in Yemen Arab Republic as technical
assistant and loans, and interest that this project will
contribute recommendations and suggestions to other projects

in the future.

Immense

Wadi Zabid project is ii pilot one. This project
reflects the Kuwait Fund and the International DevelOpment
Agent Strategy to deve10p the Tihama Valley gradually.
There has been a significant change in WadiZabid as a
consequence of the project in that area and it is very
important to find out the effect of the Agricultural
Extension Service as a change agent and its impact-on the
develoPment of Wadi Zabid. This kind of evaluation is
essential for improving the agricultural extension in

introducing the agricultural message to farmers.

Generalization

Wadi Zabid is one of the seven major Wadis, entering
the Tihama in Yemen from the mountains.to east. The other
six Wadis are from north to south;‘Wadi Maur, Wadi Surdud,
Wadi Siham, Wadi Rima, Wadi Rasyan, And Wadi Mauza.

Wadi Zabid was selected to be develOped first, as it
appeared to be of the Wadis showing the best developmental
potential and pre-investment studies by the United Nations
Development Program (UNDP) had identified the project as
having good developmental potential. The outcome experience
of the Wadi Zabid project would contribute to the other six
major Wadis. The limitations of this study are that filling
and thinning were considered as one recommendation; they
should be separated into two different ones. Some bias may

occur since the data is collected by the extension agents

+ - ‘ 1
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themselves, although they were oriented to collect data from

0
other zones than the1r own. { L ( , ,.
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Farmers who have interacted with the agricultural ’35

Extension Service will have more positive attitudes toward

the recommendations of the service than those who have not.

. I ' ,» .. .
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a) Farmers who use more improved practices receive more

flinformation and help from the Agricultural Extension

‘ S 1}”),1 :- Lu'i’fl ' V’l‘lvi‘i'A'fiwc V’kUN-I') M'Mv VIAJ'ZVI.’ '7‘
A erViceo ‘ , j. ‘ 93.0: .{ lgifin,r T};
1 1. 1 M..- an M41,

b) When the size of holding increases, adoption of
improvements increase.

c) Farmers who own their land are more likely to adopt
improved practices than those who rent.

d) Younger farmers are more likely to adOpt improved
practices than older farmers.

(fl Higher educated farmers are more likely to adOpt

improved practices than less educated farmers.

2LQdn9119n_1n_13h1d_2lnififii

The study carried out in March 1980 in Zabid Project
shows that following recommendation of Research Stations,
extension and plant protection sections, offering
agricultural credits and lessens using irrigation water,

increased the total output of the cereal crOps in Wadi Zabid

9

from 22,280 tons in 1975 before beginning of the Project to
37,160 tons in 1980, as shown in Table No. 1. This table
shows the crop area, the yield per hectare and the total
production in 1975, before the beginning of Wadi Zabid
Project, corresponding with the year 1980, after 5 years of
the beginning of the Project. This represents 66.79%
increase in total output during the 5 years form the
beginning of the Project.

The results of the study show that the total output
expected at the end of the Deve10pment Plan in 1987 may
increase to 68,210 tons in comparison with original planned
target of the Project for 1987 which was expected to be
62,560 tons. This represents a 206.15% increase in the
total output. The study shows that the income from the
total production in local markets increased dramatically.

Before the beginning of the Project the total income
was 101,996,000 Yemeni Rials (compared with 1980 market
price), by the end of the Development Plan, it will be
239,445,000 Yemeni Rials.

W
W

First: Agricultural Research

The agricultural research activities of TDA at Girba of
Wadi Zabid and Surdud represents the scientific base for
solving the problems which are faced by the farmers of

Tihama Plan. Owing to the fact that experiments and

10

TABLE 1

Crop Areas, Yields and Production as of 1975/1980

 

Area Yield Total
Production
Crop (1,000 ha) (tons/ha) (1,000 tons)

A

Before Project (1975) (2)

Cotton 1.10 4.62
Sorghum, grain 0.85 8.84
stalks 5.00 52.00
Millet, grain 0.55 3.02
stalks 4.00 22.00
Maize 1.5 1.20 1.80
Oilseeds 0.8 0.5 0.40
Vegetables 0.4 9.00 3.60
Totals 22.8 22.28(3)
(1980)-With Project (4)
Cotton 3.70 1.49 5.51
Sorghum, grain 11.25 1.10 12.38
stalks 5.00 56.25
Millet, grain 4.35 0.75 3.26
stalks 4.00 17.40
Maize 2.05 1.97 4.04
Oilseeds 1.05 0.69 0.72
Vegetables 0.90 12.50 11.25
Totals 22.30 37.16(3)

 

(1) Sources: ppraisal Report, March 27, 1983;
Re-Appraisal Report, October 1975; and Dr. Rafie
(2) Total production excluding stalks

(3) Sources: March 1980 survey conducted by Dr. Rafie

ll
researches are made over many different agricultural
products like cotton, sorghum, maize, millet, oil seeds and
vegetables, the aim is to introduce highly productive
varieties which are resistant to decreases and respond to
fertilizers better than the local varieties.

A study comparing between the improved and local
varieties gave answers to the following:

1. Most suitable period for seeding crops in different
irrigation areas (wells — wadi).

2. Suitable way of land preparation for different
irrigation conditions.

3. Suitable plant intensity per area unit for different
cr0ps.

4. Best period and method of irrigation for agricultural
seasons.

5. Best fertilizer quantity averages corresponding to type
of crop and irrigation method.

Resulting in the many experiments about this aspect showed

the necessity of applying the production means in a complete

manner to achieve the best results.

TDA researchers introduced varieties of crops suitable
for Tihama and other areas of Yemen as (Tihama-1) for Maize,
(Dukhn Tihama) for Millet. They proved to be highly
productive. Improved seeds were spread by many tons of
seeds being produced by the extension fields and Surdud

Farm.

12

Due to the importance of cotton to the national
economy, researchers introduced hundreds of tons from the
seeds of the new (Coker 310) tolcover an area of 5000 hec-
tares at the lst stage instead of the Acala 1715, while
research is still going on to introduce newly improved
varieties.

The TDA succeeded in establishing the lst and 2nd only
technology lab in Yemen for testing cotton properties.

All research recommendations, concerning different
crOps, were passed to the farmers, through the extension

agents, to improve the agricultural productivity.

Second: Agricultural Extension

1. The TDA held five training courses, out of which 141
extension agents were qualified to resume their
activities in different sections and extension offices
to help farmers. Some of the trainees also work for
Hodeidah Agricultural Office and the AGE.

2. Forty-nine extension agents and five graduate
agricultural engineers were sent for further training in
other Arab countries.

3. Four hundred eighty-four extension field units were
executed to convince the farmers on a practical basis to
accept their recommendation and improved seeds through
comparison with other fields. TDA provides seeds and
plant protection insecticides as well as mechanical

preparation of the land, free of charge to the farmers

13
as an incentive to encouragerthenuto accept the recom-
mendation.
Three hundred rural leaders among the farmers were
trained by TDA in Wadi Zabid and Wadi Rimah
Many photographers, colored slides, posters, printed
circulars, etc. were prepared by the TDA to be used as
visual aids to convey the recommendation in a simply way
to the farmers.
Morning and evening meetings were held between farmers
and extension agents indifferent parts of the project
areas to convey the recommendation and new technique to
them. Also, creating an awareness of the problems which
face the farmers and a will of finding the solutions for
any problems in those areas.
TDA shared in the establishment of three agricultural
co-operative societies among Wadi Zabid and Wadi Rima'
farmers.
Extension offices helped in an illiteracy campaign in

the villages where no schools are available.

Third: Plant Protection

Different types of insects harmful to the crops in the
area were listed and recommendations concerning the
insecticides and methods to guard against their harms
were adOpted and conveyed to farmers.

TDA shared in the national campaign against cotton

diseases.

14

3. Comprehensive researches were made for the types of

insects and plant disease and the best insecticides,

doses and periods were established

4. A special laboratory is under construction to be

utilized for the analysis of insecticides and their

effectiveness to prepare the necessary recommendations

about their use.

5. Showings in the extension activities, e.g., field day,

evening meeting, field visits, etc. to enlighten the

farmers and solve their problems.

WW
Mining—Senna '

1. Target and Progress During the Period from 1974 to 1982

1.

Training and creating of Yemeni Technical Cadres
capable of managing the work in the future.

Conveyance of advice to the farmers of the way to
use the modern agricultural techniques to increase
agricultural output. Deep study of their problems
to get prOper solutions through consultation with

the research station.

II. Progress During the Existence of the Project

1.

One hundred forty-one extension agents'vnu> had
participated in theoretical and pmactical training
are now on the job in different agricultural

sections and TDA's Extension Offices. Some of them

15
are working in other agricultural projects in
Tihama.
Seventy-nine extension agents were sent by the TDA
to different Arab countries to increase their agri-
cultural knowledge and experience.
Participation of extension personnel in internal
training courses and on-the-job training.
TDA established 10 extension offices in the main
villages in Wadi Zabid and finished the construction
of another 7 extension offices in Wadi Rima' offer-
ing different agricultural services to the farmers
for the purpose of increasing the output. Extension
agents are mostly from the same area of their
employment.
Four hundred eighty—four extension units were
established (Demonstration Farms) for cereal, cotton
and vegetable, for the purpose of convincing the
farmers of the modern agricultural techniques. The
cr0ps include: cotton, maize, millet, sorghum,
tomatoes, sweet pepper, okra and egg plant. The
work is generally carried out in Autumn. Presently
there are 34 extension units for the above-mentioned
crOps in Wadi Rima and Zabid.
Eight new wall bulletins were published and 10
extension pamphlets regarding cereals and vegetables
were also published by the research station to

evaluate extension work.

10.

11.

12.

13.
14.

15.

16.

17.

16
Fifteen local agricultural extension shows were held
in Wadi Zabid and Rima Projects, and they also
participated in the National Fair convened in
Sana'a.
Three hundred rural chiefs were selected and trained
in Wadi Zabid and Rima.
Photos and slides were produced to help convey
agricultural advice to the farmers in an easy way.
Extension meetings and field days were held several
mornings and evenings in different project areas
thus to get their solutions.
Many information campaigns were carried out to
advise farmers on modern agricultural techniques.
Their participation in several agricultural programs
on radio and T.V. shows in Sana'a.
Their help in the literacy program.
Their help to create 3 agricultural cooperatives in
Wadi Zabid and Rima and continue to encourage them.
They distributed improved seeds and advised farmers
to use them.
Supply farmers with seedings of fruits and citrus
annually.
Participation on the annual cotton campaign with
cooperation of the plant protection section and the

cotton company.

17

18. Different certificates and rewards were distributed
to encourage farmers to increase agricultural
output.

19. Agricultural data were collected from‘Wadi Zabid,
Rima and Wadi Mawr for use in agricultural program
evaluation.

20. A monthly collection of price data is made from
local markets in the project area for-local
evaluation and sent to the Ministry of Agriculture

in Sana'a.

MW
Wu
W

Since ancient times, Yemenese were engaged with
agricultural activities. They have utilized the water
resources constructing dams, reservoirs and diversion canals
which still exist, spreading to cover different parts of
Yemen; Marib Dam being the most famous example.

As a result of the long period of political and social
situations dominating, the importance of agricultural
activities has deteriorated.

After the revolution, the government put life into the
agricultural sector again to play its role in the National
Plan for Development. This governmental attention towards
the development in the agricultural sector is evident by
their establishment of the Agricultural Credit Corporations.

It is important to discuss the start of organized

18
Agricultural Credit Funds in Yemen, its economical
evaluation and the different types of loans and the
conditions that needs to be available with for each type.

Previously, unorganized type of loans run by illegal
money lenders, merchants, etc.<dominated all over Yemen till
1975 when Law No. 21 was issued. According to this law, the
Agricultural Credit Bank resumed its activities during March
of 1975. In its deve10pment plan the Bank covered most of
the areas and opened the following branches:

(1) Sanafia Branch (2) Hodeidah Branch (3) Beit Al-Faghi

Branch (4) Zabid Branch (5) Wadi Mawr Branch (6) Abce

Branch (7) Ibb Branch (8) Dhamar Branch (9) Sa'adah

Branch.

After some time, the activities were expanded by
combining the ACF Branches of Zabid, Taiz, Mawr, and Ibb to
the Agricultural Bank.

The government established the National Development
Cooperative Bank. Later, both bank's corporations were
combined under one corporation utilizing the experiences
gained by both corporations and reducing the operating
expenses. The consolidation procedures were completed in
December 1981.

The Economic value of the

Bank Role

The agricultural activities in Yemen Arab Republic are
considered to be a main role; 70% of the population is

connected somehow with agriculture. Yemen enjoys different

l9
climatic conditions which enable farmers in different parts
of Yemen to cultivate a variety of crops and vegetables all
year round. This in itself yield self-sufficiency.

Owing to the fact that most of the farmers in Yemen
have comparatively small holdings and due»to what they faced
from the Government regime before revolution, they are
unable to reconstruct and utilize their fields without the
aid from the government. They lack the necessary funds to
develop the area and make use of modern agricultural
techniques. For this reason, the state established the
credit bank to help them by issuing different types of loans
in cash and kind as well as making the other resources

available at reasonable prices.

Loans--Types and Refunding
Periods

The agricultural credit bank aims to increase the
agricultural crop production, reduce the cost expenses,
increase the net income from agriculture and raise the
standard of living for the farmer to enable the agricultural
sector to helptin developing connected sectors. For this
reason the bank grants all different types of loans to cover
all stages of work activities from the initial to the last
stages.

Loans also include animals, poultry, and fish due to
the importance of these factors as human food. Loans issued

by the bank and its durations are as follows:

20
Short Term Loans - which are meant to cover running
expenses. Its duration is to the end of the season but
not more than one year.
Medium Term Loans - these are the types of loans for
activities which do not give a yield during one year but
are continuous for many years. It is payable during the
same period, which extends from 2 to 4 years. These
types of loans are granted for the purchase of
irrigation units (e.g., Motor and Pump), tractors and
its accessories, etc. as well as for well developments,
land reclamation, transportation means for agricultural
needs, fish wealth utilization, poultry, gardens of
citrus fruits, etc. 1
Long Term Loans - these loans are issued for large
agricultural schemes whose production periods extends
for a longer period more than that of the medium term
loans.

The most important item of such loans at present is for

animal wealth and poultry. It may be expanded in the future

to cover other aspects, owing to the strategic policy of the

bank. Its duration is between five to twelve years.

Securing Guarantees

To guard against all dangers and to assure the

continuity of the bank loaning funds and following assurance

means are adopted:

(1) The expected crop (2) Movable properties (3) Land or

built-up property.

21
Necessary documents may be required to cover one, two,
or all of the above according to the type of loan, its size,
nature and purpose. The bank may be satisfied only with
mortgage of the expected crOp in case of short term loans,
in case the dealer was tested before and proved to be
honorable to facilitate not binding him with getting

documents for mortgage of unmovable property, etc.

Procedures Followed When

Issuing Loans

Loans are granted to any farmer who applies provided
that:

1. Applicant must be a farmer or working in agriculture and
have a piece of land leased for a period longer than the
loan term period.

2. They present necessary documents to guarantee loan
coverage.

3. Results of project feasibility study and its analysis
prove that the project shall increase his standard of

living and enable him to refund the loan.

CBAPTER 11

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This study is concerned primarily with the impact of
the Agricultural ExtensiOn Service on the farmers' attitude
and behavior toward the recommendations of the maincrOps in
Wadi Zabid project. The study will analyze, in detail, the
changes in the farmers' attitude and behavior that have
taken place since the introduction of the innovation through
the Agricultural Extension Department at Wadi Zabid project.

Studies of farmers seem to indicate that two related
processes help bring new ideas or technology from their
source of development to acceptance/rejection of farmers.
These processes are called diffusion and adoption. The
diffusion of innovations is a particular type of
communication that refers to the spread of a new idea,
innovations or new technologies from the originating sources
to the ultimate users.

According to the various diffusion studies which were
summarized by Rogers, there are four elements in the
diffusion of new ideas or practices. These are:

(l) the innovation (2) which is communicated

through certain channels (3) over time, (4) among

the members of a social system.2

Rogers identifies the innovation as:

22

23
An idea, practice or object perceived as new by an
individual. It matters little, so far as human is

concerned, whether or not an idea is ”objectively“

new as measured by the lapse of time since its
first use or discovery.

WW
Prensa

The adoption is a mental process from first hearing
about the new idea to its final adaption. Many studies
described the stages of adoption. To adopt, a farmer must

'climb a ladder' consisting of the following steps:4

 

Adoption

 

 

Trial

 

 

Conviction

 

 

Interest

 

 

Awareness

Figure 1. Adoption Stages

Some farmers may never get to the awareness stage,
others never to the interest stage, etc. In a
given community and for a given community and for
a given innovation, there may be farmers on each
step of the ladder. In another community, all
farmers may have passed the awareness stage, which
few have actually adOpted. In still another com—
munity, most farmers may have adopted. However,
in all communities, a number of peOple may never
reach the adopted stage for various reasons:

The innovation may not be applicable or attrac—
tive, others may have no land or money to adopt
it, while some may never be properly instructed
how to do it. Oh yes, there may also be a few who
are so conservative that they resist change» How-
ever, these are far fewer than most extension

24

workers think. Extension workers tend to blame
farmers for non-adaption, fven when the extension
worker has failed himself.

This traditional view of the adoption process was

postulated by a committee of rural sociologists in 1955.6

Rogers criticized this model and pointed out that this

model is too simple because of its numerous deficiencies.

Some of the deficiencies of the innovation-decision process

are indicated by Rogers (1971:101):

1. It implies that the process always ends in
adOption decisions, whereas in reality
rejection may also be a likely outcome.
Therefore, a term more general than 'adoption
process' is needed that allows for either
adoption or rejection.

2. The five stages do not always occur in the
specified order, and some of them may be
skipped, especially the trial stage.
Evaluation actually occurs throughout the
process, rather than just at one of the five
stages.

3. The process seldom ends with adoption, as
further information seeking may occur (Mason,
1964) to confirm or reinforce the decision, or

the individual may later switch7
to rejection (a discontinuance).

Rogers

8

from adoption

conceptualizes the model of the innovation-

decision process as consisting of four functions or stages:

(Figure 1)

1. Knowledge. The individual is exposed to the
innovatioan existence and gains some
understanding of how it functions.

2. Persuasion. The individual forms a favorable
or unfavorable attitude toward the innovation.

3. Decision. The individual engages in
activities which lead to a choice to adopt or
reject the innovation.

25

4. Confirmation. The individual seeks
reinforcement for the innovation-decision he
has made, but he may reverse his previous
decision of exposed to conflicting message
about the innovation.9

WW

Some ideas diffuse from their first original source to

widespread use in a few years. Others may require decades

to become accepted. The relative speed which an innovation

or
of
of
l.

idea is ad0pted depends partially on the characteristics
the innovation. Some of the factors affecting the rate

adoption are:

Relative Advantage is the degree to which an innovation
is perceived as better than the idea it supersedes. The
relative advantages of an innovation, as perceived by
members of a social system, is positively related to its
rate of adoption.10

Compatibility is the degree to which an innovation is
perceived as consistent with the existing values, past
experiences, and needs of potential adopters. The
compatibility of an innovation, as perceived by members

of a social system, is positively related to its rate of
adOption.11
Complexity is the degree to which an innovation is
perceived as relatively difficult to understand and to
use. The complexity of an innovation, as perceived by

members of social system, is negatively related to its

rate of adOption.12

26

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

27
Triability is the degree to which an innovation may be
experimented with on a limited basis. The triability of
an innovation, as perceived by members of a social
system, is positively related to its rate of adoption.13
Observability is the degree to which the results of an
innovation are visible to others. The observability of
an innovation, as perceived by members of a social
system, is positively related to its rate of adoption.14

In his research on the diffusion of innovation,

Roling15 described these factors which affect the occurrence

and the speed of diffusion as:

1. Characteristics of the Innovation: are
profitability, the extent (H) which the
innovation can be applied on the farms in the
area, the extent to which the innovation can be
tried on a small scale, the case with which its
advantage can be demonstrated, etc. Very
often innovations can only be applied on larger
farms of wealthier farmers, or the innovation
is not profitable. 6

f 2. Characteristics of the extension message: Can
\\\ it be understood? Is it easily distorted? Is

it transmitted by ER? apprOpriate media to the
appropriate people?

3. Characteristics of the communication between
farmers: Do farmers in the community talk
easily with each other or are there barriers
(political, geographical or otherwise)? Are
there farmers who act as Opinion leaders to
others and who want to help others?1

4 Characteristics of the social system: Does the
community have favorable experiences with
change in the past? Does it have facilitating
or Oppressive leadership? How homogeneous are
its members regarding the farming system,
ecology, farm size, social status, wealth, etc.
Are there farmers' orgari'bzations which assist
progressive development?

28

5. Characteristics of supporting services: Such

as market pricesbdnarketing channels, credit,
1n-put prov151on.

A field survey was conducted during August, 1977 in
Nepal by Kailash N. Pyakuryal, to discover some of the
factors affecting adoption of innovation. Chemical
fertilizers, compost, improved seeds, green manuring,
artificial insemination veterinary services, and
insecticides were the innovations considered. The following
hypotheses were tested: (1) Adoption was related to size
of holding, (2) Adoption was related to age, education,
castes, major religion, and family size, (3) There was
a relationship between characteristics of innovation and
adoption, and (4) There was a relationship between the
frequency of Junior Technical Assistants (extension-agents'

visit and action).21

Time
By definition, time center into diffusion of innovation
is an element. 22 Time dimension is involved in three ways:
1. :hi the innovation-decision process by which an
individual passes from first knowledge of the innovation
through its adoption or rejection,
2. in the innovativeness of the individual, that is, the
relative earliness-lateness with which an individual
adOpts an innovation when compared with another member

of his social system, and

29
3. in the innovation's rate of adoption is a social system,
usually measured as the numbers fo the system that adopt

the innovation in a given time period.23 Figure (3 and

4)

Diffusion researchers looked at the innovativeness of
individuals and characteristics of adoptors based on the
relative time of adoption. These researchers identified
five categories of adopters: l) innovators, 2) 'early
adopters, 3) early majority, 4) late majority and 5)

laggards. Figure (5).

Was:

Extension agents focus on a progressive group of people
to induce change and pass it on to potential adOpters. This
strategy has a number of advantages:24

- Progressive farmers have larger farms so that
the extension worker's effect on total produc-
tion (export and food production) is maximized.

- Progressive farmers have more education and
more economic means and are therefore quicker
to understand and quicker to follow advice-

- One usually cannot bypass progressive farmers.
They selected themselves as extension's target
group.

- They are more homophilous with extension and
easy to talk to.

- Progressive farmers provide a challenge to
extension. In fact, extensifif often learns
from them what to tell others.

30

7301

 

 

Time
Figure 3. Accumulated Percentage of Adopters Over Time.

Scarce: Roling. Baaearch_an_the_niffusi2n_ef_lnnexatians.

 

 

Time

Figure 4. Percent of New Adopters at Given Time.

Snares: Roling, Research_en_the_niffusien_af_1nn21atians.

   
     

I
D

   
 

 

 

} _; Early Early 1 Late . ,
O O ‘ I
Inngvagdopters Majority: Major'itJ Laggar s
2.5% 1.35% 34% 34% 16%

Figure 5. Categories of Adopters on the Basis of Innova-
tiveness.

Scarce: Rogers, Diffusian_nf_1nnaxatians

31
There are also a number of disadvantages to the pro-

gressive strategy:26

- By only having contact with progressive
farmers, the extension builds up an idea of
‘the' farmers which is not representative of
the farmers in the area. This increases the
likelihood that the innovations and extension
messages which are promoted are not applicable
to average or small farmers.

- By only giving first-hand information ot large
farmers, others are likely to get second hand
distorted and incomplete information, increas-
ing the likelihood that their land remains
unproductive (migration to slums, eth.

— Diffusion from large, progressive farmers to
others is sometimes not automatic, especially
if the farmers in the community are heterogene-
ous in terms of farming systems, farm size,
social status, capital availability and so on.
Thus, whole sections of the farmers may be
bypassed, although small farmers usually uti-
lize on-farm resources more efficiently than
large ones. '

- For various reasons, diffusion processes in-
crease differences in wealth and power. By
focussing government services, such as exten-
sion, credit and subsidies, on the earlier
(wealthier) adOptors, one only accelerates
these differences.

- Diffusion can 'work' in that information often
spreads throughout the community. However,
diffusion does not guarantee a'trickle down'

of bepefits. In fact,'trickle down'does not
work.

Whip

In every social system certain persons have the ability
to influence or determine the decisions of others. The
extension agent who can identify the community leaders, can

enhance his chance for achieving his objective28 and

32
improving the credibility of the innovation, thereby
increasing its probability of adoption.29
Rogers30 defines opinion-leadership as the degree to
which an individual is able to informally influence other
individuals' attitudes or overt behavior in a desired way

with relative frequency.

W
Leader behavior of county extension agents has been
studied as it relates to the concepts of initiating
structure and consideration. These concepts and the result
of their application were summarized in Cummingham's
article.31
Initiating structure refers to the leader's behavior in
endeavorimg to establish well-defined patterns of
organization, channels of communication, and methods of
procedure. Consideration refers to behavior indicative of
friendship, mutual trust, respect, and warmth in the
relationship between the leader and members of his
staff.32
Initiating structure refers to 'getting the job
done'. Consideration reflects concern for indivi-
duals in the group and their feelings. The indi-
vidual who exhibits behavior highly oriented
toward initiating structure in one who sees or
recognizes the job to be done and moves to accom-
plish it. This individual is task-oriented. He
strives to fulfill the purposes of the organiza-
tion, often at the expense of others concerned.
Initiating structure reflects behavior which

1. emphasizes the quality of work,
2. clarifies every one's responsibilities,

O‘U’lb w

33

is continually planning to get everything
done,

offers new approaches to get things started,
is first in getting things started, and
encourages the meeting of deadlines.

The individual, exhibiting behavior highly ori-
ented to consideration, tries to maintain close
understanding between members of a group. This
person is more concerned with group cohesiveness
that with accomplishing specific purposes. Consi-
deration is reflected by a person when he:

2.

finds time to listen to others,
does little things to make it a pleasure to
work with him,

shows interest in others as persons,
compliments others for their work,
has an Open ear, or

has others share in making decisions.33

CHAPTER III

DESIGN OF THE STUDY

W

The objective of the present study is to examine and
explain variations in adOptive behavior of a set of farmers
in wadi Zabid. Therefore, a design facilitating selection
of farmers with a wide range of variation in adoptive be-
havior was appropriate. This was accomplished by using 300
farmers chosen randomly from.the extension record for the
Fall season 1982/83. The randomly chosen sample represents
the main ten towns and villages of the project area when the
ten extension offices were conducted.

The information obtained from the selected samples
referred to the past and current conditions of farmers,
therefore the size of the sample may be seen in some tables
as bigger than 300 farmers. Information in the individual

farmers was obtained by interviewing them.

Q . l' E 2' Jill I
The organizatidn of data-gathering field work started
in summer 1983. The research spent 30 days collecting the

data.

34

35

Personal interviews were conducted for data collection,
well trained Yemenese were selected from the staff of the
Agricultunal Extension Department to assist the researcher
in collecting the data from the farmers. Some of the
advantages of-selecting the Yemenese assistants are
credibility and homophony. Previous studies and researches
conducted by the Agricultural Extension Department and
utilized by Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development and
other international agencies such as the World Bank, were
based on information gathered by those whom the researcher
seeked their help. Three training meetings were held with
those agents, explaining the objectives of this study and
the questionnaire. Daily meetings, after gathering the
information are already obtained from farmers, were held to
discuss the problems which have been faced while

interviewing the farmers.

Questinnnaiuuzesign

In view of the objectives of this study and research,
the farm practices recommended by the Agricultural Extension
Department at the project, the researcher decided to develop
a questionnaire and sample a portion of farmers through
personal interviews. The questions were designed to be
answered with a simple check mark in a box. This is the
easiest and quickest way for the respondents.to answer, in
order to encourage them to continue with the rest of the

questionnaire. One open-ended question (#5) was designed to

36
find out about the most important person (local leader) whom
the respondent felt the need to consult when seeking
information. This question was necessary to examine to what
extent the Agricultural Extension Department has recognized
the local leaders and involved the spread of their influence
on the farmers. The question provides a usable conceptual

framework for examining the flow of communication.

W

Dependent variables-Farmers Attitude and Behavior

Farmers attitudes and adoption is measured based on the
frequency of the following agricultural innovations and
recommendations.

1. Use of Maize, Tihama I and II

2. Use of Cotton, Coker 310

Use of chemical Fertilizers

Use of Pesticides

Use of Seed Dressing before Sowing

Use of Date of Sowing

Use of Mechanical Plowing

Use of Mechanical Levelling

Use of Mechanical Ridging

O D so \I O) U! h w
0

._-

Sowing in Hills

1.;
p
O

Filling and Thinning

H
N
0

Date of Harvesting

37
Independent Variables

Extension communications and contact with farmers and

land-ownership, size of land holding, farmers age and

education.

D E' 'II

(Attitude: \the response of farmers whether they like or
dislike the extension recommendations.
Adoptionzf using at least one recommendation. It is
divided into three:
i) High adoption: 9 or above recommendations
ii) Medium adoption: 5-8 or above recommendations
iii) Low adoption: 144 or above recommendations
Farmers Interaction: having attended at least one of
the extension activities:
i) High Interaction: 5-7 activities
ii) Medium Interaction: 3-4 activities
iii) Low Interaction: 1-2 activities
Size of Land Holding: Average size of holding is 14
Maa'd which is equal to 5.07 ha.
1) High above 14 Maa'd
ii) Low less than 14 Maa'd
Agricultural Extension Communication: is defined as
having attended/reached at least one of the extension

activities/methods:

1) High: 5-7 Extension activities
ii) Medium: 3-4 Extension activities

iii) Low: 1-2 Extension activities

38
6. Education: Farmers are divided into three categories
depending upon their education:
i) Literate: those who can read and write
ii) Semi-Literate: those who can read only

iii) Illiterate: those who cannot read or write

W8
In examining the farmer's attitude and behavior towards
different independent variables, a frequency analysis and

chi-square analysis is used manually.

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Thh1s_2

Adoption of recommendation of cotton and maize under
different methods of irrigation system is represented in
Table 2.

For cotton, out of 244 farmers, 160 (65%) are high
adopters, 75 (31%) are medium adopters and 9 (4%) are low
adopters.

For maize, out of 173 farmers, 84 (49%) are high
adopters 66 (38%) are medium adOpters, 23 (13%) are low
adopters. The total number of farmers is 300; but here the
total comes to 417 because some are cultivating both cotton

and maize and some answer because of their experience.

Tahls_1
Farmers'attitude towardtfluarecommendationcufcotton

crop is shown in Table 3.

1. New Seed varieties - Coker 310
Out of 244 farmers, 164 (67.2%) are in favor and 80
farmers (32.8%) are against Coker 310 and that is
because they believe that the old variety ACALA is much
better that COKER 310. The reasons, from their view
are:

39

40

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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m m4m<p

41

TABLE 3
FARMERS' ATTITUDE TOWARDS
THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF COTTON CROP.

 

Farmers Attitude

 

Recommendation In Favour Against Total

of Cotton ---------------------------------
No. % to. E

New Seed Varieties 164 _67.2 80 32.8 244

Cocker 310

Use of Fertilizers
and Pesticides

Chemical Fetilizers 227 93 17 7 244
Seed Dressing Before 209 '85.7 35 14.3 244
sowing

Chemical Pesticides 234 96 10 4 244

Field Practices:

Date of Sowing 227 93 17 7 244
Mechanical Plowing 242 99.1 2 0.9 244
Mechanical Leveling 237 97.1 7 2.8 24:
Mechanical Ridging 201 82.4 43 17.6 244
Sowing in Hills 157 64.3 67 35.7 244
Filling 8 Thinning 218 89.3 26 10.7 244
Cultivation 211 86.5 33 13.5 24!

Date of Harvesting 220 90.2 24 9.8 ‘244

(d)
(e)

42
ACALA needs only little water.
Chance to succeed is more with ACALA.
Harvesting is needed only once, so less labor is
required and provides land use for other
cultivation.
ACALA is more resistance to insects.
ACALA gives tall plants with more fruit so picking

is easier.

Use of Fertilizers and Pesticides

Recommendations for the use of fertilizers and pesti-

cides are sub—divided into three parts.

a)

b)

C)

Use of chemical fertilizers:

The recommended amount of chemical fertilizers must
be used at a suitable time and quantity for getting
a good yield. Results obtained after examining the
244 answers of farmers are as follows:

Majority of farmers i.e. 227 (93%) are in favor
and 17 (7%) are against using chemical fertilizers.
Seed Dressing before Sowing:

Two hundred and nine (85.7%) are in favor and 35
(14.3%) are against this recommendation.

Chemical Pesticides:

Two hundred and thirty four (96%) are in favor and
10 (4%) are against using chemical pesticides to

prevent their plants from pests.

43

Field Practices

The following results were obtained from examining 244

questions about field practices.

a)

b)

e)

d)

e)

f)

Date of Sowing:

The date of sowing recommended for cotton crops is
from the middle of July to the end of September
except in areas under Wadi irrigation systems where
the floods arrive at later times. 227 (93%) .are in
favor and 17 (7%) are against this date.

Mechanical Plowing:-

Two hundred forty—two (99.1%) showed a positive
attitude and 2 (2.8%) are against.

Mechanical levelling:

Two hundred thirty-seven (99.1%) showed a positive
attitude and 7 (2.8%) are against.

Mechanical Ridging: '

Two hundred one (82.4%) are in favor and 43 (17.6%)
against.

Sowing in Hills:

One hundred fifty-seven (62.3%) are in favor and 87
(35.7%) are against sowing in hills, because it is
very expensive, needs more labor and also use to the
unavailability of workers.

Filling and Thinning:

Two hundred eighteen (89.3%) are in favor and 26

(10.7%) are against.

44
g) Cultivation:
Two hundred eleven (86.5%) are in favor and 33
(13.5%) are against.
h) Date of Harvesting:
Two hundred twenty (90.2%) are in favor and 24

(9.8%) are against.

The highest positive attitude of farmers are towards
mechanical plowing and highest negative attitude of farmers
are towards sowing in hills, the reasons have been previous-

ly discussed.

1am
Farmers attitude toward the recommendations of maize
crOp is described in Table 4. The recommendations for maize
are discussed in Appendix C. Here, we talk about the
farmers approach toward these recommendations. To study
their approach, simple questions as described earlier are
given to farmers who cultivated maize crops. Table 4 was
drawn after examining their answers in which the red portion
indicates the number of farmers who favor and who are
against. Elaborating the table, one can realize the follow-
ing farmer attitudes.
1. The New Seed varieties:
a) Tihama 1:
After going through the answers of 173 farmers, we
realize that 171 farmers (98.8%)1are in favor and 2

(1.2%) are against this new seed variety.

45

TABLE 4
FARMERS' ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF HAIZE CROP

 

FARMER'S ATTITUDE

RECOMMENDATIONS OF INFAVOUR AGAINST TOTAL
MAIZE ‘

 

NO. % NO. ‘23

 

NEW SEED VARIETIES

TIHAMA 1 171 98.8 2 1.2 173
TIHAMA 2 XX XX 173 100 173

 

USE OF FERTILIZERS AND

PESTICIDES
CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS 168 97.1 5 2.9 173
SEED DRESSING BEFORE

50171116 129 74.6 44 25.4 173
CHEMICAL PESTICIDES 165 95.4 8 4.6 173

 

F I ELD PRACT ICES

DATE OF SCX~"I)?G 150 85.7 3 13.3 173
MECHANICAL PLOWII'IC— 173 100 )2): XX 173
MECHANICAL LEVELINC 166 $6 7 4 173
MECHANICAL RIDGIIIG 139 80.3 34 19.7 173
SOHIHC I!) HILLS 107 62 66 3i 173
FILLING 8: TBINNIIJC 150 {'7 23 1 173
CULTIVATION 150 87 23 13 173

DATE OF HARVESTING 147 5 26 15 173

 

b)

46
Tihama 2:
Regarding this new seed variety, all the 173
farmers (100%) are against Tihama 2 because of its

white color.

2. Use of fertilizers and pesticides:

a)

b)

0)

Chemical fertilizers:

One hundred sixty-eight farmers (97.1%) are in favor
and S (2.9%) are against using chemical fertilizers.
Seed dressing before sowing: '
Out of the 173 farmers, 129 (74.6%) are in favor and
44 (25.4%) are against seed dressing before sowing.
This is because they think that if taken
accidentally by children or animals that would
poison them.

Chemical pesticides:

Out of 173 farmers, 165 (95.4%) show a positive
attitude toward using chemical pesticides and 8

(4.6%) are against.

3. Field practices:

a)

Date of sowing:

The recommended date of sowing islduring September
and October and may be extended up to December for
the Maize crop. One hundred fifty'(86.1%) are in

favor and 23 (13.3%) are against because they prefer

their own date.

b)

e)

d)

e)

f)

9)

h)

47
Mechanical Plowing:
One hundred and seventy three farmers (100%) showed
a positive attitude toward mechanical plowing.
Mechanical Levelling:
One hundred and sixty six (96%) showed a positive
attitude and 7 (4%) showed a negative attitude
toward this recommendation.
Mechanical Ridging:
One hundred and thirty nine (80.3%) showed a
positive attitude and 34 (19.7%) showed a negative
attitude toward mechanical ridging. This is because
they irrigate their land by spate.
Sowing in Bills:
One hundred and seven (62%) showed a positive
attitude and 66 (38%) showed a negative attitude
toward sowing in hills“ This is because sowing in
hills is very expensive and needs more labor.
Filling and Thinning:
One hundred and fifty (87%) are in favor and 23
(13%) are against this recommendation.
Cultivation:
One hundred and fifty (87%) are in favor and 23
(13%) are against this recommendation, because this
needs more labor.
Date of harvesting:
The recommended date of harvesting is 100 to 110

days from date of sowing. One hundred forty-seven

48
farmers (85%) are in favor and 26 (15%) are against

this date.

The highest positive attitude are towards mechanical
plowing and the highest negative attitude is towards the new

seen variety Tihama 2.

W
The adoption of improved practices of cotton crop is
described in Table 5.
1. New Seed varieties Coker 310:
All of the 244 farmers (100%) adopted this new seed
variety which is Coker 310. This is because the farmers
received all their cotton seed from the National Company
of Cotton which distributes only this kind.
2. Use of Chemical Fertilizers & Pesticides:
a) Chemical Fertilizers:
Out of 244, 146 (59.8%) farmers are using chemical
fertilizers. The rest, 98 (40.2%) farmers, have not
adopted. Thses 98 farmers say that chemical
fertilizers are:
1) Very costly
2) not available
3) some think that land does not need it 'since it

is already fertile.

49

TABLE 5

ADOPTION OF IMPROVED
PRACTICES OF COTTON CROP.

 

 

 

 

 

 

ADOPTION
RECOMMENDATION ADOPTERS NON-ADOPTERS TOT
or COTTON

no. % no. %
rem SEED VARIETIES - .
COCKER 310 244 100 xx xx 24:
USE OF FERTILIZERS
& PESTICIDES :
CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS 146 39.8 98 40.2 244
SEED DRESSING BEFORE 44 100 xx 77 244
sovmc
CHEMICAL PESTICIDES 158 (4.7 $6 35.2 244
FIELD PRACTICES:
DATE OF 503nm: 180 73.8 64 :5.7 244
IZECHA‘IICAL PLO‘ZIIIC 240 98.» 4 1.6 24.2
MECEAEICAL LEVELLIDC 210 86 3: 14 244
MECDEICAL RIDGING 14 5.7 :3r 94.3 244
SOCInC IE HILLS 42 17.2 2C; 82.8 244
FILLINC a TEInnIEC IE3 75 (l 25 244
CULTIVATION 147 60.2 97 39.: 244
DATE or HARVESTING 185 75.5 :9 24.2 :4;

 

!
I

 

b)

e)

50

Seed dressing before sowing:
Two hundred forty-four (100%) farmers practice seed
dressing before sowing. This is because all seeds
distributed by the National company are already
dressed.
Chemical Pesticides:
Chemical Pesticides are used to protect the plant
from Microtearm species. Protection of plant from
other species is done by National Cotton Protection
Campaign which is organized by the Ministry of
Agriculture under the supervision of the Department
of Plant Protection in TJLA. One hundred fifty-
eight (64.7%) farmers adOpted and 86 (35.2%) are not
adopting. This is because:

1) extreme cost

2) lack of technical know-how

3) unavailability

3. Field Practices:

a)

D)

Date of Sowing:

One hundred eighty (73.8%) are adopters and 64
(26.2%) are non-adopters. This is because they
think that the recommended date is not suitable.
Mechanical Plowing:

Two hundred forty (98.4%) are ad0pting mechanical

plowing and 4 (1.6%) are not adopting.

C)

d)

e)

f)

9)

h)

51
Mechanical Levelling:
Two hundred ten (86%) are adopting and 34 (14%) are
not adOpting this recommendation.
Mechanical Ridging:
Fourteen (5.7%) are adopting and 230 (94.3%) are not
adopting because they say that a ridger is not
readily available. What is available is too
expensive and some say that the land does not need
ridging since they irrigate their land by spate.
Sowing in Hills: .
Forty-two (17.2%) farmers are adopting this
recommendation, and 230 (94.3%) are not adopters
because of cost and need for additional labor.
Filling and Thinning:
One hundred eighty—three (75%) farmers adopt and 61
(25%) farmers are not adopting this recommendation.
Actual observations show that in one hill 8 to 15
cotton seed are cultivated, which is too thick.
Without thinning, the plants will have more leaves
than flowers.
Cultivation:
One hundred forty-seven (60.2%) are adopting and 97
(39.8%) are not adopting this recommendation.
Date of Harvesting:
One hundred eighty-five (75.8%) are adopting and 59
(24.2%) are not adopting this recommended date

because they think it is not a suitable date. Also

52
most of the farmers prefer to leave the whole plants
to ripen so that they can pick the cotton at one
time which saves money and labor.
The highest positive adoption is for seed dressing
before sowing and the new seed varieties COKER 310. The
highest negative adoption is towards the mechanical ridging

(table 5).

Tam
Adoption of improved practices of maize crOps is repre-
sented in Table 6. The following determines the adOpters

and non-adopters for each recommendations:

I. New Seed Variety.
a) TIBAMA I
One hundred sixty-one (93%) adopts and 12 (7%) are
not adOpting this.
b) TIHAHA II
All of the 173 farmers are against using TIHAMA II
because of its white color.
II. Use of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides
a) Chemical fertilizers: One hundred ten (63.6%)
adopts and 63 (36.4%) are not adopting this because:
1. It is not available
2. They do not know how to use it
3. Cost
4. Some are saying that land does not need

fertilizer since it is fertile.

53

TABEL 6
ADOPTION OF IMPROVED
PRACTICES OF HAIZE CROP.

 

 

 

 

 

 

ADOPTION
R ECONE ENDAT I ON S ADOPT ERS N ON-ADOPTORS TOT AI..-
OF MAIZE
NO. % NO. ’6

NEW SEED VARIETIES:
TIHAMA 1 161 93 12 7 173
TIHAMA 2 XX XX 173 100 173
USE OF FERTILIZERS

8 PESTICIDES
CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS 110 63.6 63 36.4 17"
SEED DRESSING BEFORE

SOWING 82 47.4 91 52.6 173
CHEMICAL PESTICIDES 107 61.8 66 38.2 173
FILE PRACTICES:
DATE OF SCX'IING 130 75.1 43 24.9 173
MECHANICAL PLG'FING~ 170 98.3 3 1.7 173
MECHANICAL LEVELLING 139 80.3 34 19.7 173
MECHANICAL RIDGING 13 7.5 160 92.5 173
SOWING I}? HILLS 29 16.8 144 83.2 173
FILLING I. THINK NC 131 75.7 42 24.3 173
CULTIVATION 120 69.4 53 30.6 173
DATE OF HARVESTING 142 82 31 1 173

 

b)

C)

III.

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

54
Seed Dressing before Sowing:
Eighty-two (47.4%) are adopting and 91 (52.6%) are
not adopting because of the lack of technical
knowledge of mixing the seed with fertilizer.
Chemical Pesticides:
Out of 173 farmers, 107 (61.8%) are using and 66
(38.2%) are not using this because:
1. It is not easily available
2. Cost A
3. They do not know how to apply pesticides among

their crOps

Field Practices

Date of Sowing

One hundred thirty (75.1%) are adopting and 48
(24.9%) are not adopting this recommended date.
Mechanical Plowing

One hundred seventy (98.3%) are adopting and 3
(1.7%) are not adopting this recommendation.
Mechanical Levelling

One hundred thirty-nine (80.3%) are adOpting 34
(19.7%) are not adopting this recommendation.
Mechanical Ridging

Thirteen (7.5%) are adopting and 160 (92.5%) are not
adopting this.

Sowing in Bills

Twenty-nine (16.8%) are adopting and 144 (83.2%) are

against this recommendation.

f)

9)

h)

55
Filling and Thinning
One hundred thirty-one (75.5%) adopts and 42 (24.3%)
does not adOpt this recommendation.
Cultivation
One hundred twenty (69.9%) are adopters and 58

(30.6%) are non-adopters because it needs more

labor.
Date of Harvesting
One hundred forty-two (82%) are in favor of this and

31 (18%) are against the recommended date of

harvest.

In summary, the majority of farmers adopted TIHAMA I

and mechanical plowing. All of the were against using

TI HAMA II .

1311111

Farmers interaction due to extensive activities is

represented in Table 7. Several methods are used to reach

the farmers to convey all the recommendation. The following

are the methods and the farmers replies:

1.

Extension Office Visit
When farmers need clarification, or when they need
assistance and when they need chemical fertilizers or

pesticides, they visit extension offices seeking advice

and help. Two hundred forty—two (81%) out of 300

farmers received benefit by this method.

56

TABLE 7
FARMERS' INTERACTION

 

PARKERS' REPLIES
EXTENSION ACTIVITIES

 

 

NO. % *
Extension Headquarter Visit 242 81
Extension Meeting 239 80
Extension Exhibition 96 32
Extension Campaign 139 46
Demonstration Field Visit 229 76
Home/Farm Visit 287 96
Circular Letter/pamphlet 72 24

j,
fi

* Bach farmer may have been reached by one or more of the

extension activities listed. Therefore, the percentage

has been calculated by dividing the number of farmers who

participated by the potential number (300)

 

3.

Extension Meeting

Meetings are conducted in the morning and at night. The
morning meeting is aux organized meeting where the
farmers are invited to see the application of
agricultural processes. Night meetings are those
usually held in large towns and villages to discuss
agricultural problems, to acquaint farmers with new
recommendations and to illustrate the accomplishments
realized by the extension service unit. About 239 (80%)
out of 300 farmers were benefited by this method.
Extension Exhibition

This is a teaching method to inform farmers with high
levels of production and the ways which will help them
to realize such levels. About 96 (32%) farmers were

benefited by this method.

57
Extension Campaign
Extension agents contact farmers on a wide scale
utilizing loud speakers in villages, markets or cinemas
for announcing about the various meetings or informing
them about important information and National
celebrations. One hundred thirty-nine (46%) farmers got
benefit by this method.
Demonstration Field Visit
Farmers are invited to the fields at harvesting time to
demonstrate the recommendations applied on demonstration
units and to verify the economic results of applying
such recommendations. Two hundred twenty-nine (76%)
farmers were benefited by this method.
Home and Farm Visit
This includes visiting farmers both at fields and homes
where the farmers are interviewed by experts, engineers
and trainees. The purpose of these visits are to get
acquainted with farmers, and to study their problems
which are hindering the develOpment of agricultural
production. Two hundred eighty-seven (96%) farmers were
benefited by this method.
Circular Letter/Pamphlet
In spite of the high rate of illiteracy in the project
area, the written word still could be considered a very
effective teaching method because farmers can use it as
a reference. The Extension Department issues monthly

wall bulletins including the most important information

58
and recommendations through the month of issuing. The
department also issues pamphlets including all the
recommendations for developing cotton and maize
products. Specialized pamphlets are issued and
distributed among agents and concerned farmers in the
project area. Seventy-two (24%) farmers regard useful

information through this method.

It is clear that the most frequent teaching method
utilized in reaching farmers is home and farm visits (Table
70. This is because the agents can visit farmers in their

homes and farms by motorbikes which are provided by the

T.D.A.

TBEULB

The farmer's attitude towards adoption of recommended
practices and interaction with the7agricultural extension
programs are presented in Table 8. Here, farmer attitude,
as defined earlier, is divided into four parts: (1) strong-
1y agree (2) agree (3) disagree and (4) strongly disagree
and farmers interaction as defined earlier is divided into
(1) high (2) medium and (3) low. By referring to Table 8,
one can obtain the number of farmers who strongly agree,
agree, disagree and strongly disagree under high} medium,
and low interaction.

In examining the farmer's attitude toward adoption of

recommended practices and their interaction with

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61

agricultural extension programs, the result of using the

Chi-Square analysis shows:

1. Null hypothesis is that there is no association between
farmers attitude euui agricultural extension
communication.

2. Since the calculated value of X? with 4 dJL is much
greater than the theoretical value of x2 (9.49) at 5%
level of significance, we may reject the null hypothesis

on the basis of available information.

131213.51

The farmers adoption of agricultural recommendations
and assistance from extension service is shown in Table 9..
Adoption is divided into high, medium and low categories as
is agricultural extension communication. Thus, by referring
to Table 9, the number of farmers who adOpt agricultural
recommendations and seek assistance from extension service
can be obtained.

The co-relation between farmers adoptioncflfagricul-
tural recommendation and assistance received from the exten-
sion service was examined using Chi—square analysis.

1. The null hypothesis is that there is no association
between adoption and agricultural extension communica-
tion.

2. The calculated value of x2 with 4 d.f. (43.309) is much
greater than the theoretical value (9.49) at 5% level of

significance and we may reject the null hypothesis.

62

TABLE 9
ADOPTION OF EXTENSION REQHMHIDATIONS
AND ASSISTANCE RECEIVED PROM EXTWSION DEPARTMENT.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ADOPTION

~ HIGH MEDIDH 1J1? _TOTAL
AG. EXTENSION
COHHDNICATION

no. %. NO. % NO. _%

HIGH 109 62 42 41 3 13 154
MEDIDH 54 31 33 33 8 35 95'
Low 13 7 26 26 12 52 51
TOTAL 176 100 101 100 23 100 300

 

63

TABLE 9-1

RESULT OF CHI-SQUARE TEST OF ADOPTION
AND EXTENSION COMMUNICATION

 

 

 

_ADOPTION

AG. EXTENSION HIGH MEDIUM 'LOW
COMMUNICATION (No.) (No.) (No.)
HIGH

Obs. 109.00 42.00 3.00

Expec. 90.35 51.85 11.81
MEDIUM

Obs. 54.00 33.00 8.00

Expec. 55.73 31.98 7.28
LOW

Obs. 13.00 26.00 12.00

Expec. 29.92 17.17 3.91

 

 

64

W

The reasons for non-adoption and the number of non-

adopters coming under each reason and factors affecting the

rate of adoption are given in Table 10.

1.

New Seed variety:

2:)

b)

Use

a)

Tihama 1:

Twelve (100%) farmers are not using Tihama 1 because

they have their own seeds to cultivate.

Tihama 2:

One hundred seventy-three (100%) farmers are against

this variety because they say that it is not

profitable and because of its white color which they

cannot tolerate. '

of Chemical Fertilizers and Chemical Pesticides:

Chemical Fertilizers:

One hundred sixty-one farmers are not using chemical

fertilizers.

(1) Forty-three (27%) farmers are against because
of its unavailability.

(2) Thirteen (8%) farmers are ot adopting due to
lack of technical know-how.

(3) Seventy-one (44%) farmers are not adopting
because it is very costly.

(4) Two (1%) farmers say that it is not profitable.

(5) Twenty-three (14%) farmers say that their land
does not need fertilizers since it is already

fertile.

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66
(6) Lastly, 9 (7%) farmers are not adopt-ing due to

minor reasons.

Hence, a total of 161 farmers are not using chemical

fertilizers.

b) Seed Dressing Before Sowing:
Due to lack of technical know-how, 60 (66%) farmers
are not adopting, and 31 (34%) farmers are against
due to other minor reasons; such as they are afraid,
if taken by children and animals accidentally, it
may poison them. Hence, totally 91 farmers are not
using this recommendation.

c) Chemical Pesticides:
Thirty-four (31%) farmers are not using chemical
pesticides because of its unavailability, 15 (14%)
because of lack of technical know-how, 39 (35%)
because of its cost, 2 (2%) say that use of
pesticides is not profitable and 21 (19%) farmers
are against this recommendation due to some other
minor reasons. Thus, 111 farmers are not using
chemical pesticides.

We
a) Date of Sowing:

Ten (13%) farmers say sowing on the recommended date
is not profitable and 67 (84%) say that the
recommended date is not suitable, and they prefer

their own date, 3 (3%) are not adoption this

b)

e)

d)

e)

67
recommended date for other minor reasons. Totally,
80 farmers are not adopting this recommended date.
Mechanical Plowing:
Two (67%) farmers are not adopting mechanical plow-
ing because the machines are very costly, and 1
(33%) is not adopting this due to another minor
reason. Totally, 3 farmers are not adopting mechan-
ical plowing.
Mechanical Leveling:
Thirty-nine (65%) are not adopting this recommenda-
tion because of its unavailability, 16 (27%) say
that it is very costly, 4 (6%) say that land does
not need levelling since they irrigate their land by
spate, l (1%) is not adopting this recommendation
because of some other minor reasons. Thus, 60
farmers are not adopting this recommendation.
Mechanical Ridging:
Two hundred thirty-four (84%) farmers are not
adOpting because the ridger is not easily available,
2 (6%) are not adOpting this due to its cost, 40
(14%) say that land does not need ridging since they
irrigate their land by spate. Thus, 280 farmers are
not adopting mechanical ridging.
Sowing in Hills:
Two (1%) say that the machines for sowing are not
available, 210 (96%) farmers say that sowing in

hills are very costly, 5 (2%) say it is not

f)

9)

h)

68
profitable, l (1%) says that it is not necessary.
Totallqn 72 farmers are not adOpting sowing in
hills.
Filling and Thinning:
Sixty-nine (96%) farmers are not adopting this
because they say that it is very costly, 1 (1%) says
that it is not profitable, and 2 (3%) are not
adopting this due to some other minor reasons.
Totally, 72 farmers are not adopting filling and
thinning.
Cultivation:
One hundred eleven (97%) farmers are not adOpting
cultivation because it is very expensive. Two (2%)
say that it is not profitable and 1 (1%) is not
adopting this due to some other minor reasons.
Totally, 114 farmers are not adopting cultivation.
Date of Harvesting:
Forty-one (55%) say that it is very expensive to
harvest more than once, 4 (5%) say that it is not
profitable to adopt this date of harvesting, 30
(40%) farmers are not adopting this recommended date
because they think it is not a suitable date.
Totally, 75 farmers are not adOpting this
recommended date. So, by observing Table 10, one
can realize the number of farmers who are not

adopting under each reason.

69
Iahl£_ll
The adOption and land ownership data is given in Table

11. Here, as before, adoption is divided into three areas:
high, medium, and low. Land ownership is divided into two--
owners and share crOppers. Chi-square analysis shows:
1. The null hypothesis is that there is no association

between adoption and land ownership.
2. The calculated values of x2 with 4 d.f. is greater than

the theoretical value x2 (9.49) and therefore we have

evidence against the null hypothesis and so we may

 

 

reject it.
TABLE 11

ADOPTION AND LAND OWNERSHIP

‘‘‘‘‘ — ADOPTION
mag-mm "QEEQ"""”"LZEBEBE """"" £235.» """ $562.?"
7327"? """ £327”; """ £27m"; """""
Owners 35 _A20_-— 526‘ I 26 ‘5 I 2 9 63—
"EBSIE'EZSELEIQMSE """ {6""32 """ 4063
"EBAEEQEEZQQ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""
Owner/Renter 112 64 51 SO 11 4C 17‘

Share cropper

.-----------------~-------——--------_--------------------------.

70

TABLE 11-1

RESULT OF CHI-SQUARE TEST OF
ADOPTION AND LAND OWNERSHIP

 

 

ADOPTION
HIGH MEDIUM LOW

LAND TENURE (No.) (No.) (No.)
OWNERS

Obs. 35.00 26.00 2.00

Expec. 39.96 21.21 4.83
SHARE CROPPERS

Obs. 29.00 24.00 10.00

Expec. 36.96 21.21 4.83
COMBINATION OWNER/
RENTER SHARE CROPPER

Obs. 112.00 51.00 11.00

Expec. 102.08 58.58 13.34

 

Summarizing Table 11,

the owners

are more keen in

adopting the recommendations than share croppers and this is

because of the existing relationship between them.

The existing relationship is as follows:

Spate area ------------------ 2/3rd of product to land owner

Well area ------------

1/3rd to share crOpper

1/4th to land owner

1/2 to well owner

l/4th to share cropper.

Thus, with these ratios being unchanged, all parties

have shared the increased production due to the project,

with higher benefits going to the land owner'than1x1share

71

cropper, although share cropper is responsible for the input

cost.

Table_12

Represents adoption and size of land holdings.
Adoption as mentioned earlier is divided into high, medium,
and low categories. Size of land holding i5<divided into
large and small categories to make the wide difference.

Under large size holdings, 29 (83%) farmers are high
adopters, 14 (54%) are medium adopters and 1 (508) are low
adopters. Thus, 44 out of 63 farmers are adopters.

Under small size holdings, 6 (17%) farmers are high
adopters, 12 (46%) are medium adopters and 1 (50%) are low

adopters. Thus, a total of 19 farmers are adOpters.

TABLE 12

ADOPTION AND SIZE OF LAND HOLDING

 

 

ADOPTION
"""
“Olding -----------------------------------------------
No. 8 No. 8 No. 8
Large 29 83 14 54 l 50 44
Med:um"""';""";'""7"”?m"; """ {WW
£1.23?""""6"""IT"'i3"""22"'""3"""26"73""

---------~------—------------—--—---------------------------—

72
TABLE 12-1

RESULT OF CHI-SQUARE TEST OF ADOPTION
AND SIZE OF LANDHOLDING

 

 

 

‘ADOPTION

SIZE OF HIGH MEDIUM LOW
HOLDING (No.) (No.) (No.)
LARGE '

Obs. 29.00 14.00 1.00

Expec. 24.44 18.16 1.40
MEDIUM

Expec. X X X
LOW

Obs. 6.00 12.00 1.00

Expec. 10.56 7.84 .60

 

 

---”o.—-- .9 --.-----~--—-~—-

Chi-square analysis shows:

1. The null hypothesis is that there is no association
between adoption and size of land holding.

2. the calculated value of I? with 4 ddh is slightly
greater than the theoretical value of X? at 5% level of
significance. Although the evidence is not strong, we

may reject the null hypothesis.

W

The number of adopters under different age categories

is shown in Table 13.
1. Under the age of 35 years or less:
Forty-two (24%) farmers are high adopters, 16 (16%) are

medium adopters and 2 (9%) are low adopters.

73

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 13
ADOPTION AND FARMERS' AGE
ADOPTION
AC E P. IGH MEDIU Ii LOW TOTAL
NO. 8 NO. % NO. 8
35 or less 42 24 16 16 2 9 60
36 — 45 55 31 23 23 3 13 81
46 - l=5 39 22 33 32 S 22 77
56 or above 40 23 9 29 13 56 82
TABLE 13-1
RESULT OF CHI-SQUARE TEST OF
ADOPTION AND FARMER'S AGE
-_._..--- D .....l..
AGE (No.) (No.) (No.)
35 OR LESS
Obs. 42.00 16.00 2.00
Expec. 35.20 20.20 4.60
36-45
Obs. 55.00 23.00 3.00
Expec. 47.52 27.27 6.21
46—55
Obs. 39.00 33.00 5.00
Expec. 45.17 25.92 5.90
56 OR ABOVE
Obs. 40.00 9.00 13.00
Expec. 48.11 27.61 6.29

 

—-.—-————-v- — ---.-—

 

2.

4.

74
Between the ages of 36 to 45 years:
Fifty-five (31%) are high adopters, 23 (23%) are medium
adopters and 3 (13%) are low adOpters. Thus, a total of
81 farmers in the age group 36 to 45 adopt the
recommendations.
Between the ages of 46 to 55 years:
Thirty-nine (22%) farmers are high adopters, 33 (32%)
are medium adopters and 5 (22%) are low adopters.‘ Thus,
a total of 77 farmers in the age group 45 to 55 are
adopting the recommendations. I
In the age group of 56 and above:
Forty (23%) farmers are high adOpters, 29 (29%) are
medium adopters and 13 (56%) are low adopters. Thus, a
total of 82 farmers in the age group 56 and above are
adOpting the recommendations. Thus, the maximum number
of farmers who adopt recommendations are in the age

group of 56 and above which is 82 farmers.

Using Chi-square,

1.

The null hypothesis is that there is no association
between farmers age and adOption.

The calculated values of x2 with 6 d.f. is greater than
the theoretical value of x? at 5% level of significance

(12.59) therefore we may reject the null hypothesis.

75

W

Adoption and farmer's education is shown in Table 14.

Adoption is divided into three categories. Education

of farmers are also divided into literate, semi-literate,

and illiterate.

1.

Literate:

Seventy-three (41%) farmers are high adopters, 36 (36%)
are medium adopters and 4 (17%) are low adopters.- Thus,
out of 300 adopters, 133 are literate and adopt the
recommendations. A ‘
Semi-literate:

Twenty-one (12%) farmers are high adopters, 17 (17%) are
medium adopters and 2 (9%) are low adopters. Thus, out
of 300 adopters, 40 farmers are semi-literate and adOpt
the recommendations.

Illiterate:

Eighty-two (47%) farmers are high adOpters, 48 (47%) are
medium adopters and 17 (74%)‘are low adopters. Out of
300 adopters, 147 farmers are illiterate’and adopt the
recommendations. Most low adopters (74) are illiterate

(Table 14).

Using Chi-square,

l.

The null hypothesis is that there is no association
between farmers education and adOption.

The calculated value of x2 with 4 d.f. is smaller than
the theoretical value of I? (9.49) at a 5% level of

significance, therefore on the basis of available

76

TABLE 14

ADOPTION AND FARMER'S EDUCATION

 

 

 

ADOPTION
Education "QEEE"""'REBEBE""""'£&2"""'EBERE’
732T""E"""EET"';""'EK""; """""
Literature 73 41 36 36 4 17 ‘133
"£2.53 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""
literate 21 12 ‘ l7 l7 2 9' 40
"2512222222”"W???"'2E."’2?"'IS""SS"'"IZ§""
TABLE 14-1

RESULT OF CHI-SQUARE TEST OF ADOPTION
AND FARMER'S EDUCATION

 

 

 

 

ADOPTION
HIGH MEDIUM LOW
EDUCATION (No.) (No.) (No.)
LITERATE
Obs. 73.00 36.00 4.00
Expec. 66.29 38.04 8.66
SEMI-LITERATE
Obs. 21.00 17.00 2.00
Expec. 23.47 13.47 3.07
ILLITERATE
Obs. 82.00 48.00 17.00
Expec. 86.24 49.49 11.27

77
information, we may accept the null hypothesis and we
can arrive to the result that illiteracy is not an
obstacle for adOption which is against all literatures
and research. This observation may be logically ac-
cepted, keeping in mind that this project has been going
on for about 10 years, therefore, most of farmers are

late adopters.

Iflh1£_li

Farmers attitude towards the credit fund services is
shown in Table 15.

Out of 290 farmers, 210 (72%) are in favor and 80 (28%)
are against the procedures for getting credit fund. Out of
290 farmers, 279 (96%) are in favor and 11 (4%) are against
the loans for agricultural equipment, that is mid-term
loans, loans for agricultural input, that.are short-terms

loans and long-term loans.

Iahlfi_1§

The number of farmers who listen to the radio and the
period of listening data are given in Table 16.

Out of 300 farmers 275 (92%) are radio listeners and 25
(8%) are non-listeners (Table 15A). ,

Referring to Table 153, 139 (33.2%) listen to the radio
at night, 123 (29.3%) are evening listeners, 83 (19.8%) are

afternoon listeners and 74 (17.7%) are morning listeners.

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80
IBDIE_LZ
The number of T.V. watchers is given in Table 17. By
referring to Table 16, we can see that out of 300, 265 (88%)

are T.V. watchers and 35 (12%) are non—watchers.

TABLE 17
Television Watchers

 

 

 

T.V. Watchers Category No. %

T.V. Watchers 265 88

T.V. Non-watchers 35 12

TOTAL 300 100
:unustla

Tihama Development Authority'(TKDJL) reported that 300
rural leaders where recognized and been trained in Wadi-
Zabid and Wadi-Rima. Only 57 local leaders names were
obtained from the extension departments.

Table 18 shows the list of names of local leaders as
recognized by the extension department and also shows the
farmers opinion about these leaders. Out of the 57 local
leaders, only 9 leaders are recognized by four or more
farmers which means that the agricultural extension is
parring the extension message to farmers through people whom
are not very accredited which affect level and speed of

farmer's adoption.

81

TABLE 18
LIST OF LOCAL LEADERS FROM EXTENSION DEPARTMENT
RECORD AND FARMERS OPINION ABOUT THOSE

 

 

81 Local Leaders name as No. of

No. ~in Extension Department Farmers
Record. Supporting

l Hussein A. Najar 3

2 Abed M. Mujani O

3 Futhani A. Haddad 0

4 Futhani S. Zain 0

5 Ahmad A. Zain O

6 Mohammad A. Dally 0

7 Futhani Shami 0

8 Albbar Hera 0

9 Youssif Mujanid l
10 Essa H. Koudeep l
11 Ali. 8. Sabbath 2
l2 Mohammad S. Mustafa 0
13 Yahia H. Al Dourib O
14 Mohammed Y. Sophi
15 Ali H. Koreshi

l6 Awad A. Famari

17 Alkunath Jatari
18 Ahmed O. Jananni

19 Dawood Sahari

20 Yahia A. A1 Ahyiaf

21 Mohammad U. Thalah

22 Abdu A. Alahyiaf 3
23 Ayxash Al Anyiaf

24 Ayyash A. Uonduch

25 Mohammed M. Lmoshari 1
26 Ahmed A. A1 Akill

27 Yahia O. Radiri

28 Salem. A. Kattab

29 Ali A. A1 Ahyiaf

30 Abdulla M. Khogaif

31 Ali A Uobal

32 Ali A. Hamas

33 Saleh M Rholaif

34 Yossif A. Talha

35 Omar A A1 Sahari
36 Abdullah Olayan
37 Ahmed h. Naheeb
38 Abed A. Lahdal

\O

39 Auliaman a. Ajhash
40 Yossif Lashi

41 Suliaman Lashi

42 Matari Karan Basu

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43 Suliaman K. Modhadah

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44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57

82

Abdul Rehiman Gazali
Ali Y. Barbour

Abid H. Wasel
Mohammed X. Al Ahdal
Hussain alanbari
Rassan O. Jamani
Abdu Hindi

Hassan M. Sathi
Alfotani H. Mofrh
Alfotani S. Zerae
Ahmed A. Yassin
Mohammad A. Hidara
Saheed. F. Mhohazab
Salim O. Hobal

ONOOOOWOOOOHOUJ

 

83

TABLE 18-1

LIST 0; LOCAL LEADERS WHO HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED BY
INTERVI EM ING FARMERS

 

 

81. Local Leaders Names No. of Farmers
No. supporting
1 Ebrahim Zabroak 2
2 Ahmad A. Idarouz 24
, 3 Ahmad Ali ldarouz 2
4 Ahmad A Vakidhi 3
5 Ahmad F Khalel 6
6 Ahmad Selahe 6
7 Esmail Habira 3
8 Barmom A Barashi 3
9 Dawood Y. Ashor 2
10 Dawood horad 2
11 Dawood A Alzalmi 5
l2 Hassan Kholash 7
13 Kassim H Damash 3
l4 Kassim A Bakith 3
15 Alezi Ahmad Al Ha‘al 4
16 Abdu A Hidarouz 2
l7 Awad Thalha 3
18 Leasy Yacob 8
19 Isash Damees 2
20 Abdul Rehiman Moshari 5
21 Omar 8. Hotel 4
22 Abdu Darsh 4
23 Abdu Haroon 3
24 Abdulla Ashreg 2
25 Hiash A Bashi 7
26 Awad H. Mohatab 7
27 Ali. M. Bajil 3
28 Pathr Ahatari C
29 Mogshin h Hydara 3
30 Mohamed A. Wajeth 2
3 Noshin Marshorki 2
32 Mohammad Noshin 2
33 Moaammanacob 3
34 Mohammad A. Balcom 2
35 Mohammad O Saagani 4
36 Mohammad A A1 Badal 3
37 Mohammad N. Bothari 2
38 Mohammad F. Batha 3
39 Mohammad F. Misgagi 3
40 iohammed N. Elmer 3
41 Mohammad F. Merhi 2
42 Salim S Bajil 2
43 Sulaiman A. Jasara 2

44
45
46
47
48
49
50

84

Salim n. Abra
Sayed A. Mohajab
Salai A. Moshin
Salai F. Kathib
Yahiya Hotara
Yahiya h. Fakhi
Yossif A. Batai

NNMMNMN

 

85
Iahlfi_12
The farmers's level of adOption in various extension
offices in Wadi Zabid Project is shown in Table 19. Out of
the 10 extension offices, only 4 extension offices have the
highest percentage of adOpters. They are (1) Quriah, (2)
Zabic, (3) Garrahi, and (4) Zaribah.

In Quriah:

Out of 30 farmers, 28 (93.3%) are high adopters and 2

(6.7%) are medium adopters and there were no low adopters.

In Zabid:
Out of 30 farmers, 22 (73.3%) are high adopters, 8

(26.7%) are medium adopters and there were no low adopters.

In Garrahi:

Out of 30 farmers, 23 (76.7%) are high adopters, 7

(23.3%) are medium adOpters and no low adopters.

In Zaribah:

Out of 30 farmers, 28 (93.3%) are high adopters, 2

(6.7%) are medium adOpters and there were no low adopters.

This table shows also the overall adoption of the 300
farmers in the 10 extension zones. Out of 300 farmers, 176

(59%) are high adopters, 101 (33%) are medium and 23 (8%)

are low adopters.

86

 

 

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CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SHEDBLXS

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to measure the attitude
and the adoption of the farmers toward the extension
serviceJS recommendations, to find out the extent of success
regarding the recognition of local leaders, to determine the
factors affecting the adoption of the agricultural recommen—

dations, and to examine alternative information delivery

systems in reaching farmers.

Methodology:

A sample of 300 farmers was randomly chosen from exten-
sion department records. Personal interviews were conducted
for data collection with the assistance of well-trained
extension agents. Three training meetings were held with
those agents, explaining the objectives of this Study before

the interviews with the farmers were conducted.

Findings:
Regarding farmers' attitudes and the adoption of
recommendations for chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the

majority of farmers showed a high positive attitude and had

87

88

adopted the Extension's recommendations, although a few
farmers were still against some of these recommendations.
Regarding field practices, only a few farmers showed a
negative attitude and had not adOpted the Extension's
recommendations. A noticeable portion of farmers were
against Coker 310 and preferred Acala. None of the farmers
were using maize. Tihama II and all had a negative attitude
toward this seek variety.

This study revealed that there is an obvious high level
of adOption of agricultural extension recommendatiOns in the
project area as a direct result of TJLA. developmental
movement and the efforts and cooperation of local officials
and public bodies in the project area within the last 10

years.

W:

Five hypotheses about farmers' attitudes and behaviors
were tested. The results were:

1. A farmer's attitude is related positively to the
farmer's interaction with the agricultural extension
service.

2. A farmer's adoption is related positively to:
an a farmer's interaction with the agricultural

extension service,
b) land ownership,
c) the size of the land holding, and

d) the age of the farmer.

89

It is most interesting that the researcher discovered
that older farmers are more likely to adopt improved prac-
tices than younger farmers and that illiteracy is not an
obstacle for the adoption in the Wadi Zabid project. Both
of these findings are contrary to all findings in the liter-
ature. These findings may be logically accepted, keeping in
mind that most of the landowners are older and that this
project was started 10 years ago, therefore making the

sample of this study late adopters.

Wins:

It is important to mention here some of the essential
recommendations which will help in realizing the desired
situation at full development. These recommendations are: A
1. Research efforts must be continued to introduce new

cotton crOp varieties.

2. It is advisable that the government should introduce
simple agricultural mechanization to be a substitute of
the scarcity of the agricultural labor and its relative
high costs--presently and in the future.

3. All the needed inputs, for applying the recommendations
such as selected seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and
agricultural machinery must be made available to farmers
at the right time and places and at suitable prices.

4. Agricultural credit fund efforts must be continued to
provide farmers with the needed inputs and money in the
suitable time at suitable prices and to facilitate easy

procedures for obtaining these loans.

90

Research efforts must be continued in studying the still
existing problems--and farmers suggestions for overcom-
ing them--and to determine, with the helz>of other TDA
departments, the most suitable solutions for overcoming
problems.

Agricultural extension efforts must be continued using
all possible extension teaching methods including the
mass media such as T.V. and radio to reach and convince
the majority of farmers of the application and adoption
of all the recommendatiOns in order to reach the desired
levels of production at full develOpment.

Efforts must be continued to recognize more real local
leaders.

Effort should be made to change the existing
relationship between land owner and small share cropper.
In other words, this Should be in favor of those who
actually work the land by benefitting them more, with
advantages of technical progress. This can be achieved
by limiting the prOportion of the harvest levied by the

land owner.

FOOTNOTES

FOOTNOTES

1Tihama Development Authority (TDA), “Tihama Develop—
ment Project No. l,‘ QQmQIeL 9n.BEQOLL. YAR, July 1980.

2Evert M. Rogers and Floyd F. Shoemaker, 99mmunicatign
of Innexatieni A Organzcultural Aenreach, 2nd ed. (New
York: The Free Press, 1971), p. 18.

31bid., p. 19.

4Niels Roling. Research.Dn.the.niffusien.af.Innexatieni
Its Lasagna far Extensign, (International Agricultural
Center, Wageningen, Netherlands).

51bid., p. 19.
6Rogers and Shoemaker, p. 100.
7Ibid., p. 101.
81bid., p. 101.
91bid., p. 103.

10Evert M- Rogers, Diffusien Of Innexatien. 3rd. (New
York: The Free Press, 1983).

llIbid., p. 238.

121bid., p. 230-239.
13Ibid., p. 239-240.
14Ibid., p. 240.

15Roling, p. 4.

15Ip1d., p. 4.

17Ibid., p. 4.

181bid., p. 4.

191bid., p. 4.

91

92
2°Ibid., p. 4.

21Kalash Nath Pyakuryal, “Factors Affecting Adoptions
in Saradanagar Village, Panchayat Chitwan, Nepal,“ Bezel
See‘, Vol. 1, p. 13, Feb. 1978.

22Roling, p. 3.

23Rogers and Shoemaker, 1971, p. 24-25.

24Roling, p. 5.

251bid., p. 5.

251bid., p. 5.

27Ibid., p. 5.

28Ronald C. Power, “Power Actors and Social Change,“
leurnal 2f Seeneratixe Extensien, Fall 1967. p. 238.

29Rogers and Shoemaker, 1971, p. 244.
3°Ib1d., p. 199.

31Clarence J. Cunningham, ”Dimension of Leader

Behavior,“ leurnal.Of.CDDREratiye.Extensien, Winter 1966. p.
223.

32Andrew w. Haplin. The Leadership Behaxier at 52119511
Superintendents (Columbia, Ohio: College of Education, The
Ohio State University, 1956), p. 11.

33Cunningham, p. 223.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cunningham, Clarence J. "Dimension of Leader Behavior,"
Journal Of Wee Extensien, Winter 1966. PP-
223-281.

Foreign Area Studies (PAS). Area Bandheek fer the Yemens.
lst ed., the 0.8. Government Printing Office,
Washington D.C., 1977. .

Freeman, David M. Hosein Azadi, and Max K. Lowdermilk,
"Adoption of Agricultural Innovations," Rural Seer,
Vol. 47, No. 1, Spring 1982, pp. 68-80.

Haplin. Andrew w. The Leadership Behauier at 59119511
(Columbia, Ohio: College of Education,
The Ohio State Univ., 1956).

Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED), Keel

Zebid Erejeer, Kuwait City, Kuwait, March 1982, (a case
study, in Arabic).

Lionberger, "Community Adoption," IL 91 QQQDeraLile men:
eiun, Vol. 4, Winter 1963, pp. 201-209.

Powers, Ronald C. "Power Actors and Social Change," J... Of.
Cenneretiee theneiun. Fall 1967. PP- 238-248.

Pyakuryal, Kailash Nath. "Factors Affecting Adoption of
Innovation in Saradana Village Panchayat Chitwan,
Nepal," Rural 599... Vol. 13, Feb. 1978, pp. 19-36.

Rogers, Everett M. mmelun Of lnuuyeuleu, 3rd ed., (New
York: The Free Press, 1983).

Rogers, E. M. and Floyd F. Shoemaker. Cummunieatien Qt

Inneuatiensr A 91952901111211 Aenruaeh. (New,York: The
Free Press, 1971).

Tihama DeveIOpment Authority (TDA). ”Educational and

Economic Effect of Cotton and Maize Demonstrations,"
theneien Beseareh Bulletin No. 7. Y A R . April 1978.

93

94

Tihama Development Authority (TDA). “Report on the Result
of Demonstrations for the Improvement of Field Crops
and Vegetables in the Fall Season, 1979/80 on Wadi

Remala Project," Agrieulture Extensien and Traini' n9
Deuelenment, Y.A.R., June 1980.

Tihama Development Authority (TDA), "Tihama Deve10pment
Project I: Completion Report," TDA, Y.A.R., July 1980.

APPENDICES

4-:

k)

u!\

Appendix A

The Questionnaire

r-4
—4

r's

Farm

Farm Size

 

Extension Zone

 

Cultivated crops under various system of irr'

 

 

 

A. Parrenial irrigation 1. 2.
B. Spate irrigation I. , 2.
C. Hall irrigation l. 2.
Do you : 1. Own all the land you operate?

(‘J
21
(D
3,
m

 

 

2. Own part and rent part (I the ltnu
you operate?
3. Rent all of the land you operate?
4. Share-cropper.
(EmIare-the members of the town whom yo; Daually consult than

you face a prob-l em in your farm/home or when you try to find

more information before you actually made your decision

(please name three or four source)

 

b.

 

95

7.

96

 

 

c.
d.
C:' you : Lead and Write Read only
Neither read or write
7"}. ..

“Act of the following Extension activities did.you or your

"
£55311”

'0')

have attended or participated with?

 

Ix)

 

 

.h.

 

‘.fi

 

 

 

What is your opinion of the following TDA

services

- N
5110

(If none write

An ajent Visited 30:: ‘arr or home

You or your family visited th‘ Eitensio'
Office.

You or your family atterdec j filed nesting
organized by the Agriculttral Extension.

You or your

1

fanily attended Extension and
Agricultural
You or your family participatet
Extcnoion campaign.

f——.:

You or your .arily received a circular

letter or parphlot frcr the Ex.ension
Service.
You or your family visited a field

demonstration.

recommendations,

activities.

97

A.

 

Reconnednations of Cotton

1:

q

n
A

¢.c~
I

favour

1

Against

 

Cotton, Coker 310

U E E l']' i E I' .3

Chemical fertilizers
Seed dressing before sowing
Chemical pesticides

E' 13 E I'

Date of sowing
Mechanical plowing
Mechanical leveling
Mechanical ridging
Sowing in hills

Fillinf and thinning

Cultivation
Date of harvesting
SELILQES

H

can procedures
Loans for agricultural inputs
(seasonal term)
Loans for agricultural
equipment (Medium term)
Long term Loans

'3

98

 

 

-‘2 ,J' * '.‘q
Recommendations of Raise Infavour Again:
BMW
3 s d ' ' s

maize, Tihama 1
Laize, Tihama 2

H E E l'li i E | i .3

Chenical fertilizers
Seed dressing before sowing
Chemical pesticides

Date of sowing
flechanical plowing
fiecnanical levelling
Rechanical ridging
Sowing in hills
Filling and thinning
Cultivation

Date of harvestin;

Loan procedures
Loans for agricultural inputs
(seasonal term)
Loan: for agricultural
equipment (nediun)
Long term loans

 

s...- 0--.. --.-_—.—

and activities in

(a) Strongly in favour; (b)

(d) Strongly against

5

general?

99

your opinion of the TDA reconnendati ns,

. If adolted, which of the following recomnenda-’

SCIVICCE

ff
5.:
O
A
(I)
o

 

Recommendations of Cotton

“fi ~l . '“1 ' r:

J

Adopted Not adopte'

 

Catton, Coker 310
D E E |.]. .
Deg: j gj dec .

Chemical fertilizers
Seed dressing before
Chemical pesticide:

WW

Date of sowing
Rechanical plowing
Mechanical levelling
hectanical ridging
Sowing hills

Filling and thinning
Cultivation

Date of harvesting

sowing

 

VJ

100

 

Reconnendaticns of fiaize

Farm rs'

Accpteo

replies

Q

Not adOpted

 

H S 3 fl . L. :

Maize, Tihama l
uaize, Tihama 2

. .
.%S§TQ£T§£Lf1111£Lfi_ind

Chemical fertilizers
Seed cressing before sowing
Chemical pesticides

E' J: E I‘ .

Date of sowing
Rechanical plowing
Nechanical levelling
Rechanical ridging
Sowing on hills
Filling and thinning
Cultivation

Date of harvesting

 

 

 

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102

C)

12. Vten do you usually listen to it?

horning
Afternoon

B"ening

-3. 3: Jo; watch -.V?

Yes

to
Date of interview ; M_MW_-r_rnm-_.-_-- _
‘anc of interviewer:

 

 

 

Appendix B

LIST OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AGENTS
PARTICIPATED IN DATA COLLECTION

 

 

So. Fast Educational Extesion Date of
Qaulification course appointment
attended
1 Nohanood Y.Alnagar Secondary st course July 1975
School

2 Hoshin H. Al Harzogi " " "

3 Abdul Al Kader Celan " nd course July 1976

4 Riskeasy Sakeer 4 " st course July 1975

5 Tarig A. Syeed Agricultural " July 1983

institute
6 Abdul Razak Alhamini Secondary " July 1975
School

7 Dawood O Almisgagi " " "

8 hahnood M. Khali " 2nd course Kov. 1978

9 fiohammed A Ward " st Course July 1972
lO Hassan Y. Waro " 4th Course Sept.1975
ll Hohammed F. Al Kisgai " Ist Course July 1575
12 Batnan Kaleeb Climantary Isr Course July 1975
13 Sayeed Ahmed Kataf " Ist Course July 1975
14 Ahmed H. Aliasbi " 2nd Course (CV. 1978
15 Renamed n. Alfatri " st Course July 1973
16 Sayed A. Alasbahi " Ist Course July 1975
17 Aleasy Mohammed A Atada " Ind Course July 1976
18 Atid H. Rabee " nd Course Dev. 1970
19 Salim S. Mohraki " Ist Course July 1975
20 Kussain K.n. Alali Secondary 3rd Course Dev. 1978
21 Abdul Salem A Khalid " 4th COurse Sept.1979

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APPENDIX C

THE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION RECOMMENDATION
0? COTTON AND NAIZE CROPS

Recommendations for Growing
Cotton at Maximum Profit:

Based on research work, both at the eXperimental
station level and on-the-farm testing, the following
packages of recommendations were formulated. While these
recommendations were meant for adoption in Wadi Zabid, all

indications suggest that they may be applicable to the

Tihama Plain.

Recommendations of Cotton

for Spate Irrigated Areas:

1. The most suitable sowing date for cotton in the Tihama
generally is August and September. October plantings
and beyond must be avoided as much as possible, unless
the time of flooding dictates such delay in planting.

2. Plow the soil adequately and then level the basin as one
unit, preferably'withaatractor-drawn land leveler to
facilitate adequate levelling and consequentlyrmore even
distribution of spate water.

3. Implement on main canal from the point of intake (not
more than 50 cms. depth) extending to the Opposite side

of the basin, thus dividing the basin into two equal

114

115
parts. One or two more canals could be implemented at
right angles to the main canal. Those canals will help
irrigation water to rise or subside in and out of basin
with as little as possible soil errosion.
Allow water into the basin slowly. Fixed wooden gates
at the intakes and outlets of basins is certainly
helpful and will facilitate control over irrigation.
Wait until all the basin is covered completely with
water to an average of not more than 200-250 mm.‘depth
(approximation here is inevitable). Two or three hours
of flooding will be enough. Allow water out of the
basin slowly to the next basin.
After approximately one week, depending on the rate and
degree of soil dryness, nitrogen fertilizer must be
broadcast by hand in the fornuof ammonium sulphate 21%
at the rate of 75 kgs. of active nitrogen/ha. If
superphosphate cu: compound nitrophous 20/20 is
available; then the rate of fertilizer may be modified
to 100 units of nitrogen and 50 units of phosphate.
Furthermore, soil treatment against termites may be
applied also at this stage of soil moisture (consult
Plant Protection Division) for dosage, insecticide, and
method of application).
The recommended variety of seek is Coker-310.. Planting
could be done adequately behind the farmers' Oxen—drawn

plow at a seeding rate of 35 kgs/ha. Seed dressing

10.

116
before sowing is desirable for early seedlings protec-
tion or later termite control.
Cultivation may be needed if weeds constitute a prob-
lem. Thinning must be carried out after cultivation,
about 25-30 days after germination and prior to giving
the next flood. Not more than 15-20 plants/m2 should
be kept after thinning.
Allowing spate flood at 40-50 days if available.
Caution must be exercised against over-watering. As a
matter of fact 150-200 um» per irrigation will be quite
enough to wet the root zone.
Examine the field periodically for any boll worm
infestation and consult the plant protection service
for appropriate treatment.
The crOp will take about 130-150 days to picking. Take
the first pick when 50-70% of the bolls are opened.
The second pick may be taken 3-4 weeks later. No

irrigation is required after the first pick.

Recommendations of Cotton for
Well and/or Supplementary
Irrigated Areas:

1.

Plant from mid-July through August and September.
Avoid plantings later than September.

Use the new variety Coker-310, which has proved to be
suitable for the area and has relatively good yield.
Seed bed preparation should be adequate: two plowings
and then land leveling. For adequate irrigation

control and saving up’to 50% of irrigation water, the

117
furrow/ridge irrigation system must be adopted. Ridges
should be 60-70 cms. apart. The direction of ridging.
should be at a right angle to the main irrigation
canal. The field could then be divided by secondary
irrigation canals.
For termite control, consult the plant protection
service for either soil treatment or preplanting seed
dressing.
Fertilizer dosage should be split into to equal doses:
a) Before planting (35 kgs of active N/haJ
broadcasting in the bottom of the furrow.
b) After the first cultivation and thinning (35 kgs.
of active N/ha.) beneath the plants.
Sowing should be in hills 25 cms. apart on the side of
the ridge. Four or five seeds/hill are recommended to
help the seedings to emerge.
Cultivation is recommended once or twice depending on
the week p0pu1ation: the first cultivation four weeks
after planting and the second three weeks later.
Thinning should be done to 2-3 plants/hill after the
first cultivation and just before giving the first
irrigation (Mohaayat) which should be moderate.
Irrigation in recommended at 15-21 days depending on
the texture of the soil. If the field is adequately
levelled not more than 80-100rmm.per irrigation are

required.

10.

118
Examine the field periodically for any pest infestation
and consult plant protection service for adequate
measures.
The cr0p will take 130-150 days to picking. Take the
first pick when 50% of the bolls are opened. The
second pick may be taken one month later with no need

for irrigation after the first pick.

Recommendations for Maize
Production in Tihama:
Recommendations for Maize fo
Spate-Irrigation: '

1.

The best zone for growing maize under spate condition
is in the Group I area where water is available for
most of the season.

The recommended sowing date is during September and
October and may be extended through December. Later
sowing usually manifests a systematic yield decline.
Plow the soil twice in opposite directions and then
level the basin preferably with a tractor-drawn land
leveller to facilitate adequate levelling.

Implement one main canal from the point of intake (not
more than 50 cms. deep) to the opposite side, thus
dividing the basin into two equal parts, preferably.
One or two more canals could be implemented at right
angles to the main canal of the same depth. This will
help irrigation water to rise or subside in and out of

the basin with little or no soil erosion.

119
Allow'water to basin slowly; Fixing concrete/wooden
gates at the intake and outlet of basin is certainly
helpful and will facilitate control over the irrigation
operation. Wait until the basin is covered completely
with water to a depth of not more than 200-300 mm.
(approximation here is inevitable). Two or three hours
of flooding are enough. Then the water should be
allowed out of basin slowly to the next basin.
After 7-10 days, depending on the rate of soil dryness,
nitrogen fertilizer must be broadcast by hand evenly
throughout the basin. The fertilizer form recommended
is ammonium sulphate 21% at the rate of 100-120 kgs. of
active nitrogen/ha. Soil treatment against termites
should take place at that stage of soil moisture
(consult the Plant Protection Division for dosage,
insecticide, and method of application).
use either one of the two newly develOped maize
composites Tihama 1 cu: 2 depending on farmer's
preference for kernel color. Sowing could be done
adequately behind the farmer's oxen-drawn plow at a
seeding rate of 30-35 kgs/ha. Seed dressing before
sowing may be recommended for early seedling protec-
tion.
Plant density should be adjusted by thinning to one
plant in each 400 cms.2 (20 x 20), 30 days after

germination and prior to giving the next flood.

10.

120

Irrigation should be at monthly intervals. Caution
must be exercised not to apply excess water, 200-250 mm
per irrigation will be quite enough to wet the root
zone. Avoid as much as possible, irrigation during
wind storms.

The crOp will take 100-110 days to maturen Strip the
husked ears from the standing plants and spread them on
cotton straw for a few days, then take the husk covers
off and let them air-dry for 7-10 days. Do not thresh
maize with cudgell as used with sorghum and millet.
Maize is better shelled either by hand labor or small

mechanical shellers if available.

Recommendations of Maize for
Well and/or Supplementary
Irrigated Areas:

1.

The most suitable sowing date is September through
October and may be extended to December.

Two varieties are recommended: Tihama Composite 1 and
2. The choice will depend on farmers' preference to
kernel color.

Seed bed preparation should be adequate: two plowings
and land levelling. The furrow/ridge irrigation system
must be adopted when groundwater is used (50% of
irrigation cost could be saved that way)., Furrows
should be 60-70 cms. apart.

For termite control, consult the Plant protection
Division for either pre-planting soil treatment for

seed dressing.

10.

121
Plant in hills 25 cms apart at the lower side of the

ridge. Put 3-4 kernels/hill.

Cultivation may be needed once or twice. The first
cultivation is to eliminate weeds and to bring the
plants into the middle of ridges. It should be
followed by thinning to one plant/hill and then the
first irrigation (Mohaayat) which must be moderate in
depth. A second cultivation may be needed if the week
population constitutes a problem.

Nitrogen fertilization should be applied in two equal
doses, the first prior to sowing, broadcasted in the
middle of the furrow and the second 30-40 days after
germination (before the second irrigation). A total
recommended nitrogen of 100-120 kgs. of active
nitrogen/ha should be applied.

Irrigation frequency recommended is at 15-21 days
intervals, applying only 100 mm per irrigation. Thus,
a total of 6-7 irrigations are needed to bring the crop
maturity.

Examine the field periodically for any pest infestation
and consult the plant protection service for adequate
treatment.

When the crop is ready to harvest (100-110 days),
husked ears should be left to dry for a few days.
Then, husks are taken off and again ears left to air-
dry for 7-10 days. Shelling could be done either by

hand or with mechanical shellers. Threshing with a

wooden cudgell, as it used to be, should be avoided.

   

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