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METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING AND RANKING MANUFACTURED
HOUSES BASED ON CONSTRUCTION VALUE

By

Afshan S. Barshan

A THESIS
Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE

Construction Management Program

June 2003

ABSTRACT

Methodology for Evaluating and Ranking Manufactured Houses Based On
Construction Value

As a manufactured housing homebuyer or any other homebuyer, ones desire would be to
have a house that lasts forever. While this is impossible, it is plausible that one may find
a house with a capacity to last longer and have a decent resale price. It is known that all
manufacturers do not produce a similar product and there are many variations. There are
variations mainly in the quality of materials used, construction techniques, and
installation procedures, etc. This makes the decision of purchasing, given the variety of
homes, difficult for the homebuyer. Within a specific price range, most homebuyers
decide the purchase of a house based on its appearance or the reputation of the
manufacturer, rather than on technical aspects, which later causes buyer’s remorse.

This study focuses on the construction value of a manufactured house which is
defined as the proportion of the overall value of the house that is obtained fi'om the
construction materials; the processes involved in putting them in place and the post
construction assurances against structural or functional damages caused by materials
and/or poor crafismanship, excluding normal wear and tear. For a more realistic
approach towards decision-making, this study provides a framework for evaluation of
manufactured houses based on a defined robust goal, which is its construction value and
utilizes numerical scoring that translates the qualitative information into a quantitative
approach. This scoring model facilitates the decision making process which was used on
a case study for comparing and ranking five manufactured homes of different brands of

the same level.

 

To My Dearest Parents

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My initial and sincere thanks to GOD for nourishing my mind with right thoughts,
providing me with patience, and generating the perseverance required for this
accomplishment. I offer my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my dearest parents
who have always encouraged and supported me in pursuing my ambitious dreams.

I am very thankful to Professor Tariq Abdelhamid, my advisor and major
professor, who has always been a cheerful friend, a guardian and a mentor. His ever-
motivating attitude and thought provoking advices have always inspired me to bring out
the best within me. Dr. Tariq has always encouraged my skepticism and allowed me to
fulfill my research desires. He has been a rock I held on to during all my academic and
personal rough times at school. I could write a book narrating many experiences with
him but would certainly fall short of words of gratitude for him.

I wish to thank my committee members, Professor Matt Syal and Professor
Sn'nivas Talluri, who provided me with advice and encouragement in all the stages of this
dissertation. Dr. Syal has been a source of encouragement and support not only for this
research but also throughout my graduate studies. His timely suggestions have given a
professional touch to my dissertation. Dr. Talluri helped me in understanding the AHP
model and always found time for my queries although he always had a busy schedule.

A special thanks to Mr. Richard Holman (PFS), Mr. Adam. Holman (PFS), and
Mr. Nick Yost (TRA) for willing to participate in this research by providing information
and their expertise in the Manufactured Housing Industry. Finally I am thankful to my
department faculty and staff, the CMID staff and all the friends I have made at Michigan
State University and back home, for creating a delightful ambience, which helped me to

smoothly and successfully complete my Masters in Construction Management.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................ viii
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................... x
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Motivation ............................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Need Statement ...................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Research Goal and Objectives .............................................................................. 6
1.4 Research Scope ....................................................................................................... 7
1.5 Dissertation Overview ........................................................................................... 8
2 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................. 10
2.1 Terminology .......................................................................................................... 10
2.1.1 Housing and Urban Development (HUD) ......................................... 10
2.1.2 State Administrative Agency (SAA) ................................................... 10
2.1.3 Design Approval Primary Inspection Agency (DAPIA) .................. 11
2.1.4 Production Inspection Primary Inspection Agency (IPIA) .............. 11
2.1.5 Manufacturer .......................................................................................... 11
2.1.6 Retailer ..................................................................................................... 11
2.1.7 Consumer ................................................................................................ 12
2.1.8 Manufactured House ............................................................................. 12
2.1.9 Installation ............................................................................................... 12
2.2 Materials, components and appliances of a manufactured house .......... 12
2.3 Manufactured House Construction Process .............................................. 25
2.3.1 Station Classification ............................................................................. 25
2.3.2 Construction Process in Plant .............................................................. 26
2.3.2.1 Floor Area ................................................................................................ 27
2.3.2.2 Wall Area ................................................................................................. 29
2.3.2.3 Roof Area ................................................................................................. 29
2.3.2.4 Finish Area .............................................................................................. 30
2.3.2.4.1 Exterior Finishes .............................................................................. 30
2.3.2.4.2 Interior Finishes ............................................................................... 30
2.3.2.5 Final Inspection and Closeout Area ................................................ 31
2.4 Existing Literature on Manufactured Homes .................................................. 31
2.5 Relevant Literature on Quality in Construction and Decision-making
Models ......................................................................................................................... 34
2.5.1 Quality practices in Construction ............................................................... 34
2.5.2 Multicriteria Decision-making .................................................................... 37
2.6 Analytic Hierarchy Process ................................................................................ 42
2.6.1 Matrix of Comparisons ................................................................................. 43
2.6.2 Vector of Priorities ........................................................................................ 44
2.6.3 Consistency .................................................................................................... 45

2.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 47
3 RANKING MANUFACTURED HOUSE ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION

VALUE ............................................................................................................................. 49
3.1 Methodology and tools for objectives ......................................................... 49
3.1.1 Objective 1 ............................................................................................... 49
3.1.1.1 Construction of House at Manufacturing Plant ................................ 50
3.1.1.2 Retailer ..................................................................................................... 50
3.1.1.3 Transportation and Installation ........................................................... 50
3.1.1.4 Warranty and Callback ......................................................................... 51
3.1.2 Objective 2 - Step 1 ....................................................................................... 51
3.1.2.1 Manufactured House Construction System ....................................... 53
3.1.2.2 Sub-Systems ............................................................................................ 54
3.1.2.3 Items ......................................................................................................... 55
3.1.2.4 Sub-items ................................................................................................. 56
3.1.3 Objective 2 - Step 2 ....................................................................................... 57
3.1.4 Objective 2 - Step 3 ....................................................................................... 59
3.1.4.1 Matrix of comparisons for sub systems and items ............................ 59
3.1.4.2 Vector of Priorities for sub systems and items .................................. 62
3.1.4.3 Assign numerical scores to sub items ................................................. 64
3.1.4.4 Model for ranking Homes .................................................................... 66
3.1.4.4.1 Hierarchical composition of priorities ......................................... 67
3.1.4.4.2 Weighted item scores for sub-systems ......................................... 68
3.1.4.4.3 Matrix of comparisons and Vector of priorities for Houses ..... 71
3.1.4.4.4 Ranking Manufactured Houses .................................................... 73

4. RESULTS ..................................................................................................................... 76
4.1 Construction System Tree and Checklist .......................................................... 78
4.1.1 Sub-Systems ................................................................................................... 81
4.1.2 Items ................................................................................................................ 82
4.1.3 Sub-items ........................................................................................................ 83
4.2 Scoring Sub-systems, Items, and Sub-items ..................................................... 84
4.2.1 Matrix of Comparisons for Sub-systems and Items ................................. 85
4.2.2 Vector of Priorities for Sub-systems and Items ........................................ 86
4.2.3 Consistency .................................................................................................... 88
4.2.4 Numerical Scores for Sub-items .................................................................. 91
4.3 Computing Ranks for the Case Study ............................................................... 92
4.3.1 Hierarchical composition of priorities ....................................................... 93
4.3.2 Normalized Weighted Average Score for Sub-systems .......................... 95
4.3.3 Matrix of comparisons and Vector of priorities for Houses ................... 97
4.3.4 Ranking Manufactured Houses .................................................................. 99

5. CONCLUSION, CONTRIBUTIONS, AND FUTURE RESEARCH ....................... 105
5.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 105

vi

5.2 Discussion ........................................................................................................... 107

5.2.1 Conflict in Model Inputs ............................................................................ 108
5.2.2 Conflicts regarding Knowledge ................................................................ 109

5.3 Limitations .......................................................................................................... 110
5.4 Contributions ...................................................................................................... 110
5.5 Areas of Future Research .................................................................................. 112
APPENDICES ..................................................................................... 1 14
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................. 211

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Components of a Manufactured House ............................................. 14
Figure 2.2 Generic Layout of a Manufactured House Plant ................................... 28
Figure 2.3 Matrix of Comparisons ................................................................ 43

Figure 3.1 Phases contributing to the construction value of a Manufactured House ...... 50

Figure 3.2 Construction System Tree for a Manufactured House ............................ 52
Figure 3.3 Sample Construction System Tree for a Manufactured House .................. 53
Figure 3.4 Sub-systems for sample Construction System Tree ............................... 54
Figure 3.5 Items for sample Construction System Tree ....................................... 55
Figure 3.6 Sub-items for sample Construction System Tree .................................. 56
Figure 3.7 Checklist format for Construction Systems of a Manufactured House ......... 57
Figure 3.8 Sample checklist for Construction Systems of a Manufactured House. . . . . ....58
Figure 3.9 Entries to the Matrix of Comparisons ............................................... 59
Figure 3.10 Matrix of Comparisons for Sub-systems .......................................... 61
Figure 3.11 Matrices of Comparisons for Items ................................................ 62
Figure 3.12 Column normalization and vector of priorities for sub systems ............... 63
Figure 3.13 Column normalization and vector of priorities for items ........................ 64
Figure 3.14 Numerical scores for sub-items ..................................................... 65
Figure 3.15 Hierarchy for priorities of Construction value .................................... 67

viii

Figure 3.16a Checklist for Manufactured House 1 ............................................. 69
Figure 3.16b Checklist for Manufactured House 2 ............................................. 69
Figure 3.17Average weighted scores for sub-systems for HI and H2 ........................ 70

Figure 3.18 Matrix of comparisons and Vector of priorities for homes for a sub-system.72

Figure 3.19 Ranking model for Homes ........................................................... 74
Figure 4.1 Flowchart for developing the ranking model based on AHP model ............ 77
Figure 4.2 Manufactured House Construction Checklist ....................................... 79
Figure 4.2 Manufactured House Construction Checklist (Contd.) ........................... 80
Figure 4.2 Manufactured House Construction Checklist (Contd.) ........................... 81
Figure 4.3 [PIA-1 matrix of comparison for sub-system ....................................... 85
Figure 4.4 IPIA 1 scoring for sub-items in warranties .......................................... 92
Figure 4.5 Hierarchy for priorities of Construction Value for the case study ............... 94

Figure 4.6 Normalized weighted scores for sub-system ‘warranties’ for ‘average’ vector

of priorities ........................................................................................... 96

Figure 4.7 Matrix of comparison and Vector of Priorities for sub-system ‘warranties’ for

‘average scoring’ .................................................................................... 98

Figure 4.8 Rank calculations for manufactured houses based on ‘average scoring’ . . 1 01

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Share of factory built homes in the total housing sector ............................ 3
Table 1.2 Increase in units produced and plants ................................................. 3
Table 2.1 Comparison based on level of construction of Manufactured Homes ........... 32
Table 2.2 Data for Television Evaluation Decision-making .................................. 38
Table 2.3 Average R.I. for Matrices with Different Orders .................................... 46
Table 4.1 Summary of Vector of priorities for sub—systems ................................... 87
Table 4.2 Summary of Consistency Ratios for sub-systems and Items ...................... 89
Table 4.3 Rank summaries for the case study manufactured houses ........................ 102

CHAPTER 1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Motivation

Shelter has taken various forms since the Stone Age. It began with man trying to seek
dwelling in caves created from available tools. If a person from the Stone Age was to be
brought to the twenty first century, it simply cannot be explained how the person would
feel viewing the current styles of shelter.

With time, techniques and materials adopted to create shelter have also changed.
Shelter is now termed ‘house’ and is aesthetically and functionally different from the
earlier caves. These homes have typically been built on site. It was a commendable
achievement of the twentieth century to manufacture houses in a factory environment.
What once was a dream is now a very practical process. A Manufactured House that is
built in factories and installed at site. Born as trailer coaches before World War II,
manufactured homes have come a long way to acquire a recognizable position in the
housing industry.

Prior to 1974, manufactured homes were known as mobile homes and were
provided with an intention for temporary and recreational housing. There was a high
demand of mobile homes in the 19605 and 19703. These mobile homes were then
transformed into Manufactured Houses in 1974, after Congress passed the National
Mobile Home construction and Safety Act, also known as the HUD code.

In the 19905, there was a very high demand for manufactured homes, although it
has shown a downward trend in recent years. Various types of factory-built homes and
their share in the housing sector are indicated in Table 1.1. As the table illustrates, in

1998, manufactured housing formed 22.7% of the housing sector, followed by modular,

panelized, and pre-cut housing sectors. Affordability and a variety of choices available to

the homebuyer are the major factors for this success.

 

Housing Type 1986 1993 1998 2001

 

Precut 3.0% 3.3% 3.3% 3.2%
Panelized 7.0% 6.7% 6.3% 6.2%
Modular 2.4% 3.3% 3.4% 2.9%
Manufactured 16.3% 18% 22.7% 18.9%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1.1 Share of factory built homes in the total housing sector (Willenbrock 1998, AUTOB 2002)

Table 1.2 provides census information of manufacturers and manufactured homes

produced during the period of 1994 to 1999.

 

 

 

Year Total Units Produced Number of Plants Producing Units
1994 290,900 269
1995 319,400 285
1996 337,700 313
1997 336,300 323
1998 373,700 330
1999 338,200 337

 

 

 

 

Table 1.2 Increase in units produced and plants (Census, 2000; MHl-3)

A close examination of Tables 1.1 and 1.2 indicates that the demand trend is gradually
declining despite an increase in the number of plants. There are different reasons behind
this decline. Some analysts have concluded that it is because of the world wide economic
crunch, while some are of the opinion that the site-built homes are now equally cost
competitive with similar or better features for a homebuyer’s choice. Negative publicity
is also one of the other reasons leading to the declining sales of manufactured houses.
There are large numbers of homes that have been repossessed due to the homeowners
breaching their mortgage agreements. These situations have lead the financial
institutions to be wary of providing loans as there are myriad of manufactured houses that

lying as repossessed stock.

With changing trends in civilization, the perception of an individual towards
quality has also changed considerably. Today, quality plays a significant role in all
processes of any industry. With the changing trends in construction materials and
techniques expectations of consumers have risen with time and they seek the best
available product in market. Competition has also increased with time and every
manufacturer or site builder tries to bring out the best within their scope. One thing is
clear that multifarious options have lefi a consumer confused to decide in selecting the

best option.

1.2 Need Statement
A manufactured house has many factors that affect its value over a period of time. As a
manufactured housing homebuyer or any other homebuyer, ones desire would be to have
a house that lasts forever. While this is impossible, it is plausible that one may find a
house with a capacity to last longer and have a decent resale price.

There is a myriad of manufacturers and manufacturing plants that produce houses.
It is known that all manufacturers do not produce a similar product and there are many
variations. There are variations mainly in the quality of materials used, construction
techniques, and installation procedures, etc. It should be noted that all manufacturers use
materials conforming to Federally promulgated specifications, known as the HUD code.
According to the HUD’s code, specifications could be met as a minimum requirement,
which lowers the durability and reliability aspect of a product. This makes the decision of
purchasing, given the variety of homes, difficult for the homebuyer.

Within a specific price range, most homebuyers decide the purchase of a house

based on its appearance or the reputation of the manufacturer, rather than on technical

aspects. However, a manufactured house is completed only with a combination of
materials and techniques, and special processes, transportation and installation. In
addition to cosmetic, aesthetic, and amenity items provided in a house the factors
mentioned also affect the value of the house. The manufactured homebuyer should take
all these aspects, from chassis fabrication to the installation of the house on site, into
consideration.

What is the value of any house? Clearly there are many facets to the value of a
house. But the customer perception of the value of house is mainly the potential
appreciation value. This value is related to the dollar value of the house and governing
economic conditions. What goes unnoticed is the ‘construction value’ of any house,
which is affected by the parameters of the manufacturing process as well as the
installation of the house and associated warranty. Construction value also contributes to
the appreciation value of the house. Construction value can be defined as the proportion
of the overall value of the house that is obtained from the construction materials; the
processes involved in putting them in place and the post construction assurances against
structural or functional damages caused by materials and/or poor craftsmanship,
excluding normal wear and tear.

Because a house is made up of different subsystems such as, structural,
mechanical, electrical and so on, each sub-system contributes differently to the
construction value of the house. In addition, each sub-system is itself further affected by
the choice of items that are combined to produce it.

For a homebuyer it is a very difficult task to evaluate a house based on all the

parameters governing the construction value of a manufactured house. Literature on

factors that need to be considered while buying a manufactured house in the form of
checklists is available (Burnside, 2002). There are also comparisons between homes
made based on three levels of construction — low, average and quality construction
(Eaton, 2002). These levels have been primarily used for assessment of material quality,
thus overlooking other subsystems that need to be considered in making a decision about
the construction value of a house. The relative importance of these sub-systems needs to
be determined and factored in the decision of buying a particular house versus another. A
model is needed to enable the assessment of a manufactured house based on all sub-
systems and their relative contribution towards the construction value of a house.

For a given level of manufactured house, entry, median or luxury, it should be
possible to make a comparison between several manufacturers producing the same level
of homes. The construction value of a house should be evaluated quantitatively and not
only qualitatively. The consumer should be able to carry out a fair quantitative
comparison between houses based on their construction values to gain more information

upon which to make decisions during the purchase of a manufactured house.

1.3 Research Goal and Objectives
The goal of this research is to formulate a model for the homebuyers that will rank
manufactured houses based on their construction value.
To attain this goal the following objectives were proposed and performed:
1. Map the manufactured house construction process and collect comprehensive data
on construction value of a manufactured house.
2. Develop a model to rank homes of a similar level based on their construction

values. This objective involves:

Step 1: Organizing the entire process of manufactured houses into relevant
sub-systems and relate various attributes contributing to these sub-systems as
items.

Step 2: Generating a checklist based on these sub-systems and items that
contribute or affect the construction value of a manufactured house.

Step 3: Establishing a methodology to determine the relative importance of
each sub-system contributes towards the construction value of a manufactured

house.

1.4 Research Scope
The scope of this research was limited to developing a model that would help comparing
manufactured houses based on their construction values. This research does not address
economic value of a house represented by its cost, appreciation and resale value. A
detailed manufactured house process was studied on manufactured homes. “Middle of
the line” level houses were considered for the purpose of comparison between houses
based on their construction values. A checklist was formulated based on the study and
each item within the checklist was numerically weighted. The cumulative ranking for
individual manufactured homes was obtained by using a quantitative model based on the
Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP). Five manufactured houses from different
manufacturers were compared based on the construction values that were obtained from
the model.

Parts of this research overlapped with a research project sponsored by the Ford

Foundation through Consumers Union.

 

1.5 Dissertation Overview

This research thesis is presented in five chapters. Chapter 1 introduced the evolution of
manufactured homes. Decline in the sales of manufactured homes, and its causes were
discussed. A need statement was formulated. The research goal and objectives were also
presented along with the research scope.

In Chapter 2, a background on the manufactured housing industry and processes
is discussed. The chapter also presents the Analytic Hierarch Process model.

Chapter 3 outlines the methods and tools that were used to achieve the set goal of
the research. Detailed methodology and approach for each objective is presented. A trial
model is demonstrated using information on two house brands.

A comprehensive ranking model, which includes all important systems and sub-
systems in a manufactured housing process, is provided in Chapter 4. A detailed
checklist, which encompasses items in a manufactured house contributing to the
construction value of the manufactured house, is also presented. Finally, the five
different manufactured house brands of the same level (medium level) are compared and
ranked based on their construction value.

Chapter 5 concludes this research by providing contributions of this research and

outlines the areas of fiiture research.

CHAPTER 2

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

In Chapter 1, it was proposed to develop a model to evaluate manufactured houses based
on their construction value. It was argued that the existing literature on comparison of
manufactured houses is not satisfactory and insufficient, as the comparison does not
consider all the sub-systems of the manufactured house. Also, existing methods only
provide qualitative comparisons and neglect other significant aspects of a manufactured
house, which could be quantitatively compared.

This chapter introduces the reader to frequently used terminology in the
manufactured housing industry, the components of a manufactured house, the
manufacturing process, existing literature on comparison of manufactured homes and the
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) developed by Saaty (1980) on which the final model

for evaluating manufactured homes will be based.

2.1 Terminology

Following are standard terms used in the manufactured housing process.

2.1.1 Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

HUD is the government authority that regulates the manufactured housing industry. It is
because of the existence of this body that the manufactured housing has come up to
standards similar to site built homes. All homes manufactured after 1976, have to follow
the HUD code and it is mandatory to have a HUD seal on every house prior to leaving the

plant.

2.1.2 State Administrative Agency (SAA)
It is the agency of a state, which has been approved or conditionally approved to carry

out the state plan for enforcement of the standards laid down by the HUD in section 623

10

of the Act, 42 U.S.C. 5422 and subpart G of HUD code 3282. This agency represents
HUD in every State and is responsible for the inspection procedures and consumer

complaints regarding manufactured homes for any particular State.

2.1.3 Design Approval Primary Inspection Agency (DAPIA)
This is an agency that evaluates manufactured house designs and quality control

procedures. Their main role is to certify that designs conform to the HUD requirements.

2.1.4 Production Inspection Primary Inspection Agency (IPIA)

This agency evaluates the ability of manufactured house manufacturing plants to follow
approved quality control procedures and provides ongoing surveillance of the
manufacturing process. They are regarded as the ‘police’ in the manufactured housing
industry. They are responsible for inspecting every unit being manufactured before
leaving the plant and provide HUD labels indicating that the house is inspected and ready

for installation.

2.1.5 Manufacturer
Any person involved in manufacturing or assembling manufactured homes, including any
person engaged in importing manufactured homes for resale. Manufacturer is the most

responsible person or firm for the product leaving the manufactured house plant.

2.1.6 Retailer
Any person engaged in the sale, leasing, or distribution of new manufactured homes
primarily to persons who in good faith purchase a manufactured house for purposes other

than resale.

ll

2.1.7 Consumer
It is the first person purchasing a manufactured house in good faith for purposes other
than resale. This person is the one who invests money in anticipation of a house that

meets his/her expectations and desires in terms of usability, durability and reliability.

2.1.8 Manufactured House

It is defined as a structure, transportable in one or more sections, which in the traveling
mode, is eight body feet or more in width or forty body feet or more in length, or, when
erected on site, is three hundred twenty or more square feet, and which is built on a
permanent chassis and designed to be used as a dwelling with or without a permanent
foundation when connected to the required utilities, and includes the plumbing, heating,

air-conditioning, and electrical systems contained therein.

2.1.9 Installation

The process of placing a manufactured house on its foundation, removing the axles, tires
and hitches, and closing it to the weather is the definition of installation. Some
installations may further involve connecting utility crossovers and finishing wall joints

along the marriage line inside the house.

2.2 Materials, components and appliances of a manufactured house
Both site—built and manufactured houses make use of the same materials with respect to
their functionality. The appliances and devices used are also typically comparable to
each other. All materials used either in site-built or manufactured houses conform to
applicable codes and specifications.

Figure 2.1 represents all the major components of a manufactured house. There

are a few materials that are not covered in Figure 2.1 but are, nonetheless described

12

below because they are also important to the overall construction value of a manufactured
house. Information about the materials, components and appliances described below are
excerpts from the Consumers Union - South West Regional Office report on
Manufactured Homes Construction Quality Guidelines (Barshan et.al, 2003).

1 Chassis

This is the framework of steel beams on which the manufactured house is built and
moved on wheels to its final location. It becomes a permanent part of the house afier the
house is installed. Typically all manufacturers use the same type of steel for chassis
except that the fabrication quality varies. The size of the beams varies from 8”-12”
depending on the DAPIA approved designs.

2 Bottom board

Bottom board also called the belly wrap, the second layer of the manufactured house,
supports floor insulation and protects the house from moisture. A tarpaulin type jute
knitted fabric and is typically used by most manufacturers. The bottom board must be
tightly stretched to insure its specified life span. Proper “Patchwork” of intentionally or

unintentionally made tears (for repairs) is also important.

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14

3 Floor Joist Framework

The joist system supports the floor decking, all the loads acting on the floor and the
exterior and interior walls. The joists are either placed longitudinally or transversely - the
latter being more typically used. Uniform joist spacing usually varies from 16” to 24” on
centers (o.c.). Depending on the design and the level of house, the size of the floor joists
vary from 2”X6” (entry to middle) to 2”X8” (usually in luxury homes). In general, using
a larger floor joist size will provide a stiffer floor (less creaking, sagging, and bouncing)
and the potential to increase thermal performance by having thicker insulation.

4 Floor Insulation

Insulation in the floor is provided to avoid temperature losses through the floor system.
Typically fiberglass batt-type insulation is used for floor insulation with varying energy
efficiency levels (R-values) depending on the final geographical location of the house.
The R-values vary from R-11 in warmer regions to R-32 in colder regions. Some of the
plants also use the blown cellulose that is used for roof insulation as insulation for the
floon

5 HVAC duct

Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) ducts provide both hot and cold air to
the entire house. The ducts either run through the floor or through the attic. The registers
are either located in the center of rooms (typically for entry/middle level homes) or along
the inside perimeter (also popularly known as “perimeter heating and cooling”) for
middle/luxury level homes. Materials for the ducts vary from sheet metal to fiberglass
depending on each manufacturer’s choice of material. Flex pipes are used as branch

ducts in entry/middle level homes.

15

6 Floor Decking

Floor decking is a layer of wooden board attached to the joist framework and creates the
floor of the house. There are many varieties of floor decking materials with cost directly
proportional to the thickness and quality level of the decking materials. The material
composition of the floor decking varies from OSB (oriented strand board) in entry /
middle level homes to water resistant plywood in middle/luxury level homes The most
common thickness used for the floor decking is 5/ 8” or 3/4”.

7 Wall Stud

Wall studs are vertical wooden members that are attached to the floor system. Wall
panels consisting of studs and dry wall on one face are typically assembled off the main
production line and then moved to the floor deck location. This panelized framework is
attached to the floor system.

The wood used for studs must conform to the HUD code. The size and spacing of
the studs vary for internal walls, external walls and shear walls]. In most of the plants
visited, the size and spacing of internal wall studs was 1”X 3” at 24” o.c., the size of
internal shear walls was 2”X3” at 16” o.c. External walls were typically 2”X4” spaced at
16” o.c. Exceptions observed were 2”X4” studs used for internal walls and 2”X6” studs
used for external walls. In order to achieve higher insulation values, it becomes necessary
to use 2”X6” studs for external walls.

8 Exterior Wall Sheathing
After the rough electrical and plumbing is completed and the wall insulation is installed,

the external wall exposed to the outside weather is typically covered with either

 

1 Shear walls are provided as a wind zone design requirement to integrate the home for it to act as one unit
in case of storms and tornados.

l6

plywood/OSB or with insulation board panels. Most manufacturers do not use a layer of
exterior sheathing if Hardi-Board type panels are used for the siding material. The
exterior wall sheathing serves as backing material for the siding and it protects the
insulation from the ambient moisture present in the air.

9 Wall Insulation

Similar to floors, the walls must also be insulated to avoid temperature losses. The
insulation observed in the walls was typically fiberglass batts with varying thickness for
different R-values. The R-values usually range from R-ll to R-32 (commonly R-19 is
used), depending upon the region to where the homes will be shipped.

10 Ceiling board

Ceiling board is the ceiling surface below the roof trusses that divides the attic area from
the living space below. Typically sheetrock (drywall) with varying thickness is used. The
finish provided to the ceiling is either a vinyl coating pre-installed on the sheetrock or a
sprayed on popcorn paint. In higher end homes, the manufacturers provide a tape and
textured finish. The thickness of the ceiling board is usually 5/16”- 1/2”.

11 Interior Drywall

Similar to the ceiling board, sheetrock (drywall) also provides a covering to the wall stud
framework. As mentioned above the finish of the material varies from vinyl coated
sheetrock to tape and textured finishes. The thickness of the drywall typically observed
during the plant visits was 5/16”- 1/2”.

12 Exterior Sidewalls

The materials used in exterior sidewalls vary considerably in all houses. As the name

implies, these walls are located on the sides of the house. The height ranges from 84” for

17

entry-level homes to 96” for Luxury homes. The materials used for these walls are the
same as the ones discussed for exterior walls.

13 Roof Trusses

Roof trusses are the structural members, which transfer the live loads (snow, wind etc.)
imposed on the roof and the dead loads (sheathing, insulation, ceiling board and shingles)
to the load-bearing walls. Most of the manufacturers use prefabricated trusses that are
engineered to the slope of the roof that typically varies from a 3/ 12 to a 7/ 12 pitch. The
trusses are made of lumber and each truss member is connected by steel gusset plates to
provide the proper rigidity and load carrying capacity. The quality of the lumber and the
fabrication process used to build the truss basically determine the life of a roof truss.

14 Attic Insulation

In order to reduce the rate of energy transmission through the attic space, a layer of
insulation is provided between the ceiling board and the roof sheathing. In all the
manufactured plants visited, blown-in cellulose was used as the insulation material. The
insulation is blown-in over the ceiling board in layers to a thickness, which will provide
the R-value that is required. For a roof, the R-values range fiom R—21 to R-33 depending
on the location to which it is shipped. The standard roof insulation is R-21 but there are
options available to upgrade it at a higher cost.

15 Roof Sheathing

After the insulation is placed, the roof truss is covered with either plywood or OSB
panels to complete the exterior skin of the house. Plywood or OSB boards of typically
1/2” to 3/4” thickness are used as roof sheathing. The thicker the sheathing material, the

longer the roof life.

18

16 Ridge Beam

In case of double section homes where there are large openings at the connection of two
sections, a ridge beam must be provided where the two sections meet to ensure the
structural stability of the roof framing system. This beam is either fabricated using
plywood or OSB by workers in the plant or prefabricated laminated wooden beams (also
called ‘microlam’ beams) are used. While both types of beams can perform the required
structural functions, laminated beams are produced by machines giving them more
consistent dimensions and structural properties compared to in-plant fabricated beams.

17 Ridge vent

This feature is provided in most manufactured homes in order to improve the ventilation
to the attic.

18 Roof Protection

Roof protection must be provided over the roof sheathing, to prevent damage from
weather in form of wind, rain or snow. Commonly used roof protection materials include
a sheet metal covering or asphalt fiberglass shingles. Sheet metal is rarely used anymore
by the manufactured housing industry, but when it is, its typically used on single section
homes purchased by cost conscious consumers. Asphalt or fiberglass shingle quality rises
with price and warranty period. Shingles usually have warranty periods from 15 to 30
years. A rule of thumb in judging shingle quality is the longer warranty period the higher
the shingle quality.

19 Soffit ventilation

Some of the manufacturers provide bathroom and toilet ventilation through the soffit of

the roofs in the eaves portion. They do this mainly in order to minimize the number of

19

roof penetrations for the vent outlets that can later result in leakage problems through the
roof. This feature could be problematic if proper arrangements for vents are not made.

20 Eave Insulation

Because the roof is sloping, the blown cellulose tends to slide down towards the cave
portion of the roof, thus causing a potential blockage of the ventilation through the soffit.
In order to provide uniform ventilation along the cave soffit, a dam of fiberglass batt
insulation is often provided at the roof edge near the eave to prevent this blockage from
occurring.

21 Siding

Siding provides the final layer of exterior skin to the house and can either enhance or
degrade the aesthetic appearance of the house. Sheet metal, wooden or vinyl sidings can
be provided. Metal sidings, similar to metal roofs, are slowly fading out from use. The
wooden board siding (popularly called Hardi panel or Smart Panel) requires regular
maintenance (painting) to protect it from weather conditions. Vinyl siding requires much
less maintenance and is typically offered with a 10-15 year warranty. “Hardi” panels are
more commonly used in the southwest region of the United States while vinyl siding is
more typically used in the northeast regions. Regardless of the siding material used,
material called “house wrap” is required under the siding for thermal protection.

22 Windows

Three main elements influence the performance of windows. These are the frame, the
window glass itself and the final trim. Window frames are typically either plain
aluminum or vinyl. The window itself is differentiated by the type of windowpane (i.e.

window glass) that is used. Some dual pane windows contain argon (or similar) gas,

20

which provides a higher R-value than single pane windows. On lower quality windows,
the gas slowly escapes over several years thus reducing the R-value and leaving the pane
with a yellowish undesirable color. The trim around the windows is usually wood or
vinyl, but there are a few manufacturers that leave the exposed aluminum flange as is.

23 Headers

These are lintels (small beams) above windows and doors, which carry the load above the
door and window openings to the wall forming the system. Typically, the headers are of
the same material and size as the frame studs. The number of headers varies from single
to triple depending upon the manufacturer. Triple-headers significantly reduce problems
of windows or doors not closing properly.

24 Floor Covering

The choice of floor covering is dependent on the usage zone in the house. The wet areas,
such as the kitchen, and bathrooms, have vinyl floor covering in various designs. Other
rooms (e.g. living or bedrooms) typically have carpets that range from 16 oz for entry
level to 52 oz for luxury homes. Most of the manufacturers also provide vinyl in the
entryway.

25 Exterior Door

Most of the manufacturers provide a 3’ wide exterior door made of steel with insulated
core. The height of the door varies from 6.5 to 7 ft depending upon the height of the
exterior sidewall.

26 Interior Doors

Interior doors are available in various widths, heights, and styles. The widths of the

interior doors typically vary from 28” to 32”. The height varies from 6.5’ to 7.0’. They

21

are available as either plain (LUAN) or paneled doors. The material used is either wood,
Medium Density Fiber (MDF) board or Masonite (which is becoming popular because of
its durability). In most homes, the doors are hung using 2 or 3 surface mounted hinges.
In some luxury homes doors are hung using fully mortised hinges. The trim around the
interior doors is either wood or vinyl.

27 Patio/Atrium door

This is a feature provided by some manufacturers for middle/luxury level homes wherein
they provide 6 — 9 feet wide doors that are glazed and open to the patio or the atrium.

28 Plumbing

A number of plumbing system features that are not detailed in Figure 2.4 are presented
below:

Water pipes and fittings: The materials for these vary with the level of homes.
PVC is used for most entry-level homes. A new material called PEX is used in the middle
of the line houses. Luxury homes are typically provided with copper piping and copper
fittings. Some manufacturers also use brass or copper fittings in middle of the line homes.

Sanitary, Drainage and Vent pipes: Most of the manufacturers use ABS pipe,
which is a thick plastic pipe. ABS pipe is also considered to be more durable and flexible
than a PVC pipe by many manufacturers.

Shut-ofir valves: In the plumbing system, shut-off valves are either provided at a
single junction or under every sink. Having shut-off valves under every sink facilitates

later maintenance.

22

Vanity Sinks: Entry/Middle of the line level homes use plastic sinks while luxury
homes use porcelain sinks. Porcelain sinks are more durable and are easier to clean and
maintain.

Faucets: Plastic faucets are typically used for Entry/Middle of the line level
homes while metal faucets are used in luxury homes.

Bathtub and Shower: Most manufacturers use a two-piece PVC bathtub and
shower while a few manufacturers provide one-piece fiberglass bathtub and shower units.

Water Heater: The capacity and energy efficiency of the water heater is the main
distinguishing factors for different homes. Capacity varies from 30 gallons in entry-level
homes to 50 gallons in luxury homes.

29 Electrical
A number of electrical system features that are not added in Figure 2.4 are presented
bdmm

Wiring: Copper wires were used as the wiring material in all of the plants visited.

GFI 'sZ: Although GFI’s are a mandatory feature under HUD code the number of
GFI’s provided can vary. The minimal requirement is one but there are manufacturers
that also provide two GFI’s.

Boxes: There are typically two types of electrical boxes used namely, drywall
mounted or stud mounted. Stud-mounted boxes are preferred to wall-mounted boxes,
because the latter are more likely to be pulled out during occupancy, thus causing damage

to the wall.

 

2 A special type of circuit breaker designed to protect against ground faults in addition to overloads and
short circuits (Stein and Reynolds 1992).

23

30 Mechanical (HV AC)
Registers: These are openings provided for heating/cooling and ventilation. Their
location varies depending upon the level of the house. They are centrally located for
entry/middle level homes (and a few middle level homes). All luxury homes have the
registers located along the interior perimeter because it’s an expensive option.
31 Cabinets
A considerable variation in the design and materials for kitchen cabinets was observed.
Some manufacturers use hardwood, but most use particleboard or medium density fiber
(MDF) as the base material. A combination of hardwood and particleboard/MDF, with
hardwood for exposed parts and the remaining made up of particleboard/MDF was also
observed. The design of the cabinets varies too from ordinary to modular. The shelves
are either fixed or adjustable. The rollers used for the drawers are either plastic or metal.
Typically most manufacturers use particleboard with non-adjustable shelves and plastic
rollers for drawers. The other options are used for higher-level homes.
32 Appliances
Appliances are amenities provided with the manufactured house. Depending on the house
level, the size, brand energy efficiency and type of appliances provided vary. The
following is the list of appliances that are typically provided (optional ones are indicated)
in the houses that were observed:

0 Refiigerator

0 Microwave

0 Dishwasher

0 Electrical Fixtures

24

0 Cooking range

0 Fireplace (optional)

0 Garbage Disposal (optional)
0 Air Conditioner (optional)

0 Clothes Washer and Dryer (optional)

2.3 Manufactured House Construction Process

A manufactured house, as defined earlier, is a house on a permanent chassis built in a
controlled factory environment and is designed for use with or without a permanent
foundation. Depending upon the requirements of the homebuyer, the manufacturer can

provide either a single-section or a multi-section manufactured house.

2.3.1 Station Classification

The manufactured housing plant is typically divided into major construction areas
depending upon the type of activities being performed in these areas. These areas in a
manufactured housing construction plant are further divided into multifarious stations
along the assembly line of the plant. The stations can be classified into main assembly
stations, sub-assembly stations, feeder stations, and internal and external storage areas,
based on the type of activity taking place at that station/area (Mehrotra, 2002).

Main assembly stations are the major stations (sometimes referred to as primary
stations) on the assembly line, and the location where sub-assemblies (components) are
installed. The roofing station, for example, is a main assembly station where the roof
truss fiom a roofing sub-assembly station is installed over the house. Sub—assembly

stations are secondary stations that fabricate sub-assembly components for installation at

25

main assembly stations. For example, interior and exterior walls are first assembled at a
sub-assembly station, and then they are installed at the walls main stations.

Feeder stations are stations that provide individual components to the main
assembly stations, i.e., the raw material stored at the feeder station itself is installed
directly. For example, kitchen appliances are stored adjacent to the assembly line near the
interior finishes and cleanup main assembly stations, and the appliances are supplied
directly to the interior finishes main activity stations, as and when needed.

Internal or external storage areas are provided, depending upon the inventory
maintained for different kinds of material, weather conditions, the bulk/size of the
material, and the cost of the material. Some of the materials that are stored externally are
chassis, roof shingles, and trusses, whereas material like drywall boards, foam, and

carpets are stored internally.

2.3.2 Construction Process in Plant
The construction process of a manufactured house consists of repetitive and methodical
practices of interrelated tasks that are carefully coordinated so as to construct a house. At
most manufacturing plants the activities on an assembly line are well planned to ensure
continuous production.

Typically the major areas in a manufactured housing construction plant are as

follows (Senghore, 2001):

1. Floor
2. Wall
3. Roof
4. Finishes

26

5. Final Inspection and Closeout
The plant layout for various areas and the stations included under each area is

shown in Figure 2.2. Each of these areas is described in the following sections.

2.3.2.1 Floor Area

The production process typically begins with the fabrication of the chassis, or the
structural frame on which the house is built, at a subassembly area mostly involving
welding. The chassis is then moved to a separate paint area. Some manufacturers
outsource their chassis from specialized suppliers. As shown in Figure 2.2, the floor area
typically covers station 1 and 2.

The floor joists are fabricated according to structural requirements at a sub-
assembly station where fiberglass/cellulose insulation is laid on a bottom board. The
ductwork for HVAC and plumbing pipes are also provided at this sub-assembly area. The
chassis sub-assembly is then placed over the floor sub-assembly and fixed with the help
of lugs. The entire chassis and the floor joist system assembly are rotated so that the
chassis rests on the ground while supporting the joist system. Few manufactured house
plants build the floor system directly over the chassis instead of building it separately and
then attaching it.

At the next station, still part of the floor area, the floor joist is covered with
decking. Decking is usually in the form of 5/8”-3/4” floorboards made of plywood or
OSB and is glued and nailed/stapled in place. The areas that would be exposed to water
are usually sanded at this station, so that the vinyl for the wet areas sticks well on a

smooth surface.

27

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2.3.2.2 Wall Area

The chassis then moves to a station where vinyl pieces of the correct size are cut and
installed in wet areas namely the bathrooms and kitchen. The interior walls/ partitions are
placed next at stations 3 and 4, as shown in Figure 2.2. These stations make up the wall

area.

2.3.2.3 Roof Area

In most production plants, the fabrication of roof trusses is sub-contracted and trusses are
supplied from a loading dock near the roof assembly station. The roof is then assembled
using these trusses and other raw material at the roof sub-assembly station. Station 5, as
shown in Figure 2.2, is the roof area.

At station 5, the individual trusses are positioned on the ceiling boards based on
the spacing specified in the plans. The ceiling boards are then glued at the base of the
assembled truss. The glue is applied on any one face of the truss that fall in between the
span of the ceiling board and on both faces at the seams of the ceiling boards.

At the next sub-assembly station, the truss is filled with both rigid and loose
insulation, and finally the ceiling boards are taped together and typically popcorn paint is
applied on them. By the time the house comes to the roof installation station, the roof is
dry and ready to be installed. It is then mechanically lifted from the roof sub-assembly
station to main assembly station and installed over the external sidewalls. In the case of a
double—section house the two units are joined before installation. The insulation activity
in some plants is also carried out at the main assembly station.

The next step involves the installation of roof sheathing (Oriented Strand Board).

The boards are nailed in place. Installation of shingles is the next major activity in the

29

roof section. Once the shingles are installed, the house is ready to move to the exterior

finishes section.

2.3.2.4 Finish Area
In Figure 2.2, stations 6 to 9 represent the finish area. For a broader understanding of
finishes, finishes can be further classified into external and internal finishes. These finish

types are explained in the following two sections.

2.3.2.4.1 Exterior Finishes

Some of the exterior finishes activities are carried out simultaneously with the roofing
activities. The first major activity at this station is to make provision for the doors and
windows by cutting openings in the exterior wallboard. Doors and windows are supplied
from a feeder station. The installation of doors and windows involves checking the
spacing, installing of the frame, and finally installing of the door and window units as
specified in the drawings. Finally, the exterior sidings, exterior lamps, and doorbell are

installed.

2.3.2.4.2 Interior Finishes

By the time the house comes to the interior finishes station, the two sections of the
double-section house have been separated again. The interior finishes and final cleanup
activities are the last set of activities taking place on the assembly line. This section also
involves testing and inspection activities. The final electrical, plumbing, HVAC, and
mechanical work are carried out at station seven. The installation of foam and carpet
happens next. These activities happen at station eight. The toilet is also installed at this
station. The heavy kitchen appliances like the refiigerator and cooking range are placed

typically towards the last station. The house is vacuumed and all cabinets are cleaned.

30

Finally, the material to be installed in the house after installation on the site is placed

inside the house.

2.3.2.5 Final Inspection and Closeout Area
The production process described above is a typical production process and the areas
mentioned are typical production areas. There are other stations after the interior finish
area where cleaning and final touch ups are done, inspection of all systems are carried
out, the loose accessories are loaded that have to be fixed afier the installation, covering
the marriage wall section3 with white plastic sheets and making it ready for transportation
and the HUD label affixed. Stations 10 and 11, shown in Figure 2.2 represent the final
inspection and closeout area.

Finally the house moves out of the plant and is ready for delivery to the customer.
Different manufacturers may have similar process details but the number of main

assembly stations or sub-assembly stations varies on their production line.

2.4 Existing Literature on Manufactured Homes
A general guideline of terminology and planning of manufactured homes was provided
by Hullibarger (2001). This literature is basically house-developer oriented and makes the
reader conversant with the terminologies, the site planning aspects and other site
requirements for a manufactured housing community development.

Table 2.1 is a quality-based comparison of manufactured homes based on
structural and aesthetic features and various construction materials (Eaton, 2000). Eaton

rated manufacturers based on the category they fall under according to Table 2.1 and has

 

3 Marriage wall section is the common wall section for multi-section manufactured houses. It is that
section of the house where the two sections are connected.

31

devised upgrade costs for homes classified under average or poor construction to be

upgraded to quality construction homes.

Table 2.1 Comparison based on level of construction of Manufactured Homes (Eaton, 2000)

 

POOR CONSTRUCTION

AVERAGE CONSTRUCTION

QUALITY CONSTRUCTION

 

2x6 floor joists 16" on center:
placed on a longitudinal floon

system

2x6 floor joists 16" on center
placed on a transverse floor
system using rigid steel I—
beams

2x8 floor joists 16" on center placed
on a transverse floor system using
rigid steel I-Beams

 

Sub-floor 5/8" or 1/2" using
standard yellow particleboard
that is not treated.

Sub-floor 5/8" Plywood T/G,
OSB Board, or treated particle
board like Cresdeck or
Novadeck

Sub-floor 3/ " or thicker using:
plywood, T/G, OSB. (Particle
board which is treated to be water
resistant like Cresdeck)

 

2x4 exterior walls 16" 0C.
using 2x4 top and bottom
plates. 2x3 interior walls 16"
0C.

2x6 exterior walls 16" CC.
using 2x6 top and bottom
plates. 2x3 interior walls 16"
0C.

2x6 exterior walls 16" CC. using
2x6 top and bottom plates. 2x4
interior walls 16" CC.

 

No plywood exterior wall
sheathing and inexpensive
siding with 10 year warranty or
less

No plywood exterior wall
sheathing but quality exterior
siding with 25 or 30 year
warranty or longer

Plywood sheathing on exterior walls
3/8", 5/8" or thicker. Lap siding for
residential appeal.

 

R-l9 in walls, R-19 in floors
and R-21 in roof

R-21 in walls, R-l9 in floors
and R-33 in roof

R—21 in walls, R-33 in floors and R-
38 to R-49 in roof

 

20 lb. snow load per square foot

30 lb. snow load per square
foot

40 lb. snow load per square foot or
better

 

3-12 roof pitch using a 20 year
shingle

3-12 or 4—12 roof pitch using a
25 year shingle

5-12 to 7-12 roof pitch using a 30
year shingle or better

 

Eaves that only overhang 3" on
front and back of home. Ends
of home only 6" overhang

Eaves that overhang 6" to 8" on
all sides of home

Full size eaves 12" or better on all
sides of home. (Helps prevent stain
on windows and siding)

 

PVC or Polleane with plastic
fittings and no shut off valves at
every fixture

PVC or Polleane with metal
fittings and shut off valves at
every fixture

Copper plumbing or PVC with
metal fittings and shut off valves at
every fixture

 

Two-piece tub and shower
stalls, plastic sinks, 30 gallon
hot water tank and plastic
faucets

Two-piece tub and shower
stalls, porcelain sinks, 40
gallon hot water tank and metal
faucets, brand names

Quality plumbing fixtures like: one-
piece tub and shower stalls,
porcelain sinks, 50 gallon hot water
tank and metal facets and brand
name products

 

 

28" or less interior doors with
only two hinges and plastic
moldings

 

28" interior door with three
mortise hinges and plastic
moldings around doors

 

32" or 36" interior doors with three
mortise hinges. Solid wood
molding around doors typically
Hemlock or Fir

 

32

 

 

POOR CONSTRUCTION

AVERAGE CONSTRUCTION

QUALITY CONSTRUCTION

 

All 3/8" sheet rock with a vinyl
covering on all walls

1/2" sheet rock on walls in part
of the home with 3/8" vinyl
covered sheet rock in wet areas
and other parts of the home

Sheet rock on all interior walls. 1/2"
on walls and 5/8" on ceilings

 

Particleboard cabinets with a
veneer covering. No adjustable
shelves and plastic roller guides

Particleboard cabinets with a
veneer covering. Adjustable
shelves with metal roller guides

Solid wood cabinets like: Oak,
maple, pine and alder. Adjustable
shelves with metal roller grooves

 

 

 

 

 

Aluminum double pane Vinyl windows, double pane, Standard size vinyl windows on 6"
windows no low “E” intervals. Double pane with low
SCEQ,

 

As observed from the Table 2.1, only a few material and structural related aspects are
covered, neglecting other major and significant aspects of a manufactured house such} as
the installation, warranties, chassis, etc. Also, the upgrade costs were not based on any
robust criteria. A poor construction house can be upgraded to a quality construction at a
cost much less than the original cost of a quality-constructed house. This method of
comparison is not comprehensive according to this classification because a quality
construction house as quoted by Eaton may not satisfy all the requirements listed in Table
2.1.

Burnside (1999) has suggested the use of checklist for homebuyers, which is very
detailed as it encompasses all the aspects of the manufactured house and also includes the
financial aspects. The checklist makes a customer aware of the product being purchased.
However, there may be instances where two different homes may satisfy equal number of
points listed in the checklist. This situation would make it difficult for the homebuyer to
decide which house to choose, as both appear to be equal.

a United States based non-profit

The Consumers Union organization,

organization, publishes bulletins and articles on the problems faced by consumers and the

33

steps to consider prior to buying a manufactured house (Consumers Union, 1991, 2000,

2001).

All literature discussed above, develops a sense of awareness for a homebuyer,
but none of them satisfactorily help a consumer decide on the right choice of a

manufactured house when a number of manufacturers or houses are considered.
2.5 Relevant Literature on Quality in Construction and Decision-making Models

2.5.1 Quality practices in Construction
One of the definitions of quality is “totality of features and characteristics of a product
or service that bear on its ability to satisfy implied or stated functions" (Besterfield,
1995). This also implies that quality is conformance to specifications, which is the most
trivial definition. Following are few other definitions of quality:
0 Fitness for use (Juran)
o Conformance to requirements (Crosby)
0 Degree to which a specific product conforms to a design or specification
(Gihnore)
o Is that, which meets the customer’s expectations (Guaspari)
- Meeting customers needs and reasonable expectations (Berry)
0 Meeting or exceeding customer expectations at a cost that represents value to
them (Harrington)
o Surpassing customer needs and expectations throughout the life of the product
(Gitlow and Gitlow)
0 Putting the right product or service in the hands of the customer at the right time

and at the right price (Mills)

34

It can be observed that quality has several definitions with each of them focusing on
specification conformance (performance criteria), customer satisfaction or both. In recent
years, customer satisfaction is of prior importance as trends regarding the perception of
quality are changing considerably. There tends to be more focus on reducing afier sale
services of a product by providing a product based on durability and reliability criteria,
which exceed the code criteria, which has always been persistent as the performance
based definition of quality.

Quality is still an under-researched area in the construction industry where
researchers struggle to develop robust models for successful implementation. Total
Quality Management (TQM) is currently the latest approach towards consumer quality
satisfaction and is adopted by many companies. Torbica and Stroh (1999) performed an
empirical study to find the impact of TQM on homebuyer satisfaction. This was the first
study that linked TQM practices with single-family detached homebuyer satisfaction.
The objective of the study was to increase understanding of the effects of TQM on
homebuyer satisfaction. The research confirmed that implementation of TQM was
positively related to the homebuyer satisfaction. The results of this study revealed that
builders with well-established TQM programs had more success towards delivering better
homebuyer satisfaction.

Improving quality of any product is not directly proportional to the increase in the
cost of that product. Value Engineering (VB) is one of the methods used to reduce the
cost of a product without affecting the quality and improving the value of that product.
Value Engineering in the field of construction has developed without the benefit of

academic scrutiny (Palmer et al. 1996). A research on a holistic appraisal of VE being

35

 

practiced in the construction industries was conducted by Palmer et al. (1996). The
research evaluated VE construction projects and calculated the resulting savings. The
paper discusses the evolution and practice of VE in the form of 40-hour workshops,
which is loosely planned around a job schedule. The research concludes that function
analysis is the only area where VB is noticeable and construction practitioners consider it
unimportant as they achieve success in terms of cost reduction without function analysis.
Lastly, Palmer et al. (1996) recommended the need for more development in VB by
performing greater examination of important factors relevant to VE as well as conduct
studies to document the successful implementation of function analysis for construction
projects.

Constant search for tools to facilitate innovative design and competitive building
products is an evergreen research topic. a research by Rosowsky and Ellingwood (2002)
proposed performance-based design methodology as one such tool that can be applied to
the residential construction. The findings of the research reveal that performance-based
design methodology for residential construction could provide a general framework for
assessing the probable response of construction exposed to various levels of natural and
man-made hazards. This methodology also support enhancements in durability and
reduction in maintenance costs, facilitate reduction in risk of injury, death, and property
damage from extreme natural hazards. The performance-based design methodology
could also facilitate innovative uses of wood in home construction, which would lead to
safer and more affordable housing.

Salem et a1 (2003) focused on estimating life-cycle costs and evaluating

infrastructure rehabilitation and construction alternatives. The life-cycle model

36

developed for determining life-cycle costs of civil infrastructure construction and
rehabilitation was derived from reliability and simulation applications. It utilized a risk-
based approach to predict different life cycle costs of constructing/rehabilitating an
infrastructure unit. The output Of the model was in the form of probability plots and
cumulative density functions (CDFs). The probability distributions could provide
valuable information regarding the probability of executing a construction/rehabilitation
alternative at or below a certain life-cycle budget. The analysis of the generated CDFs
could help decision makers specify margins of contingency for the levels of budget

required.

2.5.2 Multicriteria Decision-making

The act of choosing an alternative is decision making. The decision making process
involves the following five steps (Anderson et al. 1995):

Identifying and defining the problem.

Determining the set of alternative solutions.

Determining the criterion or criteria that will be used to evaluate the alternatives.
Evaluate the alternatives.

Choose an alternative.

To have a better understanding of the definition of decision—making process with respect
to this research an example will be used. Consider seeking, a consumer wants to
purchase a television and has to make a choice from three popular television brands. This
is the first step of the decision making process where the problem is identified as making

a choice for the purchase of a television.

37

The next step within the decision making process is to determine the criterion or
criteria that will be used to evaluate the three brand alternatives. Cost of the television
will obviously be the governing criterion for most of the consumers. However, if cost
were the only criterion with respect to which a decision has to be made regarding the best
purchase, this situation would be referred to as single-criterion decision problem and
methods such as linear programming, forecasting, etc., can be used to solve such single-
criterion problems.

Assume, however, that the consumer is also considering two other criteria,
namely, the screen size and menu options. Such problems that involve more than one
criterion are known as multicriteria decision-making problems.

The next step in this process is evaluating each of these alternatives with respect
to each criterion. For example, to evaluate each alternative relative to the television cost
criteria, the cost for each brand of television is recorded. Similarly the other alternatives
are evaluated as indicated in Table 2.2. After each alternative is evaluated against each

criterion, the consumer is ready to make a choice from the available alternatives.

Table 2.2 Data for Television Evaluation Decision-making.

 

 

 

 

TV Brand Cost Screen Size Menu options
A $250 27” Good
B $235 25” Excellent
C $245 27” Fair

 

 

 

 

 

 

The difficulty in making a choice is mainly due to the fact that the criteria probably are

not all equally important and no one alternative is best with regard to that criteria.

38

Techniques such as goal programming, and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) deal with
such situations. A brief description of each follows.

Ziara and Ayyub (1999) introduced an implementation of a decision-making
process for reducing the cost of housing in countries with limited resources. The paper
discussed the important cost influencing factors and also explained the development of a
methodology based on decision analysis using a systems framework for effective uses of
available resources. The methodology simultaneously considers the options and
constraints of relevant socioeconomic factors in the planning and construction of urban
housing-proj ect developments. According to this methodology, decision analysis allows
decision makers to make a final selection regarding housing developments in a systematic
manner despite system complexity and the magnitude of various significant cost-
influencing factors. However, the methodology is not sensitive to small variations in
values assigned to the levels Of importance and their weight factors corresponding to
different options.

In another research by Dozzi et al. (1996), a bidding model was developed based
on utility theory applied to several bidding criteria to arrive at a bid markup. An
expected utility value was obtained for a newly tendered project and was compared to a
markup utility function to obtain a bid markup. This model uses subjective analysis to
evaluate the numerous criteria in a bidding decision to determine the bidding markup.
The bidding model developed in this research demonstrated an application of a
multicriteria analysis that used subjective and quantitative information in completing an
objective. The model successfully determined a bid markup for a construction project

considering all types of bidding criteria.

39

Chinyio et al. (1998) used psychometric technique to quantify clients’
construction project needs. The research involved the pairwise comparison and ranking
of eight project needs: aesthetics, economy, function, quality, working relationships,
safety, lack of surprises, and time by 60 clients. There are two major advantages of
psychometric scaling, namely, (i) provides more accurate descriptions of people and their
behaviors, and (ii) assists in making decisions about people. Psychometric scaling attains
its objectives through observations, projective techniques, sorting, and self-inventories.
The research by Chinyio et al. (1998) quantified clients’ needs so that their priorities
could be reflected adequately in project formulation. The research also recognized that
one’s chosen needs are partly a function of one’s psyche; therefore a psychometric
instrument was adopted in scaling clients’ project needs. The paired comparison method
revealed that clients’ highest-priority needs were, in decreasing order of magnitude,
quality, safety, and function.

A study by Farghal (1999) introduced a framework for evaluating alternatives
based on a rational goal oriented procedure and used numerical scoring to translate
subjective information into a quantitative approach. The research was concerned with the
problem of selecting buildings for conservation programs. The buildings were evaluated
with respect to their value, condition, and feasibility of implementation. Ranking models
were developed based on AHP technique with goal programming (GP) used to select the
most suitable buildings for conservation. The advantages for using GP in this and similar
decision-making problems are (Farghal, 1996): “(i) GP provides flexibility for the
decision-maker to develop the best plan, (ii) It gives the ability to the decision-maker to

set preferences or priority levels and rank those according to the current needs, (iii) GP

40

involves setting targets for goals and trying to achieve those targets, thus allowing the
decision maker to perform sensitivity analysis by changing the targets and continuously
modifying the solution to reflect those changes, (iv) GP does not require excessive
information from the decision maker, and (v) GP considers all existing constraints when
producing a solution.”

Chua et al. (1999) identified critical success factors for different construction
project objectives using the AHP method. A hierarchical model for success of
construction projects was formulated in this paper. A questionnaire was developed to
facilitate systematic data collection for this study. Experts with an average experience of
20 years in the construction industry participated in the survey. Critical success factors
(CSF) addressing budget performance, schedule performance, quality performance, and
overall project success were identified. The results of the study revealed that experts did
agree to the fact that there were different sets of CSFS for different project objectives.
Also, the results were compared with the findings of previous studies using a neural
network approach concluding that the CSFS were consistent with those previously
obtained. However, the AHP method was not only viable for identifying CSFS, but it
also allowed intangible factors to be considered.

Sarkis and Talluri (2002) developed a vendor selection model for the purchasing
departments of manufacturing industries. A model using the Analytic Network Process
(ANP) was developed for supplier evaluation and selection of suppliers considering
multiple factors that included strategic, operational, tangible, and intangible measures.
Input from a variety of managerial decision making levels, and the model considered

dynamic aspects of the competitive environment in evaluating suppliers. ANP does not

41

require complex mathematical models, but provides a more robust solution than simple
scoring methods. ANP model explicitly considers the interrelationships among various
decision-making factors through pairwise comparisons. ANP is a modification of the ’
AHP model but includes a number of interdependent relationships among various factors
and evaluation criteria that did not exist in the AHP model. This decision making model
considers importance of various factors based on a short term and long term planning
horizon and is not viable for the purposes of the current research as the factors affecting
the construction value are based on long term considerations only.

The techniques discussed above represent the typical ways in which they are used
for decision making and evaluating different aspects of the construction and
manufacturing industries. The most viable technique for developing the rank model is
the AHP technique as it considers tangible and intangible factors and also focuses only on
the long term planning horizon. The AHP procedure is explained in the following

section.

2.6 Analytic Hierarchy Process
A method for modeling unstructured problems in the economic, social, and management
sciences was developed by Saaty in 1980 and is known as Analytic Hierarchy Process
(AHP). While money serves as a basis of measurement of all kinds of goods and services,
it cannot be used to measure the utility of consumers towards certain parameters, i.e. the
value they associate with their choices (Saaty, 1980).

AHP uses pairwise comparisons to compare the elements of a certain level of a
hierarchy with respect to an element in a higher level of the same hierarchy to show the

relative importance of each element of the lower level with respect to that element in the

42

higher level. According to Saaty, the pairwise comparison process can be an asset for
problems where there is no scale to validate the result. Pairwise comparison is the process
of comparing pairs of elements as opposed to comparing all the elements in a single step.

The steps involved to develop a scale using AHP are discussed in the following sections.

2.6.1 Matrix of Comparisons

A matrix of comparisons is a matrix in which the pairwise comparison process is
performed. Assume that there is a certain criterion, say x, which is divided into three sub-
criteria, and the objective is to find the strength of those sub-criteria on the main
criterion. The sub-criteria; say a, b, and c; are pairwise compared in their strength of

influence on the main criterion, x. The matrix of comparisons is constructed as shown in

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 2.2.
a l b c
a (a, b) (a9 C)
b j (b, a) " it (b, c)
c ” '

 

 

Figure 2.3 Matrix of Comparisons

Numbers are then entered through pairwise comparisons in the white cells of the matrix.
For example, if (a) and (b) are compared, the question to be asked is: how much is (a)
more important than (b) in affecting (x)? The answer will be inserted in the position (a,
b), i.e. when the row of (a) meets the column of (b). The answer will follow the following
scale from 1 to 9 (Saaty, 1980).

If (a) and (b) are equally important, insert 1

If (a) is weakly more important than (b), insert 3

If (a) is strongly more important than (b), insert 5

If (a) is demonstrably or very strongly more important than (b), insert 7

43

If (a) is absolutely more important than (b), insert 9

An element is equally important when compared to itself; thus, the main diagonal
of the matrix must consist of ones. The rest of the shaded elements in the matrix will
contain the reciprocals of the corresponding elements in the white cells, i.e. cell (b, a) is
the reciprocal of cell (a, b), and so on. The numbers 2, 4, 6, and 8 and their reciprocals
are used to facilitate comparisons between slightly different judgments.

The next step after the pairwise comparisons is the computation of a vector of
priorities from the given matrix. The vector of priorities will determine the relative
strengths of a, b, and c in affecting the main criterion x. In mathematical terms, the vector
of priorities is obtained by computing and normalizing the principal eigen vector of the

matrix of comparisons.

2.6.2 Vector of Priorities

The normalized principal eigen vector is the vector of priorities for any matrix of
comparisons. The vector of priorities delineates the relative weights of the elements of
the matrix considering their strength on influencing the main criterion with respect to
which they are being compared. Estimates of that vector can be obtained in the following
four ways (Saaty 1980):

The crudest: Sum the elements in each row and normalize by dividing each sum
by the total of all the sums, thus the results add up to unity. The first entry of the resulting
vector is the priority of the first element; the second of the second element and so on.

Better: Take the sum of the elements in each column and obtain the reciprocals of
these sums. To normalize so that these numbers add to unity, divide each reciprocal by

the sum of the reciprocals.

44

Good: Divide the elements of each column by the sum of that column (i.e.,
normalize the column) and add the elements in each resulting row and divide this sum by
the number of elements in the row. This is a process of averaging over the normalized
columns.

Good: Multiply the n elements in each row and take the nth root. Normalize
resulting numbers.

Method three was used for this research to calculate the vector of priorities (the

solution vector) from the matrix of comparisons.

2.6.3 Consistency
Since the decision maker is comparing between all the elements a pair at a time,
inconsistencies may occur. Those inconsistencies maybe of the type (a) is more
important than (b) and (b) is more important than (c) but (c) is more important than (a).
Another inconsistency may be the weights assigned for the importance of the elements.
For example if (a) is twice as important as (b) and (b) is twice as important as (c), then (a)
should be four times as important as (0). Although consistency can be forced on the
decision maker, forced consistency is not desirable. The reason is that it is desirable to
make a comparison between each pair of elements without having other elements in mind
to capture the decision maker’s true preferences. However, the entries in the matrix of
comparisons should be consistent to a certain limit to prevent errors in judgment or
having meaningless results (Farghal, 2000).

The measure of consistency is called the consistency ratio (Saaty, 1980). To
obtain this ratio, the matrix of comparisons is multiplied on the right by the estimated

solution vector obtaining a new vector. If the first component of this vector is divided by

45

the first component of the estimated solution vector, the second component of the new
vector by the second component of the estimated solution vector and so on, another
vector is obtained. If the sum of the components of this vector is divided by the number
of components, an approximation to a number 7cm“ (called the maximum or principal
eigen value) is obtained to use in estimating the consistency as reflected in the
proportionality of preferences. The closer kmax is to N (the number of elements in the
matrix) the more consistent is the result.

Deviation from consistency may be represented by (Amax —- N)/ (N — l) which is
called the consistency index (CI). The random index (R.I.) is the consistency index of a
randomly generated reciprocal matrix from the scale 1 to 9, with reciprocals forced. At
Oak Ridge National Laboratory an average R.I. for matrices of order 1-15 was generated
using a sample size of 100. R.I. is expected to increase as the order of the matrix
increases. .Because the sample size was only 100, there remained statistical fluctuations
in the index from one order to another. Because of these, the calculations were repeated
at the Wharton School for a sample size 500 up to 11 by 11 matrices and the Oak Ridge
results were used for N = 12, 13, 14, 15. Table 2.3 gives the order of the matrix (first

row) and the average R.I. (second row) determined as described above.

Table 2.3 Average R.I. for Matrices with Different Orders

 

“Y 1..."! .fi- . . i W— a , . Vi. *— . I .7“. *Y

1Matrix 1 2. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 l3 14 15‘,
Avg.RI 0 0 0.58 0.9 1.12 1.24 1.32 1.41 1.45 1.49 1.51 1.48 1.56 1.57 1.59

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The ratio of CI. to the average R.I. for the same order matrix is called the consistency

ratio (OR). A consistency ratio of 0.10 or less is considered acceptable.

46

An example using AHP is provided in Chapter 3 and the comprehensive AHP
model, which forms the result of this dissertation, is discussed in Chapter 4. The method
of pair wise comparisons and the matrix of comparisons will be used to develop scales
for different sub-systems and items for evaluating the construction value of a

manufactured house.

2.7 Conclusion

This chapter provided the current status of literature available with respect to this
research. Description of manufactured housing industry terminology, its construction
process, existing literature and the AHP method was the crux of this chapter. It can be
seen that the literature available on manufactured house comparison is not only
insufficient but also unsatisfactory as it is not comprehensive and quantitative.

Chapter 3 describes the methodology used to achieve the ultimate goal of the
research. A checklist is developed for Manufactured Housing systems using a
combination of points from the comparison table developed by Eaton shown in Table 2.1
along with the checklist format formulated by Burnside. An example model based on

AHP is provided in Chapter 3.

47

CHAPTER 3

48

3 RANKING MANUFACTURED HOUSE ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION
VALUE

In chapter 1, an introduction to the Manufactured Housing Industry was presented. The
construction value of the manufactured house was also discussed. The need for a model
that enables consumers to compare manufactured homes based on construction value Was
identified. Chapter 2 discussed manufactured homes with respect to the construction
processes. The Analytic Hierarchy Process, which will be used to formulate the ranking

model for manufactured homes, was also presented.

3.1 Methodology and tools for objectives

The main goal of this research is to formulate a model that will rank manufactured
houses, based on the construction value. Construction value was defined as the proportion
of the overall value of a house that is obtained from the construction materials; the
processes involved in putting them in place and the post construction assurances against
structural or functional damages caused by materials and/or poor craftsmanship,
excluding normal wear and tear. Two main objectives were proposed to achieve this goal.
To accomplish these objectives, the methods, tools and procedures used are explained in

the following sections.

3.1.1 Objective 1
The first objective of this research was to map the Manufactured Housing construction
process and collect comprehensive data on what constitutes the construction value of a
manufactured house.

To accomplish this objective, site visits and interviews were used. The focus was
on collecting the aspects affecting the construction value of a manufactured house.

Figure 3.1 shows the phases during which the construction value of a manufactured house

49

could be positively or negatively impacted. These phases are explained in the following

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

sections.
Construction Transportation Warranty
at Plant Retailer and Installation and
of House at Site Callback

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3.1 Phases contributing to the construction value of a Manufactured House

3.1.1.1 Construction of House at Manufacturing Plant

Mapping the process of construction inside a manufacturing plant was achieved by
visiting five manufacturing plants in Texas. Personnel from, and related to the
manufacturing plant were interviewed to collect data on critical factors affecting the
construction value of a manufactured house. The construction process was observed
during the plant visits and generic station arrangements were formulated based on all the
visits. In addition, plant visits were conducted along with the third party agencies‘as
described in Chapter 2. Three third party inspectors were interviewed to identify what

constitutes a good manufactured house from a construction standpoint.

3.1.1.2 Retailer

Input from the retailers is essential because of the role they play in the manufactured
housing process. Retailers were interviewed to understand the marketing and selling
process. Their views on common problems contributing to the construction value of a

manufactured house were solicited.

3.1.1.3 Transportation and Installation
It is important to have information on transportation and installation procedures as these

phases play a significant role in the overall construction process of a manufactured house.

50

An installer’s perspective was sought regarding transportation and installation, through
interviews. From the retailer or manufacturer’s lot, the transportation of homes to site
was observed and factors affecting the construction value during the transportation stage
were determined. Site visits for the installation of homes were made to collect
information relating factors affecting the construction value of the manufactured house

during the installation stage.

3.1.1.4 Warranty and Callback

The after sale service of a manufactured house also needs to be researched as it gives a
measure of durability and reliability aspects of the house. The information regarding this
was obtained from the interviews with the manufacturers, third party inspectors, retailers
and installers. The critical issues during the warranty period was studied and analyzed to
determine the most common issues that affect the construction value of a manufactured

house.

3.1.2 Objective 2 — Step 1
The second objective of this research was to develop a model to rank homes of a similar
level based on their construction values. This objective involved three steps and this
section explains the first step, i.e. to organize the entire process of manufactured homes
into relevant sub-systems and relate the various factors to these sub-systems as items
and/or sub-items.

This step was achieved using inputs from objective 1. The mapping of the
manufactured housing construction process lead to divisions and further subdivision of

the components that would contribute to the construction value of the house and are

51

 

 

 

explained in Chapter 4. Figure 3.2 shows an example of division of the construction

process of a manufactured house.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Construction
System
/\
Sub-System-l Sub-System-Z

A /\
Item-l Item-2 Item-l Item-2
__ Sub-ltem-l __ Sub-ltem—l .._ Sub-ltem-l __ Sub-ltem—l
-— Subcltem-Z — Sub-ltem—Z L— Sub-ltem-Z —4 Sub-Item-Z

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3.2 Construction System Tree for a Manufactured House

The construction process tree as shown in Figure 3.2 is an example of the comprehensive
system tree discussed in Chapter 4, which is based on the literature review, site visits and
interviews to break down the construction process of a manufactured house into sub
systems, items, and sub items. A sample construction tree was formulated, as indicated
in Figure 3.3, to help understand and formulate the actual system process tree for this
research. Brief descriptions of the various divisions and subdivisions are provided in the

sections below with a few examples as compiled in Figure 3.3.

52

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MANUFACTURED
HOME
CONSTRUCTION
SYSTEM
SUB-SYSTEMS
Floor Assembly Roof Assembly Warranties
ITEMS / \\
Joists Decking Slope Finish Shingle Siding
SUB—ITEMS
L‘j 2”X6" -- Plywood -— 3/12 -- Metal —4 25 yrs j 10 yrs
2”X8" OSB A 4/12 —- Shingl —— 30yrs —- 15 yrs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3.3 Sample Construction System Tree for a Manufactured House

3.1.2.1 Manufactured House Construction System

A common misconception with the phrase ‘construction system’ is that it is most often
considered only to denote the actual construction phase, i.e., the manufacturing of the
house at the plant. However, the construction system of a manufactured house should
include plant operations, transportation and installation at the desired location, and the

warranty services provided during the warranty and callback period.

53

 

 

 

3.1.2.2 Sub-Systems
The first level of classification for the construction process tree is called sub-systems.
These are the different parts of the manufactured house that uniquely contribute to the
construction value of the house. Therefore the contribution of all the sub-systems under
the construction system for the manufactured house will determine the overall
construction value for that house.

Figure 3.4 is an excerpt fi'om Figure 3.3, which shows only the sub-systems for
the example construction process tree. The three sub-systems portrayed as an example

are: floor assembly, roof assembly, and warranties.

SUB-SYSTEMS

 

 

 

FLOOR ROOF WARRANTIES
ASSEMBLY ASSEMBLY

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3.4 Sub-systems for sample Construction System Tree

Floor assembly and roof assembly are important structural related components of a
manufactured house that are design and material driven, whereas warranties are service
related components that are quality driven with respect to the reliability and durability of
the house. Because each of these components provides a major contribution to the
construction value of the house, they are classified as sub systems. There were nine such
sub-systems that were identified during the course of this research and are explained in
Chapter 4. These sub—systems are further subdivided into items and sub-items as

discussed in the next sections.

54

3.1.2.3 Items

Items are components of a sub-system that form a complete sub-system. Every item
under a sub-system independently contributes towards adding value to its sub system.
Moreover it is assumed that the items of one sub system are independent of the items of
another sub system. This means that an item under a particular sub—system, e.g., joists
under the floor assembly is neither affected nor being affected by an item under another
sub-system with respect to the contribution the former has on the sub-system. This
assumption is made for the purpose of using the AHP model. In addition, every item of a
sub-system has a different level of contribution to make towards the construction value of

the manufactured house.

/\ f X Z ’\

Joists Decking Slope Finish Shingle Siding -

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3.5 Items for sample Construction System Tree

Figure 3.5 above, shows items of various sub-systems for the construction process of a
manufactured house. It can be observed from Figure 3.3 and 3.5, that joists and decking
are components of a floor system (a sub-system discussed in the earlier section) that
when attached together will form a successfiil floor system for a manufactured house.
Both these items are material and design driven, where different combinations could be
used for different materials. Similarly slope and finish are components of a roof system
that are also design and material driven. Shingle and siding, items for warranties, are
time and material driven as the durability and service of the product would depend upon

the type used and its useful life. Also, shingles and siding are required as items for roof

55

and external wall protection respectively. Manufacturers provide different warranty
durations on these items and hence it becomes essential to consider these as items adding

to the construction value of the manufactured house.

3.1.2.4 Sub-items

Sub-items are the last breakdown level on the Construction System Tree. Sub- items
represent the possible components that are used in constructing an item. The choice of
sub-item to be used depends on the manufacturer and the type of homes produced. The
final choice of sub-item to use directly impacts the quality of the constructed item, which

in turn affects the sub-system level.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SUB-ITEMS
“V ”L, n» my ”La AK,
2”X6 — Plywood —— 3/12 L— Metal — 25 yrs —— lOyrs
—- 2”X8 —- OSB —i 4/12 4 Shingl H 30 yrs a 15 yrs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3.6 Sub—items for sample Construction System Tree

Figure 3.6 shows the sub-items for various items for the sample construction system tree
(see Figure 3.3 for corresponding items). The definition of sub-items is clearly reflected
in the figure. For example, the item “joists” can be constructed using 2”X6” or 2”X8”
members depending on the design as well as the manufacturer’s choice. Also the
material options for the decking item are plywood or oriented strand board (OSB). In
general the choice of sub-items is driven by the requirement set for the item (design,

material, aesthetics, time, etc.).

56

3.1.3 Objective 2 - Step 2

The second step of objective 2 in this research was to develop a checklist comprised of
the sub-systems, items, and sub-items that contribute or affect the construction value of a
manufactured house.

To achieve this objective, the output from objective II is utilized as an input for
this objective. The system tree was used mainly to classify the various aspects of the
manufactured house construction process garnered from objective I, into sub systems,
items and sub items. The construction system tree provides a framework to organize the
construction process. However this does not facilitate documentation of the process detail
and therefore a checklist is needed. A checklist will also facilitate the development of the
analytical model in step 3. Figure 3.7 shows the format proposed for the checklist. The

checklist uses the same classification levels used in the construction system tree.

SUB SYSTEM-l:
Item-1 [3 Sub item-l [3 Sub item-2
Item-2 [3 Sub item—l |:] Sub item-2
SUB SYSTEM-2:
Item-1 [:1 Sub item-1 [3 Sub item-2
Item-2 C] Sub item-1 E] Sub item-2
SUB SYSTEM-3:
Item-1 El Sub item-l [:3 Sub item-2
Item-2 D Sub item-l [:l Sub item-2

Figure 3.7 Checklist format for Construction Systems of a Manufactured House

The categories as seen in Figure 3.7 are sub systems that are further classified into items,
against which a selection of sub-items are available. The blank boxes are provided for
checking the appropriate sub-item relevant to the item being considered. A sample

checklist is shown in Figure 3.8 was prepared for the three sub-systems; floor assembly,

57

roof assembly, and warranties. A detailed checklist was synthesized from the data
collected from manufactured house plant visits and literature reviews on manufactured
homes and is illustrated in Chapter 4 of this dissertation. Using the checklist, a
manufactured house of any brand can be evaluated based on its construction related
attributes.

As illustrated in Figure 3.8, the sample checklist, a space for an additional sub-
item is provided in case the manufacturer uses a sub-item different from those listed.
Once completed, the checklist is a very useful tool for systematically recording

information about manufactured homes.

 

 

 

$115001: (ASSEMBLY: 1 . . ‘ . .
Axles . ‘ E] New “ [3 Old and Certified :| ‘
'nr'es , 1 [:| New [: Old :|
JoistSize ~ -‘ , ‘El 2’1’X6” 1 1 I: were" .:1 , 1
JoistSpaciug [:I 16"o/c E: 24"o/c :I
JaistSystem , ., [:j Longitudinal [: Transverse :] 1 H
Insulation R-value C] R-ll 1: R-21 .. j .
Decking material . E] Plywde OSB .. j [: Novadeck ‘ - E]
Type ‘ . i D Water-resistant [2 Non water resisnut _l__], ‘
ROOF ASSEMBLY. 1 ‘ - ‘ ~ " . . “”41”,“ “5.1.11 .1 ,11‘”
Des‘iguLoad [: 20 Lb . [: 30Lb, :l 1 1” 11
Rabelope E 3/ 12 [:41 12,11‘1‘ ‘ ‘5 A" ,. :j'w
InsulationR-value E: R—21 I: R-19‘ . “ j .‘
Eavefrpjection , I: 3” ‘ |: 8” ‘ ' :I
Eavéfosition I: Front and back ‘ i: All around home :I ‘1
Roquuderlaanents I: Rolled out and stapled [: Only rolled out ‘ :|
Eadfiiuish [:‘Me‘tal . . _ 111|___1~'Shingles ‘ ' :1 ;
RaafSlteathlng [: Plywood ‘ [: OSB 1 :] 1
' "1"“.1 1M1 .'..v‘1‘.1* ‘ 1 1",1.11“ -1 . .‘111‘11‘l‘l‘lunaii1

. . l: lyear. Claim U, [:1
Sirlicturalsystem " [: lyear : 5years“‘ [:1 ‘1 '
Shingles-1 I: 25 years I: 30 years I: . 1'
swap 1 1' [: 10years [: 15 years [:3

 

 

I“. ‘ ‘ . .» ii“.
1‘ i 31 “till “1 1 ‘- ‘1. b . ‘ ‘11‘ . 1,131 Nil,

Figure 3. 8 Sample checklist for Construction Systems of a Manufactured House

Checklists for five different brands of manufactured houses of the same level were filled

during the plant visits. The information from the checklist was compiled and synthesized

58

for ranking these five houses and is described in Chapter 4. The ranking process for the

sample data is explained in detail for Step 3 in the following section.

3.1.4 Objective 2 — Step 3
The last and final step towards achieving the goal of this research was to establish a
methodology to determine the relative importance of contribution each sub-system
provides towards the construction value of a manufactured house and develop a model to
rank homes of a similar level based on their construction values. This step was
accomplished the following procedure:

a. Developing a matrix of comparisons for sub-systems and items.

b. Developing vector of priorities for sub-systems and items.

c. Assigning a numerical score for every sub-item.

d. Ranking homes based on the information from the checklists and the scores

developed from the preceding three steps.

All the above-mentioned steps are explained using the sample checklist and information
provided through literature reviews and pilot plant visits conducted during the initial

stages of this research.

3.1.4.1 Matrix of comparisons for sub systems and items
The matrix of comparison was developed for the sub-systems and items using the AHP
model as discussed in chapter 2. Figure 3.9 shows the entries to the matrix of

comparison.

 

1

Figure 3.9 Entries to the Matrix of Comparisons

59

(A, B) represents the value of comparison between A and B that is based on the following
criteria discussed earlier in chapter 2 (Saaty 1980):

If A and B are equally important, then insert value for (A, B) as 1.

If A is weakly more important than B, then insert value for (A, B) as 3.

If A is strongly more important than B, then insert value for (A, B) as 5.

If A is demonstrably or very strongly more important than B, then insert value for (A, B)
as 7.

If A is absolutely more important than B, then insert value for (A, B) as 9.

(A, A) is a diagonal element representing the comparison between A and itself and thus
(A, A) is always 1.

(B, A) represents the element opposite to (A, B) with respect to the main diagonal. (B, A)
is the reciprocal of (A, B). For example, if (A, B) is 5, then (B, A) is 1/5.

In figure 3.9 only the values in the white cells have to be provided, as the values
in the shaded cells are the reciprocal values of the white cells. The main diagonal of the
matrix is always equal to unity.

For this research the values for comparison matrices for sub-systems and items
were obtained by interviewing three third-party agency inspectors (IPIAs). IPIA
inspectors are knowledgeable in the construction process of manufactured houses.
During the interviews, the IPIAs were introduced to the term construction value first and
then for every white cell in the matrix of comparisons, they were asked “How important
is sub-system A / item A compared to sub-system B / item B in terms of contributing to
the construction value of the manufactured house (for sub-systems) or contributing

towards the value of sub-systems (for items)”.

60

For the sample sub-systems and items shown in Figure 3.3, the author has used
values based on pilot plant visit experiences and from the literature reviewed on
manufactured house construction. Figure 3.10 is a sample matrix of comparisons

developed for sub systems.

Floor W
’ 1 1/3

5 [/3
1

 

Figure 3.10 Matrix of Comparisons for Sub-systems

It can be observed from Figure 3.10 that the comparisons between floor system and roof
system have a value of US, which means that the floor system is strongly less important
than the roof system in terms of contributing towards the overall construction value of a
manufactured house. Similarly, other comparisons are made between the different sub-
systems. Figure 3.11 shows a similar matrix of comparisons for the various items
comprising the sub-systems shown in Figure 3.10.

The values shown in Figure 3.11 are provided for demonstration purposes only.
For example the comparisons between axles and tires indicate that axles is strongly more
important than tires in contributing to the overall construction value of the manufactured
house. The reader should avoid any rationalization of these values. The values obtained
from the IPIA inspectors are presented in Chapter 4. It should also be noted that the
intent during obtaining values sub-systems and items was not to capture the decision
criteria or the thought process of the experts, as this was not an effort to develop an
expert system. Rather the intent was to elicit the judgment of these experts with regard to

the construction value of a manufactured house.

61

Size
Spacing

System
R-value
material

Load
R-value
Projection

Position

Finish

 

Figure 3.11 Matrices of Comparisons for Items

3.1.4.2 Vector of Priorities for sub systems and items

The next step of Step 3 is to compute the vector of priorities from the matrix of
comparisons obtained in the first step of Step 3. As explained in Chapter 2, the
normalized principal eigen vector is the vector of priorities for any matrix of
comparisons. The vector of priorities delineates the relative weights of the elements of
the matrix considering their strength on influencing the main criterion with respect to
which they are being compared. Estimates of that vector can be obtained by dividing the
elements of each column by the sum of that column (i.e., normalize the column) and add

the elements in each resulting row and divide this sum by the number of elements in the

62

row. This is a process of averaging over the normalized columns. This method is
recommended by Saaty (1980).

Figure 3.12 is an example for column normalization and vector of priorities for
sub systems and Figure 3.13 is an example for column normalization and vector of

priorities for items.

   

i H 'i ‘1‘ i ‘ ' ‘

Vector of Priorit ‘

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.11 0.05 0.20 0.12
0.56 0.24 0.20 0.33
0.33 0.71 0.60 . 0.55

 

Figure 3.12 Column normalization and vector of priorities for sub systems
In figure 3.12 the vector of priorities was calculated as follows:
1. Divide the elements of each column of the matrix of comparison by the sum of

that column (see Figure 3.10). Hence, the first element in the new matrix afier

=0.11. This is the first value as observed in the matrix of

 

normalization will be 1
1+5+3

normalization shown in Figure 3.12. Other values were obtained in a similar way.
2. Add the elements in each resulting row of the normalized matrix and divide this
sum by the number of elements in the row. Thus, the first value for the vector of

011+ 0.05 + 0.20 =
3

priorities for the first sub system in Figure 3.12 is computed as 0.12.

The same approach is used to build the vectors of priorities shown in Figure 3.13
for items. The matrices shown in Figure 3.12 and 3.13 provide evidence that the most
contributing subsystem to the construction value of a manufactured house is warranties
(at 55%), followed by roof assembly (33%) and floor assembly (12%). In addition,

within warranties, the item ‘general’ warranties is the most contributing factor to

63

warranties (at 62%) followed by ‘structural system’ (26%), and siding and shingles at 6%

each.

 

 

 

 

 

 
   

WARRANTIES:
0.5 0.5
0.36 0.39
0.07 0.06
0.07 0.06

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3.13 Column normalization and vector of priorities for item
3.1.4.3 Assign numerical scores to sub items
For a given item, there could be many sub-items. Hence the checklist was designed with
a blank third option for any other sub-item used by the manufacturer. Because the
number of sub-items for any item is not fixed, developing a matrix of comparison is not

feasible. By fixing the number of sub-items in a checklist, the options would be limited

64

and if a manufacturer happens to use a sub-item different from the ones mentioned in the

checklist, the comparison is not possible. Also pairwise comparison for several sub-items

is a tedious task.

A different approach to assigning values to sub-items is adopted in this research.

A numerical scale from 1 to 10 is used, with 1 being a lower score and 10 being the

highest. The scores for all sub-items in the checklist was assigned by third-party agency

inspectors (IPIAs). As an illustration, an example of a completed checklist for sub-items

is shown in Figure 3.14. These scores are based on the author’s judgment and provided

only for illustration purposes.

FLOOR ASSEMBLY:
Axles

fines

Joist Size

Joist Systan
Insulation R-value
Decking material
11W

ROOF ASSEMBLY:
Design Load
mam»
Insulation R-value
Eave Projection

Eave Position '
RoofUnderlayments
RoofFlnish. ‘

Roof Sheathing

WARRANTIES:
' General
Structural system
Shingle

Siding

flammamaa

HMQMHHMM

 

Hana

New
New
2”x6”
16" do

Plywood / OSB
Water-resistant

20 Lb

3 I 12

R-21

3” 1

Front and back

Metal
Plywood

1 year
1 year
25 years
10 years

Rolled out and stapled

Humamumm

HMHHWHEB_

 

Hmum

Non water resistant

3011b”,
4/‘12
R49

,8” ‘

All around home
Only rolled out
Shingles

OSB

2years
5years
30years
15years

Figure 3.14 Numerical scores for sub-items

lllllllllllllllll

 

 

I II 11 II 1 [TH II II II II II |

The main criteria used for this scoring was durability, which means, longevity of use for

any particular sub-item. The IPIA inspectors were asked “What according to you is the

65

value of sub-item A on a 1 to 10 scale in terms of its durability”. The scoring can be
explained with an example from the sample checklist. Consider the item ‘roof slope’
under the sub-system ‘roof assembly’. The sub-items for this item are 3/ 12 and 4/ 12 and
the respective scores assigned are 5 and 6, indicating that 4/ 12 is better. As mentioned
earlier there can be a number of options for an item and in this case the slopes could start
from a minimum of 1/ 12 to a maximum of 8/ 12 or more and so the scores would be 1 and
10 respectively for these slopes. All other sub-items were scored on the same durability
criteria but this is a sample scale that is used just as an illustration of the scale formulated
from the feedback through interviews conducted with the IPIA inspectors.

Here again it should be realized that the numerical scoring for these sub-items
was not developed with an intention of developing a scale for sub-items for every item.

Developing such scales is a research within itself.

3.1.4.4 Model for ranking Homes
This is the last step in Step 3. The following steps were performed to arrive at the model
for ranking:

1. Developing a hierarchical composition of priorities.

2. Evaluating information on sub-items from checklists received from different
manufacturers and calculating the weighted average score for every sub-system, of
the checklist for each house.

3. Formulating matrix of comparisons and vector of priorities for houses under every
sub-system.

4. Ranking the manufactured houses.

66

3.1.4.4.1 Hierarchical composition of priorities

A hierarchy is a particular type of system, which is based on the assumption that the
entities, which have been identified, can be grouped into disjoint sets, with the entities of
one group influencing the entities of only one other group, and being influenced by the
entities of only one other group (Saaty, 1980). Figure 3.15 illustrates the complete

hierarchy for construction value of manufactured homes.

 

LEVEL-1 CONSTRUCTION VALUE

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‘ LEVEL-2 I SS] 882 SS3

11'

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11,. 12. I2" 13. 13..

p---—-—--q
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(b——---—-

 

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_-----d

 

 

_-—-—-—-q

 

 

 

 

 

.—
#
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N
H
DJ

LEVEL-3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LEVEL-4 H1 H2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

H1, H2 - Manufactured Homes

H111, Hip~ H113 - Sub-items within Items-1, 2 8:3 for Home-1
H211, H212, H213 - Items within Sub-system-I, 2 8:3 for Home-2
SS], 552, SS3 - Sub-systems 1, 2 8:3

11, 12, 13 - Items for Sub-systems 1, 2 8:3

 

 

 

Figure 3.15 Hierarchy for priorities of Construction value
The first hierarchy level has a single objective; the construction value of a manufactured
house. Its priority value is assumed to be equal to unity. The second hierarchy level has
three objectives, the different sub-systems Sl, S2, and S3. Their priorities are derived

from a matrix of comparisons with respect to the objective of the first level. The third

67

hierarchy level objectives are the items for every sub-system. Their priorities are derived
from a matrix of comparisons with respect to the objective of the second level. The
fourth and final level of classification is the manufactured house and mainly focuses on
the type of sub-items utilized under each item. The object of this classification is to
determine the impact of use of different sub-items, used in various brands . of
manufactured houses of the same level (low, median, luxury), on the construction value
of manufactured house through the intermediate level of sub-systems. Thus their
priorities with respect to each objective in the third level are obtained by assigning a
manual scale with respect to that objective, and the resulting three priority vectors are
then weighted by the priority vector of the second and third level to obtain the desired
composite vector of priorities of the manufactured houses (HI and H2).

After assigning the hierarchical composition of priorities for the construction
value of a manufactured house, the remaining steps to develop the ranking model canbe

continued and are described in the sections below.

3.1.4.4.2 Weighted item scores for sub-systems

To calculate weighted averages for different sub-systems, information for items and sub-
items was collected in a checklist format. A sample is indicated in Figure 3.16 a and b.
Figure 3.16a is a sample checklist used to determine the sub-items used in a particular
brand of a median level manufactured house H1. Similarly Figure 3.16b represents a

sample checklist for a manufactured house H2.

68

 

 

      
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
     
   
     

 

 

 

 

 

 

MANUFACTURED HOUSE- H1
FLOOR ASSEMBLY:
Axles 1:] New [:1 Old and Certified 1:
Tires [:1 New 1:] Old 1:]
Joist Size [:1 2”X6” |:] 2”xs" [:1
oist Spacing I: 16” o/c I: 24” o/c I:
Joist System 1:] Longitudinal 1:] Transverse :1
Insulation R-value [:1 R-11 1:] R—21 [j
Decking material 1:] Plywood / OSB [:1 Novadeck 1:]
Type 1:] Water-resistant [:1 Non water resistant 1:]
ROOF ASSEMBLY:
Design Load E] 20 Lb |:] 30 Lb [:1
RoofSlope 1:1 3 / 12 [:1 4 / 12 [:1
Insulation R-value :1 R-21 l:| R-l9 C]
Eave Projection [j 3” [:1 8” I: 6"
Eave Position 1:] Front and back C] All around home [:1
Roof Underlayments 1:] Rolled out and stapled :1 Only rolled out 1:]
oofFinish Cl Metal 1:] Shingles 1:]
oofSheathing 1:] Plywood [:1 osa [:1
ARRAN TIES:
General :1 1 year 1:] 2 years 1:]
Structural system 1:] 1 year 1: 5 years 1:]
Shingles E] 25 years 1:] 30 years I: 20 years
giding I: 10 years :1 15 years :1 8 years
Figure 3.16a Checklist for Manufactured House 1
EANUFACTURED HOUSE-H2
OOR ASSEMBLY:
Axles [:1 New 1:: Old and Certified
Tires [3 New [1 Old
Joist Size [:1 2”X6” I: 2”X8”
Joist Spacing 1:] 16" o/c [: 24" o/c
Joist System B Longitudinal I: Transverse
Insulation R-value D R-ll [: R-21
Decking material [:1 Plywood / OSB [: Novadeck
Type [:I Water-resistant [: Non water resistant
[:1 20 Lb l: 30 Lb
E] 3 / 12 E: 4/ 12
nsulation R-value l:] R-21 l: R-19
ave Projection [j 3” I: 8”
ave Position E] Front and back 1:: All around home
oof Underlayments CI Rolled out and stapled [: Only rolled out
oofFinish E] Metal E Shingles
oof Sheathing 1:] Plywood [: OSB
ARRANTIES:
General [3 1 year E 2 years ‘—
Structural system I: 1 year 1: 5 years _
Shingles [Z] 25 years [: 30 years _
Eiding m 10 years I— 15 years —

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3.16b Checklist for Manufactured House 2

69

 

 

The shaded boxes represent the sub-items used in each brand of house. After
developing the checklist for each house, the next step is to calculate the average weighted

score for each subosystem as shown in Figure 3.17.

material

Eave
Position

General
Structural

 

Figure 3.17Average weighted scores for sub-systems for H1 and H2

Figure 3.17 is compiled by the combination of the checklists shown in Figure 3.16 a and

b, the numerical scores assigned to every sub-item from Figure 3.14, and vectors of

 

‘ 8 x 0.04 =o.33

70

priorities for items calculated in Figure 3.13. The two columns ‘average’ and ‘weighted’
in Figure 3.17 represent the average score and the weighted average scores for each sub-
system respectively.

The normalized average manual scores are calculated by using the mean formula
(in/n)/ 10, where, X, is the score of individual sub-items and n is the number of sub-
items. The purpose of dividing the entire average by 10 is because it is the highest score
for any sub-item and dividing by the highest score normalizes the average manual score.
For example in the sub-system ‘warranties’, the average score for House H1 is
(6+6+4+4)/4 = 5. Hence the normalized average manual score is 5/10 = 0.5. The
normalized weighted average score for every sub-system is obtained by multiplying the
scores of every sub-item with their reSpective weights under the column of ‘weights’
shown in Figure 3.17 and dividing the sum of the scores for the sub-system by 10. For
example the weighted average score for warranties can be obtained as follows;
(6*0.59+6*O.29+4*0.06+4*0.06) = 5.76. The normalized average score will be 5.76/10
= 0.576.

It can be observed from Figure 3.17 that there is a significant difference between
the normalized average manual score and the weighted average scores. For this research,
normalized weighted average scores will be used for calculating the vector of priorities

since they are more accurate and realistic.

3.1.4.4.3 Matrix of comparisons and Vector of priorities for Houses
Figure 3.18 shows the matrix of comparisons and vector of priorities (as explained in

section 3.1.4.1 and 3.1.4.2) for the three sub-systems considered in the example.

71

Floor assembly

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ouse H1 H2.
Score 0.82 0.85
Matrix of Co arisons
‘ , Hi ' H2
H1 3 1.00 0.96
H2 . 1.041 1.00
2.05 1.96
Normalization
H1“ " ' H2 ' .‘ vectors: Priorities '*
H1 0.4887 0.4887 0.4887
H2 0.5113 0.5113 0.5113
Roof assembly
ouse H1 I H2
Eon: 0.63 0.74
Matrix of Comparisons
H1 H2 .*
H1 ‘ 1.00 0.85
H2 1.1 1.00
2.17 1.85
Normalization
, H1’,’ 112' w. Vector’ot Priorities ‘
I: H1 ‘ 0.46041 0.4604 0.46
1.. H2 0.539 0.5396 0.54
Warranties
ouse H1 ,H2
§core . 0.58 0.60
Normalization
“ H1 ’ ‘ H2 .
H1 1.00 0.96
H2 1.041 1.00
2.04 1.96
Vector of Priority
[. H1 . 1mm 1 Vect9.r.of‘1’:rl9ritles_
‘3 “ H1“w ”I 0.4896 0.4896 0.49
H2 _] 0.5104 0.51 0.51

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3.18 Matrix of comparisons and Vector of priorities for homes for a sub-system

For the pairwise comparisons between the two brands of houses for every sub-system, the
weighted average score is normalized and used as the scale for comparison instead of the

scales described in section 3.1.4.1 (the 1 to 9 scale).

72

In Figure 3.18, for the sub-system ‘floor assembly’, the weighted average scores
are considered as the scale score for the matrix of comparisons i.e. 0.82 for H1 and 0.85
for H2. Consider the matrix of comparison for sub-system ‘floor assembly’. The value of
cell for (H1, H1) is 1, as explained in section 3.1.4.1. The value of (H1, H2) is
determined by normalizing i.e. 0.82/0.85 = 0.96. This means that for the construction
value of the manufactured house, the importance factor of the sub-system ‘warranties’ for
H1 compared to H2 is 0.96 i.e. H2 has a higher value compared to H1 for this particular
sub-system. The value of cell (H2, H1) is the reciprocal of the value in cell (HI, H2) i.e.
1/0.96 = 1.04.

The vector of priorities is calculated using the same method as discussed in
section 3.1.4.2. After calculating the vector of priorities for all sub-systems, the last step
is to calculate the ranking of the manufactured homes as explained in the following

section.

3.1.4.4.4 Ranking Manufactured Houses
This is the last step in the model for ranking the manufactured homes. Using simple
matrix multiplication, ranks can be obtained as shown in Figure 3.19. Data for matrix
multiplication is available from the vector of priorities developed for sub-systems and
those developed for manufactured homes in Figure 3.18.

As observed in Figure 3.19, there are two matrices (A and B) developed from the
values obtained as the vector of priorities for sub-systems shown in Figure 3.12, and
vector of priorities for sub-systems for different houses from Figure 3.18. Cumulative

ranks or the construction value of the manufactured house are determined as the resultant

73

matrix C that is obtained by the multiplication of matrix A and matrix B5. The rank
values are then multiplied by 1000 to have a better appreciation of the relative ranking

difference between houses.

Weights for manufacturers for different subsystems (A)

 

 

 

Floor assembly Roof assembly Warranty
'Hl ‘ 0.4887 0.4604 0.4896
H2 . 0.5113 0.5396 0.5104

 

 

 

 

 

 

Weights for different subsystem (B)

 

 

 

 

flyor assembly 0.1196
Boof assembly 0.3312
[Warranty . 0.5492

 

 

Cumulative ranking for manufacturers (C)
Matrix C = Matrix A "‘ Matrix B

 

 

 

 

 

 

House Rank
H1 479.823
H2 520.177

 

Figure 3.19 Ranking model for Homes

It can be concluded from the ranks obtained in Figure 3.19 that the manufactured house
H2 has a higher construction value as compared to house H2 and hence is an appropriate

choice for a homebuyer.

 

5 The procedure for matrix multiplication is as follows:
Matrix A is a 2 X 3 matrix (rows X columns) and matrix B is a 3 X 1 matrix. Thus the resultant matrix c is
a 2 X 1 matrix as per the rules of matrix multiplication.

74

CHAPTER 4

75

4. RESULTS

In Chapter 3 a detailed methodology for ranking the manufactured houses was illustrated
by an example using two houses. The elements of the manufactured house construction
process were described and categorized as Sub-systems, Items and Sub-items, which was
also depicted in the form of a Construction System Tree (Figure 3.2). A hierarchy of
importance of these elements based on their contribution towards the construction value
of the house was also presented in Figure 3.15. The pairwise comparison for sub-systems
and items, using the AHP technique, was demonstrated for ranking the manufactured
houses and manual numerical scoring for sub-items in the checklist was also explained.

Based on the sample model for ranking manufactured houses described in Chapter
3, a case study was performed where five manufactured houses were compared and
ranked based on their construction value. A comprehensive Construction System Tree
encompassing all major sub-systems, items, and sub-items was compiled in the form of a
checklist and is presented in this chapter. As mentioned in Chapter 1, this research is part
of a research project on Manufactured Housing Construction Quality Guidelines (Barshan
et al, 2003), which was funded by the Ford Foundation through Consumers Union- South
West Regional Office. The checklist was compiled by using information garnered fi'om
the six plant visits and interviews conducted with participants of the manufactured
housing industry in Texas.

Figure 4.1 is a flowchart, which represents the AHP methodology used to develop
the rank model for this research. The flowchart is explained in the subsequent sections of

this chapter.

76

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4.1 Construction System Tree and Checklist

In Chapter 3, Figure 3.2 was the foundation for developing a comprehensive construction
system tree. The full system tree developed during this research had many branches for
the sub-systems, the items, and the sub-items and it was not feasible to show this tree in a
diagrammatic form due to its large size. However, the construction system tree was
modified as a ‘checklist’ format as discussed in Section 3.1.3 and indicated in Figure 3.7
and is also the first step of the process as shown in Figure 4.1. Same classification levels,
i.e. sub-systems, items, and sub-items indicated in the construction system tree were used
to formulate the checklist.

The sub-systems, items, and sub-items which are classified for the manufactured
housing process are organized with respect to the proportion of the overall value of the
house that is obtained from the construction materials; the processes involved in putting
them in place and the post construction assurances against structural or functional
damages caused by materials and/or poor crafismanship, excluding normal wear and tear.
This is also termed as the ‘Construction Value’ of a manufactured house.

The checklist shown in Figure 4.2 encompasses all the possible and important
sub-systems, items, and sub-items of a manufactured house that would affect the
construction value of the house. The checklist also accounts for the transportation and
installation, and warranty attributes of the manufactured house. Most of the materials,
components and appliances specified as items or sub-items in the checklist have been

described in Section 2.2 of this report.

78

 

 

‘1. MATERIALS:
Cabinets

Rollers , .

Bathtub and Shower
Vanity

Faucets

Ceiling Board Type
Wall Shearock type
Interior door style
Window Frame
Electrical Devices

2, FLQQR ASSEMBLY:
Axles

rim

Joist Size

Joist Spacing

Jolst system
Insulation R-value
Decking material
Decking Thickness

‘3. WALL ASSEMBLY:
Stud size (Interior)

Exterior Bottom Plate size
Exterior Stud spacing
Stud size (Enerior)
Insulation R-value
Headers above openings
Exterior Sheathing
Electrical wires pass

Electrical Boxes

Wall Sheen'ock thickness
House Wrap

Exterior Siding

‘4. ROOF ASSEMBLY:
Design Load
RMfSIOPG

Insulation R-value
Euve Projection ‘

E ave Position

Ceiling board thickness
Roof Finish

Roof Sheathing

Valley flashing

Roof opening waterproofing

 

 

HHHHHHHHHH

 

 

 

UHHHHHHH

U

:1
:I

:1
:1
:1
:1

U

HHHH

Hiflfll

 

 

HHHHHI

Hardwood

Plastic

Fiberglass

Plastic

Plastic
Vinyl coated
Vinyl coated

Plain Face, LUAN
Vinyl

J-boxes

New

New

2”X6”

16" o/c

Longitudinal

R-l l

Plywood / OSB
l4" .

2”X3”

l”X3"/ 1"X4"
16” o/c

2”X6”

R—l 1

Single

OSB

Through notch in
stud covered by‘
metal plate
Fixed t Studs
5/16”

Tyvek

Vinyl

20 Lb

3 / 12

R-Zl

3”

Front and back
1/2"

Metal

Plywood

Shingles

Flashing Provided

l 11 11111111 I! n 1111.

Particleboard / MDF
Metal

PVC

Porcelain

Metal

Tape and Textured
Tape and Textured
Paneled

Aluminum (metal)
Self- Contained

 

 

Old and Certified
Old

2”X8”

24” o/c
Transverse

R-Zl

Novadeck

1., II

 

HHHHHHHH

3 219x499
:] 2m"/2"x4" ‘

‘ :l 24"o/c .

:1 2”x4”‘
:1 R-19‘

:] Through a hole in Stud
cased by a metallpipe

:1 Fixed on sheet rock
302“

:1 None

:1 Hard board

30 Lb

4 / 12

R-19

8”

All around home
5/8"

Shingles

OSB
Metal

No Flashing

 

 

UUHHHHHHHH

 

 

 

 

 

(HIHHHHIHHH

UUUUUUUU

 

111111 1111 IL!

 

 

:11 11 1'1;

 

 

 

HHHHHHHHHH

 

Figure 4.2 Manufactured House Construction Checklist

79

 

1‘ 1- 111111111
I“1111 Q11 11 I1IIIQ11 .

11‘1““
1-1111 11111111 1111111
I Q111QQ1Q11Q11111QQ1'11111-
11111111111111 IIII‘IQ1‘11‘1‘1 11111“ 1111111111 11‘ ““1“" Q11111I1
"1“1 1 ‘11.“ 11111111111111“ 11111“ 11111111111111
,. 1. 1;.Q11I1‘1‘I‘I1111I‘ 11111111111111 . _ I IIIIIIIIIIII. III III I.
‘ 111111111II 1111‘ '1 1111 11111 I11 1" 11111
, 17111111111111 1111““1111111111““ 1111111111111 11111111111111111“111111 III
1‘ I1111111111'11111111111“ 111111 " ‘M‘111‘11‘1“““‘““““‘11I‘Iu III'1111 I1 111111111,”
.. 111IIIQ11111IIIIII11111'II1II111111I 1111, .11 I1111111111111.111111111I1.. Q 1.111 1%
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w

11 11 1 1 ‘ 1“"—
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11 1111111

IQ I111IIIIIIIIQ1 1““.‘1‘11 Q1111 111111111111 Q1111 1

1111‘1““‘ 11111111“ 111111 “11111111“
I 11“““““‘ 1111111111 11111111 - “ v, 111111‘“ 111‘“
M11 111“ 1““ 1111- “““fl “‘1 1111-“!

1
1111111111111111111111
‘ ‘ "‘“‘“‘111111
1111

‘ 1111“‘ 11111-111
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‘ M “11“ h

1111 _____
1II1II11111I1QQQQ11.111111111111111 -
‘1 W111" 111‘” 1111111“ “W1111111111‘.
' II1I11““1I‘I 1111““I“I 1111111“““1II 11111111 I ‘ .111

1-1 11111111111111111111111111I‘ 11111111. I
.1 ‘11‘1‘1 11 Q11 11 1.1 IzIIIII 1 “11111111111111 II ‘1
T“1111111 Q1111 IQ11I1I1I‘1I1I1I1I1II 1111111 11111111111111. . .IIII'QQIQ111111111111111111-11111 1111111
‘11‘ 11““ 111 ‘11 1111111 -‘1_‘ - .111 1111-111 111111111
‘ '1 1111“1 1111 ‘1‘ 1 .
11111:Q‘1111111I1IQQ1111111II1I'I11111111111IIIIQQQQQ1111111111111 11111111111111" IIIII
1111111111111 1111111111111 I .111111 111II-IIIIIQQI 11111111111111 1111111111111B 1111111 111111QQQI11QQIQQIIIQQQQQQQQQ1

1 II.11‘I.I1.11.II1I1I111 11110111 111111I1I111I1I1I1I1I1I1I1I1I11 1111' 11111111111" 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111QQQQQQQ

”‘ "“““‘"““"‘""‘11‘1‘1‘“‘1"“1111111111111‘1‘1‘1‘ 1 11111111111111111111111111111111111111

11 11111111111111“ Q “1111 1111111111 11111 1 ‘11111‘111‘1‘1‘11 111111111 1 11 111 "11111111111111
II III 11 11111111111111 11111111111111111111111111'1'11111111111111111101111111111‘1‘1‘1‘1‘1‘1‘1‘1‘1‘11‘1‘11““I““1111111111111111111111

 

Figure 4 2 Manufactured House Construction Checklist (Contd )

80

 

 

8. TRANSPORTATION &
SETUP:
Setup on site responsibility 1:] Manufacturer

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I: Retailer
Transportation to site [3 Self owned [:1 Contracted
Setup contractor 1:] Fixed I: Keeps changing H
Orientation and walk 1:] Yes I: No
through
Special walkthrough 1:] Yes 1:] No 1:
programs
9. WARRANTIES:
General [:1 1 year 1:] 2 years _
Structural system [:1 1 year C] 5 years _
Shingles [:1 25 years [3 30 years —
Siding [:1 10 years 1:] 15 years —

 

 

 

Figure 4.2 Manufactured House Construction Checklist (Contd.)

4.1.1 Sub-Systems

This is the first level of classification for the manufactured house construction process.
Sub-systems are the different components of a manufactured house that uniquely '
contribute to the construction value of the house. Therefore the contribution of all the

sub-systems under the construction system for the manufactured house is significant and

will determine the overall construction value for that house.

As indicated in Figure 4.2, there are nine sub—systems that were classified based
on the data extracted and synthesized from the construction quality guideline report

(Barshan et al., 2003). Following are the nine sub—systems, which represent a

manufactured house construction process in its entirety:

1. Materials

2. Floor Assembly
3. Wall Assembly
4. Roof Assembly

5. Utilities

 

I‘I‘

memi

Subs)

 

6. Doors and Windows

7. Cosmetics

8. Transportation and Setup

9. Warranties
These sub-systems are components, aesthetic features, structural systems, installation
requirements, and post construction assurances provided for a manufactured house. The
criterion for selecting a sub-system was a combination of information received from the
interviews with manufactured housing industry participants and the frequent homeowner .

complaints (AARP 1999).

4.1.2 Items
Items are components of a sub-system that form a complete sub—system. Every item
under a sub-system independently contributes towards adding construction value to its
respective sub-system. The number of items under every sub-system is different and
depends upon the requirement of a combination of different items to form a complete
sub-system.

In Figure 4.2, the items are represented in an italic font under every sub—system'on
the left hand side of the checklist. For example, the items for the sub-system ‘materials’
are; cabinets, rollers, bathtub and shower, vanity, faucets, ceiling board type, wall
sheetrock type, interior door style, window frame, and electrical devices.

There could be two items with the same title e.g. bath and shower which is
mentioned under the sub-system ‘materials’ as well as the sub-system ‘utilities’.
However, the implication of these items under both sub-systems is different. Under the

sub-system ‘materials’, the item ‘bathtub and shower’ represents the type of material

82

from which this item is produced (PVC, fiberglass, etc.) whereas for the sub-system

‘utilities’, it implies the structural composition (1 piece unit, 2 piece unit, etc.).

4.1.3 Sub-items

Sub-items are the last level of classification on the Construction System Tree. Sub- items
represent the possible components out of which an item can be constructed. There could
be multifarious sub-items for an item, but the choice of a sub-item to be used for an item
depends on the manufacturer and the level of houses produced. The final choice of sub-
item to use directly impacts the quality of the constructed item, which in turn affects the
sub-system level, and finally the house.

In the checklist shown in Figure 4.2, it should be noted that the sub-items are
placed on the same line as the items with check boxes next to each sub-item, which is
used for selecting the appropriate sub-item for a house under comparison. There are
typically two sub-items choices provided for every item. Each sub-item meets the
performance criteria required by the HUD code. However, some sub-items are more
durable than others and would last longer and contribute more towards the construction
value of a manufactured house. For example, in Figure 4.2, for the sub—system ‘doors
and windows’, and the item ‘exterior door type’, the corresponding sub-items are
‘aluminum’ and ‘insulated metal core’. Aluminum doors are required per the HUD code
specifications to satisfy the performance requirement. However, some manufacturers
provide an insulated metal core doors which are much more durable than the lightweight
aluminum doors and require less maintenance.

Another feature of the checklist regarding the sub-items is the empty space for a

third choice. This is provided because all houses may not have one of the two choices

83

provided for every item and so a choice, other than the two choices provided for every

item, can be provided in that space.

4.2 Scoring Sub-systems, Items, and Sub-items

As explained in Chapter 3, the sub-systems and items are rank scored using a pairwise
comparison while the sub-items are scored on a manual numerical scale. The scale used
for pairwise comparison was the AHP scale developed by Saaty (1980) and is described
in Section 3.1.4.1 of this report.

Three IPIA inspectors were interviewed and scoring for the sub-systems, items
and sub-items was sought based on the AHP scale. The reason for interviewing IPIA
inspectors was that they are experienced quality control professionals in the field of
construction of manufactured houses and also because they are third party agencies they
do not have bias towards any particular brand of manufactured house as they inspect
construction of various brands of manufactured houses. Their understanding of this
product in terms of a construction value is expected to be higher and more unbiased
compared to understanding of any other participant of the manufactured housing industry.

The scoring for sub-systems and items involves two steps, namely, developing a
matrix of comparison (refer section 3.1.4.1 for procedure) and calculation of the vector of
priorities (refer section 3.1.4.2 for procedure). From this matrix of comparison, the sub-
items are scaled using manual numerical scores as described in Section 3.1.4.3.
Individual IPIA scorings were established for every sub-system, item, and sub-item.

Also an average of the scorings provided by the three IPIA inspectors was calculated.

84

4.2.1 Matrix of Comparisons for Sub-systems and Items

Figure 4.3 shows a matrix of comparison for sub-systems and a similar procedure was
used to formulate the matrices of comparisons for items. Appendix A contains the
matrices of comparisons for sub-systems and items formulated from the scoring provided
by three IPIA inspectors and also an average of the three matrix of comparisons is

provided.

Assembly
Assembly
Assembly

and Windows

ransportation and Setup

 

Figure 4.3 IPIA-1 matrix of comparison for sub-system

As an example of how the matrix of comparisons was developed, let us consider the
matrix cell (1,2), i.e. (materials, floor assembly) in Figure 4.3. The IPIA inspectors were
asked to scale by asking a them the following question: “How much is sub-system 1
more/less important than sub-system 2 in terms of contributing towards the construction
value of a manufactured house?” They were asked to quantify their assessment it using
the following criteria (explained previously in Chapter 2 and 3):

o If 1 and 2 are equally important, then insert value for (1, 2) as 1.

o If 1 is weakly more important than 2, then insert value for (1, 2) as 3.

o If 1 is strongly more important than 2, then insert value for (1, 2) as 5.

o If 1 is demonstrably or very strongly more important than 2, then insert value for

(1,2)as7.

85

o If 1 is absolutely more important than 2, then insert value for (1, 2) as 9

It can be observed from Figure 4.2 that the comparison between materials and floor
assembly has been allocated a value of 1/5 by IPIA-1. This means that ‘materials’ is
strongly less important than the floor assembly in terms of contributing towards the
overall construction value of a manufactured house. The values in the shaded cells of the
matrix are reciprocals of values provided in the white cells of the same matrix. In the »
example above the value in the cell (2,1) is 5, which is the reciprocal of 1/5. Similarly
other comparisons are made between the different sub-systems and items.

The ‘average’ matrix of comparisons for sub-systems and items was calculated by
using the conventional mean formula chi/n, where, mci is the score of individual sub-
systems or items and n is the number of inspectors interviewed, three in this case.
Consider the cell (1,2) for the average matrix of comparisons for sub-systems provided in
Appendix A (refer Figure A7). For the average matrix of comparison, the value of that

cell was calculated as: 115—351?- = 3 2/5. The shaded area of the matrix is the

reciprocal of the values in the white cells as described earlier and it is not the average of
the shaded cells of the three matrices of comparisons. A similar approach was used to
calculate average values for the other cells of the matrix of comparisons for the sub-

systems and the items (refer Appendix A).

4.2.2 Vector of Priorities for Sub-systems and Items

Afier formulating the matrices of comparisons for the sub-systems and items, the vector
of priorities was computed, i.e., the normalized principal eigen vector from the matrix of ‘
comparisons obtained in section 4.2.1. The vector of priorities provide the relative

weights of the elements of the matrix considering their strength on influencing the main

86

criterion with respect to which they are being compared. Using the method described in
section 3.1.4.2, Table 4.1 provides a summary of the vector of priorities for the matrix of
comparisons of sub-systems for the three IPIA inspectors, and their averaged input.
Appendix B provides column normalization and vector of priorities for sub-systems and
items for the IPIA inspectors’ inputs and an average vector of priority. It should also be
noted that the average vector of priorities shown in Table 4.1 is calculated using the same
procedure as described earlier in this section and is not merely the average of the vector

of priorities for the three IPIAs.

Table 4.1 Summary of Vector of priorities for sub-systems

SUB-SYSTEMS

and Windows

and

 

It is interesting to observe that even though the IPIA inspectors are experienced and
unbiased, their judgments regarding construction value adding sub-systems and/or items
are significantly different. For example, in Table 4.1, the eigen vector for the sub-system
‘material’ is 0.03 for IPIA 1 and 0.20, and 0.21 for IPIA2 and IPIA 3, respectively. 1
Hence, according to IPIA 1 the sub-system ‘materials’ contribute only 3% towards the
overall construction value of the manufactured house, whereas, [HAS 2 and 3 have nearly

the same judgment regarding the contribution of ‘materials’ to the construction value of

87

the house at 20% and 21%, respectively. This implies that there is a vast difference in the .
perceptions and knowledge of the IPIA inspectors regarding the contribution of sub-
systems and items towards the construction value of a manufactured house.

The ‘average’ vector of priorities provided in Table 4.1 indicates that the highest
percentage of construction value is contributed by the sub-system ‘warranties’ (at 25%) .
This is followed by ‘materials’, ‘transportation and setup’, and ‘utilities’ with a

contribution of 17%, 15%, and 14%, respectively.

4.2.3 Consistency
The measure of consistency is called the consistency ratio (Saaty, 1980). Because the ‘
decision maker is comparing between all the elements a pair at a time, inconsistencies
may occur. Although consistency can be forced on the decision maker, forced
inconsistency is not desirable. The reason is that it is desirable to make a comparison
between each pair of elements without having other elements in mind to capture the
decision maker’s true preferences. However, the entries in the matrix of comparisons
should be consistent to a certain limit to prevent errors in judgment or having
meaningless results (Farghal, 1996).

Table 4.2 shows a summary of consistency ratios for matrices of comparisons of
sub-systems and items for the three IPIA and the ‘average’ scores. A step-by-step
procedure for determining consistency in the matrix of comparisons is explained using an
example of matrix of comparison for items of the sub-system ‘warranties’ as scored by

IPIA 3 (refer appendix A and B for matrix of comparisons and vector of priorities).

88

Table 4.2 Summary of Consistency Ratios for sub-systems and Items

and Windows

and

 

1. Multiply the matrix of comparisons of sub-system ‘warranties’ by its estimated vector

of priorities to obtain a new vector.

1 5 7 7 0.65 .723
1/5 1 3 3 0.20 _ .795
1/7 1/3 1 1 0.08 _ .314
1/7 1/3 1 1 0.08 .314

2. Divide the first component of this new vector by the first component of the estimated
vector of priority and so on to obtain another vector.

2723/0155 4.206
0.795/0.20 _4.052
0.314/0.08 _4.019
O.314/0.08 4.019

3. Obtain 7mm (called the maximum or principal eigen value) by taking the sum of the
components of this new and dividing it by the total number of components (4 in this
case).

= 0.4.206 + 4.052 + 4.019 + 4.019
4

lynx = 4.074

 

89

The closer the value of km, to the number of elements in the matrix, the more
consistent is the result. In this example the value of kmax is very close to the number
of elements.

4. Obtain consistency index (C.I.), which represents deviation from consistency.

CI. = W = W =0.02

5. Finally calculate the consistency ratio (C.R.) between CI. and the average random

index (R.I.) for the same order of matrix (refer Table 2.3 for values)

C R = CI
' ° Average R.I. for same order matrix

 

From Table 2.3, the average R.I. for a matrix of order 4 is 0.9. Therefore,

C.R. = 9—0—2- = 0.027
0.9

A consistency ratio of 0.1 or less is considered acceptable (Saaty 1980). Hence for the
given example the matrix of comparisons is very consistent. From Table 4.2, it can be
observed that there is a lot of inconsistency in the scoring of IPIA l and IPIA 2 and IPIA
3 also has three inconsistent values. However, the average matrix of comparisons for .
items has only two inconsistent values.

The results obtained depend on how the interviewees are questioned for acquiring
a score for every sub-system or item. The question asked in this research was standard
for all three IPIA inspectors. However, the number of years of experience of the three '
IPIAs was different. For example, IPIA 2 had only two years of experience in this

profession, which appears to have lead to the inconsistency results shown in Table 4.2. It

90

can be concluded that the consistency of the matrix of comparison is more accurate for

experienced IPIA inspectors.

4.2.4 Numerical Scores for Sub-items

As mentioned in section 4.1.3, there could be multifarious sub-items for every item.
Developing a matrix of comparison is not feasible, because the number of sub-items _for ,
any item is not fixed. By fixing the number of sub-items in a checklist, the options would
be limited and if a manufacturer happens to use a sub—item different from the ones
mentioned in the checklist, the comparison is not possible. Also pairwise comparison for
several sub-items is a tedious task.

The approach used to assign values to sub-items was a numerical scale. A
numerical scale from 1 to 10 was used, with 1 being a lower score and 10 being the
highest. The three IPIA inspectors interviewed were asked to assign points to every sub-
item in the checklist. The criteria they had to follow was based on their knowledge about
material and process of manufactured houses and were supposed to assign points
depending upon the durability of the material or the features of the process that would
increase the construction value of the manufactured house on the long run. They
considered all possible sub-item options available for an item and then rated the two sub-
items against every item provided in the checklist.

The IPIA scored sub-items and the average scoring checklist are provided in
Appendix C (p 144) of this report. Figure 4.4 is an excerpt fiom the checklist that was
scored by IPIA 1, which shows scoring for the sub—items of the items under the sub- -

system ‘warranties’.

91

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WARRANTIES:

General _6_ 1 year . _8_j 2 years A____ -----
Structural system . _L 1 year . _8__ ‘ 5 years ._ ......
Shingles ‘ __(_$_ 25 years . 8 q 30 years ---.-
Siding 6 10 years 8 15 years ------ '

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 4.4 IPIA 1 scoring for sub-items in warranties

For the given sub-system ‘warranties’, the sub-items have been scored on a scale from 1
to 10. For example, consider the item shingles in the Figure 4.4. The choices are 25
years and 30 years and the points assigned are 6 and 8, respectively. It can be observed '
that there is a provision for scoring for a shingle warranty less than 25 years and also for
more than 30 years, facilitated by the blank space provided. A similar approach was
adopted by the [HAS to score all the sub-items in the checklist. An average score was
developed for these sub-items by using the average formula (SIIPM 1+SIIPM 2,+S11p1A 3)/3, ‘
where Slum, 1, Slim 2, Slim 3 are the scores for sub-items scored by the three IPIAs (refer

Appendix C).

4.3 Computing Ranks for the Case Study

As a case study, five manufactured houses of the same level (median) were compared and

ranked based on their construction value using the AHP model. The procedure for the

AHP model explained in Section 3.1.1.4 was used for ranking the houses in the case

study and is explained below:

1. Developing a hierarchical composition of priorities.

2. Evaluating information on sub-items from checklists received for different house
brands and calculating the weighted average score for every sub-system of the

checklist for each house.

92

3. Formulating matrix of comparisons and vector of priorities for houses under every
sub-system.

4. Ranking the manufactured houses.

4.3.1 Hierarchical composition of priorities

In Section 31441, hierarchy is defined as a particular type of system, which is based on
the assumption that the entities, which have been identified, can be grouped into disjoint
sets, with the entities of one group influencing the entities of only one other group, and
being influenced by the entities of only one other group (Saaty, 1980). A complete
hierarchy for construction value of five manufactured houses in the case study is

illustrated in Figure 4.5.

93

z
9
:>
a:
1—
(I)
Z
O
o

LEVEL-l

u.)
D
._1
<
>

 

 

 

 

________

 

 

 

/
LEVEL-3 ,7 ,j
I” III
/ / I I
I / / I
I I / ,
I / I ,
1 I 1 o I , s
I , I
II I I, I,
1 ’ 1 l
C

 

94

 

- Manufactured Homes
- Sub-systems 1 to 9
- Items for Sub-systems 1 to 9

 

 

SS], 882, 593, SS4, SSS, 886, 557, SS8, 559
11, 12, [3, l4, [5, 16, 17,18, I9

H1, H2, H3, H4, H5

 

se study

archy for priorities of Construction Value for the ca

Figure 4.5 Hier

The first hierarchy level for the case study remains the same and has a single objective as
explained in Section 3.1.4.4.1and that is the construction value of a manufactured house.
Its priority value is assumed to be equal to unity. The second hierarchy level has nine
objectives, the different sub-systems 881, SS2, ..., SS9. Their priorities are derived from
a matrix of comparisons with respect to the objective of the first level (construction
value). The third hierarchy level objectives are the various items under every sub-system
(e. g. 10 items for $81, 8 items for 882, etc.). Their priorities are derived from a matrix of
comparisons with respect to the objective of the second level (sub-systems). The fourth
and final level of classification is the manufactured house and mainly focuses on the type
of sub-items utilized under each item.

The object of this classification is to determine the impact of use of different sub-
items, used in the five brands of manufactured houses of median level, on the
construction value of a manufactured house through the intermediate level of sub-
systems. Thus their priorities with respect to each objective in the third level are obtained
by assigning a manual scale with respect to that objective, and the resulting nine priority
vectors are then weighted by the priority vector of the second and third level to obtain the

desired composite vector of priorities for the five manufactured houses (H1 to H5).

4.3.2 Normalized Weighted Average Score for Sub-systems
Section 3.1.4.4.2 explains the detailed procedure to obtain the normalized weighted .
average scores for sub-systems. The data required for calculating these normalized
weighted average scores is the completed checklist for the five manufactured houses of

this case study (refer Appendix D), the vector of priorities for items (refer Appendix B),

95

and the numerical manual scores for sub-items (refer Appendix C). The normalized -
weighted average score is then calculated for every sub-system.

Figure 4.6, an excerpt from Appendix E, indicates the normalized weighted scores
for the sub-system ‘warranties’ using the average of the scores and vector of priorities

provided by the three IPIA inspectors.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SUBSYSTEMS Vector of HOUSE-l HOUSE-2 HOUSE-3 HOUSE-4 HOUSE-5’
Pri°"""”MWMWMWMWMW
WARRANTIES: ‘ ’
General 0.644 3.333 2.148 3.333 2.148 3.333 2.148 3.333 2.148 3.333 2.148
Structural system 0.238 3.000 0.714 8.000 1.904 3.000 0.714 3.000 0.714 8.000 1.904
Shingles 0.067 5.333 0.358 4.000 0.268 4.000 0.268 6.000 0.402 6.000 0.402
Sidin 0.050 6.000 0.303 8.000 0.404 6.000 0.303 8.000 0.404 8.000 0.404
jNormalized Scores 0.442 0.352 0.583 0.472 0.408 0.343 0.508 0.367 0.633 0.48

 

 

Figure 4.6 Normalized weighted scores for sub-system ‘warranties’ for ‘average’ vector of priorities

From the completed checklists (Appendix D), the shaded boxes are scored according to
the score available under ‘average’ numerical score (Appendix C) and provided in
column titled ‘M’ (which stands for manual) for every house brand. For example ‘M’ for
the item ‘siding’ is 6 for house 2 and 3. The normalized average manual score for every
sub-system is obtained by taking an average of the column ‘M’ for every house for every
sub-system and dividing that average by the highest assignable sub-item score value, ,
which is 10 for this research. For example, in Figure 4.6, the normalized average manual
score for house 1 is calculated as follows:

[3333+3":-5.33+6]/10= 0.442

 

To calculate the normalized weighted average score, multiply the score values in column ‘
‘M’ by the vector of priorities of items (Appendix B) and divide it by the highest

assignable sub-item score value (which is 10). In Figure 4.6, the column ‘W’ represents

96

the weighted scores of items. Considering house 1, the normalized weighted average
score is calculated as follows:

* * It *
[0.644 3.333+0.238 3+0.067 5.33+0.050 6] =0.352

10

 

Similarly normalized weighted average scores are determined using the same procedure
and are provided in Appendix B. As discussed in section 3.1.4.4.2, for this research,
normalized weighted average scores will be used for calculating the vector of priorities .

for houses since they are more accurate and realistic.

4.3.3 Matrix of comparisons and Vector of priorities for Houses

As explained in section 3.1.4.4.3, the pairwise comparisons between the two brands of
houses for every sub-system, the normalized weighted average score is used as the scale
for comparison instead of the AHP scales described in section 3.1.4.1 (the 1 to 9 scale).
Figure 4.7 shows the matrix of comparisons and vector of priorities for the sub-system
‘warranties’ for normalized weighted average scores calculated for ‘average scoring’é.

In Figure 4.7, for the sub-system warranties, the normalized weighted average
scores (as indicated in Figure 4.6) are considered as the scale for the matrix of
comparisons i.e. 0.35 for H1, 0.47 for H2, 0.34 for H3, 0.37 for H4 and 0.49 for H5. The
procedure for column normalization and calculation of vector of priorities remains
consistent with the procedure explained in section 4.2.2. To explain how the matrix of

comparisons is compiled, an example considering the cell (H1, H2) in matrix of

 

6 ‘Average Scoring’ is the average vector of priorities calculated from the average matrix of comparisons
formulated from the matrix of comparisons provided by the three IPIA inspectors for sub-systems and

items.

97

comparison for sub-system ‘warranties’ shown in Figure 4.7, is illustrated. The value of

cell for (H1, H1) is 1, as explained in section 3.1.4.1.

 

 

 

Warranties

Homes I H1 I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5
score I 0.35 I 0.47 I 0.34 I 0.37 I 0.49 I
Matrix of

Comparisons

    

6.04 3.98 5.89 5.51 4.16

Column

Normalization

   

Figure 4.7 Matrix of comparison and Vector of Priorities for sub-system ‘warranties’ for ‘average
scoring’
The value of (H1, H2) is determined by normalizing i.e. 0.35/0.47 = 0.75. This implies
that for the construction value of the manufactured house, the importance factor of the
sub-system ‘warranties’ for H1 compared to H2 is 0.75 i.e. H2 has a higher value
compared to H1 for this particular sub-system. The value of cell (H2, H1) is the
reciprocal of the value in cell (H1, H2) i.e. 1/0.75 = 1.34. A similar approach was used to
compile the matrix of comparisons for the all sub-systems and all IPIA inspector scorings

(IPIA 1, IPIA 2, and [PIA 3).

98

The vector of priorities is calculated using the same procedure as explained in
section 4.2.2. From Figure 4.7, it can be concluded that the manufactured house H2 has i
the highest vector of priority, i.e. 0.235. This implies that for the same level (median) of
the five manufactured houses that are compared for this case study, the sub-system
‘warranties’ is better for house H2 as its value is 0.235 which is greater than the value of
all the other houses, for the same sub-system. Matrix of comparisons and vector. of ’
priorities for all sub-systems for all scorings is attached as Appendix F of this

dissertation.

4.3.4 Ranking Manufactured Houses

The last step in the process of ranking is to formulate two matrices, namely the matrix of
eigen values (vector of priorities) for the five houses (refer Appendix F), and matrix of
eigen values for sub-systems (refer Appendix B) and then multiplying these two matrices
(refer section 3.1.4.4.4) to obtain a resultant matrix. The values of this resultant matrix ,
are the ranks for the houses. The two matrices are multiplied by using simple matrix
multiplication to obtain the resultant rank matrix for the manufactured houses. Figure 4.9
is an illustration for calculating the ranks for the case study manufactured houses which
based on the ‘average scoring’.

The calculation procedure of ranks for manufactured house H1 is explained in this
section as below. In Figure 4.8, the values for matrix A are the ‘average scoring’ vector
of priorities for the nine sub—systems of the five different manufactured houses. The
values for the vector of priorities, for the sub-system ‘warranties’, for the five houses can ,

be compared with the values in Figure 4.7 (refer Appendix F for vector of priorities for

99

the remaining sub-systems). Matrix B is compiled from the vector of priorities of the

nine sub-systems (refer Appendix B) for ‘average scoring’.

100

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Rank for house H1 is calculated as follows:

1 Multiply the first row cell of house H1 (matrix A) with first column cell of sub- ,
system eigen value (matrix B) e.g. 0.187*0.l7. A similar procedure is followed for
multiplication of the remaining cells.

2. Add all the products and multiply by 1000 to obtain the rank.
Rank for H1
=[0.187*O.17+0.201*0.06+0.202*0.04+0.199*0.05+0.203*0.14+0.179*0.05+0.191*0.08
+0.147*0.15+0.l75*0.25] * 1000
= 182.045

A similar procedure was adopted to calculate the ranks for the remaining ’
manufactured houses (refer Appendix G). Table 4.3 is a summary of ranks obtained for
the five manufactured houses in the case study, which were scored, based on the scoring
provided by the three IPIA inspectors (IPIA 1, IPIA 2, and IPIA 3) and the ‘average’

scores.

Table 4.3 Rank summaries for the case study manufactured houses

 

The summary of ranks from Table 4.3 reveal that the manufactured house H2 is the best .
with the highest construction value. It is interesting to see that despite significant

variations in the decision makers (IPIAs) perception regarding scoring the sub-systems,

102

items, and sub-items, the house H2 has a consistently highest rank. However, the
judgmental discrepancy between the three IPIA inspectors is evident for houses H4 and
H5. According to scoring from three sources (i.e. IPIA 1, IPIA 3, and Average), house
H4 is ranked second and house H5 is ranked third. But according to the scoring from
IPIA 2, house H5 has a second rank and house H4 has the third rank. This is mainly due
to the inconsistency of the scores provided by the IPIA inspectors presented in section
4.2.3. The scores for sub-systems and items provided by the IPIA 2 are inconsistent .
compared to the other [PIA scores and the average scores. As explained in section 4.2.3,
the inconsistencies are mainly due to experience of IPIA 2 and thus the rank order is also
affected.

Another point that should be noted is the value of the ranks. These values differ '
because of the difference in scoring judgments of the IPIA inspectors. It is practically
impossible to have the same value of ranks for all houses from all the IPIA inspectors

interviewed.

103

CHAPTER 5

104

5. CONCLUSION, CONTRIBUTIONS, AND FUTURE RESEARCH

5.1 Conclusion

Decision-making is a very challenging and difficult task for any individual especially
when it’s a decision to be made concerning a house. A house is an expensive investment
for any homebuyer and this product requires careful research before its purchase. For an
average homebuyer, the research before purchase of a house mainly focuses on the '
aesthetics of the house as opposed to considering the other important attributes that
govern the structural stability affecting longevity of the house.

This study focused on construction value of manufactured houses. Construction
value of a manufactured house is defined as the proportion of the overall value of the '
house that is obtained from the construction materials; the processes involved in putting
them in place and the post construction assurances against structural or functional
damages caused by materials and/or poor craftsmanship, excluding normal wear and tear.

To focus on a more realistic approach towards decision-making, this study '
provides a framework for evaluation of manufactured houses based on a defined robust
goal, which is its construction value and utilizes numerical scoring that translates the
qualitative information into a quantitative approach. This scoring model facilitates the
decision making process.

This research presented a decision-making problem concerned with the selection
of the best manufactured house, based on its construction value. The factors and
attributes governing the construction value of a manufactured home were presented as a
construction system tree. This allowed the further classification of the construction
systems into sub-systems, items and sub-items. The research then developed a model for

ranking manufactured houses considering the factors and attributes, which contribute to

105

the overall construction value of a manufactured house. The Analytic Hierarchy Process
(AHP) was used for developing scores based on a pairwise comparison for sub-systems
and items and later for rank ordering the manufactured houses.

In general, the following conclusions can be made from studying the problem
statement and the technique used to solve the problem:

0 Construction value of a manufactured house is one of the important factors to be
considered in making a decision regarding a house purchase. Aesthetics is not the only _
factor that should be considered. Other important factors that have to be considered for
a manufactured house selection are construction materials; the processes involved in
putting them in place and the warranties against structural or functional damages. The
combination of all these factors forms the construction value of the manufactured house.

0 A ‘checklist’ provides a very systematic instrument for compiling all the
attributes (sub-systems, items and sub-items) that contribute to the construction value of
a manufactured house. During a house selection from a number of manufactured houses,
the use of a checklist makes it easier to check the availability or lack thereof of .the
various house components.

0 The attributes that affect the construction value of the manufactured house, which
eventually affects the decision of the house selection, may vary in different locations.
Thus a decision model that handles this problem should be flexible enough to '
compensate for variations, otherwise the rank outputs will not be reasonable.

0 AHP is a good technique for developing scales for different sub-systems and
items that capture the decision maker’s preferences and the uniqueness of each

component adding to the construction value of the manufactured house.

106

o The most contributing three sub-systems towards the construction value of a
manufactured house are warranties, materials, and transportation and setup, respectively.
The most contributing items under these sub-systems are general warranties for the sub-
system ‘warranties’, electrical devices for ‘materials’ and setup on site responsibility for

the sub-system ‘transportation and setup’.

5.2 Discussion
In decision-making models, which involve decision from more than one decision maker,
there arises a conflict of opinion. This certainly applies to the decisions regarding the .
factors affecting the construction value of a manufactured house that relates to this
research.

There could be decision conflicts of various natures, such as, the number and type
of sub-systems selected, the type of items classified for every sub-system, the sub-items .
decided for every item, the weights assigned to the sub-systems and items, and the
numerical scores allotted to the sub-items. The model, which was developed in this
research, has an advantage of giving the decision maker the flexibility regarding the
choice of the factors mentioned above and the ability to change the scores depending -
upon the choice of attributes. The decision-maker can modify or change these attributes
as well as determine the relative weights (vector of priorities) among them.

Thus the problem of conflict resolution among several decision-makers was not
tackled in this research. However, depending upon their nature, conflicts can be '
classified into two categories, namely, conflict in the model inputs, and conflicts

regarding knowledge.

107

5.2.1 Conflict in Model Inputs
The inputs required for the model that was developed in this research were mainly the .
major sub-systems that form the complete construction process of a manufactured house,
the type of items required to form a complete sub-system, the variety of sub—items for
every item, and the weights/scores assigned to sub-systems, items, and sub-items. There
could be varied opinions regarding these inputs. To reach to a consensus, group decision -
making theories (Saaty, 1980) can be applied prior to using the model where the decision
makers can decide which sub—system, item, and sub-item to use, how to scale each of
these attributes, and the relative weight assignable to each variable. The model can be
used once the consensus is reached and the model inputs provide acceptable solution. -

There is another approach to solve this problem and that is to use an averaging
technique to average the conflicting inputs of different decision makers and use the
average as the input. For this research, the consensus for inputs like sub-systems, items,
and sub-items were sought by interviewing with three IPIA inspectors and seeking '
modifications or suggestions to the pre-formatted checklist that was developed through
literature review and manufacturing plant visits. Based on the changes and suggestions, a
final checklist was prepared (Figure 4.1) that encompassed all the major sub-systems,
items, and sub-items.

The averaging technique was used to average the scores in the matrix of
comparisons provided by the three IPIA inspectors and developing an average matrix of
comparisons for sub-system and items (refer Appendix A, Figure A7 and A8). A similar
technique was used to average the manual numerical scores to the sub-items of the '

checklist (refer Appendix C, Figure C4). Although ranks for houses were calculated

108

using scores fi'om three IPIA inputs and the average scores, the ranks that were obtained
by using the average scores can be considered as the final ranks for the case study in this

research.

5.2.2 Conflicts regarding Knowledge

Knowledge is mainly acquired through work experiences. For scoring the sub-systems,
items, and sub-items, the decision makers selected were the third party inspectors to
manufactured housing plants (IPIAs). The IPIAs provided scores applying using _
knowledge, accumulated from experiences in the field of construction quality of
manufactured houses.

However, there were inconsistencies in the matrix of comparisons as discussed in
section 4.2.3. These inconsistencies are due to the lack of knowledge for particular ,
attributes. Although the IPIA is required to be well-rounded in the field of inspection, the
IPIAs may have their own areas of expertise, e. g., an IPIA inspector could be specialized
in inspection of utilities in a manufactured house construction process, whereas another
IPIA could be specialized in the structural aspects of the manufactured house. There .
could also be inconsistencies due to lack of industry experience. For example, in this
research case study, IPIA 2 was most inconsistent, and was also the IPIA with an
experience of only two years. It can also be observed from the final rank summary
(Table 4.2) that IPIA 2 had the only different rank order compared to the other two IPIAs -
(IPIA 1 and IPIA 3).

The solution to this problem is to form a panel of IPIA inspectors that covers
experienced experts in all the sub-systems of a manufactured house construction process

mentioned in this research. The purpose of this panel is to provide accurate information ~

109

regarding the sub-systems, items and sub-items and also assigning relative weights '

consistently.

5.3 Limitations
This research has the following limitations:

1. The ranking model is suitable for of manufactured houses of the same level.
Ranks cannot be obtained across different levels, e.g. houses of different levels,
namely, entry, median, and luxury cannot be compared because the quality for
every level of manufactured house is cost driven and consequently, the luxury
house will have a better construction value than the median level house which in
turn is much better that the entry level houses.

2. This research does not address the economic value of a house, which is
represented by purchase price, appreciation value, and resale value.

3. Rank reversal is a limitation of the AHP model. The ranks of a particular set of
houses that have been compared are likely to change either by introducing a new
house into the selection set or deletion of any house from the set. The order of
ranks or the rank values change by such variations and is commonly referred to as .

rank reversal.

5.4 Contributions

The model developed in this research is successful in providing a method to select a
manufactured house based on its construction value. The comparison was made using -
quantitative analysis, which helped in making the subjective task of decision-making

more realistic and practical. Following are the contributions of this research:

110

10

Enhancing the literature on manufactured housing to include construction
materials, processes, transportation and installation, and post construction .
assurances.

Introducing construction value of a manufactured house as an essential factor in
the house purchase decision-making.

Forming a checklist which provides not only extensive information about the _
construction systems of manufactured houses but also facilitate the use of the
ranking model that helps in selecting fiom many houses of the same level.
Defining the attributes that represent the construction value of a manufactured
house and quantifying those attributes by developing scales using AHP.
Introducing a method of combining all these attributes in a systematic way (AHP)
to arrive at the manufactured house ranking.

Providing a spreadsheet that automatically produces rankings based on inputs
from the homebuyer or any decision maker.

Enabling homebuyers to evaluate among various options of manufactured house
brands and helping them in deciding the best house purchase.

A model to solve a subjective problem with an objective approach.

Providing a model that uses a combination of evaluation and selection procedures -
in a unique way that can be used for various applications.

Providing a model that allows manufacturers to improve their product by focusing
more on the attributes that are critical to the construction value and spending less

time and energy on non—critical ones.

111

5.5 Areas of Future Research

Assigning scores to the various attributes of the manufactured house construction system
(sub-system, item, and sub-item) was achieved using three IPIA inspectors. A larger
sample size of IPIA inspectors can be considered as an area of future research. By
increasing the sample size there would be a wide variety of experience and knowledge
contribution to the development of scores for the ranking model. Group decision-making
theories (Saaty, 1980) can be applied by using a larger sample size of experienced
professionals. ‘

Site built houses is another area of future research, where the model developed in
this research can be applied. Site built houses are similar to manufactured houses except
they are not built in a factory environment and are not transported and installed on site.
They are typically built on permanent foundations on site itself and thus eliminating the
transportation and installation phase. The other construction systems remain similar to
the manufactured house construction systems. However, the inspections and standards
governing the site-built house quality are different as they follow the International .
Residential Code (IRC). This model can be modified according to the requirement of the
IRC standards and modified using inputs from building inspectors.

While AHP provides an ideal ranking process for manufactured houses, it does
not consider relevant constraints that exist in the decision environment such as cost and '
budget limitations, type of foundations, etc. Using the Goal Programming (GP)
technique as a decision analysis tool can further enhance this research. The following are
the reasons for using GP (Farghal, 1996): “(i) GP provides flexibility for the decision-

maker to develop the best plan, (ii) It gives the ability to the decision-maker to _set _

112

preferences or priority levels and rank those according to the current needs, (iii) GP ,
involves setting targets for goals and trying to achieve those targets, thus allowing the
decision maker to perform sensitivity analysis by changing the targets and continuously
modifying the solution to reflect those changes, (iv) GP does not require excessive
information from the decision maker, and (v) GP considers all existing constraints when .

producing a solution.”

113

 

APPENDIX A

MATRIX OF COMPARISONS FOR SUB-SYSTEMS AND ITEMS

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APPENDIX B

COLUMN NORMALIZATION AND VECTOR OF PRIORITIES FOR
SUB-SYSTEMS AND ITEMS

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V6.6 V6.6 66.6 M66 V6.6 66.6 6N6 NN.6 66.6 66.6
66 6 w 6 6 6 V M N 6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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66.6 66 .6 66 .6 N 6 .6 66 .6 M 8666.266
VN.6 6M .6 6M .6 N6 .6 66 .6 N 565.6». 66.636.63.66
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6.6 6.6 66 66 V6 M6 N6 66 66 6 6 6 6 6 V M N 6 ”606.66.62600

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

147

APPENDIX C

NUMERICAL SCORES FOR SUB-ITEMS

148

 

 

MATERIALS:
Cabinets

Rollers

Bathtub and Shower
Vanity

Faucets

Ceiling Board Type
Wall Sheetrock type
Interior door style
Window Frame
Electrical Devices

FLOOR SYSTEMS:
Axles

Tires

Joist Size

Joist Spacing

Joist System
Insulation R-value
Decking material
Decking Thickness

WALL SYSTEMS:
Stud size ( Interior)
Exterior Bottom Plate size
Exterior Stud spacing
Stud size ( Exterior)
Insulation Rovalue
Headers above openings
Exterior Sheathing
Electrical wires pass
Electrical Boxes

Wall Sheetrock thickness
House Wrap

Exterior Siding

ROOF SYSTEMS:
Design Load

Roof Slope

Insulation R-value
Eave Projection

Eave Position

Ceiling board thickness
Roof Finish

Roof Sheathing

Valley flashing

Roof opening waterproofing

\OOOWANNNQNOO

9
9
6
9
3
6
8
7

 

QM'AOOWOo'kQOOVW-k

4
5
8
5
5
6
5
8
6
7

 

Hardwood

Plastic

Fiberglass

Plastic

Plastic

Vinyl coated

Vinyl coated

Plain Face, LUAN
Vinyl

J-boxes

New

New

2”X6”

16” o/c
Longitudinal
R-l l

Plywood / OSB
3/ "

2”X3”

1”X3”/ 1”X4”
16” o/c
2”X6”

R-ll

Single

OSB
Through notch in stud
Fixed t Studs
5/ 16"

Tyvek

Vinyl

20 Lb

3/ 12

R-21

3..

Front and back
1/2"

Metal

Plywood
Shingles
Flashing Provided

149

‘ Particleboard / MDF

 

Metal
PVC
Porcelain

 

Metal

 

Tape and Textured

 

Tape and Textured

 

‘ Paneled
Aluminum (metal)

 

 

 

4
4
7
I
7
8
6
6

‘ Self- Contained

Old and Certified
Old

2”X8”

24” o/c
Transverse

R-21

Novadeck

1/2"

 

29’x4”

 

2’9x399/ 299x499
24” o/c

 

29’X4”

 

 

‘ R-19
Double
Insulation Board

 

Through a hole in Stud

 

‘ Fixed on sheet rock
1/2"

 

 

‘ None

 

 

‘ Hard board

30 Lb

4/ 12

R—19

8”

All around home
5/8"

Shingles

OSB

Metal

No Flashing

Figure C1 IPIA l-Numerical scores for Sub-items

 

 

 

 

llll

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

UTILITIES:

Water pipe 8 PVC 4 PEX

Pipe fittings 6 Copper 5 Brass
Pipefittingfastenings 5 Copper ring 7 Steel Ring
Drainage pipe 7 PVC 6 ABS

H VA C System 8 In floor 4 In attic

H VA C Duct 4 Sheet metal 7 Fiber Glass
Register Positions 5 Central Floor 6 Perimeter
Bathtub and Shower 7 1 piece unit 4 2 piece unit
Shutoff valves 8 Under every sink 4 At any one junction
20 amp GFI 's 7 l 5 2

DOORS AND WINDOWS:

Interior door width 28” 32”
Interior Door Height 6.5 ft 7 ft

32”
2

36”
3

Exterior door width
Number of Hinges Int doors

 

fi-K-kVQQkQ

8
8
8
8
3
7
8
8

 

   

Hinge type Full Mortise Surface Mounted
Window glass Double pane “plain” Double pane-low “E”
Extrior door Type Aluminum Insulated Metal Core
Exterior door height 6.5' 7.0'

COSMETICS:

Carpets 7 25 oz 5 18 oz

Shelves 5 Non adjustable 7 Adjustable

Water Heater 5 30-gallon 6 40-gallon
Sheetrockfinish 8 Tape and Textured 5 Vinyl sheetrock
Sidewall height 5 7 fl 7 7.5 ft

Ceiling paint finishes 4 Popcorn 7 Tape and textured
Trim around Interior doors 5 Vinyl 7 Wood

Trim around Exterior doors 4 Exposed aluminum 7 Hardi board/vinyl
Mini-blinds 8 Provided in all rooms 3 Not provided in any
Refrigerator 6 18 cu. ft. 7 20 cu. fl.
Microwave 7 Built-in 5 Separate unit
Dishwasher 7 Yes 3 No

Fireplace 5 Yes 4 No

Modular cabinet system 6 Yes 3 No

Outside water faucets 5 l 7 2

Plumbing for icemaker 7 Yes 4 No

Garbage Disposal 7 Yes 4 No
TRANSPORTATION & SETUP:

Setup on site responsibility 8 manufacturer retailer
Transportation to site 8 Self owned Contracted

Setup contractor 8 fixed keeps changing
Orientation and walk through 9 Yes No

Special walkthrough 9 Yes No
WARRANTIES:

General 1 year 2 years
Structural system 1 year 5 years

Shingles 25 years 30 years

Siding 10 years 15 years

     

Figure C1 IPIA l-Numerical scores for Sub-items (contd)
1 50

MATERIALS:
Cabinets

Rollers

Bathtub and Shower
Vanity

Faucets

Ceiling Board Type
Wall Sheetrock type
Interior door style
Window Frame
Electrical Devices

FLOOR SYSTEMS:
Axles

Tires

Joist Size

Joist Spacing

Joist System
Insulation R-value

Decking material
Decking Thickness

WALL SYSTEMS:

Stud size (Interior)
Exterior Bottom Plate size
Exterior Stud spacing
Stud size (Exterior)
Insulation R-value
Headers above openings
Exterior Sheathing
Electrical wires pass
Electrical Boxes

Wall Sheetrock thickness
House Wrap

Exterior Siding

ROOF SYSTEMS:
Design Load

Roof Slope

Insulation R-value
Eave Projection

Eave Position

Ceiling board thickness
Roof Finish

Roof Sheathing

Valley flashing

Roof opening waterproofing

NOON-AWNKOONOO

\IOoM-AVMOOOO

4
3
8
8
7
3
7
2
8
5
7
7

\IVVKVWWQW-K

 

Hardwood

Plastic

Fiberglass

Plastic

Plastic

Vinyl coated

Vinyl coated

Plain Face, LUAN
Vinyl

J-boxes

New

New

2”X6”

16” o/c
Longitudinal
R-l 1

Plywood / OSB
3/ "

2”X3”

1”X3”/ 1”X4”
16” o/c
2”X6”

R-ll

Single

OSB
Through notch in stud
Fixed t Studs
5/ 16"

Tyvek

Vinyl

20 Lb

3 / 12

R-21

3..

Front and back
1/2"

Metal

Plywood
Shingles
Flashing Provided

W‘kVWVWVWWW

4
4
7
I
7
8
5
3

 

Particleboard / MDF
Metal

PVC

Porcelain

Metal

Tape and Textured
Tape and Textured
Paneled

Aluminum (metal)
Self- Contained

Old and Certified
Old

2”X8”

24” o/c
Transverse

R-21

Novadeck

1/2"

2”X4”

2"X3”/ 2”X4”
24” o/c

2”X4”

R-19

Double
Insulation Board
Through a hole in
Fixed on sheet rock
1/2"

None

Hard board

30 Lb
4/ 12
R-l9

 

8 9 9
All around home

 

5/8"

 

‘ Shingles
OSB
Metal

 

la. «H» x. VIM MHQI

 

 

No Flashing

Figure C2 IPIA 2-Numerical scores for Sub-items

151

 

 

 

UTILITIES:

Water pipe 8 PVC

Pipe fittings 7 Copper
Pipefittingfastenings 6 Copper ring
Drainage pipe 7 PVC

H VA C System 8 In floor

H VA C Duct 4 Sheet metal
Register Positions 4 Central Floor
Bathtub and Shower 7 1 piece unit
Shutofir valves 8 Under every sink
20 amp GF I 's 7 l

DOORS AND WINDOWS:

Interior door width 28”

Interior Door Height 6.5 ft

32”
2
Full Mortise

Exterior door width
Number of Hinges Int doors

Hinge type

 

N'kQVQQ-kQ

 

Window glass Double pane “plain”
Extrior door Type Aluminum

Exterior door height 6.5'

COSMETICS:

Carpets 7 25 oz

Shelves 2 Non adjustable
Water Heater 3 30-gallon
Sheetrock finish 8 Tape and Textured
Sidewall height 3 7 ft

Ceiling paint finishes 5 Popcorn

Trim around Interior doors 4 Vinyl

Trim around Exterior doors 3 Exposed aluminum
Mini-blinds 8 Provided in all rooms
Refrigerator 6 18 cu. fi.
Microwave 7 Built-in
Dishwasher 8 Yes

Fireplace 5 Yes

Modular cabinet system 7 Yes

Outside water faucets 4 1

Plumbing for icemaker 7 Yes

Garbage Disposal 6 Yes
TRANSPORTATION &

Setup on site responsibility manufacturer

 

Transportation to site Self owned
Setup contractor fixed
Orientation and walk Yes
Special walkthrough Yes
WARRANTIES:

General 1 year
Structural system 1 year
Shingles 25 years
Siding 10 years

 

AQWVVWQVQK

8
8
8
7
3
8
8
8

 

fiWVQkNMVWVVVVMVOOk

 

 

PEX

Brass

Steel Ring

ABS

In attic

Fiber Glass
Perimeter

2 piece unit

At any one junction
2

32”

7 R

36”

3

Surface Mounted
Double pane-low “E”
Insulated Metal Core
7.0'

 

18 oz

Adjustable
40-gallon

Vinyl sheetrock
7.5 ft

Tape and textured
Wood

Hardi board/vinyl
Not provided in any
20 cu. fl.

Separate unit

No

No

No
2

No

No

 

retailer
Contracted
keeps changing
No

No

2 years
5 years
30 years
15 years

 

Figure C2 IPIA 2-Numerical scores for Sub-items (contd)

152

MATERIALS:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cabinets 7 Hardwood 3 Particleboard / MDF
Rollers 4 Plastic 8 Metal

Bathtub and Shower 8 Fiberglass 4 PVC

Vanity 3 Plastic 8 Porcelain

Faucets 2 Plastic 8 Metal

Ceiling Board Type 1 Vinyl coated 9 Tape and Textured
Wall Sheetrock type 5 Vinyl coated 7 Tape and Textured
Interior door style 4 Plain Face, LUAN 7 Paneled

Window Frame 7 Vinyl 4 Aluminum (metal)
Electrical Devices 8 J-boxes 4 Self- Contained
FLOOR SYSTEMS:

Axles 7 New 5 Old and Certified
Tires 8 New 5 Old

Joist Size 5 2”X6” 8 2”X8”

Joist Spacing 9 16” o/c 3 24” o/c

Joist System 4 Longitudinal 7 Transverse
Insulation R-value 5 R-l 1 8 R-21

Decking material 8 Plywood / OSB 4 Novadeck
Decking Thickness 7 3/ " 5 1/2"

WALL SYSTEMS:

Stud size (Interior) 5 2”X3” 7 2”X4”

Exterior Bottom Plate size ‘ _5_ 1”X3”/ 1”X4” 7 2”X3”/ 2”X4”
Exterior Stud spacing . L 16” o/c 4 24” o/c

Stud size ( Exterior) 7 2”X6” 5 2”X4”

Insulation R-value ‘ __3_ R-11 9 R-19

Headers above openings 4 Single 7 Double

Exterior Sheathing 7 OSB 5 Insulation Board
Electrical wires pass 5 Through notch in stud 5 Through a hole in Stud
Electrical Boxes 7 Fixed t Studs 5 Fixed on sheet rock
Wall Sheetrock thickness 5 5/16" 8 1/2"

House Wrap 8 Tyvek 1 None

Exterior Siding _8_ ‘ Vinyl 5 Hard board
ROOF SYSTEMS:

Design Load 20 Lb 8 30 Lb

RoofSlope 3 / 12 7 4 / 12

Insulation R-value R-21 6 R-19

Eave Projection 3” 7 8”

Eave Position Front and back 8 All around home
Ceiling board thickness 1/2" 8 5/ 8"

Roof Finish Metal 8 Shingles

Roof Sheathing Plywood 8 OSB

Valley flashing Shingles 5 Metal

Roof opening waterproofing Flashing Provided 2 No Flashing

 

 

 

 

Figure C3 IPIA 3-Numerical scores for Sub-items

153

UTILITIES:

 

 

   

Water pipe 5 PVC 8 PEX

Pipe fittings 7 Copper 5 Brass
Pipefittingfastenings 7 Copper ring 5 Steel Ring
Drainage pipe 7 PVC 5 ABS

H VAC System 5 In floor 8 In attic

H VAC Duct 4 Sheet metal 8 Fiber Glass
Register Positions 4 Central Floor 8 Perimeter
Bathtub and Shower 7 1 piece unit 5 2 piece unit
Shutofl valves 8 Under every sink 4 At any one junction
20 amp GFI ’s 3 1 8 2

DOORS AND WINDOWS:

Interior door width 4 28” 8 32”

Interior Door Height 5 6.5 ft 7 7 fi

Exterior door width 4 32” 8 36”

Number of Hinges Int doors 4 2 7 3

Hinge type 7 Full Mortise 5 Surface Mounted
Window glass 5 Double pane “plain” 8 Double pane-low “E”
Extrior door Type 4 Aluminum 8 Insulated Metal Core
Exterior door height 3 6.5' 8 7.0'

COSMETICS:

Carpets 8 25 oz 4 18 oz

Shelves 5 Non adjustable 7 Adjustable

Water Heater 5 30-gallon 8 40-gallon
Sheetrockfinish 8 Tape and Textured 5 Vinyl sheetrock
Sidewall height 6 7 fi 8 7.5 fl

Ceiling paint finishes 5 Popcorn 8 Tape and textured
Trim around Interior doors 4 Vinyl 8 Wood

Trim around Exterior doors 5 Exposed aluminum 7 Hardi board/vinyl
Mini-blinds 7 Provided in all rooms 5 Not provided in any
Refrigerator 5 18 cu. ft. 8 20 cu. ft.
Microwave 6 Built-in 8 Separate unit
Dishwasher 8 Yes 4 No

Fireplace 7 Yes 5 No

Modular cabinet system 8 Yes 4 No

Outside water faucets 5 1 8 2

Plumbing for icemaker 8 Yes 2 No

Garbage Disposal 7 Yes 4 No
TRANSPORTATION &

Setup on site responsibility manufacturer retailer
Transportation to site Self owned Contracted

Setup contractor fixed keeps changing
Orientation and walk through Yes No

Special walkthrough Yes No
WARRANTIES:

General 1 year 2 years
Structural system 1 year 5 years

Shingles 25 years 30 years

Siding 10 years 15 years

     

Figure C3 IPIA 3-Numerical scores for Sub-items (contd)
154

MATERIALS:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cabinets 7. 7 Hardwood
Rollers 2. 7 Plastic
Bathtub and Shower 8.3 F lberglass
Vanity 3.0 Plastic
Faucets 4 _20 4 Plastic

Ceiling Board T we 2.0 Vinyl coated
Wall Sheetrock ope 4.3 Vinyl coated
Interior door style 3.0 Plain Face, LUAN
Window Frame i Vinyl
Electrical Devices ._0 4 J-boxes
FLOOR SYSTEMS:

Axles 8.0 New

Tires 8.3 New

Joist Size 4 i 2”X6”

Joist Spacing 8.3 16” o/c

Joist System 3. 7 Longitudinal
Insulation R-value _5_3_4 R-ll

Decking material 8.0 Plywood / OSB
Decking Thickness 7.0 3/ "

WALL SYSTEMS:

Stud size (Interior) 4.3 2”X3”
Exterior Bottom Plate size . LL 1”X3”/ 1”X4”
Exterior Stud spacing 7. 7 16” do

Stud size (Exterior) £- 2”X6”
Insulation R-value 5.3 R-ll

Headers above openings 3. 7 Single
Exterior Sheathing 7.3 OSB
Electrical wires pass 3.3 Through notch in stud
Electrical Boxes 7. 7 Fixed t Studs
Wall Sheetrock thiclozess 4. 7 5/16"

House Wrap 6. 7 Tyvek
Exterior Siding _7._0_ 4 Vinyl

ROOF SYSTEMS: 4_4

Design Load 4.3 20 11)

Roof Slope 4.0 3/ 12
Insulation R-value 7.3 R—21

Eave Projection 3. 7 3”

Eave Position 4.3 Front and back
Ceiling board thiclmess 6.0 1/2"

Roof Finish 4.3 Metal

Roof Sheathing fl Plywood
Valley flashing 7.0 Shingles

Roof opening waterproofing 7. 7 Flashing Provided

 

 

 

‘ Particleboard / MDF

 

Metal
PVC

 

Porcelain

 

4 Metal
Tape and Textured

 

Tape and Textured

 

Paneled

 

Alumimnn (metal)

 

Self- Contained

 

 

 

Old and Certified

 

Old
4 2"xs”
24” do

 

Transverse

 

R-21

 

4 Novadeck

 

 

l/ "

 

 

ZHX ,9

 

2””!9/ 291x499
24” o/c

 

2”X4”

 

R-19

 

Double

 

Insulation Board

—'IhroughaholeinStud

 

Fixed on sheet rock

 

1/2"

 

None

 

 

 

_, Hardboard

30Lb

 

4/12

 

7.3

4 R-19
8”
All around home

 

7.3

5/8"

 

7.7

Shingles

 

4.3

4.7,

OSB
Metal

 

3.0

 

No Flashing

 

 

Figure C4 ‘Average’-Numerica1 scores for Sub-items

155

 

 

 

 

 

UTILITIES:

Water pipe

Pipe fittings
Pipefittingfastenings
Drainage pipe

H VA C System

H VA C Duct
Register Positions
Bathtub and Shower
Shutofl valves

20 amp GF I ’s

DOORS AND WINDOWS:
Interior door width

Interior Door Height
Exterior door width
Number of Hinges Int doors
Hinge type

Window glass

Extrior door Type

Exterior door height

COSMETICS:

Carpets

Shelves

Water Heater

Sheetrock fin ish

Sidewall height

Ceiling paint finishes

Trim around Interior doors
Trim around Exterior doors
Mini-blinds

Refrigerator

Microwave

Dishwasher

Fireplace

Modular cabinet system
Outside water faucets
Plumbing for icemaker
Garbage Disposal

TRANSPORTATION &
Setup on site responsibility
Transportation to site
Setup contractor

Orientation and walk through

Special walkthrough

WARRANTIES:
General
Structural system
Shingles

Siding

 

7.0

PVC

 

6.7

Copper

 

6.0

Copper ring

 

7.0

PVC

 

7.0

In floor

 

4.0

Sheet metal

 

4.3

Central Floor

 

7.0

1 piece unit

 

8.0

Under every sink

 

 

 

5.7

1

 

 

5.3

28”

 

4.3
5.3

4 6.5 a
32”

 

5.3

2

 

7.0

Full Mortise

 

5.0

Double pane “plain”

 

4.0

Aluminum

 

 

 

3.0

6.5'

 

 

7.3

25 oz

 

4.0

Non adjustable

 

4.3

30-gallon

 

4 8.0

4.7

4 Tape and Textured
7 fi

 

4.7

Popcorn

 

4.3

Vinyl

 

4 4.0

7.7

Exposed aluminum
Provided in all rooms

 

5.7

18 cu. ft.

 

46.7

7.7

Built-in
Yes

 

5.7

Yes

 

7.0

Yes

 

4.7

1

 

7.3

Yes

 

 

 

6.7

Yes

 

 

4 manufacturer
Self owned

 

fixed

 

Yes

 

 

 

Yes

 

3.3

l 1 year

 

3.0

1 year

 

6.0

25 years

 

 

 

6.0

10 years

 

 

5.3

PEX

 

5.3

Brass

 

6.3

Steel Ring

 

5.7

ABS

 

5.0

In attic

 

7.3

Fiber Glass

 

7.0

Perimeter

 

4.0

2 piece unit

 

4.0

At any one junction

 

 

5.7

 

4 2

 

8.0

32”

 

47.7

8.0

4 7 a
36”

 

7.3

3

 

3.7

Surface Mounted

 

7.7

Double pane-low “E”

 

8.0

Insulated Metal Core

 

 

' 4.3

 

8.0

7.0'

18 oz

 

7.3

Adjustable

 

7.0

40-gallon

 

' 7.3

5.0

Vinyl sheetrock
7.5 fl

 

7.3

Tape and textured

 

7.3

Wood

 

4 7.0

3.7

4 Hardi board/vinyl
Not provided in any

 

7.3

20 cu. ft.

 

6.0

Separate unit

 

3.0

No

 

4.3

No

 

4.3

No

 

7.3

2

 

3.0

No

 

 

 

5.0

3.7

L0.

No

retailer
Contracted

 

I.7

keeps changing

 

1.3

No

 

 

 

1.3

No

 

6.7

8.0

I 2 years
5 years

 

8.0

30 years

 

 

 

8.0

15 years

 

Figure C4 ‘Average’-Numerical scores for Sub-items (contd)

156

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

APPENDIX D

CHECKLISTS FOR MANUFACTURED HOUSES (HI, H2, H3, H4, H5)

157

MATERIALS:
Cabinets

Rollers

Bathtub and Shower
Vanity

Faucets

Ceiling Board Type
Wall Sheetrock type
Interior door style
Window Frame
Electrical Devices

FLOOR SYSTEMS:
Axles

Tires

Ioist Size

[oist Spacing

[oist System
Insulation R-value
Decking material
Decking Thickness

WALL SYSTEMS:
Stud size ( Interior)
Exterior Bottom Plate size
Exterior Stud spacing
Stud size ( Exterior)
Insulation R-value
Headers above openings
Exterior Sheathing
Electrical wires pass
Electrical Boxes

Wall Sheetrock thickness
House Wrap

Exterior Siding

ROOF SYSTEMS:
Design Load

Roof Slope

Insulation R-value
Eave Projection

Eave Position

Ceiling board thickness
Roof Finish

Roof Sheathing

Valley flashing

Roof opening waterproofing
Figure D1 Checklist for manufactured house H1

[:1 Hardwood
Plastic

15:21 Fiberglass

D Plastic

D Plastic

-me1 coated

U Vinyl coated
Plain Face, LUAN
m Vinyl

D J-boxes

I: New

[3 New

E3 2”X6"

1:1 16" o/c

[:1 Longitudinal
R-ll

1:1 Plywood / OSB
1:] 3/4"

m 2”X3"

[I] 1"x3"/ 1”X4"
1:1 16” o/c

1:] 2%”

Ell R-ll

E3 Single

E! OSB
.Through notch in
[3 Fixed t Studs
.5/16"

Cl Tyvek

Vinyl

20 Lb

El 3 / 12

[:1 R-21

53"

Cl Front and back
[:11/2"

[3 Metal

l:l Plywood
Shingles
Flashing Provided

158

Particleboard / MDF

Cl Metal

1:1 PVC

Cl Porcelain

Cl Metal

D Tape and Textured

DTape and Textured
Paneled

Cl Aluminum (metal)

[3 Self- Contained

El Old and Certified
Old

[:1 2”X8”

D 24” o/c
Transverse

[:1 R-21

[:1 Novadeck

E] 1/2"

1:] 2”X4”

[:1 2”X3”/ 2”X4”
Cl 24” o/c

2"x "

Cl R-19

Cl Double

l:l Insulation Board
l:lThrough a hole in
Fixed on sheet rock
[:11/2"

None

[:1 Hard board

[:1 30 Lb

[:1 4 / 12

[:1 R-19

[:18"

All around home
l:15/8"

m Shingles

U OSB

l:lMetal

1:! No Flashing

5/8"

DD DUDDDDUDDDDU DUUDDDDD DDUUDUUDDD

22

DIE
U1 0‘
E ‘5

DUDE!

UTILITIES:

Water pipe

Pipe fittings
Pipefittingfastenings
Drainage pipe

H VA C System

H VAC Duct
Register Positions
Bathtub and Shower
Shutoff valves

20 amp GFI 's

DOORS AND WINDOWS:
Interior door width

Interior Door Height
Exterior door width
Number of Hinges Int doors
Hinge type

Window glass

Extrior door Type

Exterior door height

COSMETICS:

Carpets

Shelves

Water Heater

Sheetrock finish

Sidewall height

Ceiling paint finishes

Trim around Interior doors
Trim around Exterior doors
Mini-blinds

:1 PVC
[:3 Copper
Copper ring
1:] PVC
In floor
D Sheet metal
E Central Floor
1 piece unit
E Under every sink
C31

1:] 28”

1:] 6.5 a

[:1 32"

[:12

Cl Full Mortise

'3 Double pane “plain”
Aluminum

1:16.5'

D 25 oz
:3 Non adjustable
E3 30-gallon
[3 Tape and Textured
7 ft
El Popcorn
Vinyl
Exposed aluminum
[3 Provided in all rooms

Refrigerator El 18 cu. ft.
Microwave Built-in
Dishwasher Yes '
Fireplace D Yes
Modular cabinet system Yes
Outside water faucets 1

Plumbing for icemaker Yes
Garbage Disposal D Yes
TRANSPORTATION & SETUP:

Setup on site responsibility I: manufacturer
Transportation to site Cl Self owned
Setup contractor [3 fixed

Orientation and walk through D Yes
Special walkthrough programs [3 Yes

WARRANTIES:
General
Structural system
Shingles

Siding

1 year

1 year
25 years

D 10 years

E"! PEX
Brass
Steel Ring
[:3 ABS
In attic
l:l Fiber Glass
Perimeter
2 piece unit
At any one junction
[:1 2

[:1 32"

l_—_] 7 a

D 36”

I: 3

D Surface Mounted
Cl Double pane-low “E”
l:llnsu1ated Metal Core
7.0'

18 oz

[3 Adjustable

[3 40-gallon

m Vinyl sheetrock

7.5 a

Cl Tape and textured

E] Wood

Hardi board/vinyl
Not provided in any

20 cu. a.
Separate unit

D No

C] No

[:3 No

[:12

D No

BNO

retailer

D Contracted

keeps changing
No

No

[3 2 years

5 years
30 years
[3 15 years

Figure D1 Checklist for manufactured house H1 (contd)

159

DUDE] DUDDD DUUDDDBDDUDDDDDDD DDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDD

7’.

5
".3.

o

:3
O
5
(D

8
:3
O

20 years

 

 

 

 

MATERIALS:
Cabinets

Rollers

Bathtub and Shower
Vanity

Faucets

Ceiling Board Type
Wall Sheetrock type
Interior door style
Window Frame
Electrical Devices

FLOOR SYSTEMS:
Axles

Tires

Joist Size

Joist Spacing

Joist System
Insulation R-value
Decking material
Decking Thickness

WALL SYSTEMS:

Stud size (Interior)
Exterior Bottom Plate size
Exterior Stud spacing
Stud size ( Exterior)
Insulation R-value
Headers above openings
Exterior Sheathing
Electrical wires pass
Electrical Boxes

Wall Sheetrock thickness
House Wrap

Exterior Siding

ROOF SYSTEMS:
Design Load

Roof Slope

Insulation R-value
Eave Projection

Eave Position

Ceiling board thickness
Roof Finish

Roof Sheathing

Valley flashing

Roof opening waterproofing

l:l Hardwood

[:1 Plastic

11:] Fiberglass

[3 Plastic

Plastic

DVinyl coated
DVinyl coated

[3 Plain Face, LUAN
[3 Vinyl

J-boxes

[3 New

B New

2”xo”

16”o/c

E Longitudinal
E3 R-ll

U Plywood / OSB
[:1 3/ "

2"x3”

[:1 1”x3”/ 1”X4”
E21 16”O/c

[:1 2”xo"

E3 R-ll

[:1 Single

E11 OSB

D Through notch in stud
:1 Fixed t Studs
Ems"

Tyvek

D Vinyl

20 Lb

3 / 12

R-21

3”

Front and back
1/2"

D Metal

[3 Plywood
Shingles
Flashing Provided

160

m Particleboard / MDF
EH Metal

Cl PVC

[3 Porcelain

D Metal

Tape and Textured
U Tape and Textured
El Paneled

E11 Aluminum (metal)
Cl Self- Contained

1:] Old and Certified
Ell Old

[:1 2”X8”

D 24” do

E] Transverse

[:1 R-21

D Novadeck

[:1 1/2"

[:1 2”X4”

2”X3”/ 2”X4”

Cl 24” o/c

E3 2”X4”

[:1 11-19

Double

D Insulation Board

l:lThrough a hole in Stud
Fixed on sheet rock

1:11/2"

Cl None

Ell Hard board

[:1 30 Lb

1:] 4/ 12

[:1 R-19

[:1 8”

i: All around home
CJS/s"

Shingles

EH OSB

DMetal

BN0 Flashing

Figure D2 Checklist for manufactured house H2

5/8"

DDDUDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDD EDDDDDDD DDUDDDDDDD

.‘

 

 

UTILITIES:

Water pipe

Pipe fittings
Pipefittingfastenings
Drainage pipe

H VA C System

H VA C Duct
Register Positions
Bathtub and Shower
Shutofl valves

20 amp GF I ’s

DOORS AND WINDOWS:
Interior door width

Interior Door Height
Exterior door width
Number of Hinges Int doors
Hinge type

Window glass

Extrior door Type

Exterior door height

COSMETICS:

Carpets

Shelves

Water Heater

Sheetrock finish

Sidewall height

Ceiling paintfinishes

Trim around Interior doors
Trim around Exterior doors
Mini-blinds

1:1 PVC

[:3 Copper
Copper ring

l:l PVC
[:3 1n floor

Sheet metal
E Central Floor
1 piece unit
Under every sink
[:11

E3 28”

[I] 6.5 ft

[:1 32”

E32

[:3 Full Mortise

[:3 Double pane “plain”
Aluminum

1:165:

E] 25 oz
E31 Non adjustable
l:l 30-gallon
Tape and Textured
Cl 7 a
l: Popcorn
Vinyl
El Exposed aluminum
Provided in all rooms

Refrigerator D 18 cu. ft.
Microwave [:l Built-in
Dishwasher D Yes
Fireplace D Yes
Modular cabinet system D Yes
Outside water faucets I: 1

Plumbing for icemaker Yes
Garbage Disposal D Yes
TRANSPORTATION & SETUP:

Setup on site responsibility Cl manufacturer
Transportation to site i: Self owned
Setup contractor fixed
Orientation and walk through D Yes
Special walkthrough programs [3 Yes
WARRANTIES:

General 1 year
Structural system 1 year
Shingles [j 25 years
Siding Cl 10 years

D PEX

E3 Brass

Steel Ring

E] ABS

Cl In attic

D Fiber Glass
Perimeter
2 piece unit
At any one junction

.2

1:1 32”

1:1 7 a

36”

C13

Surface Mounted
l:l Double pane-low “E”
E] Insulated Metal Core
E] 7.0'

Cl 18 oz

C] Adjustable

D 40-gallon
Vinyl sheetrock

7.5 a

[:3 Tape and textured
Wood

Hardi board/vinyl
Not provided in any

:1 20 cu. a.

E31 Separate unit

E No

D NO

Cl No

E32

'3 No

Cl No

E31 retailer

E Contracted

Cl keeps changing
No

.No

l: 2 years
5 years

Cl 30 years

E 15 years

Figure D2 Checklist for manufactured house H2 (contd)

161

DD DDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDD

_l

D

20 years

A

 

MATERIALS:
Cabinets

Rollers

Bathtub and Shower
Vanity

Faucets

Ceiling Board Type
Wall Sheetrock type
Interior door style
Window Frame
Electrical Devices

FLOOR SYSTEMS:
Axles

Tires

Joist Size

Joist Spacing

Joist System
Insulation R-value
Decking material
Decking Thickness

WALL SYSTEMS:
Stud size ( Interior)
Exterior Bottom Plate size
Exterior Stud spacing
Stud size ( Exterior)
Insulation R-value
Headers above openings
Exterior Sheathing
Electrical wires pass
Electrical Boxes

Wall Sheetrock thickness
House Wrap

Exterior Siding

ROOF SYSTEMS:
Design Load

Roof Slope

Insulation R-value
Eave Projection

Eave Position

Ceiling board thickness
Roof Finish

Roof Sheathing

Valley flashing

Roof opening waterproofing

l:l Hardwood
D Plastic
D Fiberglass
Plastic
Plastic
D Vinyl coated
[:3 Vinyl coated
[3 Plain Face, LUAN
[3 Vinyl
[3 J-boxes

D New

[3 New

E3 2%”

E] l6”O/c

C] Longitudinal

R-ll

[:1 Plywood / OSB
3/4"

2”x3”
E3 1”X3”/ 1”X4”
CI 16”o/c
1:1 2”xo”
[:3 R-11
Cl Single
OSB
[3 Through notch in stud
Cl Fixed t Studs
[SIS/16"
[:3 Tyvek

Vinyl

1:] 20 Lb

[:1 3 / 12

E21 11-21

I: 3”

l: Front and back
[:1 1/2”

[:3 Metal

Cl Plywood

D Shingles
Flashing Provided

162

D Particleboard / MDF
'3 Metal

D PVC

[:3 Porcelain

[:1 Metal

1: Tape and Textured
1: Tape and Textured
l:l Paneled

[:3 Aluminum (metal)
Self- Contained

Old and Certified

Old

1:] 2”xs”

Cl 24” O/c
Transverse

l:l R-21

D Novadeck

1/2”

1:] 2”X4”
[:1 2”x3”/ 2”X4”
[:1 24” o/c
2”X4”
1:] 11.19
C] Double
Insulation Board
1:] Through a hole in Stud
[:1 Fixed on sheet rock
C] 1/2"

None
Hard board

[:1 30 Lb

[:1 4/ 12

1:] R-19

[:1 8”

D All around home
1:15/8"

Cl Shingles

E3 OSB

:lMetal

DNO Flashing

Figure D3 Checklist for manufactured house H3

6"

5/16"

DDDDDDEDDD DDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDD

 

 

 

UTILITIES:

Water pipe

Pipe fittings
Pipefittingfastenings
Drainage pipe

H VA C System

H VA C Duct
Register Positions
Bathtub and Shower
Shutofl valves

20 amp GFI 's

DOORS AND WINDOWS:
Interior door width

Interior Door Height
Exterior door width
Number of Hinges Int doors
Hinge type

Window glass

Extrior door Type

Exterior door height

COSMETICS:

Carpets

Shelves

Water Heater

Sheetrock finish

Sidewall height

Ceiling paint finishes

Trim around Interior doors
Trim around Exterior doors
Mini-blinds

[:3 PVC

Copper
Copper ring
[:1 PVC
In floor
D Sheet metal
E Central Floor
1 piece unit
1:] Under every sink
E31

1:] 28”

[:1 6.5 it

C] 32”

[:12

Cl Full Mortise

[:3 Double pane “plain”
Aluminum

E365

l:l 25 02
D Non adjustable
1:] 30-gallon
l:l Tape and Textured
C] 7 a
E] Popcorn
Vinyl
Exposed aluminum
[3 Provided in all rooms

Refrigerator E3 18 cu. ft.
Microwave Built-in
Dishwasher D Yes
Fireplace D Yes
Modular cabinet system [3 Yes
Outside water faucets [:3 1

Plumbing for icemaker I: Yes
Garbage Disposal [3 Yes
TRANSPORTATION & SETUP:

Setup on site responsibility D manufacturer
Transportation to site Self owned
Setup contractor [3 fixed

Orientation and walk through Yes
Special walkthrough programs l:l Yes

WARRANTIES:
General
Structural system
Shingles

Siding

1 year

1 year
[:1 25 years
m 10 years

El PEX

Cl Brass

[3 Steel Ring

1:11 ABS

[3 In attic

Cl Fiber Glass
Perimeter

C] 2 piece unit
At any one junction

[:12

[:1 32”

[:1 7 a

36”

3

[:3 Surface Mounted
Double pane-low “E”

[3 Insulated Metal Core

:1 7.0'

1:! 18 oz

[:1 Adjustable

[3 40-gallon

[:3 Vinyl sheetrock

[:1 7.5 a

[3 Tape and textured

[:1 Wood

C] Hardi board/vinyl

El Not provided in any

[:3 20 cu. ft.
Separate unit

D No

1U No

[3 No

C12

[:3 NO

No

D retailer

D Contracted

[:3 keeps changing
No

D NO

Cl 2years

5 years
30 years

5 15 years

Figure D3 Checklist for manufactured house H3 (contd)

163

DDDD DDDDD DDDDDDDDIDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDD

30"

20 years

MATERIALS:
Cabinets

Rollers

Bathtub and Shower
Vanity

Faucets

Ceiling Board Type
Wall Sheetrock type
Interior door style
Window Frame
Electrical Devices

FLOOR SYSTEMS:
Axles

Tires

Joist Size

Joist Spacing

Joist System
Insulation R-value
Decking material
Decking Thickness

WALL SYSTEMS:

Stud size ( Interior)
Exterior Bottom Plate size
Exterior Stud spacing
Stud size ( Exterior)
Insulation R-value
Headers above openings
Exterior Sheathing
Electrical wires pass
Electrical Boxes

Wall Sheetrock thickness
House Wrap

Exterior Siding

ROOF SYSTEMS:
Design Load

Roof Slope

Insulation R-value
Eave Projection

Eave Position

Ceiling board thickness
Roof Finish

Roof Sheathing

Valley flashing

Roof opening waterproofing

l:l Hardwood
Cl Plastic
Cl Fiberglass
Plastic
E] Plastic
mVinyl coated
.Vinyl coated
Plain Face, LUAN
C] Vinyl
J-boxes

[3 New

Cl New

1:] 2”X6”

E! 16”O/c

Longitudinal

R-ll

D Plywood / OSB
E2311 3/ ”

E3 2”x3”

l:l 1”x3”/ l”x4”
D 16” o/c

[:1 2”xo”

[:3 R-11

Cl Single

[:1 OSB

E31 Through notch in stud
D Fixed t Studs
EDS/16"

E21 Tyvek

Vinyl

.20Lb
.3/12
R-21

[:1 Front and back
[:11/2"

[:3 Metal

Plywood
Shingles
Flashing Provided

164

Particleboard / MDF

U Metal

E] PVC

1:] Porcelain

U Metal

Cl Tape and Textured
Tape and Textured
Paneled

Aluminum (metal)

Self- Contained

Old and Certified
121 Old

l:l 2”X8”

[:1 24” o/c
Transverse

l:l R-21

l:l Novadeck

C! 1/2”

C] 2”X4”

2”X3”/ 2”X4”

[:1 24” o/c

E] 2”X4”

[:1 R-19

Double

Insulation Board

[:1 Through a hole in Stud
‘3 Fixed on sheet rock
[:11/2"

None
823 Hard board

:1 30 Lb

III 4/ 12

:1 R-19

8”

D All around home
135/8"

E Shingles

1:1 OSB

DMetal

[3 NO Flashing

Figure D4 Checklist for manufactured house H4

5/16"

DDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDD

UTILITIES:

Water pipe

Pipe fittings
Pipefittingfastenings
Drainage pipe

H VAC System

H VA C Duct
Register Positions
Bathtub and Shower
Shutofir valves

20 amp GFI ’s

DOORS AND WINDOWS:
Interior door width

Interior Door Height
Exterior door width
Number of Hinges Int doors
Hinge type

Window glass

Extrior door Type

Exterior door height

COSMETICS:

Carpets

Shelves

Water Heater

Sheetrock finish

Sidewall height

Ceiling paint finishes

Trim around Interior doors

Trim around Exterior doors
Mini—blinds

[:1 PVC

Cl Copper
Copper ring
1: PVC
D In floor
[3 Sheet metal
Central Floor
1 piece unit
D Under every sink
1:] 1

28”

El! 6.5 a

1:1 32”

1:12

C] Full Mortise
Double pane “plain”
Aluminum

C165

[3 25 oz
l:l Non adjustable
30-gallon
Cl Tape and Textured
[:1 7 ft

Popcorn
U Vinyl
l:l Exposed aluminum
[:l Provided in all rooms

Refrigerator [:1 18 cu. ft.
Microwave U Built-in
Dishwasher D Yes
Fireplace D Yes
Modular cabinet system [Ell Yes
Outside water faucets I: 1
Plumbing for icemaker 1:] Yes
Garbage Disposal Yes
TRANSPORTATION & SETUP:

Setup on site responsibility
Transportation to site
Setup contractor

manufacturer
Self owned
D fixed

Orientation and walk through Yes
Special walkthrough programs Yes

WARRANTIES:
General
Structural system
Shingles

Siding

25 years
Cl 10 years

an PEX
Brass
Steel Ring
ABS
E] In attic
El Fiber Glass
Perimeter
2 piece unit
At any one junction
:1 2

[:1 32”

[:1 7 fi

Ell 36”

[:13

U Surface Mounted
1:] Double pane-low “E”
D Insulated Metal Core

Elm

18 oz

IE] Adjustable

[3 40-gallon

E] Vinyl sheetrock

7.5 ft

Tape and textured

[:1 Wood

El Hardi board/vinyl
Not provided in any

[:11 20 cu. ft.
Separate unit

C] No

D No

l:lNo
E32

E] NO
END

Cl retailer

[:l Contracted

l: keeps changing
NO

D NO

D 2 years

5 years
1:] 30 years

15 years

Figure D4 Checklist for manufactured house H4 (contd)

165

some

DDDD DDDDD DDDDDDDDiDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDD

 

 

MATERIALS:
Cabinets

Rollers

Bathtub and Shower
Vanity

Faucets

Ceiling Board Type
Wall Sheetrock type
Interior door style
Window Frame
Electrical Devices

FLOOR SYSTEMS:
Axles

Tires

Joist Size

Joist Spacing

Joist System
Insulation R-value
Decking material
Decking Thickness

WALL SYSTEMS:
Stud size ( Interior)
Exterior Bottom Plate size
Exterior Stud spacing
Stud size ( Exterior)
Insulation R-value
Headers above openings
Exterior Sheathing
Electrical wires pass
Electrical Boxes

Wall Sheetrock thickness
House Wrap

Exterior Siding

ROOF SYSTEMS:
Design Load

Roof Slope

Insulation R-value
Eave Projection

Eave Position

Ceiling board thickness
Roof Finish

Roof Sheathing

Valley flashing

Roof opening waterproofing

l:l Hardwood
Plastic
[3 Fiberglass
Plastic
D Plastic
l:lViny1 coated
U Vinyl coated
E3 Plain Face, LUAN
Vinyl
J-boxes

I: New
New
1:] 2”xo”
D 16” o/c
[:1 Longitudinal
1:1 R-ll
[:1 Plywood/OSB
[:3 3/ "

E3 2”x3”

C] 1”X3”/ 1”X4”
E3 16” o/c

C] 2”X6”

E31 R-ll

133 Single

[:1 OSB

l:l Through notch in stud
Cl Fixed t Studs
US/lo"

m Tyvek

Vinyl

DzoLb
1:13/12

l: Front and back
[:11/2”

Cl Metal

l:l Plywood

D Shingles
Flashing Provided

Particleboard / MDF

[:1 Metal

[11 PVC

[:3 Porcelain

Ell Metal

[:1] Tape and Textured
Tape and Textured

l:l Paneled

:1 Aluminum (metal)

Self- Contained

[:1 Old and Certified

:1 Old

1:] 2”X8”

[:3 24” O/c
Transverse

[:1 R-21

E231 Novadeck

1:] 1/2"

I: 2”X4”

C] 2”x3”/ 2”X4”

C] 24” O/c

2”X4”

[:1 R-19

Cl Double

D Insulation Board

D Through a hole in Stud
Fixed on sheet rock

[:11/2”
Cl None
5 Hard board

EsoLb
[34/12

[3] All around home
[:1 5/8"
D Shingles
OSB
[3 Metal
[:3 No Flashing

Figure D5 Checklist for manufactured house H5

166

DDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDD

I 5/8"

DDDDEDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDD

 

 

UTILITIES:

Water pipe

Pipe fittings
Pipefitting fasten ings
Drainage pipe

H VA C System

H VA C Duct
Register Positions
Bathtub and Shower
Shutofl' valves

20 amp CF I ’s

DOORS AND WINDOWS:
Interior door width

Interior Door Height
Exterior door width
Number of Hinges Int doors
Hinge type

Window glass

Extrior door Type

Exterior door height

COSMETICS:

Carpets

Shelves

Water Heater

Sheetrock finish

Sidewall height

Ceiling paint finishes

Trim around Interior doors
Trim around Exterior doors
Mini—blinds

:1 PVC

D Copper
Copper ring
|:l PVC
In floor
E3 Sheet metal
E Central Floor
1 piece unit
El Under every sink
1:11

1:1 28”

C] 6.5 it

[:1 32”

[:2

Cl Full Mortise
Double pane “plain”
Aluminum

[365'

[3 25 oz
[3 Non adjustable
1:1 30-gallon
Cl Tape and Textured
7 it
E Popcorn
D Vinyl
l:l Exposed aluminum
:3 Provided in all rooms

Refrigerator D 18 cu. ft.
Microwave Built-in
Dishwasher [:3 Yes
Fireplace :3 Yes
Modular cabinet system Yes
Outside water faucets 1
Plumbing for icemaker D Yes
Garbage Disposal Yes
TRANSPORTATION & SETUP:

Setup on site responsibility
Transportation to site
Setup contractor

D manufacturer
l:l Self owned
[:3 fixed

Orientation and walk through Yes
Special walkthrough programs [3 Yes

WARRANTIES:
General
Structural system
Shingles

Siding

1 year
Cl 1 year
25 years
[3 10 years

167

B PEX
Brass
l:l Steel Ring
E] ABS
C] In attic
'3 Fiber Glass
Perimeter
2 piece unit
At any one junction
El 2

Cl 32”

[:1 7 fi

[:3 36”

1:13

C] Surface Mounted
Double pane-low “E”

Insulated Metal Core
7.0:

E3 18 oz

1:1 Adjustable

D 40-gallon
Vinyl sheetrock

7.5 ft

Cl Tape and textured

D Wood

C] Hardi board/vinyl
Not provided in any

D 20 cu. ft.
Separate unit

I: No

1:] No

[3 No

1232

D NO

El No

l: retailer

l: Contracted
Cl keeps changing
D No

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184

APPENDIX F

MATRIX OF COMPARISONS AND VECTOR OF PRIORITIES FOR
MANUFACTURED HOUSES

185

 

Materials
Houses I H1 H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I

 

I
I score I 0.43 I 0.74 I 0.33 I 0.36 I 0.46 I

 

 

 

Floor Assembly
Houses HI I H2 H3 I H4 I H5 I
I score I 0. 65 I 0.69 I 0.65 I 0. 7] I 0.66 I

 

 

Figure F1 IPIA 1 Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses

186

Wall Assemblx
I Houses I HI I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I
I score I 0.50 I 0.61 I 0.40 I 0. 60 I 0.4 7 I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

RoofAssemblx
I_——Houses | H1 I H2 | H3 | H4 I f1
[ score | 0.52 1 0.53 | 0.52 1 0.57 I 0.54j
H1 H2 I H3 H4 H5
H1 .» 11mm 0.99 1.00 0.91 1.97
H2 w 1' Hum. Hun 1.01 1.92 0.98
H3 31 IIIIH‘ .1 1‘1. ' , 0.91 0.97
H4 10111111111 9 . J 1‘ . in . , 1.07
H5 1» .' -" 3.111111 . 1 ll '. I .
5.05 5.06 5.14 4.68 4.99

 

 

Figure F1 IPIA 1 Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses (contd)

187

Utilities
I Houses I HI I_ H2 I H3 I H4 | HS I

| score | 0.60 | 0.63 1 0.59 | 0.62 | 0.54 |

 

 

 

Doors & Windows
I Houses I H1 I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I
I score I 0.45 I 0. 62 I 0.4 7 I 0.62 I 0.64 J

 

 

Figure F1 IPIA 1 Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses (contd)

188

Cosmetics

 

I Houses I Hi T H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I
I score I 0.56 I 0.64 I 0.50 I 0.61 I 0.62 I

 

Transportation & Setup
Houses HI I H2 I H3 I H4 L H5 I
I score I 0.40 I 0.47 I 0.40 I 0.87 I 0.52 I

 

Figure F1 IPIA 1 Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses (contd)

189

Warranties
Houses I HI I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I
I score I 0.25 I 0.4 l I 0.23 I 0.25 I 0.42 I

 

 

 

Figure F1 IPIA 1 Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses (contd)

190

Materials
Houses I HI I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I
I score I 0.42 I 0. 61 I 0.30 I 0.38 I 0.43 I

 

 

 

 

 

 
   
      

 

 

 

 

 

H3 H4 H5
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Floor Assembly
Houses HI I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I
I score I 0. 59 I 0. 62 I 0.54 I 0.68 I 0.58 I

 

Figure F2 IPIA 2 Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses

191

Wall Assembl!

Houses I H] I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5
I score I 0.42 I 0.48 I 0.37 I 0.55 I 0.50

 

 

 

Roof Assembl
I Houses I HI I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I

I score I 0.54 I 0.53 I 0.55 I 0.56 I 0.584]

Vector
of

 

Figure F2 IPIA 2 Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses (contd)

192

 

Utilities
| Houses I HI I H2 I H3 I H4 | H5 I
I score I 0.59 I 0.61 I 0.54 I 0.57 I 0.53 I

 

 

 

Doors & Windows
I Houses I H] I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I
I score I 0. 64 I 0. 70 I 0.53 I 0. 70 I 0.73 I

 

Figure F2 IPIA 2 Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses (contd)

193

Cosmetics

I Houses I H1 I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I

I score I 0.55 I 0.7] I 0.44 I 0.57 I 0.68 I

 

 

Trans ortation & Setu
I Houses I H1 I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I

I score I 0.34 I 0.59 I 0.34 | 08—0 I 0.73 I

 

Figure F2 IPIA 2 Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses (contd)

194

Warranties
Houses I H1 L H2 H3 I H4 I H5

 

I
I score I 0.23 I 0.37 I 0.23 I 0.26 I 0.39

 

 

Figure F2 IPIA 2 Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses (contd)

195

Materials
I Houses I H1 I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I

I Score I 0.43 I 0.66 I 0.37 I 0.40 I 0.49 I

 

 

 

Floor Assembl!
Houses HI I H2 J H3 I H4 I H5
I Score I 0.63 I 0.63 I 0.57 I 0.64 I 0.59

 

 

Figure F3 IPIA 3 Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses

196

Wall Assembly
I Houses I H1 I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I

I Score I 0.50 I 0.58 I 0.43 I 0.62 I 0.52 I

 

 

Roof Assembly

I Houses I HI I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5
I Score I 0.66 I 0.65 I 0.66 I 0.65 I 0.70

 

 

Figure F3 IPIA 3 Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses (contd)

197

Utilities
I Houses I HI I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I

I score 1 0.54 I 0.65 I 0.53 I 0.56 I 0.64 I

 

Doors & Windows
Houses HI I H2 —I H3 I H4 I H5 I
L score I 0.49 I 0.63 I 0.53 I 0.63 I 0.64 I

 

Figure F3 IPIA 3 Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses (contd)

198

 

Cosmetics

 

I Houses I HI I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I

I score L061 I 0.77 I 0.53 I 0.64 I 0.664I

 

Transportation & Setup

Houses H1 I H2 I H3 I H4 T H5
I score I 0.45 I 0.58 I 0.45 | 0.73 I 0.69

 

 

Figure F3 IPIA 3 Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses (contd)

199

Warranties
I Houses I H] I H2 I H3 I Hi I H5 I
I score I 0. 56 I 0. 64 I 0.5 6 I 0. 60 I 0. 65 I

 

 

Figure F3 IPIA 3 Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses (contd)

200

Materials

ITmeTIHILHzImImIHs—I

I score I 0.42 I 0.67 I 0.33 I 0.37 I 0.42 I

 

Floor Assembly
I Homes I HI I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I

I score I 0.64 I 0.66 I 0.59 I 0.68 I 0.62 I

 

Figure F4 ‘Average’ Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses

201

Wall Assembly
I Homes I HI I H2 I H3 I Hi I H5 I
I score I 0.49 I 0.57 I 0.40 I 0.59 I 0.48 I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

H1 H2 I H3 H4 H5
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(contd)

202

Utilities
I Homes I HI I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I
I score I 0.59 I 0.61 I 0.56 I 0.58 I 0.55J

 

Doors & Windows

Homes HI I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5
I score I 0.56 I 0.67 I 0.55 I 0.67 I 0.69

 

 

Figure F4 ‘Average’ Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses

(contd)

203

Cosmetics

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I score I 0.57 I 0.71 I 0.49 I 06-0 I 0.65 I

 

Transportation & Setup
I Homes I HI I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I

I score I 0.41 I 0.58 I 0.4] I 0.79 i 0.72J

 

Figure F4 ‘Average’ Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses

(contd)

204

 

Warranties
Homes I Hi I H2 I H3 I H4 I H5 I
I score I 0.35 I 0.4 7 I 0. 34 I 0.3 7 I 0.49 J

 

Figure F4 ‘Average’ Matrix of Comparisons and Vector of priorities for manufactured houses

(contd)

205

APPENDIX C

RANKING FOR MANUFACTURED HOUSES

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