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LIBRARY
Michigan State
University

 

 

 

PLACE IN RETURN Box to remove this checkout from your record.
To AVOID FINES return on or before date due.
MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested.

 

DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2/05 p:lClRC/DateDue.indd-p.1

 

'— -‘.‘t’ r-

RURAL LLLCThlEICATION

A Thesis Submitted to
the Faculty of
Lichiéan 3 ate College
of
Agriculture and Applied Science
by

In.wald n. Gronseth

Candidate for the degree of

Bachelor of science

June 1928

~ 2: r» we

'7
/.

 

336°
lbreword ......................................... 1
General Considerations
'- Relation of Agriculture to Industry ......... 3
Eiold.of.Applicaticn ......................... 5
Service ..................................... 6
luture Demand g.............................. 6
Education ................................... 6
Construction of Lines
Location of Lines ........................... 7
Types of Construction ....................... 8
Haterial and Labor Costs .................... 9
Transformer Installations .................. 15
Service Installations ...................... 16
consumption and Demand .......................... l9
Loeeee .......................................3.. 23
Annual Charges
Investment Coete ........................... 27
Production Costs ........................... 87 ‘
Total Operating Charges .................... 28
Summary of Operating Charges .o............. 29,
Cost of Service .33...........}............. 30
Reduction of Annual Charges ................ 31

Donalullon eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 32

Foreword

Lledtrification of rural and farm communities

13‘

cs taken a stride ahead during the Fast few years, this
advancement being due, primarily, to the ranid advance-
Lent made by the centre; station congenies in the reducti-
on of the cost of electricity and the now almost total
electrification of urban territories, wnicn has made it
necessary that new fields be develoged. Ihen too, tne

farmer has seen his city neignoor become yrosperous a a

CS

relieved from.uany'oi the backireakin; drudgeries trrcegn
the use of electric light and power and it is only natural
that he should becore envious and desire these things for

himself.

I

Keel icr careiil study of this problem of elec-
trifyin; the far; is arparent. The central station cc;-
genie; c;:;;x;t rush blindly'ixituithout giving
rueratiun to al;L;it; theses. Bot ordg‘1qnat the; guarantee
to Live a service nuiih is above criticisn but they nust
also be given a retarri fo r this service mat i». fair to
both then and the censuuer. This calls for rates that

‘-:' ., . 4 ,, .L‘.,., ,I .t. .\..‘ -‘, , ’,, .,. , ,-
erent Climb biiubb Lbéu in ,e.-ch-t:; gluten, ail-ct the

m
H
('i
(w
l)
H
y a.

factors affecting these rates are the irincixal features

the writer has had in lilinU in iii-sharing this thesis.

A work as short as this can only toucn the
surface. Time and indefatigable study by all concerned
will be necessary for a satisfactory solution. It is
honed, however, that what has been here presented will be

of some value to those who are interested in this problem.

The Board of Later and slectric Light Commiss-
ioners of the City of lansing and hr. J.K. Pettingill, Chief
Engineer of the Lichigan lublic Utilities COmmission have
been of great assistance in assembling the data used, and
criticisms of Erofessors J. J. Gallagher and A. haeter,

Kicnigan State College have been of inestimable value.

Ingnald H. Gronseth

 

axial cczrs Islam tors

Relation of p riculture to Indugtr
‘5' __

 

The farmers of to-day occupy a more important
place than ever before in the history of the United States.
With the ever increasing industrial eXpansion and the conse-
quent groupng of pOpulation into large centers we become
more and more dependent upon the farmer for our existence.
Agriculture is our primary industry, we are dependent upon
the products of the soil for our necessities of life, this
dependence increasing with growth of pOpulation and the
use of land for other purposes.

The great post-war industrial activity with
its inflation of labor costs caused a great exodus of the
rural pepulation to the industrial centers, leaving a large
portion of our farms snort of labor for tilling and harvest-
ing. The prices offered for farm produce had not kept pace
with the prices offered for labor by other industries,
taxes as well as the cost of farm implements rose steadily,
and the farmers found themselves working for just a bare
living and without the wherewithall to buy those comforts
that the peOple of the more pOpulous centers could get at
a reasonable cost.

The condition of the farmer at the present
time is steadily improving, his purchasing power is increas-
ing accordingly and it is only natural that he should be
clamoring for those luxuries and necessities of life which
he formerly had been unable to obtain or which he had

previously thought of as something he could very well get

 

along Without. A Great many of those the had left the farm,
finding that the conditions are improving, are willing and
anxious to return but they are reluctant to leave the conve-
niences of the city home to wnich they have become accustomed.

The one thing above any other that the urbanite
has become used to and wnicn has lessened his work more than
any other is electricity. no has seen how this great bene-
faction has been used to improve his lot, has seen his wife
relieved of a large portion of those drudgeries of the home,
giving her more leisure, more time for enjoyment and recre-
ation. and more time for the enjoyment of the home itself.

The farmer who did not desert his place has seen these things
too, and having more confidence in the future and more
purchasing power he has begun to think seriously of obtaining
these conveniences for himself. The COOperation of Central
Station Companies has been obtained and committees have been
organized to study the problem of electrifying the farm.

hany of our institutions of higher learning are taking an
important part in these stucies and endeavoring to educate
the farmer in the uses of electricity.

The Central Station Companies realize the inter-
dependence of rural and industrial life and have joined in the
move, not only because of possible increase in their own revenues
but also through a sincere desire to be of help, not loosing
track of the fact, however, that the factor of revenue is

all important.

Field of Application

 

The field of application of electricity on the
farm is well nigh unlimited. Lighting of the home and out-
buildings, of course, is the most important, but there are many
other uses to which electricity can be placed and from whicn
the farmer can derive real profits. The advantages of
electric cooking and refrigeration are well known and no
housewife wno has used the electric washing machine and iron
will want to give them up. The dependence upon wind or
elbow greasefor the pumping of water is done away with by
the use of an electric motor Which can be started by the
simple Operation of pressin; a button or throwing a switch
and which can be made to make the water flow to any point
where it is required through the necessary piping and faucets.
The heatiné of water may be done with an electric heater at a
reasonable cost. no longer is it necessary for the farmer
to haul_his feed to the mill to have it ground, portable
or stationary electric motors can be attacned to his own
grinder and a saving in time and none;,accomplished. Iilkinp
machines is as necessary an adjunct to the dairy farm as
electric brooders to the hennery. The filling of silo, hayloft
and granary may be done by electricity, and the farn shop
made really utilitarian. The growth of plants may be
expedited and the egg yield increased considerable by the use
of electricity. The harvesting of craps and threshinj of
grain can be done with a saving of time and labor and
eXperiments on plowinb with the aid of electricity have been

carried on by one of the leadinb Agricultural Colleges.

Service

The quality of service given rural customers
must be of the best. Load density, of course, is the decid-
ing factor of wno shall be served first in case of general
outages, but rural lines mist het be killed upon just any sort
of pretext, just because it may be thoubht that the load is
light and unimportant. it may not be unimportant to the
farmer. nemay be dependent upon this service for his water,
the milking of his cows, hatcnin; of his Chicks-and other
uses, the curtailment of which may mean a serious loss. he
will be paying for the best service that the service companies

can give and it Should be given without descrihination.

Eutire Demand

 

The future demand will depend largely upon the
quality of service given. The more the farmer feels that he
can depend on his electric service the more tasks he will give
it to perform. It is prablematical what the ‘ate of increase
will be and miat the point of saturation is as other factors
enter into this besides that of quality of service. however,
it is reasonable to espect that the deuand during the second

year will exceed that of the first cy 25p and that the

consumption snouli reach at least 200 awn per month.

'y‘:“/ A‘-
u¢¢ktCtU13n

 

The education of the farner in the uses of
electricity will be the ccntrollin; factor of ultimate

consumption. he must be shown how and then it can be used

 

 

M'-‘-

1|

 

to the best advantage, must be advised in the selection of
proper equipment and apparatus and must be given service on
such equipment and apparatus after it has been installed.

Many an electric range has been discaried because of excessive
bills caused by ignorance on the part of the housewife in the
prOper use of it and mania: her a knocher instead of a booster
for this excellent load builder. oftentimes too, the faruer
will be unable to pzb'cxnnizfor‘the equipment that he needs and.

it will be necessary for the centra’ station companies to help

in arran in; a suitable method of time payment.

pnfvw-M”: (w I'Ifi’Iv r,'r‘| I I jzifw
v‘--‘~J.L.{-§J. VJ: K'.‘ .1 _._._‘JJ

location of lines

 

As farmsteads are usually located along estab-

lties Will be encountered that will

L’

lisheo roads no diffic
tend to make the cost of the line abnormal. Kine-re high
tension lines have been built along the road it may be necess-
ary, in order to obtain proper clearances, to locate the

line on the Opposite side of the roau from sucn hiLn tension
line unless communication lines will interfere with sucn
location. Interference from trees “hddld be avoided in

order to reduce possibilities of outages. In many cases

it may be advisable to obtain private right of way preferably
just inside the property lines in order to eliminate inter-
ference. rhis can usually be obtained at no cost as the

farners along the read for whom the line is bein; constructed

 

 

ll

 

.J

.fa.

".9; 'o

will be more than glad to grant eas ment without charge in

order to get the service.

Zypes of Construction

 

The best type of construction consistent with
good service is usually the most economical. Depreciation
and maintenance are the two major factors to be considered, as
a line constructed of inferior materials and workmanship will
greatly increase the maintenance cost and decrease the life of
usefulness of the line. The line voltage, of course, is of
major influence in determining the type of construction to be
used, but for most rural lines, a line voltage of 4000 or 6600
will be sufficient to handle the load and give sufficient regu-
lation. A voltage of 4000 has been used in the calculations
in this problem.

The height and class of poles to be used will
depend on the nature of the country and obstructions by other
lines, trees, etc., and the span length to be used. For most
rural lines 50 ft class B or C poles will be satisfactory and
will allow proper clearances for span lengths up to 200 ft
using #6 bare, stranded COpper wire. Butt-treatment of poles
will increase their life approximately 75p and the cost of
such treatment will be more than offset by the decrease in depreciatio
and maintenance.

Some of the larger central station companies
are using aluminum wire for rural distribution in order to
decrease the initial investment of the line. By the use of

aluminum wire span lengths of 500 ft or more may be used

thereby reducing the number of poles and other materials,
and affecting a Saving in labor costs. sorpcr wire, how-
ever, will probably continue to remain the standard with

most companies and this wire has therefore been used in this
pro blem .

The difference in cost between four (4) and
six (6) ft. cross-arms is very small and does not materially
affect the cost of the line as a Whole and either size may
be used for single-phase or three-phase lines. lole line
hardware should be of the best quality and miLl not vary for
any type of construction except in quantity.

In many cases agreements may be made with tele-
phone c0mpanies for joint constructini and use of rural lines.
This will decrease the investment of both companies and will
make very little difference in the maintenance costs. Poles
of 35 ft in heigh will generally be suitable for this type

of construction.

pa

‘3

fl '1» n -.
eni I *or Vcst

A. L. "-.

f 3
d
(D
’ ‘5
p
m
,4
r
(,1)

1

0n pages 10 to 14 inc usive material and laoor
costs have been itemized for both single and joint construction
and for three different span len Ks. The cost of materials
will not vary appreciably throughout the Central states.
For labor costs, the writer has drawn upon his eXperience in
estimating and superivsion as well as actual constriction,
etperience, and has combined tnis with publisnea data taken

from periodicals and text-books.

Construction Laterial and Costs

sor 1112 of line

 

 

 

 

8 : t
_ -.1; z 26' Jan 3 151' vpan : 176' span
Description . _ -

‘ ° 5 3 o x

g ;o.: Cost : 50.: Cost moo: Cost
Fit -‘3 7 f : - ?
33013.5, 30 ft. : t 0 g t _ ; :
rut treated. _ “:12. E. 4.20100. 5.35. L _35_0 _00_ _: _30_ .- _30_0._00- - _
Crossarms, 6 ft; 46 ; 32.20 t 39 g 27.30 : 34 3 23.50
-------- ‘- - .- - - - - -.- - - - In» - - -.- - r - - - - - -
Plni, steel : 92 ‘ 15.64 3 75 = 15.26 ; 65 . 11.56
....... -°- - L - - - - - - - 1. - - - - - - - .- - - - - - -
Insulators,Porc. 92 g 12.42 . 76 E 10.55 E 66 1 9.18
Carriage bolts : 92 1.54 : 75 i 1.56 : 65 3 1.36
Crosoarm braces; 92 g 12.42 E 75 E 10.53 : 68 9.15

. g a ‘ ' ’ ' ‘2 """""
Lab screws 3 46 f 1.20 £ 59 g 1.01 1 54 .68
.......... a. - - - - - - - .. - - - - -.- - f - - - .. - ..
Through bolts 2 44 E 3.52 f 37 E 2.96 f 32 : 2.56
Space bolts ; 4 g .45 E 4 I .45 f 4 E .45
Anchors, ccrew : 4 1 10.24 i 4 2 10.24 E 4 g 10.24
"""" :’ ‘ I ' ’ ‘ ‘ -,- ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ ' ‘i’ ' E ' ' ' ' ‘ ‘
Strain Insulatg; 4 ; .56 ; 4 .56 a 4 : .56
3-bo1t clalgs i 5 f 3.20 5 z 3.20 3 5 f 3.20
.......... a.----.. .........--..2---------
Strain plates 3 8 i .80 8 z .80 5 8 i .50
-------- '- .- - .- - - - .- - - I. - — ._ .- -.- .- f - - - - .- .-
Guy hooks * 5 f .32 5 1 .32 5 z .32
- .. .. - - - .. - - - 2. - - - .. - - a. ------------- -

Guy strand ,5/169200 0H 4.00

miscellaneous E f 51 68 3 43 67 E 37-81 - -

- - _ -lQfi- - -‘- - 1 - - I - -.- - 1 - _ : - -0- - 1 - - 2 - - -
3 3 o 3 z

TOTALS ---- --------- $570.72 $460.42 $415.90

ho. 6 Weatherproof c0pper wire a £.177/# ----------- $219.80

No. 6 Bare copper‘mire é $.171/# ------------------- $150.82

Construction Katerials

Per Lile of line

and Costs

(Joint Construction)

11

 

 

 

 

:__l§§:’§£§n ; 151' Span ; 176' Span
Description a : s z : z

: Fc.: 3N0. : :Wo.:
Ezles 55 ft ‘ 3 ‘ ‘ ‘ 3
But treated _ _ _:_42 f 596:81 ; 55 ‘_ 25§.§8_ _ £59 ; 212.15_
c - - - 5-49 1 - 52:29 3. 29.}- -2220- - :34 i. -2550-
E138: EteeE _ - -:-92 i - 15:64 i 28-:- -15.26 _ :68 : 11.56
5554028; 2055-95 - 22:45 i 28-1- -19.? - - :62 3 - 9.15
sasrzaee-belzs- -?.9§ i - -1;83 i 28-§- - {-26, - 3.8 3 5-96-
Erosoarm-brace5 -:-92 a _ 12:42 E 28 : -10.55 :68 E 9.18
Ea? ecrefs- - - _;-46 ; - -1120 : 59-i- - 1.01 :54 .88
Through Eolte -: 44 ; 5.52 E 57 i 2.966 :52 : 2.56
Epace Eo1t5 - - -:- 4 : - :48 E 4-: .48 - : 4 ~ .48
Anchors. screw : 2 . 5.12 i 2 i 5.12 : 2 : 5.12
gtrain-lnsu1ator5:- 2 i .28 f 2 i .28 g 2 i .28
5-bolt clamps : 4 : 1.60 i 4 i 1.60 i 4 3 1.60
gtrain plates : 4 g .40 i 4 i .40 E 4 .40
guy hooks ; 4 i .16 2 4 i .16 i 4 i .16
Guy strand.5/16“ :100'T 2.00 :100 i 2.00 :1005 2.00
LiseelEaneous 10%: 2 59.61 2 i 55.2 f 1 25.77
TOTALS $455.70 $566.16 $285.48

12

Per File of Line

 

 

 

Descriltion 3 2 ' Q‘an___;.loég_gggn 3 176' IIpgn
_1 3 Cost, : .Cost : Sosa
igging holes, clay dirt: f i
h...- n- - - i - -l-O-S&CQ — -:-. -87.§O- - - -75.OO- -
: ‘ i
settins boies - - - - - z - -126.00 - .5. 105.00- - - -9 .90- -
Instal. anchors 5 Guys E 20.00 : 20.00 3 20.

b c- - u- .- - — - . cs - $ .5 - - u- a. - - - u - - - -.:- - a. - - a.
Installiré crOssarms. f ; :
Eiss-asd_15eslst93' - - 1 - - E41“? - -3- -2E’25- -'- -“E‘EO- -
Stringing sire 5 155.40 ; 155.40 : 155.40
- - - - - - - - - c- - o t c- - - - .- - c- - — - u - - . .- u - - n

. t 3
Hauling nateria Z 75.00 , 70.00 g 65.00
- n c- - - - - a u - - - ‘6 - - - o - - u- - o n - u c - a - n - -
Kisc.1abor(Trimning etc): 30.00 2 30.00 § 30.00
sugerv. & Engineerinelo%f 54.59 ; 49.72 ; 46.09
- - - - - - - - - - - - a - - - — - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
TOTALS $605.79 $546.87 $506.99

labor Costs
Per lile of line

(Joint Construction)

For cost of joint construction, one-half tne cost of digging
holes and setting poles, guyine, tree trimming. ano haulage

should be deducted from the above totals plus the supervision
and engineering charge on the amount deoucted, as this amount

will be cnarged to the joint occupant.

n55 TOTALS 5407.99 5374.99 5352.99

Line Cost yer Customer

 

126 ft. Spans

vv" V— v————

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘
— v

15

 

 

 

 

 

 

30. of : line : line : Transf. : Service :
Customers : material a labor : instal. : instal. : Total
per mile : cost : cost : cost : cost :
- - 4 - - § -160.35 -‘- 150.05: .94.38. i -25.;2- -‘- -453.93 - -
- - 9 - - f -ls4esg -‘- 129.251 -93-95- : -25.§2- -'- -357—75 - -
- - 9 - - L -1g0229 -‘- 409-95: -Js.§b- ; -29-22- -'- -543142 - -
- - 2 - - ; -190e02 -‘- -69.29i -esoeb- i _2§.§2_ -°- -311.99 - -
- - 9 - - i - 29.12 -‘- -7§.4b; -gs-zb- i -2s.22- - - -296129 - -
- - 2 - - : - sc;12 -z- -bz.99i -94-90- E .29.22. -i- -299;ce - -

10 ‘ 72.15 ‘ 60.65: 94.36 ‘ 25.22 ‘ 255.13

151 ft. spans
4 : 157.51 : 136.72: 94.35 x 25.22 : 417.13

- - 5’ - - 3 3862.2? -‘-.1.O?':7i-9i*°§8- i 31?- -‘- -588:1£ _ -
- - f? - - f 395:2? -‘- -9514: -9995- i -2822- J- 328:9? - -
.. - L7 - - 3 .. 80:13 -‘- -7912: -92‘5’35- i -.2§‘§2- -‘- -‘f‘°-b.9. - -
- - é - - i .. szci’ -‘- -6E°§°; -932“- i -2932- -‘- -2539??? - -
- - 9 - - i - 30:1? -‘- -69°Zti -9§‘§d- i -2§‘§2- -‘- -293148 - -

10 x 63.12 : 54.69: 94.58 : 28.22 : 240.41

176 ft. Spams

.. .. 4 - .. a 331.26? -3- 1945.255 -9.4-§5- 5 -32-23- -3- -591302 - -
- - Q .. - i 343:3»; -‘- loloéoi -9448- i -2522- 3. -557152 - -
- - 9 - - z - 94.4: -=- -es.§03 -94.§8- : -25.22- -=- -391159 - -
- - 1 - - i - 20:99 _=- -72.22: -9é°§8- i -22°E2- -‘- -235;9§ - -
- .. £5 - .. i - 20:54 -3- 623.397- -9348- - -2§-§2- - - 325:5; - -

-------------

 

 

14
Line Cost Per Customer

(Joint Construction)

 

126 ft. Span

 

 

 

No. of a Line : line : Transf. : Service :

Customers : material : labor : instal. : instal. : Total

per mile 2 cost a cost a cost : cost :

- - 4 - _ s - 106.92-‘- 101 9%- -94.35- E - -25.52-‘- - -333.51 - -

_ , 5 _ - i _ ,52.14_‘_ .51.55_ .94.35, i _ ,2s.22,‘_ _ _291.33
C

- - é - - i - -72-21-‘- -62--9- _94.35_ 3 - -2§-§~-‘- - -299:29 - -

- - Z - - i - -°§o§4-‘- -52-ES- -92-28- 3 - -22-2 -‘- - -255212 - -

_ _ 5 _ _ g _ _54.46_:_ _5g.gs_ _94.§5_ 3 _ _25.§2_t_ _ _255.0§ _ _

- - 9 _ _ 3 _ _43.41_=_ -45.33 _94.35_ i _ _25.22_=_ _216:54 _ _
10 ! 43.57 8 40.79 94.35 x 25.22 % 206.96

 

15]. ft 0 Span

 

_91.54,‘_ -93.73_ _94.35_ E _ _25.22_‘_ _ _3Q7.55 _ _

I
I
01 M5
I
l
.- loo
.

 

 

- - 9 - - 1 - -64092 - 63-29- -92-28- - - -ZQ-EZ- - - -235111 - - -
_ _ z _ _ i - _52.3o_'_ -53.§7_ _94.3o_ : - ‘2_.§2_'_ _ -225:4z _ _
_ _ 5 _ _ i _ _45.z7_‘_ _4o.§7_ _94.36_ i _ _25.22_°_ _ _215.09 _ _
_ _ 9 _ ‘ i _ _4g.§o ‘ 41.56_ _94.35_ i - _25.g2_‘_ _ _2g4:94 - _

10 ‘ 36.61 ‘ 37.49 94.35 ‘ 25.22 ‘ 196.70

176 ft. Sran

- _ 4 _ _ 3 - -65.§7_:_ -55.24_ _94.35_ 3 _ _25.g2_:_ _ -226,71 _ _
- - § - - 5 - -5§°69-=- -79-29- -96-98- 5 - -<§~§e-=- - -425359
_ _ § _ _ 3 _ _-§.91_:- _5§.§5_ _94.58 a _ _2§.§2_:_ _ _2§5:5} _ -
_ _ Z _ - 3 - _52.g4_:_ -50.42_ _9_.58_ : _ _28.§2_:_ _c}0:6§ _
_ _ 8 _ _ 3 - _5;.§5_:_ _44.12_ 94.58 5 28.22-:_ _ _l§936§ _ _
_ _ 9 _ _ 5 _ _29.27_:_ _39.22- _94.36_ i _ _25.22_:- - _19°;99 _ _
_ _1g _ _ 3 _ _2§.§4_:- _5§.29_ _94.§6_ i _ _2§.26_:_ _ _1§4:2§ _ _

 

 

 

 

 

 

Transformer Installations

 

Due to tne dis ances segarating rural

‘

customers it will be found necessary, in the majority of
cases, to install a seyarate transforner for ea n. The
size to be used will depend on tne maximum load that the

transformer will be called upon to carry and for this type

(D

of custoner this load may be quite large. From data published

in 0.3.3.3. Bulletin Vol. 4, Ho. 1, the average con-

\

. ,4-
new.

(D

d lea" in 5 states was 14.2 Kw. wit; an averaJe monthly

energy consungtion of 264.5 Kwh. Crdinarily, ranges and

water heaters will cause tne greatest demand and as toese

two pieces of equignent x~y verv often be in use at tne

O

{J

ane time tne maximum demand may reach 5 or 6 Kw. The

t"

transformer will ha'e to be sufficiently large to take ears
of this load without excessive voltage drop as exberience
has shown that ranées will not oferate satisfactarily unless
he reéulation is very close. TROUQh transformers will
stand overloads of 560% or more for short periods of time

it does the transforler no good, nor does it give tne
cuvtomer as 500d service as he should have.

Another influence in tne size of transformers
to be used is tne abount of stock carried by the utility.
Transformers bClOn 5 15 in size are a rarit; on most systens
and few will be found even on rural lines.

Page 1? shoes that tne total transformer

'- - 44 - a: ’1 w. .-,. .
.‘L Cu’kr'é 35:01 VU C.Abt.)-11‘: rs)

C)

caoacit, on the lines studied and uni
amounted to 101.5 Kva, ;ivin* an averrge 1v; installed ger

C)

customer of 2. a;;roxilutely.

15

 

 

r4

 

 

16

The cost of transformer mountings and auxilliary
equigment on rural lines will be alproximately tne same
for all transformer sizes. Fuse cut-outs, lightning arrest-
ors and crossarms, gins and insulators will have to be used
on all, tne only difference in cost Loin; caused by the cost
of the transformer itself. lane 8 snows an itemized list
of material used on a ygical transformer installation with
material and labor costs.

"fillers the custom rs are cl

C)
C”

-e enougn togetner
it may be advisable to connect two or nore customers on to
the same transformer. In order to determine which will be
the best, unetner to install secondaries or individual
transformer, it will be necessary to comrare the cost of

rlus its line losses and

the secondary installation I
increased transformer size and transrormer losses acainst

the individual installation.

{12
lH-i

nstallation

 

Tne service installation cost will remain
practically constant for all installations. By service
is meant tne necessary wire from tne nearest pole to the
house, equipment for attacnine to house and pole and a

three-sire, 25 amp. meter. Lne material, cost of same,

and installation labor costs are snown on page 18.

 

 

- WEI‘K'IJII. ., u .

 

 

 

1;: Kva ° 3 iva ' 5 Kva
30- 0f 3 Lo. of 3 Lo. of : LC. of 3 -o. of :30. of
O O O O 0
Customers ' Transf. ' Customers ° Transf.‘ Custoser“‘Transf.
: : H : . x :
: : : : :
: : : F : ‘ z
: : z : :
: : 3 : 1 : 3 : 1

Total Lva in transfonter ca”acit? installed --------
P J

Total number of transformer installations --~—------

Kuuber of transformers installed loer customer ------

101.5

(U
o

.6

 

 

’.‘

lif'flfififiulrflwté,
. . f. a .
L

 

Tranbj"o Tiller Inatal 16.7310!) Coat

Transformer, 2 h a, 4000/115-250, ------

liantnin; arrestors, 5000 volts, -------

Wood moulding, -------------------------
Cross-arms, ----------------------------
fins and insulators, -------------------
Kiscellaneous hardware, ----------------
Tire, ----------------------------------
handling char --------------------
labor cost of transf. insf. -—----------

sugervision a engineering 10% ----------

1.00

3.71

(T:
3‘

H
o

()1
O

$77.&8

 

otal cest of installation ------—------

F3

Cost of Service Lines

(Lengnt of service, 100 ft
Keter, 3 wire, llO-Ezo volt, -------~---
Eire) IVOPO. 336. COLJigEI‘, ----~-----------
Brackets, ------------------------------
handling charge, 5» ---------—-------_--
Labor cost of Leter Inst., -------------
labor cost of service inst., -----------

SuPeI’ViSiOU & Lnaineering 10%, --_------

Total cost of service installation -----

-)

413.10

5.77

1.20

1.00

$21.07

 

 

 

 

 

 

ilk

 

.ages 2“ to 22 iIWC] ive
is yrobably tylicrl llL'UX t it is t sen itwm112 territory
Where there has been no orLanised effort on the tart of

tne central station ccnyary in tne education of the farmer

size from 40 acres to 320 acres, and are fairly grosperous.
Though the éthinc of grain predominates, several are
given over to dairyin; and truck gardening. Several have
electric mum-sing eguigment, about 20% are eguL led with
ranLes Lractically all have washers and other suall house-
hold aylliances.

For our uses 01 c m3e.rieon tne average aontnly
cousu33tinn of Se ferns was taken for the 3ea ar of 1927
and 50 :eims for the year of 923. The average monthly
consuniticn for 1227 was found to he Cl kWh while for lSSt
the averrge acnt1ly consumgtion was 76 th, giving an in-
crease over 1927 of b 1Wh ler month of 24.6fl.

lages so to 22 inclusive shoe in a tabulated
form the average monthly Consungtions. The data in tne
columns 192 7 and 132 ' does not Lcrtain to the some costs er
as might be inferred. the cact1mer nnaber is used merely
for tome-lizi1 turboses. The data as a whole CQM;&T€$
very 1&VOluL y wit; the cat; given lrogiess senor No. 2

1r;

’3 ' 1|. ' ‘1 ‘. ‘ ‘ \ . ’ . ~."." ’ . “ I‘ ‘- ' u 5‘ "1
CI the lC1;-L{~U 1.11;.11’16011n.’ #1.;ul‘ll1lelt Ltc.1.1ol’. (11.1,,

t—f

xdaicxi s1ilds 511.1VC11. e 1111a.l; <,.1siu15t1ti1 Li ob.(11_nn

h»

CHJstcner an tne Lason - pal~\l]1& CX1eri11e mt l l'ne.

 

 

‘9. O. O. O.

'v—v—

Average monthly consumytion in Kwh

 

._‘__-‘—‘ v—fi .,

 

 

C“5t0“6r 192 E 1928
1 51 55.2
2 12 18.2
5 55 58.5
4 40 58.5
5 65 95.5
6 50 82.5
7 55 27.9
8 59 76.3
9 514 162.

10 11 12.

11 55 55.5
12 lb 25.7
15 28 58.1
14 50 48.1
15 15.5 26.2
16 25 52.5
17 57 54.7
18 9 27.8
19 as 52.8
20 57 91.

21 21 24.4
22 12 18.7
25 61 60.5

 

1210.2

 

20

 

 

 

 

11.111111..- , . 1a.

 

O. O. .0 .9 0.

Average monthly

consumption in Kfifi

0
‘v

 

 

Customer 1927 : 1928
Carried forward 999.5 1210.2
24 560. 508.
25 22. 54.9
26 26. 56.5
27 205.
28 55.2
29 141.
50 51.7
51 56.5
52 44.2
55 21.7
54 151.5
55 54.2
56 42.
57 57.5
58 72.6
59 69.
4O 47.
. 41 186.
42 24.5
45 74.9
44 64.6
2948.5

1607.5

21

 

 

 

n:
‘0 1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

f Averfée monthlgéconsg::tion in K"E

Custorr..er 3 1927 i ‘- 1928
Carried Forward 1607.5 2945.5
45 11.5
45 69.7
47 26.5

46 177.

49 525.
50 45.1
wotals 1607.5 5805.1

Average LOnthly Kfih

Av er as, e 1.10 n th 1:," FYIn

Kt%.increase over 19

1927 ~-----

: 1507.5/25 : 51.05
1928 — ----- : 5805.1/50 : 75.05
27 ....... - ......... = 150

KWH increase over 1927 in percent ---- ------- : 24.6

 

LOSSES

In order to compute tne losses the number of
hours use of the demand has been taken as 5.5 hours, giving
a no-load period of 18.5 hours. The average demand per

Jiw'Jing
custoner is found byfithe average monthly consumption of

page 22 the number of says in the month and b; the number

hours use. The power factor of the load has been

0
H

assumed as sop and the meter loss as 1.55 watts per customer.
In comguting the line losses the resistance of
generators and equipment such as step-up or step-down'
transformers has been neglected cue to oifficulty in
assuming a regresentative value. The line has been
assumed t) consist of Us. 6 AVG copper wire, six (6)
miles long from the feed yoint to the farthermost
custcner and having a resistance of 2.15 ohms per mile.
The loau has been considered to consist of five (5)
customers per mile anu to be groured at the end of each
mile. ihe lcao and no-load currents used in computing

line losses are shown on page 24.

25

 

Assumed number of hour' use Oi'oersnd

l:w1»1)er Cf le‘Llrs 01‘ EC)-lcad -------------_-——- ...... ---

Average deaand fer custoner a 76060/(50.4 x 5.5) :

Leter losses ger custoier

 

Travs 0‘ 'r l sees

1w: ansi'crrner 10s 8 at 1/4 103 d :: (500-500 J: .95s)/.e:‘

COLper loss at 1/4 load ; 33 - 30

 

 

load current

Total load on transformer : 455 + 35 + 1.55 =

;\s suued vaer i‘actor of load ----------------------

Load line current 2 490.5/(4000 x .9) ~------------ :
/

.Lo-lc-e currert ‘23 ‘1

Fo-load losses : 50 + 1.85 ------------------------ .

power factor x Iron loss of transformer

5.5

15.5

455 watts

50 watts
52 watts

95.5 p
55 watts

5 watts

459.55 watts
90%

.1501 amps

51.85 watts

 

1000 ignitinL cur rrentl x lva oi
( F.L. current )

 

30/(1000 x .04 x 2 )

Lo- load current :

51.85/(4000 x .375) -----------

trans f0

3575-

.0212

 

 

Load line losses

 

 

 

 

: z 8 : n :
Kile : Total : Current : Total : (Current)‘ : Losses

: Custoner 2 per : current a z

a : customer : : 3
First ‘ 3o : .1361 : 4.085 : '.67 : 35.5
second : 25 z .1361 ‘ 3.4 ‘ .55 f 24.6
a n - o r uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu 0- c- - -
Third = 20 2 .1361 § 2.722 ; .41 ; 13.65

: """" :- ' ' ' ' E ''''' : """"" x- - ' '
Fourth_ : _ _1§ _ _ _=_ _.15§l_ : - 2.041 _3_ _ 4.16- _ _8_ _8;8§
Fifth ‘ 10 = .1561 * 1.361 = 1.65 3 3.94
Sixth 2 5 ‘ .1361 .68 .462 .99
Total --------------------------------------------------- 67.54
Average load line loss per customer --------------------- 2.92 wet.

Ho-Load Line losses

3 x x z :
Lile a Total : Current : Total : 2 :

: Customer : per : current : (Current) : Losses

3 a customer : x z

z E E 2 §
EiEBE - i - -59 - - -=- --9212- i - --§5§ -3- - --§0$ - -3- - :82

: t z z :
éeEOEd- a - -2§ - - -z- -°92$2- a - -‘§5- -x- - -°§81 - -:- - :597

z a a x a
Third _ i - -29 - _ -3- -092£2 a .424. g .18 3 .38
Eonrth_ 5 _ _1§ _ _ _:_ -.92L2_ 5 _ _.§l§ _:_ _ _.l0} _ _:_ _ :2L5_
Eifith - 1 - -19 - - -:- _.9212_ 1 - _.212 _:_ - .045- - _:_ - :026-
Sifth _ 1 - _ 5 _ - _: .92L2_ : .106 : .0112 : .024
Total --------------------------------------------------- 2,172

ha
01

 

25

Load line loss per month - 2.92 x 5.5 x 50.4 '-- : 488.22-watts

" ” “ " year : .455 x 12 - --------- : 5.55 Kwh
16-1654 line loss per month : .072 x 15.5 x 30.4 . 40.5 watts
" “ " " " year : .0405 x 12 ------ - = .486 Kwh

Total monthly line losses per customer - 488.22 + 40.5 : .529 Kwh

" yearly ' " " " : ------------ = 6.55 Kwh

*1 "’1'!) '. ‘ C’ ‘ ~s.
SJLmatldfl 01 Losses

 

Meter loss -------------- : 1.85 x 8760 -‘--- --------- :16.2 Kwh
Transf. iron loss - ------ : 50 x 8760 --- ------------- :262.8 hwh
‘ransf. coyper loss ----- : 5 x 5.5 x 50.4 x 12 ---‘-- :. 4.819 hwh
Load line loss --------------------------------------- a 5.86 Kwh
Fo-loau line lost ----------------- - ------------------ = .486 Kwh
Total yearly losses yer customer --------------------- :ggo,165 Kwh

Total monthly losses per custOLer -------------------- : 24,13 huh

 

27

ANNUAL ChAflGES

 

The well being of all living things defends
mainly upon nourishing food and a public utility, or any
enterprise, does not differ in this respect. In order to
live, a continual reflacement of those things Which are

~r~

5

sins worn out must take ylace; it cannot continue to Live
service without an adequate return. Zhat constitutes an

adequate return cannot be definitely stated as conditions
under which the service is given are not the same in all
cases, but the return, in the ac‘esate, must be sufficient
to keep the enterprise goinL. The product cannot be sold
at less than marginal cost to any purchaser without increas-
ing the cost to others.

The total annual charges may be defined as
the sum of all operating expenses Llus interest and profit
on the investment; or the total ogeratingcharges. These
charges may be classified as ”Investment costs”, and "Ero-

auction costs".

Investment Costs

 

Investment costs are composed of (a) Taxes;

(b) insurance; (0) nepreciation; (d) maintenance; (5) interest;

(f) prOfitSo

Production Cosga
The following divisions may be made in the
production costs. (a) traffic; (b) transportation; (c) Oper-

ating; (d) commercial; (e) general.

 

1!}! - .31.!!! Ni.
r V

 

The follov'inL talim sheave the total annual

: . .1- -. “1.. a ....- -.| ,-1 ,‘1 .1,.4.:,.-
inc CIJILLJE.) i. ‘ 1‘ 1.31“. C; 1- wk) lai‘LE; C61. LI‘GLJ- E; udb .LuI.

_ . ..",, u. -. ‘1 _“;. ....' . ,:,.l\ ' -. ‘ .4 --°.__. _.1- :
CULLCL162 "LLLC Concineo lrcuocti-1 totals aigrohi-ateiy tnree
~ 1' ' A. ~ ‘~“- wv ' I 1 " G I k. " - .. - ~_ ' -. r. 4 ~ ‘~- . . I
billion lam Jeaaly. -xxu.'u.ese congaimes sun, zn10.nave been

' " ' I 4 W "' " ..' \ \ ‘5 ' ..- ‘2- 111'. ‘ "fi '7‘ -(~ ‘2 r. .2. ’7'" ‘
‘LLaLeo in Eut6L51VE QbfltlbLflmenb 0. 151a] s erLLo .ne

 

C1‘:2Lr|"e "A" Corns-12:1.“ “:1" (301:;sz zine-rage
1. Generation ---------- .00542 ---- .00475 ----- .0051

2. Transnission -~------ .00025 ---- .00122 ----- .CClOCS

-------- cccoc ---- .00104 ----- .000170

(J
O

L-
P
C

Cf
*1
f a.
O”
a;
fi
H
(1
C

4. 63.14.1K5rCiC1-l ---------- .CCU71 ---- o ‘Clcg ---"- 00008495
5. Few :usiness -------- .00016 ---- .00020 ----- .000120

6. [ItiliLati 011: -----"--‘ 000041.) -""-’ .OOOE‘O -"’-"- 00006610
7. Taxes, Franch. etc. -- .00292 ---- .00252 ----- .002720

5. General (gc;re. etc.)- .00418 ---- .00499 ----- .004555

 

 

 

Total ------------------- .0156 ---- .01579 --~-- .016195

The first five (5) items of the aoove may

he classes as k

*roduction charges and the last three (5) as

investment charLes. Then ----_

4 .50521

II
n
0‘

Vr

it

4)»
O
O
(t)
C)
0

Average net revenue per Kwh -—--------—------- 2 .010405

 

 

 

J
_
.
.
r
.
. o
_. . l
.
u _ . a . 4 a o a
V .
1
.
_
.
_ ,
1
o a . a .- o o 4 o
..
n
. .
l a 1 .,
.
. n . 1
a a 1 . a a . a .

Jun. 45.1501?! ensuing

.

m

 

 

Own-n «175:? fit“ A? (.‘v’vrui'i v1.» n‘lv-Y'm- o
g k L.-L-.--J ~.J‘. ‘\_ - ,. ~A. -__ ...." ._ 1-’_. . ’ ed
A L.‘

 

If the gross revenue of 2.0266 yer huh.

as shown on the precedint page rttresents the total 0 er-

1
atin; charLes rlus a fair profit and interest on the invest-
ment it is obvious that a rural customer, whose share

of charges should be hiLhest yer awn. used, cannot be
charged less than this annunt without being unfair to those
of the customers'wnose snare of the otcrating charge is
Shall. The mar inil yrice then that a rural customer

should iay is 5.0266 per huh. That this is onl'~-r an

“I

'—

a

f‘

-grarent marginal price can be seen Iran nie followini com-
Lutations.

The cnarLe for customers losses should
proLerly be the total oneratin; charts which is the invest-
ment charge plus the production charge and whicn from the
precedin; LaLe amounts to 2.0162 per huh.

In the computations, the investment Charge
has taken as 12p on the total cost of the glant necessary
to serve the customer and which includes interest,

depreciation, taxes, maintenance, etc.

29

 

 

Julia. - ~+|al....u..H.nlmir
s x . .
e
I

50

O
O
(I
('9-
C)
P+J
(J
(0
"5
e:
*1
k)
(D

 

In the following ccmgutations the line
he
(3

- ' - ,7- . "."'. “.‘fi _‘ ‘.+I“‘,,. ‘ I‘ J'I Ah‘r- .F,'-s N. ' rv
fer mllc. Tne cost oer customer uni r these conditions,

(0

been assumed to have 176 ft spacin between poles,

C)

roles per mile) anu the number or customers to be 5

includinb cost of the line, tra and

7.")
[r
FF
0
"3
hi
’1
H.
2.5
L”.
(1‘
533
H
H
C)
d
'4.
O
:3
9

service installation, is 9337.35. (bee page 13)

Investment charre s .12 x 357.55 -------------- . $ 40.48
e

Cost of losses, 293 Kwh c $.0162 --------------- 3 4.75

 

I
7 1

Total cost per customer ------------------------ _ g 60.02

If tne customer is charged only file
marginal cost of s.0260 per lwr the total annual receiots
would be 913 x .0266 a $24.28 which is 40% of the total

st. This marginal price can be reached only by in-

O
O

C
*1

ease of the number of customers causing a reuuction of
the fixes char;es, b; increaseing the consumption, or by a
combination of the two.

Curves 3 and 4 show the effects of the
increase of the number of CHUtOLETS per mile and increase
of annual consumbtion. The narcinal cost at any consumgtion
would be the point of crossing of any rate line per run, anu
the annual charée line. In uevelcting these curves the
efiéct of increase of transformer sizes has not been consider-

I Irv _{V
‘

ed, as the uii'erence woulu be aluost negligible.

 

 
 

 

. . .n . w . , _ .b\\u\\\\ in .\ w , fl .._ ., 4 .. H
_ . . A a . Q. §£Nt§fiéov§§x . , a .. _
VW m\_t_r_mw AT. , . .6 me or unfflnroc.
. u _ . _ ., , i , H V H ~
a a

 

, ‘IW

A . ,. ~.v « r 3 T, ...v Iv. 1 .v. ‘31: A t «I! , T. 31.1, t ,.l I v, o v
.. . . i ., fl
. . a N i t A . . i .7 . .

344--..4,....-l:-i-l-- . a z w » _.. \ v w,
T§t§t§xtfiqu®i§aufi _.. , v .,1_ .g a v \T\ x, \\\ .. We
, . _ _ , , ., §

_
1-1319111 iii? +| , il

 

 

 

: .. ., . “5!»wa V§§\N\‘ . - . .J I, : . ‘., 1+ Eff? \v ..- .
A w . w tLicnr . «LU .H a . U \ \_ \
-4Eiw1wefitktb . a Ea “Nita a J\ t \
. ,HI: hfl,,pg.1.,ffli_ iw .. _ ,. ,.

 

f”:

,__-_l,.._‘_.,.d_._i___z____ ,- _
! "*"g'tse :» is",

 

 

 

q

 

     

~85

 

 

 

f :‘J‘avfrfé’gh/ 1999'”? 7arM/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

51

Reduction of Annual Charges

The investment charge is shown on page
30 to be the major item in the cost of service, and this
is the only item that can be reduced in order to decrease
the annual charge. A reduction in the energy cost will
have little effect and the losses cannot be reduced without
a reduction in the transformer size.

There are several ways in which this in-
vestment charge may be reduced. At first thought it would
seem that the use of less costly construction materials will
accomplish this and it will if the use of such materials
does not shorten the life of the line beyond the point where
the saving in first coat is not counterbalanced by the
increasing rate of investment charge. The use of cheap
:materials not only shortens the life of the plant but also
tendjto decrease the service to the customer through inter-
ruptions etc. thereby lessening hie.good—will towards the
central station company and acting as a deterrent in the
growth of consumption.

Cheap labor will usually do Blip-shod
'work but high priced labor may be cheap if the output is
increased without decreasing the quality. If a worker
.13 paid a full dayb pay he should give in return a full
day's work. This is very often not the caee. Some

companies allow their men travel time to and from work and

52

on rural linee oeyociully. where the uietlncce free the
snap to the work are usually coneidernblo, this till sauce
a large decrease in the daily output. This travel time
will, at timce, Oaueo an incrcaee of from £9? to 1003 in
the labor coet above that which it should coat if the men
reported on the Job.

Comparing the costs as shown on pufea 10
to 14 inclusive and their aOCOBPJWyitg curve it can be soon
that a very material envirg in the investment may be had by
the use of Joint oonetruction. This Joint ace of pole linee
is to be recommended in rural toritoriee where the load on

will not decent to a great deal.

“(‘-"" ' ~ - ._‘~ I. (~00
U; '.\"."\“..sn\l-i’

“

This were has been proparei with the thought
that the cost of service is the determining factor of the rate
to be charged. hates cannot. of couree,be based upon the
coat of eervice to the individual. the individuals meet be
placed in froupe, in districts. and in teritoriee. where one
rate may be male applicable to all. thece groups cleseed again
according to the density or the load and a fair and Juet rate
charged each group.

It 13 uppereflt that the ratee for rural
service must be higher than those charged in the more dance-
13 loaded districts. Ite costs more to give the eervioe,

the customer oXpecte to pay more, and it ie an economic thruth.

33

It is not the purgoee of this work to eay that
rates shall be charged. The coet of service differs so
widely in dif;crcnt parts of the country that the rates need
by one company cannot be applied by another. Then,too,
there are co many difierent ways of'rete mating that it
would be inpoeeible for any one person to make a rate that
would be accepted by all. The writer hes endeavored to
show that the coat of eervice is all-inportant and thet

there is a true marginal price which the customer must pay.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

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