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LIBRARY
Michigan State
University

This is to certify that the
thesis entitled

The Effect of Flattening On Nylon Carpet Fibers As Studied by
Visible Microspectrophotometry

presented by
Timothy James Metz

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for the

MS. degree in Criminal Justice

(ma. ‘

[ UMajor Profes s Signature

.22 W 2005’

(7

 

Date

MSU is an Afiimative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution

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PLACE IN RETURN Box to remove this checkout from your record.
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2/05 cleIMteDqundd-p. 15

THE EFFECT OF FLATTENING ON NYLON CARPET FIBERS AS STUDIED BY
VISIBLE MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRY

By

Timothy James Metz

A THESIS
Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
School of Criminal Justice

2005

ABSTRACT

THE EFFECT OF FLATTENING ON NYLON CARPET FIBERS AS STUDIED BY
VISIBLE MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRY

By

Timothy James Metz

In this project, different colored nylon carpet samples were studied to determine
the effect of flattening on their visible spectra using the technique of
microspectrophotometry. If flattening the fibers had an effect on their spectra, then the
order of analysis for forensic scientists would be critical. Fifty-one samples were tested.
The diameters of the fibers were measured initially, as well as after two flattening stages,
one using a roller ball, and one using a pellet press. Predictably, the diameters of the
fibers were enlarged with each flattening. However, there was no consistency as to the
increase in diameters. Using the visible light range of an S.E.E. 1000
Microspectrophotometer, spectra were obtained for each fiber. Analysis of the results
showed that, while there was no change in the spectra of several fibers, a disappearance,
or dropout, of peaks was observed in 52.9%, or 27 out of 51 spectra. In addition, a
decrease in the absorbence occurred as the fibers were flattened. The decrease in
absorbance was expected because as a fiber is stretched out, it becomes more transparent,
allowing more light to pass through. Based on the results from this study, the order of
analysis is critical for forensic scientists. It is imperative to perform infrared
spectroscopy prior to microspectrophotometry due to the fact that dropout, or

disappearance of peaks may occur.

DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to my wife, Sofia Metz. Without her influence and

support, none of this would have been possible. She is my sole inspiration and for that I

thank her.

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Sincere gratitude is extended to Dr. Robin Gall and Dr. John Pennie of the
Broward Sheriff” 8 Office Crime Lab. Their accommodations and assistance in allong
me to use the crime lab facilities is greatly appreciated. Special thanks is also given to

Dr. Jay Siegel, whose knowledge and expertise in forensic science made this possible.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLE .......................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................... vii
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1
Background of Fibers as Evidence ........................................ 2
Microspectrophotometry ....................................................... 3
LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 5
METHODS AND MATERIALS .................................................................. 9
RESULTS ..................................................................................................... 15
CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................... 41
Analysis of Diameter Range ................................................. 41
Spectral Analysis of Peaks .................................................... 43
DISCUSSION ............................................................................................... 45
APPENDIX A - Fiber Number & Manufacturer Information ..................... 48
APPENDIX B - Carpet Samples Arranged by Color .................................... 51
APPENDIX C - Diameter Measurements for the Five Fibers
at Each Stage of Flattening ................................................ 54
APPENDD( D - Average Diameter Length at Each Stage
of Flattening ....................................................................... 64
APPENDIX E — Examples of averaged Spectra for All Sample Scans
of Fiber #3 at Each Stage of F lattening .............................. 67
APPENDIX F - Comparison Spectra of Unflattened, Partially
Flattened and Pressed Flat Fibers ....................................... 71
REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 123

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1- Fiber Number and Manufacturer Information ............................... 49
Table 2- Carpet Samples Arranged by Color ................................................ 52
Table 3-Diameter Measurements For The Five Fiber Samples at

Each Stage of F lattening .................................................................. 55
Table 4—Average Diameter Length at Each Stage

of Flattening ..................................................................................... 65
Table S-Peak Ranges and Absorbance Values at Each

Stage of Flattening ........................................................................... 16
Table 6-Data From Fiber #3 .......................................................................... 34
Table 7-Data From Fiber #13 ........................................................................ 35
Table 8-Data From Fiber #14 ........................................................................ 36
Table 9-Data From Fiber #15 ........................................................................ 37
Table 10— Data From Fiber #16 ..................................................................... 38
Table 11-Data From Fiber #21 ...................................................................... 39
Table 12-Data From Fiber #42 ...................................................................... 40
Table 13- Diameter Measurements for Fiber #13 ......................................... 42

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-Average Spectra of All Unflattened Dupont Stainmaster

XtraLife GO] Big Apple Red Fibers .............................................. 68
Figure 2-Average Spectra of All Partially Flattened Dupont Stainmaster

XtraLife 601 Big Apple Red Fibers .............................................. 69
Figure 3-Average Spectra of All Pressed Flat Dupont Staimnaster

XtraLife G01 Big Apple Red Fibers .............................................. 70
Figure 4-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #1 ..................................................... 72
Figure S-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #2 ..................................................... 73
Figure 6-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #3 ..................................................... 74
Figure 7-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #4 ..................................................... 75
Figure 8-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #5 ..................................................... 76
Figure 9-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #6 ..................................................... 77
Figure 10-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #7 ................................................... 78
Figure ll-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #8 ................................................... 79
Figure 12-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #9 ................................................... 80
Figure 13-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #10 ................................................. 81
Figure l4-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #11 ................................................. 82
Figure lS-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #12 ................................................. 83
Figure 16-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #13 ................................................. 84
Figure l7-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #14 ................................................. 85
Figure 18-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #15 ................................................. 86
Figure l9-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #16 ................................................. 87
Figure 20-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #17 ................................................. 88
Figure 21-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #18 ................................................. 89

vii

Figure 22-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #19 ................................................. 90

Figure 23-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #20 ................................................. 91
Figure 24-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #21 ................................................. 92
Figure 25-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #22 ................................................. 93
Figure 26-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #23 ................................................. 94
Figure 27-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #24 ................................................. 95
Figure 28-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #25 ................................................. 96
Figure 29-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #26 ................................................. 97
Figure 30-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #27 ................................................. 98
Figure 3 l-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #28 ................................................. 99
Figure 32-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #29 ................................................. 100
Figure 33-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #30 ................................................. 101
Figure 34-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #31 ................................................. 102
Figure 35-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #32 ................................................. 103
Figure 36-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #33 ................................................. 104
Figure 37-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #34 ................................................. 105
Figure 38-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #35 ................................................. 106
Figure 39-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #36 ................................................. 107
Figure 40-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #37 ................................................. 108
Figure 41-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #38 ................................................. 109
Figure 42-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #39 ................................................. 1 10
Figure 43-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #40 ................................................. 1 1 1
Figure 44-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #41 ................................................. 1 12

viii

Figure 45-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #42 ................................................. 1 13

Figure 46-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #43 ................................................. l 14
Figure 47-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #44 ................................................. 1 15
Figure 48-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #45 ................................................. 1 16
Figure 49-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #46 ................................................. l 17
Figure 50-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #47 ................................................. 1 18
Figure 51-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #48 ................................................. 119
Figure 52-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #49 ................................................. 120
Figure 53-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #50 ................................................. 121
Figure 54-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #51 ................................................. 122

ix

INTRODUCTION

Fiber analysis plays an integral role in forensic science investigation. In fact,
“Fibers are the most frequently encountered type of trace evidence.”[1] A suspect or
victim can be associated with a particular location by minute fibers that are transferred to
or from the clothing in question. Most fibers that are transferred go unnoticed by the
human eye, only detected upon further examination in a laboratory. The key to fiber
examination is to determine whether or not a material could be responsible or associated
with the fibers collected at a crime scene. There have been several studies, and there is
much discussion, as to which is the best way to examine fiber evidence. The ultimate
determination of how fibers are analyzed depends upon the instruments available in a
particular laboratory. There are advantages and disadvantages to each type of analysis.
However, each analysis relies on some type of microscopic examination as well as
spechal examination, such as Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT IR),
pyrolysis gas chromatography (P-GC), or microspectrophotometry.

Although there have been numerous studies on how best to analyze fibers, not
many of the studies address the issue of whether or not questioned fibers will inherently
be affected by the harsh environmental conditions to which they are exposed. Specific
problems may arise when a questioned fiber is flattened, stretched or fiayed as it is
exposed to various environmental conditions at a crime scene. One question that arises is
whether or not a flattened fiber has the same visible spectrum as one that has not been
exposed to the elements. The reason that this flattening study was done is because many
forensic scientists use FTIR to analyze fibers. Before putting a fiber in the instrument it

must be flattened when performing FTIR. The question arises then, if the visible

microspectrophotometry should be done before FTIR, which would be the case if
flattening had an effect on the visible spectrum of the fiber. If flattening has no effect,

then it does not matter in which order the tests are completed.

Backgound of Fibers as Evidence

Fibers are either natural or man-made. A textile material can be made fi'om either
man-made or naturally occurring fibers, or a combination of both. Naturally occurring
textile fibers include animal, vegetable, and mineral fibers.[2] These comprise only 25%
of textile fibers. Man-made fibers account for 75% of textile fiber production in the
United States. There are numerous man-made fibers in use today. The majority include
a combination of: rayon, acetate, nylon, acrylic, polyester, and olefin.[3] However, three
types of man-made fibers are predominantly used in the construction of carpets—
polyester, olefin, and nylon. These three types of fibers consist of long-chain synthetic
polymers. Because nylon comprises a large percentage of carpet fibers and they are more
likely to be found at a crime scene than other types of carpet fibers, nylon carpet fibers
were chosen for analysis in this study.

The important role of fibers in the forensic field is evident from the amount of
research that has been done on fiber identification. The exchange principle, formulated
by Edmund Locard in 1928, states that whenever two objects come into contact there is
always a transfer of material.[4] Pounds and Smalldon expanded upon the Exchange
Principle in a series of studies they performed in the 1970’s, in which they studied fiber
transfer, persistence and recovery.[5] In addition to Pounds and Smalldon’s studies
which demonstrated the forensic importance of fibers, the Wayne Williams trial of 1981-

1982 cemented fiber analysis as an integral part of forensic science. Due to the important

developments over the years, fiber research is an invaluable tool that can assist today’s

forensic scientist.

W
Microspectrophotometry focuses on a molecule’s ability to absorb radiation.

Microspectrophotometry can analyze reflectance, transmittance/absorbance, and
fluorescence of light. This study focused on the transmittance/absorbance of white light
as it was exposed to a nylon carpet fiber. When a molecule is exposed to a beam of white
light (light in the visible spectrum), the molecule absorbs certain wavelengths of that
light. The remaining wavelengths are reflected or transmitted, passing through the
molecule. The darker the object, the more light it absorbs. Lighter colors do not absorb
much light, allowing more of it to pass through than darker colors. The result of the
amount of light absorbed or transmitted at a specific wavelength is recorded in a
spectrum (See appendix E for examples of spectra). The wavelength is reported on the x-
axis and is done so in nanometers (nm), reflecting the numerical values of colors in the
electromagnetic spectrum. The y-axis records the ratio of the intensity of the color. In
this study, the data was analyzed using the absorbance value. Absorbance ranges
betweenOandZandhasnounits.

The wavelengths that pass through the item, in this case a carpet fiber, are
recorded in a spectrum which correspond to a specific color fiom the electromagnetic
spectrum. Often times, however, we encounter fibers that appear to be the same color to
the eye, but are in fact, different. When two colors appear to be a visual match under one

lighting condition but not another, they are considered to be a metameric pair. In other

words, they have different spectral curves. Thus, microspectrophotometry is a valuable
tool that can differentiate between metameric pairs because it can detect minute
differences in color variations.

Not only can a microspectrophotometer differentiate between minute color
differences, but the technique requires little sample size, it is non-destructive, requires
little or no prep time, it is quick and the data can be stored for future comparison, or it
can be compiled in a spectral database if desired.[6] Nondestructive tests of fibers are
preferred when the sample size is extremely limited because the evidence is preserved for
possible later analysis.[7] Also the fiber evidence will be available for opposing counsel

to analyze as they may see fit.[8]

LITERATURE REVIEW

As there are many different types of fibers, there are also many different ways to
analyze those fibers. Depending on the degree of identification desired, the analyses can
range from microscopy and melting point analysis, to instrumental analysis, such as
FTIR, P-GC and microspectrophotometry.

Each type of analysis is employed for a specific reason. For example, melting
point analysis can help differentiate between types of fibers by studying optical activity.
As the temperature is increased at a constant rate and the melting point is approached, the
birefringence and internal colors begin to disappear.[9] Continuing on, observation
reveals that the fiber melts internally prior to losing its shape. Comparison to a melting
point chart can then assist in the identification of a fiber. However, a disadvantage of
using analysis of the melting point is that it is destructive, causing partial or complete loss
of the fiber in question.

The fact that the sample is destroyed is also problematic with the instrumental
analysis of P-GC. Although P-GC is useful because it can be used to obtain a
“fingerprint” of the fiber based on chemical composition, it does have two disadvantages.
First, P-GC is destructive. Second, because programs are dependent on pyrolysis and
column conditions, they are sensitive to day-to-day and laboratory-to-laboratory
variations.[10] Thus, a reference collection of spectra is not as useful as a collection of
Infrared spectra. Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), especially FTIR, is a great analytical tool
and will help “match” or identify certain fibers if there is access to a spectral database.

However, for FTIR to be utilized, the fiber must be flattened, which may have an effect

on the spectrum.

Whereas fibers are destroyed or altered during most other types of instrumental
analysis, microspectrophotometry neither destroys nor alters a fiber’s structure. As
Gaudette stated in his chapter entitled The Forensic Aspects of Textile Fiber
Examination, written in Richard Saferstein’s Forensic Science Handbook, Vol. 11,
“Microspectrophotometry is a convenient way to record the visible spectrum of even
small amounts of fibers without removing them from the microscope slide. The fiber on
the microscope stage becomes the sample compartment of the spectrophotometer.”[1 1]
Thus, microspectrophotometry demands little preparation time and does not destroy the
fiber. In addition, microspectrophotometry is valuable because it can distinguish between
metameric pairs, meaning, it is possible for two fibers to appear indistinguishable in color
with comparison microscopy, and yet have different UV-visible absorption spectra.
Macrae, Dudley and Smalldon, in a 1979 study of wool fibers compared
microspectrophotometry to two other methods of analysis, dye extraction coupled with
thin layer chromatography and solution spectrophotometry. Macrae et a1 determined that,
“Microspectrophotometry produced discriminating powers similar to those obtained for
the two destructive methods on samples five hundred times larger.”[12]

As the aforementioned literature mentions, microspectrophotometry is an
important aspect of forensic fiber identification, having great discriminating power, using
little sample size, as well as being non-destructive. There is limited research, however,
involving fiber research and microspectrophotometry. As Katherine Wydeven notes in
her research regarding the effect of flattening polyester fibers, “Publications fiom several
decades ago use double beam microspectrophotometers, different from the S.E.E. 1100

instrument that was used in this analysis.”[l3] This study used an S.E.E. 1000

microspectrophotometer, similar to the single beam S.E.E. 1100 microspectrophotometer
used by Wydeven.

Fiber research is governed by guidelines published in 1999 by the Scientific
Working Group for Materials Analysis, known as SWGMAT. The guidelines were
created to provide uniform testing protocol for fiber examination. Known as the Forensic
Fiber Examination Guidelines, SWGMAT’s guidelines include everything from sample
preparation to range of wavelength analyzed. For example, the guidelines instruct
analysts to maintain a log of daily instrument calibrations, to conduct analysis using the
same conditions each time, and to run blanks and sample scans in order to ensure the
quality of data. In addition, the fiber guidelines state that, “At least five and as many as
ten locations along a single fiber or fibers may need to be scanned if the measurements
are needed to produce a representative mean absorbance curve and standard deviation
curves for an individual fiber.”[14]

Dunlop and Adolf have conducted studies involving
microspectrophotometry and the amount of natural variation within a single fiber. In
Forensic Examination of Textile Fibers, Dunlop and Adolf concluded that, “natural fibers
have much more color variation than synthetic fibers.”[1 5] SWGMAT guidelines also
warn that natural occurring fibers may require more scans due to the possibility of
irregular color distribution whereas man-made fibers are more prone to have uniform
distribution of color and require less scans to produce a mean absorbance curve. Because
this study analyzed the average absorbance curve of synthetic fibers, it was necessary to
follow the SWGMAT guidelines and conduct scans at five locations along the questioned

fiber.

Because this research analyzed the possibility of spectral shift as a fiber is
flattened, it is imperative to understand the pre—determined allowance for error when
analyzing the spectral data. Macrae et al. deve10ped a procedure for comparing fiber
spectra while conducting research involving two fibers from the same swatch. Their
results concluded that, “The largest difference between any corresponding values for
duplicates was five nanometers (5 nm).”[16] Thus, any change within a five nanometer

range is acceptable proof that the spectra are representative of the same fiber.

METHODS & MATERIALS

Residential carpet fiber samples fi'om five separate manufacturers were obtained
and analyzed in this study (Appendix A, Table 1 is a list of all fiber samples by number
and manufacturer). All fibers used were 100% nylon and manufactured by one of the
following: Hamilton Carpet Mills, Horizon Creations, Dimension Carpets, Dupont
Stainmaster and Aladdin Networks. These carpet samples were obtained from retail
stores throughout the greater Ft. Lauderdale, Florida area. Analysis of the fiber samples
was performed at the Broward Sheriffs Office Crime Lab Trace Evidence Unit.

Out of the hundreds of carpet samples obtained for this study, a wide array of
colors was chosen for analysis. The colors chosen for analysis were green, red, purple,
blue, brown and black/gray. In total, fifty-one different types of carpet samples were
chosen for analysis (Appendix B, Table 2 separates fibers by color). The procedure
followed in this study was the same as that used by Katherine Wydeven in her research

regarding the effect of flattening on polyester fibers.[17]

S e rati n

In order to ensure a representative sample was obtained, as well as adhering to
SWGMAT guidelines, five fibers were tested from various locations within each carpet
sample. Using tweezers to separate individual fibers from the swatches, the five fibers
were mounted onto glass microscope slides and covered with cover slips. All slides were
labeled numerically, corresponding to their order in Table 1. To ensure the transparency
of the slides and cover slips in the visible light range, absorbance scans were taken prior

to analysis. When not being analyzed, all mounted fibers were stored on trays and inside

a drawer, to prevent any changes or damage that might occur when being left in a

vulnerable place, such as thermal degradation or biological deterioration.

PrMurg for Diameter Megurement
The diameter of the five fibers from each carpet sample was measured using a

Zeiss polarizing light microscope at 40X magnification. The diameter of a trilobal fiber
is determined by measuring the distance from the outside edge of one lobe to the edge of
a second lobe. All diameters were measured this way as every fiber was triblobal. A
micrometer was mounted in the eyepiece. The samples were rotated until the diameter of
the fiber could be read using the micrometer. At 40X magnification, one scale division
was equivalent to 2.51micrometers (pm). The diameters of each of the five samples were
measured and collected for analysis (See Appendix C, Table 3 which includes all
diameter measurements for each sample fiber prior to averaging the data. Note: The
diameter of each of the five sample fibers was measured before each stage of flattening.
This resulted in the use of five measurements when calculating the overall average
diameter for each sample fiber at each stage of flattening). Table 4 in Appendix D
contains the average diameter lengths for all five sample fibers at each stage of

flattening.

C f m r
For this study a S.E.E 1000 Microspectrophotometer, modified with a 20X
microscope, and Grams 32 computer software (version 4.14, level II) was used. This is

licensed to the Broward Sheriff’s Office. Absorbance was the sampling method used,

10

utilizing a 100-watt halogen lamp. The range of wavelength analyzed was 390nm-
850nm. The microspectrophotometer is capable of performing reflectance and
fluorescence tests as well as absorbance/transmittance. The microspectrophotometer was
calibrated daily using instructions provided by the S.E.E. Corporation. After the
instrument warmed up for approximately thirty minutes, daily wavelength calibrations
were completed using holmium oxide and didymium oxide filters. These filters are used
because they exhibit well defined peaks at certain wavelengths. The holmium oxide and
didymium oxide peaks needed to be within 2 nm of the tolerance values listed in the
S.E.E. Calibration binder in the crime lab in order to be acceptable for analysis.[l 8]
Neutral density filters of 0.1 , 0.5, and 1.0 were also used to calibrate the instrument. The
neutral density filters display a flat optical response in the wavelength region fi'om
250nm to 1,000 nm. All filters were part of the NIST traceable filter set provided by
S.E.E for the calibration of the instrument.

Prior to use each day, the holmium oxide and didymium oxide filters were
cleaned using lens paper and ethanol. The neutral density filters were inspected daily, but
not cleaned, as they are easily damaged and the protective coating may be ruined. Using
the neutral density filters for calibration, three spectra were produced daily, verifying the
accuracy of the instrument. The calibration spectra were compared to known standards

and determined to be acceptable. They were printed and stored in a logbook each day.

W
The procedure used for scanning the unflattened fibers was also used to scan the

partially flattened and pressed flat fiber samples:

11

1) The microscope slide containing the questioned fiber was placed on the stage.
Using a 20x objective lens, the fiber was focused upon.

2) A check was done for Kohler illmunation. The stage was moved so the fiber
was not seen. The substage aperature was focused to get the circle of light to
show dark blue edges (If the light was asymmetrically colored, this was
warning that the bulb was in danger of blowing out).

3) Once the Kohler illumination was checked, the blocker was pushed in and a
dark scan was taken. The dark scan is taken to store signals resulting from
electronic and thermal noise.

4) The blocker was opened and a reference scan was taken. The reference scan
stores signal resulting fiorn the slide, coverslip, lamp and detector, allowing
an accurate assessment of the sample fiber. The optimal reference scan
should register between 3000-4000 counts. If the counts were not in this
range, an autogain was performed until the counts fell within this range.

5) If the sampling frequency was changed due to the autogain, a new dark scan
and reference scan needed to be taken. When the reference scan counts were
in the appropriate range, the calibration was completed using the holmium
oxide and didymium oxide filters as well as the neutral density filters. The
calibration spectra were printed and stored in the logbook.[l9]

6) The stage was moved to focus on the sample fiber. Sample scans were saved
in a folder titled, “Tim Metz.” The fiber was then scanned and saved using
numerical coding. For example, sample #1 , fiber #1, scan #1 was saved as
“Imflatl-l”. Sample #1, fiber #1, scan #2 was saved as “unflatl-2”, etc., up to
sample #1, fiber #5, scan #5 which was saved as “uflatl-25”.

a. After the first scan was done, the stage was moved to another area of
the same fiber. A second scan was taken. This procedure was
followed until five scans were taken for each sample fiber. The next
sample fiber slide was then analyzed. This same process was utilized
until all five fibers fi'om each of the fifty-one carpet samples were
scanned.

Prflure for Partiafly Flattened Fibers
Fibers were then partially flattened using a roller ball. A Bausch & Lomb visible

light microscope was used when flattening the fibers with the roller ball. The microscope
slides were placed under the microscope. The cover slip was removed with tweezers.
The fibers were transferred to a clean slide where they were flattened. The roller ball was

placed on the center of the fiber and seven or eight back and forth motions were made,

12

until the fiber appeared flat under the microscope. The fibers were then placed onto their
original microscope slide and covered with the same cover slip.

After the fibers were partially flattened, the diameters were measured again using
the Zeiss polarizing light microscope at 40X magnification with mounted micrometer.
The visibly flat portion of the fiber was measured and recorded. Averages were
calculated after all five fibers fiom the same carpet sample were measured (See Table 4).

After the diameters were measured, the partially flattened fibers were scanned
using the microspectrophotometer. The same procedure that was used for the unflattened
fibers was also used for the partially flat fibers. The partially flattened fibers were saved
in the “Tim Metz” folder. The fiber was scanned and saved using the same numerical
coding as for the unflattened fibers. The scans for sample #1, fiber #1, scan #1-5 were
saved as follows, “flatl-l , flat1-2. . .flatl-S.” This process was repeated until all fifty-one

carpet samples were scanned.

PrMe {gr Prggsed Fibers
After analysis of the partially flattened fibers was completed, the fibers were

flattened using a Carver Press. The microscope slide containing the fiber samples was
transferred via a microscope slide holder to the room with the Carver Press. Fibers were
then removed fi'orn the microscope slide and placed onto the KBr pellet maker. The
pellet was placed in the press and 2500 psi of pressure was applied for 1-2 seconds. The
fiber was placed onto the original microscope slide and covered using the original cover

slip. These were referred to as “Pressed Flat” during further analysis.

13

The fiber diameters were measured using the Zeiss polarizing light microscope at
40X magnification with mounted micrometer. Under the microscope, it was easy to
discern which area of the fiber had been pressed flat, making it easy to measure the
diameter. The diameter of each fiber was measured and recorded (See Table 3).

The same procedure was used again to take scans of the pressed flat portion of the
sample fibers. Five scans were taken of each of the pressed fibers. The scans for sample
#1, fiber #1, scan#1 were saved as follows, “pressl-l, pressl-2...press1-5). Then, scans
were taken of sample #1 , fiber #2. They were recorded following the same numerical
coding procedure as for the unflattened and partially flattened fibers. This was repeated

until all fifty-one carpet samples were analyzed.

14

RESULTS

After all samples were scanned and spectra were obtained, the carpet samples
were organized by color for analysis (See Table 2). Several carpet samples of the colors
green, red, purple, brown, and blue were analyzed. Only one black and one gay fiber
were analyzed. There were two reasons for this. First, it was suspected that obtaining
useful data fiom a gay or black fiber would be difficult. Black fibers appeared
extremely dark and it was suspected that they would absorb the majority of the light, not
showing distinct peaks at certain wavelengths. The opposite was thought of regarding the
gay fiber. Under the microscope, the gay fiber did not appear to be dark enough and it
was thought that this would transmit most of the light it was exposed to and have very
small absorbance peaks.

Twenty-five scans were taken at each of the three stages of flattening, resulting in
75 total spectra for each fiber. Such a large number of spectra provided plenty of
information for comparison. An average spectrum was compiled for each fiber at each
stage of flattening (Figures #1-3, in Appendix E, include the average spectrum for fiber
#3 at each stage of flattening. Spectra were initially obtained this way, prior to compiling
them into Comparison Spectra as in Appendix F). Prior to averaging all the spectra,
measurements of all peaks and absorbance values were taken. This was done in order to
assist in answering the main question of this research, “Does flattening have an effect on
the visible spectrum of nylon carpet fibers?” Table 5 includes the data compiled from
measuring all the peaks and absorbance values of the spectra. All peak measurements
were recorded in nanometers (nm) while absorbance values do not have any units

assigned.

15

TABLE 5-Peak Ranges and Absorbance Values at Each Stage of Flattening

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #1
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 414-416 633-635 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout 635-637 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 635 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Range
Range Range Range Range Range Peak 6
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5
Unflattened 1.09-1.10 1.03-1.20 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout .61-.72 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .52-.69 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #2
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 415-417 531-534 640 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 415-420 533-535 640 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 532-535 640 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Range
Range Range Range Range Range Peak 6
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5
Unflattened 1.0-1.2 1.06-1.15 .90-.98 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .70-.75 .71-.75 .58-.6l n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dopout .33-.38 .20-.24 n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #3
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 420-422 528-530 63 5-638 n/a n/a n/a
Part. FTat Dropout 530-532 636-640 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 527-529 638-640 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.20-1.25 1.40-1.50 .80-.97 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout .52-.69 .24-.27 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .46-.50 .24-.26 n/a n/a n/a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

16

 

 

 

Table 5 Cont.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #4
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 415-417 521-523 630-635 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 416 520-524 633-635 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 524 632-635 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.03-1.15 1.0-1.16 .84-.93 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .80-.97 .92-.1.05 .75-.85 n/a n/a n/a
Press. “at Dropout 30-35 24-29 n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #5
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 516-518 634-636 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 515-520 635-638 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat 517-519 636-638 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.0-1.2 .70-.83 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .45-.54 .30-.35 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat .24-.28 .10-.14 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #6
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 588-592 632-635 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 588-590 632-635 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat 588-590 633-636 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unf'lattened 1.24-1.34 1.20-1.32 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .60-.65 .62-.67 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat .40-.43 .39-.44 n/a n/a n/a n/a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

17

 

 

 

Table 5 Cont.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #7
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 583-585 633-635 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 583-587 633-636 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat 582-585 638 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.00-1.04 1.01-1.08 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 77-83 80-88 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat .30-.39 .3l-.41 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #8
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 590-592 632-635 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 592 633-635 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Fiat 591 634-636 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened .99-1.05 1.00-1.09 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .80-.88 .72-.89 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. FTat .44-.63 .54-.78 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #9
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 63 5-639 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 635-639 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Fiat 635 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened .90-1 .20 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .65-.93 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat .70-.85 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

18

 

 

 

Table 5 Cont.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #10
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 405 592-596 63 5-640 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout 593-595 635-640 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 592-597 636-639 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened .94-1.15 1.12-1.24 1.16-1.33 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout .60-.86 .40-.83 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .25-.56 .3l-.5 n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #1 1
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 631-635 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 632-637 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat 634-636 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unfiattened .70-.91 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .55-.76 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat .40-.68 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #12
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 593-595 633-636 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 594-598 633-635 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat 595-597 636-638 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened .85-1.06 1.0-1.12 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .45-.67 .44-.58 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat .23-.28 .20-.35 n/a n/a n/a n/a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

19

 

 

 

Table 5 Cont.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #13
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 422-425 557-559 63 5-638 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout 556-560 636-640 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 557-561 638-640 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.48-1.55 1.50-1.60 1.55-1.59 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dr0pout .53-.68 .6l-.69 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Fiat Dr0pout .43-.59 .42-.69 n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #14
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 410-415 551-556 636-641 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout 552-556 638-641 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 554-556 638-641 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.22-1.36 1.25-1.56 1.15-1.26 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dromut .48-.65 .40-.46 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .30-.55 .25-.42 n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #15
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 400-402 553-555 640-643 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout 552-557 640-644 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 556 642-645 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflsttened 1.16-1.28 1.30-1.47 1.40-1.55 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout .77-.94 .73-.83 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .35-.42 .25-.44 n/a n/a n/a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20

 

 

 

Table 5 Cont.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #16
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 636-638 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 635-640 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat 637-640 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened .9l -1 .08 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .65-.76 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat .25-.35 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #17
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 422-425 524-528 561-565 638-640 n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout 525-526 560-562 639-641 n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 524-526 565 638-642 n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.02-1.15 1.03-1.20 .95-1.08 1.02-1.16 n/a n/a
Part. Flat Drgrout .38-.42 .34-.39 .35-.61 n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .22-.26 .24-.29 .25-.28 n/a n/a
Fiber #18
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 420-422 63 8-642 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout 63 8-640 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 639-642 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened .95-1.02 .92-.99 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout .45-.78 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. flat Dropout .33-.55 n/a n/a n/a n/a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

21

 

 

 

Table 5 Cont.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #19
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 413-415 592-595 638-640 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout 595-597 640-643 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 592-597 639-642 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.04-1.25 1.30-1.42 1.30-1.38 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout .65-.82 .65-.73 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .51-.70 .50-.69 n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #20
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 410-415 592-594 638-640 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout 595-597 642 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 594-596 637-641 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.08-1.21 1.25-1.40 1.32-1.46 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout .60-.91 .60-.83 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .48-.68 .52-.59 n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #21
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 425-427 592-595 640-645 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 422-425 596-597 641-643 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 593-597 640-645 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.10-1.34 1.12-1.29 1.16-1.32 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .75-.98 .62-.77 .64-.77 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .48-.7l .4456 n/a n/a n/a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

22

 

 

 

Table 5 Cont.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #22
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 414-41 9 592-595 63 7-640 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout 591-595 638-639 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 593-595 640 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.01-1.20 1.07-1.15 1.02-1.13 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout .45-.53 .42-.56 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .31-.51 .24-.52 n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #23
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 425-430 591-595 641-645 n/a n/a n/a
Part. FTat 426-429 591-595 640-642 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 593-595 640-643 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened .89-1.12 .94-1 .03 1.04—l.1 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .55-.59 .40-.52 .44—.53 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .36-.51 .40-.46 n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #24
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 410-412 595 639-640 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dr0pout 592-595 637-641 n/a n/a n/a
Press. “at Dropout 590 640-641 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.00-1.12 89-96 91-101 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout .40-.46 .42-.56 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .25-.46 .34-.51 n/a n/a n/a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

23

 

 

 

Table 5 Cont.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #25
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 420 592-597 640-642 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout 596-597 642-645 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 592-595 640-645 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 97-125 91-101 .93-1 .25 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout .60-.82 .60-.67 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .46-.55 .47-.53 n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #26
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 590 63 5-638 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 585-590 638-640 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Hat 586-590 635-640 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 91-98 92-96 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .47-.62 .40-.49 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat .27-.41 .22-.28 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #27
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 587-590 636-640 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 585-590 638-641 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Fiat 590 636-639 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened .99-1.03 1.00-1.04 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .62-.65 .6l-.67 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat .30-.40 .25-.51 n/a n/a n/a n/a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

24

 

 

 

Table 5 Cont.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #28
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 592-596 63 8-640 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 591-596 640-642 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat 593-596 641-642 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.21-1.27 1.15-1.37 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .52-.78 .51-.71 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat .30-.41 .33-.38 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #29
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 452-455 555-560 635-638 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 452-457 557-560 636-639 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 555-560 635-640 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.10-1.17 .95-1 .06 91-96 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .91-1.02 .81-.95 .70-.81 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dmout .40-.47 .33-.51 n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #30
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 445-450 561-565 637-640 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout 562-564 640-641 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 562-565 640 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.18-1.31 1.03-1.12 .90-.97 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout .42-.49 .45-.56 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .30-.34 .24-.31 n/a n/a n/a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

25

 

 

 

Table 5 Cont.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #31
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 453-458 566-57 1 63 5-640 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout 566-569 637-640 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 570-571 640 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.01 -1 . l 2 91-98 85-97 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout .51-.69 .52-.81 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .24-.55 .24-.32 n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #32
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 451-455 522-527 560-562 640-642 n/a n/a
Part. Flat 452-455 526-527 559-563 637-640 n/a n/a
Press. Flat 455 525-527 558-561 637-641 n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.41-1.55 1.32-1.36 1.24-1.37 1.05-1.15 n/a n/a
Part. Flat .75-.91 .65-.83 .64-1.10 .53-.69 n/a n/a
Press. Flat .55-.64 .51-.6l .4l-.59 .32-.60 n/a n/a
Fiber #33
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 520-522 545-550 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 520-525 548-550 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat 520-525 545-550 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.34-1.83 1.51-1.81 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 88-103 90-120 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat .66-.82 .6l-.75 n/a n/a n/a n/a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

26

 

 

 

Table 5 Cont.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #34
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 405-410 455-460 485-490 530-532 559-563 637-640
Part. Flat Dropout 455-458 487-490 530-535 562-564 640-642
Press. Flat Dropout 456-460 485-490 532-535 560-564 638-641
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.22-1.27 1.24-1.45 1.21-1.38 1.31- 1.30-1 .40 .85-.91
1.42
Part. Flat Dropout 70-98 72-85 .77-.89 .72-.81 .35-.45
Press. Flat Dropout .55-.76 .59-.71 .61-.68 .60-.66 .30-.36
Fiber #35
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 455-457 525-530 557-560 642-647 n/a n/a
Part. Flat 457-459 528-530 558-561 645-647 n/a n/a
Press. Flat 455-459 527-530 558-562 642-647 n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.12-1.21 103-109 94—99 80-82 n/a n/a
Part. Flat .65-.69 .62-.72 .51-.57 .42-.48 n/a n/a
Press. Flat .47-.63 .4l-.46 .35-.39 .31-.45 n/a n/a
Fiber #36
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 430-432 457-460 490-495 524-528 560-565 63 5-640
Part. Flat Dropout 457-462 493-495 528-529 563-565 635-640
Press. Flat Dropout 460-462 490-495 525-529 560-565 637-640
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened l.10-l.21 1.11-1.19 1.05-1.21 1.06- 1.02-1.13 .81-.88
1.14
Part. Flat Dropout .65-.72 .60-.67 .61-.69 .55-.62 .46-.53
Press. Flat Dropout .42-.55 .46-.51 .43-.52 .42-.49 .34-.49

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

27

 

 

 

Table 5 Cont.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #37
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 425-427 525-530 557-561 635-640 n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout 525-527 557-560 637-640 n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 525-530 560-562 635-640 n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.08-1.13 1.05-l.15 1.04-1.13 .91-.99 n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout .64-.79 .64-.73 .61-.69 n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .40-.44 .35-.43 .30-.38 n/a n/a
Fiber #38
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 430433 457-460 490-495 525-530 560-565 633-636
Part. Flat 428-433 457-460 490-495 527-530 562-565 635-638
Press. Flat 432-433 460-462 492-495 527-530 562-565 633-638
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unfiattened 1.12-1.21 1.06-1.12 1.05-1.10 1.02- 1.03-1.15 91-99
1.21
Part. Flat 88-102 91-108 .90-1.10 82-89 82-91 .75-.86
Press. Flat .40-.48 .43-.49 .42-.51 .43-.61 .41-.48 .33-.48
Fiber #39
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 430-435 518-522 552-557 635-640 n/a n/a
Part. Flat 432-435 520-522 554-557 636-640 n/a n/a
Press. Flat 432-435 520-522 555-557 638-640 n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.31-1.43 1.42-1.55 1.35-1.59 .91-.99 n/a n/a
Part. Flat 91-97 .95-1 .06 103-1 .15 .70-.91 n/a n/a
Press. Flat .42-.61 .48-.56 .51-.6l .25-.35 n/a n/a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

28

 

 

 

Table 5 Cont.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #40
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 43 8-440 525-530 559-562 640-642 n/a n/a
Part. Flat 439-442 527-530 560-563 641-643 n/a n/a
Press. Flat 438-443 528-530 560-563 640-644 n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.21-1.31 1.16-1.26 1.13-1.23 .77-.85 n/a n/a
Part. Flat .75-.86 71-77 70-75 .42-.47 n/a n/a
Press. Flat .37-.42 .32-.37 .33-.39 .18-.41 n/a n/a
Fiber #41
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 432-437 492-495 555-560 63 8-640 n/a n/a
Part. Flat 435-437 492-497 555-560 638-642 n/a n/a
Press. Flat 435-437 492-497 555-560 640-642 n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.1 1-1.21 1.05-1.13 1.02-1 .09 .91 -.97 n/a n/a
Part. Flat .71-.78 .71-.89 .61-.75 .55-.61 n/a n/a
Press. Flat .31-.51 .25-.35 .21-.28 .18-.25 n/a n/a
Fiber #42
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 428-433 557-559 63 8-640 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 430-433 558-560 637-640 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat 430-433 555-559 636-641 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.31-1.45 1.12-1.20 1.02-1.12 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .91-1.02 .7l-.78 .60-.65 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat .35-.43 .21-.26 .18-.24 n/a n/a n/a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

29

 

 

 

Table 5 Cont.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #43
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 424-426 525-530 555-558 635-639 n/a n/a
Part. Flat 425-429 526-530 557-560 637-640 n/a n/a
Press. Flat 425-429 525-530 555-560 639-640 n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unfiattened 1.21-1.31 1.25-1.36 1.36-1.51 1.11-1.21 n/a n/a
Part. Flat 71-85 72-83 .81-.95 .61-.75 n/a n/a
Press. Flat .34-.56 .33-.41 .41-.56 .31-.45 n/a n/a
Fiber #44
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 424-429 518-520 555-560 635-640 n/a n/a
Part. Flat 425-429 517-522 557-560 637-640 n/a n/a
Press. Flat 426-429 517-522 555-560 635-640 n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.12-1.19 1.15-1.34 1.21-1.34 1.04-1.15 n/a n/a
Part. Flat .81-.92 .83-1.03 .86-.94 .7l-.81 n/a n/a
Press. Flat .31-.45 .35-.45 .33-.38 .22-.31 n/a n/a
Fiber #45
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 420-425 515-520 556-558 631-635 n/a n/a
Part. Flat 420-425 515-520 557-560 631-635 n/a n/a
Press. Flat 422-425 517-520 555-560 632-636 n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.12-1.23 1.08-1.19 1.15-1.25 1.05-1.16 n/a n/a
Part. Flat .7l-.79 .75-.86 .81-1.02 .74-.85 n/a n/a
Press. Flat .25-.31 .25-.35 .31-.35 .24-.36 n/a n/a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

30

 

 

 

Table 5 Cont.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #46
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 425-430 63 5-640 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 427-430 63 8-640 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat 427-430 637-640 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.25-1.35 1.02-1.21 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 1.05-1.16 .82-.91 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat .31-.43 .23-.28 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #47
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 410-415 592-595 638-643 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 412-415 594-595 640-643 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 590-595 638-643 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unilattened l.05-1.15 1 .02-1 .13 1.06-1.13 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .81-.88 .75-.86 .71-.78 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .22-.29 .25-.29 n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #48
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unilattened 417-420 562-565 593-595 635-640 n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout 562-565 596-598 637-640 n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 560-565 593-598 635-640 n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.21-1.31 1.21-1.26 1.22-1.26 1.25-1.36 n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout .70-.85 .72-.86 .71-.86 n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .31-.46 .34-.54 .31-.41 n/a n/a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

31

 

 

 

Table 5 Cont.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #49
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 425-430 634-638 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 425-430 637-639 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 634-639 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.13-1.20 1.05-1.35 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .77-l.05 .74-.91 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .22-.35 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #50
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 425-430 593-595 63 8-640 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout 592-595 635-640 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout 592-595 635-640 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.25-1.35 1.15-1.29 1.21-1.36 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat Dropout .65-.76 .69-.81 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat Dropout .28-.36 .29-.34 n/a n/a n/a
Fiber #51
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 435-440 591-594 63 8-640 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat 437-440 592-595 635-640 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat 435-440 593-596 637-640 n/a n/a n/a
Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6
Unflattened 1.21-1.35 1.11-1.25 1.12-1.21 n/a n/a n/a
Part. Flat .81-.91 .71-.83 .74-.86 n/a n/a n/a
Press. Flat .35-.41 .22-.28 .25-.31 n/a n/a n/a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

32

 

 

 

As you can see from the data in Table 5, some of the sample fibers had only one
or two noticeable peaks. However, the majority of the sample fibers had either three, four
or five peaks that were recognizable. A few sample fibers had as many as six peaks.
Each peak was measured at each stage of flattening to determine if the five nanometer
range established by McRae et a1. as acceptable proof that spectra are representative of
the same fiber was maintained. There were several cases in which dropout occurred.
Dropout is when a peak drops out or disappears fi'om the spectra as flattening progesses.
There were 20 cases in which drop out occurred in the partially flattened stage and 7
cases when this occurred in the pressed flat stage. The result was that dropout occurred
in more than half (52.9%) of the carpet fibers.

Dropout was observed in every color except for gay. Only one gay and one
black fiber were analyzed. While the gay fiber did not experience dropout, the black
fiber did, thus making its percent dropout 100%. Blue had the highest percentage of
dropout (of fibers with multiple samples) at 66.6%, or 10 out of 15 fibers. Brown and red
fibers had the same percent of fibers experience dropout (50%). Two out of 4 brown and
6 out of 12 red fibers showed peak dropout. Green fibers experienced dropout in 5 out
of 12 fibers, or 41.6%. Out of all the colors chosen for analysis, purple fibers
experienced the lowest percentage of peak dropout, 33.3%, or 2 out of 6 fibers.

In addition to analyzing the peaks for dropout, the fibers were sorted by color for
analysis. Seven tables were created, compiling the data for a representative carpet
sample from each of the seven colors. The sample fiber was analyzed at each stage of

flattening and comparisons were made for the diameter range, range of absorbance values

33

and the range of the major peaks. Table 6 shows the information obtained for the Dupont

Stainmaster 601 Big Apple Red fiber (fiber #3).

Table 6-Data From Red Fiber #3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #3
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Diameter Range
(in nm) Jin nm) (in run) (in pug
Unflattened 420—422 528-530 635-638 42.7-52.7
Part. Flat Dropout 530-532 636-640 65.9-87.9
Press. Flat Dropout 527-529 63 8-640 929-1180
Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3
Unflattened 1.20-1.25 1.40-1.50 .80-.97
Part. Flat Dropout .52-.69 .24-.27
Press. Flat Drgout .46-.50 .24-.26

 

 

Despite the dropout of peak 1 at the partially flattened stage, fiber #3 was an excellent
fiber for analysis. The major peaks were well defined for every scan and also remained
within the Sum range, which is imperative in order to verify that two fibers have a
common origin. The absorbance values ranged from 0.24 for the pressed fiber all the
way to 1.50, signifying that the unflattened fiber #3 absorbed the majority of the light it
was exposed to. The diameter range was also significant. As the diameter range
increased, the absorbance value decreased. This can be expected because as a fiber was
flattened using the roller ball and the pellet press, the fiber appeared to lose some of its
color. However, the fiber did not actually lose color. The dye became more spread out
throughout the fiber due to the increase in surface area, thus giving the appearance of a
lighter shade of color. Fiber #3 showed a gradual increase in diameter range as the fiber

was first flattened with a roller ball, then with the pellet press.

34

The next color analyzed was black. Only one black fiber was studied. Table 7

contains the data for fiber #13, Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 998 Jet Black.

Table 7-Data From Black Fiber #13

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #13
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Diameter Range
(in am) (in nm) (in nm) (in run)
Unflattened 422-425 557-559 635-638 50.2-62.8
Part. Flat Dropout 556-560 636-640 57.7-125.5
Press. Flat Dropout 557-561 638-640 828-1506
Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3
Unflattened 1.48-1.55 1.50-1.60 1.55-1.59
Part. Flat Dropout .53-.68 .61-.69
Press. Flat Dropout .43-.59 .42-.69

 

 

Although it was thought that the black fiber would be difficult to analyze, this was not the
case. Initially, it was expected that the black fiber would absorb the majority of the light
to which it was exposed. The absorbance values and diameter range for the unflattened
fiber #13 are within a narrow range of values. This suggested that the partially flattened
and pressed flat black fibers may, in fact, provide worthwhile information. However, as
the black fiber was flattened with the roller ball, dropout occurred in peak 1. In addition,
the diameter range increased drastically as the fiber was flattened. The range of
diameters for the twenty-five partially flattened fibers was 67.8 um (125.5 um-57.7um).
The range of diameters for the pressed fibers was also 67.8um (150.6um-82.8um).
However, there was no direct correlation between diameter increase and absorbance
value change. In fact, the partially flattened and pressed flat absorbance values were very

similar. Thus, no good information can be deducted from the analysis of the black fiber.

35

Purple fiber #14 was chosen next for analysis. Fiber #14, Advanced Generation
Aladdin Networks 493 Royal Purple, was medium colored. It had optimal peak ranges,
geat absorbance values and diameter ranges that consistently increased as the fibers were

flattened. Table 8 shows the data for fiber #14.

Table 8-Data From Purple Fiber #14

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #14
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Diameter Range
(in nmL (in run) (in nm) (in pm)
Unflattened 410-415 551-556 636-641 502-628
Part. Flat Dropout 552-556 638-641 65.3-92.9
Press. Flat Dropout 554-556 638-641 92.9-125.5
Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3
Unflattened 1.22-1.36 1.25-1.56 1.15-1.26
Part. Flat Dropout .48-.65 .40-.46
Press. Flat Dropout .30-.55 .25-.42

 

Fiber #14 had three well defined peaks. Unfortunately, peak 1 experienced dropout at the
partially flattened stage. Despite this, almost every spectrum was indistinguishable,
overlapping each other in all parts of the curve. Peak 2 and peak 3 were very
reproducible. In addition, with each stage of flattening, the absorbance values and
diameter ranges increased consistently. The results were the same for purple fibers #43-
45, as well, because these fibers were moderately colored also. The moderate to medium
colored purple fibers gave great results. However, fibers #17 and #38, which were a light
shade of violet, did not produce quality spectra. There were no distinct peaks observed

for these fibers.

36

The next fiber analyzed was Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 596
Sapphire Blue (fiber #15). This fiber had three major peaks. Dropout occuncd in the
partially flattened portion of peak 1. Despite this, fiber #15 was a good fiber to analyze.
There were fifteen different fibers that were categorized as blue for this study. Although
they were categorized as blue, the perception of their color was subjective. Table 9

shows the data for fiber #15

Table 9-Data From Blue Fiber #15

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #15
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Diameter Range
(in am) (in nm) (in run) (in pm)
Unflattened 400-402 553-555 640-643 45.2-67.8
Part. Flat Dropout 552-557 640-644 67.8-85.3
Press. Flat Dropout 556 642-645 904-1381
Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3
Unflattened 1.16-1.28 1.30-1.47 1.40-1.55
Part. Flat Dropout .77-.94 .73-.83
Press. Flat Dropout .35-.42 .25-.44

 

The peak range for fiber #15 was optimal, separated at most by Snm. The range of
absorbance values and diameters provided useful information for the unflattened and
partially flattened fibers. For the unflattened fibers, the diameter range was only 22.6p.m
(67.8um-45.2p.m) while the absorbance values ranged from 1.35-1.54. As the fiber was
flattened, it became less absorbent. The pressed flat fiber #15 appeared extremely flat
under the microscope. However, it was still useful enough to provide a good absorbance

value. Despite the good absorbance values, the range of diameters was from 90.4um-

37

138.1um. This was a difference of 47.7um between the thinnest and thickest diameter of
pressed flat fibers. Thus, the diameter range was not sufficiently similar for comparison.
Just as the black fiber #13 did not provide any significant data, the gay fiber
(fiber #16) was not very useful. Fiber #16, Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 989
Clear Gray, did not have any well defined peaks. Although there was no dropout of
peaks in this fiber, it appeared as though the spectra were full of noise. The spectra were
jagged, not smooth lines as most of the other spectra were. Table 10 shows the date from

fiber #16.

Table Ill-Data From Gray Fiber #16

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #16
Peak 1 Diameter Range
(in w) (in run)
Unflattened 636-638 42.7-57 .7
Part. Flat 635-640 62.8-80.3
Press. Flat 637-640 879-1130
Abs.
Range
Peak 1
Unflattened .91-1 .08
Part. Flat .65-.76
Press. Flat .25-.35

 

Although fi'om the data in Table 10 it appears as though gay might provide useful data,
this was not the case. From the outset, the absorbance values were much lower than for
the other colors analyzed. The unflattened fibers had a maximum absorbance value of
1.10. This was much lower than the absorbance value for the different colored
unflattened fibers. In addition, the absorbance values for the pressed flat fiber were very

low, showing that most of the light was transmitted through the fiber. This signified that

38

the color gay is too dispersed within the fiber to absorb much light when it was pressed

flat.

The geen colored fibers covered a wide range of shades which, in turn, covered a
wide range of absorbance values. Fiber #21, Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks
696 Intense Emerald geen, had three noticeable peaks when scanned. Dropout occurred

in the pressed flat spectra of peak 1. See Table 11 for data regarding fiber #21.

Table l l-Data From Green Fiber #21

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #21
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Diameter Range
(in run) (in nm) (in am) (in um)
Unflattened 425-427 592-595 640-645 47.7-55.2
Part. Flat 422-425 596-597 641-643 60.2-92.9
Press. Flat Dropout 593-597 640-645 879-1280
Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3
Unflattened 1.10-1.34 1.12-1.29 1.16-1.32
Part. Flat .75-.98 .62-.77 .64-.77
Press. Flat Dropout .48-.71 .44-.56

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The final color analyzed was brown. Fiber #42, Dimension Carpet 30 Pine
Needle Brown, was chosen for analysis. All brown fibers were extremely difficult to
analyze due to their light shades. Although three peaks were observed, none of which
had any dropout, the spectra were jagged and appeared to look more like straight lines

than spectral curves. Table 12 shows the data for fiber #42.

39

Table 12-Data From Brown Fiber #42

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber #42
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Diameter Range
(in run) (in am) (in run) (in pm)
Unflattened 428-433 557-559 638-640 40.2-52.7
Part. Flat 430-433 558-560 637-640 703-1029
Press. Flat 430-433 555-559 636-641 828-1280
Abs. Abs. Abs.
Range Range Range
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3
Unflattened 1.31-1.45 1.12-l.20 1.02-1.12
Part. Flat .91-1.02 .71-.78 .60-.65
Press. Flat .35-.43 .21-.26 .18-.24

 

The range of peak values for all three stages of flattening fell between 555-560nm.

However, the pressed flat absorbance values were almost negligible. In addition, the

range of diameters is enormous, possibly causing the data to be skewed.

40

 

CONCLUSIONS

gm; 9f Diameter Range

Understanding how the diameter increased as the fiber was flattened was one goal
of this study. Could the increase in diameter width be consistent enough throughout
analysis of all fifty-one carpet samples to draw any correlations? As the fiber was
flattened at each stage, the diameter increased which lead to a decreased absorbance
value. One would expect the diameter increase and absorbance decrease to have a linear
relationship, meaning that, as one increases, the other decreases rmiformly. However,
this was not the case. Thus, the increase in diameter width was not consistent enough
throughout analysis to draw any correlations.

The reason no correlations were able to be made was because not every fiber from
a particular carpet sample had the same diameter measurement. For example, as noted in
Table 13, fiber #13 had pre-flattening measurements that ranged fi'om 50.2 pm to 62.8
pm, with no two fiber diameters having the same measurement. The result was an

average fiber diameter, prior to any flattening, of 56.7um.

41

Table l3-Diameter Measurements for Fiber #13(in um)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pre-Flattening Partially Flattened Pressed Flat
Sample #1 52.7 62.8 82.8
Sample #2 57.7 87.9 126
Sample #3 62.8 126 151
Sample #4 60.2 62.8 92.9
Sample #5 50.2 57.7 138
Average 56.7 79.3 118

 

 

 

 

 

As can be seen from Table 13, the partially flat and pressed flat diameters
increased, but not uniformly. The partially flattened average was 79.3um and the pressed
flat average diameter was 118nm. This is an increase of 22.6um and 38.7um with each
flattening. The reason for the irregular diameter increase as the fibers were flattened is
that, although the measurements were made randomly, the selection of where to measure
was subjectively done. This means that despite sections of the fiber being randomly
chosen for analysis, they were chosen by the human hand, and thus, the analysis had a
subjective tone. In addition, for some samples, the diameters covered such a wide range
of values that the average calculation might be skewed, either higher or lower, reflecting
an average that is not representative of the majority of sample fibers. For example, the
partially flattened diameter reading for sample #3 of fiber #13 (Advanced Generation
Aladdin Networks 998 Jet Black fiber), was measured at 126nm. However, the average

diameter of the partially flattened samples was calculated to be 79.3um. This means that

42

some samples must measure well below the average to offset this geat discrepancy. The
same holds true for the pressed flat samples of fiber #13. While the average of all
pressed flat samples for fiber #13 were averaged to be 118nm, sample #1 was measured
at only 82.8 pm. This is a difference of 35.2 um (118um-82.8um). In addition, sample
#3 of the pressed flat fibers was measured at 151 pm, a difference of 33 um (I 51 um -

118nm).

Swal Ana_lysis of Peaks
Another aspect of this study involved what affect flattening bad, if any, on

the spectra of each fiber. This research revealed that the spectra, as taken with an S.E.E.
1000 Microspectrophotometer, did not vary much as flattening progressed. The intensity
of the absorbed spectra diminished, as expected, with flattening. However, the spectra
themselves did not change. There was no shift in peaks observed for any of the carpet
samples. However, there were several instances where dropout of a peak occurred.
Dropout is the disappearance of a peak as flattening progesses. Dropout was observed in
52.9% (27 out of 51) carpet samples. Twenty cases of dropout occurred in the partially
flat stage while seven cases of dropout occurred in the pressed flat stage. In addition,
dropout occurred in every color except for gray. However, only one gay fiber was
analyzed, and therefore, no conclusions can be drawn from this.

Just as one would expect, the more “stretched out” or flattened the fiber became,
the less absorbent it became (See Figure #23 in Appendix F for an example of 3
Comparison Spectra). Figure #23, shows the comparison spectra for sample fiber #20,

Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 565 Teal Blue fiber. Prior to flattening, the

43

spectrum shows absorbance peaking at 1.46 for peak 3. After partially flattening, the
absorbance peaks around 0.83 for this peak. Finally, after being pressed flat, the
spectrum of the fiber shows an absorbance value of .59 for peak 3. As you can see by
looking at the data in Figure #23, as the fiber is flattened through each of the three stages,
the absorbance of that fiber decreases. However, as Figure #23 demonstrates, peak 1
drops out of the spectra as the fiber is flattened. Although there is no shift in peaks, the
dropping out of a peak is important, as it influences the order of analysis for the forensic
scientist.

The main goal of this research was to address the question of whether or not
flattening had on effect on the visible spectra of nylon carpet fibers. If flattening did
have an effect, then the order of analysis for forensic scientists would be important. If
flattening did not have an effect, then the order of analysis was not important. The results
of this research revealed that flattening does have an effect on the visible spectra of nylon
carpet fibers as studied through microspectrophotometry. Therefore, the order of
analysis is quite important. Because dropout occurred in 52.9% of samples as they were
flattened, visible mircrospectrophotometry must be completed before infiared
spectroscopy. In addition, in forensic cases where the unknown fiber is flat, one would

want to flatten the known to the same extent, if possible, as the unknown.

DISCUSSION

From this research it was determined that peak shifting did not occur in any of the
fibers. In addition, the majority of comparison spectra show that despite being flattened,
either partially with a roller ball or completely with a pellet press, the spectra still
produce adequate results, thus allowing a fiber to be analyzed successfully. However, the
fact that 52.9% (27 out of 51 fibers) experienced peak dropout in either the partially
flattened or pressed flat stage is indicative that the order of analysis is rather important.
Microspectrophotometry must be completed prior to infiared spectroscopy or the result
may be a loss of data, which could have gave consequences for the forensic scientist.

Although there was considerable amount of dropout experienced, the results of
this project open several more opportunities for research. Projects focusing solely on one
color will be beneficial as they will assist in determining if the color, or shade of color,
has implications on testing. Whereas lighter colored fibers become more difficult to test
as they are flattened due to dropout, it’s possible that darker shades of fibers may not
experience dropout as often. Dropout occurred more fi'equently for lightly shaded colors.
However, dropout was also observed for dark shades. If the fiber is light colored or
lightly shaded, then the order of testing appears may be more critical than for darker
shades. Based on this research, no conclusions can be made regarding degee of shading
and dropout. Testing on a larger scale will assist in answering this question.

Also, a project which studies flattening at predetermined levels will allow one to
determine if flattening does not have an effect on the visible spectra until a certain point.
Thus, future research may conclude that the order of analysis may be important only after

a certain degee of flattening.

45

Future testing may assist in mandating laboratory protocols for the analysis of
fibers. This research has resulted in the determination that order of analysis is important.

Failure to conduct analysis in the correct order may result in the loss of data.

APPENDICES

47

APPENDIX A

Fiber Number and Manufacturer Information

48

Table 1- Fiber Number and Manufacturer Information

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber # Egg:

1 Horizon Creations 519 Pasture Green

2 Horizon Creations 5770 Byzantine Red

3 Dupont Stainmaster Xtra Life 601 Big Apple Red

4 Dupont Stainmaster Xtra Life G02 Cherry Glaze Red

5 Hamilton Carpet Mills 23 Ming Red

6 Dupont Stainmaster Xtra Life G31 Nightfall Blue

7 Horizon Creations 6928 Virginia Blue

8 Horizon Creations 6927 Summer Sky Blue

9 Horizon Creations 520 Chameleon Green

10 Hamilton Carpet Mills 32 Blue Night Blue

11 Hamilton Carpet Mills 35 Lawn Party Green

12 Horizon Creations 519 Underbrush Green

13 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 998 Jet Black

14 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 493 Royal Purple

15 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 596 Sapphire Blue

16 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 989 Clear Gray

17 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 464 Dusty Violet(purple)
18 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 525 Montego Bay Blue
19 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 594 Flag Blue

20 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 565 Teal Blue

21 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 696 Intense Emerald Green
22 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 555 Cayman Blue

23 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 566 Catalina Turquoise
24 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 684 Blue Spruce Green
25 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 575 Grecian Blue

26 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 645 Aquarelle Blue

27 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 671 Windsor Green

28 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 698 Laurel Green

29 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 892 Chocolate Brown
30 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 152 Wild Honey Brown
31 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 636 Moss Green

32 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 898 Rich Walnut Brown

 

49

 

Table 1(cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

QM “—5121!-

33 Advanced Gengeration Aladdin Networks 383 Cardinal Red

34 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 394 Cranberry Wine Red
35 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 262 Russet Red

36 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 252 Coronado Coral Red
37 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 364 Rhubarb Red

38 Advanced Generation Aladdin Networks 458 Wild Violet(purple)
39 Dimension Carpet 28 Grenadine Red

40 Dimension Carpet 32 Chili Red

41 Dimension Carpet 31 Tea Leaf Red

42 Dimension Carpet 30 Pine Needle Brown

43 Dimension Carpet 27 Royal Plum Purple

44 Dimension Carpet 26 Wildflower Purple

45 Dimension Carpet 25 Lavender Purple

46 Dimension Carpet 29 Stage Coach Green

47 Dimension Carpet 24 Mediterranean Blue

48 Dimension Carpet 18 Newport Blue

49 Dimension Carpet l7 Atlantis Blue

50 Dimension Carpet 14 Hemlock Green

51 Dimension Carpet 15 Wood Duck Green

 

50

 

APPENDIX B

Carpet Samples Arranged by Color

51

Table 2-Carpet Samples Arranged by Color

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sample Color Manufacturer Fiber #

Green HC 519 Pasture 1
HC 520 Chameleon 9

HCM 35 Lawn Party 11

HC 519 Underbrush 12

AN 696 Intense Emerald 21

AN 684 Blue Spruce 24

AN 671 Windsor 27

AN 698 Laurel 28

AN 636 Moss 31

DC 29 Stage Coach 46

DC 14 Hemlock 50

DC 13 Wood Duck 51

Red HC 5770 Byzantine 2
DS G01 Big Apple 3

DS G02 Cherry Glaze 4

HCM 23 Ming 5

AN 383 Cardinal 33

AN 394 Cranberry Wine 34

AN 262 Russet 35

AN 252 Coronado Coral 36

AN 364 Rhubarb 37

DC 28 Grenadine 39

DC 32 Chili 40

DC 31 Tea Leaf 41

Black/Gray AN 998 Jet Black 13

AN 989 Clear Gray 16

Purple AN 493 Royal 14

AN 464 Dusty Violet 17

AN 458 Wild Violet 38

DC 27 Royal Plum 43

DC 26 Wildflower 44

DC 25 Lavender 45

 

52

 

 

Table 2 (cont’d.)

 

 

 

 

 

Sample Color Manufacturer Fiber #

Brown AN 892 Chocolate 29
AN 152 Wild Honey 30

AN 898 Rich Walnut 32

DC 30 Pine Needle 42
Blue DS G31 Nightfall 6
HC 6928 Virginia 7
HC 6927 Summer Sky 8

HCM 32 Blue Night 10

AN 596 Sapphire 15

AN 525 Montego Bay 18

AN 594 Flag 19

AN 565 Teal 20

AN 555 Cayman 22

AN 566 Catalina Turq. 23

AN 575 Grecian 25

AN 645 Aquarelle 26

DC 24 Mediterranean 47

DC 18 Newport 48

DC 17 Atlantis 49

 

AN =Aladdin Networks
DC=Dimension Carpet

DS=Dupont Stainmaster

HC=Horizon Creations
HCM=Hamilton Carpet Mills

53

 

 

APPENDIX C

Diameter Measurements for the Five Fibers at Each Stage of Flattening

54

Table 3-Diameter Measurements for the Five Fibers at Each Stage of Flattening(in urn)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unflattened Partially Flattened Pressed Flat

Fiber #1 Sample #1 50.2 60.2 1 15.5
Sample #2 47.7 62.8 120.5

Sample #3 47.7 87.9 125.5
Sample #4 50.2 67.8 150.6

Sample #5 50.2 72.8 130.5
Averagep 49.2 70.3 128.5
Fiber #2 Sample #1 55.2 95.4 1 13.0
Sample #2 50.2 102.9 110.4
Sample #3 52.7 65.3 107.9
Sample #4 50.2 70.3 128.0
Sample #5 52.7 95.4 100.4
Average_ 52.2 85.8 111.9
Fiber #3 Sample #1 42.7 70.3 1 18.0
Sample #2 50.2 67.8 125.5

Sample #3 52.7 87.9 92.9
Sample #4 50.2 87 .9 1 10.4
Sample #5 42.7 65.3 105.4
Averggep 47.7 75.8 110.4

Fiber #4 Sample #1 45.2 75.3 92.9
Sample #2 47.7 55.2 82.8

Sample #3 42.7 65.8 125.5

Sample #4 37.7 80.3 100.4

Sample #5 40.2 67.8 82.8

Averpge 42.7 68.9 96.9

Fiber #5 Sample #1 42.7 80.3 92.9
Sample #2 37.7 72.8 100.4

Sample #3 45.2 80.3 92.9

Sample #4 45.2 67.8 102.9
Sample #5 37.7 82.8 100.4

Averpge 41.7 76.8 97.9

Fiber #6 Sample #1 37.7 57.7 70.3
Sample #2 42.7 72.8 90.4

Sample #3 42.7 65.3 85.3

Sample #4 37 .7 60.2 92.9

Sample #5 40.2 55.2 87.9

Average 40.2 62.2 85.3

 

 

 

 

 

55

 

Table 3 (Cont)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unflattened Partially Flattened Pressed Flat

Fiber #7 Sample #1 32.6 80.3 105.4
Sample #2 37.7 92.9 125.5
Sample #3 35.1 90.4 102.9
Sample #4 37.7 100.4 113.0
Sample #5 37.7 87.9 123.0
Average 36.1 90.4 114.0
Fiber #8 Sample #1 37.7 62.8 100.4
Sample #2 37.7 100.4 110.4
Sample #3 37.7 67.8 100.4

Sample #4 37.7 75.3 130.5

Sample #5 35.1 67 .8 77.8
Averagep 37.1 74.8 103.9
Fiber #9 Sample #1 42.7 80.3 1 13.0
Sample #2 42.7 100.4 107.9

Sample #3 42.7 70.3 125.5

Sample #4 45.2 65.3 107.9

Sample #5 45.2 95.4 153.1

Avergge 43.7 82.3 121.5

Fiber #10 Sample #1 40.2 75.3 1 15.5
Sample #2 42.7 55.2 105.4

Sample #3 42.7 60.2 75.3
Sample #4 47.7 55.2 113.0
Sample #5 45.2 60.2 113.0
Average 43.7 61.2 104.4
Fiber #11 Sample #1 40.2 65.3 100.4
Sample #2 40.2 65.3 100.4

Sample #3 42.7 57.7 85.3

Sample #4 42.7 70.3 87.9

Sample #5 45.2 65.3 82.8

Average 42.2 64.8 91.4
Fiber #12 Sample #1 47.7 87.9 123.0
Sample #2 45.2 65.3 115.5

Sample #3 45.2 87.9 120.5

Sample #4 47.7 82.8 125.5
Sample #5 50.2 95.4 150.6
Averpage 47.2 83.8 127.0

 

 

 

 

 

56

 

Table 3 (Cont)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unflattened Partially Flattened Pressed Flat

Fiber #13 Sample #1 52.7 62.8 82.8
Sample #2 57.7 87.9 125.5

Sample #3 62.8 125.5 150.6

Sample #4 60.2 62.8 92.9

Sample #5 50.2 57.7 138.1

Average 56.7 79.3 118.0

Fiber #14 Sample #1 52.7 77.8 1 13.0
Sample #2 50.2 80.3 92.9

Sample #3 50.2 90.4 125.5

Sample #4 62.8 92.9 107.9

Sample #5 62.8 65.3 100.4

Aveme 55.7 81.3 107 .9

Fiber #15 Sample #1 55.2 80.3 115.5
Sample #2 47 .7 67.8 138.1

Sample #3 45.2 70.3 90.4

Sample #4 57.7 85.3 100.4

Sample #5 67.8 80.3 100.4

Averpge 54.7 76.8 108.9

Fiber #16 Sample #1 42.7 72.8 100.4
Sample #2 57.7 70.3 113.0

Sample #3 55.2 62.8 87.9

Sample #4 57.7 67.8 100.4

Sample #5 55.2 80.3 105.4

Average 53.7 70.8 101.4

Fiber #17 Sample #1 47.7 92.9 125.5
Sample #2 62.8 87.9 138.1

Sample #3 47.7 65.3 113.0

Sample #4 47.7 67.8 107.9

Sample #5 50.2 85.3 95.4

Avergge 51.2 79.8 116.0

Fiber #18 Sample #1 47 .7 70.3 100.4
Sample #2 42.7 80.3 125.5

Sample #3 62.8 82.8 95.4

Sample #4 50.2 100.4 95.4

Sample #5 70.3 90.4 125.5

Average_ 54.7 84.8 108.4

 

 

 

 

 

57

 

Table 3 (Cont)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unilattened Partially Flattened Pressed Flat

Fiber #19 Sample #1 55.2 75.3 95.4
Sample #2 55.2 65.3 105.4

Sample #3 40.2 57 .7 87.9

Sample #4 47.7 67 .8 97.9

Sample #5 57.7 87.9 105.4

Averagg 51.2 70.8 98.4

Fiber #20 Samfi #1 52.7 72.8 90.4
Sample #2 47.7 72.8 118.0

Sample #3 52.7 75.3 100.4

Sample #4 55.2 75.3 113.0

Sample #5 50.2 87.9 125.5

Averag 51.7 76.8 109.4

Fiber #21 Sample #1 52.7 67 .8 128.0
Sample #2 47.7 60.2 1 13.0

Sample #3 52.7 70.3 1 18.0

Sample #4 55.2 90.4 87.9

Sample #5 52.7 92.9 95.4

Average 52.2 76.3 108.4

Fiber #22 Sample #1 55.2 80.3 138.1
Sample #2 67.8 100.4 1 18.0

Sample #3 50.2 72.8 113.0

Sample #4 52.7 105.4 113.0

Sample #5 52.7 82.8 150.6

Averagg 55.7 88.4 126.5

Fiber #23 Sample #1 57.7 107 .9 125.5
Sample #2 57.7 92.9 107.9
Sample #3 52.7 102.9 113.0

Sample #4 55.2 115.5 130.5

Sample #5 57.7 92.9 120.5

Average 56.2 102.4 119.5

Fiber #24 Sample #1 55.2 90.4 125.5
Sample #2 52.7 87.9 125.5

Sample #3 60.2 85.3 107.9

Sample #4 47.7 65.3 125.5

Sample #5 60.2 107.9 135.5

Avegge 55.2 87.3 124.0

 

 

 

 

 

58

 

Table 3 (Cont)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unflattened Partially Flattened Pressed Flat
Fiber #25 Saryle #1 52.7 92.9 130.5
Sample #2 57.7 87.9 130.5
Sample #3 47.7 87.9 100.4
Sample #4 52.7 102.9 113.0
Sample #5 60.2 87.9 102.9
Average 54.2 91.9 115.5
Fiber #26 Sample #1 50.2 87.9 105.4
Sample #2 50.2 92.9 112.9
Sample #3 47.7 87.9 112.9
Sanprle #4 50.2 75.3 105.4
Sample #5 60.2 112.9 125.5
Average_ 51.7 91.4 112.4
Fiber #27 Sample #1 52.7 100.4 105.4
Sample #2 57 .7 87.9 100.4
Sample #3 60.2 100.4 115.5
Sample #4 57.7 138.1 150.6
Sample #5 52.7 125.5 133.0
Average 56.2 110.4 121.0
Fiber #28 Sample #1 57 .7 100.4 113.0
Sample #2 55.2 97.9 1 10.4
Sample #3 60.2 105.4 115.5
Sample #4 52.7 95.4 105.4
Sample #5 55.2 100.4 113.0
Average; 56.2 99.9 111.4
Fiber #29 Sample #1 50.2 95.4 107 .9
Sample #2 47.7 95.4 107.9
Sample #3 55.2 102.9 118.0
Sample #4 55.2 125.5 138.1
Sample #5 47.7 90.4 105.4
Average 51.2 101.9 115.5
Fiber #30 Sample #1 45.2 95.4 105.4
Sample #2 47.7 95.4 107.9
Sample #3 55.2 125.5 130.5
Sample #4 55.2 87.9 97.9
Sample #5 62.8 105.4 113.0
Averpge 53.2 101.9 110.9

 

 

 

 

 

59

 

Table 3 (Cont)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unflattened Partially Flattened Pressed Flat

Fiber #31 Sample #1 60.2 113.0 120.5
Sample #2 55.2 100.4 115.5

Sample #3 60.2 95.4 105.4

Sample #4 62.8 92.9 105.4

Sample #5 57.7 105.4 125.5

Average 59.2 101.4 114.5

Fiber #32 Sample #1 70.3 138.1 145.6
Sample #2 55.2 87.9 102.9

SamJle #3 55.2 113.0 123.0

Sample #4 50.2 100.4 115.5

Sample #5 62.8 105.4 120.5

Averagg 58.7 108.9 121.5

Fiber #33 Sample #1 55.2 77.8 90.4
Sample #2 50.2 1 18.0

Sample #3 55.2 100.4 113.0

Sample #4 50.2 97 .9 105.4

Sample #5 57.7 100.4 113.0

Average_ 53.7 97 .9 107 .9

Fiber #34 Sample #1 55.2 100.4 1 10.4
Sample #2 50.2 102.9 1 13.0

Sample #3 55.2 97.9 107.9

Sample #4 52.7 107.9 120.5

Sample #5 60.2 105.4 115.5

Averggg 54.7 102.9 113.5

Fiber #35 Sample #1 55.2 87.9 97.9
Sample #2 60.2 80.3 90.4

Sample #3 50.2 77 .8 87.9

Sample #4 55.2 87.9 97.9

Sample #5 55.2 90.4 100.4

Average 55.2 84.8 94.9

Fiber #36 Sample #1 57.7 100.4 1 13.0
Sample #2 55.2 97 .9 107.9

Sample #3 52.7 95.4 107.9

Sample #4 57 .7 102.9 118.0

Sample #5 62.8 100.4 1 13.0

Averajg 57.2 99.4 11 1.9

 

 

 

 

 

60

 

\2~:--

 

Table 3 (Cont)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unflattened Partially Flattened Pressed Flat

Fiber #37 Sample #1 62.8 92.9 102.9
Sample #2 52.7 80.3 95.4
Sample #3 57 .7 95.4 105.4

Sample #4 50.2 75.3 92.9

Sample #5 50.2 72.8 92.9

Average_ 54.7 83.3 97 .9
Fiber #38 Sample #1 52.7 95.4 1 10.4
Sample #2 57 .7 97.9 110.4

Sample #3 60.2 105.4 125.5
Sample #4 55.2 92.9 105.4

Sample #5 65.3 90.4 102.9
Avergge 58.2 96.4 1 10.9

Fiber #39 Sample #1 55.2 82.8 90.4
Sample #2 60.2 72.8 97.9
Sample #3 52.7 70.3 113.0

Sarmle #4 62.8 107.9 110.4

Sample #5 62.8 75.3 150.6
Average 58.7 81.8 112.4
Fiber #40 Sample #1 40.2 92.9 110.4
Sample #2 50.2 107.9
Smle #3 42.7 65.3 105.4

Sample #4 62.8 102.9 115.5

Sample #5 70.3 75.3 95.4

Average 53.2 87 .9 106.9

Fiber #41 Sample #1 52.7 90.4 95.4
Sample #2 42.7 80.3 100.4

Sample #3 40.2 82.8 97.9

Sample #4 50.2 80.3 125.5

Sample #5 55.2 90.4 148.1

Averlrge 48.2 84.8 113.5
Fiber #42 Sample #1 45.2 102.9 128.0
Sample #2 40.2 75.3 100.4
Sample #3 45.2 92.9 105.4

Sample #4 50.2 70.7 82.8

Sample #5 52.7 77.8 87.9

Average 46.7 83.8 100.9

 

 

 

 

 

61

 

 

Table 3 (Cont)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unflattened Partially Flattened Pressed Flat

Fiber #43 Sample #1 52.7 75.3 90.4
Sample #2 42.7 95.4 107.9

Sample #3 47.7 95.4 105.4

Sample #4 50.2 100.4 143.1

Sample #5 50.2 87.9 97.9

Average 48.7 90.9 108.9

Fiber #44 Sample #1 42.7 113.0 135.5
Sample #2 50.2 1 13.0 125.5

Sample #3 50.2 77.8 100.4

Sample #4 45.2 85.3 100.4

Sample #5 45.2 100.4 140.6

Average_ 46.7 97 .9 120.5

Fiber #45 Sample #1 45.2 87.9 95.4
Sample #2 45.2 100.4 118.0

Sample #3 50.2 92.9 105.4

Sample #4 55.2 87.9 95.4

Sample #5 42.7 90.4 100.4

Average 47.7 91.9 102.9

Fiber #46 Sample #1 50.2 107.9 123.0
Sample #2 42.7 80.3 100.4

Sample #3 40.2 67.8 100.4

Sample #4 50.2 105.4 1 13.0

Sample #5 52.7 100.4 113.0

Average 47.2 92.4 109.9

Fiber #47 Sample #1 47.7 70.3 95.4
Sample #2 45.2 75.3 105.4

Sample #3 47.7 105.4 118.0

Sample #4 45.2 107 .9 1 15.5

Sample #5 42.7 87.9 100.4

Avergge 45.7 89.4 106.9

Fiber #48 Sample #1 47.7 82.8 100.4
Sample #2 52.7 102.9 115.5

Sample #3 45.2 85.3 100.4

Sample #4 47 .7 82.8 102.9

Sample #5 55.2 95.4 107 .9

Average 49.7 89.9 105.4

 

 

 

 

 

62

 

Table 3 (Cont)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unflattened Partially Flattened Pressed Flat

Fiber #49 Sample #1 42.7 95.4 1 18.0
Sample #2 45.2 100.4 105.4

Sample #3 45.2 85.3 100.4

Sample #4 42.7 87.9 100.4

Sample #5 42.7 85.3 100.4

Average 43.7 90.9 104.9

Fiber #50 Sample #1 42.7 90.4 100.4
Sample #2 50.2 90.4 95.4

Sample #3 50.2 102.9 123.0

Sample #4 50.2 85.3 105.4

Sample #5 47.7 105.4 125.5

Average 48.2 94.9 109.9

Fiber #51 Sample #1 47.7 125.5 150.6
Sample #2 47.7 87.9 107.9

Sample #3 30.1 100.4 1 15.5

Sample #4 50.2 100.4 125.5

Sample #5 42.7 90.4 102.9

Average 43.7 100.9 120.5

 

 

 

 

 

63

 

APPENDIX D

Average Diameter Length at Each Stage of F lattening

Table 4- Average Diameter Length at Each Stage of F lattening(in um)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber # Unflattened Partially Flattened Pressed Flat
1 49.2 70.3 129
2 52.2 85.8 112
3 4737 75.8 111
4 42.7 68.9 96.9
5 41.7 76.8 97.9
6 40.2 62.2 85.3
7 36.1 90.4 114
8 37.1 74.8 104
9 43.7 82.3 121
10 43.7 61.2 104
11 42.2 64.8 91.4
12 47.2 83.8 127
13 56.7 79.3 118
14 55.7 81.3 108
15 54.7 76.8 109
16 53.7 70.8 101
17 51.2 79.8 116
18 54.7 84.8 108
19 54.2 70.8 98.4

20 51.7 76.8 109
21 52.2 76.3 108
22 55.7 88.4 127
23 56.2 102 119
24 55.2 87.3 124
25 54.2 91.9 115
26 51.7 91.4 112
27 56.2 111 1221
28 56.2 99.9 111
29 51.2 102 115
30 53.2 102 111
31 59.2 101 114
32 58.7 109 121
33 53.7 97.9 108
34 54.7 103 113
35 55.2 84.8 94.9
36 57.2 99.4 112
37 54.7 83.3 97.9
38 58.2 96.4 111
39 58.7 81.8 112
40 53.2 87.9 107

 

 

 

 

65

 

Table 4 (cont.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fiber # Unflattened PartiallpFlattened Pressed Flat
41 48.2 84.8 1 13
42 46.7 83.8 101
43 48.7 90.9 109
44 46.7 97.9 121
45 47.7 91.9 103
46 47.2 92.4 109
47 45.7 89.4 107
48 49.7 89.9 105
49 43.7 90.9 105
50 48.2 94.9 109
51 43.7 101 121

 

 

 

 

66

 

APPENDIX E

Examples of Averaged Spectra for All Sample Scans of Fiber #3
(Dupont Stainmaster Xtra Life 601 Big Apple Red Fiber)

at Each Stage of F lattening

67

Figure #1 -Average of All Unflattened Dupont Stainmaster
XtraLife G01 Big Apple Red Sample Fibers

macaw—coca:

ohm 08 con. con 93 80 can com on! 03

 

 

_\

 

- ‘I ll'l. ‘Il‘l
\ III

a
II'
I

--
-f

I It
I
I...
.I’ I

’-

/..
//,/\

use“. 8m «3% 9m So
8583“ 3395.23» «c095 vacate-E: =< no 052024

:0...

. N...

- VJ.

 

 

aoueqrosqv

68

Figure #2-Average of All Partially Flattened Dupont Stainmaster

XtraLife G01 Big Apple Red Sample Fibers

93080.82

 

 

one 8.» on.» 8+ one cow 8m... 8m 8w 8.4 u.
.513)... lift/x.
.,-/ - n.
,...
.,
f I Q
a
/. .....
r. /.//r m.
M
38E 8m 2%? 9m / c
30 8323“ .3925:ch E095 / \ o.
Bases". 25:8 .2 co 8293 / .

 

 

 

aoueqrosqv

69

Figure #3-Average of All Pressed Flat Dupont Stainmaster
XtraLife G01 Big Apple Red Sample Fibers

”EOHOEOCNZ

 

own cow. em:H 8+ omw 8o. own. can one 02.
.q 1 m—.-
Hittite}..- - on.
.\ /,./.
{it’ll/Ix 1m“-
/
/ .. on
M, a
. ..///
/ .. ov
/ /
28... .8: / .
2...? 9m So £4.23. assess.» //\ .9.
«cacao as". panache =< cc 8802‘

 

 

 

aoueqrosqv

7O

APPENDIX F

Comparison Spectra of Unflattened, Partially Flattened

and Pressed Flat Sample Fibers

71

Figure #4-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #1

ecouoEoeez

 

 

 

 

on» 8.» 8*. 2:. 8a 8» cm.» 8m 3w 8w
1 HE 332....
ll. :1-..---!ll|ll.|ll.l.....l/.. a
ill filiaii..-l.l.|..lll..||ullf li/x/
if. I! 85%.“. 25......
1......r : llullllllllllllililiflfl/r l- li|l\\1
85:22:

 

88on 8823 E cont

 

 

m6

o._.

m._.

9N

aoueqrosqv

72

Figure #5-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #2

9305052

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

000 00.0 00.5 035 00.0 00.0 0M0 00.0 00.? 00.? 0
/ I so
ll. - Ila-...l:ii :2". common“. 1
/ ,_/
vacate:— >=£tcn /rlll\\\\|l:...--.ll\
\ I ...., .
/ /./tllu lutllrlrrllil-ff-lulll\rl O P
000056—503
I 0...
«=0ch ouflc>< «a hoe“.

 

 

0N

 

73

Figure #6-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #3

3308052

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

one 8.» on.» 3.» one Be Be co.» one 84
11-1. 1/ NH.-.
w 5.... oomeoi cocoa!"— 2.3:!"—
T11 Il -lifrlrirft
/
concrete:

 

/.
/ .
/ ii/l.\\
/.//|\

Steam cmEc>< 0% cont

0.0

. 0...

-0.—.

 

0d

 

aoueqrosqv

74

Figure #7 -Comparison Spectra of Fiber #4

on» 3m

macaw—coca:

3.. 2.. s...

8» 3m 8.» one £4.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

o
.2". 03on
W1 l l lllll IHHHHHHHU/ {W -
/ L.
85%.". 25:8
x\ I l/ .
/ -..---|-.....l,.:.,..,-.l\r-2
85:22:
1 3
«=0on caflo>< 3. con.“—
3.

 

 

aoueqrosqv

75

Figure #8-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #5

WHOM—0:50:02

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

on» 3.» 9.2. 8.» 8.0 one 3m com 3.4 8% o
E“. comma... . .
85%.". 2.3%.. m
\lil Ilfrflllllf,
/,

/ ill...

/.-ili\\l r°.—.
coaster—c:
. a...
«beam oqu>< ma non."—

 

 

0N

 

aoueqrosqv

76

Figure #9-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #6

 

059—050—502

 

 

 

 

one can on.» com com 8% cm“ 8m on 8.: o
it}; ../!//./I III: rilllllllllll III/I
\tll... ll x...,// l -I ill if}. m6
_ .,/.,ll.l 111.111..- if, .....

«at commoi _ -/./
\llll. // 85:2“. 2.2:8 .
\ // I..././ I o F

/ /.
/ x,
/ / \I z/
.1. § ,
cocoa—2:5 - m...
«bosom ouflo>< on .09“.

 

 

0N

 

aoueqrosqv

77

Figure #1 O-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #7

mHQ—OEOCNZ

 

 

 

 

08 com 8a. 2:. one o8 8m 8» one 84
r\ III Jlflr/tlffrl Illl. . .Ilr llllllllrllllllllr. If I r fruition o
/ . m...
E."— commend
.\ -..--...--|-II II...
rllllil! [III /I .....
\Ililll -.II. III/,1. - o;
//
85:2". 23:8
85:85
,. 3
288m omeco>< 5 cont
3

 

 

 

eoueqrosqv

78

Figure #11-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #8

880E232

 

 

 

8w com 8m 8.» 8m 08 8w 3.8 8.: 03 o
I I I I- as". conned

fil .l///f|lllill.\lllllnlllsllnlllll.lrtllllirr m.°

\Illlulllllll Irfr/ /..i|l.l lillltllrlllllllllrll [Ilfultti II!!!
N //|l.l] IIlII.l\\I.Ir\I\ ///// I °.F

/

85:3". 23:8
one a c
o u a D . mé
«.90on 0832‘ ca .02.".

9N

 

 

 

aoueqrosqv

79

 

 

 

whOHOEOp—NZ

00 000 00x. 00x. 00.0 00.0 000 00.0

00.0 00¢

 

 

\I\l

 

Figure #12-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #9

 

\IIIII.

\.

«Sn— “commen—

\’III \l'l.ll| l.’ file‘l] Ill-I'll}!

 

 

 

III 'II
"' ll].ll\l.lll I'
)Illl‘IEIII‘ .Jlsllll'

85:8. 23:8
account—5

28on omcco>< on use".

[lull
in!)

. 0.0

- 0...

- 0.w

 

0.N

 

aaueqrosqv

80-

Figure #13-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #10

 

why—0:50:62

 

 

8w 2.8 8.» 8.» 8.o 8.0 8.8. o8 8.¢ 8W o
(I. II lIr//./ rill-|t|.llirul
l.../../l|l.|ll\lll.\.l\\\\i.i\ll \ fit/all!
\IIIIIIII-|I.}../, as". panache - md
. /.// \\\lll||IfIl..
/ir-|ll|rl III / \ f///
Jilin/l // Illlrlrl.\\ /
// r .l
, III/ ,3
/ \ III\
85:3". 23:8
vacate—ED - 8...
282.0 09203.. 2% con."—
9N

 

 

aoueqrosqv

81

Figure #14-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #11

m-OU—OEOCNZ

8» Ba 0%. 8m 8w 8m 8m 8m owe Be

 

 

 

 

 

 

0
«2n. 26me
[3 - It}!!! fillvuuiuiilliii I: fit: .md
iii} flail/2.}! llllillllill. Ill!!! It’ll. -IIIII.
filo;
.8532". 2.2%....
05 a c
u t = 3 1m...
88wa oqu>< 2% .09.".

9N

aoueqiosqv

82

Figure #15-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #12

8035282

 

 

 

 

 

on» com com com. 0mm 8.0 8m 3m SW SW
/. - 0

file. lilill i/flilnfL

I- in. 0032.".

V1 nil/.z/zitlllllniiitiil. {iii}: 1m.°

fix/I,
//l.li.l.||\\\.\\\ III// 1°. F

-./{L

35%.". 2.35m
35:22....
.mé
«=0me uoSo>< «E .3."—

 

 

 

9N

aoueqiosqv

83

Figure #16-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #13

3805052

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

o8 o8 85 2:. 8o o8 8m 8w. emu. we
— p o
r, ; l:l...-
, I: -f a $9»?—
\1 xxx/N _ u E u a
//.
/-H..JK1.-..-..II; a...
/ //
/{...u I.|.-!l\1.1\lrfli-!x/ i
\-1 r: I] .iIII. , /_
. /../
/ 3
/
/ .8822“. 2.9.5“.
vacate—E: _, \..I:i-!-- 1 .
./(..\.2 I[IJI\\ .lui\\ m _.
«.50on 3802‘ 9% Ear.

 

 

 

9N

aaueqiosqv

84

Figure #17-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #14

”EHOEOCNZ

 

 

 

 

8m a...» 9.1. 3“ 8m. 8w 3» 3m 8... owe
7 , M. .....!// .2“. 832....
11! j/ l/lillaili / 1...]!!!
// IIII/ ////. \\ ilu-.. Ill!
/t|l..|\.\\\\\ .I.///

 

//
/ /
85:22: /\/ .

85%.". 2.2.5.

«.50on 3203‘ 3% .83.".

0;.

ON

 

 

aoueqmosqv

85

Figure #18-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #15

339.552

 

 

 

3m com on» cox. own 3» 0mm 08 owe omv
- o
(1|.zl{ns.l-i-----/, um."— tonne..."—
/, -111:
x/I/ \ ..\.\......\...\\\\\ ./ll/..II
\1111 -f/x rill. - m6
//
/. \xiixilluffz/
/// ll.1.1i.\\ ///
\x1 I .f/ (I... x
\ é
/ 85%.". 2.25m 1...,
// l/I/I:
/ \ (1
//
/. ll..\\..\\ -
3:85.25 /r\1 - m _.
«beam ouflo>< 3% .3."—

 

 

 

9N

aaueqjosqv

86

Figure #19-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #16

20852.52
8.5 2:. om» 8m 3m com 8%

 

«at 033...".

 

 

 

 

 

, 1.5;. ..----....m...!
\1I1 Jiffi/
{.llllilrlllllllrlxullleif.
\. .1 Iii/l. 1
//f|l||lliu..lli|l
113:1!
85%.". 2.2%....
3:83:23
282...... ouEw>< 9% hon."—

10;.

1o...

 

 

9N

ODUBQJOSQV

87

Figure #20-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #17

 

mug—OEOCNZ

8m ,8» 8m 2.: 8% Bo 8m can one cow.

 

 

 

 

 

:2". 332m

It'll" II

tweeter—c:

883m 3823 2% .3."—

 

uocaeam 23:8

 

' :
lll-
ill”
ICII

If. - no

Ila.:.i.i\ I 3

,. m...

 

 

9N

aaueqiosqv

88

Figure #21-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #18

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

232—852
on» 2.5 own of. one cow own 3m owe 3H
- o
7: it .irxxf: 1-11]!!! ....
\. .1 Iii/fail 1 - Ill!!! .. If- r m6
ifl/
:. En. uommoi
i///x.!|-|..{l-i. I.Ii.if!fl.\\ -
o...
85%.". 23:3
35:22.: I m;
28on omfio>< w r: 3st ed

 

 

 

aaueqjosqv

89

Figure #22-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #19

whwuwsOCNz
8m 3m 81. 3n 8% 8n 3m 8m 8w 2:

_

 

3E oommei

 

 

/ \1111111/11\
1.111

1/{1‘

evacuate:

9.80am omflo>< 2% 3a.".

 

\1 |111111 .I/ // 111.111.1111 111.!!!
/// I [111111 1-1.I111 /
//: 1111111111 \\\\11\ I/I//z
\1l\[111|) I. ll /1
1 1.11/ /
/
/ 85%.". 2.35“.

l

06

.m...

 

 

9N

aoueqiosqv

90

Figure #23-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #20

Mbfluw—BOCNZ

 

 

 

 

 

0mm 8% 0mm cox. 8,0 8% 0mm 3m om.‘ 08
o
11 E". 882..
11 1| 2/ \\\\\\11111111
\11, 1,1, ,,,111-\ / - m...
///I.I.I\ll.l‘lllul\\ III/ ./..M
1 1 1/
/ I o.—.
/ \11\1 \
x11.\ coconut 25:8
02.0322: 1m .-
28on oneB>< out .08“.

 

 

 

9N

aouemosqv

91

Figure #24-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #21

 

mhquEOp—NZ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

emu 2.6 cm» cots emu com own 8%. 8V cow
0
111 1.1 - 111 um.“— 03on
-1: .f/ 1111111111
11111 Iz/ / /x z/-.11-l.1.l].l11\\\ 111
/ / \ //
// 1-1.1 -
// \ / /
///1111\
85:22: be
85:2". 2.95“.
«:0on 320>< pg .09”.
ON

 

 

aoueqiosqv

92

Figure #25-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #22

mbwuwpp—OCNZ

8m 2..» 2.1. of Bo 3o 8% 8w owe 8w

 

E". 0335

 

uocoeam 2.25.“.
85:22:

2825 09334 «an .3."—

 

 

I
fl

-0...

In...

 

 

9N

aoueqiosqv

93

Figure #26-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #23

532.852

 

 

 

3m 8m om. com 3.9 one 3% 2% 3V 2.:
o
:2". 332m
911111--..Hw111 \ 1111-11
1 .11-...111111l1: --1.--..,..u.--H..1-1-m.o
/// 1 -1111 111,.
x111111\\- .1 11\\..o .-
853“. 23:8
3582?: r m...
88on oufle>< nun fian—

 

 

 

- ON

aoueqiosqv

94

Figure #27-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #24

mug—0:50:62

0mm 2.5 own 00x. own 000 0mm 00% owe 8%

~ ~

 

SE cameo.“—

Oll-
’II

 

 

85%.". 2.2%;
85:22:

283w emflo>< can .3."—

 

m6

-o._.

In..-

 

 

9N

aoueqxosqv

95

Figure #28-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #25

mug—050262

 

 

 

 

 

omw com on» 02. one com 03 com 3v ooe
j . _ _ _ p P . _ _ o
as". :3on
\1 1111111 - \ 111.111- .
1.1.11 1 -1111. 11 11111 111-- - 111 - m o
.111 11.111 ,4
11111 1 11-//
/ 111111111. 11111....1111\1 0.?
8:23.25 85:2“. 23:2. 3
Steam «332‘ mu». hen."—

 

 

 

9N

aoueqjosqv

96

Figure #29-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #26

220E052

 

 

 

cm» 3» 3% com. owe can own can one 03
o

- 1 1 11.1-1J
\11111111 11- 111111 111 111111 1111-1 - m6

:2“. “.3me 111
11111- 3

0:0 > a a
accounts: a 35...... = .t n.
wmé
«beam «@823 out been.

 

 

 

9N

aaueqiosqv

97

Figure #30-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #27

 

 

 

 

 

muouoEocaz
0mm om» ems co.» own 8o 3m 8m ome 8w
0
11 111111.. 11 Eu 332“.
1 -. .. ..1/1-
.1.de
\11111111 1-11111 1111111111
111/...}:
\11111 I -|I|111.../... /.
/.-11-1 111111.. /1 ,- O._.
85:2“. 2.5%“.
3:252: .. m;-
azooam euflo>< mg .3.“—

 

 

9N

aoueqjosqv

98

Figure #31-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #28

”awn-0:50:62

 

 

 

own 08 cm» 8.» can 8w own 8% owe 03
w
- o
as". comma.“—
-.1/./21I|11|11\\\\ll11 I111111.1. ~
\111-1111-1/ 111-m o
// ,. \\11I1I.1 1/
111--111 .1/
\1111 l 111/.1/ /-//
/ / 85%.". 2.2%; :3
/
/ /|1111\\\1///1
1111
venous—E: 1r m...
«team 8203‘ nut .09.“.

 

 

 

od

aoueqjosqv

99

Figure #32-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #29

Be

 

 

 

 

 

 

389.852
8». 8m 82. 8.5 3.... 3m 8% com Re
5.... uommwi
\ 111- 111-1|11111/11111
\111 111.111. 1111.. I11. .11.. .1111/11
1 111
85:22:: 85:2“. 2.2%.“.
Steam 3803‘ an». .08“.

 

 

o

I
II

o.—.

- m...

 

9N

aoueqjosqv

100

 

Figure #33-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #30

3111 ”I11 -.-- uni-- my

muOHOEO—bflz

on» own on.» 00.x. 8m 8m own 8m omc 3v

 

 

 

 

-3

1m._.

 

 

\1 1111111111 1 1 11111 1 1111
111111 lye-11-1 1.111
111/1
«2“. 332m \ 1 1.1
8:25". 2.5.3“.
\111 1l1. .. 11111111111
Beets-E:
«beam oufiw>< can hen.“—

 

o.N

aoueqiosqv

 

101

Figure #34-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #31

mhfluOEO—hwz

8m 8w 8» 8x. can can can com .5

P

3%

 

5“. 332a

 

 

 

 

 

 

I ‘Il’

8532“. 2.25m

III"!

I'
’

 

tweets-.25

«been...» oqu>< 5n .3.“—

 

-m._‘

 

 

ON

aoueqiosqv

102

Figure #3 S-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #32

 

 

 

 

 

9.305952
ohm 8w 2.1. 8.» Be Be 8.» 8m one 8w
o
111-11.. 111111-11- Eu. nommmi
- .... 11 111/x11; .1 -- \ -m-o
/. 1111
Ill/.111. .111 //
111/.1- //
\11111111- 1.111 1./x \ / //
1/111111 fio _.
1/ 85:2". 2.55m
/..
.../I;
x/
vacate—E: /.11.-.../ 1m;
//.1
2825 39.22 «9% been.

 

 

 

9N

aaueqiosqv

103

WHOuOEO—hflz

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8m 2..» at. 8.» Bo Bo emu 3m 2.:- 3e
3 - . o
m 1
.w \1\1111H1111111 I-.l.11|I|| -.1-
m ‘1, // 1
o 1111-4 .
m 11$ 0
s .2“. 832m ,2
n 1\\11 1.1.1 1111111111 ////
.m 1 1.-
m // .....
m 1 -
m 3
arm 2., 111-11.11,)
4. 85:2". 2.2%“.
.m- Bcoeg-E: / \
F
., .. 3
/
«=0on emfle>< ”a heat 1-

 

 

 

ON

aoueqiosqv

104

Figure #3 7-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #34

 

 

 

 

 

«23050.52
8.. ...8 cm.- 0? .8 8m ...-Wm omm 9.: 8e
0
1.11111111111111- ..... 111-111 5.1.. awe-me...—
\1111 11- 1-111.1/
/ / // \ 1 Duo
//.. / 1 1 1-1 111-1| 11111111111111.1//
\- 1 .11. .111 //.. 111111.1- 1. 1/
1111111 111111-111; 11111-111111 x/1
/ \ 1
/ 3
/ 888.". 2.28..
,/ 1.111111111II111\
888:5 /11-\11\ 3
steam oou.o>< 3.... .3."—

 

 

 

-. o.“

aoueqiosqv

105

Figure #3 8-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #35

can con

mh0uOEO—hflz

own can own 000 can con owe 08

_

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

\11 11111 11111.. I111II/l 1111.11 111
. 1- --
/./1-1
_
00203225 002032". 2.293...
9.8on unflo>< no... .3.“—

 

Ill
3’11}

 

“Sn. Emmet

1 m6

0..-

1m.—.

 

 

0N

aouquosqv

106

Figure #39-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #36

9.33.982

 

 

 

 

 

omw pow 0.2. cm:- o_mo 3m own 3m owe 03

o
V111|1l11|1l|11 I 111 /1
\111-111 1| 1 |1l|1111| 111 ..... 1 111 1111111- 66
\11 II. 11111111111111! 11-1)...

/-111111 111 11-3
3532...: vacate—u. 2.323 E“. awe-moi
1m..-
aboeam 09223 09¢ .3."—
9N

 

 

aoueqiosqv

107

Figure #40-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #37

Mbwuflsocwz

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

on» 08 amp 2:. com can can can one 03
m1 . . . . . H _ _ p
o
\\II1|11 ll I|||111|11111111 11111111 Ill |1||1 111/.1m-o
-.1/
[11111111111
.\\| 111111-111
11 111/.1
/1111..|1- 11 . 3
3:03.23 3532.... bite... HE 332m
B .-

azeeam emu.e>< has. 3...".

 

 

 

6d

aoueqiosqv

108

Figure #41-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #38

3305052

 

 

 

 

 

omw Pow own 2.: com com on.» com owe on
a
\II ..... IIIIIII II! I!IIIII
III fund
\IIIII III..-..II--II..--!.
\III I III I IIIIII IIIIIII
.II III- IIIIII-o._,
3:352: 3:032". bitma— uaE 03me
In;
83on ouflo>< can 39....

 

 

9N

aaueqjosqv

109

Figure #42-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #39

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

239.552
00” Few Omen amt. 30 00W omm 3m 0mm? 00V
0
IliI .../
//
..III. II. ./ ... I \I-I--..---II-I- 3
\Il I-II.\\\
/ ......\ -2
3:03.22: I \
35%.“. 2.2.5. \I\ - 3
«2.... uommoi
£8on unflo>< 3% .09“.
ON

 

aoueqmsqv

110

Figure #43-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #40

whouoEosz

 

 

 

 

 

on» can 0L3. 8m own 3.0 own 3m owe one
I o
I I I IIIII .IIII/////
-IIIIII -md
/
/
\IIIIIII- IIIII III III /.II -II III I I
/III I/ IIIIIIII
/ I
/ 3
III/III II II-.I..\.
3:83:23
50:33.“. 23:3. «2“. 0032.... In;
88on omEo>< 03. Eat

 

 

 

ON

aoueqiosqv

111

Figure #44-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #41

8m Be

at.

mhflaflsocgc

P2. one

2.5

own

own owe ooe

 

 

I.

 

 

853225
8522". 2.5%.“.

28on emEo>< 3% Bot

 

.
.l

o...

as". 033.."— - m...

 

 

9N

aoueqjosqv

112

Figure #45-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #42

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Figure #47-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #44

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Figure #48-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #45

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Figure #49-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #46

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Figure #51-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #48

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Figure #52-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #49

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Figure #53-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #50

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Figure #54-Comparison Spectra of Fiber #51

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REFERENCES

Grieve, M.C. The Role of Fibers in Forensic Science Examinations: Journal of
Forensic Sciences, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Oct. 1983): 877-887.

Deadman, H.A. Fiber Evidence and theWayne Williams Trial: F.B.I. Law Enforcement
Bulletin (1984) Vol. 53(3,5): 1-17.

Deadman, H.A. Fiber Evidence and theWayne Williams Trial: F. 8.]. Law Enforcement
Bulletin (1984) Vol. 53(3,5): 1-17.

Locard, E. Dust and Its Analysis. The Police Journal (1928): 177-192.

Pounds, CA. and Smalldon, K.W. The Transfer of Fibres Between Clothing Materials
During Simulated Contacts and Their Persistence During Wear. Part 1. Fibre
Transference: Journal of the Forensic Science Society, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Jan. 1975): 17-
29.

Martin, P. and Lee, J. Microscopic Spectral Analysis of Microfibers: SEE Incorporated
Applications Report (1997): 1-5.

Macrae, R., Dudley, R]. and Smalldon, K.W. The Characterization of Dyestuffs on
Wool Fibers with Special Reference to Microspectrophotometry: Journal of Forensic
Sciences, Vol. 24 (1979): 117-129.

Wydeven, K.T. The Eflect of Fiber F lattening using the S.E.E. 1100
Microspectrophotometer: Master’s Thesis (2004): 2.

Gaudette, 3D. The Forensic Aspect of Textile Fiber Examination. Forensic Science
Handbook, Vol. 11(1982): 209-262.

Gaudette, 8D. The Forensic Aspect of Textile Fiber Examination. Forensic Science
Handbook, Vol. 11(1982): 209-262.

Gaudette, 3D. The Forensic Aspect of Textile Fiber Examination. Forensic Science
Handbook, Vol. II (1982): 245.

Macrae, R., Dudley, RJ. and Smalldon, K.W. The Characterization of Dyestuffs on
Wool Fibers with Special Reference to Microspectrophotometry: Journal of Forensic
Sciences, Vol. 24 (1979): 117-129.

Wydeven, K.T. The Eflect of Fiber F lattening using the S.E.E. 1100
Microspectrophotometer: Master’s Thesis (2004): 5.

123

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

Federal Bureau of Investigation. Visible Spectroscopy of Textile Fibers: Forensic
Science Communications, Vol. 1, No. 1 (April 1999): Chapter 3.
Internet address: http://www.ibi.gov.hg.lab/fsc/backissu/april1999/houcktoc.htm

Dunlop, J. Colour Analysis by microspectrophotometry. Forensic Examination of
Textile Fibers (1992): 127-140.

Macrae, R., Dudley, RJ. and Smalldon, K.W. The Characterization of Dyestuffs on
Wool Fibers with Special Reference to Microspectrophotometry: Journal of Forensic
Sciences, Vol. 24 (1979): 117-129.

Wydeven, K.T. The Eflect of Fiber F lattening using the S.E.E. 1100
Microspectrophotometer: Master’s Thesis (2004): 7-8.

Broward County Sheriff” 3 Office Crime Lab. Analytical Methods Manual (2000): 4.

Broward County Sheriff” 8 Office Crime Lab. Analytical Methods Manual (2000): 2-4.

124

   

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