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This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

Evaluation And Selection of Areal Symbols
For Zoning Maps

presented by

Shawn Farrell Chambers

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

M ' A ' degree in Geography

field jam,

Major professor

Date A ril 2 1984

0-7639

 

 

MSU

LIBRARIES
.p—

 

 

 

RETURNING MATERIALS:
Place in book drop to
remove this checkout from
your record. FINES will
be charged if book is
returned after the date
stamped below.

 

 

 

 

EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF AREAL SYMBOLS

FOR ZONING MAPS

BY

Shawn Farrell Chambers

A THESIS
Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Geography

1984

 

ABSTRACT

EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF AREAL SYMBOLS
FOR ZONING MAPS

BY

Shawn Farrell Chambers

Zoning maps are important tools used by planning
agencies to delineate unique nominal data categories.
Nominal mapping requires the use of areal patterns of
similar visual significance. Studies indicate that of
four variables affecting visual significance, value,
texture, orientation and style, value and texture
variations are the most influential. This study inves-
tigates these four variables and their combined effect on
the visual impression generated by an areal pattern.
Visual significance was measured by map—reader response to
groups of pre-printed areal patterns and results were
analyzed statistically by the Kolmogorov—Smirnov test for
ranked data. The idea that patterns of similar value and
texture generate similar visual significance was not con-
sistently supported by test results and the influence of
pattern style was greater than previously thought. Orien-
tation was found to have little influence on pattern per—
ception. A pattern guide for zoning maps was designed from

the results.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Special appreciation is extended to my advisor,
Richard E. Groop, for his guidance and careful editing
throughout the course of this thesis. I would also
like to thank Professors Gary Manson and David Campbell
for their thoughtful suggestions in test design.

Thanks also to Fred Joyal for his invaluable assistance
in statistical procedures. I wish to give special
thanks to my father who instilled in me his love of
cartography and to my family who knew I would finish
this thesis when, at times, I was unsure of it myself.

Thank you all.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter
I. PATTERNS FOR ZONING MAPS . . . . . . . . . . 1
II. TESTING POTENTIAL NOMINAL PATTERNS . . . . .13
Test Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
III. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Statistical Procedure for Visual
Significance by Group. . . . . . . . . . .19
Statistical Procedure for Significance
of Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Analysis of Results. . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Group I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Group II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Group III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Group IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Group V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Group VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Group VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Group VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Group IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Overview of Group Results. . . . . . . . . .39
IV. THE PATTERN GUIDE. . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Organization and Use of the Guide. . . . . .42
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
V. FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . .47
Appendices
A. Groups of Patterns Used in the Study . . . .50
B. Test Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
C. Questionnaire Test Results by Group . . . .56
D. Results of Orientation Test for Group I

through IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

iii

Table

kOCD\IO\U‘lu-b
O O

10.
ll.
12.
13.
14.
15.
l6.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

27.
28.
29.

30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Frequencies of Questionnaire Responses for

Group I

Patterns

K- S Test Results and Critical Value for Group
I Patterns . . . . .
Questionnaire and K- S Two Sample Test Results

for Group I,

of
of
of
of
of
of
of

Matrix
Matrix
Matrix
Matrix
Matrix
Matrix
Matrix
Matrix of
Matrix of
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency

Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Responses
Responses
Responses
Responses
Responses
Responses
Responses
Responses
Responses
Responses
Responses
Responses
Responses
Responses

K-S

NWNPIRN’NNW
mmmmmmmm

Group III. . . .

Frequency
Frequency
Frequency

Responses
Responses
Responses

Group III. . . .

Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency

Responses
Responses
Responses
Responses
Responses
Responses
Responses

Pattern 7186. . . . .

for
for
for
for
for
for
for

Results
Results
Results
Results
Results
Results
Results
Results for
Results for
for Group
for Group
for Group
for Group
for Group
for Group
for Group
for Group
for Group
for Pattern 239,
for Pattern 228,

Group
Group
Group
Group
Group
Group
Group
Group
Group

for Pattern 7102,
for Pattern 7106,
for Pattern 7094,

for Pattern 238,
for Pattern 362,

for Pattern 7184,

for Pattern 7080,
for Pattern 7181,
for Pattern 7169,
for Pattern 7166,
Group V. .

for Pattern 73,
for Pattern 259,
for Pattern 222,

iv

I . . . .
II. . . .
III . . .
IV. . . .
V . . . .
VI. . . .
VII . . .
VIII. . .
IX. . . .

I Patterns .

II Patterns. . .
III Patterns . .
IV Patterns. . .
V Patterns . . .
VI Patterns. . .
VII Patterns . .
VIII Patterns. .
IX Patterns. . .

Group I .
Group I .
Group II
Group II

Group III
Group III

Group IV
Group IV
Group IV
Group V.

Group V
Group V .

#
21
21

24
25
27
28
30
32
33
35
37
38
56
56
57
57
58
58
59
59
59
60
6O
61
64

65
65
66

69
7O
7O
71
72
75
75
76

Table
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.

43.
44.

45.
46.

47.

48.
49.

50.

LIST OF TABLES

Page #
Frequency Responses for Pattern 432, Group VI. .79
Frequency Responses for Pattern 7229,

Group VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Frequency Responses for Pattern 7138

Group VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Frequency Responses for Pattern 7188

Group VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Frequency Responses for Pattern 223,

Group VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Frequency Responses for Pattern 7208

Group VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

Frequency Responses for Pattern 83, Group VIII .88
Frequency Responses for Pattern 7185,

Group VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Frequency Responses for Pattern 260, Group VIII.91
Frequency Responses for Pattern 7089,

Group VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Frequency Responses for Pattern 7182, Group
VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

Frequency Responses for Pattern 331, Group IX. .93
Frequency Responses for Pattern 7139,

Group IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
Frequency Responses for Pattern 253, Group IX. .96

Figure

vbWNl-J
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0

8.

9.
10.
ll.
12.
l3.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

LIST OF FIGURES

Page #
Typical Zoning Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Nominal Areal Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Ordinal or Numerical Symbols . . . . . . . . . .6

Examples of Value, Texture, Orientation and

Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Zirbel's Guide . . . . . . . . . . 11
Examples of Pattern Chips Used in Testing. . . 15
Envelope Labeling Procedure and Envelope

Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Group I Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Group II Patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Group III Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Group IV Patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Group V Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Group VI Patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Group VII Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Group VIII Patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Group IX Patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Zoning Map Utilizing Patterns from Guide . . 44
Pattern Guide for Zoning Maps . . . (Map Pocket)

vi

CHAPTER 1: PATTERNS FOR ZONING MAPS

Planning agencies at every level of government are
faced with the taskxxfshowing a wide variety of areal
distributions including population, housing, and land use
in graphic form on maps. Since these maps often influence
the decisions made by agency policy-makers, it is impor-
tant that the maps give not only an accurate representation
of the data, but are also Visually effective communication
devices.

One type of map used frequently by planning agencies
is a zoning map. A zoning map divides an area (region,
county, township, or municipality) into districts or
zones in which land is restricted to certain classified
uses. Figure l is an example of a typical zoning map and
consists cyf a number of categories with a legend contain-
ing the explanation of symbols. The map acts as a visual
aid and at times is more readily understood than the
zoning ordinance itself. Rody and Smith (1960, p.1.)
state that the zoning map is an important part of a
community's master plan and can be thought of as an inter—
mediate control of existing and potential development.
They further state that the map, along with the zoning
ordinance (when based on a comprehensive master plan)
control and direct municipal growth. These two state-
ments clearly illustrate the importance of the zoning map

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3

and indicate the need to map zoning data in a manner
that is comprehensive and visually effective.

The use of color probably provides the best means
of achieving these objectives. Zoning maps utilizing
this technique represent each distinct category by a
different color. These categories can then be easily
identified as unique areas of land use on the map. Un—
fortunately, color printing requires a higher level of
technology and is more expensive than black and white
printing and therefore feasible only for more affluent
agencies. Many regional, county, and local agencies
have the more difficult task of portraying their data be—
cause they are limited to the use of black and white
graphic patterns.

Only a few cartographic and zoning studies have
treated the monochromatic mapping of zoning data. A

Study in Urban Mapping, produced by the Central Mortgage

 

and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, Canada (1944) offers
examples of methods for preparing their own maps. ‘Al-
though the report presents a monochromatic method for
mapping city land use and encourages its adoption, it
fails to explain the reasons for recommending the pattern
selections suggested. A study by Gibson (1972), deals
with a more efficient style for urban area planning maps.
Gibson tests the effectiveness of selected symbols used

on planning maps but does not address zoning map

 

symbolization specifically. Zoning data is areal in
character and is best portrayed by areal patterns. Un—
fortunately literature dealing with areal patterns for
zoning maps is unavailable and at present there are no
uniform symbology or mapping guidelines utilizing areal
patterns for these maps. The choice of possible patterns
for zoning maps is wide and the appearance of such maps
varies significantly within and between agencies. For
this reason uniform standards and/or a list of mapping
guidelines are most desirable from both a practical and
professional VieWpoint.

To map zoning categories in a comprehensive and
visually effective manner, some knowledge of zoning data
is necessary. Zoning data, a form of land use data, is
nominal in character. Therefore all zoning categories
are considered to be equal in importance. Rody and Smith
(1960, p.20) support this by stating that zoning data
should not be thought of in terms of "higher" or "lower"
uses. In early applications though, zoning provided the
device for protecting the homogeneous single family suburb
from the city. Although zoning has undergone considerable
changes in the past 50 years, Babcock (1966, p. 115)
states that residential prioity is still prominent. In-
vestigation of additional literature and zoning maps
uncovers ordinal terms like "low, medium, and high

densit " to rank residential areas. Gallion and Eisner
Y

(1980, p.304) state that most zoning ordinances provide
for different densities of population in different dis-
tricts. The above information indicates that zoning
data is depicted and interpreted in both a nominal and
ordinal manner.

Since nominal scaling places data in classes that
are believed to relatively homogeneous, different carto-
graphic techniques must be employed to map these two data
types in a visually effective manner. Smith and Groop
(1980) mention two important guidelines to consider when
selecting patterns to map nominal data: (1) Areal symbols
should be easily differentiable by the map-reader and
(2) the patterns should not imply quantity or importance
when viewed together. Patterns should also conform to
accepted cartographic practice (some patterns produce
noise) and they should be pleasing to a reader. An
example of the above guidelines is shown in Figure 2.

Ordinal scaling ranks data and is characterized by
"greater than" and "less than" relationships between
classes. Darker and lighter tones are usually employed
to connote ordinality with darker tones usually referring
to "more" and lighter tones to "less" of ordinal or
numerical data (Robinson, Morrison, and Sale, 1978, p.190).
An example is given in Figure 3. These patterns must also
conform to cartographic convention.

Areal patterns such as those in Figures 2 and 3 have

 

6
four visual characteristics that can be manipulated by
cartographers: value, texture, orientation and style.
Value refers to the relative lightness or darkness of a
pattern and.isusually measured as percent area inked (PAI)
(Robinson et al., 1978, p. 317). It is the contrast between
the pattern and its background that gives the impression of

"more" or "less". Texture is the density of individual marks

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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LLLLLLL , 1,:
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Figure 2: Nom1nal areal symbols that are ea81ly d1fferen-

tiable and do not imply quantity from one pattern
to the next.

 

Figure 3: Ordinal or Numerical Symbols—lighter to darker.

 

‘2;

7
in a pattern (measured as the number of lines of marks per
inch) and is usually thought of in terms of coarseness or
fineness. A large number of lines of marks per inch results
in a fine texture. Orientation refers to the ordered ar-
rangement of individual marks within a pattern usually
oriented as vertical, horizontal or diagonal. Style, some-
times referred to as configuration, is the difference in
appearance of individual marks used in areal patterns (i.e.
dots, lines, squares, etc.).

Figure 4 is an example of these four pattern charac-
teristics. Column A of Figure 4 illustrates the idea of
value with a gray tone series. By holding texture constant
(lines of dots per inch) and varying the PAI, a group of
distinguishable patterns is created. Column B is an example
of pattern texture. Here gray tone values are similar but
texture varies. Orientation differences are clearly illus—_
trated in Figure 4C. Value, style and texture are held con—
stant while orientation varies. Figure 4D is an example of
style differences. In the example, value, texture and orien-
tation differences are minimized leaving style as the only
differentiating element.

It is evident from previous research that variation in
value and texture can greatly influence pattern significance.
In all case results, value differences have visual levels
that imply importance or quantity. These differences are
useful in mapping quantitative knifixmflq interval and ratio)

data but is unsuitable for mapping qualitative or nominal

 

 

Texture Orientation Style

Gray tone value

 

 

 

 

 

 

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9
data (Smith and Groop, 1983, p. 91). Although Jenks and Knos
(1961, p. 316) note that patterns of different textures
having the same value create little contrast, a later study
done by Robinson and Castner (1969) conclude that texture
differences may affect the perception of value even though
value is held constant. They state that value and texture
are the primary pattern characteristics that influence the
visual impression derived from a map. Subsequent research
by Dent (1972, p. 92) supports the latter study. Working
with value and texture variations of patterns, Dent concluded
that texture variations can produce visual levels between
patterns with equivalent pattern value. A study by Johnson
(1978) indicates that patterns with coarse textures are seen
as visually dominant.

Little research has been done with pattern orientation
and style. Dent found orientation had little effect on
visual significance but Robinson, Morrison and Sale (1978,

p. 318) suggest that orientation is a poor differentiator
between patterns and is likely to result in visual confusion.
Pattern style has received only passing mention in the liter—
ature and no one has studied its effect on visual signifi-
cance of patterns.

Thus in ordinal or numerical mapping, value appears to
be the most appropriate characteristic to vary and in nominal
mapping, variations in pattern style may produce the most

effective symbols.

.7— ._ _~_‘._.—_—_ r» *1 1k

10

Zirbel (1976) incorporated the above ideas in a study
of pattern selection for nominal mapping. She hypothesized
that patterns with similar value and texture characteristics
generate similar visual impressions and can therefore be used
in the selection of more effective patterns for monochromatic
mapping of nominal areal data. Zirbel's analysis of patterns
consisted of two procedures: (1) an empirical testing of
pattern value employing an image analyzer and (2) a percep-
tual testing of pattern textures my map readers. She then
constructed a pattern selection guide based on the results of
the value and texture analysis. The guide, illustrated in
Figure 5, serves as a tool for choosing patterns of equal
visual significance to be used in mapping nominal areal data.
Zirbel provided an evaluation of sample maps utilizing pat-
terns from the guide but there was no investigation of reader
perception of these patterns in map context.

The mixed (nominal and ordinal) depiction and inter-
pretation of zoning data and the varying number of classes
on each map, make the development of a standard symbology for
zoning maps impractical. However, by skillfully manipulating
the four pattern variables of value, texture, orientation and
style, better pattern choices can be made. It is the purpose
of this study to investigate texture, value, style and orien—
tation and their combined effect on the visual impression
generated by a pattern. In this study, visual significance
is measured by map—reader response, thus providing evidence

gained in a real map viewing situation. Results from these

11

 

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81m ital

 

 

 

12
procedures will allow creation of a pattern selection guide
similar to Zirbel's but one which incorporates not only the
effects of value and texture on pattern perception but

includes also the effects of orientation and style.

F.

.. 4.3..

CHAPTER 2: TESTING POTENTIAL NOMINAL PATTERNS

The pattern variables of value, texture, orientation and
style and their combined effect on pattern significance are
the focus of this study. This chapter outlines a perceptual
test that was administered to a group of students asked to
View a series of patterns. The patterns of each series,
having similar value and texture, allowed the investigation
of style and orientation effect on pattern perception through
the analysis of test results. These two variables, orienta—
tion and style, are of particular interest as they are cru-

cial in the mapping of nominal data.

Test Design

Map-readers were asked to view a series of pattern chips
to differentiate between the visual significance of indi-
vidual patterns. The selection of patterns used in the
testing procedure was subjective. Only patterns commonly
utilized for the mapping of zoning data taken from literature
and existing zoning maps and also available from Zirbel's
list of researched patterns were used for the test. Cost
considerations also limited the number of pre-printed pat—
terns available for testing. A total of fifty-one patterns
were selected for use in testing.

The fifty—one patterns were arranged in groups with
similar value and texture in accordance with Zirbel's and

13

14

others recommendations (Appendix A). Nine groups were
formed with Group I having patterns with the lowest percent
area inked and Group IX having patterns with the highest
percent area inked. The pre—printed patterns were cut into
squares, one inch by one inch, and adhered to pieces of
white poster board measuring one by one and a half inches.
Patterns with more than one possible orientation were
adhered to the poster board with varying orientations.

Each pattern chip was then labeled with a letter in the
half inch margin. Lettering the pattern chips in this
manner helped to assure proper orientation of the pattern
chips during the testing and allowed for the positioning

of patterns adjacent to one another, as they might appear
on a map, while viewing. Labeling of the patterns within
groups was not consecutive so that no order could be inter-
preted by the test participants. Figure 6 shows examples
of the pattern chips and labeling.

Four different envelopes were made for each pattern
group. All contained identical patterns (therefore the
same styles) with only orientation of some patterns differ—
ing between envelopes. The envelopes were numbered with a
two digit numeral, the first digit indicating the group
number (1 through 9) and the second digit relating to the
orientation of certain patterns in the envelope. The
labeling procedure and envelope contents are illustrated

in Figure 7.

 

 

 

    
 

 

 

 

V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
   

N P R

 

 

 

I33333331333333313333333333333 s‘z‘z‘.°.°.°.'5'.’.’.'.'o°
o oooiooooooooooooooooooo- .'.'.’.°.°.’.°.’.°o'.°.'.P

booooonooooooooooooocoootooooc ,°;°.°.°.°.'.0.°.°.°.°.°.°.

Ottttttttttttttttttt000000600 ,0,-.-.0.0.0.0.-,-,°.°.°.°.

 

HHOHHHHHHHHOHHHH 0 O O O O 0 O O O O O 0 O

 

HOHMOHHHOHHHHHHH 0000000000000
IMHO O H H H O H P0°0°0.0.0.0.0.0°0. .0.0.0. 0
ooooooaooooooocoooooooooooooo 'o'o°.'o°o 0.0.0.0 0 0.0.0.
IttttttttttltOtttttttttttltttt '.°.°.°.°.°.’.°.°.°.°.°.'.°
00000000:oocooocoooooooool '.°.°.°.°.°.°.°.°.°.° 0.0.0 0
Itooooooooioootaoooooooooooooo D.0.°.°.°.°.0,-,°.°.0.0.0.0 0
000000.00tttltttttttttttlttttl n.0,..0.0.0.0,0,0.0.0.0,o.- o
IHHHNHHNOHHHNHHH 3.0.0.0... .0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 0.
HHHHHOHHHHHHHHH 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o
ooooooooi00000000000000.0000. 'o'o’o’o'o'o’.’o'o°o’o°o90’o’

   

 

 

 

 

 

       

 

 

Figure 6: Examples of Pattern Chips Used in Testing

Each participant received four envelopes, each from a
different pattern group. Care was taken so that no partici—
pant received all light pattern groups or dark pattern groups.
Each test packet of four envelopes was accompanied by the
test questionnaire and a blank white sheet of paper on which

to View the pattern chips.

Testing

Test instructions called for each participant to carry
out four separate tests. In each test the participant was
asked to View and compare the patterns in one envelope and to

select the pattern which was most noticeable or eye-catching.

 

 

Envelopes

 

 

EE l N b
nve ope um or

Group Number

 

 

 

 

7|

 

 

 

 

'72

 

 

 

 

73

 

 

Figure 7: Envelope Labeling Procedure

["4

 

 

Contents

 

R

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

and Envelope Contents

17
This procedure was to be repeated until all the patterns from
that one envelope were arranged in order from most noticeable
to least noticeable. These ranked results were then regis-
tered on the test questionnaire (Appendix B). Participants
were forced to discriminate between the visually similar
patterns as no ties were permitted.

The test was administered to 82 college undergraduate
students enrolled at Northern Michigan University who had no
special map reading abilities. Test questionnaires were dis-
tributed and directions were read orally stressing the impor-
tance of removing all pattern chips from the envelopes.
Students were instructed to proceed at their own rate but
were encouraged not to spend too much time on any one enve-
lope and participants' test times were all less than ten
minutes. Each envelope was tested threetjmmxsguaranteeing a
minimum of 35 responses for each pattern. Test responses
were tabulated and can be found in Appendix C.

During the testing procedure a few participants com-
mented on the difficulty in discriminating between some of
the patterns. Upon completion of the testing it was neces-
sary to discard a few test questionnaires becausecflfpartici-
pant failure to remove all pattern chips from an envelope.
Other than these minor problems, the participants seemed

interested in the study and eager1x3answertflmaquestionnaire.

CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

The test questionnaire was designed to examine visual
impressions map-readers obtain from specific groups of pre—
printed patterns. Because the patterns of each group were of
similar value and texture they should, according to Zirbel's
findings, appear visually similar to the test participants.
No one patternsflxmfhibe visually dominant over another pat-
tern in a group. If the patterns are indeed similar in
visual significance (given similar value and texture) then
confusion was expected on the part of the test participant in
choosing visually dominant patterns. If, however, consistent
responses of visual significance resulted, then it could be
that style and/or orientation may influence pattern signifi-
cance.

Responses for each pattern in a group were recorded by
rank. For example, given a group of four pattern chips,
there were four ranks, "most noticeable," "least noticeable,"
and two ranks in between. All responses for a pattern chip
were recorded regardless of orientation since these results
were used to determine the variation in the visual signifi—
cance of pattern styles within groups. The responses of
pattern chips with different orientations were also recorded
in separate tables from which separate statistical tests were

conducted and analyses made on orientation effects.

18

19

Statistical Procedure for Visual Significance by Group

The ordinal nature of the questionnaire results required
the use of the Kolomogorov-Smirnov one sample statistical
test for ranked data. The K-S test, a test of goodness of
fit, is concerned with the degree of agreement between the
distribution of sample values (observed) and some specified
theoretical distribution (expected). The results of this
statistical procedure determine whether the scores of the
sample can reasonably be thought to have come from a popula-
tion having the theoretical distribution. In this study, the
theoretical or expected distribution is one that has an equal
number of responses for each pattern of a particular group,
indicating equal visual significance between the patterns.
Statistical testing by the K-S procedure involves specifying
the cumulative frequency distribution which would occur under
this theoretical distribution and comparing it with the ob-
served cumulative frequency distribution. From the two fre-
quency distributions the greatest divergence is determined.
Results indicate whether such observed values are likely on
the basis of chance, that is whether or not the observed
values and expected values came from the same population.

Group I will be used to illustrate the statistical
testing procedure. Seven different patterns were investi-
gated in Group I and the results of the questionnaire are
shown in Table 1. For example, two participants chose pat-
tern 7186 as "most noticeable," five participants chose

pattern 239 as "most noticeable" and so forth. Because there

20
were seven rank divisions (from most to least noticeable) for
Group I, a separate statistical K-S test was done for the
pattern results for each rank. The steps for the statis-

tical procedure are as follows:

1) Thernflj_hypothesis is formulated (HO) -— There
is no difference between patterns in terms of
noticeability.

2) The significance level of o<= .05 was chosen.

3) Statistic D was computed (Table 2).

a) First the observed and expected cumulative
frequency distributions were determined.

b) Differences were calculated between observed
and expected for each pattern.

c) D was found by inspection and defined as the
largest difference between observed and ex—
pected cumulative frequencies.

4) The probability distribution of D in which cri—
tical values of D are given for different sample
sizes and probability levels was used to deter-
mine whether or not to reject the null hypothesis.

5) The statistics of interest for this example in-
volved the confidence level of 0<= .05 for the
sample size of 35 (Table 2).

6) The computed value of D = .14 did not exceed the

critical value of D; therefore, the null hypothesis
could not be rejected.

7) The results indicate that the patterns are not
different in visual significance.

8) At the rank of "most noticeable" (7th rank) it
could not be concluded that the patterns of Group
I are visually different.

The above procedure only took into consideration the
frequencies for the rank of "most noticeable" (7th rank) with
Group I pattern chips arranged in one specific order. The
above statistical procedure was repeated for each remaining
rank of Group I (6 through 1). Pattern chip order was then
randomly rearranged into five other order arrangements to
assure adequate test results. Since there was no set order

for the patterns of Group I in terms of noticeability, the

21
TABLE 1
Frequencies of Questionnaire Responses
for Group I Patterns

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NOTICEABILITY PATTERN
RANKING 7186 239 7127 288 219 612 228 N
MOST 7 2 5 6 9 2 5 6 35
6 1 1 7 9 4 5 8 35
5 3 4 2 4 11 1 10 35
LP 7 7 1 8 5 3 LP 35
3 11 9 1+ O 7 3 1 35
2 7 6 9 3 4 4 2 35
T3115']? 1 4 3 6 2 1 15 4 35

TABLE 2
K-S Test Results and Critical Value

for Group I Patterns

PATTERN
7186 239 7127 288 219 612 228 N
Observed .26 .43 .49 .66 .80 .86 1.0 35
Expected .14 .29 .43 .57 .71 .86 1.0 35

Difference .12 @ .06 .09 .09 0. 0 0. 0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Critical Value-- .23 CK-=.05

 

 

 

 

 

 

22
statistical procedure was performed on each of the six random
pattern chip orders. In the case of Group I, seven ranks
were statistically tested six times for a total of 42
Kolmogorov—Smirnov results. Each of the other eight groups

of pattern chipsvmnmastatistically tested in this manner.

Statistical Procedure for Orientation

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov two sample test was used to
determine the effect of pattern orientation on the visual
significance of the pattern chip. Observed values of one
sample set (one orientation) were compared with the observed
values of another sample set (another orientation). Since
the K-S test required paired comparisons between a pattern
having two different orientations, the samples having more
than two orientations had to be altered to conform to this
requirement. In such a case, a series of paired comparisons
were conducted.

Statistical analysis involved the comparison of two
observed cumulative frequency distributions. As before, the
greatest divergence between cumulative frequencies was deter-
mined and compared with the K-S two sample table of critical
values. Table 3 is a sample calculationiianroup I, pattern
7186 and illustrates the procedure used for patterns with
different orientations. All other patterns with more than

one orientation were statistically analyzed in this manner.

23
Analysis of Results
The analysis of results will be discussed group by
group. After each group has been covered, an overview of all
group results will be included to provide some insight into
pattern perception. These comments will address the fol-
lowing questions:

1) Do patterns with similar texture and value appear
similar in visual significance?

2) Do certain pattern styles appear visually dominant
or which pattern styles, if any, appear consis-
tently "more or less" noticeable?

3) Does orientation affect the perceived visual sig-
nificance of a pattern?

4) Is there a certain texture at which patterns are
perceived as lighter or darker?

Group I

The results of the K-S procedure on Group I indicate
that participants had difficulty in selecting any pattern
from the group that was visually dominant over any of the
other patterns (Table 4). Of the forty-two tests conducted
on Group I, only 11 cases rejected the null hypothesis. Four
of the rejected cases were found in the first rank of "least
noticeable" which indicates that differentiation of pattern
chips that have less visual significance was less difficult
for the participants. It appears that these seven patterns
are not visually different to the map reader (Figure 8).
Therefore they could be used together on a nominal map with-

out any of the patterns "standing out" visually.

24

I TABLE 3
Questionnaire and.K-S Two Sample Test Results
‘ for Group I, Pattern 7186

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pattern NOTICEABILITY

M7186 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

z '.a'x

9. 0 0 3 3 4 5 3

:0 0 0 0 o

’z‘ . . .

2% 12113 2 1 0 L1 7 2 1

c 00000

0bserved1 .0 .0 .17 .34 .56 .84 1.0

Observedg .12 .17 .18 .42 .83 .95 1.0
01-02 012 017 001 008 027 011 O

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Critical Value-- .3429 <3<=.05

Results of the orientation test on three patterns of
Group I (patterns 7186, 239, and 228, Appendix A) indicate
that there were no differences between the pattern orien—
tation in terms of noticeability (Table 3 and Appendix D).
It was concluded that patterns in this group are fairly equal
in visual significance regardless of orientation.

Pattern styles of this group varied from regular dot
and geometrically shaped patterns to irregular geometric and
pictographic vegetation patterns. From the results it would
appear that style had little effect on pattern perception
except possibly in the case of pattern 612 which had a

heavier response rate as "least noticeable."

25

TABLE 4
Matrix of K-S Test Results
for Group I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN ORDER
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 .. - - - _ ..
6 R - - — - R
5 R - - R - R
4 _ _ _ - - -
3 R - — - - R
2 _ _ _ _ _ _
1 R R R — - R
c><=.05
R Reject HO

Fail to reject Ho

Pattern Orders

1) 2288, 2228, 2219, F7127, Z239, F7186, Z612
2) F7186, Z228, F7127, 2612, 2219, Z288, Z239
3) Z288, Z219, 2239, 2612, 2228, F7127, F7186
4) 2612, 2239, F7127, 2228, F7186, 2288, Z219
5) 2228, F7186, 2612, 2219, 2288, F7127, 2239
6) 2612, F7186, 2239, F7127, 2219, 2228, 2288

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

\ s‘fi A ,3 ..W 1L1. T.
’ ' I . " H’ + + + .1 b > r ‘ :v ' ' “I. L L '- Lil-
\\’0\ s + 4. + + A<> h} .1 ""‘hg LLLLLLL
s ' ' ~ ~ ', l + + + 1' 4 u ' 63'" .521 L LLLLLLLLL
"a f a + + + + f‘ P ......... Y ', . 1. L L L 1.
s \ \‘ + + + + 4 ) l‘ ""91: .' “'1 L L L L L L
v.’.l' ’L) ‘- Jll... LLLLL
\""s\’1 + + + 4. h V 1 u " LLLLLLH
1 0 ' s 1' L‘ " + ‘F 7’ L < .15 1 M "h" 1.1 LLLLLLLL
000000 ”I. "
000000 1““ .\\Il
....... \I'. . 'l -
4 000000 \ “‘H' ”\
OOOOOOOOOOOO “I. \‘l. ‘\I
............ HI," U
............ I, fill,” \\I

Figure 8: Group I Patterns

26
Group II

Test results indicate that the participants had diffi—
culty in differentiating patterns in the middle ranks but
were able to distinguish patterns that were more or less
noticeable (Table 5). Of the thirty tests conducted, thir-
teen of the cases rejected the null hypothesis. Eleven of
these rejected cases were found in the fifth ("most notice-
able") rank and the first ("least noticeable") rank. These
results indicate that the patterns of Group II (Figure 9)
would be inappropriate for use together in mapping nominal
zoning data, as map—readers can easily distinguish between
the visual significance of the patterns.

Orientation tests were performed on two patterns of
Group II, line pattern 7102 and pattern 7106. Paired com-
parisons were conducted in which each orientation of an
individual pattern was tested against all other orientations.
Results of the test failed to reject the null hypothesis
indicating that the visual significance of these patterns

was not affected by orientation differences (Appendix D).

Group III

Results of the K-8 test on Group III indicate that
participants had little difficulty differentiating one domi—
nant pattern, 7184, but could not discriminate between the
remaining pattern chips (Figure 10). Of the forty-two tests
conducted, only eight cases rejected the null hypothesis

(Table 6). Four of these were found in the seventh

27

TABLE 5
Matrix of K-S Test Results
for Group II

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN ORDER
1 2 3 4 5 6
5 R R R R R R
4 - - - — R R
1 R R R - R R
°<=.05
R = Reject HO

Fail to reject HO

Pattern Orders

1) F7219, F7106, 277, 2217, F7102
2) F7219, Z77, F7102, F7106, 2217
3) F7102, 2217, Z77, F7106, F7219
4) 277, 2217, F7106, F7102, F7219
5) 2217, F7102, F7129, F7106, 277
6) F7106, Z77, F7102, F7219, 2217

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘I'\' 21‘ XXX)!!! ‘00 "" t" 90"
)Q’\/’~\/\’I‘ x x x x x x , , .000 ::,v‘::~.¢-Il
b\" I\/\/\ x x x x x ‘g 0 .0 . r 423A0¢’»
VI’\~l~‘- xx xx xx 00v. 0 "a‘ *

~"/\’\ [\I x x x x x .,q‘ .3 fijvhb,r‘>v‘
'\-I’I~\ xx x11! x 3"0 ‘vl >1 )vtv,’
7l\,-J{P x xx xx 7 0 v'e . A'A‘.,,‘
s:[’\ll”’ x x x x x x 0,0,.. 0"”,vva’,‘
[\I/I‘,\1\/ xxxxx“"x"x ‘90'04903 ".'.¢':At';d
\’11\:J‘ l"\ I x x x x ’ ' ' 9 . ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘1’: ’1'0' A

Figure 9: Group II Patterns

 

 

\\\\\\\\
\\\\\\\\\
\\\\\\\\\
\\\\\\\\\
\\\\\\\\\
\\\\\\\\\
\\\\\\\\\
\\\\\\\\\

\\\\\\\

 

 

7102

28

TABL
Matrix of K-S

E 6
Test Results

for Group III

 

PATTERN

ORDER

 

l 2 3

4 5 6

 

R R R

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

o<
R

Pattern

l) F7184
2) 2238,
3) 275,

4) F7094
5) F7184
6) 2362,

05
Reject H

Fail to Reject HO

Orders

, Z279, F7155, F7094, 275, 2362, 2238

Z362, 275, F7094, F7155,-2279, F7184
F7155, 2362, 2238, F7184, 2279, F7094
, 2279, Z75, F7155, 2362, F7184, 2238

I

2362, F7094, 2238, Z75, F7155, 2279

F7155, F7184, 2238, 275, 2279, F7094

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

. ... . ‘ I’ f """"
0 00 - _\\ \r ’1

0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0. r... .0. .‘q -,\\’~L"""\\. ................. ‘
00000000 0 O .. \I.’/\ \a 00000000 1
000000000 9. 0.. I’D ’tl’. 000000000
0 0 0 0 0 0- 0 0 4 .. 0.0 O 0.‘ \,\)-\\"\’I- ’\ 00000000 q
000 00 0 O .‘00 I/(I ’- I-l 000000000
.0. 0 .0. .0.0 01 00 . 0 ... .0 ,\\\, \\\'l‘\ 000000000
0 0 0 00.0.1 0. .0 0 .. "’\’\‘ I‘v‘l"\ ................. 1
000000000 .0 ..0 -'\‘\’—\\ 000000000
00000000 O .‘Q O O ’I‘\ <2’—\\I’ 00000000
0 0000000 . O . | ’ I .\ 000 1
. . /\‘ ......

.0 O O O. b. C. .. O ‘ ~/\\’\’\’ 00000000
0 .0 0.0 0.0. .0 ’ .°. 0 0.0 I "\I/\\;" (R), 000000000 1
L... 00 . I. O. A . ’ "1\1 "1\‘ ..............

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 10:

 

 

 

 

 

\\\\\\\\\ “““
\\\\\\\\\\\' L‘L‘LLL‘L‘LLLL
\\\\\\\\\\\ LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
\\\\\\\\\\\ L L L k L L L L
\\\\\\\\\\\ L L L L L L L
\\\\\\\\\\\ L L L L L L L
\\\\\\\\\\\ L L L L L L
\\\\\\\\\\\ LLLLL I-LLLLLLLH
\\\\\\\\\\\ L L L L L L L
~\\\\\\\\>\\ L L '- LLLLLLL L

 

 

 

362

Group III Patt

erns

29
("most noticeable") rank. It would appear from the results
that six of the patterns of GroupiEEEwould work together well
in mapping nominal data effectively but that one pattern,
7184, would not.

The test on pattern orientation was conducted on four of
the patterns of Group III. Three patterns with two orienta—
tions and one pattern with four orientations were tested.
Results failed to reject the null hypothesis in any of the

cases (Appendix D).

Group IV

GroupIUIresults are mixed. While participants had little
difficulty differentiating a pattern of less visual significance,
they had trouble differentiating between other patterns of
GroupiU/(Table 7). Difficulty was evident in theImukiheranks
with somewhat less difficulty discriminating patterns that were
more noticeable. Of the thirty—six tests conducted, eighteen
cases rejected the null hypothesis. Ten of these were found
in the lower ranks along with four in the fifth rank and four
in the sixth rank. The results suggest that the patterns of
Group IV (Figure 11) should not be used together in mapping
nominal data since test participants were able to differen-

tiate between the visual significance of most oftflmapatterns.

Group V
Table 8 illustrates the results of Group V testing. As

indicated, participants had difficulty in discriminating

30

TABLE 7

Matrix of K-S Test
for Group IV

Results

PATTERN ORDER

3 4

R

 

l w Q

.05

Reject HO

Fail to Reject HO
Pattern Order
1) 278, F7181,
2) F7114,
3) F7169,
4) F7181,
5) F7080,
6) 2371,

F7080,
F7169, 2371,
F7080, 2371,
F7080, F7169,
F7169, F7114,

278, F7181,

2371, F7169,
F7080,
278,
278,
2371,
F7169,

F7114
Z78
F7114
2371

Z78
F7080

F7181,
F7181,
F7114,
F7181,
F7114,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 11:

 

 

371

7181

7080

Group IV Patterns

 

31

between patterns of higher visual significance (shown by
a higher frequency of failures to reject the null hypothe—
sis). It was also noted that patterns of less visual sig—
nificance were easier to differentiate (shown by the lower
frequency of failures to reject the null hypothesis). Of
the thirty-six tests conducted, twelve cases rejected the
null hypothesis and most of these rejections occurred in
ranks one and two. For the most part, the arrangement of
the rejections warrants caution in the use of the six pat—
terns of Group V for mapping nominal zoning data (Figure
12).

Results of the orientation test on four patterns, 222,
7166, 73, and 259, of Group I indicates that pattern orien—
tation had little effect on the visual significance of these

patterns (Appendix D).

Group VI

Results of Group VI testing indicate that participants
had little difficulty ranking the six patterns from least to
most noticeable (Table 9). Of the thirty-six tests conducted
on Group VI, twenty—nine cases rejected the null hypothesis.
Therefore, these patterns could not be used together on
nominal zoning maps (Figure 13).

Orientation analysis involved four patterns from this
group. Three of the patterns were tested for two orienta—
tions and the fourth pattern was tested by paired comparisons

for four orientations (Appendix D). In each case, the null

32

TABLE 8
Matrix of K-S Test Results
For Group V

PATTERN ORDER

|_l

 

.05
Reject Ho
Fail to Reject Ho

R

Pattern Order

1) 2259, 273, F7092, 2222, F7215, F7266
2) 2222, 2259, F7266, F7092, F7215, 273
3) F7215, 273, 2222, 2259, F7266, F7092
4) F7092, F7215, 2259, F7266, 2222, 273
5) F7266, F7215, 2222, F7092, 273, 2259
6) 273, 2222, F7215, F7092, 2259, F7266

“MMNWWWW
’0‘0’0’0’0’0’0’0’0 0 0 0’0 0 1
1.0.0.0 0.0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0
100000000000000

1.0.0.0’0’0’0’0’0‘0’0’0’0‘0’0‘

HUIIHUNIUHIIHH
IHIUHNHUHHHH
HHHONHHINNHIH
OIIHUNUINUHHII
HHNHINHNUHNII
IHIIHIHNIHHIHH

HINIHUIHHNHNH
NIINUNIIHHUNIH
IHINUINIIHIIHHH
IIHIHHIIHHNHHH

1‘0'0'0°0’0’0°0°0’0’0°0°0’0’0‘
0’0’0.0°0’0’0’0’0’0’0‘0’0’0’0
00000000000000

0 000

    

IINIIHUINHNHNN

 

HHHHNHIHIINHH

73 7092

   

Figure 12: Group V Patterns

Pattern Orders
F7188,
F7147,

F7138,
2432,

F7087,
F7087,

 

 

 

 

Figure 13:

33

TABLE 9

Matrix of K—S Test Results

for Group VI

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN ORDER
1 2 3 4 5 6
6 R R R R - R
5 R R - R R R
4 R R R R R R
3 R R R R R -
2 R R R R - R
1 R - - R R -
o<=.05
R = Reject Ho
-=F

F7229,
F7188,
2432,
F7087,
Z432,
F7188,

 

7188

ail to Reject HO

F7138,
F7229,
F7147,
F7229,
F7138,
F7229,

F7147,

F7138,
F7229,
F7188,
F7147,

Z432,

Z432,

F7087,
F7087,
F7147,
F7188,
F7138,

 

 

VOVOV.V' '
9.0.0.0.
$90.. 0

 

.00
O

)
O
’2’: 0909:0109081

O

 

Group VI Patterns

F7087

Z432
F7188
F7138
F7229
F7147

 

 

 

 

 

34
hypothesis was not rejected and it was concluded that orien-

tation did not affect the perception of these patterns.

Group VII

Results in Table 10 indicate that participants had dif—
ficulty discriminating any difference in pattern prominance.
Of the twenty-four tests performed, only four rejected the
null hypothesis. It appears that these four patterns, illus-
trated in Figure 14, could be used to avoid differences in
visual importance.

The K—S two sample test for orientation investigated
two of the patterns of Group VII, patterns 208 and 223. In
both cases the null hypothesis was rejected and as in the
other groups, it was concluded that orientation had little
effect in the perception of patterns (Appendix D).

Fine textures characterized the patterns of Group VII.
It is possible that these finer textures help minimize visual

difference between patterns.

Group VIII

The patterns of Group VIII are unsuitable for use in
nominal data mapping as indicated by the results of the K—S
test. These patterns are shown in Figure 15. Participants
easily discriminated between most of the patterns. The re-
sults of twenty—one rejected cases out of the thirty-six

tested is illustrated in Table 11.

F“

l w R

35

TABLE 10
Matrix of K—S Test Results
for Group VII

PATTERN ORDER

3 4

 

05
Reject Ho
Fail to Reject HO

Pattern Orders

1) F7208, F7086, F7242, 2223
2) F7086, 2223, F7208, F7242
3) F7242, F7086, 2223, F7208
4) F7208, 2223, F7086, F7242
5) 2223, F7208, F7242, F7086
6) F7086, F7242, F7208, 2223

   

14: Group VII Patterns

36

Orientation tests using the two sample procedure indi—
cate that of the five patterns tested (one with four orien-
tations and four with two orientations), none showed differ-
ences in visual significance (Appendix D).

The patterns of Group VIII ranged in value from 34 to
38 and in texture from 4 to 5 (taken from Zirbel‘s guide).
The small change in texture, may be responsible for the in—
compatibility of these patterns in nominal zoning data
mapping but because the texture change is small it may be
possible that pattern style had more influence on pattern

significance.

Group IX

K-S test results for this group indicate confusion in
choosing patterns that differ in visual significance: the
participants were unable to discriminate between the four
patterns of Group IX in terms of noticeability (Table 12).
Of the 24 tests conducted, there were only four cases in
which the null hypothesis was rejected. It is evident that
these four patterns, illustrated in Figure 16, could be
used with confidence in mapping nominal data.

Orientation test results indicate that pattern orien—
tation did not affect pattern perception. Three patterns
were investigated regarding their orientations and in no
case could the null hypothesis be rejected (Appendix D).

The results of this group proved interesting. Texture

variation ranged from 3 to 5 and value from 44 to 13, yet

TABLE 11
Matrix of K—S Test Results
for Group VIII

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN ORDER

1 2 3 4 5 6
6 R R R R R R
5 R R R R R R
4 _ _ _ _ _ _
3 R R - - R -
2 _ _ _ - _ _
l R R R R R R

°< .05

R = Reject Ho
- = Fail to Reject HO

Pattern Orders

1) F7185, F7182, F7089, 2262, 2260, 283
2) F7182, 2262, 283, F7185, F7089, 2260
3) 2260, 2262, F7182, 283, F7185, F7089
4) F7089, 2262, 283, F7182, F7185, 2260
5) 283, 2262, F7185, F7182, F7089, 2260
6) 2262, F7185, 283, 2260, F7089, F7182

’0
.0
o
0

.0
0
0

0.0.0.
000
00..
.0.
0.0.0,.
.°00.

1.1::

0°
.0
0..

..o’

'0'. o
0 0

o

.0
0"

 

Figure 15: Group VIII Patterns

 

38

TABLE 12
Matrix of K-S Test Results
for Group IX

PATTERN ORDER

3 4

 

=.05
R = Reject HO
— = Fail to Reject HO

Pattern Orders

1) 2253, 2331, F7139, F7149
2) 2331, F7149, 2253, F7139
3) F7139, 2331, F7149, 2253
4) 2253, F7149, F7139, 2331
5) F7149, 2253, 2331, F7139
6) F7139, 2331, 2253, F7149

_£Rg

'.A.. rm

1
0.
.Il
LA:

   

Figure 16: Group IX Patterns

39
participants were unable to differentiate visual significance
between the patterns. These results might indicate that
pattern perception is not influenced greatly by texture at

higher percent area inked levels.

Overview of Group Results
An overview of group results provides some interesting
observations and answers to the questions put forth earlier

in this chapter.

Do patterns with similar texture and value appear
similar in visual significance?

Although patterns with similar value and texture are
thought to have equal visual significance, the results of
the present study suggest this may not always be true. The
patterns of Groups II, IV and VIII, similar in measured value
and texture, were not perceived by participants as being
similar in visual significance, possibly because of differing
orientations or styles. Since orientation effects on pattern
perception appear insignificant then some styles may cause

the visual difference between certain pre-printed patterns.

Do certain pattern styles appear visually dominant;
or which pattern styles, if any, appear consistently
as "more" or "less" noticeable?

The cases where texture and value did not influence the

40
Visual significance of some patterns, style of pattern may
be the cause. Line patterns were consistently rated as less
noticeable in the groups in which they appeared; only one
line pattern was rated highly. Crosshatch patterns also
appeared to dominate in ranking, with most crosshatch pat-
terns scoring heaviest in the middle ranks. Dot patterns
were placed in the top two ranks of their respective groups
in every case except one. It is interesting to note that
patterns of Group VIII are basically dot, line and crosshatch
patterns and that participants had little difficulty differ—
entiating the visual significance of Group VIII patterns.
The scores for geometric patterns varied considerably and no
conclusion could be made as to the affect of this style on
pattern perception. Investigation of irregular geometric
patterns indicated that they were seen as visually more sig-

nificant than irregular areal and pictographic patterns.

Does orientation affect the perceived visual
significance of a pattern?

It can be reasonably concluded from the Kolmogorov-
Smirnov two sample test results that orientation has little
influence ontfluamap—reader's impression of visual signifi—
cance. Even though orientation does not appear to effect
pattern perception, care must be taken in mapping not to
create visually complex combinations of patterns that can

cause map noise at areal unit boundaries.

41

Are there certain textures at which patterns
are perceived as lighter or darker?

Two generalizations can be made: (1) within groups of
higher value (PAI greater than 27), coarse textures were seen
as visually more significant with the exception of line pat-
terns, and (2) patterns with higher values and finer textures
are difficult to differentiate according to their visual
significance. The results suggest that texture differences
can affect the way a pattern is perceived. Results suggest
that patterns with coarse texture should be avoided in map-
ping nominal data.

Results of the analysis led to the selection and dele-
tion of patterns for consideration in forming a pattern guide
for zoning maps. In general, only pattern groups containing
pre-printed patterns of similar visual significance (deter-
mined through testing) were chosen. Ideally, any group with
coarse textured patterns should not be included in the guide.
For the most part this rule was adhered to but because of the
limited number of patterns available, some pattern groups
with coarser textures were included in the guide. The re—

sulting pattern guide is discussed in the following chapter.

CHAPTER 4: THE PATTERN GUIDE

The mapping of zoning data in a comprehensive effective
manner involves the use of accepted cartographic techniques.
Zoning data has both nominal and ordinal characteristics and
is a complex mapping task. Ordinal scaling ranks data and is
characterized by "greater than" and "less than" relationships
between classes while nominal scaling requires patterns with
little visual difference. Thus pattern selection for zoning
maps requires care. "More than" and "less than" are easily
controlled by the map maker by varying pattern value but pat—
terns with equal visual prominence for nominal categories are
more difficult to determine and must vary in style. This
study has provided five groups of patterns with varying
style, but having similar visual significance. These groups

form the basis of the pattern selection guide.

Organization and Use of the Guide

The pattern selection guide is based on value/texture
changes as well as changes in pattern style. A copy of the
guide can be found in the map pocket. Value/texture and
style form the two dimensions of the guide with changes in
pattern style along the vertical axis and changes in texture
and value occurring along the horizontal axis. The resulting
matrix has patterns of similar texture and style arranged in
horizontal rows in which only style varies providing patterns

42

43
of equal visual significance. Patterns of the same style are
arranged in columns where value increases to provide patterns
of varying visual significance.

In selecting patterns for use on a zoning map, the map
makercxu1select across a rowiknrpatterns to represent nominal
data categories and select from a column to represent ordinal
data categories. Using the map in Figure 1 as an example,
the following zoning categories are present:

1) Recreational

2) Institutional

3) Commercial

4) Industrial

5) Residential-low density
6) Residential-high density

These include five nominal classes, with two residential
categories in high and low ordinal classes. In mapping the
nominal categories, five patterns might be selected from row
two (Group III patterns) of the guide. To show the ordinal
nature of the two residential categories a sixth pattern can
be chosen. If, for example, a dot pattern was selected for
the residential category then a high and low value dot pat—
tern from the same column could be chosen. The resulting map
(Figure 17) illustrates five nominal categories of equal
visual significance and at the same time illustrates the
ordinal relationship between two subdivisions of one cate—
gory.

A few suggestions are in order for using the pattern

selection guide. From investigation of existing zoning maps

it was apparent that certain patterns are commonly used for

02:0 EOE 050201 9:525 no! uESN Kw 05a."—

 

44

 

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o 0 0 . .—.. o . — .d. . F...)000H>00....r .— . . . ._. .H. . . . . . .,

 

45
certain zoning categories. For example, dot patterns are
most commonly used to represent residential categories on
many zoning maps and pictographic vegetation patterns are
often used to represent recreational areas. Symbol associa-
tion may be an important aspect in zoning maps and when pos—
sible, associative patterns should be used to illustrate
their corresponding zoning categories.

At times a zoning map is constructed and used to empha-
size a certain category to the public or policy-makers. If
a map is to be constructed with this use in mind, patterns of
higher visual significance can emphasize the importance of
certain categories over others. For example, industrial
categories are at times represented by patterns of greater
visual significance which connote an environmental impression
(smoke, pollution) which people perceive. Care must be taken
in emphasizing areas of nominal data as perceptual bias will
be introduced.

The guide is limited in effectiveness because of the
number of patterns from which to choose. Investigation of
other patterns may help in the area of ordinal and nominal
data mapping and at the same time improve and expand the con-
tent of the guide. While pattern orientation was found to
have little effect on pattern perception, using different
orientations of a pattern on a map is not recommended as it
might imply a relationship between nominal categories. In
addition, visual confusion is likely to result as the number

or orientations increases. Orientation, in relation to line

46
patterns poses a problem for the map—maker. A map-reader
will tend to move his or her eyes in the direction of a line
and the use of numerous orientations on a map forces the
reader's eye to change direction frequently. This can result
in difficulty in extracting information from the map. When
it is necessary to use varying orientations of the same pat—
tern on a map, it is advisable to avoid line patterns and to

use other pattern styles with care.

Summary

The pattern selection guide provides the map—maker with
a tool for mapping zoning data in a visually effective manner.
The guide is based on groups of patterns with varying styles.
Pattern groups were tested and only groups with patterns that
were equal in visual significance were used in the guide
while groups with patterns that differed in visual signifi—
cance were rejected. Even with a limited number of patterns,
the guide can help the cartographer or planner map zoning

data in a more effective manner.

CHAPTER 5: FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS

The need for a pattern selection guide for mapping
zoning data, as evidenced by the ineffectiveness of existing
methods, prompted the present study. The objective of ob-
taining pattern groups of similar visual significance to
representrmmfijmfl.categories of zoning data was attempted
through the investigation of patterns considered to be equal
in visual significance. The analysis led to the development
of the pattern selection guide based on pattern value and
texture and on pattern style.

The zoning map pattern guide was based on Zirbel's more
general guide and inherited some limitations from that study.
The use of Zirbel's value and texture ratings eliminated the
need for testing these characteristics, but at the same time,
limited the number of patterns available for use. Further
pattern elimination resulted in a guide involving only twenty—
five of the original fifty-one patterns from Zirbel's study.
Although this is a sufficient number for most zoning maps,
more available patterns would be preferable. In selecting
patterns from the guide, the map maker must also be conscious
of the aesthetic quality of individual patterns, a considera-
tion confronting the construction of all maps. "The map
maker can only attempt to select a set of patterns which are
pleasant to view and are individually and collectively ap—
pealing" (Zirbel, p. 41). The present study does not address

47

48
this problem and, unfortunately, the guide provided no infor—
mation concerning this critical mapping decision.

Results of this study provided additional insight into
visual characteristics influencing pattern perception. The
idea that patterns of similar value and texture generate
similar visual prominence is not supported by the results of
this study. Pattern orientation appears to have little ef—
fect on the visual importance of a pattern, but style may
play a larger role than is thought in pattern prominence.
Pattern adjacency may also influence pattern significance.
Line patterns placed next to one another on a map are known
to create noisy boundaries. A map reader experiences diffi-
culty in focusing on the map and in extracting information.
The aesthetic quality of a map can be greatly affected by
the placement of adjacent patterns.

This study raises unanswered questions relating to the
study of pattern perception and pattern use in the mapping of
zoning data. There may be many additional patterns that
could be included in the pattern selection guide and further
research is needed to identify these. As Zirbel suggests,
photographic reduction of patterns may give very different
visual impressions to map readers. Another consideration
might include the investigation of overlapping patterns.

Both of these ideas would increase the number of available
patterns for mapping nominal zoning data and provide planners

and policy-makers with more effective maps.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Babcock, Richard F. The Zoning Game. Madison: The Univer—
sity of Wisconsin Press, 1960.

 

Castner, Henry W., and Robinson, Arthur H., "Dot Area Symbols
in Cartography: The Influence of Pattern on Their Per-
ception." Washington, D.C., American Congress on Sur-
veying and Mappipg. Cartography Division, (1969): 7-78.

 

 

Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation. A Study in Urban
Mapping. Ottawa, Canada: 1944.

 

Dent, Borden D., "Visual Organization and Thematic Map Com—
munication." Annals of the Association of American
Geographers. 62 (March 1972): 79-93.

 

 

Gallion, Arthur B., and Eisner, Simon. The Urban Pattern.
4th ed. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1980.

 

Gibson, Peter Nelson. "Towards More Efficient Cartographic
Style for Urban Area Planning Maps." M.S. Thesis,
Michigan State University, 1972.

Johnson, Richard E. "Texture Changes and the Perceived Value

of Dot Patterns in Mapping." Paper, Annual Meeting,
East Lakes Division, Association of American Geographers,
1978.

Robinson, Arthur H., Sale, Randall, and Morrison, Joel.
Elements of Cartography. 4th ed. New York: John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., 1978.

 

Rody, Martin J., and Smith, Herbert H. Zoning Primer.
Trenton: Chandler—Davis Publishing Company, 1960.

 

Siegel, Sidney. Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral
Sciences. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1956.

 

Smith, Richard M., and Groop, Richard E. "Producing Nominal
Maps with Matrix Line Printers." Revista Cartographica
37 (July 1980): 89-96.

 

Taylor, Peter J. Quantitative Methods in Geography. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 1977.

 

Zirbel, Marion R. "Pattern Selection Guide for Monochromatic
Mapping of Nominal Areal Data." M.A. Thesis, University
of Kansas, 1976.

49

APPENDICES

50

APPENDIX A: GROUPS OF PATTERNS AND THEIR LETTER
DESIGNATIONS

 

A Letter Designation

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

*IC'I'I I'I'I'I
e:e.e.e.e.e.e.eJ
F 7186 Pattern Number
l5,8l lVelue, Texture)
GROUP I
A C O S E 6
.fi V v. b eeeee + 1 w — AAA
. L ..... + + x x I AAA22 LtLtLth
. :IIII: 1”,*+* ‘ *‘ ‘ “AAA“ ‘LflfLL
> r ..... h + + x x I I zzAA" LLLLLLL
F7186 2228 2239
(5.8) (5.10.) (7.8)
N\ K
_ ‘ ‘ ’
4 < h ' \'\ ' s t
7 L .1 : 1 ' s"
( V P L ' s \ L\
22 1 9 2288
(6.9) (6.10) (7.10)
0
All; .‘\”a
I”. .stc.
y" "h .1”:
2612

(6.10)

 

LLLLL
LLLL
LLLLL
O LLLL
LLLLL
LLLL
LLLLL
LLLL
LLL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

51

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

///// 444441”!
/ r//////
////5 K xxxx
////// r//////1
IVKVV VVVVVV

\\\\ . V‘l‘“+
\mmmm\ \wRRu

\ \ \\\\x
it: .42... 9 1 I nun»
\“M““\ 2 \l \/~.\’A, 1.. 8 \M\\\\\.

I N\N\\
0 7 N .I/\/\/_\1 2 e
1 o .7.\~ 7 9

___ 7 9 RVWL/ F.( J:: .

_ ___ F.1 __..:
:::__ 2:}:.
.___ /D_::{:
_:_:._ 1222:

_.TrL - L::::

A“. e. v 7 m
d '4 A
lilallllll'“ . H ‘ v Z 9 Tl'lll"lnlll

I'll . ‘ .l """"

Plll .- . ptmmmm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.th

(ta av 7 \l

3...”. .. 7
A c O eeeeeee
X X XXX B .- rQPVV 2 9 eoeeeeeo
X X AL)V7 2 0000000
X X X X 7 L4 ( eeeeeeee
X X X Turk Xeeeeeeee
X X X X eeeeeeee
X X X 0000000.
I N eeeoeeee

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

GROUP II

 

F7106
(9.8)

+++++

0.0...

+++++

+
+
+
I
GROUP III
V

 

 

 

 

 

 

2238

(11.7)

 

 

 

 

F7155
(13.6)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

F7184
275
(12.7)

 

 

 

2362
(13.6)
(14.6)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Z279

 

 

 

(11.6)

 

F7094
(12.6)

552
GROUP IV

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

v‘vv v" vvvvvv 0—0—0000 U C U U
':':':°:':':':° 3333:3233: booooooo gogcgogc
.......................... oooooooc c°o°o°cc
....... g 0000000000.: 30000000 0 C C C
0000000 neeoooeeeee O C O C
................... ooooooc 0 0 ° C
eeeeeee O O O O
ooooooooooooooooooo 30000000 Cocococc
............... ”33:33:; oooooooc COCOOOCC
.;.;.:.:.:.:. ............. Dooooooo OPCCCQC

 

 

 

 

F7050 F7181 F7169
'(18.6) -(17.5) (17.5)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

»;-a-.rv .:«-.‘
:0. z': '..:." :e.:.ee.:.ee.
'2 .3 '..,1 1.. e.e 4.0
run.,4u:- ,..,...t
., .. -.e..' .4 p. .4 .0. .e‘e. .e
Lo: _: 1.... " ...D'0.0
e. ... “.0. ......'1
~".°.: 1'..." DAA Ae_-e.e‘.e

 

GROUP V

 

 

 

 

.13
‘ fl)

 

 

 

 

 

I. I
ddddd

O

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

x\
"""'
”0000000
00000000
0000000
iVVVVVUV
00000000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AAA ‘
"""IIIIVIVI
[000000100000001
A‘IIIIIAIIIAII
'I'IVI""""

 

 

 

 

     

(20.4)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

F7215 2222 F7092
(20(5) (21.5) (2d5)

 

 

 

53

[MEN%

GROUP VI

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

F7138 F7229
[28,7] [29,9]
8 (S L
was»? 01°22 3:33
)fi~g<5 pee e eeeeec
{5‘10 3...... eeeee:
Qfih.$ 0... 00...!
a.. ‘1 jj . I...
F7087 F7 188‘
[29,7] [30,9] [27.8]

GROUP VII

 

 

     

1303! [32.2]

 

2223
[32,31

54
GROUP VIII

 

 

 

 

 

 

.%

 

F7185

 

     

GROUP IX

   

 

F7149 F7139
(46.4) (52.3)

“mmmm Egégg E§§§§ Egégg
2331

(73.4)

 

55

Appendix B. Test Questionnaire

QUE STIONNA IR E

In this questionnaire you will be asked to make a series of evaluations
concerning the visual qualities of various map patterns. You will be given
a number of patterns and will be asked to pick out the pattern that is most
noticeable (the pattern that stands out or is eyecatching). You must then
repeat this procedure with the remaining patterns. The result will be an
arrangement of patterns from most noticeable to least noticeable.

PLEASE FOLLOW DIRECTIONS CAREFULLY!

For each envelope: 1. INDICATE ENVELOPE NUMBER IN BLANK.

2. Open envelope and view patterns on blank sheet
of paper provided.

3. Arrange the patterns from most noticeable to
least noticeable.

4. Write the letter designation of the patterns in
the appropriate place along the line.

5. RETURN PATTERNS TO PROPER ENVELOPE.

 

 

 

 

 

 

EXAMPLE.
B C A E D p
rIgnst Least
NOTICEABLE
Envelope
Number _ 1; A,
Most Least
NOTICEABLE
Envelope
Number ; A
Most Least
NOTICEABLE
Envelope
Number .r 1
Most Least
NOTICE-XIILF.
Envelope
Number __ F '1.
Most Least

.\'()'[']C‘[".-\|§L[7

56

APPENDIX C: QUESTIONNAIRE TEST RESULTS BY GROUP

Frequency Responses for Group I Patterns

TABLE 13

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NOTICEABILI TY PA TTERIJ
RANKING ., 7166 239 7127 288 219 612 228 N
MOST 7 2 5 6 9 2 5 6 3 5
6 1 1 7 9 1+ 5 8 35
5 3 1+ 2 1+ 11 1 1 0 3 5
n 7 7 1 8 5 3 A 35
3 11 9 4 o 7 3 1 35
2 7 6 9 3 4 £1 2 3 5
25,-EAST 1 1+ 3 6 2 1 15 1+ 3 5

TABLE 14

Frequency Responses for Group II Patterns

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

N 0 TICEABILI TY PATTERI‘J
RANKING 217 7102 277 7219 7106 N
MOST 5 2 1+ 2 22 6 36
4 5 3 13 u 11 35
3 7 3 12 7 7 36
2 8 7 7 3 11 36
LEAST 1 1‘1 19 2 0 1 36

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

57

TABLE 15
Frequency Responses for Group III Patterns

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NOTICEABILITY PATTERN
ELADHCIPK} 279 7094 7155 7184 362 238 275 N
MOST 7 13 1 1+ 15 O 1 2 36
6 6 6 7 8 5 2 2 36
5 5 5 6 4 5 3 8 36
1+ 5 7 9 2 1+ 2 7 36
3 4 6 4 1 9 9 3 36
2 2 5 2 3 8 9 7 36
LEAST 1 1 6 4 3 5 1o 7 36
TABLE 16
Frequency Responses for Group IV Patterns
NO TICEABILI TY PA TTERN
IUADHCIPK} 371 7080 78 7181 7169 7114 N
LIOST 6 2 10 8 13 2 1 36
5 O 8 16 9 2 1 36
L] 11 6 8 7 2 2 36
3 10 5 2 3 10 6 36
2 6 2 2 1+ 3 19 36
LEAST 1 7 5 0 0 17 7 36

 

 

 

 

 

58

TABLE 17
Frequency Responses for Group V Patterns

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NOTICEABILITY 219T33N
RANKING 73 259 222 7215 7092 7266 N
MOST 6 8 11+ 1 6 5 2 36
11 5 11 7 5 2 10 1 36
4 9 9 8 5 2 3 36
3 5 3 11 4 9 4 36
2 2 3 6 3 5 17 36
“AST 1 1 O 5 16 5 9 36

TABLE 18

Frequency Responses for Group VI Patterns

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

:{OTICEABILITY PA T’I‘Eiifi
ILADHiIPflS 432 7138 7087 7147 7229 7188 N
i‘EOST 6 O O 2 2 17 15 36
5 2 3 1 3 12 15 36
1+ 2 1 2 25 1+ 2 36
3 16 6 9 2 2 1 36
2 9 19 5 1 o 2 36
LEAST 1 7 7 17 3 1 1 36

 

59

TABLE 19
Frequency Responses for Group VII Patterns

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NO TI CEABILI TY PA TTERI'Z
RANKING 7242 7086 223 7208 N
MOST 9 15 3 16 2 36
3 9 13 8 6 36
2 1 1 7 1 0 8 36
BEAST 1 1 1 3 2 20 36
TABLE 20

Frequency Responses for Group VIII Patterns

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1:0 TICEABILITY PATTERN
RANKING 282 260 7089 7182 7185 83 N
LOST 6 2 0 3 0 29 2 36
5 4 3 5 23 1 o 36
4 7 7 11 L» L1 3 36
3 7 12 10 2 1 1+ 36
2 9 10 7 7 0 3 36
LEAST 1 7 4 O O 1 21+ 36

TABLE 21

Frequency Responses for Group IX Patterns

 

 

 

 

 

 

NOTICEABILITY PATTERM
RANKING 7139 7149 253 331 N
HOST 1+ 3 6 12 15 36
3 12 1+ 12 8 36
2 14 8 8 6 36
LEAST 1 7 18 L1 7 36

 

 

 

 

 

 

60

APPENDIX D: RESULTS OF ORIENTATION TEST FOR GROUPS I
THROUGH IX

FREQUENCY RESPONSES AND K-S TEST RESULTS
CRITICAL VALUE =.3#29 C<-=.05

TABLE 22
Frequency Responses for Group I, Pattern 239

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
239 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
22222 3 1 2 1 3 4 3
JJJJJJ
34:41.. 2 O 2 6 6 2 O
Observedl .18 .2# .36 .42 .60 .83 1.0
Observedz .11 .11 .22 .55 .88 .99 1.0
0111|01-02| .07 .13 .14 .13 .16 0
TABLE 23

Frequency Responses for Group I, Pattern 228

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
228 7 6 5 L1 3 2 1
:::: 3 5 5 3 1 1 0
3 3 5 1 0 1 L1
Observedl .17 .45 .73 .89 .95 1.0 1.0
Observedg .18 .35 .65 ‘ .71 .71 .77 1.0
Diff |01-02J .01 .10 .08 .18 @ .23 0

 

61

TABLE 24a
Frequency Responses for Pattern 7102, Group II

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7102 5 4 3 2
:HIH
6'“: 1 O 1 1
I | I
jig; O 1 1 3
Diff I01-02| .11 0 0 @ 0
TABLE 24b
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7102 5 4 3 2 1
IHiH
:fllh 1 O 1 1 6
I | I
\\\\
Rt: 1 1 1 1
\\\\ 5
Observedl .11 .11 .22 .33 1.0
Observedz .11 .22 .33 .49 1.0
Dirrlol-0-2| 0 .11 - @ .11 0

 

 

 

 

 

 

62

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 24c
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7102 5 4 3 2
' i ' i ' i
h1H' 1 O 1 1
I | l
////
////
jjjj 1 2 O 2
DifflOl-Ogl 0 <::> .11 .22
TABLE 24d
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7102 5 a 3 2
32;; O 1 1 3
\\\\
\\\\
8:: 1 1 1 1
Observedl O .11 .22 .55
01£r|01-02| .11 .11 (::) .11

 

 

 

 

 

 

63

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 24e
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7102 5 4 3 2 1
323: 0 1 1 - 3 4
2:2:
§§§§ 1 2 0 2 4
Observedz .11 .33 .33 .55 1.0
Diff'Ol-Ogl .11 <::> Q11 0 0
TABLE 24f
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7102 5 4 3 2 1
\\\\
tttt 1 1 1 1 5
\\\\
////
////
gggg 1 2 o 2 4
Observedl .11 .22 .33 .A4 1.0
0111|01-02| 0 .11 0 (::) 0

 

 

 

 

 

 

64

TABLE 25
Frequency Respones for Pattern 7106, Group II

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PA TTERN NOTICEABILITY
7106 5 4 3 2 1
’33: 1' 6 3 8 0
III: 5 5 4 3 1
Observedl .06 .39 .56 1.0 1.0
DifflOl-Ozl .22 .17 (:::> .06 0

 

 

 

 

65

TABLE 26

Frequency Responses for Pattern 7094, Group III

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7094 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
{555$ 0 2 4 4 2 2 4
1 4 1 3 4 3 2
Observedl 0 .11 .33 .56 .67 .78 1.0
Observedg .06 .28 .33 .50 .72 .89 1.0
Diff'ol-Ozl .06 (:::) 0 .06 .05 .11 0

 

TABLE 27

Frequency Responses for Pattern 238, Group III

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
238 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
3333333 0 0 1 2 3 6 6

Observed1 .06 .17 .28 .28 .56 .78 1.0
Observedg 0 0 . .11 .22 .39 .72 1.0
Difflol-Ozl .06 .17 .17 .06 .17 .06' o

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

66

TABLE 28a

Frequency Responses for Pattern 362, Group III

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
362 6 5 4 3 2 1
fifififi
:I:I:I:I 1 1 3 3 1 0
33:33 0 1 2 2 2 2
Observedl .11 .22 .56 .89 1.0 1.0
Observedg .22 .33 .33 .56 .89 1.0
Difflol-ozl .11 .11 .23 (:::) .11 0
TABLE 28b
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
362 6 5 4 3 2 1
WM
:HHHS 1 1 3 3 1 0
2 1 1 3 1 1
Observed1 .11 .22 .56 .89 1.0 1.0
Observedg .22 .33 .44 .78 .89 1.0
0111:] ore-2| .11 .11 @ .11 .11 o

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

67

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 28c
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY.

362 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

l'l'l'l

'44“: 0 1 1 3' 3 1 0

'I'I'Ill

l.|.l.l .

o 2 2 0 1 2 2
Observedl 0 .11 .22 .56 .89 1.0 1.0
Observedg 0 .22 .44 .44 .56 .78 1.0
'Dirrlol-ozl 0 .11 .22 .12 <:::) .22' 0

TABLE 28d
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY

362 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

§§§§ 0 0 1 2 2 2 2

33353 0 2 1 1 3 1 1
Observedl 0 0 .11 .33 .56 .78 1.0
Observedg 0 .22 .33 .44 .78 .89 1.0
Di££|01-02| o <:::> .22l .11 .22 .11 o

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

68

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 28e
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
362 6 5 4 3 2 1
éégi O 1 2 2 2 2
22??? 2 2 0 1 2 2
Observedl 0 .11 .33 .56 .78 1.0
Observedg .22 .44 .44 .56 .78 1.0
0111‘ [01-02| .22 @ .11 0 0 0
TABLE 28f
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
362 6 5 4 3 2 1
SSEES 2 1 1 3 1 1
333?? 2 2 0 1 2 2
Observedl .22 .33 .44 .78 .89 1.0
Observedg .22 .44 .44 .56 .78 1.0
0111‘] cal-02' 0 .11 0 @ .11 0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

69

TABLE 29
Frequency Responses for Pattern 7184, Group III

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7184 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
53532535 7 3 3 o 1 1 3
a s 1 2 o 2 o
0bserved1 .39 .56 .72 .72 .78 .83 1.0
Observedz .44 .72 .78 .89 .89 1.0 1.0
0111“ |01-02| .05 .16 .06 @ .11 .17 o

 

70

TABLE 30
Frequency Responses for Pattern 7080, Group IV

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7080 6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 2 0 1
gggg 4 3 2 3 2 4
Observedz .22 .39 .50 .67 .78 1.0
Diff|01-02| .11 .22 <:::) .27 .16 0
TABLE 31

Frequency Responses for Pattern 7181, Group IV

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7181 6 5 4 3 2 1
6 3 4 2 3 0
w 8 5 3 1 1 o
Observedl .33 .50 .72 .83 1.0 1.0
Observedz .44 .72 .89 .94 1.0 1.0
Diff|01-02| .11. <:§E> .17 .11 0 0

 

TABLE 3 2

71

Frequency Responses for Pattern 7169, Group IV

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN N0 TICEABILI TY
7169 6 5 4 3 2 1
3323233? 1 1 1 3 2 10
1 1 1 7 1 7
Observedz .06 .11 .17 .56 .61 1.0
Diff |01 -02| 0 0 0 @ . 17 0

 

 

72

TABLE 33a
Frequency Responses for Pattern 7166, Group V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7166 5 4 3 2 1
IIIIIII o o 2 3 1
:::: 1 1 2 4 1
Observedl 0 0 .22 .56 1.0
Diff |01-02| .11 .22 .22 @ 0
TABLE 33b
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
I
IIIII o o 2 3 1
‘R
§\\\\§ 1 1 0 5 2
Observedl 0 0 .22 .56 1.0
Diff I 01-02] . 11 . 22 0 @ 0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

73

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 33c
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7166 5 a 3 2 1
IIIII o o 2 3 4

Z/

'42; o 2 2 3 2
Observedl O O .22 .56 1.0
Observedz O .22 .#4 .78 1.0
DiffIO1-02l o .22 <::> .22 0

TABLE 33d
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7166 5 4 3 2 1
-—- 1 1 2 4 1
Ԥ

§§§z 1 1 o 5 2
Observedl .11 .22 .4# .89 1.0
Observedz .11 .22 .22 .78 1.0
Difflol-OZI o o .22 .11 o

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

74

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 33e
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY

7166 5 4 3 2 1

= 1 1 2 1+ 1

7'

26% o 2 2 3 2
Observedl .11 .22 .44 .89 1.0
Observedz O .22 .44 .78 1.0
Diff [cl-02! @ o o . 11 0

TABLE 33f
PATTERN NOTICEABI LITY
7166 5 4 3 2 1
\‘K‘

$55 1 1 o 5 2

’7

4% o 2 2 3 2
Observed1 .11 .22 .22 .78 1.0
Observedz O .22 .#4 .78 1.0
Difflol -02,[ .11 o - @ o o

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

75

TABLE 34

Frequency Responses for Pattern 73, Group V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY

73 6 5 4 3 2 1

{{{fiw}? LI, 5 5 L', O 0

4 6 4 1 2 1
Observedl .22 .50 .78 1.0 1.0 1.0
Observedz .22 .55 .78 .83 .94 1.0

Diff I01 -02| o . 05 0 ® . 06 0

TABLE 35

Frequency Responses for Pattern 259, Group V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NO TICEABILITY
259 6 5 ‘ 4 3 _2 d 1
w 1 o 3 4 1 o o
g 4 3 6 2 3 0
Observe <11 . 56 .—67 . 9W 1. o 1. o 1 . o
Observedz .22 .39 .72 .83 1.0 1.0
Difflol-Ozl .34 .28 .22 .17 o o

 

76

TABLE 36a
Frequency Responses for Pattern 222, Group V

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
222 5 5 4 3 2 1
III 0 o 1 a u 1
5555 1 1 3 2 C) 2
Observedl o o .11 .44 .89 1.0
Observedz .11 .11 .56 .78 .78 1.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Difflol-Ozl .11 .22 (:::) .34 .11 o

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 36b
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
222 6 5 4 ~ 3 2 1
IIIIIII o o 1 3 4 1
\‘
§;:\ 0 1 3 4 o 1
Observedl o o .11 .44 .89 1.0
Observedz 0 .11 .44 .89 .89 1.0
Difflol-Ozl o .11 .33 .45 . o o

77

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 36c
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
222 6 5 4 3 2 1
IIIIIIII o o 1 3 3 3
y
0 1 2 2 1
/2 3
Observedl O O .11 .44 .89 1.0
Observedz O .33 .44 .66 .89 1.0
Difflol-Ozl o .33 (:::> .22 o o

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 36d
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
222 6 5 4 3 2 1
==== 1 1 3 2 o 2
‘R

§§§§ C) 1 3 4 o 1

\ m
Observedl .11 .22 .56 .78 .78 1.0
Observedz O .11 .44 .89 .89 1.0
Difflol-Ogl .11 .11 <:::) .11 .11 o

 

 

 

 

 

 

78

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 368
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
222 6 5 4 3
E 1 w 1 3 2
V/

% o 3 1 2
Observed1 .11 .22 .56 .76
Observedz O .33 .44 .67
Diff I01-02I .11 .11 ® . 11

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 36f

 

PATTERN NOTICEABI LITY

 

 

6 5 4 3

 

\\\\\§ 0 1 3 4

 

Z??? I O 3 1 2

 

Observedl O .11 .44 .89

 

Observedz O .33 .44 .67

 

 

 

 

 

 

Diff'Ol-Ozl 0 .22 O <:::>

 

 

79

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 37
Frequency Responses for Pattern 432, Group VI
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
432 6 5 4 3 2 1
O 2 2 8 4 2

ggég o o o 8 I 5 5
Observedl O .11 .22 .67 .89 1.0
Observedz O O O .44 .72 1.0
DiffIOl-Ozl o .11 .22 (:::) .17 0

TABLE 38

Frequency Responses for Pattern 7229, Group VI

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7229 6 5 4 3 2 1
::::: 8 7 1 1 o 1
Observedl .44 .83 .89 .94 .94 1.0
Observedz .56 .78 .94 .99 1.0 1.0
Difflol-ozl <:::> .05 .05 .05 .06 o

 

 

 

80

TABLE 39a
Frequency Response for Pattern 7138, Group VI

 

 

 

               

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN . NOTICEABILITY
7138 6 5 4 3 2 1
'0 2 o 1 5 1

7/

{figé o 1 o 1 6 1
Observedl O .22 .22 .33 .89 1.0
Difflol-Ozl 1 .11 (::) .11 o 0

TABLE 39b
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7138 6 5 4 3 2 1
o o o 2 5 2

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

7//

 

 

 

 

 

&R\
Observedl O O O .22 .78 1.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Difflol-OZI o o .11 (::) .11 o

 

8l

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 39C
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7138 5 4 3 2 1
IIIIIIII 2 o 1 3 1
::=: O O 2 ' 5 2
Observedl .22 .22 .33 .89 1.0
Observedz O O .22 .78 1.0
Diff I01-02| .22 @ .11 . 11 0
TABLE 39d
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7138 5 4 3 2 1
IIIIII 2 o 3 s 3
\\
§§§s o 1 2 3 3
Observedl .22 .22 .22 .89 .1.0
DiffIOl-Ozl (::> .11 o .22 D

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

82

 

 

 

TABLE 39e
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7138 6 5 4 3 2 1
5555 O O O 2 5 2

 

\\:f
O
H'
O
I4
O\
H'

//,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Observedl O O O .22 .78 1.0
Diff I01-02I o .11 @ o .11 0
TABLE 39f
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7138 6 5 4 3 2 1

 

§§§ C) O 1 2 3 3

 

g??? 0 1 O 1 6 1

 

 

Observedl O O .11 .33 .67 1.0

 

Observedz O .11 .11 .22 .89 1.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DiffIOl-OZI o .11 o .11 @ o

 

83

TABLE 40
Frequency Responses for Pattern 7188, Group VI

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY

 

V
p
00
(I)
O\
U't

4 3 2 1

 

 

 

 

:. 9 7 1 O 1 O

5553 6 8 1 1 1 1
Observedl .50 .89 .94 .94 1.0 1.0
Observedz .33 .78 ;83 .89 .94 1.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Diff |01-02| .11 .11 .05 .06 o

 

84

.TABLE 41a

Frequency Responses for Pattern 223, Group VII

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
223 4 3 2 1
IIIIIIIIIIII 3- 3 3 2
eggs 0 2 2 5
Observedz O .22 .44 1.0
Diff lol-DZI .22 .11 ® 0
TABLE 41b
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
223 4 3 2 1
IIIIIIIIII =3 3 ‘3 2
\3
\\\\\ o 3 o 6
Observedl .22 .333 .78 1.0
Observedz O .33 .33 1.0
Diff I01 -02[ . 22 0 ® 0

85

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 41c
PA TTERN N 0 TI CEA BILI TY

223 4 3 2 1

IIIIIIIIII 2 3 3 2

W/

///2 2 o 2 5
Observedl .22 .33 .78 1.0
Difflol-ozl o .11 .33 0

TABLE 41d
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
223 4 3 2 1
E O 2 2 5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Difflol-OZI <:::> o o o

 

86

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 41e
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY

223 4 3 2 1

EEEE O 2 2 5

6/

% o 3 o 6
Observedl O .22 .44 1.0
Observedz O .33 .33 1.0
Diff |01-02| o @ .11 0

TABLE 41f
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY

223 4 3 2 1

§§§§ O 3 O 6

V

/% 2 o 2 5
Observedl O .33 .33 1.0
Diff |01-02] @ .11 .11 o

 

 

 

 

 

87

TABLE 4 2
Frequency Responses for Pattern 7208, Group VII

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7208 4 3 2 1
.5 6 5 2
11 2 5 O
Observedz .61 .72 1.0 1.0
Diff|01-02| <::) .11 .11 o

 

88

TABLE 43a
Frequency Responses for Pattern 83, Group VIII

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
83 6 5 4 3 2 1
Egg; 0 O O 1 1 7
Observedl O O O .11 .22 1.0
Observedz .22 .22 .22 .44 .56 1.0

 

Difflol-OZI .22 .22 .22 .33 .34 0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 43b
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
83 6 5 4 3 2 1
if: 0 o o 1 1 7
’z’///2
343 o o 1 o 1 7
Observedl O O , O .11 .22 1.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Diff I 01-02I o 0 ® 0 o o

 

89

TABLE 43c

 

PATTERN

NOTICEABILITY

 

6 5 4 3 2 1

 

83

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2 o o 2 1 4
223‘
/ / 1
22%? o 0 1 O 7
Observed1 .22 .22 .22 .44 .55 1.0
Observedz O O .11 .11 .22 1.0
Difflol-OZI .22 .22 .11 <:::) .33 0
TABLE 43d
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
38 6 5 4 3 2 1
I I I l
IIIIIIIIII 0 0 2 1 1 5
l I
Egg; 0 o o 1 1 7
Observedz O O O .11 .22 1.0
DiffIOl-Ozl o o .22 .22) .22 o

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

90

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 43e
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
83 6 5 4 3 2 1
II'IIII 1 o 1 . 1 1 1
Jth
\\\‘\$ ‘
§§§§ 2 o o 2 1 4
Observedl O 0 .22 .33 .44 1.0
DiffIOl-Ozl .22 (::D o .11 .12 0
TABLE 43f
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
83 6 5 4 3 2 1
IIIIII . . 2 1 1 s
IIH
’//// o o 1 o 1 7
Observedl O O .22 .33 .44 1.0
Difflol-Ozl o o .11 .22 .22 o-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

91

TABLE 44

Frequency Responses for Pattern 7185, Group VIII

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7185 6 5 4 3 2 1
2525252 33 1 ° 1 ° 1
14 O 4 O O O
Observedl .83 .89 .89 .94 .94 1.0
Observedz 078 078 1000 1.00 1000 100
Diff I01-02| @ .11 . 11 . o6 . 06 o

 

TABLE 45

Frequency Responses for Pattern 260, Group VIII

 

 

 

 
       
  

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
260 6 5 4 3 2 1
o 1 3 7 3 4
o 2 4 I 5 7 o
Observedl O .06 .22 .61 .78 1.0
Observedz O .11 .36 .61 1.00 1.0
Difflol-Ozl 0 .05 .11 O <:::) 0

 

92

TABLE 46
Frequency Responses for Pattern 7089, Group VIII

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7089 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 6 5 4 O
2 3 5 5 3 0
Observedz .11 .27 .56 .83 1.0 1.0
TABLE 47

Frequency Responses for Pattern 7182, Group VIII

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
7182 6 5 4 3 2 1
fig: 0 10 2 2 4 o
o 13' 3 o 2 o
Observedl O .56 .67 .78 1.0 1.0
Observedz O 172 189 189 1.0 1.0
Difflol-OZI o .16 (::D .11 o o

 

 

 

 

93

TABLE 48a

Frequency Responses for Pattern 331, Group IX

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
331 4 3 2 1
"III“ 1 3 3 3
5555 4 2 1 2
Observedl .44 .78 .89 1.0
Observedz .44 .67 .78 1.0
Diff [01-02| 0 @ . 11 0
TABLE 48b
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
331 4 3 2 1
III 1 1 1 1
\"
R\\\ 2 5 1 1
Observedl .44 .78 .89 1.0
Diff |01-02] @ o o o

 

 

 

 

 

94

 

 

TABLE 48c
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
331 4 3 2 1

 

 

4 3 1 1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Observedz .33 .56 .67 1.0
DifflOl-Ozl .11 §.22 <:::> 0
TABLE 48d
PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
331 4 3 2 1
555E
==== 4 2 1 2
=
\‘
1
RA 2 5 1
Observedl .44 .67 .78 1.0
Diff |01-02] @ .11 .11 o

 

 

 

 

 

95

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 48e
PATTERN NOTICEABILI TY
331 4 3 2 1
—" 4 2 1 2
V
/1 3 2 1 3
Observedl .44 .67 .78 1.0
Diff [01-02| .11 .11 @ 0
TABLE 48f
PATTERN NOTICEABILI TY
331 4 3 2 1
\3
§ 2 5 1 1
V
26 3 2 1 3
Observedl .22 .78 .89 1.0
Observedz .33 ~ .56 .67 1.0
Diff|01-02] .11 <::) .22 o

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 4 9

Frequency Responses for Pattern 7139, Group IX

 

 

 

   
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY

7139 4 3 2 1

2 7 7 2

1 5 7 5
Observedl .11 .50 .89 1.0
Observedz .06 .33 -72 1.0
Diff|01-02| .05 <:::) .17 0

TABLE 50

Frequency Responses for Pattern 253, Group IX

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PATTERN NOTICEABILITY
253 4 3 2 1
6 7 5 o
6 5 3 1
Observed; .33 .72 1.00 1.0
Observedz .33 .61 .78 1.0
Diff|01-02] o .11 <22) 0