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V. anti-£2141. ‘ . . frag}... 33.x. .: . .V L V. .. wffJoJurtWMW-zi Bar-u? .V t r--. 1:5: r-lo .VI'lJ-ll-vi" (4., . .. u y. . V-VVIIL .. I7 .. 1:14.122... . T11.-. ... V V - 1-5 {I ~ 5 r: w. .--\- . ‘ "33-" .' . 4'4“; :‘: E: v I' i: «— 'a A " ~. e: rs a' -A mm 3: ‘c‘ ': ’l (" H; ,' ’ ' 7 L .‘S' :‘é':=-.:..fi is 1:3 kHz-‘3 it 4!) Quas- f“. i 5‘vlé’t'iiversity This is to certify that the dissertation entitled SIMULATION OF WINTER ENVIRONMENTAL AND PRODUCTION FOR LAYING HENS presented by Dhia Ahmed Al-Chalabi has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Ph . D - degree in Jgricnliural Engineering WW Major professor Date October 3. 1986 MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution 0-12771 MSU LIBRARIES RETURNING MATERIALS: Place in book drop to remove this checkout from your record. FINES will be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below. SIMULATION OF WINTER ENVIRONMENT AND PRODUCTION FOR LAYING HENS BY Dhia Ahmed Al—Chalabi A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Agricultural Engineering 1986 ABSTRACT SIMULATION OF WINTER ENVIRONMENT AND PRODUCTION FOR LAYING HENS BY Dhia Ahmed Al—Chalabi A chicken will eat to meet its energy needs. Temperature directly and significantly influences its energy need and feed intake. A ambient temperature goes beyond the thermal neutral zone (the range at ‘which chicken's performance is at its best), the bird makes adjustments to keep its body temperature normal. Feed consumption and required nutrient decrease as the ambient temperature increases, while energy needs may be met, intake of other essential nutrients may be inadequate. In turn, growth and egg production are decreased. Therefore, it is important that chickens be housed and cared for so as to provide an environment that enables them to maintain their thermal balance and allows them to convert feed to product (eggs and body growth) more efficiently“ This study was undertaken to provide an analytical tool that would help evaluate environmental conditions under' different Inanagement. strategies and climatic Dhia Ahmed Al-Chalabi conditions. The tool was a simulation model designed to predict hourly temperature, average daily temperature for inside, and management information, including feed consumption, feed costs, metabolizable energy, egg production, electricity cost, bodyweight, mortality rate using lower ventilation rate to evaluate poultry house. The simulation model was based on psychrometric and biological relationships for laying hens. The basis of the simulation model and the .test facilities for model verification was a commercial—type laying house near East Lansing, Michigan. The laying house has a capacity of 4,100 'birds in each room. The system was managed as a small commercial unit at Michigan State University Poultry Science Research and Training Center. Verification data were collected on five winter days and compared satisfactorily with simulated data. The carbon dioxide ventilation rate control was used as minimum ventilation rate in cool days to replace the moisture control ventilation rate commonly used in poultry houses. Carbon dioxide and ammonia levels were well under control with a ventilation rate of 0.2 m3/hr/bird. — ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. H. P. Person for serving as major professor and for his guidance, encouragement, patience, and personal interest; to Dr. M. L. Esmay for serving on the doctoral committee and his help and assistance; to Dr. A. P. Rahan for serving on my doctoral committee, and assistance with poultry house operation and in obtaining funding for instrumentation; to Dr. J. R. Black for serving on the doctoral committee. Appreciation is also extended to my country, IRAQ, for the opportunity I have had to complete my study in the United States in a very difficult time. Special appreciation to my wife for her patience and understanding. This page would not be complete without thanking the Agricultural Engineering Department at Michigan State University for financial and moral support, as well as personal encouragement. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . ._ . . . II. 1.1 1. 2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . Literature Review . . . . . . . METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . NNN o o WNH NNNNN o o o o \DmQO‘U'I 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 Model DevelOpment . . . . . . . Weather Model . . . . . . . . . Sensible Heat Balance . . . . . . 2.3.1 Sensible Heat Production of Animals . . . 2.3.2 Heat From Mechanical Lighting System . . . . 2.3.3 Conductive Heat Loss Through the Building Shell . . . . . Moisture Balance . . . . . . 2.4.1 Moisture from Animals . . . 2. 4. 2 Moisture from Manure and Spilled Water . . . . . . . . Carbon Dioxide Balance . . . . . . Bodyweight . . . . . . . . . . Feed Consumption . . . . . . . . Egg Production . . . . . . . . Cost Calculations . . . . . . . 2.9.1 Fuel Cost . . . . . . . . Electricity Cost . . . . . . . . Feed Cost . . . . . . . . . Egg Revenue . . . . . . . . . Outline of Computer Program . . . . Model Calibration and Verification . . Experimental Facilities and Equipment . Data Collection and Analysis . . . . iii Page vii 20 20 25 28 34 35 36 39 41 43 47 49 50 54 58 58 59 61 61 62 94 95 102 Chapter III. VERIFICATION . . . 3.1 3.2 Simulation Model Evaluation 0 0 Results and Discussion IV. RESULTS FROM MODEL USE V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS U'IU'IU'I .1 .2 .3 APPENDICES REFERENCES Summary . . . Conclusions . . Recommendations for iv Furth er Res earch Page 108 108 109 129 142 142 143 144 144 .195 LIST OF TABLES Heat Production from Chickens Latent Heat from Chickens Values of Factor f1, which Adjusts Feed Intake for Age . . Values of the Factor f2, which Adjusts Feed Intake for Wastage using Various Feeding Operations . . . . Values of Age Factor A, Output . . . . . . Output Values Simulated February 13, 1986 . . output Values Simulated February 16, 1986 . Output Values Simulated February 27, 1986 . . Output Values Simulated March 3, 1986 . . . Average Daily Inside Temperatures Measured and Simulated from February 13 to March 3, 1986 . . . . . . O O which Adjusts Egg and Measured and Measured and Measured and Measured O 0 on on on on Output Values for Decision Analysis for Expected Values (E V) Weather Information Used in Decision Analysis 1889-1980 (83 Years) Output Values from the Model Used in Decision Analysis . . Carbon Dioxide and Ammonia Concentration Measured on February 11, 1986 Page 35 42 52 53 57 114 115 116 117 118 132 137 141 148 Table Carbon Dioxide and Ammonia Concentration Measured on February 21, 1986 . . . . . Carbon Dioxide and Ammonia Concentration Measured on February 18, 1986 (A11 fans off) Management Factors, Design, and Input Values as Used for Verifying the Model on February 13, 1986 . . . . . . . . Management Factors, Design, and Input Values as Used for Verifying the Model on February 16, 1986 . . . . . . . . . Management Factors, Design, and Input Values as Used for Verifying the Model on February 27, 1986 . . . . . . . . Management Factors, Design, and Input Values as Used for Verifying the Model on March 3, 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Page 149 150 151 152 153 154 LIST OF FIGURES Shallow and deep cage systems labeled by line from House Seven green room . . . General layout of House Seven . . . . Main program . . . . . . . . . Subroutine Number 1--Heat Loss Through Building . . . . '. . . . . . . Subroutine Number 2--Body weight of chickens . . . . . . . . . . . Subroutine Number 3--Sensible heat from chickens . . . . . . . . . . . Subroutine Number 4--Latent heat from chickens . . . . . . . . . . . Subroutine Number 5--Water evaporation from manure . . . . . . . . . . . . Subroutine Number 6--Outside hourly ambient temperature and relative humidity . . . Subroutine 8: Julian Day (calendar) . Subroutine Number 9--Day and Night . . . Subroutine Number 10--Gain in Weight . . Subroutine Number ll--Electricity Cost . . Subroutine Number 12: Supplemental Heat Needed 0 O O O 0 O C O O I O 0 Subroutine Number 13: Graphics Presen- tation . . . . . . . . . . . . Subroutine Number 14: Estimate of age and feed system factors . . . . . . . . vii Page 21 23 63 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 Figure Subroutine Number 15: Feed intake and egg production . . . . . . . . Subroutine Number 16: Ventilation rate Subroutine Number 18: Control inside temperature . . . . . . . . . Subroutine Number 19: Subroutine Number 21: page . . . . . . . . . . . Subroutine Number 22: Hourly report . Subroutine Number 23: Input program . Subroutine Number 24: Wall temperature Subroutine Number 25: Daily report . Subroutine Number 26: Costs . . . Typical hourly report output . . . Typical daily report output . . . . Summing the values Design hourly output Floor plan of the commercial—type poultry house used as base for the simulation Psychrometric fan control circuit . . Current (I) sensor circuit . . . . Current (I) to CR-Zl interface diagram Carbon dioxide sampling locations . Carbon dioxide sampling instrumentation Simulated vs. measured temperature, and relative humidity February 13, 1986 Simulated vs. measured temperature, and relative humidity February 16, 1986 . Simulated vs. measured temperature, and relative humidity February 27, 1986 . viii Page 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 92 93 96 98 99 100 103 104 110 111 112 Simulated vs. measured temperature, and relative humidity March 3, 1986 . . . Carbon dioxied concentration vs. time February 11, 1986 . . . . . . . . Carbon dioxide concentration vs. time February 21, 1986 . . . . . . . . Carbon dioxide concentration vs. time February 18, 1986 . . . . . . . Decision Analysis Inputs, Revenue Margins and Probabilities . . . . . . . . Decision Analysis Expected Values . . . ix Page 113 126 127 128 133 134 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In the broad sense, environment may be interpreted as all external conditions that might affect animals . The concept of " envi ronment " can be divided into social, physical, chemical, and biological components. The social factors pertain to animal behavior, such as crowding and. the social or "pecking" order. The physical factors pertain to all of the surroundings, such as lighting, sound, cages, floor, and other equipment. The thermal factors pertain to air temperature, humidity, and movement. Chemical factors pertain to all gases, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon. monoxide, ammonia, and other gases, and also to water and feed. Some are necessary for life, while others are toxic and irritating. In this study there will be emphasis on physical and chemical environment factors. From a manager's and engineer's point of view, it is necessary to know both the optimal temperatures, and l CO2 and NH3 concentrations to be able to provide optimal management. To do so, the manager should know about the poultry environment and its effect on production and feed consumption. Chickens, being warm blooded, have the ability to maintain a rather uniform temperature of their internal organs. However, the mechanism (homeostasis) is efficient only when the ambient temperature is within certain limits. The thermoneutral zone is the range at which chickens' performance is at their best (21—25 C). Inside temperature below this range will increase the feed intake. A chicken. will eat to lneet its energy .needs. Ambient temperatures directly and significantly influences its energy needs and feed intake. As temperature go beyond the thermal neutral zone, the bird must make more effort to make adjustments to keep its body temperature normal. Feed consumption decreases as the ambient temperature increases. While energy needs may be met, intake of other essential nutrients may be inadequate. In turn, growth and egg production are decreased. As an approximate guide within the range of 15 C to 31 C, when the ambient temperature goes up 1 C, the energy requirement goes down approximately 2 Kcal/kg of body weight and feed consumption goes down about 0.7 g/bird/day (North, 1979). As the temperature goes down, the reverse is true. Therefore, it is important that chickens be housed and cared for so as to provide an environment that enables them to maintain their thermal balance, and allows them to convert feed to product (eggs and body growth) most efficiently. Not. only' is 'thermal environment. important, but there are other factors which effect egg production, such as the chemical environment. Concentration of carbon dioxide and ammonia could also effect egg production, and it may cause a high mortality rate. Winter ventilation rates commonly used is set to control moisture. Sometimes this ventilation rate is too high to maintain inside temperature in the optimal range. Without using supplemental heat, this means a drop in inside temperature, which also means an increase in feed consumption and may effect egg production (Ariel, 1980). Using ventilation rates below that commonly used for moisture control could help solve the problem of maintaining inside temperature in the optimal range. Moisture level could increase to the level that water condensation may occur inside the house on the walls or equipment. If this situation occurs for a short duration and infrequently, corrosion of cages and other equipment or any health problems may not be a problem. The relative humidity may sometimes exceed 85% in this situation, but according to Hellickson et al. (1983), an increase in humidity will decrease production only at higher air temperature. Therefore, in general, humidity changes would not effect the response of nearly mature animals, such. as laying hens for environmental temperatures below 24 C. For pullets just starting production, maintaining the temperature below the thermal neutral zone could mean a delay in egg laying, which could mean a serious cash flow problem. There was more than one alternative to be tested or used in egg production. For example, to keep the inside temperature in the optimal range, producers may think about adding more insulation to the interior of the building, or using supplemental heat in cool days, or using lower ventilation rates beelow the commonly used moisture venntilation rate. Because the trade off between these alternatives, fuel input, increase in feed intake insulating the building, and short—time below the ideal environment are not clear or unknown. Therefore, there is a need to construct a simulation model to evaluate these alternatives. 1.1 Objectives The objectives of this study are: Objective 1: To develop a simulation model that will predict inside air temperature, relative humidity, ventilation rate and CO2 concentra— tion on an hourly and a daily basis within a laying house and the influence of these environmental conditions upon daily feed consumption, energy use, egg production, as well as feed and energy costs and income from egg sales. Objective 2: To demonstrate the use of this model in providing input for a decision analysis to evaluate various cost control strategies. 1.2 Literature Review Growers and scientists have tried to find optimal conditions to grow chickens for both meat and egg production. The first reported investigation of critical temperature of the chickens appears to be that of Regnault and Reiset (1850). Mitchell and Haines (1927) studied the critical temperature of chickens in 36 experiments with 12 Rhode Island hens, which involved 137 determinations of carbon dioxide production during fasting and quiescence at ‘-' “-5... . different temperatures. It was found that the average lower critical temperature was 16.7 C. This value applied to winter—feathered birds in an environment of low humidity with an air flow of 3 liters per minute. Some of the individual birds appeared to exhibit distinct differences in their reaction to change in environmental temperature. Results from Barott and Prince (1941) were quite different from those by Mitchell and Haines (1927). Mitchell and Haines (1972) found a lower critical temperature (the temperature at which the metabolism is at minimum) at 16.7 C. Barott and Prince's analysis gives a very different temperature for the minimum metabolism. They studied the metabolic rate during the experimental period, as measured by both heat and CO2 elimination and oxygen consumption over the temperature range of 10 to 35 C on the metabolic rate during each 24 hour period. It showed that the typical diural rhythm in the metabolism of the hen had a Inaximum value in the morning (8 a.m.) and minimum value in the evening (8 p.m.). The minimum metabolisn of the hen occurred at 25.6 C. The maximum metabolism occurred at 16.1 C. The rate at 16.1 C is approximately 8% higher than at 25.6 C. Helback and Casterline (1963) studied the effect of high CO2 atmosphere on the laying hens. Four Hy—Line laying hens were kept in an enclosed 6.5 ft3 plastic— covered chamber to which a 5% CO2 and 95% gas mixture was metered at 4 liters per_minute for a 19—hour period. The temperatures was 21 C 2 C. Excess moisture was removed with sulfuric acid. The chamber resembled a closed system. Results indicated that during exposure to high C02, the shell thickness rose above pretreatment levels. However, there was no drop in egg size following the exposure. Anderson et al. (1964) found 5,000 to 6,000 ppm of CO2 in a commercial poultry house. In studies reported by Longhouse (1967), CO2 was as high as 10,000 ppm. Hiestand et al. (1941) reported that chickens (no age and breed given) would withstand up to 6% (60,000 ppm) CO2 concentration with slight inhibition off breathing, while at a 10% level, there was increased amplitude, but not an increased rate of breathing. Kotula et al. (1957) reported that concentrations, as high as 20%, failed to immobilize birds in 75 seconds in a slaughtering study. Longhouse et al. (1968) published information for growing and studying broilers. Some experimental data on levels of NH3, and CO gas levels were: C02 860 to 10,000 ppm CO 0 to 62 ppm NH3 0 to 50 ppm They stated that exposure to variable concentrations of CO, in the presence of CO2 may have a serious physiological effect on growing broilers in winter. Charles and Payne (1965) reported the effects of ammonia on the performance of White Leghorn hens housed in various environments of defined temperature and humidity. At 18 C and 67% relative humidity, the use of atmospheres containing 105 ppm of ammonia by volume significantly reduced egg production after a lO—week exposure. No effects in egg quality were observed. However, voluntary feed intake was reduced in ammoniated atmospheres and live weight gain was lower. No recovery in production occurred when the treated groups were maintained for a further 12 weeks in an atmosphere free of ammonia. When White Leghorn hens were housed at an environmental temperature of 28 C and various ammonia concentrations, a decrease in body weight occurred. The decrease in live weight was greatest at ammonia concentration of 102 ppm, and was significant after only one week of exposure to ammonia. Feed intake of controls was approximately 25% lower at 28 C than at 18 C. The presence of 100 ppm of ammonia further reduced feed intake by more than 10%. In one experiment at 28 C, egg production was significantly reduced after 7 weeks' exposure to ammonia. Deaton et al. (1981) studied the effect of temperature cycles on egg shell quality and layer performance. Laying hens exposed to 24 hour linear temperature cycle ranging from 16.7 C to 35 C had significantly poorer egg shell breaking strength, and significantly greater body weight change than hens exposed to temperature cycles of 21 to 35 C and 15.6 to 35 C. No significant difference in performance existed in hens exposed to 24 hour linear temperature cycles of 21 to 35 C and 15.6 to 35 C. Egg shell quality deteriorated when the laying hen was exposed to high environmental temperatures. Bray and Gesell (1961) studied the environmental temperature as a factor affecting performance of pullets fed diets suboptimal (11.5, 12.0, and 14.0% protein levels. White Leghorn pullets 29 to 31 weeks were used. Diets contained a mixture of corn and soybean oil meal, in which corn provided 45% of the protein. Chambers were maintained at 5.6 C and 24.4 C in one experiment and at 24.4 C and 30 C in a second experiment for a 8—week period. 10 Temperature extremes of 5.6 C and 30 (3 altered feed intake, but did not appear to affect rate of lay, with the protein provided. Intake remained above a minimum throughout the period. The rate of decline in egg production of pullets fed a given suboptimal protein diet was greater at higher temperatures. An inverse relationship existed between temperature and egg production at suboptimal protein levels. Arad et al. (1981) studied the effect for 7 months of daily exposures to increasing ambient temperature on egg production for different breeds, including the White Leghorn. Egg weight of Leghorns was stable up to 40 C, but decreased at higher temperatures. The laying rate decreased consistently from 35 C to 44 C. They concluded that the White Leghorn breed is highly tolerant of heat compared with other conventional breeds, shown by its long survival time, its moderate increase in metabolic rate, body temperature, and its accelerated evaporation. DeShazer et al. (1970) reported on the effect of acclimation on partitioning of heat loss by the laying hen (White Leghorn). Hens acclimated to a 35 C environment reduced their total metabolic rate which included decreasing body weight by 15% and decreasing egg production by approximately 30%. 11 Weiss et al. (1963) also observed that the body weight of hens acclimated to aa 32.2 C environment was significantly lower than the controls at 22.8 C. They also showed that the shell conductance of the hens acclimated to 23.9 C temperature environment decrease significantly when exposed to a 35 C environment as compared to a 25 C and 30.6 C. Cowan and Michie (1980) studied the effect of increasing the environmental temperature late in lay and the performance of the hens. Their hens, ranging in age from 333 to 500 days, were fed on a conventional diet (161 g crude protein). Those kept at 27 C had a significantly lower egg output than at 21 C. Birds fed on the higher protein diet (192 9 cp) kept at 27 C had a significantly lower egg output than those kept at 21 C. They also clearly noticed that for birds fed on a conventional diet (161 g cp) and an increased environmental temperature (27 C) at an age of 333 days still resulted in a depressed rate of egg output compared with hens maintained at 21 C. Vohra et al. (1979) studied egg production, feed consumption, and maintenance energy requirements of Leghorn hens as influenced by energy content at 15.6 C and 26.7 C. They reported that the hens reduced their feed intake significantly at both ambient temperatures as 12 the energy content of the diet increased from 1,980 to 2,830 Kcal/kg. Also the intake of low and high diets was significantly less at. 26.7 C than at 15.6 C. The decrease in feed consumption was about 13% and 15.3% at ambient temperature of 15.6 and 26.7 C as the median of the diets increased form 1,980 to 2,830 Kcal/kg, respectively. Within this temperature range the feed intake decreased by 1.2% and 1.41% per 1 C rise in ambient temperature for the low and high diets, respectively. Neither egg production. nor shell thickness was influenced by the treatments, but egg weight was significantly depressed at 26.7 C as compared to those at 15.6 C. The maintenance energy requirements were significantly lower at the two ambient temperatures when hens were fed the low diet as compared with the high diet. The energetic efficiency was increased for the conversion of maintenance energy intake to egg energy either by increasing the ambient temperature or by lowering the dietary maintenance energy. Valencia et al. (1980) studied the energy utilization in laying hens and the effect of dietary protein level at 21 C and 32 C. They investigated White Leghorn housed at either 21 or 32 C and the effects of l3 dietary protein level on energy utilization. Protein levels 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20% were used in this study for 21 days. They reported that Inaintenance Inetabolizable energy (was estimated at 134 and 121 kcal/kg physiological body weight (BWO'75 ) was 21% higher at the lower temperature (89 vs. 70 kcal). Estimates of energetic efficiencies at 21 C varied from 60.9% for the 12% protein diet to 72.4% for the 18% protein diets. Egg weights were significantly higher at lower environmental temperatuare, and at each temperature they were increased with feeding the higher protein diets. The average feed efficiency (g of' egg/ 9 of' feed) was significantly higher at higher environmental temperature (.46 vs. .53). Henken et al. (1982) studied the effect of environmental temperature on some aspects of energy and protein metabolism of :3 to 6 week old pullets, at low temperatures. Feed conversion (g feed/g growth) was higher at lower temperature (p < .25) and 10.5% (at 10 to 20 C) compared to intake at 25 C. Growth rate and protein gains were not significantly affected by low temperatures. Higher temperatures reduced (p < .05) feed intake 15.9% at 35 C and 14.9% at 30 to 40 C and growth rate 12.3% at 35 C and 12.5% at 30 to 40 C compared to 25 C. 14 Protein gains and fed conversion were not significantly affected by high temperatures. Prince et al. (1965) studied the response of chickens to temperature and relative humidity environments. white Plymouth Rock male chicks :4 to 8 weeks old were subjected to environment temperatures of 12 C and 23.8 C and supplied with relative humidity 52,70 and 90%. They found that the feed consumption was significantly higher in the 12.6 C than in the 23.8 C. Difference in feed consumption, due to relative humidity, were not significant. The difference in weight gains due to temperature was significant. Weight gain in the 12.6 C was 53 grams/bird greater than in the 28.8 C. No differences in weight gain were observed which would be attributable to relative humidity. The feed efficiency in 12.6 C was significantly lower than in 23.8 C. Hellickson et al. (1983) in their book Ventilation of Agricultural Structures summarized the literature about the effects of humidity on heat loss for domestic animals. White Leghorn chickens at high air temperature of 30 C and 35 C an increased relative humidity from approximately 40 to 90% resulted in an overall decline of 77% in the respiratory evaporative heat loss. This lowered the ability of the hen to 15 dissipate its total heat dissipation by 15% at environmental temperature 35 C and by 7% in a 30 C environment. At 20 C an increase in relative humidity from 55 to 88% caused a 3% increase in the total heat production and a 25% decrease in the respiratory evaporative heat loss. Increases in humidity decreased production only at high air temperature. In general, humidity changes did not affect the responses of growing laying animals for environmental temperatures below 24 C. North (1979) reported that the most important factor which had the greatest affect on layer feed intake was the ambient temperature. At extremes, daily feed consumption varied up to 50%. Layers ate more feed as ambient temperature decreased, and ate less as it increased. Variations in feed intake were not uniform. With 11.7 kg of feed consumed per 100 layers at 5 C as the base, they ate 46% less at 38 C. If 6.312 kg/lOO layers per day at 38 C is used as the base, the flock ate 85.7% more at 5 C. He concluded that birds adjust their energy intake to compensated for fluctuations in ambient temperature. At higher temperatures, the birds still consumed enough feed to meet their energy needs, but the l6 diet becomes inadequate because of inadequate intake of other dietary constituents. Greninger et al. (1982) developed a simulation model for poultry energetics for developing environmental recommendations. The model was based on the general relationship that the total metabolizable energy intake required by the hen is equal to the summation of maintenance energy, used in production of an egg, and the energy used for body weight gain. The actual metabolizable energy intake was assumed to be equal to the required feed intake. The necessary amount of protein in the diet was assumed- to be provided for required maintenance of the hen, egg content, and egg development. Mueller (1961; 1967) developed a method to estimate egg weight and production for an energy laying cycle. Greninger et al. concluded that based on feed efficiency for egg output, the environmental temperature in layer house should be between 21 C to 25 C. However, economic parameters dictated that the temperature should be controlled at higher or lower temperatures, depending on protein cost, energy cost, fuel cost, insulation cost, and marketing situations. 17 Phillips and Esmay (1973) applied the systems approach to the analysis of summer environment for laying hens and developed a Vsimulation model to be used in studying parameters affecting the environment. A mathematical model was developed to predict system temperature and humidity as a function of heat and mass transfer rates across system boundaries at discreet points of time at half—hour intervals throughout the day. They studied six different constant ventilation rates in 1 cfm increments ranging from 2.5 to 7.5 cfm per 4.5 lb bird.» Housing density was .7 ft2 per bird and artificial day was from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. The conclusion was that higher ventilation rates were not effective in reducing system temperatures during night hours when outside temperatures were lower. Density effects were most noticeable during the 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. period when outside temperatures were in the maximal area of the diural cycle. Summer ventilation rates in excess of 1.0 cfm per pound of body weight did not significantly reduce maximum system temperature. Dixon and Esmay (1979) studied the feasibility of maximizing poultry excreta dehydration with ventilation air using a simulation model. The study was undertaken to provide an analytical tool that would help evaluate the feasibility of drying poultry excreta. The 18 simulation model was designed to estimate the drying potential of excreta using mechanical ventilation systems commonly provided for commercial egg production houses. The simulation model was based on psychrometric calculations in combination with constant rate drying theory. The critical factors for maximizing in-house manure drying were the drying surface area and the manure drying rate. The larger the surface are, the greater the drying. The variables which influenced the manure drying rate the most were the inside wet—bulb depression and the ventilations rate. Maximum drying was possible with a high inside dry—bulb temperature, a low outside dewpoint temperature, and maximum air exchange. Timmons and Gates (1985) studied a stochastic method for synthetic weather generation which is combined with a layer production model to illustrate the utility of risk analysis applied to animal housing. Daily mean temperatures are generated based on previous day's temperatures, the expected mean daily temperatures, and random fluctuation. Based on simulations of layer housing and egg production using either a deterministic simulation or stochastic simulation. They conclude that large differences occur in predictions of egg production 19 parameters depending on the type of weather simulation model used. More reasonable predictions of egg production parameters are possible using a stochastic approach. The use of stochastic evaluation indicates that evaporative cooling can be justified in a cool climate based on increased returns of $.43 and $.32 per hen per year for flock placement dates of January 1 and July 1, respectively. A minimum of 50 years of simulated production data should be used to predict expected production results There were large differences between the two methods in predicted savings, caused by the small, but highly significant periods, when the stochastically generated outside temperature exceeded the deterministic outside temperature. Differences in predicted production occur when the higher outside stochastic temperature, caused house temperatures to significantly affect production. CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY 2.1 Model Development This study was conducted at Michigan State University Poultry Research and Teaching Farm in a commercial—type egg research facility. The system in this study was the environment produced within a 4,100 hen operating unit. The operating unit was the house enclosing the laying hens and the equipment used to manage the operation. The house contained two identical laying rooms. Each room was 5.5m x 31m x 2.37m. Each room contained one row of deep pyramid reverse cages 30.5 cm x 40.6 cm. These cage rows were a modified stair— step, four—tier design that contained eight lines of cages per row and 60 cages per line. Figure 2.1 shows the general cage designs for the shallow and deep cage system. Performance of different colony sizes and different bird densities was one of the other studies in the room studied. Five and six bird colonies were placed in the deep cages in alternating lines, and 20 21 .EOOH cmoum cm>mm omso: Eouu mafia xn pudenda mEoumhm mmmo moon cam BOHHmcm .H.N ousmfim ll / «IV {.7 llll‘ 22 three— and four—bird colonies were placed in the reverse cages in alternating lines. The end result was a total of two rows of deep cages with five or six birds per cage and two rows of reverse cages with three or four birds per cage and a total of 32 lines. Figure 2.2 presents a general layout of the laying chambers. Ventilation in each room was provided by two 45 cm variable speed fans (4588 m3/hr), four 60 cm (4950 m3/ hr), and one 90 cm (8411 m3/hr), fan. The 45 cm variable speed fans operated continuously and provided a total minimum air exchange of 840 cubic meters per hour (.2 m3/hr/bird). The variable speed fans were fixed on that rate. when the room temperature rose above 26 C, one 60 cm fan was turned on to attempt to maintain target temperatures. The in- house target temperature range was 22 to 26 C. This was regulated by thermostat controlling ventilation fans. The 90 cm fan operated only during hot weather conditions. Air inlets located near the ceiling along the north wall of the south (White) room were adjusted by an automatic system sensing static pressure. No supplemental heat was used. Lights were provided by 33 (25 watt) white, incandescent bulbs. Intensity was adjusted to .75 foot candles as measured from the bottom tier of cages. Feed was delivered three time per day to the birds by 23 Eoom Hoaooo .cw>mm omsom mo usowma Hmumcmo N.m ousmflh a — mommo _ Eoom open; mommo Q a [u L I r kl umHaH _ wwmmo _ Eoom coouo_ mmomo g 24 four automatic feed carts. One cart serviced one row of cages. Each cart was filled twice a day from separate bulk storage tank. Load cells placed under the carts at "home position" made it possible to weigh the carts before and after each feeding. Spouts from the feed cart led into each feed trough and could be adjusted separately. Feed consumption was calculated every week. The bird inventory at the beginning of the week and at the end of the week, were used to get. the average number of birds in the house during the week. The average number of birds was divided by the weight of feed disappearance (delivered) to the chickens. No feed loss adjustments were made. Carts were controlled with time clocks and ran 1/2 hour after lights were turned on in the morning, in the early afternoon, and three hours before the lights were turned off in the evening. Water was provided from water cups placed on the side of every other cage so that one cup serviced two cages. Average egg weight was calculated weekly. A 30 eggs flat is collected from randomly chosen cages for each line. The 30 egg flat was weighted, the empty flat also weighted in the same time. The difference in weight was the weight of 30 eggs, then this number was 25 divided by 30 to get the average egg weight of the line. Manure droppings were contained in shallow pits under the cage rows. The pits were scrapped twice a day into a cross gutter at one end of the laying rooms and moved to a conventional manure spreader outside. Birds (Hy—line variety W—36 pullets) were housed in the facility at 18 weeks of age. All the birds were from one source and had been raised according to commercial practices. 2.2 Weather Model The objectives of the weather {nodel were to give reasonable estimates of average daily and hourly outside temperature and dewpoint temperature. These were used as inputs to the laying house environmental model. Data from both the United States Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National and the Weather Service (USDC/NOHA/NWS), station for Lansing, Michigan, were used 'to prepare values needed for the nmdel. Daily averages, maximum and minimum temperatures from 1941 to 1970 were used to calculate yearly average ambient temperature and yearly ambient temperature amplitude. 26 Diural dry bulb temperature fluctuation can be closely approximated by a sinusoidal function with amplitude varying equally about the daily mean temperature. During winter in Michigan, the minimum daily temperature can be expected at approximately 7 a.m. and the maximum about 3 p.m. Hill (1983) used this procedure in his paper to estimate average daily and average hourly temperatures, and found this to be a good estimation. For the prevailing conditions in this study, the following equation was used to generate the daily average ambient air temperature for any day of the year based on Hill (1983). DTEMP = TA + TYRAMP * SIN [.0172142 (Day—DAV)] (2.1) where: DTEMP = average daily ambient air temperature C TA = yearly average air temperature = 8.6 C TYRAMP = yearly ambient amplitude = —3.9 C Day = day of year (January 1 = 1) DAV = day of year which first reaches the annual average temperature = 107 The hourly ambient air temperature for a given day of the year is calculated as follows (Hill, 1983): 27 TEMPC = DTEMP + TDYAMP [sin(.2617994 (HOUR + 13)) + sin (.2617924 (Hour + 13)2)/3] (2.2) where: TEMPC = hourly air temperature C TDYAMP = daily ambient temperature amplitude (winter only) = —13.5 C HOUR = hour of day Data from USDA/NOHA/NWS for Lansing from 1965— 1984 provided the base information for the daily needed dewpoint temperature. The hourly dewpoint temperatures for each month——January, February, March, November, and December-—were used to fit a regression equation for each month. Several candidate equations were evaluated. These included linear exponential, logarithmic, and power equations. The linear equations were used because the correlation coefficients were about the same as the more complex equations. These equations were used to estimate hourly dewpoint temperatures to calculate all ineeded psychometric properties for the incoming ventilating air. The hourly ambient dewpoint temperature for a given day during the winter were: 28 DEWPT = -l.3258 + .803381 * TEMPC For January R = 0.93 (2.3) DEWPT = —2.8242 + .834888 * TEMPC For February R = 0.89 (2.4) DEWPT = 4.9466 + .605923 * TEMPC For March R = 0.76 (2.5) DEWPT = 11.6864 + .533961 * TEMPC For November R = 0.75 (2.6) DEWPT = —3.6047 + .942597 * TEMPC For December R = 0.92 (2.7) where: DEWPT = hourly dewpoint temperature F. Hourly relative humidity for outside air were calculated by using the hourly dry bulb temperature and dewpoint temperature for each day, by use of psychrometric equations, ASAE Standards (1984). 2.3 Sensible Heat Balance The basic equations are obtained by a heat and moisture balance during short time periods considering the building as an open system. Hinkle and Good (1970) suggested that the heat balance can be represented as 29 Change in heat = heat entering system — heat leaving system Aq = qin _ qout (2.8) Several simplifying assumptions were Inade to develop the model. No heat storage in the building. Complete mixing of the air within the building and constant heat and moisture production of chickens during the time interval. The systems defined by this research are the environment surrounding the layers and lenclosed by interior surfaces of the animal shelter. A sensible heat balance equation can be written as 30 q = qs + qe + qsup i qw — qb ‘ qsv ‘ qm (2-9) where: q5 = sensible heat produced by the animals kJ/hr qe = sensible heat produced by equipment such as lights, motors kJ/hr qsup = sensible heat from supplemental sources kJ/hr qw = heat needed to change water at room temperature to water vapor at the same temperature, heat also released when water condenses kJ/hr qb = conductive heat loss through the building, walls, floor, and ceiling kJ/hr qsv = sensible heat leaving with the dry exhausted ventilation air kJ/hr qm = sensible heat leaving with the moisture in the ventilated air kJ/hr Sensible heat lost with the dry portion of the ventilation air, can be expressed as qsv’ qsv = qvi _ qvo = Cp M (ti I to) (2'10) where: Cp = specific heat of dry air (1.0035) kJ/kg. C M = ventilation mass air flow kg/hr ti = inside air temperature C t o = outside air temperature C 31 The equation for ventilation Inass air flow rate (M) can be written as Q s M = V— (2.11) s where: QS = ventilation volumetric flow rate m3/hr Vs = specific volume of inside air m3/kg Ventilation rate needed to remove the available sensible heat and thus maintain the inside temperature at ti calculated as V ———_——s _ Qs = C (t. - t ) * (qs + qe + qup i qw qb) (2-12) p 1 0 Specific volume of inside air VS is given by ASAE 1984 standard as vS = PR:T (2.13) at V where T = absolute temperature of the dry air K R = gas constant of dry air = .287 kJ/kg.K Pat = atmospheric pressure = 101.325 kPa P = vapor pressure kPa 32 Vapor pressure Pv is also given by ASAE 1984 standards as P = 9 * s (2.14) where: = relative humidity % P = saturated vapor pressure kPa Saturated vapor pressure is calculated by two equations for temperatures ranged —18 to —0‘C as 627.3605 T ln PS = 31.9602 - - 4.06057 * ln(T) (2.15) and for temperatures range 0 to 110 C as ln( 2; ) = A + BT + or2 + 3T3 + ET4 (2.16) FT - GT where: A = -27405.526 B = 97.5413 c = —.146244 D = .12558 x 10'3 E = -.48502 x 10'7 F = 4.34903 G = 0.39381 x 10'2 R = 22105649.25 33 The enthalpy of water vapor as a function of temperature is given by ASHRASE (1967) as: h = 2501 + 1.84T kJ/kg H20 (2.17) Then change in enthalpy due to change in both the temperature and moisture content of the incoming (him ) and outgoing (hom) water vapor would be him = (wi (2501 + 1.84 ti)) (2.18) and hom = (wO (2501 + 1.84 to)) (2.19) where: W = humidity ratio in kg HZO/kg d.a. i = incoming 0 = outgoing Then humidity ratio for outside or inside air is calculated based on ASAE 1984 standards * P w = '619 P V (2.20) Pat ' v 34 Therefore, the sensible heat qm lost with the moisture in the ventilation air is qm = M[2501 (wi — wo) + 1.84 (witi — woto)] (2.21) where: qm = change in heat in kJ/hr o — humidity ratio of outside air kg HZO/kg d.a S S I i = humidity ratio of inside air kg HZO/kg d.a 2.3.1 Sensible Heat Production of Animals Poultry produce various quantities of metabolic heat, depending on type of bird, body weight, amount of feed consumed, and environmental conditions. Data for sensible heat production published by Esmay and Dixon (1986) are used to predict the sensible heat for the model (Table 2.1). A linear regression equation has been fitted to the data. The equations are: qS = 16.4533 —.3108 * ti in darkness R =0.97 (2.22) and —.1558 q5 = 23.4309 * ti in light R =0.96 (2.23) 35 Table 2.1 Heat Production from Chickens In Darkness In Light Temp Sensible Heat Temp Sensible Heat C kJ/hr. kg C kJ/hr. kg —33.0 16.49 -33.3 25.52 0.56 16.02 1.67 19.48 8.33 44.40 8.33 17.17 12.22 12.78 12.22 15.30 17.78 12.31 17.22 15.30 27.78 8.82 22.22 15.08 34.44 3.96 27.78 13.68 2.3.2 Heat From Mechanical Lighting System Use of electricity for artificial lighting and to power materials handling equipment provides a direct source of sensible heat to the system. The amount of electrical energy added during the hours of artificial daylight was estimated at 38.7 kJ/hr. m2 (1 watt/ftz) by Phillips (1970). Then the amount of heat added is qe =A* 38.7 (2.24) where: A = area of the floor m2 38.7 = heat produced by the lights kJ/hr.m2 Heat from the electrical motors, such as fans motors and scaper motor was assumed to be insignificant. 2.3.3 Conductive Heat Loss Through the Building Shell The fundamental equation for steady—state heat conduction through the solid building boundaries is qb = - kA (dt/dx) (2.25) where: qb = heat flow in one direction in Watts or J/sec k = thermal conductivity in W.m/m2K A = cross—sectional area in m2 dt/dx = temperature gradient in K/m Overall, heat flow through ceilings, walls, and windows may be calculated for each component 37 q=UA (ti - to) (2.26) where: U = overall coefficient of heat transfer Wfin2.K A = area normal to direction of heat flow rn2 ti,tO = air temperature inside and outside C The overall coefficient of heat transfer may be calculated as follows: X=1 L ' U ' [—i + Z x + i (2.27) Lf f n o where: fi,fo = film or surface conductance inside and outside w/m2.K Lx = length of the path of heat flow m k = coefficient of conduction of specific material x w/m.K n = number of materials needing a designation x = a specific material designation Heat loss through the floor is based on an equation suggested by ASHRAE (ASHRAE, 1981 Handbook of Fundamentals). 38 q (A - A) * U (2.28) F Fl m Fl where: AF floor area m2 1 UF average value of heat transfer = 3.155 W/m2 1 Aml = area covered with manure m2 q heat loss through the floor in W Then the total heat loss through the building would be: qb = qwl + qcl + c1Fl + qOp (2.29) where: qb = heat loss through the building shell W qwl = heat loss through the walls W qc = heat loss through the ceiling W 1 qF = heat loss through the floor W 1 qop = heat loss through windows or fans not operating W 39 Substituting the components of heat balance equation and rearranging Then the difference in rate of heat flow is q = M(1.0035 (to—ti) + 2501 (wo—wi) + 1.84 * (WotO—witi))+ 2431 * Wm + qS + qe — qb (2.31) To calculate the temperature at a point in time, therefore, the change in heat content q over a small time increment is desired. This can be obtained by multiplying the heat change equation by time increment T as follows: q = h/ T Ah = AT [M(1.0035(to—ti) + 2501(wo—wi) + 1.84 * (thO—witi)) + 2431*Wm + qS + qe — qb (2.32) 2.4 Moisture Balance The moisture balance for the system is as follows: 4O wot + wC + wm - wV = 0 (2.33) where: W0t = moisture in incoming ventilating air kg/hr wc = moisture from animal respiration kg/hr Wm = moisture evaporated from manure and spilled water kg/hr WV = moisture in outgoing ventilating air kg/hr The moisture in incoming ventilating air is calculated by w0t = M * wo (2.34) where: M = ventilation flow air mass kg d.a/hr WO = humidity ratio of outside air kg HZO/kg.d.a The moisture in outgoing ventilating air is calculated by the following equation = * wV M wi (2.35) where: Wi = humidity ratio of inside air kg HZO/kg.d.a. 41 Air mass in the building, Ma, is calculated by the relationship Ma = g? (2.36) s where: Vb = volume of the floor m3 Vs = specific volume of inside air m3/kg The moisture in the incoming ventilating air was determined from estimated data from the weather model. Dry bulb and dewpoint temperature was generated for a specific time of day. 2.4.1 Moisture from Animals The latent heat in respired air from laying hens, ql, was determined from data presented by Esmay (1986) (Table 2.2), were used to fit a linear regression equation for latent heat production during dark hours and light. The equations were: ql= 4.4649 + .2122 * ti for light kJ/hr.kg R = 0.98 (2.37) q1 = 3.8085 + .1685 * ti for darkness kJ/hr. kg R = 0.92 (2.38) 42 Table 2.2. Latent Heat from Chickens In Darkness In Light Temperature C kJ/kg. hr Temperature C kJ/kg.hr —3.33 3.71 -3.33 3.71 0.56 ' 4.86 1.67 5.33 8.33 4.39 8.33 5.58 12.22 5.80 12.22 7.67 17.78 5.33 17.22 8.14 27.78 8.14 27.78 9.97 34.44 10.91 33.33 12.31 Then the moisture production Wc from respiration of the chickens was calculated from: w = E— (2.39) q1 = latent heat produced by the chickens kJ/hr hf = latent heat of vaporation of water at saturation kJ/kg 43 Latent heat of vaporization of water at saturation based on ASAE 1984 standards is: hfg = 2502.535259 — 2.38576 (T — 273.16) (2.40) where: T = temperature in Kelvin 2.4.2 Moisture from Manure and Spilled Water The moisture evaporated from the manure Wm, and .w’H' the drinking water that spilled into the manure, and evaporated with manure water was calculated from the free water evaporation from the surfaces developed by Kadlec (1969) as follows wm = KAm (Pm — Pp) (2.41) where Wm = water evaporated from manure kg/hr K = coefficient of evaporation kg/mZ/hr Am = area covered with manure m2 Pm = partial pressure of moisture in the air near manure mm.Hg P = partial pressure of the moisture in the air away p from the manure mm.Hg b = barometric pressure mm.Hg 44 The coefficient of evaporation was calculated from the following relationship: K = .018 + .015 * v (2.42) where: V = air velocity near the manure m/s Partial pressure near the manure was calculated by the following relationship = * , Pm Psm Rhm (2 43) where Psm = saturated vapor pressure near the manure mm.Hg Rh = relative humidity near the manure m Relative humidity near the manure was assumed equal to the relative humidity inside based on measurements taken during winter months. The saturated vapor pressure then calculated for the temperature near the manure, which assumed less than the inside temperature by small fraction based on measurements taken in the building. The difference in partial pressures was then calculated and used for further calculations to determine the amount of water evaporated from the manure . 45 The total amount of water added to the air over a small time increment AT was calculated by summing the amount of water produced from the chickens' respiration, air entering the system and the amount of water evaporated from the manure, minus the moisture leaving the system. The moisture balance can be stated as change in moisture content = (moisture entering the building — moisture leaving the building) /building air mass AW = (M wo + wC + wm - MWi)/Ma (2.44) AT Aw = AT[MWO + wC + wm — MWi)/Ma] (2.45) From the basic equations for the new heat content, the change in heat, new moisture content and the change in moisture of the air in the building, at the end of time increment, the new heat and moisture content can be found. By substituting the new values of heat content, and moisture content in the following equation, the new temperature inside the building can be calculated at the end of time increment. The new heat and moisture content is calculated as follows: 46 hnew = hold + Aq (2.46) wnew = wold + Aw (2.47) By using the relationship between enthalpy h = qnew/Ma’ temperature and moisture content, new values of inside temperature can be calculated as follows: h /Ma - 2501 * W ti = new new (2.48) 1.0035 + 1.84 * W new where: qn ew W new Ma = new heat content kJ new moisture content kg HZO/kg d.a air mass in the building kg Inside relative humidity is calculated from the relationship: 0 = EX x 100 (2.49) where: P v existing vapor pressure kPa Ps saturated vapor pressure kPa The dry bulb temperature and moisture content are known, the saturated. vapor pressure Ps’ and existing vapor pressure PV are calculated as previously discussed. 47 2.5 Carbon Dioxide Balance Mitchel and Haines (1927) published early concerns about the critical temperature for hens and the carbon. dioxide production. of hens at 41 gain to 1.5 gr Set gain to .5 gr Figure 2.12. Set gain 8.6 gr to Set gain 3.8 gr to Subroutine Number lO--Gain in Weight. < RETURN ) A C. ..l Calculate Elec. Cost Min V rate Set Elec. Cost other fan to zero IF NO V rate YES Calculate Calculate Elec. Cost Total another ‘45” Elec. fan Usage Calculate Daily Cost A < RETURN > Figure 2.13. Subroutine Number 11--Electricity Cost. no 76 Calculate Temp. for heat needed Tc - 1.5 Calculate heat loss ventila- tion Calculate supp. heat needed Calculate use of L. P gas Figure 2.14. Subroutine Number 12: EFR=1 IF YES (Fuel Calculate Cost FGR = 1 RETURN Heat Needed. 7 . Calculate (Use of Natural gas Supplemental 77 Draw / \ Get Inside 1 ‘ stored. valu \ I and plot Temp. tmmi Draw 3 outside Temp. Draw Inside R.H. ventilation RETURN Figure 2.15. Subroutine Number 13: Graphics Presentation. ’ 78 t actors I? \. YB A - 32 .mm ' P2- .764 3‘ Set 1cm " 4:. YB A - .fl ’2. 0&7 no I! YES Set factor! -" W ‘ _ 1.“ 22- Q7 Set feature A - 1.12. F2- 1.” Set factor P3 I .QB 4: . > t Sleeve Figure 2.16. Subroutine Number 14: Estimate of Age and Feed System Factors. 79 Calculate <:: ) Metabolized ‘Energy,set' NO Adjust MET for Calculate "—" F F ‘—I‘ Feed F1 = 1 2’ 3 Intake Calculate Calculate - #3333. D1 0 Production YES 7(2ucuhne ' Re sezfin- Cahnflate ugh... D1 ‘- Temp. n1 Raxnnsefor 1" l Calculate Egg output g/b/day RETURN Figure 2.17. Subroutine Number 15: Feed Intake and Egg Production. ' 80 16 NO IF YES 17aTi>10 calculate NO 26; Ti 4 18 YES c0 . Produ2 ction IF Calculate cu a e 34eTie27 C02 C02 Production Production Calculate ventilation mueCO2 NO YES I Calculate Set Ventilation V rate to rate for Temperature Vrc02 A RETURN Figure 2.18. Subroutine Number 16: Ventilation Rate. 81 Decrease Increase _ ventilation xggzilatlon Rate YES lhate:fjgy. _ I NC Set Vrate to Vrcoz RETURN Figure 2.19.—-Subroutine Number 18: Control Inside Temperature. 83 Awaage Insnk: SUM TBmxmahne Ti Average SUM Inside R.H. R. Hunidity Inside Awaage SUM (unsnk: H H.1hnudinr R' ' outside RETURN ( RETURN ) Subroutine Number 20 Subroutine Number 19 Averaging the Values Summing the Values. Figure 2.20. Subroutine Number 19: Summing the Values. 83a WRITE Heading WRITE Outside Conditions WRITE Flock Conditio- RETURN Figure 2.21. Subroutine Number 21: Design Hourly Output Page. 84 Gosub Day & Night Gosub Wall Temp. Output Inside ndfldon Output Outside Ommutnxl Output flock inflnnatna l ‘ RETURN > Figure 2.22. Subroutine Number 22: Hourly Report. LJ 85 Clear and set Screen all data needed INPUT Correct. Figure 2.23. Subroutine Number 23--Input Program. 86 CW 8 0 Write 'MNercnmkm onlmuls V A Figure 2.24. Subroutine Number 24: Wall Temperature. 87 WRITE headings walra Inside conditions Gosub Gmnmi RETURN Figure 2.25. Subroutine Number 25: Daily Report. Figure 2.26. Calculate Avg—Egg Production 88 'Subroutine Number 26: 26 IF Calculate Avg—Egg 40hAge>l8 ‘Production Calculate Number ofeggs/lOOO Calculate Number of dozens Calculate Revenue from eggs Calculate Calculate Hen—day Electricit Percentage cost/1000 Calculate Expenses per day Calculate Returns RETURN per day Costs. 89 file or allow the user to create new files. After all the information have been entered, the input routine will activate the simulation model (main program). The first operation for starting the simulation on a daily bases was to initialize the fixed parameters. First, the body weight of chickens is calculated based on age of bird. Then the daily simulation started for the period needed. The screen is cleared, and the hourly report displayed (see Figure 2.27), and prepared for further calculations. Average daily temperature for outside was then calculated using the weather model. This was followed by determining the appropriate psychometric properties for the outside air for that hour for the specific day. The appropriate psychometric properties for the inside air for that hour and day also was calculated. Heat loss through the building, sensible heat from birds, and if the lights were on, the heat from lights was estimated, then the total sensible heat calculated. The ventilation rate for temperature control was determined, and the minimum ventilation rate to control carbon dioxide is calculated, if outside hourly temperature were below 0 C. For temperatures above 0 C, ventilation rate is calculated from equation 90 derived from heat balance equation. Before using any ventilation rate, the ventilation rate was checked, and not allowed to be leSs than the ventilation rate for carbon dioxide control. The change in heat and moisture was calculated and added to initial values, then the new heat and moisture content of air was used to determine the new inside temperature. This value was checked, if it was in the range previously set, then it was passed for further calculations and to determine the new relative humidity. If it was not, a control subroutine was used to increase or decrease ventilation rate, and checked against the minimum allowed, then returned to the main program to calculate a new inside temperature. The new values of heat, moisture, inside temperature, and relative humidity were set to be initial values for the next hour, and stored in an array for further use in graphics. The wall temperature and dewpoint temperatuare inside was calculated and compared to determine if water condensation may occur. Then the inside and outside conditions were displayed on a previously prepared screen. After 24 hours of calculations, the age of chickens was determined, the gain in bodyweight was 91 estimated and mortality per day calculated. Feed intake was then calculated based on average daily inside temperature and feed cost for 1,000 birds was calculated. Egg production and egg sale for 1,000 bird was also calculated. Figures 2.27 and 2.28 show a typical output. The daily report then displayed, included average inside temperature and relative humidity, maximum and minimum temperature that occurred on that day, the outside conditions, average daily temperature, and relative humidity. The management information was also displayed, which included feed intake per 100 birds, metabolizable energy intake per bird, estimated egg production per 100 bird, percent of hen day production, feed cost, electricity cost, fuel cost if used, and egg revenue for 1,000 bird was calculated and displayed. The flock information also displayed. That included number of birds, age in weeks, average body weight, and mortality rate calculated on that day. Then the model will clear the screen and draw the graphics for inside, outside hourly temperature, the relative humidity inside, and ventilation rate on hourly base was also displayed. 92 .usmuso uuomwm Sausom HMOAQhB .>N.N ousmflm UUUoPdO .mufipdesn Hon 3oz-m xufiofiesr Hon msow>oudue musummeEmu BwZIM mpsumuwQEwu moofl>mpmlm manoeuwQEmu xaamo m>um SDEUMEDL Hon 3oz|e xumowenc Hop msofi>wumum opsumuwaewu zwzlm mpsumanEmu mnom>wpmua UUde "WZOHEHDZOU mDHmzH "memoaq. ”mzHHMQ Hmoflmxe .mN.N wusmflm menlm Abnsnntoe tnnm-a comumucwocoU poem: “0 manor a mx ucmdo3>pon m>mmnm sne\m oooa\ nzcm>nt mom-m 4 instead; Ann m><-m ant\m oooH\ nmoo Hnsn-a o damn slant m><-H snt\m oooa\ nwoo unam-m "mzolelozoo moameao sme\m . ceax anon tnwn-m sne\ox ooH\eca mom nmmne o damn eschLz-e w coLuopoLQ Q mum o QEou Edeflxmzum smt\nx enln\ sonnet emz-~ w snlelsse not o><-~ >mo\ox ooa\ mxmucfl omomua u musumLmQEou m>4Hwumamm « . musumuwmfima e 97 controls fan motor (see Figure 2.30) holding it on for as long as 5 volt output for CR—21 is present. For air flow Ineasurements, the variable fans (45 cm) were fixed on fixed rate of 900 cubic meters per hour. Air velocity were measured near the inlet openings and the area of the inlet was measured, then the airflow was calculated by multiplying the area by air velocity. This procedure was repeated several times until the appropriate ventilation rate was achieved. This ventilation rate was the minimum ventilation rate and for ventilation rate above that, two pieces of equipment designed to interface the fan circuit. The first circuit was the current sensor which connected to circuit breaker of 60 cm fan (see Figure 2.31 for each fan). When any current passes through Diode resistor assembly, a constant AC voltage is presented to OPTO— ISOLATOR and external LEDs. This causes output triac to switch on feeding 120 VAC to input of CR—21 logic interface. The second device was the logic interface, Figure 2.32, which connected to the data loger CR—21 input channels. Current sensor (in 240 V fan power line) senses fan "ON" condition and causes 120 VAC 98 Hmlmo EOHM mzm w ca>m NNNNZN UNH . Evoma xm H Qua mH .uesonwo Houucoo com owHumEOHSOSmm .om.m gunman i® Define m2< H xm.H 3mm cum U€> ONH 99 L.‘ Thermostat Circuit Breaker .. 3.5.9.292 _ H]u—v OPTO-ISO w/TRIAC- 1 limit Resistor 120 VAC 13: to CR-21 Figure 2.31 Current (I) Sensor circuit. 100 .amumnne monmuouen amumo on 1H. nemuuso mm.~ mucosa :Nlmu Eoumv HoEMB Illll' pesouflo III! venom omasm unmom ucmom J mmm L m* _ no» .N* 2 All, monk; . .132: (SSE can III uoflonmno 95 3% 2:0 «Eda oamo Hmwwfluoom \uoumwmmm Haoo 9,3 AvL one _ «a Na Hmumo .2 , nob ll all on Zulu] moadq . ImHomH Houaflm can Houwommmo 04> ovm sumo <53, oemo umflmwuomm \Houmwumm umiouucoo H* H* , you. . _ H¢ ; llll 3095 lull: umHOuH Hmuaflm can I Houfiommmo Us, ovm ZEU the wait state (Yellow Led ON). The reset pulse also starts a "555" timer which holds any information that may be present in the OPTO— ISO for approximately 10 seconds. If the fan is still on or comes on during the time period (after reset) then the information is not lost, but is passed on to the latches after "time out" of the reset timer (555). The 60 cm fan, when it was on, assumed to operate on maximum capacity of 4950 cubic meter per hour. That was the same for the 90 cm fan. Both fans were connected to the CR-21 circuit. To measure carbon dioxide concentration in the poultry house at the minimum ventilation rate, a gas system collection was designed and built in the poultry house. 'There: was a set of filters (5) placed in 102 different locations and different heights on the cases (see Figure 2.33). Every filter was connected to a P.V.C. tube which then connected to a main panel with valves, each valve controls one filter. All five tubes led to outside the room. A vacuum compressor was connected to the main valve panel through a fine filter. The compressor then pumps the air to an aquarium (see Figure 2.34), which puts upside down. Another tube was placed on the base of the aquarium to allow taking the samples. There was flush filter placed outside the poultry room to flush the system after each sample. 2.16 Data Collection and Analysis Dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures were measured at various locations in the poultry house (see Figure 2.29). Data were collected every ten minutes. Temperature at each hour calculated by two data sets, at the end of each hour and the reading from the ten minutes before were averaged and used as representative temperature of that hour. Wet bulb temperature was measured in two ways: by using a thermostor prob manufactured by Campbell Scientific, Inc., covered with wet wick and a thermocouple sensor covered with the same wick as a back up sensor. Both sensors placed in the same 103 .m3.§......~........wasa.............................ci,..8......e..........§.................geeE.......s....a L .mcowumooq mGHHmEmm moflxowa.:ooumo .MM.N musmflm 0 D. 0. mp @ 3 '- ® \\ \\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\ \. Ill? 104 .COHumucmESHumcH mcflamfiwm mwaxofia connmu .vm.m musmflm Hommoumfioo finLJ .AIIII kuaflm mafim 6 (a)? =.- a Q Kr mfidflumsv< .ll' @QDN .Uo>om mm>Hm> Illlll umuaflm 105 location close to exhaust fan. Readings were taken twice a day for the back up sensor manually at 8 a.m. in the morning and 4 p.m. in the afternoon. Because of the failure in some channels of data loger not registered, specially for the outside temperature and relative humidity and the wet bulb temperature for inside. The back—up data for wet bulb temperature then was used to calculate the average daily inside relative humidity. Outside temperatuare and relative humidity data were taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NDAA), from Lansing, Michigan, during February and March 1986. The average daily temperature and the amplitude of the daily temperature were calculated and used in the weather model to predict the hourly outside temperature and relative humidity. The dewpoint temperature first calculated and then by using the dry bulb temperature on that hour, the relative humidity calculated from psychrometrics. The hourly temperature and relative humidity were used as inputs to the main model to calculate psychometric data needed to complete the calculation for outside conditions. Carbon dioxide was measured on different days of January 17 and 31, and several days in February, 11, and 21, for coldest days. Samples were taken several 106 times a day from 9 a.m. in the morning, 3 p.m. in the afternoon, and frmn 6 p.m. until 7 a.m. of the next day, every three hours. It takes one hour to complete a scan of all five locations (see Figure 2.33 for carbon dioxide and ammonia locations). The interval between each scan was about 15 minutes. The emphasis was on night hours when the poultry house was in stable conditions almost all the time and the ventilation rate was a minimum 0.2 m3/hr bird. During working hours, it is difficult to control or measure exact amount of airflow because of the workers and other researchers which who should do their jobs. Several times the doors were opened which could effect the carbon dioxide concentration. The samples were analyzed by using a commercial colorometer (chemically). The instrument was manufactured by Matheson (Model No. 8014—400a) using carbon dioxide tube model 126SA ranges from 0.1 — 2.6%. The ammonia tube model 1058C ranges from 5 to 260 PPM. After each sample, the syStem was flushed with clean air from the outside room for about 8 minutes and then proceeded to the next location (see Figure 2.34). Measurements with very low readings were repeated and the average of the two were considered as representative value of that sample. 107 To estimate moisture from the manure, 4 to 5 samples each time of manure has been taken on a time interval of 3 p.m., 8 p.m., 12 midnight, and 6 a.m. The samples were weighed in aluminum cans. The cans were cleaned, dried, numbered, and weighted empty. This was the empty can weight. Then the sample was placed in each can and immediately sealed and then weighed. This weight was the weight of the can full of manure. A preheated oven 'for 103 C used to dry the cans for 24 hours. Then the samples were taken from the oven, cooled, and weighed again. This weight was the weight of the dried manure with the can. The dry manure weight was calculate by subtracting the weight of the can empty from the weight of the can plus manure dried. Then the moisture content in percent was calculated for all 22 samples This process was repeated for other days for more data. Electricity consumption also was measured for the 45 cm fan and assumed to be constant for all day. For the 60 cm fan, data from the manufacturing company were used in: calculate electricity consumption, which was based on the number of minutes the fan was operating. CHAPTER I I I VERIFICATION 3.1 Simulation Model Evaluation The model was evaluated by comparing a performance variable as determined from measured data to that same variable as calculated by the simulation model. The important variables to compare were the hourly inside temperature during the test day, average daily inside temperature ventilation rates and average daily inside relative humidity. Another performance variable was the feed intake of 100 chickens and egg production. Intermediate calculation from the model were compared, for example, bodyweight. The verification measurements were combined with comparable calculations from the simulation model and plotted to form a graph for review. The principal input variables for the model, for inside conditions, were initial dry—bulb temperature, relative humidity, age of the birds, number of chickens, building parameters, insulation values of the walls and ceiling, feed metabolizable energy and length, width of manure pit. Inputs for outside conditions were average 108 109 daily dry—bulb temperature and amplitude of outside temperature. Other input variables were considered constant; for example, feeding system, feed prices, electricity prices, egg sale price, and ventilation rate (Tables 5A to 7A in the Appendix). 3.2 Results and Discussion Actual and predicted outside and inside temperatures are plotted in Figures 3.1 through 3.4. Output information for all runs are tabulated (Tables 3.1 to 3.5). The input information is tabulated in Appendix A. The absolute mean deviation between actual and predicted hourly inside temperature for February 13 was 0.148 C and standard deviation of 1.758; for February 16 was 0.077 C and standard deviation of 1.884; for February 27 it was 0.016 C and standard deviation of 1.776; and on March 3 was 0.204 C and standard deviation of 1.954. The average daily inside relative humidity, (Table 3.1) measured was 72% and the simulated was 71%, average daily relative humidity for outside, measured was 7895 and the simulated was 79%. The mean daily inside temperature simulated and measured were 24.61 and 24.46 C, respectively. The daily average fbr cmtside temperature was -11.46 C, which was the same used to 110 (z) mpiwnu M90198 dam—«2:928... £252 3:22 Ba .833an3 3.5305 .u> “030.355 .3... 0.52... A9505 05:. *N «N ON 3 . m. .1 N— o. m o ¢ a o LLL.LtLtLtc.p.LtLLLL_Lht ONI . 3.530: I . Owl vofixnspm I T. cpl. u. r o u INT 0? 02230 .. .1 [ml 9] r 4 I and TV J 1| 0? - lo owl 1+ .1 o? ....m cm} _ . ..U 8225 £252. 2523. mm. In. 026:. (3) mnzmedwal 111 767928... £282 2522 Ba 60m .8320 E3 .3532: .2, 33.38% d.a Baum @565 08:. wu Nu om o— 3 .1 up 3 m 9 ¢ N o utu._tc+u._Lu.u._.ut_._+ owl i 3.530: I .. 0— 33.38% I l 4. We. 0N4J INTI onj .. 4 [ml OJ 8an . mad onj I¢l .I 1 D J m. of O u. 05.4 n J m. o? m. J . I” h o? 8225 £262. 3:23. r ) .4 INF Ww J r I? o2»... ( 3 ) anzmadwal 112 68721532.: £282. 2522 .26 65380an“ uoSuooE .3 “032365 .n.n 230E Aucaozv oEc. euuaoueopifiopm m L _+_._tc c._.ctc._ b I! H .w h b N h n 0 _.I1 .1 ONJ v0.5.3: I 232365 I 83.5 OAQDIOH u. 05.1 n .1 w 0 €225 £252 3:231. 1.22. ( 3 ) mmmedwal 113 (z) mmwnq Mamas .o finances: £253 2,229. as .8395 ES @9532: .o> 35.35% 6...... 83mm A8305 06:. ¢~ an on 2 a. I a. S a o a a o _ b L L _ b L . _ L h t c . _ 1. _ tL r h . h . ml .1 toga-co: I 071 «682356 I .. .1 livl a? 1 . ofl 023.6 Io 91 .. .1 8.1 l. 81 In 051.1 0 1.. 81 rfi 8h 8225 £252. 2523. _. .1 . Im— IJ r. 812. ( a ) OanoJodwel 114 Table 3.1. Output Values Simulated and Measured on February 13, 1986 Temperature in Degree C Time Inside Outside Hours Measured Simulated Measured Simulated 1am 12.41 25.49 -12.2 -11.93 2 23.14 20.20 ~13.9 -12.29 3 23.09 25.37 -14.0 -12.74 4 23.51 20.33 -l4.0 -13.23 5 23.09 25.35 -14.0 -13.68 6 25.25 26.06 -13.9 -13.97 7 25.78 25.24 -13.3 -14.02 8 25.28 25.60 -13.3 -13.77 9 26.62 26.20 -13.3 -13.21 10 25.66 25.31 -12.8 -12.40 11 25.81 26.06 -11.7 -11.46 12pm 26.73 26.02 -10.6 -10.51 1 26.27 25.41 - 9.4 - 9.70 2 23.97 26.14 — 8.9 - 9.14 3 23.86 22.66 - 8.3 - 8.89 4 24.66 25.61 - 8.3 - 8.94 5 25.05 25.51 - 8.9 - 9.23 6 26.13 26.02 -10.0 - 9.68 7 26.48 22.72 -lO.6 -10.17 8 24.48 24.05 -10.6 -10.62 9 22.28 24.21 -10.0 -10.99 10 21.04 22.24 -10.0 -11.25 11 22.57 25.51 -10.0 ~11.46 12 22.89 23.28 -12.2 -ll.66 Avg. inside temperature simulated 24.61 C. Avg. inside temperature measured 24.46 C Avg. inside relative humidity simulated 70.72 % Avg. inside relative humidity measured 72.00 % Avg. outside temperature simulated -11.46 C AVg. outside temperature measured -11.46 C Avg. outside relative humidity simulated 78.94 % Avg. outside relative humidity measured 78.00 % Feed intake simulated (100 birds) 10.84 kg/d Feed intake measured (100 birds) 9.92 kg/d Percent hen - day production simulated 81.56 % Percent hen - day production measured 74.51 % Avg. egg weight simulated 61.77 gr Avg. egg weight measured 59.70 gr Avg. bodyweight simulated 1.77 kg Avg. bodyweight measured 1.71 kg 115 Table 3.2. Output Values Simulated and Measured on February 16, 1986 Temperature in Degree C Time Inside Outside Hours Measured Simulated Measured Simulated 1am 24.66 24.34 -8.3 -7.30 2 24.58 23.68 -8.9 -7.66 3 25.31 24.38 -8.9 -8.11 4 24.84 24.33 -8.9 -8.60 5 24.20 24.21 -8.3 -9.05 6 26.13 22.10 -8.3 -9.34 7 26.70 24.06 -8.3 -9.39 8 26.09 24.60 -7.8 -9.14 9 25.95 23.38 -7.8 -8.58 10 22.06 24.10 -7.2 -7.77 11 22.09 24.47 -7.2 -6.83 12pm 22.56 24.92 -6.7 -5.88 l 22.22 24.66 -5.6 -5.08 2 22.50 23.96 -5.0 -4.52 3 22.24 24.42 -4.4 -4.26 4 22.11 23.92 -4.4 -4.31 5 24.07 24.64 -4.4 ~4.61 6 26.44 23.36 -5.0 -5.05 7 25.18 24.58 -5.6 -5.54 8 24.24 24.57 -5.6 -5.99 9 22.80 24.40 -6.1 -6.34 10 22.35 23.90 -6.1 -6.62 11 24.44 23.84 -6.1 -6.83 12 24.00 24.78 -8.9 -7.03 Avg. inside temperature simulated 24.07 C Avg. inside temperature measured 24.15 C Avg. inside relative humidity simulated 69.09 % Avg. inside relative humidity measured 74.00 % Avg. outside temperature simulated -6.83 C Avg. outside temperature measured -6.83 C Avg. outside relative humidity simulated 77.68 % Avg. outside relative humidity measured 87.00 % Feed intake simulated (100 birds) 10.86 kg/d Feed intake measured (100 birds) 10.67 kg/d Percent hen - day production simulated 81.39 % Percent hen - day production measured 74.61 % Avg. egg weight simulated 61.93 gr Avg. egg weight measured 60.15 gr Avg. bodyweight simulated 1.77 kg Avg. bodyweight measured 1.71 kg 116 Table 3.3. Output values Simulated and;Measured on February 27, 1986 Temperature in Degree C 323:5 Inside Outside Measured Simulated Measured Simulated 1am 20.45 23.25 - 7.2 - 9.82 2 19.95 23.61 - 7.8 -10.27 3 20.24 23.51 - 7.8 -10.82 4 20.49 20.91 - 8.9 -11.45 5 22.06 23.98 -10.0 -12.01 6 22.41 23.28 - 9.4 -12.38 7 22.60 23.12 - 9.4 -12.44 8 22.35 23.22 - 9.4 -12.12 9 23.36 23.97 -10.0 -11.42 10 24.79 23.76 -10.0 -10.42 11 24.18 23.50 - 9.4 - 9.23 12pm 22.89 23.80 - 8.9 - 8.05 1 23.38 23.29 - 8.9 - 7.04 2 25.28 23.07 - 8.9 - 6.34 3 25.42 23.78 - 8.3 - 6.03 4 25.28 23.70 - 8.3 - 6.09 5 24.04 20.33 - 8.3 - 6.46 6 24.54 23.72 - 8.9 - 7.01 7 25.03 23.67 -11.7 - 7.63 8 25.12 23.84 -11.7 - 8.20 9 22.97 23.23 -11.7 - 8.65 10 23.31 23.11 -11.1 - 8.98 11 23.51 21.62 -10.0 - 9.23 12 22.69 23.46 - 6.7 - 9.49 Avg. inside temperature simulated 23.20 C Avg. inside temperature measured 23.18 C Avg. inside relative humidity simulated 68.01 % Avg. inside relative humidity measured 73.00 % Avg. outside temperature simulated -9.23 C Avg. outside temperature measured -9.23 C Avg. outside relative humidity simulated 80.71 % Avg. outside relative humidity measured 69.71 % Feed intake simulated (100 birds) 11.10 kg/d Feed intake measured (100 birds) 10.23 kg/d Percent hen - day production simulated 79.13 % Percent hen - day production measured 76.56 % Avg. egg weight simulated 62.26 gr Avg. egg weight measured 60.80 gr Avg. bodyweight simulated 1.77 kg Avg. bodyweight measured 1.71 kg 117 Table 3.4. Output Values Simulated and Measured on March 3, 1986 Temperature in Degree C gofiis Inside Outside Measured Simulated Measured Simulated 1am 23.33 25.80 -0.6 -0.24 2 25.80 25.96 -0.6 -0.08 3 23.96 25.49 -0.6 -O.47 4 25.57 25.66 -0.6 -0.90 5 25.52 25.69 -0.6 -l.29 6 25.56 25.57 -0.6 -1.55 7 22.73 25.43 -0.6 -1.60 8 26.01 26.15 -0.6 -1.37 9 25.75 25.38 -0.6 -0.88 10 24.35 25.48 0.0 -0.18 11 25.52 26.02 0.6 0.65 12pm 23.90 25.85 1.7 1.48 l 25.59 24.97 3.3 2.18 2 26.61 26.00 2.8 2.67 3 26.66 23.64 2.2 2.90 4 24.10 24.43 2.2 2.85 5 23.47 26.09 2.2 2.59 6 23.30 23.85 1.7 2.20 7 22.13 26.02 1.1 1.77 8 25.93 22.99 1.1 1.38 9 25.05 23.47 1.1 1.06 10 21.47 24.40 0.6 0.83 11 24.44 23.93 0.6 0.65 12 26.90 22.31 0.6 0.47 Avg. inside temperature simulated 25.02 C Avg. inside temperature measured 24.82 C Avg. inside relative humidity simulated 70.62 % Avg. inside relative humidity measured 74.00 % Avg. outside temperature simulated 0.65 C Avg. outside temperature measured 0.65 C Avg. outside relative humidity simulated 68.74 % Avg. outside relative humidity measured 92.00 % Feed intake simulated (100 birds) 10.78 kg/d Feed intake measured (100 birds) 9.81 kg/d Percent hen - day production simulated 78.58 % Percent hen - day production measured 75.36 % Avg. egg weight simulated 62.26 gr Avg. egg weight measured 61.10 gr Avg. bodyweight simulated 1.77 kg Avg. bodyweight measured 1.77 kg 118 Table 3.5. Average Daily Inside Temperatures Measured and Simulated from February 13 to March 3, 1986 Average Daily Temperature °C Date Measured Simulated February 13 24.46 24.61 16 24.15 24.07 27 23.18 23.20 March 3 24.82 25.02 Mean 24.15 . 24.22 SD 0.704 0.786 Average hourly deviation = 0.11 Average daily deviation = 0.18 Percent of error for hourly deviation = 0.5% 119 predict the hourly outside temperature and relative humidity: ‘Ventilation rate calculated from. the Imodel (February 13) for early morning hours (1 a.m. to 5 a.m.) was between 0.2 and 0.29 m3/hr/bird, the measured was fixed on 0.2 m3/hr/bird, but the air infiltration could add to it and increase the air flow. The maximum air flow predicted at 4 p.m. was 0.5 m3/hr/bird. The model had a tendency to fluctuate in the morning hours, especially on day February 13, Figure 3.1, which may be caused by the model's trying to adjust the temperature inside while the temperature outside was going down (simulated). The control routine of the model has a fixed increment to control the air flow, which may not be good for all the times to adjust the ventilation rate to keep the inside temperature in 'the specified range. So the temperature was allowed to drop to the minimum allowed. This air flow rate was assumed to occur for the entire hour. However, the real temperature (measured) was about constant for about 5 hours. Otherwise, the lmodel predicted very' good estimates of hourly inside temperatures after that. On day March 3, Figure 3.4, the model and the measured data followed each other until 3 p.m. (hour 15) which then the measured and the simulated starts to fluctuate. The measured data could be effected by the 120 thermostat setting when outside temperature is high. But the fluctuation of the model is still in the range of the measured data, Table 3.4, the daily average of inside temperature measured and simulated were 25.02 C and 24.82 C, respectively, with a difference of 0.2 C. The average relative humidities were 74.00% and 70.62% measured and simulated, respectively. Mean deviation between actual and predicted average daily inside temperature for all runs was 0.18 C with standard deviation of 0.43. Table 3.5 shows the average daily temperatures measured and simulated for the period from February 13 to March 3. Percent of error for the same period for the average hourly deviation was 0.5%, compared to 5% from Phillips (1970). The results also statistically tested by paired comparison, for all runs and found that the means of these examples were not significantly different. The model predicting very accurate average daily temperatures compared to the actual average temperatures. This will support the prediction of feed consumption which is calculated based on the (daily average temperature. It was necessary to adjust the simulation model to give results similar to the collected data. During this period of evaluation, it was found useful to compare 121 initial inputs values and intermediately calculated values. Special adjustment made on day February 8, an increase in moisture evaporation from the manure made the model predict inside temperatures more closely to the actual. The inputs for this model were average daily temperatures and the temperature amplitude. To evaluate the model's ability to predict inside conditions, these inputs were taken from the NOAA for Lansing, Michigan, and used to predict hourly outside temperature and relative humidity. The weather model was predicting very close to data. The curve shape matched the actual data closely in Figure 3.1, 3.2, and 3.4. The feed consumption and egg production models (management model), which include prediction of feed consumption based on 100 bird per day in kg, metabolizable energy per bird in kJ per day, hen-day production in percent, estimated egg production for 100 bird in kg per day. The second part of this model is the cost calculations and that includes feed cost per 1,000 bird as a common base, electricity cost/1,000 bird in dollars per day, and egg sale calculated based on nest run price for that day, then the revenue margin (revenues—cost) for that day is calculated and the value is displayed in S/day. 122 The above parameters were compared to measured data or supplied by the management Inanual for Hy—Line chickens breed w—36. Tables 3.1 to 3.4 shows the simulated values and the measured values for each day. Feed intake for February 13, Table 3.2, (age 50 weeks) was 10.83 kg/day/lOO bird simulated, the measured was 9.92 kg/day/lOO birds, and comparing with the management manual was 9.9 kg/day/lOO bird. The percent hen per day production was 81.56% simulated comparing to 74.51% measured on 50th week, and the manual estimated it to be 80%. Egg production prediction from the model was 61.77 g/da/bird, the measured was 59.70 g/day/bird, and the management manual for this breed estimate was 61.70 g/day/bird. Bodyweight was also calculated based on age of the chickens. The simulated value was 1.77 kg, comparing with 1.71 kg according to the management manual. Electricity costs were calculated based on number of hours the fans were operated. The simulated value was 0.134 $/day/1,000 bird, the measured was 0.10 S/day. No fuel costs were calculated. The mean deviation for all runs between measured and simulated were, for feed intake 0.796 kg/100 bird, egg weight 1.708 g/day/bird and for the bodyweight 0.06 kg. 123 Some of the differences in the management information could be caused by conditions that may have occurred that week; for example, health, stress, feed, and management practices. In general, the Inodel is a useful tool to evaluate different parameters, for instance, inside temperature, ventilation rate, feed intake, and egg production. The model gives very accurate average daily inside temperatures. Carbon dioxide concentration could vary by using different ventilation rates. Allowable concentration of CO2 in hen houses were discussed in Kadlec (1969). Concentrations in the range 0.25% to 0.5% have no harmful effect on production. Concentration between 0.5% to 2.5% have a small effect on production between 2.5%, and above 5%, CO2 concentration is dangerous and will effect health, production, and may increase mortality, especially with combination of other gases and high temperature. The minimum ventilation rate for carbon dioxide control was 0.2 m3/hr/bird. when air flow was reduced below that necessary for control of moisture (0.43 m3/hr/bird), uniform distribution of fresh air throughout the room may not be achieved. Measurement of CO2 in various locations were made to determine the adequacy of 124 C02 removal from all locations of the room, and to appraise the air distribution. For February 13, Figure 3.5, CO2 concentration in location #2, ranged from 0.41% to 0.70%. Location #3 from 0.42% to 0.55%, location #4 from 0.30% to 0.52%, and location #5 from 0.5% to 0.6%. All these ranges fall in the allowable concentration of C02, where no effect on health or production would be anticipated. Other day, Figure 3.6 has similar patterns. The sudden drop in CO2 level in location #2, Figure 3.5, was caused by operation of second phase fan in the adjacent room (white) at 4 a.m. Carbon dioxide could be deadly in case of electricity failure or stoppage of fans. Figure 3.7 shows the quick increase in. CO2 concentration reaching the harmful level of 2% in about 2 hours and 20 minutes. The rate of CO2 production calculated was 714 cm3/hr/bird measured and the simulated was 734 cm3/hr/bird. A combination of high levels of CO2 from 2% to 5% and high temperature (30 C) in tight buildings will contribute to very high mortality. The highest level of CO2 was in location #5, and the lowest at location #3 at 10 p.m. Ammonia concentration was constant about all the time during the test days, and it was always below the maximum limit of 50 PPM. This could be effected by the 125 kind of feed used, and the two time cleaning the manure pit. Using low ventilation rate of 0.2 m3/hr/bird in winter as ventilation rate for carbon. dioxide control (minimum ventilation rate) will give better manipulation of air exchange in the poultry house, and to maintain the temperature in the thermoneutral zone, without exceeding the maximum allowable concentration of C02. The mean deviation between the average hourly carbon dioxide concentration measured for both days Figures 3.5 and 3.6, and the simulated were 10.05%. The prediction of carbon dioxide for both days was satisfactory and fell in the range of CO2 measured. 126 63 T P 7528... 2:: .m> cosobcoocoo 2565 c0950 6...... 0.59.“. $505 05:. 2< o 32 n 2< N" in. m L L _ u . J .3333 I o o a. 5:30... I n* con—coo; I I . v* c0330.. all — o a 5:30.. I :8. use. .m min [Nd Ind r..v.o Ind [m6 . T. 13 :0 can 0.0 2 ZOO 127 08 7 .755: 05: .0> cowohcoocoo 02x80 50500 .06 0.59.; A9505 05:. 32.0 2 530350.30 02065 50500 Kan 0.50:. A9505 05:. szo— 2: m :mLm 2&1 L Nfi 003000... I 21 3:003 To 0* 503003 I m* 5:003 III to 0:2 __< Z ZOO CHAPTER IV RESULTS FROM MODEL USE One of the applications of the model is to decide what ventilation rate should be used to maximize revenues over costs when the outside temperature is very low. Two alternatives that may be considered are: 1. Ventilate at a rate to control carbon dioxide. 2. Ventilate at a rate that will control moisture. (Fixed ventilation rate.) The simulation model was used to estimate and evaluate differences in rewenue margins between the two control strategies. A common base for expressing financial performance measures in the commercial egg industry is per 1,000 bird units. This base will be used in calculating and presenting the evaluation criterion. The revenue margin (RM) is defined as value of egg sales minus feed and electricity costs per 1,000 birds. 129 130 RM=ES - (FC+EC) (4.1) where FC = Feed cost $/day ES Egg sale S/day EC Electricity cost $/day Decision analysis has become an important technique in the solution of business problems of this type . The decision analysis method is accomplished by listing available courses of action, expressing subjective variables .quantitatively, and determining possible economic returns. When the data are put in order, the result is that decision analysis becomes a powerful tool for determining optimal courses of action. The returns of laying hen operation is dependent on the biological response of chickens to their environment and to market conditions. The evaluation criterion used for this application is the Expected Value (EV). This criterion incorporates the probability of an event (state of nature) occurring into the decision or evaluation process. The probability is a quantitative measurement of the degree of certainty associated with the occurrence of an event. The evaluation decision rule is to select 131 the alternative that has the greatest revenue margin. A decision tree is a (graphic presentation that shows a sequence of strategic decisions and the expected consequences under each possible state of nature or circumstances. A decision is symbolized by a square and noncontrollable events by a circle. The revenue margin of each branch is multiplied by its joint probability of possible state of nature and then summed with other branches to get the expected value (EV) of each age, and each strategy. The equation of EV would be as follows: [11 < II n Mt: Pi x Vi (4.2) where Pi = Probability of event Vi occurring. Then the expected value for age 25 weeks will be calculated as: Ev25 = (0.03 x 14.93) + (0.24 x 15.03) + (0.73 x 15.07) = 15.06 s/day A summary of E.V. calculations is in Table 4.1 and the decision analysis is in Figures 4.1. and 4.2. The usual laying period for the hens is about 76 weeks, when pullets are put in production from 18 weeks of age. Some assumptions have been made for the duration 132 Table 4.1. Expected Values (E V) Output Values for Decision Analysis for Avg. Temperature C Ventilagion Age Expected Total Rate m /hr Weeks Outside 'Inside Values Carbon 25 -20 19.70 0.45 Dioxide Ventilation -15 22.05 3.61 Rate (840) -10 23.45 11.00 15.06 40 -20 22.88 0.44 -15 24.28 3.59 -10 24.58 10.92 14.95 Moisture 25 -20 17.94 0.44 Control Ventilation -15 21.42 3.58 Rate (1394) -10 22.99 10.92 14.97 40 -20 19.45 0.43 -15 22.43 3.51 -10 24.36 10.86 14.80 133 .mmauflaflnmnoum can mcflmumz 05c0>0m .muzmnH mammamcfi conHomn .H.v musmflm Mb.o 3.: BI Deal . vm.o .. .1 HT .2- . no.0 vm 0H _ 2 f Uoml mm.aH mummwms.oooau 2.3 .HLN com? ss.afl mmmulmo.ooomu 05.: . @5503- 4a.: HANSEN? 2.: Hkoaoomu 000m .0:0> .xflm N mflmm .wcm> 00 mm 000 . . 2.0 :0 ma Bi OOHI mo.mH . Ammumfic 0x003 mm.0H P camumz mdcm>mm 134 om.va hm.VH mm.va mo.mH 005H0> cmuommxm manuamcd scamflomo .N.v musmflm 3.3 a mumm mm.m _ 2 w .0Gm> .me 00.0 _v.“[ 32 HF mm.m _ a V) N 000m .0:0> oo m¢.o _ . “ 05H0> Umgommxm 135 of age. The laying period is divided into two periods. First period from age 18 through 29 weeks, which encompasses 11 weeks of production. In this period the chickens are small in size, their bodyweight is not reached the standard (growing) and they are not mature. A representative age is chosen for this period (18 to 29 weeks) and that is 25 weeks. This age reflects the variability in bodyweight and. production. 13m: second period, 30 to 78 weeks, when the chickens reach their stable bodyweight, maturity, and they are well adapted to production conditions. The representative age chosen for this period (47 weeks) is 40 weeks. The duration proportions calculated for each period are as follows: 29 — 18 = 11 weeks first period duration 76 - 30 = 47 weeks second period duration 11 + 47 = 58 weeks production period duration then 11 = 0.19 = 0.2 duration proportion for first 5 period 41 = 0.81 2 0.8 duration proportion for second 58 period These duration proportions will be used to weight the two alternatives selected as representative production situations. 136 The weather data used in this evaluation are based on 83 years (1889 - 1980) for Jackson, Michigan, supplied by NOAA and NWS, Table 4.2 is used to calculate the probabilities for outside temperatures. Three ranges of temperatures were chosen to represent outside conditions. They are from >0 to <-10 C, from -10 to <—20 and from —20 to —30. The representative temperature for each range used in the model were —10, —15, and —20 C, respectively. The probability for each range then calculated by dividing the total number of days for each range by the number of winter days in 83 years for the period from November through March (5 months). Number of days = 151 x 83 = 12,533 days For -20 C range, the probability is calculated as: (328 + 42) = 0.0296 2 0.03 12,533 The same procedure is ‘used to calculate other range probabilities. They are 0.03, 0.24, and 0.73 from the lowest to the highest range. Assumptions were also made for the market price of product and input factors. A representative price level for egg, feed, and electricity were used: 0.45 S/doz for 137 Table 4.2. Weather Information Used in Decision Analysis 1889-1980 (83 Years) Ranges C Jan. Feb. Mar. Nov. Dec. Total Frequencies of Occurrences Days > 0 to <-5 697 612 1061 1055 886 4311 - 5 to <—10 771 755 700 418 816 3460 -10 to <-15 645 561 307 83 469 2065 -15 to <-20 373 332 76 7 214 1002 -20 to <-25 141 122 15 2 48 328 -25 to —30 18 23 0 0 1 42 Number of Years with Hits Years > 0 to <-5 79 81 82 82 82 83 - 5 to <fi10 82 82 82 79 82 83 -10 to <-15 82 82 72 37 81 83 -15 to <-20 72 69 34 6 55 82 -20 to <-25 49 44 11 2 26 65 -25 to —30 13 13 0 0 1 23 138 nest run egg price, 0.16 $/kg for feed, and 0.06 $/kWh for electricity. The expected values for the two strategies being evaluated in this application are 14.97 $/day for carbon dioxide control ventilation rate, and 14.83 $/day for moisture control ventilation rate. The maximum expected value revenue margin (MEVRM) of 14.97 $/day was achieved by using or implementing the carbon dioxide control ventilation rate. The difference of the two strategies in RM is 0.14 $/day. This value becomes more significant in a large production operation, where a 100,000 bird house capacity or greater may be utilized. The number of cool days in the winter season has an important impact on choosing the appropriate ventilation rate. Other factors that could be listed in this discussion are: age of chickens, production level, feed prices, egg and other inputs which the manager must take into consideration. To evaluate this problem for different conditions, egg sale price was fixed as 0.45 $/dozen nest run price for all following runs. The feed and electricity prices were doubled and then the model used to predict the new revenue margins. The expected values were calculated by using equation (4.2). When the price of the feed doubled to 0.32 $/kg, both strategies lost money. The minimum losses were with using lower ventilation rates to control 139 carbon dioxide, with. minimum expected value of -1.50 S/day, compared to —1.64 S/day. The difference between both values was 0.14 S/day. Another run was made to evaluate the two strategies under electricity price change only; The price of electricity was doubled to 0.12 S/kW hr. The expected values also calculated, and the final evaluation was to 'use lower ventilation rates to control carbon dioxide instead of' moisture control ventilation‘ rate. The maximum expected value achieved with low ventilation rate was 14.88 S/day, compared to 14.74 $/day, and the difference was 0.14 S/day, the same as previous runs. Using lower ventilation rates (0.2 m3/hr/bird) could cause water condensation on the walls or equipment, but this problem was not serious from the observations made during the data collection and also from the model prediction. Hours of water condensation predicted for the runs from February 13 through March 3 were 10, 1, 3, and 0 hours, respectively. The water condensation usually occurred in early morning hours-and in the night. From the observation made, water condensation occurred on the lower part of the walls and outside door. No water condensation was as noted on the cages or other equipment in the poultry house. 140 Higher ventilation rates (0.43 m3/hr/bird) did not prevent water condensation on the walls; predicted hours of water condensation were between 6 and 4 hours. Lower ventilation rates based on controlling carbon dioxide in poultry houses could be used to achieve higher 'temperatures, and savings without. effecting' egg production, or creating health problems. However, for prudent management at low ventilation rates of 0.2 m3/hr/bird, monitoring’ CO is Inandatory. 2 The width of commercial layer houses are typically more than the 17 m width structure used in this study. With low ventilation rates, it is possible that the carbon dioxide levels in the middle of the poultry house could exceed allowable levels. This may result in increased mortality or reduced performance levels unless special provisions are made for effective air distribution at these low air flow rates. 141 Table 4.3. Output Values from the Model Used in Decision Analysis Ventilgtion Age Avg. Temperature C Feed Intake rate m /hr Weeks Outside Inside kg/day/lOO b Carbon 25 -20 19.70 10.138 Dioxide Control -15 22.05 9.878 Ventilation Rate (840) -10 23.45 9.693 40 -20 22.88 10.678 -15 24.28 10.459 -10 24.58 10.407 Moisture 25 -20 17.94 10.304 Control Ventilation -15 21.42 9.953 Rate (1394) -10 22.99 9.756 40 —20 19.45 11.105 -15 22.43 10.742 -10 24.36 10.444 CHAPTER V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 5.1 Summary A simulation model which predicts hourly temperature, relative humidity, maximum, minimum temperatures, average daily temperature for inside and outside conditions, and management information, including feed consumption, feed costs, metabolizable energy, egg production, and electricity costs, bodyweight, mortality rate, and ventilation rates used in evaluation of poultry laying house was prepared and verified. The simulation model was based on psychrometric and biological relationships for laying hens. The basis of the simulation model and the test facilities for model verification was a commercial-type laying house near East Lansing, Michigan. The laying house has a capacity of approximately 4,100 hens in each room: system was managed as small commercial unit at Michigan State University Poultry Science Research and Training Center. Verification data collected on five winter days compared satisfactorily with the simulation. 142 143 The carbon dioxide ventilation rate control was used as minimum ventilation rate in cool days to replace the ventilation rate for moisture control. Carbon dioxide and ammonia were under control with a ventilation rate of 0.2 m3/hr/bird (0.12 CFM/bird). The model gives very close predictions of feed consumption, H—D production, metabolizable energy, and egg production compared with the measured data and management manual for the Hy—Line breed W—36. 5.2 Conclusions The following conclusions- are the result of preparing and verifying the simulation model of estimate the hourly inside, outside dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity, and management information. 1. Ventilating at 47% of the rate commonly used for moisture control to provide adequate environmental conditions was accomplished successfully under the climatic conditions that existed. 2. Lower ventilation rates helped maintain higher inside temperature which lowered feed consumption and improved revenue margins for cooler days. 3. The data from the simulation model matched the experimental winter psychrometric data satisfactorily. 144 4. Ammonia concentrations were well below maximum allowable concentrations (<35 PPM) even with low ventilation rate which was used in this study. 5. For the climatic conditions studied, water condensation occurred only for short durations, but it did not last all day. 6. At the low air flow rate, mixing of outside air with the inside was very good, and adequate, based on uniformity of CO2 and temperature in various locations. 7. Carbon dioxide did not exceed the maximum allowable level in any location. 8. The simulation model provided a means of effectively evaluating the controllable Inanagement and design factors for the environment in a poultry house. 9. Data generated from the simulation model is useful in lnaking' economical analysis to evaluate different strategies or situations. 5.3 Recommendations for Further Research The results of this research suggests the need for additional work in the following areas: 1. This model was not tested or evaluated for options already bmilt 111 the simulation. It is recommended to explore this simulation model for different conditions. 145 2. Additional studies be conducted to determine and improve the egg production model. 3. Investigation of bird heat production under conditions of diurally varying temperatures. 4. Develop a single function which can make a smoother transition between day and night rates than the two separate linear interpolations used in this study. 5. Expansion of the model so that it could be used to simulate environment conditions, feed consumption and egg production responses throughout an entire year. This would allow evaluation of alternative energy and environmental management strategies for any period of time. APPENDICES 146 APPENDIX A TABLES 147 148 Table A-1. Carbon Dioxide and Ammonia Concentration Measured on February 11, 1986 Time Location C02% NH3 ppm Temperature C 9:00 pm 1 0.40 20 22.92 9:15 pm 2 0.41 15 22.52 9:30 pm 3 0.42 15 22.87 9:45 pm 4 0.30 20 21.85 10:00 pm 5 0.50 15 22.48 12:00 am 1 0.50 30 23.66 12:15 am 2 0.60 20 23.56 12:30 am 3 0.50 20 23.66 12:45 am 4 0.52 20 23.71 1:00 am 5 0.58 15 23.56 3:00 am 1 0.50 30 23.41 3:15 am 2 0.52 23 23.41 3:30 am 3 0.50 23 23.46 3:45 am 4 0.52 23 23.56 4:00 am 5 0.55 23 23.66 6:00 am 1 0.50 25 24.39 6:15 am 2 0.70 18 25.21 6:30 am 3 0.55 18 25.20 6:45 am 4 0.50 18 24.70 7:00 am 5 0.60 18 24.63 149 Table A-2. Carbon Dioxide and Ammonia Concentration Measured on February 21, 1986 Time Location C02% NH3ppm Temperature C 9:00 pm 1 0.30 20 22.83 9:15 pm 2 0.40 20 23.16 9:30 pm 3 0.30 20 23.26 9:45 pm 4 0.31 20 23.35 10:00 pm 5 0.40 20 23.04 12:00 am 1 0.40 20 24.42 12:15 am 2 0.50 20 24.07 12:30 am 3 0.30 20 24.17 12:45 am 4 0.35 20 23.98 1:00 am 5 0.40 20 23.04 3:00 am 1 0.31 -- 23.80 3:15 am 2 0.40 -— 23.84 3:30 am 3 0.30 -- 24.04 3:45 am 4 0.40 -- 24.07 4:00 am 5 0.40 -- 24.19 6:00 am 1 0.40 -- 25.77 6:15 am 2 0.60 —- 26.11 6:30 am 3 0.40 -- 26.39 6:45 am 4 0.40 -- 25.99 7:00 am 5 0.45 -- 26.06 150 Table A.3. Carbon Dioxide and Ammonia Concentration Measured on February 18, 1986 (All fans off) Time Location C02% NH3 ppm Temperature C 7:40 pm 2 0.21 20 23.21 8:20 pm 0.90 28.90 9:00 pm 1.40 31.45 9:40 pm 1.80 33.47 7:50 pm 3 0.31 20 26.78 8:30 pm 0.99 29.73 9:10 pm 1.40 31.83 9:50 pm 1.70 33.88 8:00 pm 4 0.60 27.03 8:40 pm 1.20 30.46 9:20 pm 1.60 32.61 9:55 pm 1.80 33.90 8:10 pm 5 0.80 20 28.09 8:50 pm 1.40 31.00 9:30 pm 1.80 33.07 10:00 pm 1.96 34.22 151 Table A14 Management Factors, Design, and Input Values as Used for Verifying the MOdel on February 13, 1986 Building: Length, m 31.00 Width, m 5.50 Height, m 2.37 Insulation: 2 Walls, W/m2.C 0.54 Ceiling, W/m .C 0.32 Simulation Period: Beginning day 44.00 Ending day 45.00 Initial Inside Conditions: - Average daily temperature, C 24.20 Average daily rel. humidity, % 72.00 Initial OutSide Conditions: Average daily temperature, F 11.38 Amplitude temperature, F 4.00 Flock Information: Number of chickens 4038.00 Age of chickens 50.00 Feed Information: Feed metabolized energy, MJ/da 11.532 Crude protein content, % 0.16 Manure Pit: Length, m 25.00 Width, m 3.44 Lights: Lights intensity, Lx 60.40 Feeding System: Hopper and trough system Prices: Feed, $/kg 0.16 Electricity, $/kW.hr 0.06 Egg Prices: Nest run price, $ 0.45 152 Table A.5. Management Factors, Design, and Input Values as Used for Verifying the Model on February 16, 1986 Building: Length, m 31.00 Width, m 5.50 Height, m 2.37 Insulation: 2 Walls, W/m2.C 0.54 Ceiling, W/m .C 0.32 Simulation Period: Beginning day 47.00 Ending day 48.00 Initial Inside Conditions: Average daily temperature, C 23.00 Average daily rel. humidity, % 74.00 Initial Outisde Conditions: Average daily temperature, F 19.71 Amplitude temperature, F 4.00 Flock Information: Number of chickens 4031.00 Age of chickens 51.00 Feed Information: Feed metabolized energy, MJ/da 11.532 Crude protein conten, % 0.16 Manure Pit: Length, m 25.00 Width, m 3.44 Lights: Lights intensity, Lx 60.40 Feeding System: Hopper and trough system Prices: Feed, $/kg 0.16 Electricity, $/kW.hr 0.06 Egg Prices: Neat run price, $ 0.45 153 Table A.6. Management Factors, Design, and Input Values as Used for Verifying the Model on February 27, 1986 Building: Length, m 31.00 Width, m 5.50 Height, m 2.37 Insulation: Walls, w/m2.c 0.54 Ceiling, W/m2.C 0.32 Simulation Period: Beginning day 58.00 Ending day ‘ 59.00 Initial Inside Conditions: Average daily temperature 22.00 Average daily rel. humidity, % 73.00 Initial Outside Conditions: Average daily temperature, F 15.38 Amplitude temperature, F 5.00 Flock Information: Number of chickens 4020.00 Age of chickens 53.00 Feed Information: Feed metabolized energy, mJ/da 11.532 Crude protein content, % 0.16 Manure Pit: Length, m 25.00 Width, m 3.44 Lights: Lights intensity, Lx 60.40 Feeding System: Hopper and trough system Prices: Feed, $/kg 0.16 Electricity, $/kW.hr 0.06 Egg Prices: Nest run price, $ 0.45 154 Table A.7. Management Factors, Design, and Input Values as Used for Verifying the Model on March 3, 1986 Building: Length, m 31.00 Width, m 5.50 Height, m 2.37 Insulation: 2 Walls, W/m2.C 0.54 Ceiling, W/m .C 0.32 Simulation Period: Beginning day 62.00 Ending day 63.00 Initial Inside Conditions: Average daily temperature, C 24.20 Average daily rel. humidity, % 74.00 Initial Outside Conditions: Average daily temperature, F 33.17 Amplitude temperature, F 3.50 Flock Information: Number of chickens: 4009.00 Age of chickens 53.00 Feed Information: Feed metabolized energy, mJ/da 11.532 Crude protein content, % 0.16 Manure Pit: Length, m 25.00 Width, -m 3.44 Lights: Lights intensity, Lx 60.40 Feeding System: HOpper and trough system Prices: Feed, S/kg 0.16 Electricity, $/kW.hr 0.06 Egg Prices: Nest run price, $ 0.45 APPENDIX B LIST OF THE MODEL 155 IO 20 3O #0 50 60 70 80 90 100 I10 115 I20 130 IhO ISO SUBROUTINE TO INPUT INITIAL DATA FOR SIMULATION MODEL AND TO DRAN HEN PICTURE (INTRODUCTION) AL-CHALABI DHIA 1985 SUBROUTINE 023 CLS:SCRN$-"HENS.SCR“:REH Name of file to Load In SCRNF$-”R”:REH set screen function to ”R“ for Read GOSUB IIO FOR LOOP-I T0 5000:NEXT LO0P:CLS:GOSUB 160 OPEN"R",I,“SAVESCR.AOR”,2:FIELD 1.2 AS SCRNADR$:GET I: SCRNADR-CVI(SCRNADRS):CLOSE: REM SCRNS‘FILE NAME OF SCREEN YOU WANT TO READ IN OR WRITE OUT REN SCRNFS-FUNCTION YOU WISH TO DO "R" FOR READ DEF SEC-SCRNADR:CALL 256.SCRN$.SCRNP$ RETURN 160 CLS :DIH XX(27) 'DRAW THE BOUNDRY OF THE PAGE LOCATE 2,2 :PRINT CHR$(201) 'Upper line I I70 180 190 200 210 220 230 2h0_ 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 ADC #10 #20 #30 hho #50 460 #70 ABC £90 500 FOR x-3 TO 78 IF x-AO THEN 23o ELSE 250 LOCATE 2.x:PRINT CHR$(203) GOTO 26o LOCATE 2.x :PRINT CHR$(205) NEXT x :LOCATE 2,78:PRINT CHRSIIB7) 'Right line I FOR Y-3 TO 22 LOCATE Y.78:PRINT CHR$(I86) NEXT Y :LOCATE 23,78 :PRINT CHR$(I88) ' Lower line FOR x-77 TO 3 STEP -I IF x-AO THEN 380 ELSE AOO LOCATE 23.x:PRINT CHR$(202) GOTO AIO LOCATE 23.x:PRINT CHR$(205) NEXT x LOCATE 23.2 :PRINT CHR$(zoo) 'Left Iine FOR Y-22 T0 3 STEP -I LOCATE v.2 : PRINT CHR$(186) NEXT Y LOCATE 8.3 156 "W“ FOR WRITE 510 520 530 5&0 550 560 S70 580 590 600 6I0 620 630 6b0 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 7&0 750 760 770 775 780 790 795 800 Bio 820 830 8&0 850 860 865 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 9&0 950 960 970 980 157 'Hiddel line ‘I FOR v-3 TO 22 LOCATE Y.AO :PRINT CHR$(I86) NEXT I 'Write the headings GOSUB 3650 :GOSUB 3530 IF H-i THEN 2160 ELSE 600 'BEGINING OF DATA INPUT Row -4 FOR I-I TO 22 IF I-I THEN 6A0 ELSE 680 COLOR 3:LOCATE 3,h:PRINT ”Building features” LOCATE A,N:PRINT “ ------------------- " :COLOR 2 LOCATE ROH+I,A :INPUT "I-Length in m : ”:LENG: XX(l)-LENG NEXT IF I-2 THEN 690 ELSE 720 LOCATE ROH+I,A INPUT "Z-Wiedth in m I ”:WEOT: XX(2)-WEOT NEXT IF I-3 THEN 73o ELSE 760 LOCATE ROH+I.A INPUT "3-Hight in m : ”:HIGT: XX(3)-HIGT NEXT IF I-h THEN 770 ELSE 810 COLOR 3:ROW-7:LOCATE 9,A : PRINT ”Thermal conductivity (U-value) of” LOCATE IO,A:PRINT ” --------------------------------- ” :COLOR 2 LOCATE ROW+I,A: INPUT “h-Walls in W/mZxC I":UWALL:XX(h)-UWALL NEXT IF I-S THEN 820 ELSE 850 LOCATE ROW+I,h INPUT "S-Ceilling in W/mZXC :“;UCEIL:XX(5)-UCEIL NEXT IF l-6 THEN 860 ELSE 9I0 COLOR 3:ROW-IO:LOCATE 8+l,h: PRINT ”Simulation period (Julian days)” LOCATE 15.5:PRINT ” ------------------------------ ” :COLOR 2 LOCATE ROW+I,h INPUT ”6-Beging day :";BG :XX(6)-BG NEXT lF I'7 THEN 920 ELSE 950 ROW'IZ:LOCATE IO+I,h:INPUT "7-Enddlng day ("zED :XX(7)-ED COLOR 2 NEXT IF I-8 THEN 960 ELSE IOOO COLOR 3:LOCATE 19,h :PRINT "Initial inside conditions“ LOCATE 20.“ :PRINT “ ------------------------- " :COLOR 2 LOCATE 21,4 :INPUT "8-Avg. daily temperature I";TINS:XX(8)-TINS 158 990 NEXT 1000 IF I'9 THEN 1010 ELSE 1040 1010 LOCATE 22.4 I020 INPUT ”9-Avg. relative humidity :";RHIN :XX(9)-RHIN 1030 NEXT ' 1040 IF l-IO THEN_1OSO ELSE 1090 1050 COLOR 3:LOCATE 3.42:PR|NT "Flock informations“ 1060 LOCATE 4,42:PRINT ” ----------------------- ” :COLOR 2 1070 LOCATE 5,42: 1075 INPUT "IO-Number of chickens I“;NCHKN :XX(10)-NCHKN 1080 NEXT 1090 IF I811 THEN 1100 ELSE 1130 1100 LOCATE 6.42 1110 INPUT “ll-Age of chickens I”:AGE :XX(ll)-AGE 1120 NEXT 1130 IF l'12 THEN 1140 ELSE 1190 1140 COLOR 3:LOCATE 8.42:?RINT "Feed informations” 1150 LOCATE 9,42:PRINT " ------------------- “ :COLOR 2 1160 LOCATE 10.42 1170 INPUT ”lZ-Feed MET. energy :":HEDIT :XX(12)-HEDIT 1180 NEXT 1190 IF I313 THEN 1200 ELSE 1230 1200 LOCATE 11.42 1210 INPUT "l3-Crude protein content 2 I”:NSCP :XX(13)-NSCP 1220 NEXT 1230 IF I-14 THEN 1240 ELSE 1330 1240 LOCATE 13,42:COLOR 3:PRINT"14-Supp1emental heat ” 1250 LOCATE 14,42:PR|NT ” ---------------------- ”:COLOR 2 1260 LOCATE 15,42:PRINT "l-Natural gas I" 1270 LOCATE 16,42zPRlNT ”2-L.P gas I” 1280 LOCATE 17,42:PRINT "3-No supp]. heat 1" 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380 1390 1400 1410 1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 LOCATE 19,42:INPUT "Choose one option please”;FGR XX(14)-FGR IF FGR<-0 0R FGR>¢4 GOTO 1290 NEXT IF 1'15 THEN 1350 ELSE 1410 'Clean the screen 60508 3540 COLOR 3:LOCATE 3,4 :PRINT ”Information about manure area” LOCATE 4,4:PRINT " ------------------------------- " :COLOR 2 LOCATE 5,4 INPUT ”IS-Length of pit in m I“:LENH :XX(15)-LENH NEXT IF 1-16 THEN 1420 ELSE 1450 LOCATE 6.4 INPUT "16-Wiedth of pit in m I“;WEOH :XX(16)-WEDH NEXT IF I-17 THEN 1460 ELSE 1500 COLOR 3: LOCATE 8, 4: PRINT ”Information about Lights" LOCATE 9, 4: PRINT ” -------------------------- ” :COLOR 2 LOCATE 10, 4: INPUT "17- Light intensity in Lx I”;LIT :XX(17)-LIT 159 1490 NEXT . 1500 IF 1'18 THEN 1510 ELSE 1620 1510 COLOR 3:LOCATE 12,4 :PRINT “IB-Feeding systems ” 1520 LOCATE 13,4 :PRINT ” ----------------- ” :COLOR 2 1530 LOCATE 14,4 :PRINT "I-Hopper and trough system I” 1540 LOCATE 15,4 :PRINT ”Z-Chain system I" 1550 LOCATE 16,4 :PRINT "3-Hopper and trough + grid :” 1560 LOCATE 17,4 :PRINT ”4-Spira1 system :" I57O' LOCATE 18,u :PRINT "S-SIeeve system I” 1580 LOCATE 20,4 :INPUT "Choose one feed system Please ”:FSV 1590 XX(18)-FSV 1600 IF FSVI6 GOTO 1580 1610 NEXT 1620 IF I'I9 THEN 1630 ELSE 1670 I630 COLOR 3:LOCATE 3,42:PRINT ”Information about costs" 1640 LOCATE 4,42 :PRINT ” ------------------------ ”:COLOR 2 I650 LOCATE 5.42 :INPUT "I9-Feed cost S/Kg :“;FPRIC:XX(19)-FPRIC 1660 NEXT 1670 IF l-20 THEN 1680 ELSE 1710 1680 LOCATE 6.42 1690 INPUT "ZO-Eiectricity cost I";ELPRC:XX(20)-ELPRC 1700 NEXT 1710 IF 1'21 THEN 1720 ELSE 1740 I720 LOCATE 7.42:INPUT "21-Fue1 cost S/m3 :”;FUPRC:XX(21)'FUPRC 1730 NEXT 1740 IF 1'22 THEN 1750 ELSE 1800 I750 COLOR 3:LOCATE 9.42 1760 PRINT "Information about egg prices“ 1770 LOCATE IO.42:PRINT " --------------------------------- l':COLOR 2 1780 LOCATE 11.42: 1785 INPUT "22-Nest run price I”;VEGGI:XX(22)-VEGGI 1790 NEXT 1910 ' 1920 OPEN "0”. 1,N$+".SIH” 1930 FOR I'I T0 22 1940 WRITE 1.XX(I) 1950 NEXT | 1960 CLOSE 1 1970 I _ 1980 LOCATE 17,42:PRINT “Are these vaIues correct (Y/N) ?" 1990. LOCATE 17,75:QQ$-INKEY$ :IF 005-"" THEN I990 2000 IF QQ$-”Y“ 0R QQS-“y" THEN CHAIN "HOUSIHUL",,ALL 2010 'Correct the wrong values 2020 ' 2030 OPEN "0”. 1,N$+”.SIH” 2040 LOCATE 18.42:|NPUT"Enter number,new value ":I,XX(I) 2050 FOR I-I TO 22 2060 WRITE 1,XX(I) 2070 NEXT I 2080 CLOSE 1 2090 2100 2110 2120 2130 2140 2150 2160 2170 2180 2190 2200 2210 2220 2230 2235 2240 12250 2260 2270 2280 2290 2300 2310 2320 2330 2340 2350 2360 2370 2380 2390 2400 2410 2415 2420 2430 2440 2450 2460 2470 2480 2490 2500 2505 2510 2520 2530 2540 2550 2560 2570 160 OPEN "I", 2,N$+”.SIM" COLOR 2 GOSUB 3540 INPUT 2.XX(I) GOSUB 2250 CLOSE 2 GOTO 1980 'Read the old file from the disk LOCATE 1,30:PR|NT "NAIT loading file ”:NS OPEN "I”, 1,NS+“.SIH" FOR I-I TO 22 INPUT I.xx(I) NEXT 1 CLOSE 1 LOCATE 1,30:PRINT” '% GOSUB 2250:GOTO 1980 'Nrite the data to the scree ROW -4 ' FOR I-l T0 22 IF 1-1 THEN 2280 ELSE 2320 COLOR 3:LOCATE 3,4:PRINT ”Building features“ LOCATE 4.4:PRINT ” ------------------- ” :COLOR 2 LOCATE RON+I,4 :PRINT ”1-Length in m I ”:XX(I) NEXT IF I-2 THEN 2330 ELSE 2360 LOCATE ROH+I,4 PRINT "Z-Nidth in m I ”:XX(2) NEXT IF 1-3 THEN 2370 ELSE 2400 LOCATE R0w+l.4 PRINT ”3-Hight in m I “:XX(3) NEXT IF 1-4 THEN 2410 ELSE 2450 COLOR 3:ROW-7:LOCATE 9.4 : PRINT ”Thermal conductivity (U-vaiue) of“ LOCATE 10,4:PRINT ” --------------------------------- “ :COLOR 2 LOCATE ROH+I,4:PRINT "4-HaIIs in H/mZxC I”;XX(4) NEXT IF I-5 THEN 2460 ELSE 2490 LOCATE ROH+I.4 PRINT ”5-Ceilling in W/mZxC I”;XX(5) NEXT IF 1-6 THEN 2500 ELSE 2550' COLOR 3:ROH-10:LOCATE 8+I,4: PRINT ”Simulation period (Julian days)” LOCATE 15,4:PRINT ” ------------------------------ " :COLOR 2 LOCATE ROH+I,4 PRINT "6-Beging day I";XX(6) NEXT IF 1-7 THEN 2560 ELSE 2590 ROH-12:LOCATE 10+|,4:PR|NT ”7-Endding. day I”;XX(7) 161 2580 NEXT 2590 IF I-8 THEN 2600 ELSE 2640 2600 COLOR 3:LOCATE 19,4 :PRINT ”Initial inside conditions“ 2610 LOCATE 20.4 :PRINT ” ---------------------- ” :COLOR 2 2620 LOCATE 21,4 :PRINT ”8-Avg. daily temperature I”;XX(8) 2630 NEXT 2640 IF 1'9 THEN 2650 ELSE 2680 2650 LOCATE 22.4 2660 PRINT ”9-Avg. relative humidity I”;XX(9) 2670 NEXT 2680 IF I-IO THEN 2690 ELSE 2730 2690 COLOR 3:LOCATE 3,42:PRINT "Flock information ” 2700 LOCATE 4.42:PRINT ” ---------------------- ” :COLOR 2 2710 LOCATE 5,42:PRINT ”IO-Number of chickens I“;XX(10) 2720 NEXT 2730 IF I-11 THEN 2740 ELSE 2770 2740 LOCATE 6.42 2750 PRINT ”ll-Age of chickens I”;XX(11) 2760 NEXT 2770 IF I'IZ THEN 2780 ELSE 2830 2780 COLOR 3:LOCATE 8,42:PRINT ”Feed information ” 2790 LOCATE 9.42:PRINT " ------------------- ” :COLOR 2 2800 LOCATE 10.42 2810 PRINT “12-Feed MET. energy I“;XX(12) 2820 NEXT 2830 IF 1'13 THEN 2840 ELSE 2870 2840 LOCATE 11.42 2850 PRINT ”13-Crude protein content 2 I“;XX(13) 2860 NEXT 2870 IF 1'14 THEN 2880 ELSE 2950 2880 LOCATE 13,42:COLOR 3:PRINT”14-Supplementa1 heat ” 2890 LOCATE 14,42:PRINT ” ---------------------- ”:COLOR 2 2900 LOCATE 15,42:PRINT "l-Naturai gas I” 2910 LOCATE 16.42:PRINT "2-L.P gas I” 2920 LOCATE I7,42:PRINT ”3-No suppI. heat I” 2930 LOCATE 19,42:PRINT "Your choise is ”:XX(I) 2940 NEXT 2950 IF I-IS THEN 2970 ELSE 3030 2960 'Clean the screen 2970 GOSUB 3590: GOSUB 3540 2980 COLOR 3:LOCATE 3,4 :PRINT ”Information about manure area" 2990 LOCATE 4,4:PRINT " ----------------------------- ” :COLOR 2 3000 LOCATE 5,4 . 3010 PRINT ”15-Length of pit in m I":XX(15) 3020 NEXT ’ 3030 IF 1'16 THEN 3040 ELSE 3070 3040 LOCATE 6.4 3050 PRINT "16-Hidth of pit in m I";XX(16) 3060 NEXT 3070 IF I-17 THEN 3080 ELSE 3120 3080 COLOR 3:LOCATE 8,4:PRINT “Information about Lights” 3090 3100 3110 3120 3130 3140 3150 3160 3170 3180 3190 3200 3210 3220 3230 3240 3250 3260 3270 3280 3290 3300 3310 3320 3330 3340 3350 3360 3370 3380 3390 3510 3520 3530 3540 3550 3560 3570 3580 3590 3600 3610 3620 3630 3640 3650 -3660 3670 3680 3690 3700 162 LOCATE 9,4:PRINT ” -------------------------- ”:COLOR 2 LOCATE 10,4:PRINT "17-Light Intensity in Lx I”;XX(17) NEXT IF I318 THEN 3130 ELSE 3220 COLOR 3:LOCATE 12,4 :PRINT ”IB-Feeding systems ” LOCATE 13,4 :PRINT ” ------------------ ” :COLOR 2 LOCATE 14,4 :PRINT ”I-Hopper and trough system I“ LOCATE 15,4 :PRINT ”2-Chain system I“ LOCATE 16,4 :PRINT ”3-Hopper and trough + grid I'I LOCATE 17,4 :PRINT ”4-Spiral system I” LOCATE 18,4 :PRINT ”5-Sleeve system I” LOCATE 20,4 :PRINT “Your choise is “:XX(I) NEXT IF l-19 THEN 3230 ELSE 3270 COLOR 3:LOCATE 3.42:PRINT ”Information about costs" LOCATE 4,42 :PRINT ” ------------------------ ”:COLOR 2 LOCATE 5,42 :PRINT ”19-Feed cost S/Kg I";XX(19) NEXT IF I320 THEN 3280 ELSE 3310 LOCATE 6.42 PRINT “20-E1ectricity cost I“;XX(20) NEXT IF I-ZI THEN 3320 ELSE 3340 LOCATE 7,42:PRINT ”Zl-Fuel cost S/m3 I”;XX(21) NEXT IF 1'22 THEN 3350 ELSE 3400 COLOR 3:LOCATE 9.42 PRINT "Information about egg prices” LOCATE 10,42:PRINT ” --------------------------------- “:COLOR 2 LOCATE 11,42:PRINT ”22-Nest run price I“;XX(22) NEXT 0 RETURN 'Clean the screen SR-O FOR J-3 TO 22:LOCATE J.4+SR PRINT " ” NEXT :IF SR-38 THEN RETURN SR -38 : GOTO 3550 'This subroutine will wait for input to continue COLOR 0,5:LOCATE 22,47:PRINT“ Hit space bar to continue ” FOR D-l T0 1500:NEXT :COLOR 2.0 LOCATE 22,47:PRINT ” ” QQS-INKEYS:IF QQS-"" THEN 3630 IF QQSI” ” THEN RETURN 'This subroutine will aske the user if he wants to use an old file COLOR 7 LOCATE 3,4:INPUT ”Enter Farm name I";FARH$ LOCATE 22,4:PRINT“OLD files on this disk areI-” LOCATE 24,4:ON ERROR GOTO 3760 :FILES”*.SIH” LOCATE 5,4:PRINT “Do you want an old file (Y/N)?“ :LOCATE 5,34 3710 3720 3730 3740 3750 3760 3765 3770 163 QS-INKEY$:IF Q$-”“ THEN 37I0 IF QS-"Y" OR QS-“y” THEN 3730 ELSE 3760 LOCATE 6,4:INPUT ”OLD file name (8 Chr.)“;N$:LOCATE 24,4 FOR FG-4 T0 80:PRINT" ”:zNEXT COLOR 2:H-I:RETURN COLOR 5:LOCATE 5,42: INPUT”NEW file name (8 Chr.)“;N$:LOCATE 24,4 COLOR 2:H-0:EOR FG-4 T0 80:PR|NT" ”;:NExT :RETURN 164 II ............................................................. 2 ' THIS IS THE HAIN PROGRAM TO CALCULATE PSYCHROHETRIC 3 ': PARAMETERS AND CONTROL THE HOOEL I. '- 5 ' NRITTEN BY OHIA AHHEO AL-CHALABI 1985-1986 6|: ............................................................ 7 CLS:OIH Y1(26).Y2(26).Y3(26).Y4(26).VRATE(26).TINS(26) 8 DIN TOUT(26).RHIN(26),RHOUT(26) 10 A --27405.526 :NRPRc- xx(22) 12 0 - 97.5413 :LENG-XX(1) :HEOTaxx(2) :HIGT-XX(3) 14 C --.l46244 :UCEIL-xx(5):BC -XX(6) :ED -XX(7) 16 O - .00012558 :RHIN -XX(9):NCHKN-XX(10):AGE-XX(11) 18 E --.000000048502 :NSCP-XX(13):FGR =XX(14) :LENH-XX(I5) 20 F - 4.34903 :LIT-XX(17) :FSV-XX(18) :FPRlc-XX(19) 22 C - .003938I :FUPRc-XX(21):UHALL-XX(4):TINS-XX(8) 25 R - 22105649.25 :HEOIT-xx(12):NEOH-xx(I6):ELPRc-xx(20) 30 ' Au TINEN-TINS :HEANT-TINS:ELSUH-O:CN-0:COUNT-0:QSUPL-0:FLAG-0:FOR-2 160 'Calculate body weight of chickens subroutine 2 in kg I80 GOSUB 12000 200 'Starting DAILY simulation *.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.* I 220 FOR DOP -80 T0 ED 225 TISUM-O :RHSUH-O :VRSUH-O :CRF-l :QHOLO-O : 226 QHOLD-O :RHOSH-0:COUNT-0 230 60508 31000 _ 240 'Calculate daily average temperature subroutine 7 in C 250 ‘ 260 GOSUB 17000 270 ' 280 'Calculate body weight in kg and change in gaine in gr 290 GOSUB 20000 300 BNEIT-(BNEIT + OTN/IOOO) 310 BOOYHIBWEIT* NCHKN 320 'Starting HOURLY simulation .*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.* I 340 FOR H-I TO 24 350 ' . 360 'Calculate outside hourly temperature 'subrotine 6 in C 370 ' and relative humidity 380 GOSUB 16000 390 ' 400 TOUT-TEMPC :TOUT(H)-TOUT :RHOUTIHI'RHOUT 410 ' 420 'Psychrometric calculation in SI units 430 'for outside conditions 520 I . 530 'Calculate outside absolute temperature in Kelvin 540 ' 550 TOKVN-TOUT+273.I6 560 ' 165 570 'Atmospheric pressure in kPa 580 ' ' 590 PATHO- 101.325 600 ' 610 'Calculate saturated vapor pressure temp. range (-18 - 0) in kPa 620 ' 630 IF TOUT <-0 AND TOUT >--18 THEN 640 ELSE 690 640 LTOK-LOGITOKVN) 650 PSOUT-EXP(31.9602-(6270.3605 /TOKVN)-(4.6057*LTOK)) 660 GOTO 710 670 ' 680 'Calculate saturated vapor pressur temp. range (0 - 110) in kPa 690 ' 700 Z -(A +(8 *TOKVN)+(C *(TOKVN02))+(D *(TOKVNA3))+(E *(TOKVNA4))) 703 Y -((F *TOKVN)-(G *(TOKVNAZ))) 705 L -z /Y :PSOUT-R *CDBLIEXP(L )) 710 PSOUT-PSOUT/IOOO 720 'Calculate actual vapor pressure in kPa 730 ' 740 PVOUT-(RHOUT*PSOUT)/100 750 ' 760 'Calculate humidity ratio of outside air in kg/kg da 770 ’ I 780 HOUT-(.6219*PVOUT)/(PATHO-PVOUT) 790 ' 800 'Calculate specific volume of outside air in m3/kg 810 ' 820 VSOUT-(.287*TOKVN)/(PATMO-PVOUT) 830 ' 840 'CALCULATE INSIDE CONDITIONS *.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.* 850 'Calculate absolute inside temperature in Kelvin 860 ' 870 TNKVN-TINS+273.16 880 ' 890 'Calculate saturation vapor pressure in kPa 900 ' 903 K -(A +(a *TNKVN)+(C *(TNNVN02))+(O *(TNKVNA3))+(E *(TNKVNAhlll 906 H -((F *TNKVN)-(G *(TNKVNAZ))) 9IO s -K /H :PSINS-R *CDBL(EXP(S )) 920 PSINs-PSINS/looo 930 'Calculate vapor pressure in kPa 940 ' 950 PVINs-(RHIN*PSINS)/100 960 ' 970 'Calculate humidity ratio of inside air in kg/kg d.a. 980 ' 990 HINS-(.6219*PVINS)/(PATHO-PVINS) 1000 ' 1010 'Calculate specific volume of inside air in m3/kg 1020 ' 1030 VSINS-(.287*TNKVN)/(PATMO-PVINS) 166 1040 ' 1050 'CaIcuIate air mass in the building in kg 1055 ' 1060 VOLUH=HIGT*LENG*WEOT-(BOOYW/IOOO)'5.599 1070 AMI'VOLUH/VSINS 1080 ' 1090 'Calculate latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg 1100 'of water at saturation 1110 HFG-2502.535259 '2.38576*(TNKVN-273.I6) 1120 ' 1130 'Calculate latent heat from birds subroutine 4 in kJ/hr 1140 ' 1150 GOSUB 14000 1160 ' 1170 'Calculate moisture from manure subroutin 5 in kg/hr 1180 ' 1190 GOSUB 15000 1200 ' 1210 'CaIcuIate moisture production from respiration in kg/hr 1220 ' 1230 HECHK-QLATB/HFG 1240 ' 1250 'Calculate total moisture added to the air in kg/hr 1260 ' 1270 WETOT-WECHK+VEHNR 1273 ' 1275 'Calculate building heat loss subroutine 1 in kJ/hr 1280 ' 1285 GOSUB 11000 1287 ' 1290 'Calculate sensibie heat from birds subroutine 3 in kJ/hr 1300 ' 1310 GOSUB 13000 1320 ' 1330 'CaIcuIate ventilation rate subroutine 16 in m3/hr 1340 ' 1350 GOSUB 26000 I360 ' 1370 'Calculate ventilation air flow in kg/hr 1380 ' 1390 HAV-VRATE/VSINS 1400 ' 1410 'Calculate rate of change for heat content inside in kJ 1420 'Change in time '1 hour in hr 1430 ' - 1440 DTIHE-l 1450 DAH-l.0035*(TOUT-TINS) 1453 HAH-ZSOI*(HOUT-HINS)+1.775*((HOUT*TOUT)-(HINS*TINS)) 1455 LHA-2430 * NECHK 1457 QHCHG-DTIME*((HAV*(DAH+HAH))+LHA-QTOTB+QSNCL+QSUPL) 1460 ' 1470 1480 1490 1500 1502 1504 1506 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1677 1678 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1833 1836 1840 1850 1860 1870 167 'Calculate rate of change for moisture content in kg/kg d.a QHCHG-DTIME*(((HAthOUT+HETOT)-(HAV*HINS))/AHI) IF CRF-l THEN 1504 ELSE 1550 TOUT(0)-TOUT :TINS(0)-TINS :RHIN(0)-RHIN :RHDUT(0)-RHOUT 'Calculate initial values for subroutine 17 'heat and moisture GOSUB 27000 'Calculate new values for heat and moisture content QHNEN-QHOLO+QHCHC QHNEN-QHOL0+QHCHC 'CALCULATE NEW INSIDE TEMPERATURE in C TINEN-(IQHNEN/AHI)-(2501* QMNEHII/(1.0035+1.775* QNNEN) 'Check temperature range inside IF FOR-2 AND TINEW-HEANT-2 THEN 1710 ELSE 1680 'GO to the control subroutine 18 GOSUB 28000 GOTO 1390 TINSIH)‘TINEH :VRATE(H)-VRATE/36OO 'Calculate inside relative humidity 'Calculate absolute temperture for new inside 'temperature in Kelvin TNEWK-TINEH+273.16 'Calculate actual vapor pressure in kPa PVACT-(HINS*PATMO)/(HINS+.6219) 'Calculate saturated vapor pressure in kPa NE -(A +(a *TNEWK)+(C *(TNENKA2))+(0 *(TNEWKA3))+(E *(TNENKAA))) PH -((P *TNEWK1-(G *(TNENKA2))) UA -NE /PN PSNEN-R *CDBL(EXP(UA )) : PSNEN-PSNEN/Iooo 'Calculate new relative humidity inside 2 RHNEU-(PVACT/PSNEN)*100 1375 1880 1890 1900 I9I0 1920 1930 1940 I950 I960 I970 1980 I990 2000 2010 2020 2022 2023 2025 2030 2040 2050 2056 2058 2060 2062 2064 2066 2068 2070 2072 2074 2076 2078 2080 2090 2100 2110 2120 2150 2155 2160 2165 2170 2180 2I90 2200 2300 23IO 2320 2330 168 IF RHNEN >99 THEN RHNEN-SS RHINIH)-RHNEN 'Exchange the values I QHOLo-QHNEN QHOLo-QHNEN TINS -TINEN RHIN -RHNEN 'Calculate the sum of values subroutine 19 I GOSUB 29000 'Save the data in array Y1(H)-TINS(H) Y2(H)-TOUT(H) Y3(H)-RHIN(H) :Y4(H)-VRATE(H)‘:QSUPL-0 TOLD-TOUT(H-1):TlLD-TlNS(H-1) :RHILD-RHINIH-l) RHOLD-RHOUT(H-I) . GOSUB 21000 : GOSUB 32000 :'Print out hourly report NEXT H :'Next hour *.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.* 'Calculate age of the birds in weeks AGE-AGE+(1/7) . ‘ 'Calculate maximum and minimum temperatures , _ TIHIN-TINS(I) FOR H-l TO 24 IF TINS(H)>-TIHIN THEN 2068 TIHIN-TINSIH) NEXT H TIHAx-TINS(1) FOR H-l T0 24 IF TINSIH)<-TIHAX THEN 2078 TIHAx-TINS(H) NEXT H 'Calculate change in body weight subroutine 10 in gr/da I GOSUB 20000 :GOSUB 30000 'Calculate mortality of the birds per day (assumed .008/month) I HORCH-NCHKN * .0003 :HORCH-INT(MORCH) NCHKNiNCHKN - HORCH 'Calculate feed intake and egg prodution subroutine l4 8 15 I GOSUB 24000 'Calculate feed intake for 1000 birds in kg/day FEIOO' FETAK*1000 169 2340 'Calculate feed cost consumed by 1000 birds in S/day 2350 ' 2360 FCOST'(FPRIC#FE100)/1000 2370 ' L 2380 'Calculate total egg production in kg/day 2390 ' . __ 2400 EGTOT'IE3OFE*NCHKN)/1000 2410 ' 2420 'Calculate egg production for 100 birds in kg/day 2430 ' 2440 EGIOO' E30FE*100 2445 'Calculate egg sale and display daily report 2447 GOSUB 40000 : GOSUB 39000 2450 NEXT DOP 2460 END 2470 ' 2480 ' WhereI ------------------------------------------------------- 2490 ' QLATB ---------------- latent heat production in kJ/hr I 2500 ' QTOTB ---------------- heat loss through buliding in kJ/hr I 2510 ' QSNCL ---------------- total sensible heat prod. in kJ/hr I 2515 ' QSUPL --* ------------- suplemental heat needed in kJ/hr I 2520 ' PRC02 ---------------- carbon dioxide production in m3/g/hrI 2530 ' VRCOZ ---------------- ventilation rate for C02 in m3/sce I 2540 ' HWATR ---------------- rate of water production in kg/hr I 2550 ' NEHNR ---------------- water vaopr from manure in kg/hr I 2560 ' VRHIS ---------------- venti. rate for moisture in m3/sce I 2570 ' VSINS ---------------- specific volume in air in m3/kg I 2580 ' VRTHP ---------------- venti.rate for temperature in m3/sce I 2590 ' HINS ---------------- humidity ratio inside air in kg/kg I 2600 ' HOUT . ---------------- humidity ratio outside air in Kg/Kg I 2610 ' TINS ---------------- inside temperaturet in C I 2620 ' TOUT ---------------- outside temperaturet in C I 2630 ' HFG ---------------- latent heat of evaporation in kJ/kg I 2640 ' DAH ---------------- heat of dry air flow in kJ I 2650 ' MAH ---------------- heat from moisture change in kJ I 2655 ' LHA ---------------- heat from moisture of hens in kJ I 2660 ' I ------------------------------------------------------- 2670 ' End of subroutine . 11000 ': --------------------------------------- 4 ------------------- : 11010 ' SUBROUTINE OF HEAT LOSS THROUGH THE BUILDING kJ/hr ' 11020 ': AL-CHALABI OHIA 11030 ': 11040 ' SUBROUTINE 01 : 11050 ': ----------------------------------------------------------- : 11060 ' 11070 ‘Calculate surface area of the walls in m2 11080 ' . 11090 ANALL=2*HIGT*(LENG+NEDT) 11100 ' 11110 'Calculate heat loss through the walls QHALL in N 11120 ' 11130 11140 11150 11160 11170 11180 11190 11200 11210 11220 11230 11240 11250 11260 11270 11280 11290 11300 11310 11320 11330 11340 11350 11355 11360 11370 11380 11385 11390 11400 12000 12010 12020 12030 12040 12050 12060 12070 12080 12090 12100 12110 12120 12130 12140 12150 12160 12170 12180 12190 12200 170 QHALL-AHALL*UHALL*(TINS-TOUT) 'Calaulate heat loss through the ceiling QCEIL in w QCEIL-(LENG*HEDT)*UCEIL*(TINS-TOUT) 'Calculate heat loss through the floor QFLOR in w UPLOR-3,I55 QFLOR-((LENG * NEOT)-(LEHN * NEDH))* UFLOR 'Calculate total heat loss through the building in kJ/hr QTOTB-QNALL+QCEIL+QFLOR QTOTB-QTOTB * 3.6 RETURN WhereI ------------------------------------------------------- AHALL ---------------- surface area of the walls in m2 I HIGT --4 ------------- hight of the building in m I WEDT -------------- f- width of the building in m I LENG ---------------- length of the building ' in m I UNALL ---------------- wall coef.of heat trans. in N/m2.C UCEIL ---------------- ceiling Coef.of heat trans.in H/m2.C I UFLOR ---------------- flor heat loss coef. in H/mZ QNALL ---------------- heat loss through walls in H I QCEIL ---------------- heat loss through ceiling in N I QFLOR ---------------- heat loss through floor in U I QTOTB ---------------- heat loss through building in kJ/hr I SUBROUTINE OF BODY HEIGHT CALCULATION in kg AL-CHALABI OHIA SUBROUTINE 02 . .----------------------------------------------------------. 'Calculate body weigth for hens from age 19 - 40 weeks in kg IF AGE >-19 AND ACE <-40 THEN 12100 ELSE 12130 8NEIT=.41583 * (ACEA .400275) :'R-.94 GOTO 12180 'Calculate body weight for hens from age 41 - 78 weeks in kg BHEIT-1.68548 * (AGEA .011659) :'R-1.0 RETURN 12210 12220 12230 12240 12250 12260 12270 13000 13010 13020 13030 13040 13050 13060 13070 13080 13090 13100 13110 13120 13122 13124 13126 13128 13130 13140 13150 13160 13170 13180 13190 13200 13210 13220 13230 13240 13250 13260 13270 13280 13290 13300 13310 13320 13330 13340 13350 13360 13365 13370 13380 171 I I I ' R ' weight and age I I ' End of subroutine SUBROUTINE TO CALCULATE SENSIBLE HEAT in kJ/hr AL-CHALABI OHIA SUBROUTINE 03 H-INTIH) 'Calculate sensible heat from the hens at night I in kJ/hr IF H <5 AND H >-1 THEN 13100 ELSE 13122 QSNSB-(16.4533 - .3108 * TINS) * BOOYH FLAG-0 : QSNSL=0 :GOTO 13230 :'R-.97 IF H <-24 AND H>-19 THEN 13124 ELSE 13130 QSNSB'I16.4533 - .3108 * TINS) * BOOYW FLAG-O : QSNSLIO :GOTO 13230 :'R-.97 'Calculate sensible heat from the hens at day time in kJ/hr I IF H <19 AND H >85 THEN 13160 QSNSB-(23.4309 * (TINSA-.1558 ))* BODYW :'R-.96 _ FLAG-l :'LIGHTS ON I 'Calculate sensible heat from the lights in kJ/hr I QSNSL-(LENGfiwEDT) * 38.744 I 'Calculate total sensible heat in kJ/hr I QSNCL-QSNSB + QSNSL I RETURN I I ' NhereI -------------------------------------- L -------------- I ' QSNSB -----------é---- sensible heat production in kJ/hr ' QSNSL ---------------- sensible heat from lights in kJ/hr ' QSNCL --1 -------------- total sensible heat in kJ/hr ' TINS ---------------- inside temperaturet in C ' H ---------------- time of the day in Hours ' R ---------------- correlation coef. of sensible ‘ heat and inside temperature ' 38.744 ---------------- heat generated by lights in kJ/hr.m2 I I NhereI """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" AGE ---------------- age of the hens in weeks BODYW ---------------- body weight of the hens in kg ---------------- correlation coef. of dody 172 13390 ' End of subroutine 14000 ':--J --------------------------------------------------------- 14010 ': SUBROUTINE T0 CALCULATE LATENT HEAT in kJ/hr 14020 ': AL-CHALABI DHIA 14030 ': 14040 ' SUBROUTINE 04 14050 ' ------------------------------------------------------------- 14060 ' 14070 ‘Calculate latent heat from the hens at night in kJ/hr 14080 ' 14090 IF H>-1 AND H <5 THEN 14100 ELSE 14120 14100 QLATB-(3.8085 +.1685 * TINS) * BODYw :'R-.92 14110 FLAG=0: GOTO 14190 14120 ' 14122 IF H<-24 AND H>-19 THEN 14124 ELSE 14140 14124 QLATB-(3.8085 +.1685 * TINS) * BODYN 14126 FLAGSO: GOTO 14190 14128 ' 14130 'Calculate latent heat from the hens at day time in kJ/hr 14140 ' 14150 14160 14170 14180 ' 14190 ' 14200 14210 14220 14230 14240 14250 14260 14270 14280 14290 14300 15000 15010 ' 15020 ' 15030 ' 15040 ' 15050 15060 15070 15080 15090 15100 ' 15110 ’Calculate temperature near the manure in C 15120 ' ' 15130 15140 IF H >-5 AND H <19 THEN 14160 QLATa-(4.4649 +.2122 * TINS) * BOOYN FLAG-l :'Lights 0N :'R=.97 RETURN HhereI ------------------------------------------------------- QLATB ---------------- latent heat production in kJ/hr I TINS ---------------- inside temperature in C I H ---------* ------ time of the day in Hours I R ---------------- correlation coef. of latent heat and inside temperature , I I ....................................................... I End of subroutine SUBROUTINE OF WATER EVAPORATION FROM HANURE in kg/hr: AL-CHALABI OHIA : SUBROUTINE 05 I o ............................................................ 'This subroutine will calculate water from manure in kg/hr 'Calculate area covered with manure in m2 RFTOR-l.5 ARAH-LENH * WEDH *RFTOR CHTHP-.O9 THNR=TINS-CHTHP 173 15150 ' 15160 'Calculate absolute temperature near the manure in Kelvin 15170 ' 15180 THNRK-THNR+273.16 15190 ' ' 15200 'Calculate saturated vapor pressure near the manure in torr 15210 ' 15220 P -(A +(a *THNRK)+(C *(THNRKA2))+(O *(THNRKA3))+(E *(THNRKA4))) 15225 Q -((F *THNRK)-(G *(THNRK02))) 15230 v -P /Q . PSHNR-R *CDBL(EXP(V )) 15240 PSMNR-PSHNR/133.322 15250 ' 15260 'Calculate partial vapor pressure near the manure in torr 15270 RHHNR-RHIN/IOO 15280 PVHNR-PSHNR * RHHNR 15290 ' 15300 'Calculate partial pressure in the house in torr 15310 ' 15320 PVINT-PVINS/.1333 15330 ' .' 15340 'Calculate change in pressure in torr 15350 ' 15360 DPSSR-PVHNR - PVINT 15370 ' 15380 'Calculate barometric pressure in torr 15390 ' 15400 BPRSS-PATHO*(760/101.325) 15410 ' 15420 'Calculate evaporation coefficient in kg/mZ/hr 15430 AVELC-.06 15440 SIGHA-.018 + .015 * AVELC 15450 ' 15460 'Calculate water evaporation from the manure in kg/hr 15470 ' 15480 WEMNR-SIGHA * ARAH * DPSSR *(760/8PRSS) 15490 ' 15500 ’ 15510 RETURN 15520 ' 15530 ' 15540 ' HhereI ------------------------------------------------------- 15550 ' LENH ---------------- length of the manure area in m I 15560 ' NEDH ---------------- wedth of the manure arae in m I 15570 ' ARAH ------------é--- area covered with manure in m2 I 15580 ' THNR ---------------- temperature near manure in C I 15590 ' TINS ---------------- inside temperaturet in C I 15600 ' THNRK ---------------- absolute temp. near manure in K I 15610 ' DTEMP ---------------- change in temperature in C I 15620 ' PSMNR ---------------- saturated pres.near manure in torr I 15630 ' PVHNR ---------------- partial pres. near manure in torr I 15640 ' PVINT ---------------- partial pres. in the house in torr I 15650 15660 15670 15680 15690 15700 15710 15720 15730 15740 16000 16010 16020 16030 16040 16050 16060 16070 16080 16090 16100 16110 16120 16130 16140 16150 16160 16170 16180 16190 16200 16210 16220 16230 16240 16250 16260 16270 16280 16290 16300 16310 16320 16330 16340 16350 16360 16370 16380 16390 16400 174 ' DPSSR ---------------- change in pressure in torr I ' BPRSS ---------------- barometric pressuer in torr I ' SIGMA ---------------- coefficient of evaporation in kg/mZ/hI ' AVELC ---------------- air velocity near manure in m/sce I ‘ WEMNR ---------------- water evapo. from manure in kg/hr I ' RFTOR -------------4-- manure roughness factor I ' UNITS ------------- f-- l torr -.1333 kPa - 1 mm Hg abs I ' 760 torr -101.325 kPa- 1 atm I I I ....................................................... I ' End of subroutine I ............................................................. SUBROUTINE 0F TEMPERATURE 8 REL.HUM. OUTSIDE in C AL-CHALABI OHIA - - - - .. .. SUBROUTINE O6 'Calculate hourly ambient air temperature in F TDAMP- 7.71 TEMPF- DTEMP+TDAMP*(SIN(.261799*(H+l3))+S|N(.261792*(H+13)*2)/3) I . KO. TEMPF TEMPc-(KD-32)*5/9 :'Convert to C 'Dew point temp Vs Dry bulb Temperature (1965-1984) I IF OOP>-0 AND OOP<-31 THEN 16160 ELSE 16190 :'FOR JANUARY OENPT- -1.3258+(.803381*KD) :'LINEAR EQUAT10N(R-.93) FOR January GOTO 16340 1 IF DOP>I32 AND OOP<-60 THEN 16200 ELSE 16230 :'FOR FEBRUARY DENPT- -2.8242+(.834888*KD):'LINEAR EQUATION(R-.89) FOR February GOTO 16340 I IF DOP>-61 AND OOP<-9O THEN 16240 ELSE 16270 :'FOR MARCH OEWPT- 4.94659+(.605923*KO) :'LINEAR EGUATION(R-.76) FOR March GOTO 16340 I IF DOP>-305 AND OOP<=334 THEN 16280 ELSE 16310 :'FOR NOVEMBER OEIIIPT'I 11.6864+(.533961*KO):'LINEAR EQUATION(R-.75) FOR November GOTO 16340 IF DOP>-335 AND OOP<=365 THEN 16320 ELSE 16480 :'FOR DECEMBER OEHPT- -3.6047+(.942594*KO):'LINEAR EQUATION(R-.92) FOR December 'CALCULATE RELATIVE HUMIDITY OUTSIDE TOP0-459.69+0ENPT . PDP-EXP(23.3924-(11286.6489 /TDPO)-.46057*LOG(TDPO)) TDBo-459.69+KD PDB-EXP(23.3924-(11286.6489 /TDBO)-.46057*LOG(T080)) 175 16410 ' 16420 'Calculate relative humidity outside in 2 ' 16430 ' 16440 RHOUT-(PDP/PDB)*100 16450 ' 16460 IF RHOUT>IIOO THEN RHOUT-99 16470 ' 16480 RETURN 16490 ' 16500 ' NHERE: -------------------------------------------------------- 16510 ' TEMPC --------------- hourly ambient air temperature in C I 16520 ' TDAMP --------------- daily ambient temp. amplitude in F 16530 ' DTEMP --------------- average daily ambient air temp. in F 16540 ' DEWPT --------------- dew point temperature outside in F I 16550 ' TDPO --------------- absolute temperature in R I 16560 ' DOP --------------- day of production of the year in day I 16570 ' RHOUT --------------- relative humidity outside in 3 I 16580 ' X -r ------------- outside temperature converted In F I 16590 ' -------------------------------------------------------- 16600 ' END OF SUBROUTINE 17000 ': ------------------------------------------------------------ 17010 ': SUBROUTINE OF AVERAGE DAILY TEMPERATURE in C 17020 ': AL-CHALABI DHIA 17030 ': 17040 ': SUBROUTINE 07 : 17050 ': ----------------------------------------------------------- : 17060 'Calculate daily average ambient air temperature in C 17070 YTA- 47.5 17080 TYAMP- 25 17090 DTEMP-YTA + TYAMP * SIN(.017214 *(DOP-107I) 17100 DTMPC'IDTEMP-32)*5/9 17110 ' 17120 RETURN 17130 ' 17140 ' NHERE: -------------------------------------------------------- 17150 ' TYAMP --------------- yearly ambient amplitude temp. in F 17160 ' DTEMP --------------- average daily ambient air temp. in F 17165 ' DTHPC -------------- 3 average daily ambient air temp. in C 17170 '4 YTA --------------- yearly average air temperature in F I 17180 ' -------------------------------------------------------- 17190 ' END OF SUBROUTINE 18000 ':---------------------------------------r-------------------: 18010 '. SUBROUTINE TO CALCULATE DAY OF THE YEAR in DAYS 18020 ': AL-CHALABI DHIA : 18030 ': ° 18040 ': SUBROUTINE O8 : 18050 ': ----------------------------------------------------------- : 18060 'This subroutine convert the julian day to a calender day 18070 ' 18080 ' 18090 IF DOP>-O AND DOP<-31 THEN 18100 ELSE 18120 18100 18110 18120 18130 18140 18150 18160 18170 18180 18190 18200 18210 18220 18230 18240 18250 18260 18270 18280 18290 18300 18310 18320 18330 18340 18350 18360 18370 18380 18390 18400 18410 18420 18430 18440 18450 18460 18470 18480 18490 18500 18510 18520 18530 18540 18550 18560 18570 18580 18590 18600 176 GOSUB 19000 :ss-”JANUARY ":SDDP-DOP GOTO 18550 IF 00P>-32 AND OOP<-59 THEN 18130 ELSE GOSUB 19000 :SS-“FEBRUARY " SOOP-OOP-31 GOTD 18550 IF OOP>-60 AND 00P<-90 THEN 18170 ELSE GOSUB 19000 :SS-“MARCH " SOOP-OOP-59 COTO 18550 IF OOP>-91 ANO OOP<-120 THEN 18210 ELSE GOSUB 19000 :SS-“APRIL " SOOP-OOP-90 GOTO 18550 IF DOP>-121 AND DOP<-151 THEN 18250 ELSE 18280 GOSUB 19000 :S$-”MAY " SOOP-DOP- 120 GOTO 18550 IF OOP>I152 AND DOP<-181 THEN 18290 ELSE 18320 GOSUB 19000 :ss-"JUNE “ SOOP-OOP-151 GOTO 18550 IF OOP>-182 ANO OOP<-212 THEN 18330 ELSE GOSUB 19000 :SS-“JULY " SOOP-OOP-181 GOTO 18550 IF 00P>-213 AND OOP<-243 THEN 18370 ELSE GOSUB 19000 :SS-“AUGUST " SOOP-OOP-212 GOTO 18550 IF OOP>-224 ANO OOP<-273 THEN 18410 ELSE GOSUB 19000 :Ss-"SEPTEHBER " SOOP-OOP-243 GOTO 18550 IF OOP>-274 AND OOP<-304 THEN 18450 ELSE GOSUB 19000 :Ss-"OCTOBER " SOOP-OOP-273 COTO 18550 IF OOP>-305 AND OOP<-334 THEN 18490 ELSE GOSUB 19000 :ss-"NOVEHBER " SOOP-OOP-304 COTO 18550 IF DOP>-335 AND OOP<-365 THEN 18530 GOSUB 19000 :S$-”DECEMBER " :SDOPtDOP- RETURN wHERE: ....................................................... DOP -------------------- day of production in the year 500? """""""""""""" calender day associaated with the day of production. 18160 18200 18240 18360 18400 18440 18480 18520 334 18610 18620 18630 19000 19010 19020 19030 19040 19050 19060 19070 19080 19090 19100 19110 19120 19130 19140 19150 19160 19170 19180 19190 19200 19210 19220 20000 20010 20020 20030 20040 20050 20060 20070 20080 20090 20100 20110 20120 20130 20140 20150 20160 20170 20180 20190 20200 20210 20220 20230 20240 177 I _______________________________________________________ I ' END OF SUBROUTINE I ............................................................. ' SUBROUTINE T0 CALCULATE DAY AND NIGHT TIME ': AL-CHALABI OHIA ' SUBROUTINE 09 I ............................................................. SDF-H IF SDF>-1 AND SDF<-5 THEN 19100 ELSE 19110 05-“ AM-Night“ ' :RETURN IF SDF>-6 AND SDF<-l9 THEN 19120 ELSE 19170 IF SDF>-6 AND SDF<-ll THEN 19130 ELSE 19140 05-“ AM-Day ” :RETURN IF SDF- 12 THEN 05-“ PM-Day” ELSE 19150 :RETURN IF SDF> 12 THEN SDF-SDF-lz 05-" PM-Day ” :RETURN IF SDF>-20 AND SDF<-23 THEN 19180 ELSE 19190 05-” PM-Night”:SDF-H-12 :RETURN 05-” AM-Night":SDF-H-12 IF SDF-13 THEN SDF-O : D$=” “ :RETURN l 'END OF SUBROUTINE I ............................................................. ': SUBROUTINE TO CALCULATE CHANGE IN WEIGHT in grams ': AL-CHALABI DHIA I e '° SUBROUTINE 010 I ............................................................. I IF AGE> 18 AND AGE<24 THEN 20080 ELSE 20090 BTW-8.6 :GOTO 20160 IF AGE>-24 AND AGE<29 THEN 20100 ELSE 20110 DTN-3.8 :GOTO 20160 IF AGE>-29 AND AGE<41 THEN 20120 ELSE 20130 DTN-1.5 :GOTO 20160 IF ACE>-4l THEN 20140 DTH-.5 I I RETURN I ' WhereI ---------------------------------------------------- ' DTw ------------------------- change in weight in gr I ' AGE ------------------------- bird's age in weeksI 1 -------------------------------------------; ........ I 'END OF SUBROUTINE 21000 21005 21010 21020 21030 21040 21060 21080 21082 21084 21086 21088 21090 21092 21094 21096 21098 21120 21130 21140 21150 21160 21170 21180 21190 21200 21210 21220 22000 22010 22020 22030 22040 22050 22060 22070 22080 22090 22100 22110 22120 22130 22140 22150 22160 22170 22220 22230 22240 22250 22260 178 ': SUBROUTINE TO CALCULATE ELECTRICITY COST ': AL-CHALABI DHIA ': SUBROUTINE 011 I ................................................ 'Calculate cost for minimum ventlation rate ELCSl-ELPRC*(.135*2) :ELCSZ-O IF VRATE <1050 THEN GOTO 21094 ELSE 21086 CFMRT-VRATE*.589 :'Convert to CFM KHHRC-((CFMRT*.0847)/1000) 'Calculate electricity cost per day ELC52-KHHRC*ELPRC ELTOT-ELCSI+ELCSZ ELSUM-ELTOT+ELSUH I I RETURN ' WhereI ------------------------------------------------------- ' VRATE ------------------------- ventilation rate in m3/hr I ' CFMRT ------------------------- ventilation rate in CFM I ' KNHRC ------------------------- electr. consum. in kV/h ' ELCST ------------------------- electr. cost in S/day ' ELPRC ------------------------- electr. price in $/kH.hr I _______________________________________________________ I 'END OF SUBROUTINE ' O ----------------------------------------------------------- O '- SUBROUTINE TO CALCULATE SUPPLEMENTAL HEAT ' AL-CHALABI DHIA ' SUBROUTINE 012 I ............................................................. 'Calculate heat loss though ventilation in kJ/hr I TSUPL-MEANT -1.5 QHVRT-l.0035 * MAV * (TSUPL - TOUT) I 'Calculate supplement heat needed I QSUPL'(QHVRT + QTOTB) - QSNCL I 'Calculate fuel cost ' in S/hr IF EFR-l THEN FENRG-372521 ELSE FENRG-25529138 FCOST-(QSUPL * FPRIC)/FENRG I RETURN I ' WhereI ---------------------------------------------------- ' QHVRT ------------ , ------------- heat loss in ventilation I 22270 22280 22290 22300 23000 23010 23020 23030 23040 23050 23060 23070 23080 23090 23100 23110 23120 23130 23140 23150 23160 23170 23180 23190 23200 23210 23220 23230 23240 23250 23260 23270 23280 23290 23300 23310 23320 23330 23340 23350 23360 23370 23380 23390 23400 23410 23420 23430 23440 23450 23460 179 1 TSUPL ----------------------- temperature needed I 1 QSUPL: ----------------------- supplemental heat kJ/hr I ' SUBROUTINE TO DRAW A GRAPH FROM THE DATA ': AL-CHALABI DHIA I e SUBROUTINE 013 'This subroutine will plot the data into line graph I CLS:'CIear the screen NINDOH(0.01'(639.459):VIEW(0.0)'(639.1991 DATA 1’293’h’596’798'99109I1’12!1,2939h’5’6’798’99]091I912 'Draw lables and axis GOSUB 23430 'Draw inside temperature in deg. F I FOR H-I TO 24:Y1(H)-((Y1(H) * 9/5)+32):NEXT H K-3:Z-0:N$-“Tin” :CLR-l GOSUB 23670 'Draw outside temperature in deg. F FOR H-I TO 24:Y1(H)-Y2(H):NEXT H FOR H-I T0 24:Yl(H)-((Y2(H) A 9/5)+32):NEXT H Z=55:N$-”,Tout” :CLR-2 GOSUB 23670 relative humidity in 2 FOR H-I TO 24:Y1(H)'Y3(H):NEXT H FOR H-I TO 24:Y1(H)-(Y3(H)):NEXT H 'Draw Z-l45:N$-”,R.H" :CLR83 GOSUB 23670 'Draw ventilation rate in m3/sec FOR H-l TO 24:Y1(H)-(Y4(H)*15):NEXT H 2-210:N$-“,Vrt” :CLR-4 GOSUB 23810 FOR JJ-l TO 5000:NEXT RETURN - ' Draw lables and axis SYMBOL (1.3501." Out -In Temp. SYMBOL(35.400),”A.M. FOR c- 7 TO 77 STEP 3 R-H”.2.2.3.3 Hours P.H.”,1,2,5 23470 23480 23490 23500 23510 23520 23530 23540 23550 23560 23570 ' 23580 23590 23600 23610 23620 23630 23640 23650 23660 23670 23680 23690 23700 23710 23720 23730 23740 23750 23760 23770 23780 23790 23800 23810 23820 23830 23840 23850 23860 23870 23880 23890 23900 23910 23920 23930 24000 24010 24020 24030 180 LOCATE 20,C :PRINT “I": LOCATE 21,C-1 :REAO M :PRINT M ; NEXT C:L-0 LINE (50.3591-(146.364).I.BF LINE (148,359)-(482.364),6,8F LINE (484.359ITI605,364).1,8F LOCATE 3,10:PRINT SS;” / “:SDOP FOR Y-352 TO 44 STEP -30 SYMBOL (32,Y),CHRS(196),1,1,2 SYMBOL (630,Y),CHR$(196),1.1.2 NEXT Y LOCATE 3,2:PRINT "100" LOCATE 12,3:PRINT "50" LOCATE 20,3:PRINT “0“ SYMBOL(80.8 ).”AVERAGE HOURLY TEMPERATURE E R.H ". SYMBOL(82,10),“AVERAOE HOURLY TEMPERATURE a R.H ", LINE (35.301-(35.356):LINE-(630.356):LINE-(630.30) RESTORE RETURN 2.2.5 2 2.7 'Plot the data RETURN ' **** LINE(48.(356-Y1(l)*K)-2)'(52.(356-Y1(1)*K)+2).CLR.B C-1:M-l ' SYHaOL(3OO+z.30).N$.2.2.CLR PSET(50.356-Y1(1) * K ) FOR x-78 TO 654 STEP 24 C=C+1 :M-M+l FOR I-c To M IF x-630 THEN GOTO 23800 LINE-(X.356-Yl(l)*K).CLR LINE(X-2.(356-Y1(I)*K)-2)-(X+2.(356-Y1(I)*K)+2),CLR,B NEXT I:NEXT X CC--1 :MM--1 SYMBOL(300+Z,30),N$,2,2,CLR PSET(50.356-Yl(l) * K ) FOR x-78 TO 654 STEP 24 CC=CC+1 :MM-MM+1 FOR I-CC TO MM 1F x-630 THEN GOTO 23930 IF x-78 THEN COTO 23900 LINE-(x-24 .356-Yl(1+l)*K),CLR LINE -(X.356-YI(I+1)*K).CLR NEXT I:NEXT x :CLR-3 RETURN 1 ............................................................. SUBROUTINE TO ESTIMATE FACTORS EFFECTING FEED INTAKE : AL-CHALABI DHIA - ZHOHO '3 ' 3 24050 ':-—----------------------; ............................... _---; ACEI-INT(ACE) 24060 24070 24080 24090 24100 24110 24120 24130 24140 24150 24160 24170 24180 24190 24200 24210 24220 24230 24240 24250 24260 24270 24280 24290 24300 24310 24320 24330 24340 24350 24360 24370 24380 24390 24400 24410 24420 24430 24440 24450 24460 24470 24480 24490 24500 24510 'Values of factor f2 ,which adjusts 'values of factor A ,which adjusts egg output for age. 181 SUBROUTINE 014 'Bird's age 20-72 weeks IF IF ACEI>-20 ANO AGEI<-24 THEN 24130 F2FCT-.764 :AEFCT-.32 GOTO 24550 AGEI>-25 AND ACE1<-28 THEN 24160 F2FCT-.917 :AEFCT-.93 COTO 24550 ACE1>-29 AND ACEI<-32 THEN 24190 F2FCT-.987 :AEFCT-l.09 COTO 24550 AGEI>-33 ANO AGEI<-36 THEN 24220 F2FCT-1.006 :AEFCT-l.12 GOTO 24550 AGEI>I37 AND AGEI-41 AND AGEI<=44 THEN 24280 F2FCT=1.024 :AEFCT-1.11 GOTO 24550 AGEI>-45 AND AGEI-49 AND AGEI<-52 THEN 24340 F2FCT-1.044 :AEFCT-1.09 GOTO 24550 AGEI>'53 AND AGEI-57 AND AGEII61 AND AGEII65 AND AGEI<-68 THEN 24460 F2FCT-1.02 :AEFCT-I GOTO 24550 AGEI>=69 THEN 24490 F2FCT-1.032 :AEFCT=.97 end of values f2 ELSE ELSE ELSE ELSE ELSE ELSE ELSE ELSE ELSE ELSE ELSE ELSE 24150 24180 24210 24240 24270 24300 24330 24360 24390 24420 24450 24480 feed intake for age ,and Period . I 0 24520 'Values of factor f3 ,which adjusts feed consumption for 24530 'in various feeding systems . 24540 ' 1 10 11 12 13 wastage 182 24550 ' 24560 'Hopper and trough system 24570 IF FSV‘I THEN F3FCT-Z1 ELSE 24590 24580 ' I 24590 'Chain system 24600 IF FSV'Z THEN F3FCT-.965 ELSE 24620__ 24610 ' 24620 'Hopper and trough plus grid system 24630 IF FSV=3 THEN F3FCT-.948 ELSE 24650 24640 ' 24650 'Spiral system 24660 IF FSV'4 THEN F3FCT=.948 ELSE 24680 24670 ' 24680 'Sleeve system 24690 IF FSVIS THEN F3FCT-.986 24700 ' 25000 ': --------------------------------------------------------- : 25010 ' SUBROUTINE TO ESTIMATE EGG OUTPUT in-g/b/day ' 25020 ': AL-CHALABI OHIA 25030 ': 25040 ' SUBROUTINE 015 : 25050 ''----------'-T'------"'--"---'----------------------------: 25060 'This subroutine will estimate feed consumption and egg 25070 'production for the white breed chickens 25080 ' 25090 'Breed factor for white birds 25100 ' 25110 FlFCT-l 25120 ' 25130 'Calculate metabolizable energy intake for white egg layer fed 25140 '11.3 MJ/kg in kJ/d per bird 25150 ' 25160 METAK-1584.3 - 33.47*TIAVG + l.562*(TIAVOAZ)- .O349*(TIAVGA3) 25170 ' 25180 'Adjust the energy intake for any dietary energy level 25190 ' 25200 ADJFD-METAK + 46 * MEDIT - 519.8 25210 ' 25220 'Calculate feed intake for the chickens in g/d per bird 25230 ' 25240 FETAK-(FlFCT*F2FCT*F3FCT*ADJFD)/MEDIT 25250 ' 25260 'Calculate the standard protein intake g/day 25270 ' ' 25280 STRDP-FETAK *(NSCP/IOO) 25290 ' 25300 'Calculate egg output response to protein g/b/day 25310 ' 25320 ElORP-(STRDPAZ)/(4.446-(.417*STRDP)+(.O309*(STROP02))) 25330 ' 25340 'Calculate egg output response to temperature g/b/day 25350 25360 25370 25380 25390 25400 25410 25420 25430 25440 25450 25460 25470 25480 25490 25500 25510 25520 25530 25540 25550 25560 25570 25580 25590 25600 25610 25620 25630 25640 25650 25660 26000 26010 26020 26030 26040 26050 26060 26070 26120 26130 26140 26150 26160 26170 26180 26190 26200 26210 26220 183 DIORT-O IF TIAVG>=3O THEN 25370 ELSE 25400 DIORT'IO.98-(2.14*TIAVG)-(.02335*(TIAVG“2))+(.00522*(TIAVGA3)) 'Calculate egg output response to light intensity g/b/day DZORL-2.4l-(2.711*LOG(LIT)*.434294)+(.76*((LOG(LIT)*.434294)02)) IF LIT-60.4 THEN 020RL-0 'Calculate egg output the final estimet g/b/day E3OFE'(ElORP-DIORT-OZORL) * AEFCT RETURN I ' HHEREI ------------------------------------- — ------------------ ' FlFCT --------------- breed factor for white chickens I ' FZFCT --------------- adjust feed intake for age f2 I ' F3FCT --------------- adjust feed intake for wastage in I ' FETAK --------------- feed intake in g/b/day I ' METAK --------------- metabolizable energy intake in kJ/b/da I ' AEFCT --------------- adjust egg output for age A I ' MEDIT --------------- metabolizable energy of diet in MJ/kg I ' STROP --------------- standard protein intake I ' ElORP --------------- egg output response to protein g/b/da I ' DlORT --------------- egg output response to temp. g/b/da ' DZORL --------------- egg output response to light g/b/da I ' E3OFE --------------- egg output final estimate I 1 . I . .----------------------------------------------. ------------ ' SUBROUTINE TO CALCULATE VENTILATION RATE m3/hr ': AL-CHALABI DHIA I. I SUBROUTINE 016 'Calculate ventilation rate for carbon dioxide 'Check for inside temperature and calculate C02 production 'for hens (IO-17 C) in cm3/gr.hr IF TINEH>I10 AND TINEH<-17 THEN 26150 ELSE 26180 PRC02=.34344 *'(TINEH“.1317) :'R-.99 GOTO 26290 I 'Calculate C02 production for hens (18-26 C) in cm3/gr.hr IF TINEW>=18 AND TINEW<=26 THEN 26210 ELSE 26240 PRC02=.8961 * (TINEHA-.213) :'R-.97 GOTO 26290 184 26230 ' ' 26240 'Calculate C02 production for hens (27-34 C) in cm3/gr.hr 26250 ' 26260 IF TINEW>=27 AND TINEW<334 THEN 26270 26270 PRC02-.222 * (TINEV‘.2201) :'R-.98 26280 ' 26290 'Calculate total C02 production in the house in m3/hr 26300 ' 26310 TPCOZ-PRCOZ * .001 * BODYW 26320 ' 26330 'Calcuate ventilation rate for carbon dioxide in m3/hr 26340 ' 26350 VRC02=TPC02/(.0035-.0003) 26360 IF TOUT 90 THEN 26490 ELSE 26660 26480 ' _ 26490 'Calculate ventilation rate for moisture in m3/hr 26500 ' 26600 VRMIS-(VSINS A NETOT)/(HINS-H0UT) 26605 ' 26610 VRATE'VRMIS 26620 'Go back to maine program 26630 ' 26640 RETURN 26650 ' 26660 'Calculate ventilation rate for temperature in m3/hr 26700 ' 26710 VRTMP-(VSINS/(1.0035 *(TINS 'TOUT))) * (QSNCL-QTOTB) 26720 VRATE-VRTMP 26730 'Go back to maine program 26740 ' 26750 RETURN 26760 ' 26770 ' 26780 ' WhereI------------------------------------------------; ------ 26790 ' QLATB ---------------- latent heat production in kJ/hr I 26800 ' QTOTB ---------------- heat loss through building in kJ/hr I 26810 ' QSNCL ---------------- total sensible heat prod. in kJ/hr 26820 ' PRCOZ ---------------- carbon dioxide production in m3/kghrI 26830 ' VRCOZ ---------------- ventilation rate for C02 in m3/hr I 26840 ' HETOT ---------------- rate of water production in kg/hr I 26860 ' VRMIS ---------------- venti. rate for moisture in m3/hr 26870 ' VSINS ---------------- specific volume of air in m3/kg I 26880 ' VRTMP ---------------- venti.rate for temperature in m3/hr I 185 26890 ' HINS ---------------- humidity ratio inside air in kg/kg I 26900 ' HOUT -------3 -------- humidity ratio outside air in kg/kg I 26910 ' TINS ---------------- inside temperature in C I 26920 ' TOUT ---------------- outside temperature in C I 26930 ' HFG ---------------- latent heat of evaporation in kJ/kg I 26940 I R —------------4-- correlation coef. of C02 I 26950 ' production and inside temperature I 26960 ' I ------------------------------------------------------- 26970 ' End of subroutine 27000 ’: ----------------------------------------------------------- : 27010 ' SUBROUTINE T0 CALCULATE INITIAL HEAT 8 MOISTURE ° 27020 '. CONTENT 27030 ': AL-CHALABI DHIA 27040 ': SUBROUTINE 017 : 27050 ':~----------------------------------------------------------: 27060 ‘ 27070 'Calculate initial value for heat content in kJ 27080 ' 27090 IF CRF-l THEN 27100 ELSE 27200 27100 ' 27110 QHOLD-AMI* (TINS * (1.007 + 1.844 HINS) + 2501* HINS - .026) 27120 ' . 27130 'Calculate initial value for moisture content in kg HZO/kg d.a 27140 ' ' 27150 QMOLD-HINS 27160 ' 27170 '60 back to maine program 27180 CRF-0 27190 ' 27200 RETURN 27210 ' 27220 ' WhereI ------------------------------------------------------- 27230 ' QHOLD ---------------- initial heat contentn in kJ 27240 ' QMOLD ---------------- initial moisture content in kg 27250 ' HINS ---------------- humidity ratio inside air in kg/kg 27260 ' TINS ---------------- inside temperature in C 27270 ' AMI ---------------- air mass in the building in kg 27290 ' CRF ---------------- flag . 27300 ' I ------------------------------------------------------- 27310 ' End of subroutine 28000 ': ----------------------------------------------------------- : 28010 ': SUBROUTINE TO CONTROL INSIDE TEMP.,MOISTURE 8 C02 28020 ': AL-CHALABI DHIA I e I 28030 28040 SUBROUTINE 018 : 28050 ': ----------------------------------------------------------- : 28060 ' 28170 'Decrease ventilation rate for low temperatures 28180 ' 28190 IF TINEW .611 THEN GOTO 38340 TOP - 5.994 + 12.41 A ALFA + .4273 A ALFAA2 GOTO 38390 IF PN > 8.08 THEN GOTO 38370 TOP - 6.983 + 14.38 A ALFA + 1.079 A ALFAA2 GOTO 38390 TOP . 13.8 + 9.478 A ALFA + 1.991 A ALFAAz TNO - TEMP RETURN IF T > 273.16 THEN GOTO 38440 PRES - EXP(24.2779 - 6238.64 / T — .344438 A LOG(T)) GOTO 38450 PRES - EXP(-7511.52/T+89.6312+.023999AT-.000011654551 ATAz- .000000012810336 ATA3+2.09984050-11ATA4-LOC(T)A12.1507992 ) RETURN Where ' ------------------------------------------------------ HALTP ---------------------- Hall temperature in C I USFC ---------------------- Heat transf.coeffi. in N/mZCI RHIN ---------------------- Relative humidity in X I TINS ---------------------- Inside temperature in C I TOP ---------------------- Dew point temperature in C I SUBROUTINE TO PRINT OUT DAILY REPORT 39020 39030 39040 39050 39060 39070 39080 39090 39095 39100 39105 39110 39120 39130 39135 39140 39145 39150 39155 39160 39165 39170 39175 39180 39185 39190 39195 39200 39210 39215 39220 39225 39230 39235 39240 39245 39250 39255 192 ': AL-CHALABI DHIA ': SUBROUTINE 025 'This subroutine will print out daily report 'Hrite the headings FF$-" . C ":SS$-“ . 3 ”:DD$-'I LOCATE 4,26:PRINT " ” LINE (50.100)-(455.125).0.OF :COLOR 2.0 SYMBOL(50,100).“ DAILY REPORT ”,3,3,1:COLOR 2, 0 SYMBOL(52,101)," DAILY REPORT "",3 3 6 :COLOR 2, 0 m3/s u LOCATE 6. 65. PRINT ” LOCATE 9. 4:COLOR 1.3:PRINT ” INSIDE CONDITIONS: ":COLOR 2.0 LOCATE 10,4:PRINT ”l-Avg temperature ”:LOCATE 10,28: PRINT USING FF$;TIAVG:LOCATE 10.35:PRINT CHR$(248) LOCATE 11,4:PRINT ”2-Avg rel Humidity “:LOCATE 11,28: PRINT USING SSSIRHAVG LOCATE 12,4:PRINT "3-Maximum temp ”:LOCATE 12,28: PRINT USING FF$;TIMAX:LOCATE 12.35:PR1NT CHR$(248) LOCATE 13,4:PRINT ”4-Minimum temp ”:LOCATE 13.28: PRINT USING FF$;TIMIN:LOCATE 13.35:PRINT CHR$(248) LOCATE 14,4:COLOR 3,1:PRINT " OUTSIDE CONDITIONS: LOCATE 14,29:PRINT “ ”:COLOR 2,0 LOCATE 15,4:PRINT ”l-Avg daily temp ":COLOR 2.0 ":LOCATE 15,28: PRINT USING FFS;OTMPC:LOCATE 15.35:PRINT CHR$(248) LOCATE 16,4:PRINT "2-Avg rel humidity ”:LOCATE 16,28: PRINT USING SS$:RHOVC LOCATE 17,4:PRINT ” ” LOCATE 18,4:COLOR 0.7:PRINT "FLOCK INFORMATION: ":COLOR 2.0 LOCATE 18,28:PRINT " ":COLOR 2,0 LOCATE 19,4:PRINT "l-Number of birds ”:LOCATE 19.28: PRINT USING " Birds”:NCHKN LOCATE 20,4:PRINT "2-Age of birds ":LOCATE 20.28: PRINT USING " Neeks":AGE LOCATE 21,4:PRINT "3-Avg bodyweight ”:LOCATE 21,28: PRINT USING " . Kg";BOOYW/NCHKN LOCATE 22.4:PRINT ”4-Bird mortality ”:LOCATE 22.28: PRINT USING ” Birds”:MORCH 39260 ' 39270 39280 39290 39295 39300 39305 39305 39306 39310 39315 39320 39325 'Hrite management information I LOCATE 9 ,42:COLOR 4.6:PRINT ” MANAGEMENT INFORMATION: ”: COLOR 2.0 . LOCATE 10,42:PRINT ”l-Feed intake /100 ”:LOCATE 10,63: PRINT USING " kg/day”:FE100/10000 LOCATE 11,42:PRINT "Z-MET energy /bird ":LOCATE 11,63: PRINT USING " kJ/day";METAK LOCATE 12,42:PR|NT "3-H D production ":LOCATE 12.63: PRINT USING " . 3 ":HDPOD ' LOCATE 13.42:PRINT ”4-Est egg prd/IOO “:LOCATE 13.63: PRINT USING " kg/daY"3EGADJ/IOOO 39340 39345 39350 39355 39360 39355 39380 39335 39335 39387 39388 39389 39390 39391 39392 39400 40000 40010 40020 40030 40040 40050 40060 40070 40080 40090 40100 40110 40120 40130 40140 40150 40160 40170 40180 40190 40195 40200 40202 40204 40206 40210 40212 40220 40230 40240 40250 40260 40270 40280 40290 193 LOCATE 14,42:PRINT ”5-Feed cost /1000 ll:LOCATE 14,63: PRINT USING ” . S/day ”:FCOST LOCATE 15,42:PRINT ”6-Elec cost /1000 ”:LOCATE 15,63: PRINT USING ” . $/day”;ELSUM LOCATE 16,42:PRINT ”7-Fue1 cost /1000 ”:LOCATE 16,63: PRINT USING " . $/day”:FUCOST LOCATE I7,42:PRINT ”8'Egg revenue/1000 ”:LOCATE 17,63: PRINT USING " . S/day";EGGSL LOCATE 18,42:PRINT ”9-Revenues - costs ":LOCATE 18,63: PRINT USING " . $/day”:PROFT:ELSUM-0 LOCATE 19,42:PRINT " 'H LOCATE 21.43:COLOR 0,7 : PRINT COUNT LOCATE 21,46:COLOR 4,7:PRINT ” Hours of water condenzation“ : COLOR 2.0 FOR x-I TO 10000 :NEXTzGOSUB 23000 : RETURN 'END OF SUBROUTINE ’ SUBROUTINE TO CALCULATE EGG PRODUCTION ': AL‘CHALABI DHIA I SUBROUTINE 026 'Calculate average egg weight in gr I IF AGE>-22 AND AGE<-4O THEN 40090 ELSE 40110 EGGHT-l3.5203*(AGEA.4087) :'For age 22-40 weeks (R2-.98) GOTO 40120 EGGHT=36.1114*(AGEA.I371) :'For age 41-80 weeks (R2-.99) 'Calculate number of eggs for 1000 birds ' in gr EGNBR=(EGIOO /EGGHT)*IO 'Calculate number of dozens in dozens DOZNOIEGNBR/IZ 'Calculate returns from eggs sale in $/100 birds EGGSL-DOZNO*NRPRC - 'Calculate hen/day production in X HOPOD-EGNBR/IO EGADJ-(EGIOO/HDPOD)*100 'Calculate electricity cost/1000 birbs in S/day ELSUM- (ELSUM/NCHKN)*IOOO 'Calculate sum of cost/1000 birds in S/day PRCOST-ELSUM+FUCOST+FCOST 'Calculate revenues over cost in S/day PROFT-EGGSL-PRCOST RETURN I 'where: ----------------------------------------------- 'E3FKG --------------- egg weight /100 birds 'NRPRC --------------- nest run price in S 'EGNBR --------------- egg number 'EGGNT --------------- egg weight in gr 'EGGSL --------------- egg sale in S/IOO bird 'DOZNO -------------1- dozen number 194 40310 ' ----------------------------------------------------- 40320 'END OF SUBROUTINE *EOS *EOP 40300 'HDPOD --------------- hen/day production in 2 ' REFERENCES 195 REFERENCES Anderson, D. P., Beard, C. w., and Hanson, R. P. (1964). Adverse effects of ammonia on chickens including resistance to infection with new-castle disease virus. Avian Diseases, 8, 369—379. Arad, Z., Marder, J., and Seller, M. (1981). Effect of gradual acclimation to temperatures up to 44 C on productive performance of the desert bedouin fowl, the commercial white Leghorn and the two reciprocals. British Poultry Science, 22, 511- 520. Ariel, A., Meltzer, A., and Bearman, A. (1980). The thermoneutral temperature zone and seasonal acclimatization of the hen. British Poultry Science, 21, 471-478. Barott, H. G., and Prince, E. M. (1941). Energy and gaseous metabolism of the hen as effected by temperature. Journal of Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C. Bary, D. J., and Gesell, J. A. (1961). Environmental temperature——A factor affecting performance of pullets fed diets suboptimal in protein. Poultry Science, 40, 1328—1335. Brooker, D. B. (1967). Mathematical model of the psychrometric chart. Transaction of the ASAEA, 10(4), 558-560. Bouchillon, C. w., Reece, N. P., and Deaton, J. W. (1970). Mathematical modeling of thermal homeostasis in chicken. Transaction of the ASAE, 13, 648-652. ' Byerly, T. J., Kessler, R. M., and Thomas, O. P. (1980). Feed requirements for egg production. Poultry Science, 59, 2500—2507. 196 197 Charles, D. R. (1984). A model of egg production. British Poultry Science, 25, 309—321. Charles, D. R., and Payne, C. G. (1966). The influence of the graded levels of atmospheric ammonia on chickens. I. Broilers and replacement growing stock. British Poultry Science, 7, 177—187. Cole, G. W. (1980). The application of control systems theory to the analysis of ventilated animal housing environments. Transaction of the ASAE, 23, 431—436. Cowan, P. J., and Michie, W. (1980). Increasing the environmental temperature later in lay and performance of the fowl. British Poultry Science, 21, 339—343. Deaton, J. w., Reece, F. N., McNaughton, J. L., and Cott, B. D. (1981). Effect of differing temperature cycles on egg shell quality and layer performance. Poultry Science, 60, 733—737. DeShazer, J. A., Jordan, K. A., and Suggs, C. W. (1970). Effect of acclimation on partitioning of heat loss by the laying hen. Transaction of the ASAE, 13, 82—84. Dixon, J. E., and Esmay, M. L. (1979). Design and management affect laying house moisture removal. ASAE Summer Meeting of ASAE and CSAS, June 24—27, 1979, Paper No. 79.4020. Esmay, M. L. (1978). Principles of Animal Environment. Textbook Edition. Westport: AVI. Esmay, M. L., and Dixon, J. (1986). Environmental Control for Agricultural Buildings. Westport: AVI. Greninger, T. J., DeShazer, J. A., and Cleaves, E. W. (1982). Simulation model of poultry energetics for developing environmental recommendation. Livestock Environment II, Second International Livestock Environment Symposium, April 20-23. ASAE, 234—240. 198 Hahn, R. H., Purschwitz, M. A., and Rosentreter, E. E., eds. (1984). ASAE Standards 1984. Michigan: ASAE. Harsh, S. B., Connor, L. J., and Schwab, G. D. (1981). Managing the Farm Business. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice—Hall. Heady, E. 0., and Balloun, S. L. (1980). Egg production functions a time variable. Poultry Science, 59, 224-230. Helback, N. V., Casterline, J. L., Jr., and Casterline, C. J. (1963). The effect of the high CO atmosphere on the laying hen. Poultry ScEences, 43, 1082—1084. Hellickson, M. A., and Walker, J. N., eds. (1983). Ventilation of Agricultural Structures. Michigan: ASAE. Henken, A. M., Groot Schaarsbserg, A. M. J., and Van der Hel, W. (1982). The effect of environmental temperature on immune response and metabolism of young chicken. 4. Effect of environmental temperature on some aspects of energy and protein metabolism. Poultry Science, 62, 59—67. Hiestand, W. A., and Randall, W. C. (1941). Species differentiation in the respiration of birds following CO administration and the location of inhibitory r ceptors in the upper respiratory tract. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology, 17(3), 333—340. Hill, D. T. (1983). Energy consumption relationships for mesophilihc and thermophilic digestion of animal manures. Transaction of the ASAE, 26, 841—848. Hinkle, N. C., and Good, L. D. (1970). A comparison of ventilation control systems.. Transaction of the ASAE, l3, (4), 365—368. Hy—Line Layers. (1986). Management guide, Chick, Pullet, Layer. Variety W—36. (3rd). Iowa: Hy—Line Indian Revier Comp. 199 Kotula, A. W., Drewinak, E. E., and Davis, L. L. (1957). Effect of immobilization on the bleeding of chickens. Poultry Science, 36 (3), 585—589. Longhouse, A. D. (1967). Design of poultry laying g house ventilation and insulation requirements based on calorimetric data and psychrometric relationship. Transaction of the ASAE, 10, 512- 516. Longhouse, A. D., Ota, H., Emerson, R. E., and Heishman, J. D. (1968). Heat and moisture design data for broiler house. Transaction of the ASAE, 11, 694— 700. Marsden, A., and Morris, T. R. 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