—| w _, 1‘ 1m 01 O ‘ h‘ “‘ VJERMlClDAL VALUE OF COLLOIDAL IODINE CHANDLER - Thcsis for the Degree of M. S. Elbgrt Martin Aldcrman 1928 j I u. t ,h L VERMICIDAL VALUE OF COLLOIDAL IODINE (CHANDLER) VERMICIDAL VALUE OF COLLOIDAL IODINE (CHANDLER) THESIS Submitted to the Faculty of the Michigan State College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science by Elbert Martin Alderman w June 1928 II. III. IV. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Contents Pages Introduction 1 Review of work on the vermicidal value of iodine 3 Plate I 5 Protocols ‘ 7—1? Summary of experiments 18 Plate II g 19 Plate III 20 Conclusion 21 Acknowledgments 23 References 24 93758 VERMICIDAL VALUE OF COLLOIDAL IODINE (CHANDLER) Introduction Since the experimental work relative to date for thesis has been limited very largely to poultry the value of Colloidal Iodine in the destruction of intestinal parasites of poultry will be the phase of the subject dealt with herein. The problem of controlling intestinal parasites of poultry is becoming more and more acute as the poultry industry is becoming more extensive. Raising large numbers of fowls continuously on relatively small areas or in crowded quarters increases to some considerable degree the likelihood of parasitic infestation. To prevent, in a measure, heavy parasitic infestation of birds handled under such conditions it is necessary to thoroughly cleanse the quarters quite frequently and iodize (l) the floors, dropping boards, perches, etc. to destroy the worm eggs and larvae. Where the quarters are properly cleansed and iodized (2) and the birds individually dosed with colloidal iodine (Chandler), at the time of going into winter quarters and again in the spring before turning to range, the degree of parasitic infestation can be reduced to the minimum. In heavily parasitized fowls it is barely possible that the parasites deprive the fowl of a very limited 'percentage of nourishment. The damage done to fowl in this way is infinitesimally small as compared with that of other complications resulting directly or indirectly from such heavy worm infestations. The parasites that attach themselves to the intestinal wall cause considerable injury to the mucosa thereof, and, as a result of the constant irritation, a pathological condition deve10ps which terminates in a muchly thickened intestinal wall and this tends to prevent the proper assimilation of food. And, too, it is possible that intestinal parasites secrete or are directly responsible for the production of certain toxins or poisons which exert their influence on the red blood cells and the nerves. The action of the hemolysin is manifested by the pale condition of the skin, the comb, and the wattles — a characteristic picture of a heavily parasitized fowl. The action of the neurotoxin is evidenced by some form of paralysis; as wry neck, etc. Perhaps the most important damage done by intestinal parasites is that of lowering the normal resistive power or predisposing fowls to other types of infection. The injury to the intestinal mucosa serves as portal of entry for various bacteria and protozoa (5). It is reasonable to suppose then that this would not only interfere with the health and growth of the young birds, and with egg production, but is possible that it would also effect the fertility of - 3 - the eggs produced by these parasitized fowls and also the strength and normal resistive power of chicks hatched from such eggs (4). It is obvious, therefore, that some efficient method of controlling intestinal parasites of poultry is imperative. As a means to this end the vermicidal efficiency of colloidal iodine (Chandler) has been, to some considerable extent, perfected. Colloidal Iodine (Chandler) is a hydrosol or colloidal dispersion of the emulsoid type. This iodine product contains a small percentage of the iodine in aqueous solution and an excess of the elemental iodine in the form of very small particles in suspension — thus constituting a store- house, as it were, of an abundance of iodine ready to be given up in aqueous solution as necessity demands. Not only does the suspensoid carry a supply of readily avail- able and highly soluble iodine but this product, in dilute aqueous solution, is comparatively non—irritating, non- toxic, and does not blister the skin nor injuriously irritate the mucous lining of the intestinal tract of birds subjected to treatment (5). Review of work on the vermicidal value of iodine In a series of experiments (5) on several hundred birds it was proved that iodine in oleaginous suspension or other form, when delivered into the crop of fowls was not efficient in the destruction of intestinal parasites. This, in all probability, was due to the fact that the ._4_ .iodine was not conveyed to all possible areas of in— festation, but instead had exerted its energy in the reaction with organic material at the seat of delivery. gggs ex- perimental data shows too that Iodine Vermicide Merck (Liquid for poultry ) in one ounce doses delivered into the gizzard of birds is one hundred percent efficient against Ascaridia and Cestoda. Experimental data also shows that Colloidal Iodine (Chandler) containing 2.05% 12, prepared from powdered colloidal iodine (Chandler), in one ounce doses delivered into the gizzard of birds is apparently one hundred percent efficient against roundworms and tapeworms. From the above data it is evident that free or elemental iodine must come in direct contact with the parasites in order to be effective; that the optimum dose is one ounce; that the dose must be delivered directly into the gizzard in order to pass the entire length of intestinal canal and thus convey the elemental iodine to all possible areas of infestation; and that the iodine kills or destroys intestinal parasites of fowls by the action of the uncombined iodine upon them. Having this data at hand it was thought advisable to conduct further experiments for the purpose of determining the vermicidal value of Colloidal Iodine (Chandler). The efficiency of Iodine Vermicide Merck having been established in a series of critical experiments (5) this product was - - 5 - used as a check on the iodine suspensoid. In the follow— ing experiments the birds, two hundred seventyeight in number, were dosed individually by means of'a metal dosing 'appliance consisting of a metal tube about sixteen inches in length with a one ounce rubber bulb attached to the upper end. With assistant holding bird with body in a vertical position the head was grasped with left hand, extending the neck and at same time pressing beak open with thumb and index finger and with right hand introducing the tube -— after dose had been drawn into rubber bulb -- into the eOBOphagus and beyond the crop into gizzard and then slowly delivering the dose into the gizzard by gently pressing rubber bulb with right hand. These birds were then placed in individual cages or coops which were provided with wire mesh bottom and trays underneath for collecting the excreta. Careful observations were made every few hours and the worms, if any present, counted and removed from the trays. The birds were fed and watered as they had been previous to the experiment. After fortyeight hours from time of first dosing the birds were check dosed with Iodine Vermicide Merck and further observations made at regular intervals and results noted. In the first few of the series of experiments sodium bicarbonate was used to dissolve the mucous in the inp testinal canal, hoping, thereby, to increase the efficiency of vermicide thus making possible a reduction of iodine _ 5 - content. The results obtained were not satisfactory, so gum arabio was substituted for the sodium bicarbonate. 'By using gum arabio to increase the protective colloidal efficiency made it possible to reduce the iodine content of dose, which in turn means a reduction in price of dose. Plate I. X—Ray picture of bird showing dosing appliance in position and giving outline and relation of the oesophagus, crop, gizzard, and the small intestine as it leaves the gizzard. “14 ~8- Following is presentation of protocols of a series of checked experiments: Experiment 101 Initial dose: Iodine Suspensoid (S) containingl.5%12 with 2% sodium bicarbonate (1). Size of dose: 50 cc Check dose: Iodine Vermicide merck (liquid for poultry) (V) carrying 2% adsorbed iodine. Size of dose: 52 as Date dosed: January 10 Check dose: January 12 EIrd' Worms voided asTIWbrms voided as1 No.‘ result initial ' result check ' dose ' dose ' R. T. 101 ‘ SI? IOE" tori Percent efficiency R. 100 166 “0-3 00 H HOOOO 0‘0 OOOqOmOOmOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO JJ-J-gan-J-nnufin-o-oJJnuJfiJ-anndu+qqd ooodooooooooododooooooou&ooooooow oooooooooooooooooooooooodoooooooe VA'J“VVV‘J'"”VIJI‘“V‘J‘AJVJ‘I‘AIJ H 1...! oz dOOqOOOOqOOOOmeQQdONOOOHNOGQJO I T I 1 I __' I I T 1 T I I I 1 1f I I I 1 1— I I 1— T T T I I 1 1 I 1 4-44-...44.J_-............4.--A.J.J.4-AJ..4..-..-- 15:) use d 155 166 100 166 AJ-{dn—A-J-JJ-J-J-I-Jdduo's-u-fi-J-d-dja‘J-fi-J-d-JJJ H o o o o o o c o o o o o o o O. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0' o o 100 100 T - .. ' ~ .— A , . . . u . - . . . n o . . o . n n . . a -.... ----- - b . I ... . -.- .—_.. -- a a o .-. -_ .. ... - a . u - v ---.. _ a u v . n . . _,.. . - ’. . - .. u . - . f r- S: Iodine preparation (according to formula of Dr. W. L. Chandler) in which all of the iodine is present in available form. V: Protein iodine compound (according to Dr. W. L. Chandler) carrying 2% adsorbed iodine. R: Roundworms (Ascaridia). T: Tapeworms. ..: No worms were voided. Note:. In the above experiment the vermicidal efficiency of Iodine Suspensoid is very high, though.not 100% as there were three worms voided by one bird on check dose. - 10 - Experiment 102 Initial dose: Iodine suspensoid containing 1.5% Ia with 1% sodium bicarbonate. Size of dose: .50 cc Check dose: Iodine vermicide Merck (liquid for poultry) carrying 2% adsorbed iodine. Size of dose: 37 cc Date dosed: January 14 Check dose: January 16 "fiorms voided as' Worms voided asT'Percent efficiency Bird' result initial ' result check ' No.‘ dose ‘; dose _; —T' _; I——-' R. ' T. R. ' T. R. 201’1 4 ' 0 I 0 TI 0 ‘ 100 ‘ EUEI‘ 0 ' O T” 0 IF IT 7’ .. I h" 203 T’ o 1 0 ' UP’ ' o I .. ‘r 204;1 O T' 0 7' 0 III 0 I .. ' 1— 1 1 O I 0 I . . 1 2R9: 1 8 ' 8 ' 0 ' T ‘4._‘ O O ' 207 ' 5 ' 0 ' If I 0‘ ' ioo ' “ BOS‘T’ O I 0 TI 0 ' O ' .. ' ‘— 209 ' 1 I 0 ' 1 ' 0 I O ' 2L0 TI 5 ' 0 ' 0 ' O I 100‘ ' ‘21'1' 'I""""3: I O T 0 1 O 1 100 I 2.2 I 9 T 0' ' O ' O ' 100 ' ! CJfiqdfind-dn- l l 100 O. l deemedooouo ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooool—a Q 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Q 0 O Q Q 0 O O O O O C O C C 4-444—4—4-4. ooodoaod000H -.w...a.....a-4.AA-. OOOOOOOOQOOQ 4444-4-11-4- 44—4d.4._44. OOOOOOOOOOOO 166 i '1 Note: In the above experiment the infestation was not heavy. The dosage was not effective, due possibly to there not being enough free iodine in the low percentage dose. .‘ . ... , . ' . . . .‘ .. . -. .. . ' r' .. ' r . . u. A t ,. ._ .4 ..‘. l .. - . . .._. .. . .' .' _ V C _. ' . ., , _ n, A .- J. ' .~'.'.; _ n- ‘ r» _ \ ’ ' .l. ' -.~- g, . ~ ’ _ ' --_, n.‘ _ .-, . . ‘ - - ll - Experiment 105 Initial dose: Iodine suspensoid, containing 1.2% 12 with 1% sodium bicarbonate. Size of dose: 40 cc Check dose: Iodine vermicide Merck (liquid for poultry) containing 2% adsorbed iodine. Size of dose: 32 cc Date dosed: January 18 Check dose: January 20 ‘AWbrms voided as‘ Wbrms voided as1 Bird' result initial ' result check ' Percent efficiency I I No.‘ l Note: In above experiment the infestation very light - not a fair test of low percentage dose. This experiment was, therefore, repeated. Initial dose: Size of dose: Check dose: Size of dose: Date dosed: Check dose: - 12 - Experiment 104 Iodine suspensoid containing 1.2% I2 with 1% sodium bicarbonate. 40 cc Iodine vermicide Merck (liquid for poultry) containing 2% adsorbed iodine. 52 cc January 25 January 28 ' Worms voided as‘ Worms voided as‘ Bird' result initial ' result check ‘ Percent efficiency No.‘ dose ' dose ' ‘—— R. 1 T:— T R. 1* TO fit R. 1 TO 401 1 0 ' O 1 0 1 O 1 .. 1 .. 402 ' 0 1 O 1 0 1 O 11 .. 1 .. 405 ' 0 ' O ' O ‘ O ‘ .. ' .. 404 1 0' 1 0 1 0 ' O 1 .. 1 .. 405 1 I'D IT’ 0 11 0 ' 0 11 .. 1 .. 4U6T O 1 O 1 O 1 O 1 o'- 11 00 407 1 0 ' 0 ‘1 0 1 O 1’ .. ' .. 408 1 O 1 0 '1 0 1 O 1 .. 1 .. 409 ' 1 ’1 O 1 O ' O 1 100 IT‘ .. 410 1 O '1' 0* 1 0 1 O 1 .. 1 .. 411 1 0' ' O 1 0 1 ‘0 ' .. ‘ .. 412 1 O ' O *1 0 ' 0 1 .. 1‘ .. 4 5‘1 0 I”1 0 ' O 1 O ' ”1 ..- ' .. 414 1 2 1 0 *1 O ' O 1 100:, 1 .. 415 1 6 1 0' 1' 11 1 0 1 85 ' .. I’— 416 1 0' 1 g“ 1* 0 1 *0 '1 .. 1 .. 41711 0 ' 1 1 1 .. 1‘ .. 4 1 0 1 8 I g 1 100 1 .. 419 1 5 1 0' 11 1 1 0 1 75 1 .. 420 1 l *1 *0 .1 13 1 0 1 *0 ' .. 421 1 0 0 1 O 1 100“ 1 .. 422 1' 1 1 0 1 1 1 C 1 0 1 .. 2 ’1 0 1 0 1 O 1 0 1 .. ‘ .. %%%T 4 T O fiI O T U 1 100 T .. T’1—1 ' O ‘ O 1 O 1 .. 1 .. 426 1* I0 ' O 1 10 1 10 1 .. 1 .. 4 1 0 1 O 1 O I O I .. r .. 42B 1 O ' 0 1 0' ' O 1 .. 1’ .. I" 429 1 ‘17 1’ 0 ' 4 ‘ O ' 80 1 .. m1 0 T O ' O 1 O TW 0. Tf o. Note: In above experiment infestation moderate - the low percentage dose not efficient. ..u... -r. fin - 15 _ Experiment 105 Initial dose: Iodine suspensoid containing 2% 12. Size of dose: 30 cc Check dose: Iodine vermicide Merck (liquid for poultry) carrying 2% adsorbed iodine. Size of dose: 50 cc Date dosed: January 30 Check dose: February 1 1 Worms voided as11W0rms voided as' Bird' result initial ' result check Percent efficiency No. ' dose ' dose . ! 8 ' R1 1' T. ' R. 1 T. 1 R. 1 11} 501 1 10 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 100 1 .. 502 1 7 T‘ 0 1 0 1 o 1 100 “1 .. 50571’ p: 1 0 *1 0 ‘1 o 1 100 1 .. 504 1 5 1 0 1 o 1 0 1 100 1 .‘"— 505 1 12 1' 0 1 o 1 o 1 100 1 .. 505 1 “0 1 0 *1 o 1 0 1 .. 1’ .. 507 1 o 1 o 1 o 1 *0 1 .. 1 .. 508 1 1 1 0 1 o 1 o 1 100 1 .. 509 1 o 1 0 1 0 1 o 1 .. 1 .. 510 1 o 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 .. 1 .. 511 1 1 1 0 1* o 1 0 1 100 1 .. 512 1 6 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 100 1 .. 515 1* 22 1 o ‘1 0 1 0 1 100 1 .. 514 1 o 1 o *T 0 1_‘ 0 1 .. 1 .. 515 1 11 1 o 1 0 1 0 1 100 1 .. 516 1 1g 1 o 1 0 1 0 1 100 1 .. 517 1 17 1 o 1 0 1 0 1 100 1 .. 518T 0 1 o 1 0 1 0 1 .. 1 .. 519 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 o 1 100 1 .. 520 1 12 1 o 1 0 .1 o 1 100 1 .. 521 1 0 1 o 1 0 *1' 0 1 .. v .. 522 1* 0 1 0 1 o 1‘ o 1 .. 1 .. 1 5‘ *1 0' 1 1’ 1’ o ”1' 75 1 .. 524 1 7 1 o 1 0 1 0 1 100 1 .. 525 1 ‘0 1 o 1 0 1* 0 1 .. 1 .. 525 1 18 1 o 1 0' 1 o 1 100 1 .. 527 1* o 1' 0 1 1 1 o 1 0 1 .. 528 1 0 1 o 1 0 1 0 1 .. 1 .. 52g 1 1 1 o 1 0 1 o 1 100 1 .. 550 1 16 1 o 1 o *T* 0 1 100 1 .. Note: In above experiment infestation rather heavy — the increased percentage dose more efficient, though not 100%. In a total of 170 worms only two voided on check dose. This experiment was, therefore, repeated adding 4% gum arabic. _ 14 _ Experiment 106 Initial dose: Iodine suspensoid containing 2% 12 with 4% gum aracic. Size of dose: 50 cc Check dose: Iodine vermicide Merck (liquid for poultry) containing 2% adsorbed iodine. Size of dose: 30 cc Date dosed: February 2 Check dose: February 4 1 worms voided a311Worms voided as' Bird' result initial 1 result check 1 Percent efficiency No. 1-dose 1 dose 1 1 ‘5} 1’ ‘1. 1 TR. ‘1 11' 1 R. 1 ‘11. 6211' 6 1 '0 1 0 1 0 1 100 1 .. ‘— 602 1 12 11 0 1 0 1 O 1' 100 1 .. 6 1 0 1 O 1 O 1 0 1 .. 1 .. 60$ 1 go 1 o 1 o 1 o 1 10161 1 . . 60311 51 1 5 1 O 1 10 1 100 1 105—— 606 ' IS 1 0 1 0 1 O 1’ 100 1 .. 607 1 1 1 O 1 01 1 C) 1 100 1 .. 606 1 26 11* O 1 0 1 O 1 100 1 .. 609 11 0* 1 O 1* O 1 70 1 .. 111 .. 610 1 4 1 0 1 O 11 O 1 100 1 .. 611 1 O '1 O 1 01 1 O 1 ..1 1 .. egg 1 5 1 0 1 O 1 0 1 100 1 .. 613 1 0 1 O 1 O 1 O 1 .. 11 .. 614 1 1 1 0 1 O 1 O 1 100 ‘1 .. 615 1’ O 1 O 1 O 1 O 1' .. 1' .. 616 1 3'1_ 11 1 1* O 1 O 1 100 1 100 617 ' 0 ' 0 ' 0 ' 0 ' .. 1 .. 618 1 6 ~1 0 1 C) 1 O 11 100 1 .. §Qg1 O 1 O 1 0 1 O 1 .. 1 .. 620 1 O '1 O 1 O 1 O 1 .. 11 .. 621 1 14 1 O 1 0 1 O 1 100 1 .. 622 1 0 1 O 1 0 1 O 1 .. 1 .. 623 1 2&_ 1’ O 1 O 1 O 1' 100 1— '.. 63% 1 15 1 O 1 0 1 O 1 100 1 .. 6.8.1 ' 6 1 0 1 o 1 o 1 ____100 1 . . 626 1 7 1 0 1 0 1 O 1 199 1 .. QQZ' §5 1 O 1 O 1 O 1 100 1 .. 628 1 O 1 0 1 O 1 O 1 .. 1 .. 629 1 O 1 0 1 0 1 O 1 .. 1 .. 650 1 2 1 O 1 O 1 O 1 100 '1 .. Note: In above eXperiment infestation heavy - there being 257 worms voided on first dose — the iodine suspensoid containing 2% 12 with 4p gum arabio being 100% efficient against roundworms and tapeworms. -15- Experiment 107 initial dose: Iodine suspensoid containing 2% 12 with 4% gum arabic. Size of dose: 30 cc Check dose: Iodine vermicide Merck (liquid for poultry) carrying 2% adsorbed iodine. Size of dose: 50 cc Date dosed: February 6 Check dose: February 8 T'Worms voided asT Worms voided asT Bird' result initial T result check Percent efficiency I No. T dose T dose T T ‘R. T 'T. T R. T T. T R. T T. 701 T 8 T 0* T 0 T 0 T ‘100 TT .. 702 T 2 *TT 0 T 0 'TT 0 T 100 'TT .. 1 1 I l O l l .. %%i§2»8e810.?8€t.. 705 T 0 T 0 T 0 T 0 T .. T .. T" 706 T 5 T 0 'T 0 T O T 100 T .. 'T 707 ' 5 T 0 T O T 0 T tOO TT .. 708 T 6 T 0 TT 0 T 0 T' .00 T' .. 752’T 26 T 0 T TTO T' 0 T 100 T .. , T 17' T 0 TT 0 T 0 T 100* T .. TT WET VTTT 0 T O T 0‘T 1% T n 712 ' I3 T' 0 T O T' 0 T‘ 100 T .. T T 0 T 0 T 0 T 100 T .1. IZTT 3L T 0 T 0 T 0’ 'T 100 ‘TV .. L5 T 0' T 0 T 0 T O T” .. T .. 716TT 2 T 0 T 0 T O T 100 T .. TT 7.7 T“ 17' T 0 TT T0 T 0’ T 100 T .. 718 T CW T O T 0 T O T' .. T .. %9' 6 T o T 0 ' o ‘ loo ' .. 0 T O T O T 0 T 0 T .. T .. 721 T O ’T O T 0 TTT O T .. T .. T T T 0 T 0 T 10 T’TT .. TT' 2%:8T816hre..?'.. 324 T 6 TT 0 T 0 T 0' T 100 T .. 25TT 0 TT 0 T 0 T O T .. T .. 726 T 9 T 0 T 0 T O T 100 T" ..‘T" 727 T 7 T 0 T 0 T’ 0 T 100 TT' .. 728 T 9 T 0 T 0 T O T 100 T' .. 729 TT 10 T 0 T 0 T O T 100 T T: 750 T 4T T" 0 ‘TT' 0T T 0 T "100 T .. 751 T 29 T 0 TT 0 T 0 T 100 T .. 732 T 5 T 0 *T 0 T O T 100 T .. TT‘ Note: In above experiment infestation heavy ~ there being 245 worms voided on first dose - the iodine suspensoid containing 2% lg with4gp‘gum arabic being 100% efficient. Having obtained this degree of efficiency it was decided to reduce the iodine content. Initial dose: Size of dose: check dose: Size of dose: Date dosed: Check dose: -15.. Experiment 108 Iodine suspensoid containing 1.8% 1,3 with 2% gum arabio. 30 cc Iodine vermicide Merck (liquid for poultry) carrying 2% adsorbed iodine. 30 cc February 15 February 17 T Worms voided asT Worms voided asT Bird' result initial T result check T Percent efficiency No. T dose T dose T 1 Frfii I —T I l Mar-13' . 3-1- 15.1 ?:—— 802 T’ “0 ' T 0 T 0’ T O T .. T .. W 1 ' o ' o ' o 1' 100 f .. 804 T 0 TT 0 T 0 T 0' .. TT .. 805-T’ 2' T' 0 T 0 T' 0’ T 100 T .. 806‘TT 0 T 0' T O T 0 T .. T .. 807’T 0 T O T 0 T 0 T“ .. T T.. T l V T I T 88313.319718viaar22 " O ' 0 1' _O I L00 1 co 811TTT 5 T 0 T 0 T 0 *T 100 T .. 812fi21 T 0 T 0 TT 0 T 100 T .7 3 TT T§‘ T O T 0 T 0 T 100 T .. 814 T l T' O T 2 T O T ‘BET' T .. 815 Ti 0 T 0 T 0 T‘ O T‘ .. T T.““ 813' 15 T 0 TT 0 T 0 .T 100 T .._fi_ Note: In above experiment infestation moderate - the dosage not 100% efficient. It was decided to decrease volume of dose and increase gum arabio content. -17.. Experiment 109 Initial dose: Iodine suspensoid containing 5.6% Ia with 4% gum arabic. Size of dose: 15 cc Check dose: Iodine vermicide Mbrck (liquid for poultry) carrying 2% adsorbed iodine. Size of dose: 50 cc Date dosed: February 18 Chuck dose: February 21 T Worms voided asT’Worms voided asT Bird' result initial T result check Percent efficiency I No. T dose ¥:_, T dose T T R. T T. T R. ‘TT T. T R. T T. 901 T' o T o T o T o T .. T .. eozTT 0 TT 0 T o T o T .. T .. 563 T o T o T ' o T o T .. T .. __. 904 TT 4 T o T‘ o T o T 100 T .. __. 905 TT *6: T’ o T o T o T .. T .. ‘“ §UBTT ‘1 T 2 T’ o T o T 100 T 100 907 T o T o T *o ‘T o T .. T .. 908 T 9. T :2 T 1 *T o T 90 T 100‘"— 909 T 1 T o T“ o' T o T 100 T .. 910TT 1 T o T o T o T *Ioo T .. '* 911 T 5 T 0 TT 0 T o T 100 T .. ‘— §12 T B T' 10 T 0 TT 0 T Tloo T 100 915 T" o T o T o T oT T .. T .. 914 T TTB T" o T o T o TT 100 T .. eifiTT' 1 T o T o T o T 100 T .. asT T1 T 0 TT 0 ‘T o T um T .. Note: In above experiment the small volume of high per- oenta e dose not 100% efficient. The experiment was, herefore, repeated, with an increase in gum arabio content. ~18- Experiment 110 Initial dose: Iodine suspensoid containing 5.4%w12 with 8% gum arabio. Size of dose: 15 cc Check dose: Iodine vermicide merck (liquid for poultry) carrying 2% adsorbed iodine. Size of dose: 30 cc Date dosed: February 22 Check dose: February 25 T Worms voided a§TTWOrms voided asT Bird' result initial T result check T Percent efficiency No. T dose T dose T 'T R. T T. ! R. T T. T R. T T. 1001T 0 T 0 T 0 TT‘ 0 T .. T .. 1552' 5 TT 0 ‘T' 0 TT 0 *TT ITOT T' .. '— L005T 0 T 0 ‘T 0" T 0 TT' .. T .. 1004' *0 T 0 T 0’ T O T .. TT .. 1005T ‘0 T’ 0 TT 0 TT 0 T .. T .. JLOOB' O 1 O ‘ U ' O ' co ' to w .007T 9 TT 0 T 0 T’ 0 T 100 T .. TT 1008TT 0 T 0 T UT‘ T 0 T .. T .. 1009T 4 T 0 T 0 TT 0 T 100 T ..TTT' 1010' 0 ’TT' 0 T 0 T 0 T .. T .. T— 1313}: ; 878 134103: ~- 0 00 WT l T 0 T 0 T O T 100 T .. 1014' 0 T 0 T 0 T 0 TT .. T .. 1015T 0 TT 0 TT 0 TT' 0 T .. 'T .. 1016—! T 1 O T— 6 —r 0 f1 0. ' O. Note: In above experiment infestation light. Small volume of high percentage dose 100% efficient. -19- Experiment 111 Initial dose: Iodine suspensoid containing 1. 8% I2 with 4% gum arabio. Size of dose: 50 cc Check dose: Iodine vermicide Mbrck (liquid for poultry) carrying 2% adsorbed iodine. Size of dose: 50 co Date dosed: February 27 Check dose: imarch 1 'Worms voided asTZWbrms voided asT Bird Tresult initial T result check T Percent efficiency No. T dose T dose T i F. I T; 1 R0 rfic —' R. w. 0 1101 TT 19 T 0 T’ 0 T O T 100 T .. 1102 T 7 TT 0 T T0’ T T0 “T “100 TT .. “— 1105 T‘ 0' T 0 T' 0 TT' T0 T .. TT .. TT“ 1104 TTT 2 TT 0 TT 0 T 0 T 100 T .. 5 T 0 TT‘ 0 T 0 T 100 T .. 1106 T 0 T O T O T 0 TT .. T' .. 1107 T T2 T 0 T 0 T 0 TT 100 T 1. 1108 T 15 T ’0 T 0 T“ 0 T 100 T .. 1109 T 2' T'T0 T O T 0 T T100 T .. 1110 T 2 T 0 T 0 T"' 0 T 100 T' .. 1111 T 0 T 0 T’ 0 T 0 TT .. 'T ..“TT 1112 T 5 T 0 T 0’ T 0 Y 100 T .. IIIEFT_'—5: T O T 0 T 0 I 100' T ..TTT 1114 T 6 T 0 T 0 T 0 TT 100 TT' .. 1115 T 5 TT 5 T 0 T 0 T 100 T .. 1116TT’ 14 T O T O T 0 T 100 T" .. Note: In above experiment infestation heavy - there being 116 worms voided on first dose - the iodine sus ensoid containing 1. 8% 1.3 with 4% gum arabio being 100. efficient. It, therefore, appears that the suspensoid, in one ounce dose, containing 1.8% Ia and about twice as much gum arabio is sufficient. -20.. Summary of experiments I I 1 T No. T Suspensoid T Worms voided T Vermicide: Worms voided T T R. T TT‘ T T* R. T T5? I I I I I I 101 T 50 cc 1.5% with' 52 T 85 T 52 cc 2% T 5 T 00 I 1% N83003 I I I I I I I I I I I T I I I I I 102 T 50 cc 1.5% with' 51 T 00 T 52 cc 2% T 5 T 00 ' 1% NaHCOa T . . I . I I I I I I T T 1 I T ’I I 105 T 40 cc 1.2% with' 7 T 00 T 52 cc 2% T 00 T 00 I 1% Nafiooa I I I I I I I I I I I ‘Iw W I I I I T 104 T 40 cc 1.2%‘with' 55 T 00 T 52 cc 2% T 20 T 00 I 1% Nanooa I I I I I I I I I I I ‘I “I . w’I I 7 T 105 T 50 cc 2% T 168 T 00 T 50 cc 2% T 2 T 00 I I I I I I I I I I I -.. T I T I T I TTTT 106 T 50 cc 2% with T 251 T 5 T 50 cc 2% T 00 T 00 T 4% gum arabic ' ' ' ' T I I I I I 107 T 50 cc 2% with T 245 T 00 T 50 cc 2% T 00 T 00 T 4% gum arabic T ' ' T T I I I I I I I I I I I I 108 T 50 cc 1.8% with' 87 T 00 T 50 cc 2% T 2 T 00 T 2% gum arabic T T T ' T I I I I I 'I I I I I I “T'— 109 T 15 cc 5.8% with' 27 T 14 T 50 cc 2% T 1 T 00 T 4% gum arabic T T T T T I I I I I I T I I I I I I 110 T l5tcce?.47% T 25 T 00 T 50 cc 2% T 00 I 00 T wi h T T T L arabic 0 gum T T T T ' ' . I 1 F T T —__ 111 T 50 cc 1.8% with: 115 T 5 T 50 cc 2% T 00 1 00 I I I I I T 4% gum arabic I I. _ 31 - Plate II. (a) Davainea cesticillus (b) Hymenolepis carioca (c) Scars where worms have been attached (d) Thickened intestinal wall Approximately fifty percent of the Cestoda were lost in fixation process. Note scars where worms have been attached. The scarred and thickened condition of the intestinal wall is pronounced. Impossible for proper assimilation of food under such conditions. -22.... Plate III. Showing Davainea cesticillus, the same genus and species as shown at (a) Plate II. Note the difference in size. The degree of in- festation not nearly so great as in Plate II. _ 25 - Conclusion Several previous experiments having shown that there was no apparent ill effects from use of the colloidal iodineJ the Sixth International Egg Laying Contest at Michigan State College had their birds dosed, just previous to beginning the contest, with iodine suspensoid. These birds broke all previous records by having reached the maximum production for second week within the early part of the second week of the contest. This is sufficient evidence of the fact that there is no appreciable reduction in egg production nor any physical injury to the birds due to the treatment. With the improved dosing appliance used in these experiments birds may be individually treated with a reasonable degree of rapidity, accuracy, and safety. With a little practice one man can does one hundred fifty birds per hour. It is obvious that a quantity less than thirty cubic centimeters of any economical strength of the iodine suSpensoid is not one hundred percent efficient - due to the fact, no doubt, that there is not enough of the vehicle, in the smaller volumes, to spread throughout the length of the intestinal canal and thus transport the free uncombined iodine to all possible areas of infestation. Experimental data shows that thirty cubic centimeters of 1.8% iodine suspensoid is one hundred percent efficient against both roundworms and tapeworms. -24.. Treating the birds with iodine suspensoid in the fall before going into winter quarters — the quarters having been thoroughly cleansed and iodized - and again in the spring before turning to range should keep them fairly free of intestinal parasites and most certainly enable them to give better returns for the food consumed. The high degree of efficiency of the colloidal iodine (Chandler) in the destruction of intestinal parasites of poultry, the ease of administration, and the comparatively reasonable cost of the product secures for it a place of much importance on the commercial poultry farm and in the back yard flock as well. -25.. Acknowledgment The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Merck & Company for materials and to Doctor W. L. Chandler of Veterinary Division, Professor 0. G. Card and Professor J. L. Boyd of Poultry Division, Professor W. E. Laycock of Physics Division, and others, for their admirable c00peration in this experimental work. . _ . ' - I. I . . ._ \4 .- \- . .‘ .\:_,1~ . \ _ . (1) Chandler, Dr. W. (2) Chandler, Dr. w. (3) Beaudette, Prof. (4) Kaupp, Dr. B. F. (5) Chandler, Dr. W. - 25 - References L. L. F. — Iodine as a disinfectant against nematode eggs and larvae. - Annual report for year ending June.50, 1926. R.- Hints to Poultrymen, Vol. 14, No. 6, New Jersey. Agricultural Experiment Station. - Parasites of Poultry, Extension Circular 160, Raleigh, North Carolina. - Annual report for year ending June 30, 1927. «w. ..v 1.: was...» ’5. I V II E Ira I I V ..T€ ...¥.J.. J . flwrfi‘x . DElO' I. A: 1|.III . I film I . . I 2 v... . l y l I V . u .. . ..l I . I .. .. . . . Jul \ I — _ I .I I n I . I u I I I II .. ..I. . I .. . .I. . I . . I . . . I. I. a . . . . . - l I I I \ I l I I - ..- I l I I — I .1 I II I _ . u. .. L . . . I. I l } I — l I I I I u I _ . I ,1 . I .l. l — I. _ I I . n I I .- . . . u. . .. . . . . . . . I. . I .I .. .. . II . n a . . . . . I .I I .. . I I I . -- II I I - u I I\ a. .u I n — —.. .I I I. 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