husky};-.v_”.I‘.‘:).,n:.:-'; ~ éliii‘thSIFEIIIIIIE‘Q‘. ACCUMULATION 0F OXYGEN DEBT AND CHANGES IN OTHER SELECTED VARIABLES DURING A STANDARDIZED RUN ON A MOTOR—DRIVEN TREADMILL Thesis for the Degree 0f M. A. RICHARD D. BELL MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY 1968 ' fir:- J .u. .- I ..... ”l ‘5 1-- -1 . , . )_ ‘ALA a LIBRAII Y " THES\3 Michigan. mm University ACCUMULATION OF OXYGEN DEBT AND CHANGES IN OTHER SELECTED VARIABLES DURING A STANDARDIZED RUN ON A MOTOR- DRIVEN TREADMILL By Richard D. Bell AN ABSTRACT OF A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation Approval ACCUMULATION OF OXYGEN DEBT AND CHANGES IN OTHER SELECTED VARIABLES DURING A STANDARDIZED RUN ON A MOTOR— DRIVEN TREADMILL by Richard B. Bell The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of oxygen debt accumulation during a standardized sub- maximal run on a motor-driven treadmill. In addition to oxygen debt accumulation, the pattern of change of other selected variables was studied. These variables included heart rate, oxygen pulse, and oxygen uptake. The stand- ardized run was arbitrarily chosen to be of ten—minutes duration at a speed of ten miles per hour at zero per cent grade° Six trained subjects were tested on a motor-driven treadmill over an eight-week period. The standardized ten- minute run was divided into ten fifteen—second runs for the first two and one-half minutes, five thirty-second runs for the next two and one-half minutes, and five one-minute runs for the last five minutesa These twenty separate runs were administered in random order to each of the subjects, A standard fifteen-minute post-exercise recovery period was used with all runs° This recovery period was divided, for purposes of gas collection and analysis, into eight fifteen-second intervals during the first two minutes of recovery, six thirty-second intervals during Richard D. Bell the next three minutes, and one ten-minute interval during the remainder of the recovery period. Data were collected also during three five-minute rest periods and three standard five-minute warm-up runs at six miles per hour and zero per cent grade. During the rest periods and warm—up runs data were collected at one-minute intervals. Expired air was collected during both the runs and recovery periods and analyzed for oxygen and carbon dioxide content, volume, and temperature. Means and standard deviations were cal- culated for each interval in the run, recovery, warm-up, and rest periods. The total mean oxygen debt for the ten—minute stand- ardized run was 3.096 liters. This oxygen debt was accu- mulated, for the most part, during the initial stages of the run and probably was due to a circulatory lag. Such an oxygen debt is referred to as an alactacid debt. Mean heart rate values reached a value of 186 beats per minute during the tenth minute of exercise. For runs of less than two minutes and thirty-seconds, the heart rate reached near basal levels during the fifteen-minute recovery period. The heart rate remained elevated after fifteen minutes of recovery for runs of longer duration. Oxygen uptake increased with exercise duration due to increased metabolic demands. Oxygen pulse reached a mean value Richard D. Bell of 18.82 milliliters per beat during the tenth minute of exercise. These values basically agreed with other values reported in the literature. Approval: Date: ACCUMULATION OF OXYGEN DEBT AND CHANGES IN OTHER SELECTED VARIABLES DURING A STANDARDIZED RUN ON A MOTOR- DRIVEN TREADMILL By Richard D. Bell A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation 1966 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge Dr. w. w. Heusner and Dr. Wayne Van Huss for their original ideas and help. The author is especially grateful to Mr. David Anderson, Miss Ione Shadduck, and Mr. Jerry Nester for their constant help during data collection. Thanks are also due to Mr. Frank Hartman, Steve Harrington, Tony Simone and John Persons for their valuable assistance in data collection and calculation. Finally, the author wishes to thank the six subjects who faithfully kept to their testing schedule during data collection. ii DEDICATION This thesis is respectfully dedicated to my parents Mr. and Mrs. G. Bell. Their constant interest, motivation, and understanding has been gratefully appreciated. It is also dedicated to my wife Caryl for her help in making four years of graduate study an enjoyable experience. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . Chapter I. INTRODUCTION . . . . Statement of Problem Scope of the Study Limitations of the Study Definition of Terms II. RELATED LITERATURE III. RESEARCH METHODS . . . . IV. PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA. Heart Rate Oxygen Uptake Oxygen Debt Oxygen Pulse Rest and Warm-Up V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Summary Conclusions Recommendations BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Page ii viii l2 17 AA A8 52 Table .1: (I)\10\\J'l 10. ll. l2. 13. 1A. 15. 16. 17. LIST OF TABLES Oxygen Debt Accumulation Heart rate values Heart rate values Heart rate values Heart rate values Heart rate values Heart rate values Heart rate values second run Heart rate values second run Heart rate values second run Heart rate values Heart rate values second run Heart rate values second run Heart rate values Heart rate values second run Heart rate values Heart rate values second run for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for a five-minute rest a five-minute warm up a fifteen-minute run a thirty—second run a forty-five second run a one-minute run . a one-minute fifteen- a one-minute thirty- a one-minute forty-five a two-minute run . . a two-minute fifteen- a two-minute thirty- a three-minute run . . a three—minute thirty— a four-minute run . . a four-minute thirty- Page 53 5A 5A 55 56 57 58 59 6O 61 62 63 6A 65 66 67 68 Table l8. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 2A. 25. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 3A. 35. Heart rate values for a five-minute run . Heart rate values for a six-minute run Heart rate values for a seven—minute run . . Heart rate values for an eight-minute run . Heart rate values for a nine-minute run Heart rate values for a ten-minute run . . Oxygen pulse values for a five—minute rest Oxygen pulse values for a five-minute warm-up and fifteen—minute recovery period . . Oxygen pulse values (mls/beat) for the ten- minute composite run and the fifteen minute recovery period . . . . . . . Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) for five-minute rest 0 O O I '0 O C O 0 Oxygen uptake (L/Min) values for a five- minute warm-up . . . . . . . . Oxygen uptake (L/Min) values for a fifteen- second run . . . . . . . Oxygen uptake (L/Min) values for a thirty- second run . . . . . . . . . . Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) for a forty— five second run . . . . . . . . Oxygen uptake (L/Min) values for a one-minute run 0 O O O O O O O O O 0 Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) for a one-minute fifteen second run Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) for a one—minute thirty—second run Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) for a one-minute forty-five second run . . . vi Page 69 7O 71 72 73 7A 75 76 77 78 78 79 79 80 81 82 83 8A Table 36. Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) minute run . . . 37. Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) fifteen-second run . . 38. Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) thirty-second run . . 39. Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) minute run . . . AO. Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) minute thirty-second run Al. Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) minute run . . A2. Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) minute thirty-second run A3. Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) minute run . . . AA. Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) minute run . . . . . A5. Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) minute run . . . . . A6. Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) minute run . . . . . A7. Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) minute run . . . . . A8. Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) minute run . . . vii Page for a two- 85 for a two—minute O O O O O O 86 for a two-minute 87 for a three- 88 for a three- 0 o o 89 for a four- . 90 for a four— 91 for a five— 0 o o o o 92 for a six- . O O O I O 93 for a seven- 9A for an eight- . o o o o o o 95 for a nine- 96 for a ten- . 97 Figure 10. 11. 12. LIST OF FIGURES Study by Bailey, Orban, and Marriman Mean heart rate for a five-minute rest, five minute warm—up, and fifteen-minute warm-up recovery period' . . . . . . . . . . Mean heart rate for the actual teneminute run, and the composite ten—minute run. Mean heart rate for the actual ten-minute run for all six subjects, the two worst subjects, and the two best subjects . . . . . Mean heart rate for the composite ten-minute run for all six subjects, the two worst subjects, and the two best subjects Mean heart rate recovery values for the fifteen- second run, the five—minute run, and the ten- minute run Mean oxygen uptake for the five—minute rest, the five—minute warm-up, and the fifteen- minute warm-up recovery period Mean oxygen uptake for the actual ten—minute run and the composite ten-minute run Mean oxygen uptake for all six subjects, the two best subjects, and the two worst subjects for the actual ten—minute run Mean oxygen uptake for all six subjects, the two best subjects, and the two worst subjects for the composite ten—minute run Mean recovery oxygen uptake for the fifteen- second run, the five—minute run, and the ten—minute run Mean rate of net oxygen debt accumulated for the ten-minute composite run for all six subjects, the two best subjects, and the two worst subjects . . . . . viii Page 10 18 19 2O 21 22 2A 25 26 27 28 31 Figure 13. 1A. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Mean net oxygen debt accumulation during the ten—minute composite run for all six subjects, the two best subjects, and the two worst subjects . . . . Mean rate of oxygen debt accumulation during the ten-minute composite run for all six subjects, the two best subjects, and the two worst subjects Mean rate of oxygen requirement during the ten—minute composite run for all six subjects, the two best subjects, and the two worst subjects Mean oxygen pulse values for the five-minute rest, the five-minute warm—up, and the fifteen—minute warm-up recovery period Mean oxygen pulse for the actual ten-minute run and the ten-minute composite run Mean oxygen pulse during the actual ten- minute run for all six subjects, the two best subjects, and the two worst subjects Mean oxygen pulse during the ten—minute composite run for all six subjects, the two best subjects, and the two worst subjects Mean recovery oxygen pulse for the fifteen— second run, the five—minute run, and the ten~minute run ix Page 32 33 3A 37 38 39 A0 A1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The accumulation of oxygen debt occurs in submaximal exercise as well as in maximal exercise. The amount of oxygen debt accumulated is measured by analyzing a sample of eXpired air collected during a post-exercise recovery period and by calculating the amount of oxygen used in excess of basic requirements. In short bouts of strenuous exercise, the accumulation of oxygen debt makes it possible to convert stored chemical energy into usable mechanical energy. Anaerobic energy thus supplied is in addition to that supplied via the aerobic metabolic pathways. If work intensity increases beyond the individual's aerobic capacity, the subject must rely on anaerobic chemical processes for much of the energy required to accomplish the work. The phenomenon of oxygen debt has been well documented in the literature for many years. However, most investi- gators have been concerned with the total oxygen debt accumulated or with the biochemical nature of oxygen debt. Few, apparently, have been interested in the pattern of accumulation of oxygen debt during a given exercise period, be it maximal or submaximal. The writer hopes this study will add to the total knowledge of the phenomenon of oxygen debt. Statement of the Problem The purpose of this investigation was to determine the pattern of oxygen debt accumulation during a stand- ardized, submaximal run on a motor-driven treadmill. In addition to oxygen debt accumulation,tflm3pattern of change of other selected variables was also studied. These variables included heart rate, respiratory quotient, respiratory frequency, ventilation volume, true oxygen, and oxygen pulse. However only oxygen debt, oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse and heart rate are reported at this time. Raw data for the remaining variables may be obtained from the Human Energy Research Laboratory, Michigan State University. Scope of the Study The sample for this study was drawn from individuals who had participated in previous studies involving tread- mill running. In addition, individuals participating, or who had previously participated, in intercollegiate athletics were selected for the study. The final sample of six individuals included three with varsity track eXper- ience, two with varsity hockey experience, and one indi- vidual with extensive treadmill experience. It was hOped that such individuals would minimize the effects of training as the study progressed. Limitations of the Study The small sample size and the nonrandom selection of subjects limit the generality of the conclusions. There was control over the diet or living habits of the six subjects invovled in the study. Individual motivation during the testing periods was not considered. Several Douglas Bags were in poor condition through- out the study. This resulted in a slight loss of eXpired air during some portions of the data collection. A repeat of the runs was not possible because of the time involved and the laboratory schedule at the time this study was occurring. Individual variations in height, weight, and body build were not considered. Definition of Tfirms Used in This Study Respiratory Quotient.—-Respiratory quotient is the ratio of carbion dioxide exhaled to oxygen extracted. It generally is used for determinations of the amount of fat, carbohydrate, and/or protein utilized during a specific period of muscular work. Ventilation Volume.--Ventilation volume refers to the corrected volume of air, in liters, eXpired during a specific time interval. Oxygen Pulsg.-—Oxygen pulse is the amount of oxygen removed from the blood per heart beat. It is determined by dividing the oxygen uptake by the heart rate for a specific time interval. True Oxygen —-True oxygen is the amount of oxygen extracted fromtflmalungs during a specific time interval. Oxygen Debt.--Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen required, in the post—exercise period of recovery, to reverse the anaerobic reactions of the exercise period. Anaerobic Work.-—Anaerobic work is that work done by the organism which occurs in the absence of free oxygen. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW In his book Physiology of Muscular Activity, Karpovich (13, p. 57) states that if work intensity increases beyond a certain optimal point, additional work must depend on anaerobic chemical processes in the muscles for the neces— sary energy to continue that work. When the concentration of lactic acid in the blood reaches three to four per cent, the muscles cannot continue to contract. After the work period (exercise) is completed, the oxygen consumption remains at a high level until the oxidation of the accumu— lated products of exercise has been completed or, in other words, until the oxygen debt has been paid. Taylor (2A, p. 151) claims that in submaximal exercise the oxygen debt is a result of a circulatory lag during which time the circulation is increased to the point at which the oxygen requirement of the work is met by the oxygen delivered to the working tissues. An oxygen debt of this type increases in a linear manner with increasing work intensity, but there comes a point when the circula— tory system no longer supplies oxygen to the working tissues at a rate which will meet the metabolic require— ments of the working muscles. At this point, the oxygen debt rises rapidly as the metabolic demands of the body are being met by anaerobic chemical processes. According to Dill and Sacktor (9, p.966), an accumula— tion of oxygen debt always occurs in maximal exercise of'short duration. The accumulation of oxygen debt makes it possible, in short bouts of exercise, to convert stored chemical energy into mechanical energy in excess of the capacity of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems to supply oxygen to the working tissues. Hill, Long and Upton (11, p.996) say there are two fac— tors involved in repaying the oxygen. The first factor is a rapid component involving the removal of lactic acid from the working tissues. This is designated as the alactacid component. The second factor is a slower component invol~ ving the removal of lactic acid from the blood. This is designated as the lactacid component. However, moderate exercise of long duration can produce fatigue without an increase of lactic acid in the blood, and the removal of lactic acid from the system does not run parallel to the repayment of oxygen debt. Moderate exercise of short duration produces no increase of lactic acid in the blood, yet there is an oxygen debt. The evidence for no increase in lactic acid in moderate work is found in the unchanged concentration of lactic acid in the blood and its ready diffusability between the tissues and blood. In the experiments runner walked or ran for grades on a motor—driven of Margaria ten minutes treadmill. consumption, t a1. (15), a skilled at various speeds and In exercise not the lactic acid in requiring maximal oxygen the tissues and blood reached an equilibrium throughout the body. For oxygen debts of three to four liters there was no increase in lactic acid concentration, but beyond six liters of oxygen debt the concentration of lactic acid was a linear function of the extra oxygen consumption. The oxygen consumption curve during recovery was a sum of four functions: 1. The basal oxygen consumption, 2. The oxygen consumption attributable to Odea" tion of lactic acid, 3. Another exponential function of time occurring at a fast rate, A. Oxygen consumption decreasing slowly during recovery. ‘ Margaria et a1. (15) also concluded that the alactacid 1 oxygen debt was approximately a linear function of tne oxygen intake during exercise while the lactacid ox n <<: 09 (D debt began only when the work was carried on under anaerobic conditions. In moderate exercise, the oxygen debt could reach a value as high as four liters without evidence of lactic acid accumulation in the blood. In severe exeru cise, however, the large oxygen debt could not be eXplained by the accumulation of lactic acid alone. In a similar manner, the work of Dill et a1. (7) showed that the initial rapid payment of the oxygen debt in isolated muscle is not correlated with the removal of lactic acid from the blood as the oxygen debt was produced during the first minutes of recovery. In work such that no lactic acid appears in the blood, the alactacid debt may be as large as three liters. When work is of an anaerobic nature, a debt due to the formation of lactic acid is contracted. The alactacid debt may be paid off during the first five minutes of recovery but subsequent repayment of the lactacid component depends on the rate of lactic acid removal. Although the lactacid and alactacid debts are contracted concurrently, the latter is repaid twenty times more rapidly than the former. Margaria, Edwards and Dill (15) say there is general agreement that the oxygen debt is due to delayed oxidation of a fraction of the lactic acid produced during anaerobic phases of muscular activity. However, this mechanism does not explain all the processes which occur in the repayment of the oxygen debt. In moderate work the alactacid oxygen debt accounts for most of the lag in oxygen consumption at the beginning of work before a steady state is reached. Lactacid oxygen debt is not appreciable until oxygen intake is equal to or greater than 2&51/02/minute. The oxygen consumption curve during recovery results from the sum of four functions, two of which are concerned with oxygen debt. These are, of course, the lactacid and alactacid components of oxygen debt previously discussed. Probably the most significant study in this area of interest was an unpublished study by Bailey, Orban, and Merriman (19). The purpose of the study was to compare the oxygen consumption, oxygen debt, and oxygen requirement patterns of trained and untrained subjects during a five— minute treadmill run of six miles per hour at a twenty- five per cent grade. Partial results of their data are shown in Figure l. The oxygen requirement is equal to the total oxygen intake plus the oxygen debt. ' The respiratory quotient has been defined previously as the ratio of carbon dioxide exhaled to oxygen extracted. The primary sources of fuel for muscular activity are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins with carbohydrates and fats being the main sources of energy under normal circum— stances (13, p. A6). Because of their different chemical structures these sources of muscular energy have different respiratory quotients. The respiratory quotient for carbo— hydrates is 1.0, since for every molecule of oxygen used a molecule of carbon dioxide is released. The respiratory quotient for fat is 0.7. For protein it is approximately 0.8. However, the amount of protein oxidized during muscular exertion is usually insignificant. During exercise the respiratory quotient rises, providing the exercise is not exhaustive. During recovery, however, the 10 .zwsfippmz 6cm .cwnno .mmaawm hp hpdpmt:.a mpswam AmmpSCHEV mEHB S 2 La e m min a m. m H mam>oomm mmfiopmxm pmmk o _ .QH wx\oomu _ . ease fleece _ om //_ . _ mieoemm 7 om Freeze 138 H .3 7/1 fl .om mx\ooomm nwwwmmmunu .om pcmEthSUmn HmpouL%HH/ll. mMWHHHu .ow V wow °utm/Sy/ooao ll respiratory quotient may be over 1.0. This is a spurious respiratory quotient due to over breathing following the cessation of exercise. Oxygen pulse increases during exercise as the heart rate increases. Values of 11.0 ml to 17.0 ml at heart rates of 130 to 1A0 beats per minute have been reported (13, p. 135); but with further acceleration of the heart rate, oxygen pulse may, in fact, tend to decrease. Following cessation of exercise, the oxygen pulse value may return to the pre-exercise level faster than the heart rate. This is due to a diminished venous return which reduces the amount of blood passing through the lungs. A smaller amount of oxygen is therefore absorbed from the lungs. When exercise begins, pulse rate increases rapidly with the largest increase occurring within the first minute. However, pulse rate changes are dependent on the individual (13, p. 167). The time required for the pulse rate to return to normal after exercise depends on two factors: (1) the intensity of the exercise, and (2) the condition of the individual. Post-exercise pulse rates may even fall below the pre-exercise level. However, the pre—exercise pulse rate level is subject to some criticism as it may be easily influenced by several psychological and environmental factors. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS The purpose of this investigation was to determine the pattern of accumulation of oxygen debt and the changes that occur in other selected variables during a standardized run on a motor—driven treadmill. The variables studied were oxygen debt, oxygen pulse, heart rate, and oxygen uptake. Means and standard deviations were caulculated for each part of the ten-minute run. The results were also recorded graphically. Sampling Procedure Nine subjects were originally chosen for this exper- iment. To qualify as a subject, an individual had to be a varsity athlete and/or have had previous treadmill exper— ience, and be in good physical condition. It was necessary .to eliminate three of the subjects at the beginning of data collection because of the time required for data collection on each subject. Of the six subjects retained, five were varsity athletes with previous treadmill experience while the sixth had only previous treadmill experience but was judged to be in good physical condition. The ages of the subjects ranged from eighteen to twenty-one years. 12 13 Experimental Design . For this experiment, the standard run was arbitrarily chosen to be of ten-minutes duration at a speed of ten miles per hour at zero per cent grade. In order to determine, as accurately as possible, the rate of oxygen debt accumulation during the run, the standardized ten-minute run was divided into ten fifteen-second runs for the first two and one—half minutes, five thirty—second runs for the next two and one-half minutes, and five one-minute runs for the last five minutes. The ten-minute run thus was divided into twenty components. Each component was administered as a separate run and each was followed by a standard fifteen-minute recovery period. In addition, three five-minute sitting rest periods, during which data were collected at one—minute intervals, were included in the testing schedule since base levels for the variables under consideration were required. Three five— minute warm-up runs at six miles per hour, zero per cent grade, followed by a fifteen-minute warm-up recovery period also were included in the testing schedule. Thus each subject had to complete twenty-six test periods, and each testing schedule was randomized for each of the six subjects. The subjects were not aware of their daily assignment until data collection was to begin for that day. Each fifteen—minute recovery period was divided for purposes of gas collection and analysis. The recovery period consisted of eight fifteen-second intervals during 1A the first two minutes of recovery, six thirty-second inter- vals during the next three minutes of recovery, and one ten—minute interval during the remainder of the recovery. Data were collected five days per week over a period of eight weeks. Each subject came to the laboratory at the same time every day he was to be tested in an attempt \ to reduce the diurnal effects on exercise. TestingiProcedures Each day, on reporting for testing, each subject first had the recording electrodes attached. Three zinc electrodes were used, two being chest leads and one being a ground lead placed on the lower back. These electrodes were securely attached by adhesive as well as masking tape. If the subject was to be tested during a five-minute rest period or during the standard five-minute warm—up run (six miles per hour at zero per cent grade) followed by the fifteen—minute warm-up recovery period, he was immediately fitted with an adjustable head gear holding the triple—J, low resistance, valve. If the subject was to be tested during one of the twenty component runs, he completed the standard warm—up and warm—up recovery before being fitted with the head gear. The outlet of the triple-J valve was connected to a Franz Mueller four—way valve via a short section of non—collapsible rubber tubing. The Franz Mueller valve was manually operated and was switched to the next Douglas Bag as close to the completion of a specific time 15 interval as possible. All switches between Douglas Bags were made at end inspiration to provide for gas collection over a number of respiratory cycles.‘ Expired air was collected in fifty-liter Douglas Bags during each rest period, each run, and during the first five minutes of each recovery period. A three-hundred-liter Douglas Bag was used during the last ten minutes of the recovery period. Expired air was collected only for the first twenty seconds during all one-minute intervals because of the limiting size of the fifty-liter Douglas Bags. (These twenty- second volumes were corrected to one-minute values.) Heart rate was recorded on a Sanborn model 60-1300 recorder. At the completion of each time interval, a Douglas Bag containing expired air was removed from the Franz Mueller valve, stoppered, and immediately analyzed. On completion of a run, the treadmill was stopped, and the subject sat down immediately for the fifteen-minute recovery period. The expired air was analyzed with a Beckman Model E2 oxygen analyzer and a Beckman Model 15A L/B infrared carbon dioxide analyzer. Next, each Douglas Bag was evacuated using a Kafranyi volume meter in order to determine both the volume and the temperature of the expired air. A correction factor to account for the air extracted by the oxygen and carbon dioxide analyzers was added to each Volume obtained via the Kafranyi meter. 16 Following data collection, a chart1 was used to convert the carbon dioxide valves to percentage carbon dioxide. Respiratory quotient and true oxygen values were obtained from a nomogram using percentage carbon dioxide and percentage oxygen as guidelines. A typical data sheet is shown in the Appendix. For each testing period, percentage carbon dioxide, percentage oxygen, respiratory quotient, true oxygen, corrected ventilation, and oxygen uptake (Oz/liter/minute) were calculated for each time interval of the rest, warm- up, the exercise, and recovery periods. The Bastat Cont/ Data 3600 computer program was used to calculate mean values and standard deviations for each time interval for the six subjects. Thus, a mean value for each time interval of the exercise, recovery, warm up, and rest periods was obtained. These mean values were used to plot the data graphically. Oxygen debt for each component run was calculated by subtracting the resting oxygen uptake value from the recovery oxygen uptake value. (The resting value was multiplied by fifteen as the recovery period was of fifteen minutes duration.) lLaboratory Conversion Chart. CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA The purpose of this investigation was to determine the pattern of oxygen debt accumulation during a stand— ardized sub-maximal run on a motor-driven treadmill. In addition to oxygen debt, the pattern of heart rate, oxygen uptake and oxygen pulse were also studied. The sub— maximal run was arbitrarily selected to be of ten—minutes duration. It was divided into ten fifteen-second inter— vals, five thirty-second intervals, and five one-minute intervals in order to accurately determine the pattern of change for each variable. Mean values for each time interval of each variable were plotted graphically. Heart Rate Mean heart rate values follow the eXpected pattern during the ten—minute exercise period. From a mean resting value of 6A.5 beats per minute (see Fig. 2) the heart rate rises to a mean peak value of 186 beats per minute at the conclusion of the exercise (see Fig. A). This would indicate that the exercise is of an intense nature although certainly not exhaustive. There are two stages in cardiac acceleration during muscular exercise. These are the increase in rate which 17 18 nub-H .anpmg mnm>oomn mutant; muscHeIcmmpmau m can «modem pcmo nod open .pmmn muscHEIm>fim m mom Ampscfia mom mummnv mmsHm> mama pnwmz :metL.m mnzmflm m:m 9303 son mmaaa xam an :39 Qatsnmz mpscfialm>fim Ammpscfisv mEHB ewmilmmamemma .HQPOOmoH mutant: fl assays: - a—auLn a»: f”“ (0"N Bur. 1“ i <3 a) J .ooa is: toma :omH iozH :cmH (.W.&.8) 319.1 QJE’BLI UEQW 19 190. 1800- l70< I 1601 150.. lAOT 130+ , peewq composite run ‘k—H actual run 120” 110., Mean heart rate (B.P.M.) 100“ Time (minutes) Figure 3.——Mean heart rate values (beats per minute) for the actual ten-minute run and the composite ten-minute run. 2O .0 200. ',, ;y I I 190+ I I ----0' 180.. p’40\\o-‘o"’o.--—O I / 170.. Rio/O F ‘o A p g 160» I a: ,P B 150.. ,P l (D P I5 m g INCA I p I g l g 130A: C o o--o--o two worst subjects g 120.. e—H two best subjects e—«~—. six subjects 110» 100» 90D 7 O i 5 3' A 5' 6 7 8 9 16 Time (minutes) Figure A.--Mean heart rate values (beats per minute) for an actual ten-minute run for all six subjects, the two worst subjects, and the two best subjects. 200m 190-”- 1804» 170. 160» 150. INC. 130. 120. Mean heart rate (B.P.M.) 110. 1004 b 901 ”f 21 o—TTWO two worst subjects A—aF—* two best subjects .—.—. six subjects I—‘qt A. 16 \O-I- 5 6 7 8 Time (minutes) «Irv Figure 5.—-Mean heart rate values (beats per minute) for the composite ten—minute run for all six subjects, the two worst subjects, and the two best subjects. .csu opscdaucmp one use .csh mu::HEIm>Hm on» «can ccoomm Icmopufiu ocp pow Amuscfie Loo wommov mosam> mums peso: >Lo>oomu cmoZII.o mpswfim AmmuzcfiEv oEHe 22 Z 1 ma NH 3 So m s o m z m m H 4. v u I. N J. «I + 0 LI 0 0 o a A JO iVom foo ds .om W a B u om q 3 9 w doa J B m .OHH .u 63 ”a N .QMH .oza can .22. 39.0-6 can .cfiE m srlrli. toma cap .oom mavllll. eowH do: eowa 23 occurs immediately upon commencement of the exercise and that which develops more gradually. The immediate acceler- ation of the pulse rate at the onset of exercise occurs too promptly to be a result of the Bainbridge reflex and probably is due to impulses arising in the motor areas of the cortex overflowing to the cardio-inhibitory center (1, p. 2A7). However, after the initial stages of work the increased acceleratory tone contributes to the increased heart rate. The important factor in the delayed heart rate increase is the rise in venous pressure and the elicitation of the Bainbridge reflex. In the athlete, however, an increased cardiac output is due to an increase in stroke volume and the heart rate increase plays a lesser role. The recovery of the heart rate also followed a predictable pattern. For runs shorter than two minutes and thirty seconds the heart rate was returned to near basal values during the measured fifteen-minute recovery period. In fact basal levels were reached before two minutes of recovery had passed. Runs of longer duration were charac- terized by an elevated heart rate at the completion of the recovery period. Oxygen Uptake The expected pattern for rate of oxygen consumption during a period of exercise is a steady rise after the onset of exercise followed either by a leveling off if the exer— cise is of moderate intensity or a secondary rise if the 2.20% 1.80+ 1.140.. 1.20+- 1.001 Mean oxygen uptake (1./min.) .60» .qu .2o+ 2A warm-up warm-up recovery 1. 2 :3 A 5 1 2 3 A 5 15 Time (minutes) Figure 7.—-Mean oxygen uptake values (liters per minute) for the five-minute rest, the five-minute warm-up run at six miles per hour zero per cent grade, and the fifteen- minute warm-up recovery period. 25 A . 00.. 3.80“ 3.60» 3.A01 3.20+ 3.004 2 . 80? 2.60» 2.A0+ 2.20A 2.001. 1.80“ 1 .60" 1.A0“ *_*—"actual run 1.20“ I *‘4"'*composite run 1.00MI 7’ Mean oxygen uptake (l./min.) {IN P F 1 L ’1 J 1 V I I V t f A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time (minutes) Hy ml UL) Figure 8.——Mean oxygen uptakevvalues (liters/min.) for the composite ten-minute run and the actual ten-minute run. Mean oxygen uptake (l./min.) l-‘I—‘I—‘l—‘I—‘NNMNNLMWWWW-Ettttm .00» .801 60-. .A0-. .20-. .00.. .801 60I. .A01 .20- 00. 80.. .60.. .A0. .20. 00" .80 .60.. A0. .20“ .00. .801 26 3 six subjects *-*--* two best subjects O-wl—O two worst subjects A75678910 Time (minutes) Figure 9.--Mean oxygen uptake values (liters/min.) for all six subjects, the two best subjects, and the two worst subjects for the actual ten—minute run. 27 4.40? f\ A.20+ A 00“ / \ //]\\\ ' R 8 \ O 3.804% /\ \ / \ / ’1.\ 3.60» / °\ 3.140... \/. \ .’ . , ‘. 3.20. M . o *‘w- / .’ Y ‘. 3.0m R; ' 2.807. $4 -, Xx ‘\ .’ I r 2.60“ 2.A0e I 2.20.. ‘f 2.00« : 1.80» ; ~—+—~ six subjects Mean oxygen uptake (1./min.) 1.60. ', ~k—+-4 two best subjects 1.A0~g,_ o-«y—o two worst subjects 1.20.. 'I' 1.004» " .80.," .OO-rx O 4 A A A 1 A l P I 1 1 fir Y 1 2 3 A 5 6' 7 8 Time (minutes) 10 \0» Figure.——Mean oxygen uptake values (liters/min.) for all six subjects, the two best subjects, and the two worst subjects for the composite ten-minute run. 28 3.00- ,\ 2.80« ——+—~ fifteen second run 5 2.60“? rmaemefflve minute run OE 2.A0»N cr—o-xnten minute run \. ‘5 H 2.20» ‘ 2.00» E m 1.801 ‘S. 1 60 s ’ ‘ Q l.AO. 0) b0 1..2OI. Z’ O 1.00.. c .801 8 z .601 .AOi .20. j 0' i _i- Time (minutes) Figure 11.——Mean recovery oxygen uptake values (liters/min.) for the fifteen—second run, the five—minute run, and the ten-minute run. 29 exercise is moderately severe. The results of this exper— iment indicated an exercise priod of moderate severity. During muscular exercise oxygen consumption is increased several fold. There are only two ways by which the tissues can be supplied with the extra oxygen they require. These are an increased circulatory rate or a greater coefficient of oxygen extraction (i.e., removal of more oxygen from each unit of blood) (1, p. 2A6). With moderately severe exercise the coefficient of oxygen utilization is usually doubled while the cardiac output is increased up to four— fold. This would permit an eight—fold increase in oxygen consumption. This rise in oxygen utilization during muscular exercise is attributed to the diversion of a larger proportion of the total blood volume through the contracting muscles. The rate of oxygen consumption is said to represent the physiological cost of the exercise (23, p. 27). In any given individual there is a linear relation- ship between oxygen uptake and heart rate during sub- maximal work. The slope of the line however changes with the state of physical fitness of the individual. Indi— vidual differences in oxygen consumption are explained on a basis of greater circulatory reserve. Circulatory reserve depends on the heart rate, the stroke volume, and the arterio-venous oxygen difference. The increase in stroke volume is lowest for non-athletes but it is quite pronounced for competitive athletes. 30 The pattern of oxygen uptake is somewhat erratic after the five-minute mark of the ten-minute run. This is probably due to the individual differences in physical conditioning of the subjects involved and/or to the small sample size. Two of our subjects were in superior condi- tion (one was competing in cross country) and thus required less oxygen to sustain muscular effort. By way of con- trast, the two individuals with varsity hockey eXperience were in relatively poorer physical condition. Oxygen Debt Oxygen debt, as calculated from oxygen uptake values ranged from a mean value of l.Al9 liters for the fifteen- second run to a mean value of 3.227 liters for the ten— minute run. The mean rate of net oxygen debt accumulation (Fig.12) was determined by dividing the mean oxygen debt for each component run by the run time. The results indi- cated an oxygen debt accumulation which was highest during the initial stages of the run. Such an oxygen debt would be due, primarily, to a circulatory lag which occurred at the beginning of the exercise period. In addition, the oxygen debt thus accumulated would be rapidly repaid during the recovery period and would be defined as the alactacid portion of the total oxygen debt as defined by Hill et a1. (11). OOxygen debt for work loads below the point at which lactic acid would be detectable in the blood stream is paid off within four minutes after the completion of exercise. 31 .muocnnsm umpoz oz» 0:» and .mpoonnsm anon 039 on» .uaoonnsw me Ham you can madmOQSOo muscnsIcwu on» you cowadH:E=oou unoc comhno am: go much :chII.~H mhswam Amocoomm .mmu::uav made oouoa ooum ooum con» oouw ooum om": con: omum ooum omum maum oonm m ”H cmuH mHuH ccna m ”c omuo mane \ auoonnsw page: or» I 3 c.mH canvass» anon as» I n .hu «pecans» Mam Add I m .0H .an oocm o.HN (out: una+°utm/q) uotzutnmnoou qqap uoaxxo sou 30 can; ueaw 32 6.0IL six subjects A 5-5 ye—u-mx two best subjects x g o—my—o two worst subjects :3 5.01)- / \ H o c / \ / g 4.5.. / :3 \ / 2 / :8, A.oI. f‘ A \ / s / " 3 \ /’ / C0 3 5" f \ / I‘\ p / ’ \ D 1’Q\.’ ’ \ o 533) 3.01% A} i314 \ fr’fl 'I : \\y 8 f, I 5 \6/ ~. ,~. g? 2.5" f :‘| , I, \\ I N \ I 1 p \‘ ,’ \ I, I: ‘3 \ I '. ' I" \‘. -4, a) 2 0" f]‘ I. ' I, X'” C2 \ \ , || 0 8 ‘ ‘~ " '. f (D 105'” \ ‘\ s A 1' Z flak |"I I I: 1.0-I- I t I l 0.5.! 0 . f I I e e i, a I t l 2 3 A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time (minutes) Figure l3.--Mean net oxygen debt accumulation (liters) during the ten-minute composite run for all six subjects, the two best subjects, and the two worst subjects. 33 w—~——1 six subjects 'fi-4r-* two best subjects o—«y—o two worst subjects 16.0r 114.0? /0\ 12.0. P\\ 0 Mean rate of oxygen debt accumulation (l./min.) i L 1 1 1 1 l I I I' CD. \0. i—J O 1'2'3LI567 Time (minutes) Figure lA.--Mean rate of oxygen debt accumulation (liters/min.) during the ten-minute composite run for all six subjects, the two best subjects, and the two worst subjects. 3A o——w—4 six subjects 9,-4-4 two best subjects 0.4}_0 two worst subjects 70... 65‘ 60» 55+- 50I us. I T LA) U‘I 8 20+ 10+ 5% Mean rate of oxygen requirement (l./min.) J: O I 1 l I l V I I l 2 3 A 5 t I 8 9 '0- .- Time (minutes) Figure 15.-—Mean rate of oxygen requirement during the ten—minute composite run for all six subjects, the two best subjects, and the two worst subjects. 10 LA) U7 Oxygen consumption during recovery is considered to be a sum of four functions. These functions are a basal oxygen consumption, an oxygen consumption attributable to the oxidation of lactic acid (this is a slow process and is referred to as the lactacid component of oxygen debt), a fast component referred to as the alactacid component of oxygen debt, and lastly an oxygen consumption decreasing very slowly during the recovery period. The erratic pattern of the oxygen debt graphs may be attributed to differences in physical condition of the subjects and/or to the small number of subjects used in the experiment. This erratic pattern limits the conclu- sipns which could be drawn regarding the possible repay— ment of oxygen debt during the run. Oxygen Pulse Oxygen pulse is defined as the amount of oxygen removed from the blood per heart beat. In this eXperiment oxygen pulse rose from a mean value of 8.76 milliliters for ‘the fifteen—second run to 18.82 milliliters for the ten- Ininute run. These figures generally agreed with other ‘Values reported in the literature (21, p. 167). The oxygen pnilse measured during the five—minute rest averaged 5.0A2 Inilliliters which also agreed with values reported in the lgiterature. Oxygen pulse measurements are said to be a gcxpd index of the output of the heart. Oxygen pulse values rmose rapidly to 20.57 milliliters during the one—minute 36 thirty—second component of the ten minute run and then leveled off. This was the general pattern of both the mean heart rate and the mean oxygen uptake during the run. An increased heart rate and/or a greater coefficient of oxygen utilization as work intensity is increased are the two factors involved in this increase. The cardiopulmonary system of a healthy young adult at rest need only supply 250 milliliters of oxygen to the body tissues each minute. At rest the subjects in this experiment required an average of 325.08 milliliters of oxygen each minute. The difference is probably due to some degree of nervous anticipation prior to the exercise period or to the failure of the subjects to be in a fully rested, quiet state before data were collected during the five minute rest period. During vigorous exercise the cardio— pulmonary system must supply as much as 5,500 milliliters of oxygen per minute or a twenty—two fold increase. During the tenth minute of exercise the six subjects in this experiment required an average of 3517.26 milliliters of oxygen. This increased supply of oxygen is provided by a great increase in cardiac output per minute and by an increase in alveolar ventilation. Increased activity of skeletal muscles lowers tissue PO?, raises tissue PCO increases tissue temperature, and 23 lowers tissue pH. This favors dissociation of HbO2 and the delivery of oxygen to the working tissue. During moderate .oofihoo >Lo>ooon QSIEnmz mpscfiEIcmopMHw onp out «modem pcoo poo opom moon poo mmHHE xfim pm :59 QSIEpmz mpSQHEIo>Hm onp «omen opzcfiEIo>fim opp hoe Anson peso: Loo .mHEv modaw> omazo sowmxo smoZIt.ma ohowfim 37 AmmpzcfiEv oEHB maeamasflaameomemmamammfimemmfi o 1.. . .. dowsow wnoysmoow . Wotspmz QSIEpmz pump io.m .I II. - - - 0 8.: m. R 9 l/ u .o.m d mm TL 8 ro.m e w; Tl... seam q a Do 3.3m .o.:a 38 23.0w f"“'fi\ \ 21.0.. ,I \ I \ ,* ‘x i x - 4’ ‘1’ V“’ “~. 3 1900'? * “\ I, I Ks“ (U I X\ i" ‘X l g I V Di 17'0 I E .' \J , I 15.0“ , a) I W I g I o. 13,01 { I 8 l ——~__.composite run m I S 1140“ I r-a-muactual run 0 /+ c m 9.01’ o 2 7 o O P 011‘ ‘ t i I i r '1 2 3 A 5 6 7 8 910 Time (minutes) Figure l7.—-Mean oxygen pulse values (mls. per heart beat) for the actual ten—minute run and the ten—minute composite run. 39 25.01 ’ \ Mean oxygen pulse (mls./beat) l .' 13-0- l: six subjects /' r—e—atwo best subjects 11.0mJ o—xr—otwo worst subjects 9.0-. I I f 7.0" 0 1 '2 i A 8 E3 7 8 0 10 Time (minutes) Figure 18.—-Mean oxygen pulse values (mls. per heart beat) during the actual ten-minute run for all six subjects, the two best subjects, and the two worst subjects. 2A. 22. 20. E a, 18. ,0 \ ,3”. 16. E R 1A. H :3 Q. g: 12. (D bl) >3 S 10. C2 £0 a 8. 6. A0 six subjects . k-apextwo best subjects o—o—o two worst subjects l 2 3 A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time (minutes) OK A J L A A I A A 1 II. or . , . . . . . . . Figure l9.-—Mean oxygen pulse values (mls. per heart beat) during the ten—minute composite run for all six subjects, the two best subjects, and the two worst subjects. Al .czs opchEIcop who one “cop opscHEIo>Hm who .QSH ocooomncooooflm 03o How Anson onto: Loo .mHEV mosHm> omHso Cowzxo mpo>ooop :wozlu.om oszmHm mH :H mH mH HH OH m m s m m e m m H A i .I H 1. _. l. 1 l. 1.. .. t. t. H a. o J .o.m LO’J" ’ .o.©H CHE opocHE coo. Ololo cos opocHE o>Hm 1-1-x cos ocooom coopmHm (deed/'stw) estnd uoBKxo ueew A2 exercise there is no significant change in arterial P02, P00 or pH. The factors responsible for an increase in 2.) ventilation during moderate exercise are not known but it is likely that multiple factors are involved. Rest and Warm-Up Data Three five-minute rest periods and three five—minute warm-up runs at six miles per hour and zero per cent grade were included in the experimental design. Both the rest period and the warm—up run were divided into five one-minute intervals and samples of expired air were taken during the first twenty seconds of each minute. The data indicate that no basal trend was established for heart rate, oxygen uptake, and oxygen pulse during the five— minute rest. It would seem that either a longer resting period is necessary or the subjects be in a completely rested state before data are collected in order to achieve values as close to a basal level as possible. Oxygen pulse and oxygen uptake values returned to apparent basal values during the fifteen—minute recovery period following the five-minute warm—up run. Heart rate, however, remained slightly elevated although close to basal levels as measured by the five-minute rest. Because of an inconsistent pattern during the five— minute rest, basal values for all variables were determined by taking the mean of only the last three minutes of the d A3 five—minute rest period. Rest and warm—up graphs are included with graphs of each parameter studied in order to make the total picture of each parameter more meaningful. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of oxygen-debt accumulation during a standardized, sub—maximal run on a motor-driven treadmill. In addition to oxygen debt, the pattern of other selected variables also was studied. These variables included heart rate, oxygen pulse, and oxygen uptake (liters/minute). Six subjects were tested five days per week on a motor-driven treadmill for a period of eight weeks. A standardized run of ten miles per hour at zero per cent grade was divided into ten fifteen—second runs for the first two and one—half minutes, five thirty—second runs for the next two and one—half minutes, and five one—minute runs for the remaining five minutes. A fifteen—minute recovery period was also divided into eight fifteen-second intervals for the first two minutes, six thirty-second intervals for the next three minutes and one ten-minute interval for the remaining ten minutes of recovery. In addition, three five-minute rest periods, during which data were collected at one-minute inter- vals, were included in the testing schedule since basal levels for the variables undaéconsideration were required. Three five—minute warm-up runs at six miles per hour, zero per cent grade, followed by the standard fifteen—minute AA A5 recovery period, were also included in the testing schedule. Thus each subject had to complete twenty—six test periods. Each testing schedule was completely randomized for each of the six subjects. Data were collected on heart rate, oxygen pulse, oxygen debt, and oxygen uptake (liters/ minute). Means and standard deviations for each interval of each variable were calculated and plotted graphically. Conclusions l. The mean total oxygen debt for a ten—minute standard run at ten miles per hour and zero per cent grade was 3.096 liters. The largest portion of this debt was accumulated during the initial stages of the run and may be referred to as the alactacid portion of the oxygen debt. The large initial debt was due to a circulatory lag at the beginning of the exercise period. 2. During this experiment, oxygen debt was not accumulated to a greater degree as the duration of work increased. Mean net oxygen debt accumulation appeared to level off after the two-minute and thirty-second run (Fig. 1A). 3. Heart rate increased with work duration to a mean maximal value of 186 beats per minute during the tenth minute of exercise. This would seem to indicate the work was of an intense nature although certainly not exhaustive. A6 A. Oxygen consumption increased with work duration up to an optimal point. After this point, anaerobic mechanisms supplied the energy and an oxygen debt was accumulated. Oxygen requirement (Fig.15 ) increased with the duration of work through the ten-minute run. 5. Oxygen pulse values increased with work duration only during the initial stages of work (Fig. 17). Following the initial stages of exercise, oxygen pulse values tended to level off as work duration increased indicating, further, an increasing dependence on the anaerobic mechanisms for the needed energy requirements. 6. A five—minute rest period was not of sufficient length to establish accurate basal levels of any of the parameters considered in this experiment. The final three minutes of the five—minute rest period appeared to yield a truer indication of basal levels and was used to calculate the resting levels of all of the parameters. Recommendations 1. This study should be repeated with several modi- fications in the experimental design. Repeats of each run should be conducted in order to make use of more SOphisti- cated methods of statistical analysis. This would result in better interpretations of the results. 2. Larger Douglas Bags should be used to collect expired air during the thirty—second and one-minute runs. A7 3. A larger, more random sample should be used. A. Collection of blood samples during each run should be considered in order to determine blood lactate concentrations during both the run and the recovery periods. 5. A slower treadmill speed should be considered in order to clearly differentiate between an exhaustive and a sub—maximal run. 6. A longer rest period is needed in order to achieve more nearly basal levels. 7. Body temperature should be taken during the exercise periods. BIBLIOGRAPHY A8 0) AA.) 10. 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY \ Best, C. H., Taylor, N. B. "Physiological Basis of Medical Practice," Williams & Wilkins 00., Baltimore, 1950 (p. 2A7). Christensen, E. H., Hogberg, P. "The Efficiency of Anaerobical Work,” Arb. Physiology lA:2A9- 250, 1950. Christensen, E. H., Hogberg, P. "Steady State, Oxygen Deficit, and Oxygen Debt at Severe Work," Arb. Physiology lA:251—25A, 1950. Comroe, J. H., Forstet, R. E., DuBois, A. B., Briscoe, W. A., Carlsen, E. The Lung, Year Book Medical Publishers Inc., 2nd edition. Chicago, 111., 1962 (p. 58). Courtice, F. 0., Douglas, C. G. "The Effects of Prolonged Muscular Exercise on Metabolism," Proceeding Royal Society of London 119: 381-439, 1936- Dill, D. B. "Economy of Muscular Exercise," Physiological Review 16:263-291, 1936. Dill, D. B., Edwards, H. T., Newman, E. V. and Margaria, R. "Analysis of Recovery from Anaerobic Work,” Arb. Physiology 9:298—307, 1936. Dill, D. B., Talbott, J. H., Edwards, H. T. "Response of Several Individuals to a Fixed Task," Journal of Physiology 69:267—305, 1930. Dill, D. B., Sacktor, B. "Exercise and the Oxygen Debt," Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. Vol. 2, No. 2, June, 1962, pp. 66—72. Hill, A. V. Muscular Activity. Baltimore: Wilhams and Wilkins, 1926, p. 115. Hill, A. V., Long, C. N., Lupton, H. "Muscular Exercise, Lactic Acid, and the Supply and Util— ization of Oxygen: the Recovery Process and Exercise in Man," Proceedings Royal Society 97:96, 192A. A9 12. 13. 1A. 15. 16. 17. l8. 19. 20. 21. 50 Johnson, W. R. Science and Medicine of Exercise and S orts. New York: Harper Brothers, Publishers, 1960, pp. 123, 38A. Karpovich, P. V. Physiology of Muscular Activity. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Co., 6th Edition, pp. A6, 57, 135, 167, 170. Lythgoe, R. H., Pereirz, J. R. "Pulse Rate and Oxygen Intake during the Early Stages of Recovery from Severe Exercise," Proceedings Royal Society of London 98: pp. A68-A79, 1925. I Margaria, R., Edwards, H. T., Dill, D. B. "The Possible Mechanisms of Contracting and Paying the Oxygen Debt and the Role of Lactic Acid in Muscular Contraction," American Journal of Physiology. pp. 689—715. 1933. Lythgoe, R. H. and Pereirz, J. R. "Pulse Rate and Oxygen Intake during the Early Stages of Recovery from Severe Exercise," Proceedings Royal Society of London 98: pp. A68-A79, 1925. Margaria, R., Edwards, H. T. and D111, D. B. "The Possible Mechanisms of Contracting and Paying the Oxygen Debt and the Role of Lactic Acid in Muscular Contraction," American Journal of Phisiolosy, pp. 689-715, 1933. Morehouse, L. E. and Miller, A. T. Physiology of Exercise. St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Co., 1963, Ath Edition. Orban, W. A. R., Bailey, D. A. and Merriman, J. E. "Oxygen Requirement Patterns with Extent of Training in Treadmill Running," unpublished data. Rodahl, K., and Issekutz, B. Jr. Muscle as a Tissue. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., 1962, p. 280. Schneider, E. C. and Crampton, C. B. "A Comparison of Some Respiratory and Circulatory Reactions of Athletes and Non-Athletes," American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 129, 19A0. pp. 165-170, 166, 167. 22. 23. 2A. 25. 51 Taylor, Craig. "Some Properties of Maximal and Sub-Maximal Exercise with Reference to Physio— logical Variation and the Measurement of Exercise Tolerance " American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 1A2, 19AA, pp. 300—312. Taylor, Craig. "Studies in Exercise Physiology," American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 135, pp. 27-u2, 191410 ' Taylor, H. L., Johnson, w. R. Exercise and I Metabolism in Science and Medicine of Exercise and Sports. New York: Harper Bros., PubliShers, 1960, p. 151. Wasserman, K. and McIlroy, M. B. "Detecting the Threshold of Anaerobic Metabolism in Cardiac Patients During Exercise," American Journal of Cardiology, Dec. 196A, pp. BAA—852. APPENDIX 5Z3 mmmm. QH+ mmm.m moo.mw cz.m cw. mc.~H mm.m :m.m c.0m 0mm. Ho>.mm m.mo m. o.mzo H.3MH 0H meow. H.m memo. m-o.m oe.m om. mm.mH so.e mm.m m.sm 0mm. meH.e o.m m. m.mm o.m= mH cmHm. m mvoH. amm.m mH.m we. Ha.sH mw.m em.m m.om own. mnw.m o.m m. 0.2m m.mm eH mmoH. m.m esmo. MHo.m oo.m ow. mH.mH om.e oe.a o.mm 0mm. eae.m m.m m. d.Hm m.=m MH seem. m.H mmoH. Hoe.m OH.m cw. mo.sH om.m ee.m o.om one. oom.o m.a m. m.om m.Hm . NH HaHs. m.m momH. som.m am.m we. mm.sH oo.m em.m 0.0: 0mm. coc.o s.m m. m.om m.cm HH mHnm. m.H mumH. mao.m oo.m cs. mm.eH :o.m as.“ m.om 0mm. meH.e o.m m. H.sH m.om oH hm.m. m.e eHwo. amm.m oo.m we. em.eH mo.m oo.m o.mm cam. mom.m =.m m.. o.sH H.HH o .Lesom. e Hcoo. mcc.H oo.m ms. Hm.sH m=.m oo.m o.me cam. one.H w.H m. m.MH d.:H x Home. w.m aHHH. eoH.m oo.m as. Hm.sH mo.m as.m m.om 0mm. Hmm.m m.m m. m.oH m.mH s moom. e meeH. Hnm.m mm.s co. ew.cH mo.H mo.m m.me one. mmo.m e.m m. o.s m.oH m mHmm. a ecHH. mam.m mH.m co. HH.oH cm.o ce.m m.s: can. wom.m :.N m. m.s o.» m memm. m.m mmoH. mmm.m om.e so. ee.oH mo.o mm. 0.0: oww. mom.m e.m m. o.m m.= a mass. m.e mHmH. eme.m om.n He. co.oH NH.o os.m 0.0m 0mm. mmm.m s.m m. H.dm m.moH m eHmc. m.e has. :me m mH.: as. mo.oH oo.H mm. o.me omw. omo.m s.m m. m.md H.mm m mmmm. m.m mch. mmm.m mo.m mm. os.eH om.m AH.m o.ee 0mm. Has.m m.o m. c.mm c.mo H o.mm a“... H .Mm. .. mm a... an H. has has. an... m we owes u o . 00 x Hscomcox o.m:~ whammoom .m IIEMWNMMMIIHMQ ho mafia meoHsm HmEmcv womwnzm mwwm HpoummeMMooEme mmImmla mama II.H mHmoomm, 78 TABLE 27.--Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) for five minute rest. Mean Standard Dev1ation 1'00” 0.367 0.135 2‘00" 0.332 0.097 3'00" 0.309 0.006 0'00" 0.311 0.035 5'00” 0.305 0.003 TABLE 28.--Oxygen uptake (L/Min) values for a five minute warm-up. Standard Mean Deviation 1'00" 1.319 0.510 2'00" 1.700 0.577 3'00" 1.985 0.067 0'00" 2.090 0.613 5'00" 1.821 0.708 15" 1.510 0.668 30" 1.288 0.607 05" 1.178 0.697 1'00" 0.961 0.625 1'15" 0.670 0.597 1'30" 0.358 0.107 1'05" 0.000 0.208 \ 2'00" 0.076 0.505 2'30" 0.328 0.129 3'00" 0.000 0.000 3'30" 0.327 0.150 0'00" 0.005 0.272 0'30" 0.260 0.106 5'00" 0.273 0.120 79 TABLE 29.-—Oxygen uptake (L/Min) values for a fifteen second run. Var Sum Mean Sum of Standard Squares Deviation 0:15 6.03700 1.0061667 6.68770 0.35028 0:15 6.53800 1.0895556 7.98857 0.01577 0:30 7.39700 1.2328333 9.62818 0.31900 0:05 5.91700 0.9861667 6.55030 0.37819 1:00 0.02800 0.6713333 3.00767 0.26212 1:15 3.05900 1.5765000 2.15008 0.17909 1:30 2.88600 0.0810000 1.02861 0.08990 1:05 2.19000 0.3650000 1.02861 0.05780 2:00 1.82900 0.3008333 0.59011 0.08553 2:30 1.87300 0.3121667 0.68557 0.10205 3:00 2.13200 0.3553333 0.82679 0.11766 3:30 2.09900 0.3098333 0.77683 0.09223 0:00 1.59900 0.2665000 0.00890 0.06750 0:30 1.81100 0.3018333 0.58623 0.08901 5:00 2.05900 0.3031667 0.63923 0.08081 5:30 1.73000 0.2890000 0.55208 0.10130 TABLE 30.--Oxygen uptake (L/Min) values for a thirty—second run. Sum of Standard Var Sum Mean Squares Deviation 0:15 6.21000 1.0356667 6.59876 0.18062 0:30 9.16100 1.5268333 10.19961 0.20605 0:15 9.07500 1.5125000 10.01667 0.37168 0:30 9.20000 1.5300000 10.38968 0.23270 0:05 6.98900 1.1608333 8.65673 0.32116 1:00 3.50800 0.5913333 2.15685 0.10800 1:15 3.70000 0.6166667 2.39071 0.15036 1:30 3.20700 0.5011667 1.81780 0.11016 1:05 2.53700 0.0228333 1.12585 0.10308 2:00 2.30100 0.3835000 0.90055 0.06020 2:30 1.39800 0.2330000 0.30550 0.06287 3:00 1.67900 0.2798333 0.08606 0.05696 3:30 1.85500 0.3091667 0.59301 0.06207 0:00 1.60100 0.2668333 0.03680 0.00383 0:30 1.75300 0.2921667 0.52656 0.05366 5:00 1.81000 0.3023333 0.56380 0.05503 5:30 1.36500 0.2275000 0.37895 0.11698 79 TABLE 29.——Oxygen uptake (L/Min) values for a fifteen second run. Var Sum Mean Sum of Standard Squares Deviation 0:15 6.03700 1.0061667 6.68770 0.35028 0:15 6.53800 1.0895556 7.98857 0.01577 0:30 7.39700 1.2328333 9.62818 0.31900 0:05 5 91700 0.9861667 6.55030 0.37819 1:00 0.02800 0.6713333 3.00767 0.26212 1:15 3.05900 1.5765000 2 15008 0.17909 1:30 2.88600 0.0810000 1 02861 0.08990 1:05 2.19000 0.3650000 1.02861 0.05780 2:00 1 82900 0.3008333 0 59011 0.08553 2:30 1 87300 0.3121667 0.68557 0.10205 3:00 2 13200 0.3553333 0.82679 0.11766 3:30 2.09900 0.3098333 0.77683 0.09223 0:00 1.59900 0 2665000 0.00890 0.06750 0:30 1 81100 0.3018333 0.58623 0.08901 5:00 2.05900 0.3031667 0.63923 0 08081 5:30 1.73000 0.2890000 0 55208 0 10130 TABLE 30.--Oxygen uptake (L/Min) values for a thirty—second run . Var Sum Mean Sum of Standard Squares Deviation 0:15 6.21000 1.0356667 6.59876 0.18062 0:30 9.16100 1.5268333 10.19961 0.20605 0:15 9.07500 1.5125000 10 01667 0.37168 0:30 9.20000 1.5300000 10.38968 0.23270 0:05 6.98900 1.1608333 8.65673 0 32116 1:00 3.50800 0.5913333 2.15685 0.10800 1:15 3.70000 0.6166667 2.39071 0.15036 1:30 3.20700 0.5011667 1.81780 0 11016 1:05 2.53700 0.0228333 1.12585 0.10308 2:00 2.30100 0.3835000 0 90055 0.06020 2:30 1.39800 0.2330000 0.30550 0 06287 3:00 1.67900 0.2798333 0.08606 0.05696 3:30 1.85500 0.3091667 0.59301 0.06207 0:00 1 60100 0.2668333 0.03680 0.00383 0:30 1.75300 0 2921667 0.52656 0 05366 5:00 1.81000 0.3023333 0.56380 0 05503 5:30 1.36500 0.2275000 0.37895 0.11698 7.-~< 10.1.. 1‘. a 1 11 .1: 1.0L.. 11.05.10.“ Sgrfhtf ... . .. n . . . . . . . . I ‘ O . v . ‘ . . 4.330950 0.....0......c1.1.,1..-.:. 0. ‘.. 1 t '1 .0 .3011. .m .1 .. 1 1. 0.11.0’ . M” v «001...: . . 1 m. -9 1 , 1 v A ‘ . 1... A .111 1 1 ... . 1 0 . .1. 0 . . '1' ”J o . o p 0 . .. . _ v . r ' 80 TABLE 3l.--Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) for a firty—five second run. Sum of Standard Var Sum Mean Squares Deviation 0:15 5.22000 0.8700000 9.96768 0.29199 0:30 10.72700 1.7878333 19.95178 0.23396 0:95 19.79000 2.9566667 36.67765 0.30591 0:15 12.92000 2.1533333 27.91537 0.13739 0:30 10.53200 1.7553333 19.19769 0.37695 0:95 8.69500 1.9991667 13.38002 0.39985 1:00 6.15700 1.0261667 6.65795 0.26071 1:15 9.95600 0.7926667 3.33803 0.07578 1:30 3.01000 0.5016667 1.57935 0.11393 1:95 2.99000 0.9983333 1.67510 0.19290 2:00 2.91600 0.9026667 1.00771 0.08351 2:30 2.97600 0.9126667 1.03986 0.06016 3:00 2.10900 0.3515000 0.75815 0.05803 3:30 2.15300 0.3588333 0.78052 0.03989 9:00 2.26300 0.3771667 0.88295 0.07605 9:30 1.89700 0.3161667 0.61586 0.05673 5:00 2.03300 0.3388333 0.70098 0.09823 5:30 1.91900 0.3198333 0.62625 0.09998 9.... . .164 81 TABLE 32.--Oxygen uptake (L/Min) values for a one-minute run. Var Sum Mean Sum of Standard Squares Deviation 0:15 5.62500 0.9375000 5.71999 0.29715 0:30 8.96300 1.9938333 19.11901 0.38209 0:95 19.29100 2.3818333 39.53282 0.31939 1:00 16.19900 2.6906667 99.52791 0.96886 0:15 13.79000 2.2900000 32.38795 0.92962 0:30 11.19300 1.8655000 21.19858 0.29221 0:95 8.31000 1.3850000 12.15979 0.35929 1:00 6.18000 1.0300000 6.79565 0.27577 1:15 9.05600 0.6760000 2.92201 0.18982 1:30 3.91200 1.5686667 1.99612 0.10566 1:95 2.97600 0.9126667 1.11952 0.13983 2:00 2.91500 0.9025000 1.03591 0.11302 2:30 2.23800 0.3730000 0.93369 0.19065 3:00 2.90600 0.3910000 0.72019 0.06701 3:30 2.00900 0.3390000 0.71911 0.09977 9:00 1.96100 0.3268333 0.79313 0.19298 9:30 2.25300 0.3755000 0.89726 0.10125 5:00 1.85900 0.3090000 0.61596 0.09282 5:30 1.73600 0.2893333 0.59328 0.09055 - .WL .1537-.. $6.5} . .a. . ..H . , Ir. ‘ 68‘.) 8:53...» . u 9 . r . . . . . ' .mn .u a. . . . . . . 7 ..v. ...v. .1 no .1... .. . . ...... . . . . . .... .w ..... . . ,._. . .4 .. _ - 1 ,. ' 'C 1" 82 TABLE 33.——0xygen uptake values (L/Min) for a one—minute fifteen-secong run. Var Sum Mean Sum of Standard Squares Deviation 0:15 6.03100 1.0051667 6.93399 0.91795 0:30 10.13600 1.6893333 17.99838 0.25507 0:95 19.35600 2.3926667 35.15729 0.90209 1:00 16.79900 2.7990000 97.70688 0.37929 1:15 17.13000 2.8550000 99.68568 0.39985 0:15 19.29900 2.3823333 39.90295 0.91216 0:30 10.19700 1.6995000 17.96867 0.35796 0:95 7.50100 1.2501667 9.90896 0.32587 1:00 9.97900 0.7956667 9.15998 0.90956 1:15 3.91000 0.5683333 2.19030 0.22963 1:30 2.92800 0.9096667 1.18966 0.20106 1:95 2.22900 0.3706667 0.92689 0.19320 2:00 2.13700 0.3561667 0.86835 0.19699 2:30 1.79600 0.2993333 0.63769 0.19195 3:00 1.81200 0.3020000 0.60719 0.10997 3:30 1.97000 0.3283333 0.71996 0.11679 9:00 1.77300 0.2955000 0.68182 0.17771 9:30 1.59500 0.2658333 0.98866 0.11372 5:00 1.93900 0.2390000 0.93269 0.13919 5:30 1.30000 0.2166667 0.37026 0.13311 83 TABLE 39.—-Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) for a one-minute thirty-second run. Var Sum Mean Sum of Standard Squares Deviation 0:15 7.26800 9.2113333 8.99938 0.16758 0:30 9.85000 1.6916667 16.57229 0.28350 0:95 15.22300 2.5371667 39.02251 0.28257 1:00 17.26500 2.8775000 50.29879 0.33727 1:15 18.32100 3.0535000 56.15702 0.20681 1:30 18.68200 3.1136667 58.60376 0.29970 0:15 15.16200 2.5270000 38.61995 0.29722 0:30 12.30300 2.0505000 25.62839 0.28323 0:95 6.93300 1.0721667 7.73838 0.91015 1:00 9.97100 0.8285000 9.30911 0.19268 1:15 9.35300 0.7255000 3.31050 0.17959 1:30 3.65800 0.6096667 2.93339 0.20161 1:95 2.73000 0.9550000 1.30105 0.10859 2:00 2.28700 0.3811667 0.92995 0.10269 2:30 2.66200 0.9936667 1.22850 0.09793 3:00 2.09200 0.3986667 0.79831 0.06198 3:30 2.99700 0.9078333 1.06716 0.11769 9:00 2.09800 0.3913333 0.72991 0.07121 9:30 1.97800 0.3296667 0.68182 0.07712 5:00 1.57900 0.2631667 0.95820 0.09237 5:30 1.60500 0.2675000 0.96652 0.08629 89 TABLE 35.——Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) for a one-minute forty-five second run. Var Sum Mean Sum Of Standard Squares Dev1ation 0:15 6.93300 1.1555000 8.93390 0.29080 0:30 9.51700 1.5861667 15.92999 0.25893 0:95 19.32900 2.3881667 39.95169 0.21525 1:00 17.13900 2.8565000 99.59898 9.35803 1:15 16.68300 2.7805000 96.82396 0.29592 1:30 18.59600 3.0993333 58.20690 0.33819 1:95 19.39100 3.2318333 63.17629 0.31869 0:15 15.80000 2.6333333 92.89321 0.50726 0:30 12.32200 2.0536667 26.95270 0.97905 0:95 10.29000 1.7150000 18.50576 0.91935 1:00 5.35200 0.8920000 5.91899 0.35917 1:15 9.99500 0.7908333 3.96123 0.18392 1:30 3.99200 0.5820000 2.18979 0.17795 1:95 2.99100 0.9151667 1.19599 0.19921 2:00 2.33000 0.3883333 0.97395 0.11758 2:30 2.83300 0.9721667 1.91932 0.12383 3:00 2.79800 0.9580000 1.33973 0.12790 3:30 2.18500 0.3691667 0.82307 0.07398 9:00 2.05800 0.3930000 0.79932 0.09319 9:30 2.26000 0.3766667 0.89110 0.08926 5:00 2.91700 0.9028333 1.03709 0.11260 5:30 1.57100 0.2618333 0.99659 0.08391 85 TABLE 36.--0xygen uptake values (L/Min) for a two—minute run. Sum of Standard var sum mean Squares Deviation 0:15 5.31900 0.8856667 5.95928 0.38803 0:30 8.86200 1.9770000 13.95670 0.91659 0:95 13.00000 2.1666667 29.00893 0.91031 1:00 16.33900 2.7223333 95.23100 0.39100 1:15 17.19900 2.8665000 99.79203 0.31390 1:30 18.30900 3.0506667 56.95199 0.35001 1:95 19.87300 3.3121667 66.67999 0.91286 2:00 19.37300 3.2288333 63.13073 0.39016 0:15 13.87300 2.3121667 33.85159 0.59580 0:30 11.95100 1.9918333 25.62391 0.60329 0:95 9.91000 1.5683333 15.95596 0.37362 1:00 6.78700 1.1311667 7.96997 0.29197 1:15 9.73100 0.7885000 9.05998 0.25959 1:30 9.19700 0.6911667 3.99889 0.19111 1:95 3.37500 0.5625000 1.97615 0.12967 2:00 2.89900 0.9790000 1.39395 0.09580 2:30 2.51800 0.9196667 1.19719 0.13951 3:00 2.66900 0.9990000 1.29229 0.19799 3:30 2.11300 0.3521667 0.76703 0.06768 9:00 2.21000 0.3683333 0.85207 0.08729 9:30 1.81300 0.3021667 0.57160 0.06895 5:00 2.16800 0.3613333 0.80082 0.05907 5:30 1.81800 0.3030000 0.56579 0.05965 86 TABLE 37.--Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) for a two-minute fifteen-second run. Sum of Standard Var Sum Mean Squares Deviation 0:15 6.06500 1.0108333 6.58686 0.30205 0:30 7.55900 1.2598333 9.97999 0.30063 0:95 11.72700 1.9595000 29.79297 0.60366 1:00 19.56900 2.9273333 38.06935 0.73657 1:15 17.21900 2.8698333 50.63399 0.99363 1:30 15.80200 2.6336667 95.09189 0.82761 1:95 17.59800 2.9296667 55.90828 0.90902 2:00 17.90300 2.9005000 59.06122 0.89662 2:15 17.99900 2.9906667 55.17836 0.55029 0:15 12.89100 2.1901667 30.02752 0.71353 0:30 11.15900 1.8590000 22.29261 0.59906 0:95 10.23600 1.6070000 19.68271 0.66635 1:00 6.07900 1.0123333 6.55918 0.28970 1:15 9.89200 0.8153333 9.26119 0.23397 1:30 3.71500 0.6191667 2.31570 0.05566 1:95 2.86100 0.9768333 1.92877 0.11362 2:00 3.15500 0.5258333 1.80951 0.17059 2:30 2.96500 0.9108333 1.16905 0.17398 3:00 2.25900 0.3765000 0.90533 0.10971 3:30 2.29900 0.3823333 0.91999 0.08709 9:00 2.30100 0.3835000 0.99092 0.10769 9:30 2.33000 0.3883333 0.99869 0.09368 5:00 2.26200 0.3770000 0.88599 0.08199 5:30 2.02600 0.3376667 0.69216 0.09012 --.VX- . ....t.... ..... . {fir-"Lt .do‘r.fl T 2.... .3. . n h. . . 1 . . . . u . 1 .. . .. ' i - . u. m . . ..4. “ 87 TABLE 38.-—Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) for a two—minute thirty-second run. fl Var Sum Mean Sum of Standard Squares Deviation 0:15 5.51200 0.9186667 5.85123 0.39687 0:30 8.72200 1.9536667 19.12028 0.53692 0:95 13.16100 2.1935000 31.29998 0.69661 1:00 15.62100 2.6035000 ' 93.69709 0.77817 1:15 16.29.00 2.7151667 97.03789 0.79901 1:30 16.38800 2.7313333 97.92959 0.79592 1:95 17.20200 2.8670000 52.90811 0.78613 2:00 19.37700 3.2295000 69.25189 0.57860 2:15 19.97500 3.2958333 65.30315 0.69661 2:30 18.00100 3.0001667 58.88961 0.98779 0:15 13.35000 2.2250000 31.97911 0.67959 0:30 11.59600 1.9293333 23.01797 0.39990 0:95 8.55300 1.9255000 13.77125 0.56195 1:00 6.09500 1.0158333 6.66918 0.30909 1:15 5.12600 0.8593333 5.02112 0.35828 1:30 9.33600 0.7226667 3.90368 0.38992 1:95 3.99700 0.5828333 2.19223 0.19927 2:00 2.99300 0.9905000 1.53590 0.13559 2:30 2.58100 0.9301667 1.18099 0.11897 3:00 2.99000 0.9066667 1.09065 0.19028 3:30 2.99500 0.9158333 1.08597 0.09799 9:00 2.29000 0.3816667 0.96883 0.13770 9:30 2.11300 0.3521667 0.78890 0.09963 5:00 2.02300 0.3371667 0.72599 0.09311 5:30 2.16900 0.3606667 0.88596 0.19525 TABLE 39.—~0xygen uptake 88 values (L/Min) for a three-minute run . Sum of Standard Var Sum Mean Squares Deviation 0:15 5.95000 0.9916667 6.10216 0.20087 0:30 10.26900 1.7106667 17.75982 0.19826 0:95 19.61900 2.9365000 36.19900 0.33906 1:00 16.91500 2.7358333 95.77235 0.91561 1:15 17.85200 2.9753333 59.31778 0.99033 1:30 18.69300 3.1155000 58.78503 0.33075 1:95 19.99200 3.2986667 63.72179 0.28291 2:00 17.89800 2.9796667 53.73593 0.35877 2:15 18.08300 3.0138333 56.25715 0.59296 2:30 18.71100 3.1185000 60.20936 0.60912 3:00 18.69200 3.1153333 58.33950 0.19676 0:15 19 29900 2.3823333 35.59385 0.55512 0:30 11.53200 1.9220000 23.39598 0.98600 0:95 8.16900 1.3615000 11.21799 0.13896 1:00 6.67900 1.1131667 8.07725 0.35899 1:15 5.58900 0.9306667 5.59653 0.28273 1:30 9.39700 0.7295000 3.99797 0.29916 1:95 3.70800 0.6180000 2.51519 0.21199 2:00 2.73200 0.9553333 1.32583 0.12795 2:30 2.66100 0.9935000 1.29977 0.15967 3:00 2.32500 0.3875000 1.03528 0.16392 3:30 2.18800 0.3696667 0.90826 0.19858 9:00 2.10900 0.3506667 0.79021 0.10238 9:30 2.29200 0.3736667 0.90216 0.11399 5:00 2.06300 0.3938333 0.79229 0.08119 5:30 1.68900 0.2806667 0.59782 0.12262 89 TABLE 90.--0xygen uptake values (L/Min) for a three-minute thirty-second run. Var Sum Mean Sum of Standard Squares Deviation 0:15 6.78300 1.1305000 7.77560 0.19658 0:30 11.07300 1.8955000 20.93609 0.31650 0:95 15.20900 2.5390000 39.09180 0.32089 1:00 17.78700 2.9695000 52.8955; 0.18218 1:15 17.93600 2.9060000 50.86590 0.19818 1:30 17.91300 2.9855000 59.99218 0.95009 1:95 19.89000 3.3150000 66.38970 0.29978 2:00 19.91900 3.2356667 63.11932 0.29376 2:15 17.73600 2.9560000 52.72310 0.29310 2:30 18.92200 3.0703333 57.65197 0.96686 3:00 19.89200 3.3153333 66.89908 0.92937 3:30 19.19700 2.1911667 61.99971 0.91072 0:15 15.26000 2.5933333 90.61959 0.60139 0:30 11.36100 1.8935000 22.39208 0.90799 0:95 9.15900 1.5256667 19.61812 0.36115 1:00 6.91300 1.0688333 7.01683 0.18022 1:15 9.78300 0.7971667 9.03828 0.21239 1:30 3.39900 0.5573333 2.09227 0.21380 1:95 3.19800 0.5296667 1.77959 0.15996 2:00 3.21700 0.5361667 1.85553 0.16167 2:30 2.61500 0.9358333 1.25667 0.15295 3:00 2.19500 0.3575000 0.80990 0.09226 3:30 2.32900 0.3873333 9.03627 0.08998 9:00 2.90200 0.9003333 1.00359 0.09159 9:30 2.35500 0.3925000 0.99651 0.06659 5:00 2.21000 0.3683333 0.89760 0.08196 5:30 1.85000 0.3083333 0.57733 0.03719 y. (1;. . . . \ .»...tv...-.. .1 “a . . . .Ivlztltfg‘r. ahéev. ..-». 2.-. t.. . . . , . . r . o . . . . . ... - I 5. . u- _ .5 1. Va .... "x. . .1. . 1, ... I. :1 ..z u L . . . .h .V 1.-.. u . . ’3» . O, I . a. . ..“17 .- -l 90 TABLE 91.-—0xygen uptake values (L/Min) for a four-minute run. Sum of Standard Var Sum Mean Squares Deviation 0:15 6.63300 1.1036667 7.95569 0.35978 0:30 9.82500 1.6375000 16.88306 0.39865 0:95 13.92900 2.2373333 31.71363 0.57960 1:00 16.98100 2.8301667 98.95295 0.92270 1:15 16.61100 2.7685000 96.99093 0.93666 1:30 18.97100 3.1618333 60.58609 0.39726 1:95 18.78000 3.1300000 59.91927 0.35717 2:00 19.33900 3.2231667 63.37956 0.95695 2:15 18.88800 3.1980000 60.63903 0.98969 2:30 18.02600 3.0093333 55.56203 0.53027 3:00 17.51300 2.9188333 52.86296 0.59089 3:30 19.57800 3.2630000 69.55317 0.36610 9:00 19.62900 3.2706667 65.06739 0.92099 0:15 16.13900 2.6890000 95.12018 0.58921 0:30 13.73300 2.2888333 32.95853 0.55295 0:95 9.78900 1.6306667 17.15398 0.98980 1:00 7.16500 1.1991667 8.85783 0.29561 1:15 6.58700 1.0978333 7.78768 0.33359 1:30 9.83300 0.8055000 9.27058 0.27981 1:95 9.31800 0.7196667 3.73021 0.35290 2:00 3.95200 0.5753333 2.09112 0.10995 2:30 3.01000 0.5016667 1.66868 0.17819 3:00 2.69700 0.9995000 1.26622 0.10389 3:30 2.68900 0.9973333 1.27983 0.12181 9:00 2.61900 0.9356667 1.16620 0.07398 9:30 2.28500 0.3808333 0.95017 0.12696 5:00 2.37900 0.3965000 0.96999 0.06590 5:30 1.79700 0.2911667 0.57059 0.11128 91 TABLE 92.——Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) for a four—minute thirty—second run. Var Sum Mean Sum of Standard Squares Deviation 0:15 6.96200 1.1603333 8.59090 0.32005 0:30 10.18000 1.6966667 21.05296 0.86953 0:95 13.58600 2.2693333 33.97178 0.73601 1:00 15.80700 2.6395000 92.97357 0.51576 1:15 17.09100 2.8901667 99.50899 0.97100 1:30 17.93300 2.9888333 55.32276 0.58720 1:95 20.15500 3.3591667 69.09056 0.51702 2:00 20.93000 3.9050000 71.86775 0.67876 2:15 19.87500 3.3125000 68.91995 0.78530 2:30 20.58900 3.9315000 72.95126 0.67825 3:00 17.96100 2.9101667 53.97997 0.79999 3:30 20.36600 3.3993333 73.10697 0.89196 9:00 20.32700 3.3878333 70.55852 0.58207 9:30 19.83600 3.3060000 67.35989 0.59701 0:15 17.22900 2.8706667 59.99806 1.00037 0:30 19.66000 2.9933333 90.07329 0.92239 0:95 9.62500 1.6091667 17.02512 0.56303 1:00 6.92700 1.0711667 7.72779 0.91071 1:15 5.32200 0.8870000 5.30217 0.39109 1:30 9.22300 0.7038333 3.65985 0.37083 1:95 3.86500 0.6991667 2.60979 0.15998 2:00 3.18200 0.5303333 1.82315 0.16970 2:30 2.69900 0.9915000 1.30011 0.16160 3:00 2.21900 0.3698333 0.92719 0.19593 3:30 2.86800 0.9780000 1.99911 0.15698 9:00 2.16200 0.3603333 0.81850 0.08889 9:30 2.22100 0.3701667 0.89315 0.06983 5:00 2 25300 0.3755000 0.88551 0.08889 5:30 1.77800 0 2963333 0.53995 0.05113 TABLE 93.——Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) for a five-minute run. ___...— Var Sum Mean Sum of Standard Squares Deviation 0:15 6.82900 1.1373333 8.12537 0.26989 0:30 10.39200 1.7236667 17.93336 0.19692 0:95 19 91900 2.9031667 35.08928 0.29929 1:00 15.69800 2.6080000 91.17050 0.26852 1:15 16.83600 2.8060000 97.87025 0.35952 1:30 17.62700 2.9378333 52.39239 0.39897 1:95 17.75500 2.9591667 53.25207 0.37738 2:00 18.91300 3.0688333 57.02989 0.32201 2:15 17.88900 2.9815000 59.99585 0.56792 2:30 18.82900 3.1381667 59.90979 0.90528 3:00 17.99600 2.9993333 59.75029 0.39352 3:30 17.19900 2.8573333 50.81556 0.60989 9:00 19.10500 3.1891667 61.69773 0.91575 9:30 18.36500 3.0608333 57.00350 0.39782 5:00 18.79800 3.1296667 59.89099 0.51180 0:15 15.07600 2.5126667 39.25227 0.52370 0:30 12.13300 2.0221667 25.91309 0.91907 0:95 8.89800 1.9796667 19.29202 0.99883 1:00 6.86900 1.1990000 8.99751 0.35919 1:15 5.72900 0.9590000 5.85693 0.28151 1:30 9.32500 0.7208333 3.29296 0.18701 1:95 3.19000 0.5316667 1.90216 0.20305 2:00 3.00500 0.5008333 1.70036 0.19767 2:30 2.87000 0.9783333 1.99216 0.15999 3:00 2.91900 0.9856667 1.93935 0.96995 3:30 3.09200 0.5153333 1.83191 0.21890 9:00 2.62900 0.9373333 1.22578 0.12508 9:30 2.66600 0.9993333 1.31231 0.15982 5:00 2.66900 0.9990000 1.27921 0.13885 5:30 1.93100 0.3218333 0.65318 0.08966 _ 7.. YAVJ‘fAfi-I LI- 93 TABLE 99.——Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) for a six—minute run. Var Sum Mean Sum of Standard Squares Deviation 0:15 6.39900 1.0658333 6.93399 0.15329 0:30 10.19800 1.6913333 17.90000 0.21791 0:95 13.37900 2.2290000 30.80753 0.99652 1:00 16.05900 2.6765000 93.10705 0.15820 1:15 15.71500 2.6191667 92.91391 0.59223 1:30 17.09600 2.8910000 99.99119 0.55018 1:95 18.57500 3.0958333 57.83696 0.25763 2:00 19.15900 3.1923333 61.80307 0.36252 2:15 15.30800 2.5513333 91.99980 0.69893 2:30 18.25700 3.9928333 56.58666 0.95968 3:00 18.69200 3.1070000 58.11737 0.19833 3:30 19.75500 3.2925000 65.81999 0.39398 9:00 19.29900 3.2073333 63.28080 0.55837 9:30 19.38900 3.2306667 63.93517 0.90297 5:00 20.90800 3.9013333 70.28793 0.91797 6:00 18.16600 3.0276667 56.26385 0.50269 0:15 16.21000 2.7016667 99.92591 0.97579 0:30 12.99900 2.1656667 29.28172 0.97771 0:95 10.38700 1.7311667 18.68928 0.37620 1:00 7.02900 1.1706667 9.28269 0.96092 1:15 5.33900 0.8890000 5.22629 0.31129 1:30 9.57700 0.7628333 3.72382 0.21556 1:95 9.95500 0.8258333 9.76211 0.36609 2:00 3.58300 0.5971167 2.85006 0.37699 2:30 3.93900 0.6565000 2.86009 0.23915 3:00 2.99700 0.9995000 1.57979 0.12969 3:30 2.52900 0.9206667 1.11965 0.10285 9:00 2.97000 0.9116667 1.11538 0.19090 9:30 2.07600 0.3960000 0.85096 0.16289 5:00 2.19100 0.3651667 0.83891 0.08755 5:30 1.70100 0.2835000 0.55357 0.11999 ..Mo‘ 9x0. . . f 7.99...ch ., . n ' ~AC 99 TABLE 95.——0xygen uptake values (L/Min) for a seven-minute run. Var Sum Mean Sum of Standard Squares Deviation 0:15 6.63600 1.1060000 7.93836 0.19067 0:30 9.10500 1.5175000 19.22651 0.28629 0:95 19.87000 2.9783333 37.20593 0.26575 1:00 15.35600 2.5593333 91.79319 0.70598 1:15 15.82500 2.6375000 93.10532 0.52285 1:30 18.93500 3.0725000 56.82339 0.19071 1:95 18.17200 3.0286667 55.99613 0.92693 2:00 18.99600 3.1660000 60.81772 0.36780 2:15 16.25900 2.7098333 96.21251 0.65625 2:30 17.93900 2.9065000 52.89975 0.66533 3:00 19.39500 3.2291667 62.79299 0.29015 3:30 20.08500 3.3975000 67.72632 0.31362 9:00 18.02500 3.0091667 55.35018 0.98991 9:30 19.67100 3.2785000 69.85536 0.26981 5:00 20.89000 3.9816667 73.19218 0.30337 6:00 19.35800 3.2263333 63.00988 0.33302 7:00 23.99200 3.9153333 92.82905 0.91232 0:15 19.81500 2.9691667 37.90203 0.90530 0:30 13.92300 2.2371667 30.86893 0.90979 0:95 9.22600 1.5376667 15.85892 0.57839 1:00 7.71900 1.2856667 11.27396 0.52079 1:15 5.59900 0.9298333 5.55502 0.29090 1:30 9.95500 0.7925000 3.59371 0.21720 1:95 9.01000 0.6683333 3.92635 0.26319 2:00 9.05100 0.6751667 3.10016 0.27021 2:30 3.39000 0.5566667 1.90793 0.09866 3:00 2.57500 0.9291667 1.26017 0.17610 3:30 2.91000 0.9016667 1.09799 0.12608 9:00 2.98000 0.9133333 1.13151 0.19591 9:30 2.27900 0.3791667 0.89553 0.08115 5:00 2.26000 0.3766667 0.99225 0.13990 5:30 1.56300 0.2605000 0.99678 0.13388 . K _x :3 V I 95 TABLE 96.--0xygen uptake values (L/Min) for an eight—minute run. Var Sum Mean Sum of Standard Squares Deviation 0:15 6.99800 1.0830000 7.19907 0.17705 0:30 9.29600 1.5993333 15.13385 0.38293 0:95 13.88200 2.3136667 32.52983 0.28688 1:00 16.59700 2.7578333 95.99295 0.29863 1:15 18.97600 3.0126667 59.93875 0.31091 1:30 18.00800 3.0013333 59.79253 0.38588 1:95 18.53300 3.9888333 57.76513 0.32292 2:00 17.97600 2.9960000 59.90993 0.95570 2:15 16.88900 2.8198333 98.33608 0.39909 2:30 18.06000 3.0100000 55.37210 0.99978 3:00 18.09900 3.0165000 55.99122 0.92322 3:30 18.77900 3.1290000 59.72726 0.99399 9:00 19173800 3.2896667 65.95099 0.95155 9:30 18.99000 3.1650000 61.05285 0.93578 5:00 18.80700 3.1395000 60.16191 0.99211 6:00 21.09500 3.5158333 75.01973 0.91309 7:00 22.16700 3.6995000 83.99735 0.69053 8:00 18.87900 3.1965000 61.58573 0.66075 0:15 16.93000 2.7383333 96.68309 0.58177 0:30 19.50900 2.9173333 38.67229 0.89986 0:95 11.91100 1.9851667 25.20570 0.55869 1:00 7.35800 1.2263333 10.90980 0.52563 1:15 5.36300 0.8938333 5.35798 0.33596 1:30 9.30600 0.7176667 3.25000 0.17873 1:95 9.29100 0.7068333 3.17993 0.19092 2:00 3.97600 0.5126667 1.83957 0.22918 2:30 2.81800 0.9696667 1.51275 0.19959 3:30 3.27900 0.5956667 1.89909 0.11187 9:00 2.90200 0.9836667 1.55892 0.17596 9:30 2.98900 0.9190000 1.20775 0.18991 5:00 2.13800 0.3563333 0.91598 0.17529 5:30 2.03200 0.3386667 0.79627 0.19709 v... rhl‘jx‘Lrfl. -.A.L...Lru 94....1 v.1: . ... 1°eltx4l63Q6185. ......1 ..u. .91 .. ... 6. _ 9... . 6....4.61.n6_.6P..).. ,6 . _r . 6 . . , . .. 6. 6 r. .l.. 6 . ....»i. .J-.. .. . 1 1:77-.. ”.6 > 96 TABLE 97.-—0xygen uptake values (L/Min) for a nine-minute run. Var Sum Mean Sum of Standard Squares Deviation 0:15 6.35500 1.0573333 6.85039 0.16889 0:30 10.91600 1.7360000 18.75075 0.36567 0:95 19.83100 2.9718333 37.09209 0.29905 1:00 17.22600 2.8710000 99.98996 0.32530 1:15 17.51700 2.9195000 51.69851 0.31876 1:30 19.55000 3.2583333 69.60908 0.92630 1:95 19.92800 3.2380000 63.97031 0.33539 2:00 20.15900 3.3590000 67.81257 0.15185 2:15 17.71700 2.9528333 52.63993 0.25262 2:30 18.93900 3.9731667 56.80071 0.16907 3:00 19.37100 3.2285000 69.69892 0.65721 3:30 21.95200 3.5753333 77.23087 0.32699 9:00 20.09100 3.3901667 67.05126 0.19899 9:30 19.69000 3.2816667 66.17928 0.56099 5:00 21.65000 3.6083333 79.37591 0.50110 6:00 20.53100 3.9218333 70.68911 0.29511 7:00 22.13900 3.6898333 83.28995 0.56989 8:00 21.96600 3.6610000 81.95195 0.55388 0:15 15.22000 2.5366667 39.51932 0.92573 0:30 12.96200 2.1603333 31.56381 0.89399 0:95 10.09300 1.6821667 19.18395 0.66921 1:00 9.67200 1.6120000 18.81088 0.80295 1:15 9.32900 1.5598333 17.50839 0.77503 1:30 5.59000 0.9316667 5.59625 0.26009 1:95 9.38100 0.7301667 3.98986 0.23916 2:00 3.59900 0.5998333 2.31171 0.17988 2:30 3.95200 0.5753333 2.10519 0.15933 3:00 3.38000 0.5633333 2.97318 0.18391 3:30 2.92600 0.9876667 1.62676 0.19992 9:00 2.78900 0.9698333 1.97291 0.18761 9:30 2.79800 0.9580000 1.37891 0.15980 5:00 2.62800 0.9380000 1.21215 0.11053 5:30 1.89100 0.3068333 0.67509 0.19896 97 TABLE 98.--Oxygen uptake values (L/Min) for a ten-minute run. W‘ a a Sum of Standard Var Sum Mean Squares Deviation 0:15 6.91800 1.0696667 7.29259 0.25979 0:30 9.00500 1.5008333 19.21323 0.37369 0:95 13.87600 2.3126667 32.79792 0.36295 1:00 16.93600 2.8226667 98.19195 0.27830 1:15 18.15900 3.0265000 55.96723 0.31907 1:30 18.35200 3.0586667 57.09686 0.93919 1:95 18.65100 3.1085000 58.33965 0.26995 2:00 18.16900 3.0281667 57.65961 0.72675 2:15 17.71200 2.9520000 53.53936 0.50071 2:30 17.68800 2.9980000 53.92032 0.50519 3:00 19.38200 3.2303333 62.96255 0.26592 3:30 19.85000 3.3083333 66.17207 0.31675 9:00 19.22600 3.2093333 62.78572 0.98563 9:30 20.69800 3.9913333 62.95819 0.52993 5:00 21.99200 3.5070000 79.56983 0.39389 6:00 23.17700 3.8628333 99.69397 1.01637 7:00 22.96000 3.7933333 93.32292 1.35999 8:00 21.37900 3.5623333 77.10559 0.93919 9:00 20.63500 3.9391667 72.10159 0.97632 10 00 21.10300 3.5171667 66.02728 0.60075 0:15 16.51300 2.7521667 96.27692 0.90791 0:30 12.16600 2.0287778 26.82679 0.65699 0:95 10.08000 1.7800000 17.51088 0.33955 1:00 9.50700 1.5895000 16.60616 0.55539 1:15 6.15000 1.0250000 6.76196 0.30256 1:30 9.79500 0.7908333 9.28958 0.32621 1:95 9.92700 0.7378333 9.75899 0.59628 2:00 3.50900 0.5898333 2.10139 0.09916 2:30 3.13900 0.5223333 1.67938 0.09208 3:00 3.30900 0.5506667 1.87395 0.10397 3:30 2.70600 0.9510000 1.27996 0.10919 9:00 2.99500 0.9908333 1.69955 0.19952 9:30 2.79700 0.9578333 1.32289 0.11921 5:00 2.60200 0.9336667 1.20599 0.12913 5:30 2.13300 0.3555000 0.80387 0.09599 6 ..6 16.—1 .14....54. {1.4 ...: r 19.4.... . £6n~c74'o.4'.:6 19. y. in e~Yr.Q....u.r1.. ... 1 . .. 15.! | o 1 l t v . ... 6) 1 N v1 at“ M 9 ..U.‘ . ._ 1 u'. .. . .. u 11 .91 .01.. 4N. n 4. . . 1. w. H. u . - N1 n .. v . . 4 V .4 v 4 . x I .- \. I _| 1. 5. " 'v .5"). “m" .I w‘. i ‘ ‘6. .:1 . - ' '1 1 ‘ . .- -.9 6'. . I.\ 9 ' .. 3 w. R A R m L Y n S R E w N U E T A T"2 HHIHWIW