ACTOR AND PARTNE R EFFECTS IN RELATIONSHIP S AMONG MATERNAL/PATERNAL PA RENTING BEHAVIORS AND MATERNAL/PATERNAL PERCEP TIONS OF CHILD AGGRESSION IN EARLY CHILDHOOD By Sook In Cho ACTOR AND PARTNE R EFFECTS IN RELATIONSHIP S AMONG MATERNAL/PATERNAL PA RENTING BEHAVIORS AND MATERNAL/PATERNAL PERCEP TIONS OF CHILD AGGRESSION IN EARLY CHILDHOOD - - - - - . iv - - v - - vi - - vii viii ix x - - xi - - xii xiii xiv 1 - - Dijksterhuis & Bargh , 2001 ) Dijksterhuis & Bargh , 2001 - - 2 - - - - -- 3 - - - - -- 4 - - - 5 6 Operationalized with the Actor - Partner Interdependence Model Conceptualized as reflecting: Construct Parenting Spillover Processes (Intra - indivual proccess in which a parent's own behavior influenes subsequent behavior) Actor Effects (the effect of a parent's behavior on own subsequent behavior) Crossover Processes (Inter - individual proccess in which a parent's behavior influences the other parent's behaivors; this reflects interdependence in parenting behavior) Partner Effects (the effect of a parent's behavior on the other parent's behavior) 7 - - - 8 - -- - - 9 - - - 10 - 11 - - - - - - - 12 - - - 13 - - 14 - - - - 15 - - 16 - - - 17 - - - - - 18 - - - - - - - - - - - 19 - 20 - - - - 21 Operationalized with the Actor - Partner Interdependence Model Conceptualized as reflecting: Construct Maternal/Paternal Parenting from 24 to 36 months Spillover Processes (Intra - indivual process in which a parent's own behavior at 24 months influecnes subsequent behavior at 36 months) Actor Effects (the effect of a parent's behavior at 24 months on own subsequent behavior at 36 months) Crossover Processes (Inter - individual process in which a parent's behavior at 24 months influences the other parent's behaviors at 36 months; this reflects interdependence in parenting behavior) Partner Effects (the effect of a parent's behavior at 24 months on the other parent's subsequent behavior at 36 months) 22 - - - - - - - - 23 - 24 25 - - - - - - - 26 - - - -- 27 Demographic Family Mother Father Early Head Start Treatment Group 1 74 (49.0%) - - Child Race White 104 (68.9%) - - African American 30 (19.9%) - - Hispanic 13 (8.6%) - - Other 2 (1.3%) - - No Response 2 (1.3%) - - Child Gender Male 79 (52.3%) - - Female 72 (47.7%) - - Education Less than High School Diploma (<12) - 32 (21.2%) 28 (18.8%) High School Diploma or GED - 55 (36.4%) 52 (34.4%) More than High School Diploma (>12) - 62 (41.1%) 69 (45.0%) No Response - 2 (1.3%) 2 (1.3%) Employment Status Unemployed - 105 (69.5%) 11 (7.3%) Employed - 44 (29.1%) 138 (91.4%) No Response - 2 (1.3%) 2 (1.3%) Marital Status Single - 29 (19.1%) 0 (0%) Married - 100 (65.8%) 124 (82.1%) Separated - 4 (2.6%) 0 (0%) Divorced - 4 (2.6%) 1 (0.7%) Unmarried - 13 (8.6%) 26 (17.2%) No Response - 1 (0.7%) 0 (0%) Adolescent Parenthood 2 - 41 (27.2%) 12 (7.9%) 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 - - - - - - - - 30 - -- 31 - - Figure 5 . 3 2 - - Figure 6 . 33 Table 2. Unstandardized Factor Loadings for Maternal/Paternal Positive Parenting Standardized Factor Loadings for Maternal/Paternal Positive Parenting 34 - - - - 35 - - - - 36 Unstandardized Factor Loadings for Maternal/Paternal Negative Parenting 37 Standardized Factor Loadings for Maternal/Paternal Negative Parenting - 38 - - - - - - - 39 - - - - 40 Variable Mother Father Missing N Missing % Missing N Missing % Covariate Child Race 2 1.3% -- -- Child Gender 0 0% -- -- Child Temperament 2 1.3% -- -- Parental Risk 15 9.9% 3 2.0% Parenting Stress 1 0.7% 13 8.6% Positive Parenting Sensitivity 24m 3 2.0% 0 0% Sensitivity 36m 6 4.0% 27 17.9% Positive Regard 24m 3 2.0% 0 0% Positive Regard 36m 6 4.0% 27 17.9% Cognitive Stimulation 24m 3 2.0% 0 0% Cognitive Stimulation 36m 6 4.0% 27 17.9% Negative Parenting Intrusiveness 24m 3 2.0% 0 0% Intrusiveness 36m 6 4.0% 27 17.9% Negative Regard 24m 3 2.0% 0 0% Negative Regard 36m 6 4.0% 27 17.9% 41 - - - 42 - - 43 - - - 44 - - 45 - - - Kaplan & Depaoli - - - - - 46 - - - 47 - - - - - - 48 - - 49 Preliminary Analysis - 50 Table 8 . Demographic Statistics for Study 1 51 Table 9 . Model 1 : Correlation for Maternal/Paternal Positive Parenting Note. 1 = Race: White; 2 = Race: African American ; 3 = Race: Hispanic; 4 = Child Gender; 5 = Maternal Risk; 6 = Paternal Risk; 7 = Child Temperament; 8 = Maternal Parenting Stress; 9 = Paternal Parenting Stress; 1 0 = Maternal Sensitivity at 24 M onths; 1 1 = Maternal Positive Regard at 24 M onths; 1 2 = Matern al Cognitive Stimulation at 24 M onths; 1 3 = Paternal Sensitivity at 24 M onths; 1 4 = Paternal Positiv e Regard at 24 M onths; 1 5 = Patern al Cognitive Stimulation at 24 M onths; 1 6 = Maternal Sensitivity at 36 M onths; 1 7 = Maternal Positi ve Regard at 36 M onths; 1 8 = Matern al Cognitive Stimulation at 36 M onths; 19 = Paternal Sensitivity at 36 M onths; 2 0 = Pate rnal Positive Regard at 36 M onths; 2 1 = Patern al Cognitive Stimulation at 36 M onths. p < .05 = bolded. 52 Table 10 . Model 2 : Correlation for Maternal/P a ternal Negative Parentin g Note. 1 = Race: White; 2 = Race: African American ; 3 = Race: Hispanic; 4 = Child Gender; 5 = Maternal Risk; 6 = Paternal Risk; 7 = Child Temperament; 8 = Maternal Parenting Stress; 9 = Paternal Parenting Stress; 1 0 = Mater nal Intrusiveness at 24 M onths; 1 1 = Maternal Negative Regard at 24 M onths; 1 2 = Paternal Intrusiveness at 24 M onths; 1 3 = Paternal Negative Regard at 24 M onths; 1 4 = Maternal Intrusiveness at 36 M onths; 1 5 = Maternal Negative Regard at 36 M onths; 1 6 = Pat ernal Intrusiveness at 36 M onths; 1 7 = Paternal Negative Regard at 36 M onths. p < .05 = bolded. 53 - - - - - - - - - - 54 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 55 - - Model 1: 56 57 58 - - - - - 59 60 61 62 63 - - 64 - - 65 - - - - - - - - 66 - 67 - - - - 68 - - - - - - - - 69 - - - - - - 70 - - - - 71 - 72 73 - 74 - - 75 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 76 - 77 78 - - - 79 - - 80 - - - Cabrera et al., 2011; - 81 - - - - - - - - - - - 82 - - - 83 84 - - - - 85 Operationalized with the Actor - Partner Interdependence Model Conceptualized as reflecting: Construct Maternal/Paternal Parenting at 36 months and Maternal/Paternal perceptions of child aggression at 5 years Spillover Processes (Intra - indivual process in which a parent's own parenting behavior at 36 months influecnes own perception of child aggression at 5 years) Actor Effects (the effect of a parent's behavior at 36 months on own perception of child aggression at 5 years) Crossover Processes (Inter - individual process in which a parent's parenting behavior at 36 months influences the other parent's perception of child aggression at 5 years; this reflects interdependence in behaviors and perceptions) Partner Effects (the effect of a parent's behavior at 36 months on the other parent's perception of child aggression at 5 years) 86 87 88 - - -- - - 89 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 90 The Very Busy Spider - - - - 91 92 93 - - - - 94 95 - - -- -- 96 - - 97 - - - - - - - - - 98 - - - 99 -- -- -- -- -- -- - - - - - 100 - - - - - - 101 he degree of interdependence for distinguished dyads was measured based on Pearson product - moment correlation (i.e. , the ordinary correlation coefficient). - 102 - 103 - 104 105 106 107 - - - - - - 108 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 109 - - - 110 111 112 - - - 113 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 114 115 116 117 -- - 118 - - 119 - - - Burt, McGue, K rueger & Iacono, 2005 ; Rubi n, Burgess, Dwyer & Hastings, 2003 ) - 120 - 121 - - 122 - 123 - - 124 - - - - - 125 - - 126 - - 127 - - 128 - - - 129 - - 130 131 1. 1) 132 2) 133 3) 134 4) 135 2. 1) 136 2) 137 3) 138 4) 139 1. 1) 1 40 2) 141 3) 142 4) 143 2. 1) 144 2) 145 3) 146 4) 147 148 Abidin, R. 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