ABSTRACT A SURVEY OF RELIGIOUS RADIO BROADCASTING IN ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND BY Franklin A. Knutson The problem was to survey Religious Radio Broad- casting in Newfoundland, with special reference to St. John's. The main objective was to attempt to provide answers to the following questions: (1) What is the atti- tude of Newfoundlanders with reference to the church and to the role that religion plays in their lives? (2) What unique conditions on the island appear to contribute to an interest in Religious Radio Broadcasting? (3) What have been the historical developments in Religious Radio Broad- casting in Newfoundland, with especial reference to St. John's? (4) What have been significant developments in Religious Radio Broadcasting since its inception in 1924? (5) What impact do church-related radio stations, in con- trast to commercial radio stations (which also carry reli- gious programming), have upon today's listeners? (6) In particular, what impact does Radio Station VOAR have as the "voice" of a religious body? Franklin A. Knutson In order to provide a backdrop, it was decided to prepare two introductory chapters on Newfoundland, the first dealing with the "character" of the island's people, its history, and its geography, and second consisting of a history of Newfoundland's church-Operated, governmentally- owned, and private-commercial radio broadcasting stations. In addition, personal, on-the-spot interviews were conducted with professional broadcasters in Newfoundland in order to secure data pertaining to the history and pres- ent.status of Religious Radio Broadcasting. Finally, 99 completed telephone surveys were con- ducted in Corner Brook and 140 in St. John’s in order to determine the general impact of radio station VOAR in identifying the Seventh-day Adventist Church's doctrines to the St. John's community. Among the findings the following appear to be the most.important: (l) Primarily, Newfoundlanders have always been a deeply religious people, resulting partly from environment and partly from the significant role played by the church and its dedicated clergy during the colony's formative years. (2) The isolation of hundreds of tiny outport communities offered a captive and ready audience unable to participate in church worship privileges and in forms of Franklin A. Knutson entertainment realized by the urban dweller. Thus radio broadcasting emerged in the mid—'ZO's to form an important communication link. (3) It was not long, however, before additional innovations in the communication field began to alter the preeminent position once held by the church-operated sta- tions; powerful commercial stations soon demonstrated that they could provide a broader and more complete coverage of religious programming than could the smaller stations. (4) The tendency toward economic affluency and the centralization of the population caused marked changes in radio listeners' habits. Shorter "devotional" type reli- gious broadcasts were preferred to the once-popular, full- length Sunday Church service program; and news and public service bulletins were desired in addition to strictly "religious" subject-matter. (5) With the advent of the powerful commercial stations, people's exposure to "religion" and to the doc- trines of a particular church may be derived as readily from the Religious Radio Broadcasts carried by these sta- tions as those from the church-operated stations. (6) Knowledge and attitudes concerning the Seventh- day Adventist Church and its doctrines appear to be derived more fully from associations with adherents of this denom- ination than from listening to the broadcasts of radio sta- tion VOAR. Franklin A. Knutson (7) Finally, it appears that while Religious Radio Broadcasting remains as a significant phenomenon in Newfoundland, the changing economic, cultural, and politi- cal conditions—-as well as alterations in the nature and number of other communication media--have resulted in noticeable changes in the format of this type of broad- casting, relative position of church-related stations, and the relative impact of Religious Radio Broadcasting with respect to the public's understanding of the presence of church denominations and their doctrines. A SURVEY OF RELIGIOUS RADIO BROADCASTING IN ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND BY Franklin A. Knutson A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Speech 1969 Accepted by the faculty of the Department of Speech, College of Communication Arts, Michigan State University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree. J.) M”, ~C( Efrector OfThesls Guidance Committee: Kenneth G. Hance, Chairman Robert T. Anderson Verling C. Troldahl Arthur F. Weld, Jr. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer is very much indebted to a number of in- dividuals for their contribution in making this disserta- tion a reality. For their time and counsel given throughout its development, appreciation is extended to the members of the doctoral guidance committee: Professors Robert T. Anderson, Kenneth G. Hance, Verling C. Troldahl, and Arthur F. Weld. Special acknowledgement must be made to Dr. Hance, whose careful guidance of this project from.well before its in- ception through its completion, in addition to his personal interest and devotion to scholarly excellence aided immeas- urably in the realization of this professional goal. Spe- cial gratitude is also expressed to Dr. Troldahl, who gave detailed counsel in connection with the telephone-interview surveys. The professional contribution and encouragement of two colleagues, Robert D. Moon and Herbert E. Coolidge, were very significant to the successful completion of this survey-study. Others from Michigan State University who willing- ly helped were Dr. Gordon L. Thomas, Dr. David C. Ralph, and Dr. James C. McCroskey. iii In addition, grateful acknowledgement is expressed for counsel given the author by Pastor William J. Bothe, President of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Canada: Pastor Philip Moores, President of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Ontario and Quebec; and Pastor Ray A. Matthews, President of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Newfound- land. And finally, to the author's brother, Norman, who took a deep personal interest in the Newfoundland telephone survey, giving valuable counsel as well as providing help- ful data on recent radio surveys taken in that place. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMNT S O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O INTRODUCTION O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Chapter I. AN OVERVIEW OF THE CULTURAL, GEOGRAPHIC, II. AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE NEW- FOUNDLAND PEOPLE AND THEIR ISLAND HOde O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O A. The Character of Newfoundland . . B. Discovery and Conflict . . . . . . C. A People' s Struggle for Self- Rule O O O O O O O O O O O O O O D. The Church in Newfoundland . . . . E. The Churches' Influence in Medical and Social Spheres . . . F. Transportation and Communication . G. The Press, its Relationship to Religious Radio Broadcasting in St. John's, Newfoundland . . H. An Overview of the Development of Radio in St. John's, Newfound- land a o o 0'. o o o o o o o o 0 REVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF RELIGIOUS RADIO BROADCASTING IN ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND o". o o o o o o o o o o o A. Church Owned and Operated Radio Stations 0 o 0'. o o o o o o o o 8MC O O O O O O O O O I O O O O O VOWR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O VOAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Page iii 37 40 51 57 61 62 62 63 69 Chapter B. Governmentally Owned and Operated Radio Stations 0 . o o o o 0,. o o CBN O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O C. Private Commercial Broadcasting Stations 0 o o o o 0‘. O o 0'. o 0 V0 CM O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O CJON O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O III. INTERVIEWS WITH BROADCASTING PROFESSIONALS O O O O O O O O O O O O O A. Nature of Religious Radio Broadcast- ing and its Reception from its Inception (1924) to Confederation (1949) o o o o o o o o o o o o o o B. Nature of Religious Radio Broad- casting and its Reception from Union with Canada in 1949 to the Impact of TV in 1955 . . . . . . . C. The Nature of Religious Radio Broadcasting and its Reception from the Impact of TV in 1955 to the Present .'. . . . . . . . . IV. METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . A. The Telephone Survey—-Descrip- tion O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O V. FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF TELE- P HONE S URVEY S O O O O O O O O O O O O O A. Findings B. Interpretations Has Radio Station VOAR Made Any Impact upon Listeners' Aware- ness of the Seventh-day Advent- ist Church in St. John's? . . . What Doctrines do St. John's Re- spondents Identify as Belong- ing to the Seventh-day Advent- ist Church? . . . . . . . . . . vi Page 79 79 87 87 89 95 96 102 104 111 111 124 131 133 Chapter Page How did St. John's Respondents Learn About Seventh-day Adventist Church Doctrines? . . . 134 What Opinions do St. John's Respondents have Toward Seventh-day Adventists? . . . . . 135 What Percentage of St. John's Residents Listen to the Two Religious Radio Broadcasting Stations, VOWR and VOAR, and What are Possible Reasons for Differences Between this Sur- vey and a Recent Commercial Survey? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS; SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 A. Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . 140 B. Suggestions for Further Research . . 143 BIBLIOGMPHY O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 145 APPENDICES o o o o 'o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 152 vii INTRODUCTION The Purpose of This Study The over-all purpose of this study is to investi- gate Religious Radio Broadcasting in Newfoundland, with especial reference to St. John's and Corner Brook. More specifically, an attempt is made to provide answers to the following questions: (1) What is the "spir- it” of Newfoundlanders with reference, in particular, to religion and religious attitudes? (2) What conditions in Newfoundland appear to contribute to an interest in Reli- gious Radio Broadcasting? (3) What have been the histori— cal developments in Religious Radio Broadcasting in New- foundland, with especial reference to St. John's? (4) What- have been significant developments in Religious Radio Broadcasting since the inception of radio? (5) What impact do church-related radio stations, in contrast to commercial radio stations (which are also broadcasters of religious programs), have upon today's listeners? (6) In particular, what impact does Radio Station VOAR have as the "voice" of a denomination? viii The Significance of This Study Intrinsic Merit A study of Religious Radio Broadcasting in New- foundland appears to be worthwhile for several reasons: (1) Radio--originally in the form of "wireless"--has been a phenomenon of concern to Newfoundland throughout this century; (2) Religious Radio Broadcasting has been, at least quantitatively, a major factor in the field of broad- casting in Newfoundland, as represented by the fact that St. John's (with a population of only 95,000 persons) has five radio stations, two of which are owned and operated by religious organizations; (3) In spite of changing eco- nomic and sociological conditions, plus the impact of tele- vision, Religious Radio Broadcasting appears to continue to be a phenomenon of considerable consequence. Distinctiveness While some commercial surveys of broadcasting in Newfoundland have been made, thus far there has been no in- depth study pertaining to Religious Radio Broadcasting. In other words, this study appears to be unique in terms of focus and in-terms of methodology. The Methodology of This Study Implicit in the objectives of this study are sever- al research approaches or methodologies: (l) The historical; ix (2) The library survey; (3) The in-depth, questionnaire, face-to-face survey; and (4) The broader, questionnaire, telephone survey. The historical and library survey methodologies were employed to secure information concerning the histori- cal, geographical, economic, sociological, cultural, and religious factors pertinent to this study. These method- ologies were also used to secure information concerning the _general development of radio and television broadcasting in Newfoundland and, also, the development of all radio sta- tions in St. John's. The in-depth, questionnaire, face-to-face survey methodology was employed to secure from selected "radio professionals" information and comment concerning radio broadcasting in general and Religious Radio Broadcasting in particular in three periods of time: (1) From the incep- tion of radio broadcasting in 1924 to Confederation in 1949; (2) from 1949 to the coming of television in 1955; (3) from 1955 to the present. The broader, questionnaire, telephone survey method- ology was employed to secure from representative samples of the population of Corner Brook and St. John's information and comment concerning the impact of Religious Radio Broad- casting--from church-related stations and from commercial stations--and concerning the specific impact of Station VOAR as the "voice" of a denomination. The Materials of This Study As suggested above, the materials of this study are several in type and number. In connection with the historical and library sur- vey approaches, the following are among the materials used: (1) Historical accounts of Newfoundland; (2) Sociological and other studies providing insights into the "character" of Newfoundland; (3) Historical accounts of the origin and development of religious institutions; (4) Historical accounts of the origin and development of radio stations. In connection with the survey approaches, the fol— lowing were used: (1) A questionnaire developed for the purpose of interviewing several "radio professionals" in Corner Brook and St. John's; (2) a questionnaire developed for the purpose of interviewing via telephone some 250 persons in Corner Brook and St. John's. The Organization of This Report This report is presented in terms of the following sections: Introduction (Statement of Purpose, etc.) Chapter I: AN OVERVIEW OF THE CULTURAL, GEO- GRAPHICAL, AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE NEWFOUNDLAND PEOPLE AND THEIR ISLAND HOME Chapter II: A REVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF RELI- GIOUS RADIO BROADCASTING IN ST. JOHN"S, NEWFOUNDLAND xi Chapter III: Chapter IV: Chapter V: Chapter VI: Appendices: Bibliography INTERVIEWS WITH BROADCASTING PROFES- SIONALS METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF TELE- PHONE SURVEYS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS; SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Map of Newfoundland and Labrador Distribution of Population for New- foundland, 1945 What Respondents Want to Know xii CHAPTER I AN OVERVIEW OF THE CULTURAL, GEOGRAPHIC, AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE NEWFOUNDLAND PEOPLE AND THEIR ISLAND HOME A. The Character of Newfoundland Religious Radio Broadcasting has developed into a major phenomenon in the field of broadcasting in St. John's, Newfoundland and the numerous isolated fishing communities that are within listening range of the respective radio stations. In this study of Religious Radio Broadcasting in St. John's, it seems appropriate to include a chapter con- cerning early colonization, ethnic background, the climate, terrain, and other factors that helped mold the Newfound- land mind and make the Newfoundlander-the self-reliant in-. dividual that he is. In this way the reader may gain a bet- ter understanding of the limitations and needs of Newfound- landers and how the church and Religious Radio Broadcasting have played a vital role in the lives of these people. What is the ”character" of the country in which Re- ligious Radio Broadcasting developed? One might also ask: is there such a thing as a Newfoundland culture, and if so what is it? The culture of the Newfoundland people is es- sentially the recorded reflection of their way of life and their attitude toward it. Newfoundland is, to sum up even before beginning, extraordinary. It is Canada's newest province; but it had been, before confederation, Britain's oldest colony. It is closer to Europe, geographically, than any other part of North America; but in many ways, un— til recently in its long history, one of the most.isolated regions of the continent.~ Its rich fishing grounds, instead of promoting colonization, were cause for a policy--perhaps unique in history--which discouraged settlement. The Prov— ince was without a transinsular highway until the middle of the twentieth century; however, it received the first transatlantic cable and the first transatlantic wireless communication in 1901; and it was from Newfoundland's capi- tal that the first successful transatlantic flight was made in 1919. Sparsely populated itself, it is landlord of the region of Labrador which is more than twice its size. Al- though the population of Labrador is limited, it does con- tain inestimable reserves of timber, minerals and hydro po- tential which undoubtedly will develop into the Provinces‘ greatest source of revenue. While the residents of Labrador are more heterogeneous with a considerable Eskimo and Indian population, the people of Newfoundland are recognizably Eng- lish and Irish in their ancestry, and have emerged from an old colonialism whose establishment in the New World pre- ceded that of both.Canada and the United States. In his epilogue to The Making of a Nation, William Kilbourne has said that "Canada is.a different kind of American society, a North American alternative to the United States."1 One might paraphrase that statement by saying that Newfoundland is a different kind of Canadian society, a unique.maritime alternative to each of Canada's other nine Provinces. Everywhere in the twentieth century man-seems to be steadily moving toward a condition of high industrialization, affluence and leisure, instant communi- cation, a tendency to urbanization and greater mobility. While it is true that_no Province in Canada during the last two decades has made greater progress in achieving these goals than has Newfoundland, the island still maintains its quaint and friendly charms so frequently lost in the wake ofxprosperity. For some purposes there are other countries with which Newfoundland might be more profitably compared. New Zealand and Jamaica are both, like Newfoundland, sea-faring communities which were taken from primitive pe0ples and partly settled and developed by immigrants from the British Isles.‘ But the contrasts are also marked. The tropical~ flora and fauna of Jamaica, the white immigration policy and historical development of New Zealand, the productive lWilliam Kilbourn, The Makin of a Nation (Toronto: The Canadian Centennial Publishing Company, Limited, 1965), p. 120. soils and milder climates of these islands, set each of them apart from Newfoundland. This rugged land and the unpredictable sea which surrounds it have always commanded the respect of those who have tried to master them.. The island's long and traumatic history bears testimony to the fact that both at times have been simply overwhelming. Earning a livelihood in Newfoundland has never been easy.) The need to wrest a living from the cruel sea and unyielding land has put a premium on some of the sterner virtues--frugality, discipline, and endurance. Geography, as well as cultural background, has made the Newfoundlander a self-reliant yet deeply religious person. The majority of these people living in isolated "outport"2 communities have followed a hard and lonely life; their welfare from year to year has depended on the fishery and their meager crops. At best, diet has been inadequate and social life, primitive. In describing the hardships and isolation of these people, Perlin identifies the church as one of the bulwarks and possible sources of comfort and hope to which they have clung: 2For purposes of this study the word "outport" will be used to designate a rural village or community situated along the Newfoundland coast. This is a term these island people frequently use when referring to the numerous seaside settlements located beyond the periphery of St. John's, the capital city. In good-natured rivalry, the city residents refer to these "outport" folk as "baymen" or "bay-wops"; the urban dweller in turn being dubbed a "townie". Even in the middle of the nineteenth century, and in some areas in the present century, doctors were vir- tually unknown, schools were few, isolation was extreme and bitter toil.and hardships were the lot of all. But Newfoundlanders were always a deeply religious people and few were the communities of any size that did not have their churches.3 Travellers from Europe approaching Newfoundland by air, find themselves, scarcely past Ireland, flying above the numerous islands of Newfoundland's east coast, hours before their aircraft would touch down at Boston or Montreal. The island, which is nearly half the size of Great Britain, lies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence northeast of Canada's Mari- time provinces. On the north, it is separated from Labra- dor by the narrow Belle Isle Straits. The island, except for Greenland, is the most easterly part of the North Amer- ican continent, and is only 1800 miles from Ireland. G.A. Mercer, writing on the geographical importance of the island, says: The importance of Newfoundland's position on the North American continent has been recognized by both the United States and Canada. During World War II both countries secured the right to establish military bases at various points in Newfoundland. So important were these bases to the security of North America that~New- foundland has been called 'The-Gibraltar of North.Amer-. ica', 'The Guardian 0 the Atlantic' and the 'Watch Dog of the St. Lawrence'. 3Albert B. Perlin, The Story of Newfoundland (St. John's: 1959), p. 7. 4G.A. Mercer, Geographical Aspects-Province of New- foundland (Ottawa: The Canadian Geographical Society, 1519;, p. 30 Essentially, the Province includes two distinct geographical areas, the island of Newfoundland and Labrador, a northeast spur of the Province of Quebec that consists of an area some 2 1/2 times greater than insular Newfoundland. The visual (map) in the Appendix may serve as a helpful reference when considering the two areas, as well as reveal— ing the rugged coastline and scattered settlements of New- foundland and Labrador." Along the sheltered parts of Newfoundland, the for- est extends to the water's edge; while in other areas where no soil is found, angled layers of bare and massive rock formations rise abruptly from thegsea.5 Some of the larger bays—-particularly Notre Dame, Bonavista, and Placentia-- are studded with islands of varied shape and size. Many of these islands, such as Twillingate, Ramea, and Burgeo, be- cause of the proximity of good fishing waters, have for cen- turies supported fishing settlements. With the sea as the sole means of contact with the outside world, one can read- ily appreciate the unusual regard for and frequent use of battery—powered radio receivers by these offshore island 5The writer has had opportunity to travel into the interiors of both Newfoundland and Labrador as well as along their respective coastlines. During various trips abroad, it has also been possible to observe the coastal areas of the British Isles, Europe, and Africa. There are few places in the world that can compare with the rugged and scenic coastlines of Newfoundland and Labrador with their bold and rugged headlands, countless coves, and harbors which indent the perimeter of these areas. fisherfolk. For most of them, radio doubles as the weekly worship service, the daily newspaper, and a chart for fair or foul weather sailing. The more precipitous and remote areas like Gull Is- land of Witless Bay and Baccalieu Island off Bay de Verde serve as ideal breeding grounds for large colonies of sea birds such as the puffin, murre, kittiwake, and various gulls. In order to vary and supplement their fish and scanty vegetable diet, coastal residents for generations have eagerly sought the eggs and flesh of sea birds, es- pecially the puffin, murre, and dovkie. The western part of Newfoundland is more mountain- ous; however, the shore line in general is more even with the occasional appearance of great coastal fiords like Bonne Bay and Bay of Islands. With its neighbouring Atlan- tic Provinces and southeast Quebec, Newfoundland forms part of the Appalachian Region, an ancient mountain system that extends from.Alabama in the southern United States to its northeast extremity which forms this island Province and Labrador. For purposes of this study it is-interesting to note that the Long Range mountains which parallel the west coast exhibit signs of glacial action such as numerous lake basins, ice-sculptured valleys, rounded rock knobs, and glacial deposits in typical forms. These ancient rocks, mostly of precambrian age, form a massive dissected tableland; and while providing Newfoundland with some spec- tacular scenery, do not contribute to an agrarian economy. One of the highest peaks in the Long Range chain, which ex— tends from Port-aux-Basques at the island's southwest cor— ner to St. Anthony at the tip of the Northern Peninsula, is "Gros'Morne" which rises 2,651 feet above the picturesque waters of Bonne Bay. Geologists claim that once the great pleistocene ice cap covered Newfoundland, and as it receded, soils which the ice had picked up were redeposited in the ocean. Writ- ing about this glacial action, R.I. McAllister has said: As-a result of this denuding of the land surface, pres— ent soils have not had sufficient time to develop and are generally shallow and rocky. The hard, resistant' nature of many of the rocks is a further deterrent to the formation of soils. On parts of the south coast these two conditions create extensive areas of perma- nently barren ground.6 While this study is not concerned with presenting an exhaustive geographical treatise on Newfoundland, some consideration of the topography, climate, flora, and fauna seems imperative in order better to understand some of the causative factors that influenced the early pattern of col- onization and settlement as well as vocation. Due to the paucity of fertile soils that might have encouraged an in- land agrarian type of settlement, people scattered along 6R.I. McAllister, ed. Newfoundland and Labrador, The First Fifteen Years of Conféderation (St. John's: Dick's and Company Limited, I967), p. 2. the coastal perimeter where fishing grounds were readily accessible. Because this survey is interested in the unique communication role that radio broadcasting in general and Religious Radio Broadcasting in particular played in the lives of these lonely and isolated people, certain his- torical and formative factors that may otherwise seem ex- traneous'to this paper will be considered in some detail. There are parts of Newfoundland, especially some of the west coast valleys, where the soil is productive. Here, contrary to the general population trend which is. predominantly coastal, people have migrated inland and farming communities have emerged. Cormack and the Deer Lake region extending westward in the Humber Valley to St. George's in the Codroy Valley are areas where the island's finest dairy herds are to be found. While some mixed farm- ing occurs throughout most of Newfoundland, agriculture is somewhat restricted; and the bulk of the island's food sup- plies, particularly fresh fruits and vegetables, must be imported. One might assume that with so much bare rock ex- posed, discovery and develOpment of mineral deposits would have served to augment the island's precarious economy. This was, however, not the situation for many years. It must be remembered that the very roots and origins of set- tlement lay in the commercial fishery; only in recent years, particularly since union with Canada, has Newfoundland and 10 Labrador's mineral production reached a level that now places the Province as fifth among other Canadian provinces in value of mineral production.7 Inland, Newfoundland is a wild patchwork of barrens, bogs, and forest.r Literally thousands of small lakes called "ponds" cover the country. There are some sizable bodies of fresh water; for example, Grand, Red Indian, Gander, and Deer Lakes range from twenty to fifty miles in length. The Humber River provides the main West coast in- land waterway used for shipping and floating gigantic log booms, which in turn supply the Bowater's pulp and paper industries at Corner Brook. Notable among the eastward- flowing rivers are the Exploits, Gander, and Terra Nova, which serve the Anglo—Newfoundland Development Company pa- per mills at Grand Falls. Thousands of Newfoundland lumber- men, mill workers, and shippers find employment as a result of the utilization of these forest products. One third obeewfoundland is covered by forest, with the most prolific growth found in the north and west, and along the major watersheds. Balsam and black spruce are the dominant species, and are highly prized as the de- sired raw materials in the production of newsprint. White and red pine, larch, and white spruce have served Newfound- landers for generations as the basic lumber sources for 7Ibid., p. 109. 11 their frame dwellings and fishing stages. Recently, hard- woods industries have emerged as a result of the island's road building development that now penetrate the interior where imposing stands of white and yellow birch prevail. Later in this chapter a somewhat expanded review will be made concerning the relationship that the railway had to the development of inland cities and communities now engaged in forest Operations; also, the meaningful role that Reli- gious Radio Broadcasting has played and is playing in these areas, especially in bringing the "church" to isolated lum- ber camps and mining towns will be described. On the barren lands and bogs, vegatation is in the form of mosses, lichens, stunted trees, grasses, and cer- tain flowering plants. Great expanses of the interior of Newfoundland are referred to as "barrens". Some of the eastern barrens were caused by thoughtless slaughter and burning by early fishermen whose sole intent was full ex- ploitation of the Newfoundland fishing station with no thought toward colonization. "These man-made barrens occur in areas frequented by fishermen sinCe the First Elizabeth- an Era."8 For years, hunting big game (moose and caribou) and flycasting in Newfoundland's famous salmon and trout streams haVe lured thousands of Canadian and American sportsmen to 81bid., p. 2. 12 the island, helping boost the tourist trade and strengthen the economy. Local residents have depended almost exclu- sively upon the wild creatures to provide meat and furs, especially when the fishery was poor. The wild life and birds of the area have been given focus through the writings of several authors and special emphasis of the government. English naturalist and author, JothMallais has written of his breath-taking experiences in hunting big-game in Newfoundland. Another thrilling narrative describing Newfoundland wildlife is Cormak's Journey Across the Island of Newfoundland in 1822. Famed American ornithologist, Roger Tory Peterson, assisted in preparing the monumental work, Birds of Newfoundland. Con- cern has been shown by the Canadian Government for the pre- servation of certain species of sea birds that have provided food for generations of Newfoundland fishermen; unless re- strictions regarding slaughter and molestation of nesting sites are enforced, the dovkie, arctic murre, and puffin may, like the Great Auk, become extinct. Even the caribou herds have been threatened by the expansion of population. These noble creatures were con- sidered the greatest game animals on the island until moose were introduced in 1908 and whose numbers today total some 50,000. The caribou population has dwindled through the~ years to some 6,000 animals extant today. Additional game consists of black bear, rabbits, and willow and rock 13 ptarmigan. The chief fur-bearing animals sought by fisher- men who augment their meager winter income by trapping are beaver, muskrat, fox, lynx, martin, and otter. The climate of an area not only dictates the type of flora and fauna but also affects the vocation of its residents.- Although the climate of Newfoundland can best be described as moderate and maritime, fog and drizzle pre- vail, limiting the amount of work that can be accomplished outside; hence Newfoundlanders spend a great deal of time inside and naturally turn to radio to help pass the long lonely hours until the weather clears. Much of this fog is caused by.a periodic blending of the Labrador currents with the warmer waters of the Gulf Stream. Summer fog and peri- ods of rain may slacken fishing operations; however, when the Arctic ice encroaches upon Newfoundland's north and east coasts, the menfolk put to sea again to hunt the vast' herds of harp and hood seals for their pelts and oil. Dur- ing this period from early March to May the sealing vessels journey some distance offshore in search of the wary prey, and again radio becomes the-only medium for c0ntact with their world beyond--home and the church. B. Discovery and Conflict Investigation of the subject of transatlantic navi— gation suggests that Newfoundland and the Grand Banks fish- ing ground were well known by fishermen before John Cabot 14 made his voyage in 1497. It is believed that around the year 1000, adventurous Norsemen were blown off course be- tween Scandinavia and Greenland and came to a strange land which they named "Helluland", which means "the land of flat stones"--most likely Labrador. Recent archaeological re- search at L'Anse aux Meadows, on the extreme northern tip of the island, have established that a Viking settlement occupied the site as far back as A.D. 1000. Other nations began to venture forth in search of fishing sites; as early as the 13th Century, fishermen from the Channel Islands were sailing to fishing grounds.off Iceland. Describing the early exploration of Newfoundland, Robert Turnbull has written: There is reason to believe that the prolific waters of Newfoundland's Grand Banks were known to Spanish and Portuguese fishermen long before John Cabot stepped in- to the pages of history. . . . Explorers, to a great’ extent, followed paths already well beaten by fishermen and traders. On May 2nd, 1497, John Cabot sailed from Bristol, England, and after a voyage of fifty-three days, sighted the New World. Some claim that Cabot landed at Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Most historians, however, indicate that it was at Cape Bonavista in Newfoundland. When Cabot returned to England, he declaimed the fact that the waters of "New- founde-lande" were teeming with fish. Thus it was that for 9Turnbull, pp. cit., p. 27. 15 a considerable number of years Newfoundland was predomi- nantly a fishing station for fishermen from England, Spain, Portugal, and France. The early history of Newfoundland makes the reader wonder how the island ever achieved any permanent political status and built up the present population that is approach- ing the three-quarter million mark. Every conceivable ob- stacle created by man and nature obstructed the progress of coloniZation and development. For the next two centuries after Newfoundland had been claimed for the Crown of England by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583, the island was used ex- pressly as a fishing station and as a training ship for sea- men of the Royal Navy. During this period, Newfoundland's economic development was seriously retarded by Britain's repressive mercantile policies and its concept of Newfound- land's role in colonial affairs. Not only was settlement of the island thwarted by the lords of trade in Whitehall; powerful and influential English merchants were determined that the lucrative fisheries would not be prosecuted by- Newfoundland residents in competition with their respective interests. Settlement was deliberately thwarted by harsh anti-settlement laws. Both the-Western Charter of 1634 and Palliser's Act of 1775 spelled out each captain's responsi- bility to bring back to England as many men as had shipped with him in the spring. 16 English fishermen found a way to take up settlement by scattering to the numerous coves and bays that indent the coastline. It was a hard life at best. The struggling settlements were plundered by pirates and misruled first by tyrannical and ignorant fishing admirals, and later by naval governors who resided in Newfoundland only during the summer fishing season. Newfoundland's sparsely populated coastline is the direct result of the furtive nature of early settlement, compounded by the scattering in search of good fishing grounds. In many of the more remote outports of northern Newfoundland and Labrador, the problem of isolation-and communication prevails to this day. In their search for a safe harbor the early Newfoundland colonists purposed to establish their own identity and independence as well as elude harassment and injustice from the ship fishermen and admirals. Safety lay only in dispersal. It was a circumstance for which a heavy price was to be paid even into the present day where the scattered nature of settlement along the perimeter has created immense difficulties in the provision and economic administration of the social and public services. The causative factors set forth by Perlin as those contributing to the scattered nature of Newfoundland's pop- ulation are the same conditions that sparked the growth and 10Perlin, pp. cit., p. 19. 17 development of Religious Radio Broadcasting, as an import- tant communication link for these lonely and isolated peoples. An additional burden and causative factor compel- ling the English-and Irish settlers to move from the al- ready established communities was the competition for staging harbors given them by fishermen from Spain, France, and Portugal. Rather than clash over property and staging rights with these foreign fishermen who had already begun the custom of wintering on the island, the English and Irish settlers moved to remote coastal areas where they could find comparative peace and establish their own premises. John Guy of Bristol was appointed first governor of the colony in 1610. His arrival marked the first organized efforts toward permanent settlement under a royal charter. Other plantations were begun such as Falkland's Trinity Bay community, which had been purchased from the London and Bristol Company. Unfortunately, this venture failed, since the settlers brought.from England received no practical guidance, and like the Trepassey idlers were not of the hardy breed of the true pioneer. C. A People's Strpggle for Self—Rule Settlement in Newfoundland was a haphazard affair, plundered by pirates and the French and discouraged by 18 English law; one might marvel that these struggling New- foundland colonists survived at all. The English colony at Ferryland and the French settlement at Palcentia may be cited as typical examples contrasting the interest and as- sistance provided by the mother countries. Sir George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, re- ceived his royal grant for the Ferryland colony in 1622. When Baltimore's ships encountered a French raiding party at Trepassey, the British force had sufficient strength to prevail, however in time it was necessary to appeal to the King of England for warships to defend the coast. Eventu- ally, one warship was sent. Severe winters and scurvy fur- ther reduced the English colony until Lord Baltimore's son was compelled to abandon the site and move to America where he founded the Maryland colony.11 The French were supported by their home government in establishing and maintaining the south coast settlement of-Placentia. Along with the arrival of their first gover- nor, Gargot, a contingent of 150 soldiers landed to develop the garrison and defend France's rights. Even the spiritual needs of this French stronghold had been carefully calculated. llJoseph Hatton and.M. Harvey, Newfoundland (Bos- ton: Doyle and Whittle, 1883). p. 47. ' 19 A thriving settlement began, churches were built, and Priests came to minister to the spiritual needs of the soldiers, fishermen, and other members of the colony. A threat was developing which, a few years later, was to lead to tragedy for the English planters.12 From the Placentia stronghold the French began a series of raiding missions that became a constant threat and added hardship to the English fishing villages. St. John's was captured twice, and other smaller settlements were pillaged and burned. Ironically, it was the presence of the French and their threat of expansion that finally caused the English grudgingly to allow settlement of her people to serve a counterbalance against the enemy. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 terminated hostilities and se- cured English sovereignty for the island; however, rights for catching and drying fish in Newfoundland were reserved for French subjects and became a constant source of agita- tion and frustration to the English settlers for the next two centuries. Today, two small islands adjacent to New— foundland's Burin Peninsula exist as France's only posses- sion in North America. It was not until 1832 that Newfoundland was granted representative government, and not until mid-century that responsible government was achieved. The prevailing 12Perlin, pp. cit., p. 21. 20 unsympathetic attitude of the British government toward the struggling Newfoundland colony is exemplified by Lord North's admonition to the new resident Governor. As late as 1786, Lord North had told the new Governor that what the settlers wanted raw they were to be given roasted, and what they loved roasted, they were to be given raw; and the secretary of State, William Gren- ville had declared that "Newfoundland is in no respect a British colony and is never so considered in our laws."13 The resolution and perseverance of the unwanted colonists finally won for them equitable civil legislation and home rule. Ultimately the Act of 1809 established per- manent civil courts and extended Newfoundland's civil juris- diction to Labrador. Sir Thomas Cochrane became the island's first Gov- ernor. Representative government, inauguration of a new Supreme Court, and the building of Government House were among.his accomplishments; however, Cochrane's road build- ing program linking the capital with several coastal towns became the first concerted effort to dispel the lingering specter of isolation.14 13Ibid., p. 28. 14The writer can recall discussions with retired sea captains and pensioners who vividly recalled some of the hardships of isolation and deprivation even as late as the uncertain 30's of the twentieth century. Frequently entire male populations of small fishing communities would be wiped out in sea tragedies caused by storms overcoming fishing and sealing expeditions. An unfruitful fishing season followed by a severe winter compelled wild game to take refuge in the forested interior well beyond the range 21 One is compelled to admire the tenacity and courage of these people who not only endured the hardships of the natural elements, but faced additional challenges as well. Fire destroyed their capital four different times; cycles of depression resulted from the island's one product econ- omy, and ultimately their monetary system collapsed. As Newfoundland progressed into the twentieth cen- tury, a number of conditions helped to unify the p0pu1ation. Among these were: improved railway and coastal steamer services, the development of telegraph and wireless serv— ices, and the advent of a more equitable system of legis— lative representation. At this point it may be well to consider the ethnic background of this fearless and independent people. Some may assume that the generations of hardship had bred a sturdy race of people and that Newfoundland's population illustrates the interplay of history and environment. The writer agrees with this premise. The people are homogeneous, over 90% being of Eng- lish and Irish origin. Parker concurs with this breakdown and has traced some of the minority groups' ancestry who now inhabit the island: of coastal dwellers. These were months when hunger and death stalked the outports, and many a proud Newfoundlander perished from malnutrition and tuberculosis. 22 About two-thirds of Newfoundland's present European population came from the English West Country, mainly from Summerset, Dorset and Devon., Over a fourth prob- ably came fromereland and a substantial number from the Channel Islands. Early settlers on the west coast included some French Acadians and Scottish Highlanders who came over from Nova Scotia; they were joined by a small number of fishermen from France who deserted their vessels during the 19th century to escape con- scription. A sprinkling of Syrians and Jews entered in the early 20th century to establish shops and small businesses especially in the paper towns. A few Scan- dinavians came to take part in the fisheries. Because of the generations during which these set- tlers had no easy means of intermingling, entire coastal communities may still be found which have a heavy concen- tration of Irish and English. The people in_these areas have, to a surprising degree, preserved the speech habits and social mores of their ancestors. Students of language find fascinating research ma- terial in the remote "outports" where dialects-have remained essentially the same as when the first settlers arrived in the seventeenth and eighteenth century. ‘Regional speech habits like those of rural American residents of "Appalach- ia", have been likened to Elizabethan English, and there is as much difference from district to district as one would encounter in travelling throughout the British Isles. Wheeler has described the Newfoundlander as being an almost 15John Parker, Newfoundland, 10th Province of Cane ada (London: Lincolns-Prager(Publishers), Limited, 1950), p. 11. 23 separate race endowed with unusual optimism and a broad sense of humor.16 On a more popular level, sea chanties and folk songs are characteristic of the island. Many of these are traditional, the inheritance of an English or Irish past; others reflect the day-to-day life of the fishermen, often told with grotesque exaggeration. One of the most popular of Newfoundland songs is the catchy and modern, Arthur Scammell's "Squid Jiggin' Ground." Thus far the objective of the writer has been to trace the discovery and transformation of Newfoundland from a.fishing station into a settled colony. Aspects of the island's rugged terrain, broken coastline, and at times, unpredictable and severe weather have been considered in order that the reader might become acquainted with the mind and personality of the Newfoundlander and better understand his values and choices in life. The smallness and scatter- ing of the population have influenced the characters of these people. Isolation bred individuality and self-suf- ficiency; customs changed slowly; 16th-century methods of 16With a long history of hardship, isolation and struggle for survival, Newfoundlanders have virtually be- come a separate race. They are inclined to be simple and straightforward, frequently outspoken but possessed of a keen sense of humor. It must have been with a twinkle in the eye that they named such places as Nick Nose Cove, Blow— me down, Lushes Bight and Joe Batts Arm. Their optimism shines in the name of such settlements as Hearts Desire, Hearts Content and Little Hearts East (Toppings, pp. git., p. 137.). 24 fishing and fish curing persisted; new ideas were not al- ways welcomed; there was an evident weakness in co-Opera- tion, hence social and economic progress was retarded. And yet, the history of these individualistic and self— reliant people is marked with definite and gallant epochs of achievement. Newfoundland, Britain's oldest colony, as a result of popular agitation in 1855, was granted responsible gov- ernment. It was not, however, until the complex problems of the French Shore and United States fishing rights were solved at the beginning of this century, that Newfoundland achieved full control of its territory and coastal waters. The unmatched heroism of the men of the Royal New— foundland Regiment during World War I became another mile- stone marking the colonies' transition to nationhood. Here again were manifested the self-reliance'and dauntless spirit of these seafaring people who had conquered repeatedly in the face of overwhelming odds. Dominion status was attained in 1926, and the decade following the first World War was marked by considerable industrial expansion: a second news- print factory for the island and reportedly the largest of its kind in the world was begun at Corner Brook; two years later in 1927, the Buchans Mining Company began exploita- tion of the copper, lead, and zinc ores of the interior. At this time the Canadian Privy Council recognized New- foundland's claim of title to Labrador. 25 The depression years of the 30's resulted in such an economic crisis in Newfoundland that responsible govern- ment was suSpended; in its place the Commission of Govern- ment was instituted and financial assistance was forthcom- ing from Britain. During the initial stages of World War II, Newfoundland was quickly integrated as a vital link in the defense chain of the Western World. An unprecedented interest in radio communications developed as millions of dollars were spent by the occupy- ing American and Canadian military forces in developing radar, ship to shore, tower to aircraft sites across the island. Some of the large American bases such as Fort Pepperrell near St. John's maintained their own U.S. Armed Forces broadcasting station. During the postwar years, with three alternatives before them: (1) continuation of the Commission of Govern- ment; (2) restoration of Responsible Government; and (3) Confederation with Canada; the Newfoundland people under the capable leadership of their new Premier, Joseph R. Smallwood, chose the last and became Canada's Tenth Prov- ince on March 31, 1949. Joseph R. Smallwood, editor, author, journalist, and labor leader has been consecutively nominated as Premier of Newfoundland since the Province's union with Canada in 1949. His skillful and frequent use of the mass media and unprecedented drive carried him by foot, schooner, and 26 aircraft to visit personally every hamlet in the island where he declaimed with power and conviction that "New- foundlanders have a right to a better life." However, it was radio that really made the name "Smallwood" a household term in Newfoundland. During the pre-confederation years he was identified as "the barrel- man"17 on his radio commentary program interpreting the news, particularly as it had relevancy to Newfoundland is- sues and the betterment of his people. During the election campaign Smallwood took full advantage of the fact that the debates of the issues of Confederation were broadcast; daily he spoke emphatically of the advantages of union with Canada. As the intensity of the campaign stepped up, literally thousands of battery receiver sets in scattered outports crackled as entire fam- ilies gathered close to hear their aspiring Premier contrast the meager social benefits presently offered with what union with Canada would bring. The attractions were overwhelming; Newfoundlanders became Canadians. Smallwood's success as a political leader was largely dependent upon his ability to utilize the mass media to its fullest--to place vital issues directly before l7"Barrelman" is a Newfoundland term for a ship's lookout and is synonymous with "crow's nest" lookout. Such a person has an unusual perception of what is general- ly beyond the ordinary seaman's vision.~ 27 his scattered constituency. He became, and still is, the embodiment of a people's aspirations. D. The Church in Newfoundland A study of "Religious Radio Broadcasting in St. John's, Newfoundland", seems to call for a brief historical overview of the development of the church and its relation- ship to the early colonists and later generations on the island. The amount of Religious Radio Broadcasting extant in St. John's seems to indicate that a significant rapport must have been developed during the island's formative years between the church and the communities it served.18 A review of the literature concerning Newfoundland reveals that practically all authors make reference to the significance that religion plays in the respective communi- ties and individual lives of the island's people. The 18The writer has lived in both the urban environ- ment of St. John's and more remote inland parishes, where for nine years, the vicissitudes of religious life as rep- resented by the various denominations in Newfoundland, have been observed and experienced.” A trip aboard the steamship S.S. Burgeo that left St. John's on August 19, 1959 for Goose Bay, Labrador, enabled the writer to converse with fellow clergymen and teachers travelling to various mis- sions, and to view first-hand the impact that respective religious groups were making in the numerous outpost set- tlements along the Northern Newfoundland and Labrador coasts. The impressive and flourishing medical institu- tions at St. Anthony, Cartwright, and North West River be- gun by that Christian physician, Sir Wilfred Grenfell; the numerous churches, social halls, and school buildings oper- ated by various religious denominations deservedly bear mention. 28 Encyclopedia Britannica article on Newfoundland points out that religion has been a significant agent promoting educa- tion and augmenting social life. Several denominations have been involved in making this contribution: The church plays a very important role in the Newfound- land community. Denominationally, the population is divided into three main groups, about one third Roman Catholic, nearly one-third Anglican and about one- quarter United Church. . . . Organized Presbyterianism dated from 1842. The other chief religious bodies, Salvation Arm , Adventists and Pentecostals, came into being later.l Albert Perlin has written that "Newfoundlanders were.a1ways a deeply religious people;" his breakdown of the religious denominations follows: The 1951 census showed in the denominational breakdown that nearly 90 percent are members of the Roman Catho- lic, Church of England and United Church of Canada faiths. Roman Catholics numbered one third of the total population with 121,544 adherents. Anglicans were second with 109,000 and the United Church third with 85,571. Next in order were the Salvation Army, the Pentecostal and the Adventist churches.20 The important work conducted in Newfoundland by various religious leaders in strengthening the spiritual and social lives of its peOple was frequently referred to in various radio and civic addresses given by Sir Gordon Macdonald, Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Newfoundland from 1946 to 1949. During the 450th anniversary celebration 19"Newfound1and," Encyclopedia Britannica, 1963. 20Perlin, pp, cit., p. 11. 29 of Cabot's discovery of the island, Macdonald paid tribute to the churches' consistent influence when he said: Of all the influences and organizations that have played their part since Cabot's discovery I feel sure there will be general agreement that few institutions have played a greater part in Newfoundland than the Christian Church. For that reason it is encouraging to see the Church so well represented at this commemoration today. During my visits to various parts of the country I re- alized how much the Christian Church meant to the coun- try, and the prominent place the religious leader of the respective denominations filled in the life of the different communities. He was the adviser of the people not only in spiritual matters, but also on all matters temporal and physical, economic and social.2 Examination of a book of published speeches by Mac- Donald reveals that the Anniversary Sppech was no exception. MacDonald often alludes to experiences with church leaders that convinced him of their genuine concern for the tempo- ral well-being and economic stability of their villages. MacDonald saw the same spirit exemplified in the Catholic Father Hayes and in the aged Anglican Reverend E.A. Butler. The self-sacrificing labors and dedication of the Moravian Missionaries of Labrador and the Salvation Army Soldiers' dedication to "bring comfort . . . , to bring a little light to dark places, a little warmth to cold places" seemed to point up awareness that the church has made an impact.22 21Gordon MacDonald, Newfoundland at the Crossroads (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1949), p. 39. ' 221bid., p. 47. 30 The purpose of this study is not to present a de- tailed history of the development of the church in New- foundland but rather to discover reasons for what appears to be an unusual regard and respect on the part of the New- foundland people toward religion. The early history of the church in Newfoundland seems to provide some insights. The first clergyman to arrive was Erasmus Stourtan, an active circuit riding missionary who came out with John Guy in-l6ll. It was not long before settlers began sending appeals to the Home Government requesting that resident ministers be sent out to look after the spiritual needs of the colony. In time chaplains were assigned to British warships who were on duty protecting the Newfoundland shores; some of these clergymen disembarked to encourage settlers who had recently been attacked by the French. A Reverend Jackson who arrived in St. John's, when the com- munity had a population of 800, is perhaps typical of this group of chaplains. Historians speak of Mr. Jackson as a dedicated missionary and bold opponent of immorality and corruption. At a time when lawlessness and dishonesty seemed rampant in the island, the voice and example of these clergy-. men may well have been the chief instrument upholding "the right"; consequently a profound respect developed toward them. Another factor that won the trust and devotion of the early colonists toward their rectors was the willingness 31 of these chaplains and missionaries to share in the hard- ships of establishing a permanent colony. A description of one such minister described by Prowse indicates the sort of person these hardy religious leaders were: The Reverend Edward Langman is one of the most import- ant figures in the early history of the Church of Eng- land in the Island; he resided continually in the Col— ony for about forty years; he was conspicuous for his culture, broad and liberal views, his upright life and his earnest devotion to his Master's work. . . . He was truly the rector of the-whole parish, and seems to have been very well liked, both within and without his com- munion.2 Among the hardships, perils, and privations en- countered by these early missionaries was the frustration of conducting an effective ministry at a time when workers were so few and the territory or parish so broad. The poor fishermen of those days had settled in widely-scattered hamlets. A few horses had been imported from England; how— ever, overland roads were non-existent, and travel had to be effected by sea in open boats or small fishing vessels. Travel between parishes frequently required that these itinerant ministers traverse wide arms of the sea where they were exposed to unexpected squalls, snowstorms, and the almost continuous swells of the North Atlantic that endangered their lives. Inadequate food supplies, especially fresh vege- tables and fruit which were necessary to ward off scurvy 23D.W.'Prowse, A History of Newfoundland (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, I896Y7p. 581. 32 and tuberculosis, created a constant problem. The lack of proper hOusing facilities and of a consistent and adequate income contributed to the extremely difficult conditions under which these early pastors lived and worked. The cold of winter had to be encountered in rude wooden houses of the poorest description,.and through the blinding snow-storm they had often to make their way from one fishing hamlet to another. Like Goldsmith's curate, they were "passing rich on 40 pounds a-year," . ... One of them, a Mr. Langman, a most laborious missionary, who had 50 pounds a year from the Society, represented that the little gratuities he received from his flock were quite inconsiderable, and that "he had to go and beg for them as a poor man would for alms."2 During the formative years of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, there were no schools or teachers in Newfoundland. To the Newfoundland fishermen the preacher was literally a teacher. The sermon was one of the most typical and influential factors that helped shape the is- land's culture. The content of the message was theological; yet it was theolOgy with a practical application. The Holy Scriptures served as guide, constitution, and rule-book for everyday life, as well as the chart to salvation. Newfoundlanders have always taken their preachers seriously, for theology has been as important to them as business and politics are to us. They were ever mindful of the precariousness of their existence, and they frequently 24Joseph Hatton and M. Harvey, Newfoundland (Bos- ton: Doyle and Whittle, 1883), p. 396. 33 asked their ministers to invoke God's blessing and protec- tion as they ventured forth to sea. Moreover, the church provided the first "schools" for the new settlers. Families frequently discussed the morning sermon during their mid— day meal; and children were often called upon to summarize and illustrate further the ideas the rector had expressed. The educational values of increasing perception in listen- ing, of thinking clearly, of developing retentive memories, and of attaining practice in oral reporting, should not be discounted. There was much gained in the early Newfound- land colony churches besides religious reassurance. The church was, consequently, not only the meeting place and center of social life but also the sole agent in communi- cating to these illiterate settlers the will of God. One might thus readily understand how the clergy together with civil administrators, became the chief agents of power and influence; and with still vivid recollections of the oft cruel and dishonest fishing admirals and civic leaders, members of the clergy were always in higher repute than the latter. There were additional factors which helped to de- velop a warm and cordial bond between the Newfoundland peOple and their pastors. The Newfoundland educational system from its early beginnings has always been denomina- tional in character. It was the churches that first took responsibility for the education of the people; a factor 34 that evolved as a natural outgrowth of Newfoundland's so- cial, geographical and economic conditions. It is a result not only of the active leadership of the churches but in part of the fact that effective supervision from a- central administration of numerous small scattered schools would be difficult and ex- tremely costly. A system which delegates considerable supervisory powers to a local authority has answered Newfoundland's needs so well that although education has come to be largely State-controlled and financed mostly from State funds, it is still administered on a denominational basis. A more detailed history of education in Newfound- land will appear later in this chapter. The present con- cern'is to focus upon some of the early pastor-teachers who seemed to typify a group who were concerned not only for the spiritual needs of the community but also for the educational improvement of their flock. Reverend Walter Price might well be representative of this group: In 1788 Mr. Price opened a free school in his new resi- dence, where he taught himself, and paid the salary of .an assistant; he continued in the mission for seven years, until the parent Society offered him a new mis- sion in New Brunswick. The first school was established at Bonavista in 1726 by the Church of England Missionary Organization.’ Schools for Roman Catholics were supplied by the Benevolent Irish Society. During the next century the entire respon- sibility and expense of education were borne by the churches. 25NewfoundlandLAn Introduction to Canada' s New Province, (Ottawa: Department of External Affairs, 1950), p. 67. 26Prowse, pp. cit., p. 583. 35 It was not until Newfoundland obtained its first represent- ative government that education was formally organized for the entire Island. The first Education Act in 1836 attempted to make education non-denominational; however, forty years later a bill was passed accepting the denominational principle. This latter bill identified the various church groups to which the government delegated responsibility for the con- struction and Operation of schools throughout Newfoundland. The Education Act of 1876 formally recognized . . . Roman Catholic, Anglican and Methodist schools and by dividing the government grant to education on a propor- tional basis. Successive amendments to the act did not substantially alter this arrangement, the appearance of the Salvation Army, Seventh-day Adventists and Pente- costals being marked by schools conducted by those bodies on the same basis as those of the older church- es. Education in Labrador is carried on, as elsewhere in Newfoundland, by denominational schools maintained by Government grants under Government supervision. In addi- tion, the International Grenfell Association operates board- ing and day schools in connection with its various mission sites. The majority of these Newfoundland schools are co- educational. Many schools combine elementary and secondary education. When they are separate, the elementary schools cover grades I to VIII and the secondary schools Grades IX 27Britannica, gp. cit., p. 294. 36 to XI. In curriculum matters, these schools follow the same pattern as the typical Canadian school. Religious instruction is provided in all schools, but is not compul- sory. Of the 1,200 schools in operation in 1949, 796 were one-room schools; 454 of these offered some high-school work. Since confederation, the tendency has been to expand one-room schools into multi-classroom units. An additional plan for increasing the efficiency of schools in smaller settlements is the establishment of regional high schools for children in neighbouring communities. This trend has been particularly apparent in urban centers where paper and mining industries developed. In the new centers there is an evident intermingling of denominations with a trend to amalgamate school services. Memorial University was opened in St. John's in 1925 offering the first two years of college work in arts and pure science and a three-year course in education. A bill was passed in 1949 by the Newfoundland Legislature raising the status of the college to degreeeconferring institution.28 Today a new university campus caters to the needs of over 3,000 students. In addition, twelve new vocational 28Newfoundland, an Introduction to Canada's New Province (Ottawa: Department of External Affairs, I950), pp. 67-73. 37 and technical training schools have been built in the major centers around the Province. To help modernize the New- foundland fishery a new College of Fisheries, Navigation,. Marine Engineering and Electronics has-been opened recently. Since confederation with Canada, the Newfoundland Govern- ment has spent some $250 million on education, representing approximately 20% of the annual budgetary expenditure. In addition, Government financing to improve transportation, health and welfare facilities has made a further contribu- tion to the educational opportunities of the people. E. The Churches'.Inf1uence in Medical and SociaI Spheres It has been shown that the church has played a rather significant role.in the development of educational. social, and spiritual facilities in Newfoundland. Mention has already been made of the medical missionary services rendered the northern part of_Newfoundland and Labrador by the International Grenfell Association. An entire chapter] could be devoted-to the remarkable expansion and upgrading of.Community Hospitals, Child Welfare, and Senior Citizens Care units on the part of the Provincial Government. In this field also, the church has been and is doing its part. The relief work carried on by the various denominations af- ter the devastating St. John's fires of 1816, 1846, and 1882; outbreaks of epidemics, and marine disasters have been 38 recorded. The Roman Catholic Episcopal Corporation, and the Salvation Army have been operating hospitals in St. John's for nearly a half century. The United Church of Canada opened its new hospital doors to the people of Baie Verte in 1964; this hospital is the first institution of its kind operated by this group in eastern Canada. Special care for the aged and infirm has been provided by various homes for-the aged operated by the Anglican, Roman Catho- lic, and Methodist faiths respectively. The earliest significant group of Methodists in Newfoundland were those who established a church at Bay de. Verde in 1774. The Methodist Church system.was peculiarly suited to frontier conditions. An itinerant parson who was usually equipped with a strong voice and potential for forceful preaching, was a source of enlightenment in an otherwise isolated and drab environment. Long before the advent of the press and radio, he was the bearer of news from other areas; and in a day when communication was dif- ficult, he invariably carried books for sale. The chief concern of these itinerant pastors was the proclamation of a."practical" theology in which they declaimed that "faith that saves must work in the direction of altered lives and an improved society." The church seems to have functioned in a much broader fashion in Newfoundland than elsewhere in providing medical, social, and educational facilities for the isolated 39 population. This may partially explain the reason for the decision taken by various religious groups to build wire- less broadcasting stations in St. John's and how Religious Radio Broadcasting came to be an integral part of Newfound- land life during the earliest.stages of radio's development. Another constructive feature of the Methodist sys- tem (now the United Church of Canada) was the regular mid- week class meeting. This, under the leadership of a senior "lay reader," encouraged group devotion, group discussion, and personal testimonials which called for the frank review of personal defeats as well as triumphs. These class meet- ings where self-expression and Christian development were encouraged undoubtedly were among the very earliest "speech training" adult education opportunities offered on the island.29 Here again was an example of the churches' ini- tiative in providing for the educational and social needs in Newfoundland life when there were no other agencies. Speaking at the Bay de Verde 175th anniversary services of the founding of the-Methodist Church, Governor MacDonald paid tribute to the effective changes wrought for the social, spiritual, and economic_good by Wesleyan mis- sionaries in Newfoundland. The practical application that he drew was that today's needs were essentially as they were 175 years ago; a call for individual transformation: 29Douglas J. Wilson, The Church Grows in Canada (Toronto:_ The Ryerson Press, 1966), p. 34. 40 Yet who will say that Blackhead is less in need of the Christian Church than it was 175 years ago. The per— sistent problem is how, in the face of changing condi- tions and demands, she (the Church) can become an in- creasingly effective means of Christianizing the world. . . . The character of the individual church membership determines the tone and direction of commercial, indus- trial and political life.30 Like the other churches in Newfoundland, the Meth- odists had, as their initial object, the spiritual upbuild- ing of their adherents. This concern led them to establish their own radio station in 1924 as a means for more effec- tiVely carrying this ministry to the sick, shut-ins, and iso1ated, who by this time had access to radio receiving sets.31‘ While it is more difficult to trace a direct rela— tionship of the church's influence in economic development, there is no question regarding its important role in the development of educational, medical, and social agencies in Newfoundland. F. Transportation and Communication Of all the historical and geographical aspects considered thus far in this chapter, perhaps the most per- tinent is the development of transportation and communication facilities in the island. For generations, Newfoundlanders 30MacDonald, pp, cit., p. 80. 31Ernest Ash, "The Story of Radio in Newfoundland," Vol. I of The Book of Newfpgndland,-ed. by J.R. Smallwood (St. John's: Newfoundland BOokiPEblishers, Ltd. 1937), p.. 344. 41 have been a scattered and isolated people. The one-product economy and determination to eschew the tyrannical rule of the fishing admirals during colonial times established this pattern of settlement. A combination of history and poverty and local climatic conditions, allied with the problem of the extraordinary dispersal of the population, delayed the development of modern and rapid surface communications. It was as recently as 1967 that a paved highway finally trav- ersed the island. Until the end of the past century travel by sea, for most of the people of Newfoundland, was the only method of transportation. The era has been described thus: This government coastal service was conducted until 1860 by means of sailing vessels. In 1872, the S.S. Hawk began a regular northern coastal mail and passen- ger service and the 8.8. Tiger performed the same serv- ices for the southwest coast. Even today there are numerous coastal and off—shore island fishing settlements which are vitally dependent upon. the Canadian National Railway's fleet of modern steamships that carry mail, passengers, and freight to all major out- ports. This service along the northern Newfoundland and Labrador coasts is suspended from January to May due to the ice blockade. During this period government chartered Eastern Provincial Airlines helicopters and flying ambulances provide scheduled freight, passenger and mail services to 32Perlin, pp, cit., p. 84. 42 inaccessible communities. A constant radio alert for dis- tress calls is maintained at major air bases across the island, and remote communities at any season can cable or radio for a relief aircraft. Radio has possibly meant more to the lonely, iso- lated Newfoundland fisher folk than to any comparable group. A timely weather forecast warning fishermen of an impending storm has frequently meant the difference_between life and death. It seems clear.that even at a comparatively early stage of development wireless and radio began to play a significant role in the lives of the Newfoundland people, and consequently, a rather unique regard and listening attitude developed toward the mass-media as the sole link with the outside world. Even before the first wireless messages were being encoded and beamed from Europe to Newfoundland's shores at the turn of the century, an equally significant and impor- tant saga in the island's transportation history began with the construction of the railway as a means of internal transportation. It was not until 1881 that the first line of rail was laid in Newfoundland. Writing on the subject of the island's comparatively late entry into the railway age, St. John Chadwick has said: The time lag was not accidental. The habits, the econ- omy of the Island were dictated by the fishery. Intro- spective and isolated, Newfoundlanders still looked up- on the sea as their main road. Newfoundland was a constellation of scattered outports, "isolated and self 43 contained, their people strangers to those of neighbour- ing villages, save as men folk met at sea or on the Banks."33 As the population grew and initial efforts were put forth to diversify the economy, the need to link east with west and to Open the interior became evident. The 547 mile narrow gauge route was remarkable for the frequency and degree of curves-as well as steep gradients; and as a tech- nical journal later indicated, Newfoundland then stood sec- ond in the North American hemisphere in its railway mile- age.34 The circuitous route followed by the trans-island line was justified by the fact that it served the major bay settlements en route. Some authors sought to justify the railroad on the basis that it would now open up this terra incognita. McGrath has concluded: Thus the railway brought the lumberman and the paper-, maker to the forest and the miner to the buried coal and minerals. No longer is the island a mere fishing station: no longer are its people confined to the sea margin and dependent on a precarious sea harvest . . . between 1890 and 1900 the value of farming output. doubled.35 As a financial venture the railway was unsuccess- ful, generally operating at a deficit. However it was a 33St. John Chadwick, Newfoundland, Island Into Province (Cambridge: The University Press, 1967), p. 83. 34C.M. Skinner, "The Railway in Newfoundland," Bul- letin of the American GeographiCal Society, XXXVII (1905), p. 11. 35P.T. McGrath, "The Railway in Newfoundland," Joure nal of The Canadian Banker's Association, XIX (October, 1911), p. l. 44 vital factor in promoting the development of the Prov- ince.‘ Practically all of the necessities of the island-- food, clothing, machinery, building materials--are imported. About 50% of the tonnage enters by rail through Port aux Basques, the island's western terminus. A weak link in the present railroad system between Newfoundland and the main- land is the 98 mile Gulf Crossing. Railway cars cannot cross, and freight has to be bulk broken and transported across by ship in containers. Among the projected plans for improvement of the old Newfoundland Railway by the Canadian National Railways, the new owner since Confedera- tion, will be the operation of a railway car ferry from North Sydney to Port Aux Basques.‘ Freight will be trans- ferred from standard gauge sidings to the smaller gauge Newfoundland rolling stock. The remainder of consumer goods enters Newfoundland by way of direct shipping links between St. John's and other Newfoundland ports with mainland and EuroPean centers. A somewhat detailed description of the difficulties experienced in the island's railway development, operating deficits, and the continuing inconveniences of trans-ship- ments would serve to reaffirm how travel and cost of cer- tain consumer goods have been beyond the grasp of most New- foundland fishermen. This situation thus precipitates another hardship upon a people whose per-capita income is 45 lowest of all of the Provinces of Canada. Perishables such as fruit, milk, and green vegetables are luxury items for most Newfoundlanders. Even when there is a limited season- al supply, the cost is prohibitive. In contrast, the cost of radio broadcasting has been comparatively low, undoubtedly another reason for the immediate popularity and continuing market for this medium of communication and entertainment. The people could afford this service. There are several other factors which have contrib- uted to the Newfoundlanders need or preference for an at- home sedentary type of entertainment or recreation. The poor soil, short growing season along with other circum- stances have resulted in limited agricultural production. These factors plus high transportation charges have not led to proper eating habits in many locales. Consequently, serious dental decay, malnutrition, and high tuberculosis incidence is prevalent among the Newfoundland people.- Individuals who have these health problems are not likely candidates for vigorous outdoor sports; nor are they likely to travel any significant distance for entertainment and social engagements. With most of their energies required to earn a livelihood and to gain an education--they often walked con- siderable distances to school-—most Newfoundland fishermen and their children eagerly anticipated that portion of the 46 evening when the family could gather around the battery operated radio receiver in the warmth of their homes and be "entertained." For decades prior to recent marked road and air transportation developments in the island, church sponsored socials and radio listening were the sole agencies of entertainment and community life in the outports. In recent years some change has been taking place. The Newfoundland Railway was the first significant trans- portation factor to affect this change. Today railway and ship refrigeration, along with reduced railway and air freight rates, are making it possible for Newfoundland citizens to enjoy increasing quantities of vital perishable food items at a greatly reduced cost; Newfoundland's con- sumer price index today is practically on a par with the over all Canadian index.36 In keeping with the main thrust of this study one might inquire concerning the contribution made to Religious Radio Broadcasting by the Newfoundland Railway. There appear to be several dimensions to the contribution. The inland cities-of Grand Falls and Corner Brook as well as numerous junction points and smaller towns along the rail- .way. These cities, while primarily established as centers for the large pulp and paper industries, developed radio transmission facilities which have carried local as well as 36McAllister, pp, cit., p. 118. 47 the St° John's CBC's national religious broadcasts to the people of their respective areas. Literally thousands of Newfoundlanders are employed in the remote forested areas of the interior cutting and transporting logs for the paper industries. Due to the remoteness of their particular work, it is only occasion— ally that these 1umbermen are able to visit their families. For long periods, particularly during the winter months, they are confined to the cutting areas and their bunkhouses where Religious Radio Broadcasting serves their spiritual needs. Radio is also an important link for fishermen, miners, and railway employees who share the loggers' iso- lation. The development of the Newfoundland railway, there- fore, seems to have played an indirect role in contributing to the expansion of religious as well as other types of radio broadcasting throughout the interior of the island. An unusually keen and early interest in radio broadcasting developed in Newfoundland even before the medium became firmly established in larger centers on the mainland. Several significant factors undoubtedly contrib- uted to this situation. The island's geographical position between Europe and North America caused it to become a con- necting link between these continents. As early as the 1850's the Newfoundland, New York, and London Telegraph Company built an underwater cable from Nova Scotia's Cape 48 Breton Island, to Port aux Basques, Newfoundland. Later in that decade Cyrus Field began negotiations with the Ameri- can, British, and Newfoundland governments for the laying of the transatlantic cable. After several unsuccessful attempts the "Great Eastern" successfully landed the cable at Hearts Content in 1864. Today more than thirty undersea cables radiate from Newfoundland as well as a complex array of transinsular Microwave, Loran, and Decca transmission-towers used in transmitting TV, radio-telephone, and telegraph signals. These facilities not only provide for instantaneous and complete island coverage of locally produced radio broad- casts but also enable national network religious programs such as the "Lutheran Hour" and Billy Graham's "Hour of Decision" simultaneous CBC coverage in Newfoundland.- Telephone facilities have played an important part in Religious Radio Broadcasting in St. John's as well as remote centers in the island with telephone service.v When- ever a particular church wished to broadcast a "live" serv- ice from the sanctuary, arrangements would be made with the. Avalon Telephone Company to provide wire linkage. These linkages called "patches" or "tie-circuits" enable the studio to achieve connection with the microphone located in the church auditorium or elsewhere. One can readily appre- ciate the added flexibility offered Religious Radio Broad- casting by these telephone services. 49 Thus, it was imperative that during the formative- years of Religious Radio Broadcasting in St.;John's, New— foundland, that already, adequate telephone services had been established. At this time during the late 1920's, recording and transcribing facilities had not been developed and "live" pick up afforded by off premise telephone con- neCtions enabled an actual church service to be broadcast directly into the listeners' homes. Almost a half-century before interest in broadcast- ing developed, the Anglo-American Telegraph Company had built a telephone exchange in St. John's. Today Bell Tele- phone owns the controlling interest of the smaller Newfound- land telephone companies and has greatly updated existing facilities. Expanded use is being made of Canadian National Telegraphs microwave and mobile telephone installations to bring telephone services to boats, aircraft, and travelling busses. While not directly related to Religious Radio Broadcasting, these wireless telephone facilities provide an almost unlimited range of on the spot production of edu- cational programming. For example, the highly developed Newfoundland School Broadcast can easily portray instanta- neous live coverage of a deep sea fishing trawlers opera- tions to classrooms with radio receivers all over the island. Places that had no communication links before, such as fishing and logging camps, fire watch towers, and 50 remote "outports," will now benefit by these extended tele- phone facilities.37 The entry of the Avalon Telephone Company into the broadcasting field in 1932 made a major contribution to the development of broadcasting in St. John's. Station VONF, owned and operated by the Dominion Broadcasting Company, a subsidiary of the Avalon Telephone Company, joined radio station VOGY of the Newfoundland Broadcasting Company in providing commercial broadcasts to the St. John's area. Special arrangements were made with the National Broadcast- ing Company of America to re-broadcast its programs over~ VONF's St. John's facilities. In September of 1934 the Radio Branch of the Govern- ment Department of Posts and Telegraphs requested the Avalon Telephone'Company to upgrade the quality and power output of VONF and merge with VOGY. Government control was to be exercised over the combination. The Broadcasting Corporation of Newfoundland (a Government agency) assumed the assets and programming of. VOGY and VONF; however, as Perlin has said, the Avalon Tele- phone Company continued to provide vital services: While thus retiring from active participation in the commercial broadcasting field, the company continued to provide facilities for many purposes and phases of 37Ibid., p. 223.- 51 pipiipiizingathrough its telephone lines and other Today, the Avalon Telephone Company plays an inte- gral part in religious and commercial radio broadcasting in Newfoundland by providing the wire services as they are needed by broadcasters. G. .The Press, its Relationship to Religious Radio Broadcasting in St. John's, ‘ Newfoundland Communication is essential to the interchange of ideas, attitudes, and information from person to person. Hayward sees communication as including the mass-media-- radio, television, newspapers, and magazines, as well as the media of telephone, telegraph, books, and cinema.39 With the possible exception of the latter, this study recog- nizes the contribution that each of these has made to Reli- gious Radio Broadcasting, and a review of each has been, or will be, made. Newspapers appeared on the Newfoundland scene long before radio and TV had been established. When radio broad- casting developed, these daily papers carried editorials, radio log listings, and articles on various radio programs which were intended to promote listening. Since extensive 38Per1in, pp, cit., p. 92. 39Perlin, pp, cit., p. 93. 52 use is to be made of newspapers in this survey, it seems relevant to include a brief historical review of the devel- opment of the press in St. John's,‘Newfoundland.4O The first Newspaper published on the island was the Royal Gazette, which made its debut in St. John's in 1807, several years before Newfoundland received colonial status. The paper contained the publication of government decrees and was the forerunner of the present Newfoundland Gazette. A progression of newspapers, mostly weeklies, fol- lowed: the Morning Chronicle, the Times, the Public Ledger, the Newfoundlander, the Terra Nova Advocate. The first daily-newspaper, the Evening Telegram, originated in 1879 by William J. Herder, is still being published. In 1894 J. Alex Robinson began publishing the Daily News, which, like the Telegram, maintains a direct teletype linkage with the news-gathering services of the Canadian Press.41 For a considerable period, the only foreign news service available to the daily press of Newfoundland was a brief daily telegraphic summary. Isolated settlements received a local and foreign neWs summary related by-tele— graph and written by hand in a book and passed along to those interested and able to read. 40Newspapers, journals, and magazines have been a valuable source of information for this study as.numerous' footnote references to these printed materials will show. 41Perlin, pp, cit., p. 93. 53 However, progress was forthcoming. During the 1920's St. John's had as many as six daily newspapers, many of which depended upon political support for their exist— ence. The Daily News and Telegram seemed to possess intrin- sic merit and were able to survive the depression; the con- tinue to Operate today. Circulation is still restricted to major urban areas and along the railway line; however, recent highway and bus service developments will soon enable most New- foundland communities access to a daily newspaper. The weekly Fisherman's Advocate, Official organ of the Fisher- man's Protective Union, still serves to unite the more iso- lated fishing settlements. As some of the communities out- side of St. John's developed into sizeable towns, need for a more local news medium became apparent. The St. John's Evening Telegram established facilities for daily publica— tion of the Western Star in Corner Brook. Additional local newspapers are the Grand Falls Advertiser, the Gander Beacon, the Bell Island Reporter and the Lewisport Pilpp, There seems to be.a definite inter-play or inter— relation between the press and radio in Newfoundland. Broadcasters have advertised their respective radio logs in the local papers and have benefitted from advanced stories and notices that served to boost their programs. In a sense the usual competition prevails with each medium trying to be "first" with the "best," however, it must be 54 remembered that in Newfoundland, each serves a very specif- ic need in the lives of these people. Consequently, a more complementary relationship exists between the two. While it is true that books, magazines, and the daily paper were readily available to the urban St. John's dweller, the latter was almost a luxury item in the "out— ports." Generally, when newspapers did arrive they were outdated; then too, rural and isolated peoples with limited education found it easier to understand radio broadcasts than to read a paper; therefore, radio became the more pop- ular medium for "outport" residents. It was radio and such homely, improbable programs as the "Doyle News Bulletin" sponsored by old-fashioned remedies--aspirin tablets, kidney pills, and cod liver oil-- that made the greatest contribution in pulling the province together. Jean King, discussing the "Doyle News," indicated the significant role radio has played in breaking up the island's isolation: . . . especially in northern Newfoundland and Labrador, where there was no electricity, few telegraph stations and a letter took more than two weeks to reach St. John's. In those depression years community life cen- tered around the home and the school hall; none of the smaller ships around the coast had ship-to-shore tele- phones; telegraph stations closed down each evening at six o'clock and didn't open till nine the next morning; and the arrival of a newspaper was an occasion. The only contact with the outside world was the battery radio.42 42Jean King, "Doyle News," The Atlantic Advocate, LVI (June, 1966), p. 80. 55 These "localized" news bulletins were not only a compilation of personal messages, fish reports, and weather warnings; in addition they served to augment religious life by providing isolated communities with an itinerary of the speaking appointments of district pastors and itinerant evangelists. While it has been shown that broadcasting served to unify and entertain rural Newfoundland, the press had made a significant contribution also, especially in the field of religion and education. Books have always played an important part in the lives of the Newfoundland people. Early itinerant pastors and colporteurs brought religious tracts and books to iso- lated settlements. Textbooks and other reading materials were provided by the churches for their schools; and while a number of these texts had been_printed in Britain, an increasing number began to be published in St. John's. The first book was printed in Newfoundland around 1600. The printed book became the first great means of mass communication, and today a number of printing firms such as Dicks and Company and the Morgan Printing Company, Limited of St. John's are contributing to the constant increase of textbooks and reading materials on the island. The recent extension of branch and regional librar- ies has done much to lift the level of library services on a par with mainland standards. These books go out to the 56 250 communities that receive library service by mail, train, coastal steamer, small boat, and aircraft. Jessie Mifflen, chief librarian for Newfoundland, commented that a fairly good collection of books are kept in most of the libraries; however, like the broadcasting media, many New- foundlanders look to the library service as a source of entertainment. Because most people want entertainment, fiction leads in circulation, but the non—fiction section in most libraries is becoming increasingly well-used, although I am afraid that in a popularity contest fiane Grey would still come in ahead of Shakespeare. 3 An additional improvement in library services for Newfoundland was marked by the new Memorial University cam- pus with its expanded library facilities. Gosling Memorial library in St. John's, the oldest of the islands 55 public libraries was founded in 1934. The remarkable services of this institution cannot be told entirely in statistics; a Newfoundland author tracing the library's story has said: It does--and has done for a long time--more than simply provide books. It tries to bring people and books together; by means of radio talks, reading lists, news- paper articles and bulletins,story hour and film shows. . . . Through its collection and constant indexing of material on Newfoundland it-has become a source for enquiries from all over the-woiid for information on this province and its history. f 43Jessie B. Mifflen, "Libraries--Terra Nova Style," Atlantic Advocate, Vol. LVI (June,~1966), p. 44. 44Perlin, pp, cit., p. 70. 57 The patrons of the island's library services today represent various strata of society in Newfoundland, from Premier to TV and radio producers, university professors to the pre-school child, and from the recreational reader to students of the classics in literature. H.‘ An Overview_of the Develppment of Radio I'in St. John's!fNveoundlapd In 1901 Guglielmo Marconi came to St. John's Signal Hill for the crucial experiments that made radio possible. Gretta Baker, writing about this event has said: At last the fateful day for the experiment arrived. Marconi adjusted his earphones.and waited tensely. Across the ocean a dynamo whirred and a telegraph key tapped out three dots, Morse code for the letter-"S". With the speed of-light, the signal leaped the Atlantic and Marconi heard three short buzzes in his headset.. Trans-Atlantic broadcasting had begun! And the same towering hill with its prominent Cabot Tower was the last sight Of land for airplane pilots Alcock and.Brown in their pioneer flight across the Atlantic. From this signal tower overlooking the harbor of St. John's, voice communication was established with the S.S. Victorian on July-25th, 1920, and continued during her entire trans- Atlantic voyage from England. Thus, radio was born. When radio fever flared across the United States. and canada in the early 19203, Newfoundland had its share 45Gretta Baker, "Radio Comes of Age." Senior. Sgholastic Magazine, Oct. 22, 1945, p. 5. 58 of restlessness. Due to its important geographical loca- tion between Europe and North America, numerous experiments in wireless communication and the laying of countless cables and telegraph networks had taken place on the island. Promoters and enterprising business men had become keenly interested in the potential that radio broadcasting offered as an advertising and communication medium. It seems sig- nificant for purposes of this study, to note that it was religious leaders and not business entrepreneurs that suc- ceeded in establishing the first radio stations in New- foundland. By 1924 Wesley United Church built the first radio transmitting station with call letters 8 WMC.46 This was followed in the autumn of 1929 by radio station BSL which was operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church, whose prime function, like the Wesley station, was to broadcast Sabbath church services. In 1932, the two commercial stations, VONF and VOGY, made their debut. As has already been indicated, these were operated by the Dominion Broadcasting Corporation, a subsidiary of the AvalOn Telephone Company, and were New- foundland's first national broadcasting stations. COmmer- cial licenses were then granted to VOCM of the Atlantic Broadcasting Company,-St. John's, and to A.G. Christian, 46Perlin, pp, cit., p. 93. 59 who established radio station VOGF, Grand Falls. By 1936 there were six commercial stations and more than forty amateur radio stations in Newfoundland. Ultimately the Newfoundland Government established the Broadcasting Corporation of Newfoundland with a purpose to upgrade and broaden the coverage that the private sta- tions were offering. The new corporation absorbed the Dominion Broadcasting Company, however, station VOCM has continued to this day as an independent entity. Private radio broadcasting continued to expand in the Province: the Newfoundland Broadcasting Company estab- lished Radio Station CJON, St. John's, with two satellite stations, CJOX Grand Bank,and CJCN Grand Falls added later. The broadcasting facilities of Radio Station VOCM became incorporated in 1936 under the Colonial Broadcasting System, and it too, later added satellite stations at Grand Falls, Marystown, and Corner Brook. Since confederation, the Broadcasting Corporation of Newfoundland has been a part of the Canadian Broadcast- ing Corporation, which, in addition to its present St. John's broadcasting facilities, CBN-CKZN, presently main- tains network radio stations CBG Gander, CBT Grand Falls, and CBY Corner Brook. Television made its impact upon the Newfoundland scene in 1955, when CJON-TV started transmission from its St. John's studios. Today this network covers the island 60 with five additional TV stations ranging from Argentia on the south coast, to Corner Brook on the west. A choice of networks was offered the local TV audience when the CBC initiated its TV transmissions through the island's most powerful channel, CBNT, St. John's, with four additional TV stations ranging from CFLA Goose Bay, Labrador to the island's west coast U.S. airbase facility, CFSN Stephen- ville. While the following chapter will present in-depth and detailed history of radio broadcasting in St. John's, Newfoundland, the greater focus will be upon the ramifica- tions of Religious Radio Broadcasting as carried by the two church operated and commerical radio stations. An intro- duction to the development of television has been given to serve as a base from which deductions will be made in the study to determine possible trends and changes in Religious Radio Broadcasting since the impact of television. CHAPTER II A REVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF RELIGIOUS RADIO BROADCASTING IN ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND The same kinds of physical conditions that contrib- uted to the dispersal of Newfoundland's population helped to make Religious Radio Broadcasting the important factor it became in the island's life. Religious Radio Broadcast- ing in St. John's has developed from three sources. Pri- marily there was that impetus that came from radio stations owned and Operated by religious denominations, whose prime purpose was to propagate their respective faiths and to air programs of a religious nature. The second source contrib- uting to this type of broadcasting comprised the govern- mentally owned and operated radio stations. The third. source is represented by the privately owned and operated commercial,stations. Although a.number of religious groups had been concerned with spiritual life in Newfoundland, several of these, in subsequent years, were to extend their spiritual influence by radio and television. In order to understand better the trends they took, some consideration will now be given to the early leadership and emphasis of each. 61 62 A. Church Owned and Operated Radio Stations Egg The Roman Catholic Church in Newfoundland had its beginning in 1784 when it received official recognition from Rome. It has been reported that prior to the religous break in Christendom, the Cabots of the fifteenth century had brought with them the Augustinians or "Black Friars" and that the Mass was celebrated in Newfoundland as early as 1497.1 Immigrants from Ireland had come to the island in sufficient numbers that by 1784 it was decided that these Catholic colonists should have their own diocese; Rev. James Louis O'Donel of Tipperary, Ireland became the first Catholic Bishop. As the Roman Catholic faith spread across the island, church-related societies and brother- hoods such as the Benevolent Irish Society and the Holy Name Society developed. One such religious group was the Christian Brothers of Mount Cashel Orphanage in St. John's. A number of these brothers became interested and enthusi- astic amateurs in radio broadcasting. On February 12, 1927, a broadcasting station with call letters 8MC began operating at Mount Cashel. However, as indicated by Ernest Ash, "this station had no intention of becoming one of the big stations 1Thomas J. Flynn, "The Roman Catholic Church in Newfoundland," Vol. II of The Book of Newfppndland, ed. by J.R. Smallwood (St. John's: NewfoundlandiBook Publishers, Limited, 1937), p. 274. 63 of the city: it was operated unobtrusively by these sev- eral members of the Brothers for some time."2 VOWR The earliest factor that stirred public thought regarding the possibilities of radio's future place in religious broadcasting in St. John's, Newfoundland was the impact made by the Wesley Church station that began broad- casting on July 20, 1924. The original intent of the Meth- odist Church in establishing transmitting station 8WMC-- the forerunner of VOWR--was primarily to broadcast church services.3 This hitherto unthought-of idea was conceived by the rector, Reverend J.G. Joyce, who foresaw radio as a valuable adjunct in extending the ministry of the church. Through this new medium, the various worship services could be beamed directly to the sick, aged, and shut-ins within the city of St. John's and beyond to smaller isolated set- tlements where receiving sets were available. This development conceived by Joyce in 1924 was, in many respects, a logical and inevitable extension of the work of the Methodist church which had begun as early as 1765. 2Ernest Ash, "The Story of Radio in Newfoundland," Vol. I of The Book of Newfoundlapp, ed. by J.R. Smallwood (St. John's: Newaundland BoOk Publishers, Limited, 1937), p. 346. . 3Perlin, pp, cit., p. 93. 64 One of the first countries outside Great Britain to share in the benefits of the Methodist revival was New- foundland; and Rev. Lawrence Coughlin who had been one of John Wesley's associates, began evangelistic work in Harbor Grace in 1765. Travelling conditions were so difficult dur- ing the period that it was impossible for Coughlin to ex- tend his itineraries beyond Conception Bay. Other Method- ist missionaries followed. John Hoskins of Bristol began work at Old Perlican in 1774 followed by Rev. John McGeary, who advanced the Methodist faith in Port-de Grave and Black- head. An established mission finally deveIOped in St. John's in 1815, with Thomas Hickson as director. The work spread to the South Coast when Rev. William Marshall began an evangelistic itinerary from Fortune Bay to Cape Ray in 1841.4 During the century which followed, Methodism was extended from the Northern peninsula to Labrador; and together with the other religious denominations, Wesleyans sustained the hardships and setbacks caused by the St. John's fires of 1846 and 1892 as well as fires and natural elements that constantly besieged the remote coastal set- tlements. 4Levi Curtis, "The Methodist Church in Newfound- land," Vol. II of The Book of Newfoundland, ed. by J.R. Smallwood (St. John's" Newfoundland Book Publishers Ltd., 1937). PP. 288-293. 65 There is little doubt but that Rev. J.G. Joyce, who founded the Wesley Radio Station, was keenly aware of the problems of isolation and difficulties of travel encountered by the early Methodist missionaries in Newfoundland and even itinerant pastors in his day.5 Religious Radio Broadcast- ing seemed to offer the most economical and immediate solu- tion to the problem. The Wesley Church Station 8WMC began as a 100 watt transmitter, and was built by an organ builder, Walter I. Vey, assisted by Letts and Collins. The first broadcast consisted of a church service conducted by Rev. Mr. Joyce; however, in time, the station evolved into a regular broad- casting service. In addition to regular church services, 8WMC broadcast secular programs as the Church Lads' Brigade 5Rev. L. Curtis has recorded some of the hardships encountered by Methodist missionaries in Newfoundland. Writing to John Wesley in England, Rev. Coughlin said: "Could I travel up and down this land, so as to be use- ful any longer, I would gladly stay; but, as I cannot, except by water,.in small boats, I am not able to stand it." An extract from a circuit itinerary of those early days told of some of the travelling hardships: Summer travelling in the circuit was very laborious, as we had to climb high hills, wade the streams and plunge through the mire of the marshes. . . . Winter travel- ling was even worse, for it was often beset with danger. In the winter of 1833 two of our ministers nearly per- ished in one of those winter journeys--Messers. Knight and Tomkins. . . . The snow was up to their hips, but they found a bare spot where they continued to walk to and fro for the space of 12 hours. Their clothes were torn to rags in getting through the "tuckermore bushes," the storm howled fearfully, falling trees around them in every direction. Ibid., p. 292. 66 band concerts and addresses to the people of Newfoundland by civic leaders. One such speech by Governor Sir William Allardyce was reportedly heard in New York.6 By the end of 1925, interest in the expansion of radio for religious, commercial, and entertainment purposes reached such a level that newspaper articles and editorials began to appear advocating that steps be taken to lessen the cost of radio receivers on the island. A second-hand unit at that time cost $250.00, and Anson Brown's writing against the Government's increased duty on radio sets was apparently concerned about any extraneous factors that might serve to discourage the growth of the medium. Radio is now becoming an industry. Local dealers are beginning to stock parts.‘ Quite a few Newfoundlanders are yet to be awakened to the possibilities of radio, but the increased duty is a step in the wrong direc- tion. Even though duties prevailed, this did not stop the extension of radio receivers or the development of small private broadcasting stations. Early in 1927 an interna— tional radio conference was held in Washington D.C. that resulted in the changing of the call letters of Newfound- land's religious and private radio stations. It was at this time that the Wesley Church station, formerly identi- fied by 8WMC, became VOWR. Newfoundland was assigned VO 6Ash, pp, cit., p. 344. 71bid., p. 346. 67 to begin all future religious and commercial call letters. Additional factors at this time caused the owners of VOWR to reconsider their programming as well as the effective range of their station. One item in particular that caught the public in- terest in VOWR's broadcasting resulted when a St. John's newspaper urged that sealing ships leaving for the ice fields in the spring be supplied with radio receivers. Commenting on the merit of radio as an entertainment possi- bility for men on sealing vessels, Ash said: With these receiving sets the sealers heard 8WMC dis- tinctly, and were delighted that in future years the tediousness and dullness of the seal-fishery life would be relieved through this new medium of entertainment. Sealing ships travelled some distance from the Newfoundland shore as did the fishing vessels on the Grand Banks; hence a need developed for VOWR to produce a stronger signal. An added impetus to strengthening the station's operating range came as a result of letters received from remote Newfoundland and New England listerners who indicated that they had followed the church services of the station with deep interest. Consequently, Rev. J.G. Joyce deter- mined to expand the station's range so that all sections of the island as well as vessels in nearby coastal waters could hear the broadcasts. 31bid., p. 346. 68 As a result, VOWR came on the air in December, 1927 with a station five times as powerful as the one started in 1924. This epoch marked a new era in broadcasting for the Wesley Church station as well as the entire land. Immedi- ately the station leaped to a position where it dominated the broadcasting scene in Newfoundland--even the re—broad- casting of foreign stations became an integral part of its programming. The flexibility offered by remote telephone line broadcasting was demonstrated during VOWR's radio week special programming. An address by the Governor, Sir William Allardyce, by remote control from Government house, was the high spot on the program. The Governor was amazed that he could sit down in his library and broadcast his voice to all parts of the island and elsewhere. . . . During the week the.station was heard as far away as Chicago. William.Atwi11 and Wilfred Whitemarsh were operators of the Wesley station at this time; and during the early months of 1928, a meeting of the main backers of the sta- tion was called to organize a committee that would give study to enlarging the educational and entertainment pro- gramming, and to give special consideration to meeting the radio listeners' needs well beyond the immediate St. John's area. The resulting Newfoundland Broadcasting Committee was made up of George R. Williams, A. Smith, F. Bradshaw, A. Mews, T.V. Hartnett, J.W. Morris, and C.E. Jeffery. 91bid. 69 Space in the newly constructed Newfoundland Hotel was used by the growing Methodist station; and listeners were introduced to night broadcasts which included frequent weather information, news bulletins, recordings of classical music, and lectures on various topics by Newfoundland speak- ers. St. Thomas' Anglican church also began to use the Wesley station to broadcast its Sunday services. While radio station VOWR was at the height of its popularity, an additional broadcasting voice emerged that followed very closely the lines of purpose conceived by the Wesley Church organizers. was The second Religious Radio Broadcasting station in St. John's, Newfoundland, was established in 1929 by the Seventh-day Adventist church. The station began with the purpose of providing parishioners and friends of the church an opportunity to become acquainted with the religious tenents of the movement. Interestingly enough, when the new station, BBSL, began broadcasting from a spare room in the church's headquarters on Freshwater Road, the call let- ters themselves seemed to spell out this evangelical intent, having been derived from the words, "Bible Study League."lo 10D.E. Tinkler, Highlights of Progress (St. John's: Morgan Printing Company, Limited, 1963), p. 9. 70 Just as the early Roman Catholic Friars and Meth- odist missionaries came to Newfoundland for purposes of religious instruction and evangelizing, so representatives from the Seventh-day Adventist Church came to this island from the United States. As a result of the General Con- ference session of the Seventh-day Adventist Church held in Battle Creek in 1893, it was decided to send two col- porteurs, L.T. Ayres and E.O. Parker, to Newfoundland. While journeying to the island, Mrs. Ayres developed a close acquaintanceship with Mrs. Anna Pippy, a fellow trav- eller on the ship, who ultimately became the first Seventh- day Adventist convert in Newfoundland.11 As a result of the growing number of converts won by Ayres and Parker, a resident pastor, Elder S.J. Hersum, was called to St., John's; and in 1896 the first church was built on Cookstown Road.12 In order to extend the church's outreach on the island, a number of mission boats were secured to facili- tate the sale and delivery of religious books to the more remote.outport communities. Soon additional churches were built in Bay Roberts, Catalina, Cottrell's Cove, Corner Brook, Botwood, Leithbridge, with isolated adherents and companies developing in most of the Island's communities. 11B.W. Brown, "Elvira Ayres" (Obituary column), Raview and Herald, CXII (July 4, 1935). 12Evening Telegram, February 13. 1898--November 26: 1898, p. 4. 71 As Canada's Seventh-day Adventist Church historian, E.J. Montieth, has written, "Probably the most outstanding achievement in the whole history of the Mission took place during the Williams administration."13 Montieth is un- doubtedly referring the significant contribution Pastor Harold N. Williams made to the advancement of the Church in Newfoundland when he established Radio Station BBSL, which later became VOAR. Montieth may also have been thinking of the phenomenal growth of the St. John's Adventist church that came about as a direct result_of William's forceful preaching both over the air and on the public platform. Radio Station 8BSL began operating with a power out- put of 10 watts on 228.9 meters, 1,310 kilocycles. During one of the initial test programs some fifty telephone calls were received congratulating the new broadcasting station. Pastor Williams, describing the event some forty years later, observed, "At the close of the program our telephone began ringing as officials gave me their compliments and appreciation beginning with the Governor, Premier, Members of Parliament, the Mayor, and then lesser personages."14 Williams had completed the station from plans supplied by l3E.J. Montieth, "Newfoundland" (chapter on New- foundland from unpublished manuscript, Canadian Union Con- ference of Seventh-day Adventists, Oshawa, Ontario, 1969), p. 17. 14Letter, Harold N. Williams to Franklin A. Knutson, June 13, 1968. Glenwood, Minnesota. 72 George Stevens, an adherent and broadcasting station Oper- ator from Auburn, New York. Stevens later came to St. John's as a self-supporting layman to assist in the further development of the Adventist station where he became well known as a consultant and builder in the radio broadcasting field. William Moyst became the station operator, and Miss Addie Wood was noted by Ash as the first of her sex to take an active part in radio broadcasting in St. John's, New- foundland.15 Within a year the station's call letters were changed from 8BSL to 8 RA (Radio Association), and govern- ment permission was secured to increase the power to 5,000 watts. Not only was 8 RA's new signal heard throughout Newfoundland and Labrador, but official returns were received from listeners in Florida and Chicago. In order- to help finance the Operation of the station, commercial advertising was accepted; and on October 3rd, 1930, 8 RA became the first commercial station in Newfoundland. Com- mercial and secular programming was broadcast during the week, and from sunset Friday evening until Sunday night the station aired only religious services.16 lsASh' 22. Cite, p. 3470 16Letter, William J. Moyst to E.J. Monteith, Aug. 1e, 1961. Corner Brook, Newfoundland. 73 At this time some significant needs in radio broad- casting were being expressed by listeners in Newfoundland. The feeling is summarized by Ash: While 8WMC (the Wesley station) was rendering great service to the island with its bi-weekly programs, New- foundland still suffered from the lack of a national daily broadcasting service. Weather forecasts, ship- ping news, news items designed for the information of, fishermen, fishing, etc., was the sort of service that the island required. The powerful Marconi station at Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, continually received letters from listeners all over Newfoundland expressing appreciation for its news service; however, columns in the St. John's papers called for a more local service. Shortly after this public news— paper correspondence, the Adventist station changed its form of broadcasting to try to meet the immediate needs of its listening audience. Daily features consisted of "com- mercial announcements, health talks, news items, stock exchange quotations, dinner music, cooking hints, home nursing, etc." Pastor Harold Williams not only was concerned for the spiritual well-being of his listeners; he was distressed by the poor.eating habits as well and sought to share his knowledge of healthful living with the Newfoundland people. Even in his day there was evidence of inadequate diet and improper eating habits. In a personal letter to the 17Ibid. 74 researcher, Williams told of the scarcity of fresh fruit and vegetables in St. John's, and how his radio and public platform health lectures created such an interest in health- ful living that these items together with breakfast cereals were soon being imported by city merchants.18 It was during this period of expansion that radio station 8RA became VONA "Voice of the North Atlantic." The studio had been transferred from the original church office site to the Lamb Building in the downtown commercial area; a temporary studio extension was also located in the YMCA, where an orchestra could be accommodated for live program- ming. Difficulties, however, began to develop with adver- tisers who wished to promote products that were inconsist- ent with the teachings of the Seventh-day Adventist_church. VONA was ultimately sold with the understanding that the new owners would rent the Seventh-day Adventist church time for religious broadcasts. This arrangement also proved unsatisfactory, and a new broadcasting station with call letters VOAC "Voice of the Adventist Church" was built in the Adventist church on Cookstown Road. This new station, built by George Stevens and William Moyst, was established strictly as a religious, non-commercial station. A typical broadcast of the period 18Letter, Harold N. Williams to E.A. Knutson, June 13, 1968, Glenwood, Minnesota.. 75 was "The Layman's Study Hour" conducted by Edward Butler, the first male Adventist convert in Newfoundland, and William Snow. The station was rebuilt in 1936 under the direction of Pastor 8.6. White, President of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Newfoundland. His successor, P.A. Rick continued to expand the facilities by installing new equipment and increasing the power. In 1938 radio station VOAC became VOAR, which iden- tifies the station to this day as "Voice of Adventist Radio.": This change was effected by the authority of The Radio Branch of the Newfoundland Department of Post and Telegraphs. VOAR's airing of uplifting spiritual songs and hope filled Bible messages together with the religious broadcasts of the other stations provided a reassuring voice of spiritual encouragement during the trying years of World War II when the enemy pressed the battle to the very shores of the island. VOAR's logbook shows continuous interruptions in its regular programs during the war when special news releases were aired. In 1947 a new control room and studio were built in a part of the Newfoundland Junior Academy under the direction of President C.C. Weis and assisted by William Moyst and Frederick Bell. Much of the equipment, such as 76 the transmitter and amplifier was upgraded, and additional new items were purchased.19 Radio station VOAR continued to serve the church, as it sought to be an effective medium in breaking down prejudice and extending the humanitarian and spiritual out- reach of the Adventist faith. People who would possibly never enter an Adventist church now had opportunity to become acquainted with the doctrines and health message as they listened to the various VOAR broadcasts. It was in recognition of these spiritual and educational broadcasts that has caused the Newfoundland and Canadian governments to continue to re-license the station. Marking the epoch of VOAR's re—issue of a commercial license, President Philip Moores observed: Our denominationally owned radio station VOAR which reaches a potential audience of 145,000 people, has passed the tests of the Department of Transport and has been given a commercial license. Expensive new equipment has been installed in order to comply with government regulations. The station wields a powerful influence for the church in the St. John's area and is being used to bring more people to take their stand for God.20 The writer was associated with Pastor Philip Moores during his tenure as President of the Church in Newfound- land and experienced a number of circumstances which 19Letter, William J. Moyst to E.J. Monteith, Aug. 13, 1961, Corner Brook, Newfoundland. 20Philip Moores, "News Notes," Canadian Union Mes- senger, XXIV (May 18, 1955), 121. 77 indicated that VOAR served as a valuable adjunct in support of work of the Adventist church on the island.21 President George Adams, who succeeded Pastor Moores, compared the religious broadcasts of VOAR to "Wing- ed Messengers that leap over bays and inlets, heads and shoals, and walk into the homes of thousands of people where the people could not go." Writing for the Canadian Union Messenger, the official church paper for Seventh-day Adventists in Canada, Adams indicated some of the programs carried by VOAR between 1957 and 1959.22 He also stated that during this period, new equipment was installed in radio station VOAR by chief engineer, George Rabbitts, and that a second studio was added to the existing facilities. 21On March 16th, 1969, the writer travelled to Andrews University to peruse bound copies of the Canadian Union Messen er and Review and Herald. An article appeared written by t e researcher While associated with radio sta- tion VOAR as secretary-treasurer, and contained evidence that the station had indeed effected a favourable disposi-. tion among the miners of Bell Island toward the welfare appeal sponsored by the church. The ingathering work in Newfoundland has had a boost because of the strong support given it by radio station VOAR in St. John's. Favourable reports of VOAR's fine spiritual programs were brought in by all the ingath- erers from the people of Bell Island. (E.A. Knutson, "Ingathering Experiences in Newfoundland," Canadian Union Messenger, XXI (June 18, 1952), 10. 22George Adams has listed some of VOAR's broadcast- ing during June of 1959. "After much study and hard work we increased our broadcast time from eight to thirty-eight hours per week. This regular programming did much to in- crease the popularity of our station. We carried the Voice of Prophecy broadcasts, including a "Time for Singing," plus several other taped programs of outstanding service, 78 Presidents D.E. Tinkler and A.N. How continued to expand the services of the station. Recently, VOAR moved from its location on the second floor level in the Academy to the newly erected modern brick building at 106 Freshwater Road where it shares space with other departmental offices of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Newfoundland. Pastor Ray Matthews provided the leadership in this recent expan- sion program, and in addition, has brought valuable experi- ence in ReligiousRadio Broadcasting gained during his min— istry in the Maritimes. As a fitting tribute to VOAR's founder, Harold Williams, special 25th Anniversary services marking the station's beginning, were held. Williams was invited to return to St. John's where he engaged in evangelistic serv- ices as well as a series of radio broadcasts over the such as "Your Radio Doctor," "Your Story Hour," "The Quiet Hour." In addition we broadcast the regular Sabbath morn- ing church services direct from our new church on Queen's Road in St. John's. New microphones and control facili- ties, as well as an entirely new sound system for the church, made these broadcasts more.acceptable. We are indebted to the following individuals for their consistent radio production under these titles: George Morgan--"The Desire of Ages," Pastor George Butler--"Evening Devotions," "Present Truth," "Power for Today:" G.L. Burton--"Burton's Bible Class;" Emerson Hillock--"Adventures in Storyland, "Thought for the Evening;" Pastor G.O. Adams-—"Christ For- ever," "Christ and Tomorrow," "Question Corner;" Joan Gosse, May Holloway, and Lorraine Nicholson for their lis- tenable production--"Request Time." Technicians--George Rabbitts, engineer. Assistants, George and Don Morgan, Clarence Butler, Edward Hodder, and Virginia Burton, pro- gramming. (George Adams, Canadian Union Messenger, XXVIII (June 10, 1959), 200-201.' 79 Adventist station. Again, some insight as to the impres- sion that VOAR has made upon its listeners might be seen in the number of requests that came in by phone and mail asking Pastor Williams to sing. The people of Newfoundland remembered hearing him sing twenty-five years ago and even recalled one of his popular request hymns, "My Mother's Old Bible is True."23 B. Governmentally Owned and Operated Radio Stations 9211 The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in Newfound- land came into being officially at noon on April 1, 1949. During the preceding evening of March Blst, CBC technicians worked feverishly to link up the network so that ceremonies surrounding Newfoundland's becoming a tenth Province of Canada could be broadcast across the nation. The history of government-owned and operated radio stations goes back, however, to a much earlier date than April 1, 1949, and develOped from a dichotomy.or two- pronged source. One of these sources developed in March, 1932 when Ernest Ash and A. Frank Wood built commercial radio station VOLT, and started broadcasting from studios located in the Crosbie Hotel. After a short period of 23Philip Moores, "VOAR's 25th Anniversary," Cana- dianfUnion Messenger, XXIII (November 17, 1954), 287. 80 operation, VOLT became incorporated into radio station VOGY of the Newfoundland Broadcasting Company. The original VOLT transmitter at Mundy Pond was used until February, 1934; however, these facilities were discarded the follow- ing month when radio station VOGY began broadcasting from its new studios in the Newfoundland Hotel with the very latest in Marconi-built equipment. The second prong or source develOped when VONF, operated by the Dominion Broadcasting Company Limited, a subsidiary of the Avalon Telephone Company, aired its sig- nal on November 14, 1932. George Stevens, assisted by Joseph Butler, designed the station and selected the broad- casting equipment. William Moyst, W. Galgay, and Oscar Hierlihy were also part of the station team. An agreement had been made with NBC whereby VONF would be granted rights 24 On to rebroadcast programs of this American system. March 12, 1934 a new transmitter was installed in the VONF studio which was purported to be the first 100% controlled modulated transmitter on the island. VOGY and VONF emerged as the first two national broadcasting stations in New- foundland due to the fact that their signals were powerful enough to penetrate the most adverse weather conditions to any point on the island. There must have been a consider- able market for commercial advertising at this period for 24Ash, op, cit., p. 349. 81 in addition to VOGY and VONF, several business houses such as Ayres and Sons entered the radio broadcasting field by establishing their own stations. The first evidences of government intervention in Newfoundland radio broadcasting came in 1934 when the Radio Branch of the Posts and Telegraphs Department offered a plan aimed at improving broadcasting standards throughout the island. The intention was to place the Operation of all broad- casting services in the island in the hands of a com- bination of the two largest existing companies (VONF and VOGY), Gagernment control to be exercised over the combination. The-suggestion called for an increase in power for the main broadcasting station, VONF, as well as providing that all research directed at elimination of radio inter- ference be conducted by the newly government controlled merger. In 1939 the Newfoundland Commission of Government stepped into the broadcasting scene in an effort to develop existing radio broadcasting facilities in Newfoundland on a par with mainland coverage. A new corporation was formed that absorbed the existing Dominion Broadcasting Company. The new government station began broadcasting on March 13, 1939, with a power output of 10,000 watts. The Broadcast- ing Corporation of Newfoundland tried to link CBC programs 251bid., p. 350. 82 with their own network by means of telephone connections. This venture proved unsuccessful, however, and BCN came to rely on the British Broadcasting Corporation for transcrip- tions. Also, the company became agents for the Reuters news service, which provided the most instantaneous and complete news coverage the island had ever had. Perlin has indicated that BCN-~though its own plans for expansion were curtailed due to World War II—-made a significant contribution to the Allied forces by its power- ful signal that could be projected out into the Atlantic for 1000 miles under the most adverse weather conditions.26 In 1942 BCN developed broadcasting facilities at Corner Brook, and at a later date additional transmitting stations were located at Gander and Grand Falls. Additional problems confronted CBC technicians and program producers in assuming ownership of the Newfoundland government stations. BCN had_a number of contracts that would not terminate until well after Newfoundland's union with Canada. In addition, there were difficulties that arose out of the difference in time zones which had to be overcome by providing special recording studios in Sydney, Nova Scotia. This procedure is still necessary since New- foundland time is half-hour earlier than Canadas' other Maritime provinces. 251bid. 83 After Union with Canada, Newfoundland became an integral part of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; and as a result of the microwave system completed in 1959, the island now receives benefits of direct CBC television pro- grams. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation produces programs on three levels: National, Regional, and Local. Because Newfoundland has been classified as one of Canada's six Regional areas, much of the traditional flavor peculiar to the Newfoundland way of life has been preserved. National Program Headquarters for the Dominion are located in Toronto, where radio shows are scheduled and produced that cover the National CBC network; however, a considerable portion aired over the National network is made up of pro- grams originating in the various regional areas. The pur- pose here is to help inform Canadians about the way of life in different parts of their country. The prime responsibility of the Newfoundland Region- al Program Department is to coordinate and vary the daily scheduling for the four CBC stations within the province so that a balanced programming of entertainment, information, and general interest is available to regional listeners. .The stations at St. John's, Corner Brook, Grand Falls, and Gander can function as a single broadcasting unit or operate independently. 84 Although entertainment is an important feature of the CBC scheduling, the Corporation policy is to have some— thing for every listener. Dissemination of information,‘ public interest, and educational programs are on the required list. Many supervisors, who are specialists, travel extensively in their respective areas, making cer- tain that the service is representative of the whole island. One of the greatest contributions the CBC has made to Can- ada as well as Newfoundland has been its unifying force. Through the coast to coast CBC network, Canadians are con- stantly exposed to life on the national scene; for-example, they hear_conversations with the Eskimos and Indians of Labrador; join momentarily an Old-World flavored Christmas celebration in St. Pierre and Miquelon, and vicariously participate in a squid jigging adventure in Newfoundland. The service aims at broadcasting programs that en- courage public expression. During municipal, provincial, or federal elections, air time is offered to contesting parties on an equitable basis and without a fee.. One of the greatest contributions the CBC has made to Newfoundland has been the school broadcast services. In a school system such as that of Newfoundland-~widely scattered and often ill equipped--broadcasting services have been a real boon, as F.W. Rowe, Minister of Education for Newfoundland explains: 85 Until recently-the majority of Newfoundland schools were small, isolated and meagerly equipped. Of neces- sity, most learning had to be of the textbook variety. It would seem that Newfoundland was a logical place in which to experiment with new educational aids, particu- larly with radio. . . . With the advent of Confedera- tion Newfoundland was in a position to take advantage of the progress that had been in the rest of Canada and accordingly, almost immediately, the Maritime school broadcasts were given over Newfoundland stations.27 These Maritime school broadcasts were aired over th the CBC Newfoundland regional stations, and in 1956 the Newfoundland Department of Education began producing its own educational broadcasts in St. John's. Correspondence courses are now promoted by radio, and Newfoundland's CBC St. John's studios contribute to the Atlantic School Broad- casts that are heard throughout the Maritime Provinces.28 Radio broadcasting has not only played an important part in meeting educational needs on the island of New- foundland, but has also contributed to spiritual life by bringing the church to those who were unable to attend. Since coming to Canada's newest province, the CBC has recog— nized this unique opportunity and has allocated a generous proportion of air time for religious and inspirational pro- grams. 27Frederick W. Rowe, The-Development of Education in Newfoundland (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1964), pp. 28Perlin, 22: cit., p. 96. 86 Each Sunday a church service is broadcast, and at 9:00 a.m. each week day, a studio service known as "Morning Devotions" is produced. Thanks to regional facilities, clergymen in St. John's, Gander, Grand Falls and Corner Brook, and occasionally in other communities participate in this program. Church news, and special religious programs in which all denominations have a part, are also regularly transmitted.29 While it is true that all denominations can have notices and Special announcements made over local CBC sta- tions, only those churches recognized by the regional Min- isterial Association as belonging to the Canadian Council of Churches are permitted to broadcast church services. Local CBC newscasters, such as Phil Ryan of Grand Falls and Ed Byrn of Corner Brook, provide a unique and meaningful service to all church groups by announcing special church functions and religious news items of general interest to the local listeners. The CBC "Doyle News Bulletin" also provided a similar service. In 1959, two milestones marked the CBC's progress in Newfoundland. One was the extension of the TV Micro- Wave across the island which was completed on June 16. On the previous day the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation had initiated its TV broadcasting in Newfoundland by beginning transmissions from its TV relay in Corner Brook. By October 29Ibid., p. 96. 87 of that year the Corner Brook TV station had developed from relay transmitter to a full station operation with studios and equipment for full production of live programs.30 Since that time the island's.most powerful television chan- nel, CBNT St. John's, has been established as well as addi- tional CBC TV stations at Grand Falls, Stephenville, and Goose Bay, Labrador. C. wPrivate Commercial Broadcasting Stations m Having just traced the development of early commer— cial radio broadcasting stations that were merged to form the first Newfoundland Government controlled network, con- sideration will now be given to radio stations that were built with the intention of competing in the commercial broadcasting field that remain as private commercial sta- tions to this day. One of the first commercial radio stations in St. John's was VOCM; owned and operated by the Atlantic Broad- casting Company. The names of Walter Williams and Joseph 30The completion of the CBC transinsular Micro- Wave TV network and opening of the_Corner Brook TV relay station coincided with the arrival of Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip in Newfoundland and television coverage of_ the event was extended to British and Canadian viewers. The writer was among a group of clergymen and dignitaries of Corner Brook who had the opportunity of shaking hands with the Royal couple during their visit to that city. 88 Butler have been linked with the development of this sta— tion. Just prior to the Newfoundland Government's entrance into the broadcasting field in 1939, Butler had taken over VOCM under the new name of the Colonial Broadcasting Com- pany. A significant achievement was marked when government permission was granted to increase power to 10,000 watts.31 During recent expansions, the company installed radio station CKCM at Grand Falls with a powerful 10,000 watt signal that covers the island and even extends to Lab- rador. An additional 1,000 watt station has also been erected at Marystown. Unlike the government subsidized CBC stations, private—commercial broadcasters rely upon their customers' purchase of air time to stay in business, and the sale of broadcasting time to religious denominations has been an important segment of VOCM's income. The smaller church groups not generally represented in the Canada Council of Churches or local Ministerial Association seem well repre- sented in VOCM's present radio log showing religious pro- grams.32 31Ash, op. cit., p. 349. 32The'following is a listing of Sunday Religious Broadcasts carried by Radio Station VOCM of the Colonial Broadcasting System. (Due to the nature of this footnote, the remainder of footnote.32 will be found on page 89.) 89 CJON Radio station CJON, like VOCM, emerged as a private commercial broadcasting enterprise, and was granted its license on October 29, 1951. This powerful independent station began transmitting with a power rating of 5,000 watts, and in 1958 was granted permission by the Canadian Department of Transport to double this wattage. Donald Jamieson and Geoffrey Stirling provided the entrepreneurship in founding the Newfoundland Broadcasting Company, which owns and operates CJON-TV and Radio, and serve as President and Chairman of the Board respectively. These ambitious young broadcasters had hardly initiated RELIGIOUS PROGRAMS 7:15-a.m.- 7:30-a.m. Children's Chapel 8:15-a.m.- 8:30-a.m. "Cry of His Coming" Solbrekken Evan- gelical Asso- ciation 9:30-a.m.-10:00-a.m. The Lutheran Hour 10:00-a.m.-10:30-a.m. Old Old Story Pentecostal 10:30-a.m.-ll:00-a.m. People's Gospel Perry F. Rock- Hour wood 11:00-a.m.-12:15-p.m. Church Service Various St. John's con-. gregations 1:30-p.m.— 2:00-p.m. Revivaltime Pentecostal Assemblies 5:00-p.m.- 5:30-p.m. Bethesda Chimes Pentecostal MONDAY THROUGH SUNDAY 6:30—p.m.- 7:00-p.m. The World Tomorrow Ambassador College (Letter, William Williamson to P.V. Shea, February 7, 1969, St. John's: Colonial Broadcasting System, Letter File.) 90 CJON's radio services when they began planning the intro- duction of television to Newfoundland. Coming a half decade before the transinsular Micro-Wave TV network had been developed, it was necessary for the first Newfoundland TV station to produce local live programs and rely heavily upon kinescopes and other filmed materials. Initial test programs began in the summer of 1955, and by early autumn CJON television developed a regular programming schedule. Commenting on the progress of the Newfoundland Broadcasting Company, Don Janieson marked the sixteenth anniversary by observing: None of us realized 16 years ago that our station of 5,000 watts would soon be increased to 10,000-—that we would establish Newfoundland's first television sta- tion and add the first satellite station in North Amer- ica—-and that the network would expand to the size and coverage that it is today. Jamieson is speaking here of CJON's unique satel- lite station that was located at Argentia on the South COast. In addition to the Argentia television transmitter,. the Newfoundland Broadcasting Company operates three other TV stations that extend from St. John's on the east to Corner Brook on the West Coast. The Newfoundland Broad- casting Company's radio broadcasting facilities had kept pace with TV improvements and expansion. Today the Company provides an important transinsular communication link with 33"Happy Birthday CJON," The Newfoundland Herald, 91 Newfoundland listeners, for in addition to the powerful CJON radio station in St. John's, additional radio broad- casting stations are located in Grand Falls (CJCN) and Grand Bank (CJOX). CJON, like VOCM, has consistently carried Religious Radio Broadcasting representing all denominations in New- foundland. Nathaniel Shapira, of the station's Operations department, has indicated that the number Of persons in the St. John's area listening to any given religious broadcast may vary from 10,000 to 63,000. These estimates have been taken from the CJON Radio Station Audience Estimates from October 30 to November 12, 1967. This survey was made by the Board of Broadcast Measurement, and indicates the audience in St. John's only.~ Since these religious broad- casts are fed through CJON's other stations at Grand Falls and Grand Bank, the size Of the audience becomes much great- er in total.34 34A letter from Mr. Shapira has listed the follow- ing information concerning CJON's Religious Radio Broadcast- ing in St. John's. Sunday Evening Church Service. A weekly broadcast of the service from St. ThomasTiAnglican Church, 6:30 - 7:30 each Sunday. Broadcast since the early 1950's. Approximately 10,000 listeners tuned to program. An lican Sunday School Broadcast. Recorded. Broadcast Since 1965, and heard at-9:3:5- 10:00 a.m. Approxi- mately 15,000 listeners.' ' Chapel For Shut~Ins. Host Dan Jamieson. Inspirational, non-sectarian readings Of poetry, literary selections, 92 A number of significant changes have occurred in Newfoundland in recent years that have broadened the field of communication in several respects.. The population of the island has steadily increased from 321,000 at the time Of Union with Canada in 1949, to the present figure of 550 ,000 . A marked trend toward centralization Of popular tion is now under way. People are leaving the smaller set- tlements to take up residence in the larger centers Where employment and access to communication and transportation facilities are more readily available. Numerous writers have described the exodus from. Newfoundland's multiple-offshore islands and isolated mixed with music. Broadcast Sunday mornings since 1951. Time: 10:00 - 11:00 - a.m. Approximately 16,000 listeners. Salvation.ArmyProgram, Produced by CJON for the Sal- vation Army, since-1958. Broadcast each Saturday at 10:00 - p.m. for a half-hour. Approximately 28,000 listeners. Be Still and Know.’ Transcribed program, 2 1/2 minutes long, Offinspirational "thought for the day" and Bible verse. Produced by the Presbyterian Church. Broadcast* at 10:55 - p.m. following the news and weather, daily. Approximately 63,000 listeners. Checkpoint. Produced by the Anglican Church. Aired for 26 weeks at 6:15 - p.m. in 1966. Devotional Period. A_five-minute program aired from I960 to I965, at 6:55, 8:55 and 10:55 - a.m.- Consisted of a short Bible verse and hymn. (Letter, N.A. Shapira to F.A. Knutson, Feb. 21, 1968, St. John's: 93 outports to the larger towns. The report of a local parish priest is typical: Three more families have moved from Woods Island to take up residence at Benoit's Cove.during the past few days and an additional five or six are making prepara- tions to move very shortly. . . . Father Woodrow who spearheaded the move, said there will be about 25 fami- lies living On the Island during the winter, but expec- ted the remginder of them to move to the mainland early next year. The significant increase in motor vehicle registra- tions from 1945 to 1968 reflects not only the improved highway conditions now extant on the island but also the increasing affluence Of the population-—Newfoundlanders have more money in their pockets. They are no longer obliged to sit in a rocking chair and listen to radio for entertainment; there are alternatives now: they can watch TV, drive to church, or shop at the uptown supermarket. Just how these developments will enlarge the Oppor- tunity of Religious Radio Broadcasting to expand its out- reach Over the various stations is difficult to determine. Jean King, writing on the "Doyle News Bulletin," one Of the most popular C.B.C. news broadcasts, showed how this program was served its death knell as a result of Newfound- land's present drift toward prosperity: With improved communications, the "Doyle News" outlived its~usefulness. There was a rapid increase in cars, ferries and plane service in Newfoundland and Labrador. . 35"Three More Families Leave Woods Island," The Western Star, Sept. 24, 1960, p. 3. 94 The province has twelve radio and seven television sta- tions. Newspapers are increasing their circulation to the outlying areas. The road system has been improved immeasurably, and the telephone and telegraph service is prevalent. SO, on April 30 last year the "Doyle News" signed Off the air for the last time. . . .36 In addition to general homely news items, the "Doyle Bulletin" announced speaking appointments for itin- erant preachers serving isolated outports as well as giving local religious news items. The era of primitive isolation has all but disappeared from the Newfoundland scene and with it the need for certain types Of Religious Radio Broad- casting. Whatever future demands will be, it seems that a careful analysis of_the audience and their respective needs must be made by each of the church groups using the broad- casting medium. Newfoundland no longer offers a captive radio audience and Religious Radio Broadcasting may have to be revamped to appeal more directly to the casual listener. 36Jean King, "Doyle News," The Atlantic Advocate, LVI (June, 1966),-p. 82. ‘ ' CHAPTER III INTERVIEWS WITH BROADCASTING PROFESSIONALS The purpose Of this chapter is to report informa— tion concerning the nature Of Religious Radio Broadcasting in three periods of Newfoundland's history as derived from interviews with several "professionals" in Corner Brook and St. John's. Specifically, answers are provided to the fol- lowing two major questions: (1) What was the nature of Religious Radio Broadcasting in each of the three periods? (2) What are some of the principal reasons for these phe- nomena--reasons residing in social, economic, and religious factors and reasons pertaining to the mass media (the press, telegraphs and telephones, television, commercial and government radio, etc.). The three time periods under consideration are as follows: (1) from the inception of radio (1924) to Confed- eration (1949): (2) from Confederation to the impact Of television (1955); (3) and from the beginnings Of TV to the present. In a sense, the several individuals who were inter- viewed represented the source, or encoder, or even perhaps 95 96 the policy maker, whereas, in chapter four the focus will be upon the decoder or listener as a potential source Of information. A. Nature of Reli ious Radio Broadcasting andIits Reception from its Inception (1924) to Confederation (1949) One of the first individuals interviewed was Clif- ford Hierlihy, manager of CBC television and radio in Corner Brook, who, together with his brother, Oscar, had an active part in the technical develOpment of radio stations in St. John's during the formative years of broadcasting. Hierlihy described the nature of Religious Radio Broadcast- ing in the capital city during the late 20's and up until the time Of Confederation by saying, "Most church broad- casts consisted Of a full-blown service inclusive of hymns, Offertory, scripture, prayers--listeners were prepared to sit for hours and enjoy it."1 In essence, interviews with Rev. R.G. Webber and Everett Hudson of Wesley United Church, of which radio sta- tion VOWR is a part, indicated similar programming for that early era. A look at a pre-Confederation program log for VOWR would appear as follows: Every Sunday afternoon, there is a children's half- hour--ha1f Sunday School Of the Air, half an adventure 1Clifford Hierlihy, private interview held in the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Offices, Corner Brook, Newfoundland, April 15, 1969. 97 broadcast. Every Sunday evening the Wesley Church service goes out over the air followed by around 200 hospital reports, together with schooner news and, when necessary, death notices. Sunday morning belongs to any other church in St. John's that wishes to make use of the time and facilities of VOWR. In addition to the Sunday services and mid-week services Thursday, the station has broadcast nurses' graduations, round table discussions . . . and participated in fund-raising cam- paigns. It seems evident that VOWR's log lists not only religious programs and the broadcasting Of church services, but many of the news items that one might expect to be listed in the daily paper as a part of the programming. This type of broadcasting was meaningful for isolated fish- ermen who had to wait a week or more for delivery of a news— paper and who did not have the benefit of a network Of roads. In an effort to recapture the flavor and spirit of those early religious broadcasts of the late 1920's, the writer asked Hierlihy for a brief characterization Of Harold Williams, founder of VOAR, as a speaker. "Pastor Williams was not unlike Billy Graham; when he~spoke, one was compelled to pause and listen--it was the urgency of his message and the apparent sincerity about his person that commanded his audience." Hierlihy indicated that in addition to VOAR's regular broadcasting Of the Sabbath church services, the station's programming during the first 2Adelaide Leitch, "Radio In a Church," Atlantic Guardian, November,.1951, pp. 34-35. 98 period was very similar to that Of VOWR of the Wesley church. Special hymn request programs, health lectures, Bible Quizzes, news items, and other public service pro- grams were carried.3 Still further information concerning this period was secured from Premier Joseph R. Smallwood, who invited the writer to his Offices in the Confederation Building in St. John's to discuss the use of the medium in Newfoundland with particular reference to Religious Radio in the early period. At one point in the interview, the Premier des- cribed a typical radio broadcast Of a Sunday morning church service. "There would be probably a single home in an out- port community with a battery radio, and here the people would gather in the kitchen because of its immense size with a typical wOOd burning stove with its warming oven. People would come in the Sunday best and press into the already crowded roomJ-children would sit on the floor, attentive, expectant. .As the broadcast began and singing was heard, these listeners would sing; as the preacher prayed, the listeners bOWed their heads in prayer." Miss Joan Kelland, Regional Supervisor of Religious and Institu- tional Broadcasts for CBC Newfoundland added, "The ladies in the outports would come wearing their hats and keep them 3Hierlihy, 22: cit. 99 on throughout the broadcast .A. . it was a sacred and mean- ingful event."4 ' In order to find a reason for the demand and popu- larity for this type of Religious Radio Broadcasting, the writer questioned Premier Smallwood, who immediately struck the keynote regarding the importance of continued Religious Radio Broadcasting for the Newfoundland people when he said, "When my Newfoundland colleagues and I approached the Canadian leaders regarding the terms of Union, we made it plain that Newfoundlanders are a very religious people; and because Religious Radio Broadcasting has played such an important role in their daily lives, the CBC was urged to continue broadcasting religious programs and church services at a level carried by the Newfoundland Government network." While on the subject Of Newfoundland's union with Canada, it was interesting to note an additional comment by Mr. Smallwood: "Radio came to Newfoundland as a godsend, I could never have won Confederation without it." Bob Lewis. writing in The Book of Newfoundland on this very theme, saw Smallwood's efforts on his news commentary radio show of the late 1930's as planting the seeds of Union by radio: "It's been said that with the Barrelman on the Broadcasting 4Joan Kelland, private interview held in the Cana- dian Broadcasting Corporation Offices, St. John's, New- foundland, April 18, 1969. 100 Corporation of Newfoundland, these initials meant 'Begin- ning of Confederation for Newfoundland!”S When he was questioned about the significance of a Religious Radio Broadcast to isolated listeners, Mr. Small- wood's reply may have been drawn from memories centering within his home town Of Dark Cove, or countless tiny fish- ing settlements that he knows so well: "It was the isolated people Of the outports, the chronic invalids, the Older folk of the island who found walking even a short distance a chore--these were the people who profited most." If isolation contributed to the need for continuOus Religious Radio Broadcasting, the additional factor of lis- teners' attitudes towards these sustained broadcasts also needs some evaluation. With this point in mind, the writer asked Miss Joan Kelland why the Newfoundland people had such a respect for religion? Her answer focused on the dedicated ministry that served the island's spiritual needs; and thinking of specifics, she replied, "I know of Anglican priests who during my life died Of malnutrition."6 5Bob Lewis, "The Fantastic_Communication Explosion," Vol. IV of The Book of Newfoundland, ed. by J.R. Smallwood (St. John's: Newaundla 6 BOOK PEElishing, Limited, 1967), p. 370. 6Miss Kelland's Observation concerning the self- sacrificing spirit Of the clergymen is especially signifi- cant in that it represents impressions reaching no farther back than the early 40's. 101 Perhaps the scriptural reference of Isaiah 24:2, which reads, "And it shall be, as with the people, so with the priest . . ." provides an additional dimension to what Miss Kelland and Premier Smallwood purposed to imply. Spirituality is contagious; and while Miss Kelland focused upon the unusual dedication of the ministry as contributing to the people's respect for the church, the Premier saw that the environment--the uncertain livelihood gained from an unyielding sea-~fashioned a kind of people that called forth a type of demonstrative worship. The pastors who grew up in this austere yet God-fearing environment were themselves unique. It is a known fact that proportionately, Newfoundland has contributed more ministers to pulpits Of the United Church across Canada than any other province. Premier Smallwood indicated that during the period when Religious Radio Broadcasting, and radio in general, was developing in Newfoundland, many of the larger denomi- nations On the island were becoming institutionalized, introducing a more formal liturgy. This was not entirely in keeping with the Newfoundland way of life--theirs was a rugged individualism that called for Opportunity of expres- sion. Therefore, when the more evangelical groups, such as the Wesleyan Methodists, the Salvation Army, the Seventh- day Adventists, and particularly the Pentecostal Assemblies,‘ began to share in Religious Radio Broadcasting, they found a responsive audience. 102 To summarize, much Of the religious broadcasting from radio's inception in 1924 to Union with Canada in 1949 consisted of airing full-length church services intended primarily to bring the church to the isolated, shut-ins, and ill. The religious radio stations carried an unusual number of public service programs such as death notices,. emergency messages on local disasters, notices of itinerant ministers' speaking appointments, and news items that later were cared for by the newspapers and weekly journals. In short, the programming was geared to meet the unique spir- itual and social needs precipitated by the widespread iso- lation of the period. B. Nature of Religious Radio Broadcasting andits'Receptionlfrom Union with Cana a in I949 to the Impact OITTV in 1955 During the period from Newfoundland's Union with Canada in 1949 to the first telecast on the island in 1955, the broadcasting Of religious church services in particular and religious radio programming in general continued at, and even expanded upon, the level begun during the first: period. From several interviews it was learned that many new religious dramas produced on the mainland were aired in St. John's as the supply increased.. The American mili- tary base station VOUS at Fort Pepperrell continued tO con— tribute tO Religious Radio Broadcasting in addition to its secular programming. Each Of the two religious stations, 103 VOWR and VOAR, expanded its Religious Radio Broadcasting time and added new programs, at the same time greatly upgrading its studio and transmission tower facilities. The powerful new independent commercial radio voice of CJON emerged in 1951 to Offer a considerable amount Of Religious programming to the St. John's radio audience. Commercial station VOCM expanded its broadcasting facilities by adding satellite stations, thus-expanding its Religious Broadcast— ing services; and the CBC began its own contribution by adding a national flavor to religious programming. Essentially, this second period might be regarded not only as an era of expansion but also as one Of transi- tion for Religious Radio Broadcasting in St. John's. Reverend R.G. Webber,.rector Of Wesley United Church, gave a number Of reasons during an interview in his Office that substantiate this point. His remarks focused upon a three- pronged development that had the effect of diminishing the role played by the two religious and smaller commercial stations in St. John's. Primarily these represented effects of Confederation. Webber began by saying, "During the two decades prior to Union with Canada, radio had been a major educa- tional force in Newfoundland. For a great majority it provided the only news link with the outside world. After Confederation, telegraph and postal services were greatly improved and newspapers came through more regularly." 104 The second prong received its impetus from the lOcal government's concerted efforts to attack isolation. As Smallwood stated during the interview, "Our new road network destroyed isolation." Radio was no longer the sole source Of entertainment, education, and Spiritual program- ming; peOple could now drive to theatres, churches, and social events. Modern school-buSses called at the door to transport children to new regional elementary and high schools. Lastly, Reverend R.G. Webber pointed to the emer- gence of the new and powerful radio stations such as CJON and the CBC that satisfied the social needs which had been met by the religious stations. 'CJON, first with the news,' became a household slogan. "They also took over a consider- able amount Of religious broadcasting," said Webber, "and provided a broader coverage." Essentially the economic changes that received their greatest impetus from the expenditure of US dollars in maintaining military bases in Newfoundland, together with Union with Canada, were the basic reasons that reflec- ted a change in Newfoundlanders' listening preferences. C.[ The Nature of Religious Radio Broadcasting and itsIRece tionfromEHeImpact of TV in I’ 5 to the Present If one were to visit Newfoundland's capital city of St. John's on a typical Sunday morning and spin the radio dial to typical radio broadcasting, it would soon be evident 105 that much of the Old Religious Radio programming remains. VOWR still offers its facilities to the other churches of the city to broadcast their Sunday morning services. CJON's present Religious Radio Broadcasting is still oriented towards the old-established programs, beamed to the specific denomination, e.g., "The Anglican Sunday School of the Air," "The Salvation Army" program, and, to a certain extent, the "Billy Graham" program. Don Jamieson still hosts the inspirational and non-sectarian "Chapel For Shut—Ins," a broadcast that has been aired every Sunday morning since its inception in 1951. However, when con- trasting the listening audience to this hour-long well established program that numbers approximately 16,000 to the 2 1/2 minute Presbyterian Church production, "Be Still and Know," that has a rating of 63,000 listeners, one begins to perceive the handwriting on the wall.7 Even though there are certain evident trends calling for replacing the long religious drama and church services with short segmented religious programs, there is still a need to continue Religious Radio Broadcasting as it has been known. Addressing himself to this very need, Colin Jamieson told the writer in a telephone conversation that "Religious Radio Broadcasting has always commanded a large 7Letter, Nathaniel A. Shapira to F.A. Knutson, Jan. 27, 1969, CJON Radio, St. John's, Newfoundland. 106 audience, even larger than secular programs." Jamieson, who is one of the administrators of CJON, continued, "There is today in Newfoundland a very large minority who are interested in the Sunday Broadcast Church Services as in the past."8 To cite specifics, he indicated that surveys show that the ratings go up on the CJON network when the "Billy Graham" program is broadcast. Yet Jamieson was not unmindful of the change that had come in peoples' listening habits, for he said,-"There is today a certain drifting away from the Older religious programming on the part of the youth but not so much for the old timers." Not only was he alluding to the generation gap but also to the fact that today, radio plays a differ- ent role in meeting listerers' needs than it did a quarter century ago. Radio is not the sole communication link it once was. Highways and secondary road networks penetrate to the most remote "outports," resulting in greater mobil- ity. Radio's audience today is pretty well "on the fly" . . . people snatching bits here and there as they travel to and from work, briefly tuning in for short segments and news.‘ In addition to changes in listeners' needs precip- itated by the automobile and a higher standard Of living, 8Colin Jamieson, private telephone interview held in St. John's, Newfoundland, April 17, 1969. 107 x the introduction of television in 1955 created an impact. It began to draw large numbers of listeners away from their favorite radio broadcasts and to hold them for sustained periods Of time. Jamieson continued, "Television alone can hold the settled audience for long periods of time."~ What he was implying was that 2! drama has supplanted radio drama as well as other types of programming. The immediate_ popularity Of~a medium permitting an isolated people to view and hear events as they happen in distant places is not difficult to grasp. Jamieson's response concerning the reason why no radio logs appear in the St. John's newspapers seemed to re-emphasize the listeners' preference for short radio pro- grams as well as to indicate present trends in Religious Radio Production. Today people do not listen to radio as they once did; then they were interested in radio drama and long church services. Today the short segmented type of program is capturing the attention Of producers of religious programs. For example, the new "pageant" type that the Toronto Berkely Studios now produce typify the short sermonette approach to religious broadcasting that is becoming so popular today. Three individuals associated with the CBC substan- tiated Jamieson's views on the need for streamlining relie gious broadcasts. Speaking for the Religious Advisory Board of the CBC for Newfoundland, Reverend W.J. Baker of 9Ibid. 108 Corner Brook United Church told the writer that plans were in effect to cut the ten-minute morning devotions CBC broadcast to two five-minute programs.lo When the researcher questioned Miss Joan Kelland on the rationale for this move, she replied, "Today's message must be different, people, particularly youth, are inter- ested in social needs. We believe that religious programs of social concern presented in the form of interviews, dia- logues, and discussion groups would evoke far greater lis- tening response. Future clergymen who wish to broadcast religion should exemplify the 'hyphenated priest.'" What Miss Kelland implied was that the ministers who have specialized in sociology, counseling, and psychol- ogy are better equipped to communicate a more meaningful worship experience to radio audiences in the light Of today's needs than are the less widely trained.’ Mr. Clifford Hierlihy, CBC radio and TV station manager at Corner Brook, gave a vivid description of the reason why many churches can no longer avail themselves Of free air time to broadcast their Sunday services.. "There are just not enough people there." He went on to describe a typical situation in which only the minister and five members were present. While quality of preaching may have loW.J. Baker, private interview held in Corner Brook, Newfoundland, April 16, 1969. 109 been acceptable, it was indicated that the singing left much to be desired. Pastor Ray Matthews, President of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Newfoundland, indicated that VOAR's staff has given serious study to meeting the challenge that television and changing radio listening habits has brought. "The entire programming of our station has been revised. We are trying to catch the ear of the shOp workers and Office personnel as they tune in their car radios on the way home from work. VOAR has recently installed a teletype for instant up-to-the-minute news releases."11 Everett Hudson of Wesley's VOWR also indicated that "the real challenge to Religious Radio BroadcaSting came when television was introduced to Newfoundland." Hudson no doubt was mindful Of the effects that TV had upon radio listeners' habits, particularly with reference to the once— popular full length church service broadcast. Speaking on present programming trends and the possible role that VOWR will seek to play in the future, Hudson said, "Today, only 15% Of our broadcasting time is religious programming. We now maintain a direct line to Memorial University, and 11Ray Matthews, private interview held in the VOAR Offices, St. John's, Newfoundland, April 17, 1969. 110 possibly in the future, our entire broadcasting facilities will be placed at their disposal."12 While VOWR and VOAR still have a large minority of the St. John's listeners who are interested in the typical church service broadcast, it appears that if they are tO‘ hold their own in the broadcasting field, much Of the reli- gious programming will have to follow the larger station's adaptations to the short, segmented type of religious serv- ice. In addition, this programming will have to meet the competition Of television by including additional topics (news, education, etc.) and a variety Of approaches to Religious Radio Broadcasting. 12Everett Hudson, private interview held in the studios of VOWR, St. John's, Newfoundland, April 18, 1969. CHAPTER IV METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES A. (The Telephone Surveys-Description In order to secure further on-the-spot information needed for purposes of description, analysis, interpreta— tion--and ultimate evaluation--it was decided to conduct a telephone survey in Newfoundland's two cities, Corner Brook and St. John's. The purposes of this survey were (1) to determine listening habits with respect to Religious Radio Broadcasting, particularly in St. John's; (2) to determine the impact of Religious Radio Broadcasting in that city, and more specifically; (3) to determine if radio station VOAR has made any significant impact upon listeners' atti- tudes_and awareness toward the Seventh-day Adventist Church, which Operates the station. A telephone survey-instrument consisting Of some 33 questions designed to elicit information and attitudes was designed with the express purpose Of extracting the desired information from the respondents without their becoming sensitized. An Open-ended starter question of a general nature and the inclusion of questions about the several denominations served to elicit-information regarding the 111 112 first two Objectives and to avoid undue sensitization regarding the third Objective. It was felt that a telephone survey would be pref- erable to a door-to-door canvas chiefly from an-economic and time-conserving viewpoint. The question of a telephone survey's possibly ruling out people-with no phones was in- validated by information received~from the local Avalon Telephone Company stating that householders in St. John's with phones made up 95.5% Of the population and for Corner Brook, 87% of the householders had telephones.l In order to eliminate possible bias on the part of the interviewer it was decided that the researcher, or any members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, should not participate in the telephone survey. High school girls, rather than high school boys, were chosen from both cities in order to eliminate, as far as possible, the possibility Of respondents' associating a male voice with some sort Of sales promotiOn. In preparation-for the Corner Brook sur- vey, twelve girls were chosen from the Corner Brook Herdman Collegiate on the principal's evaluation of scholarship and personality. The writer met with the group for a training session in which the girls were instructed to call each respondent three times in the event of no answer the-first lLetter‘from R. Gillingham, Supervisor Rates and Development Of the Avalon Telephone Company, St. John's, Newfoundland, April 8, 1969. 113 or second try. If the householder was busy, it was desir— able that the interviewer arrange if possible for a later interview. In St. John's sixteen high school girls from the Newfoundland Academy participated in a similar training session. Up-to-date telephone directories had been Obtained from Newfoundland by the researcher in advance of the sur- vey in order that phone numbers from each Of the two cities might be chosen and written on the survey instruments. In order to Obtain a random sample, these phone numbers were chosen from the telephone directories by use of a table of random numbers. In addition, the interviewers were directed to alternate in each household by speaking to the man in one instance and to the woman Of the household the next. The-writer suggested that the intervieWers become well acquainted with the mimeographed material designed to pre- pare them to meet possible Objections from respondents. An example entitled "What Respondents Want to Know" appears in.Appendix'C.' All of these Collegiate girl interviewers were in their senior year of high school; however, to provide some reassurance in getting started and also a method of con- tinued feedback, the interviewers were~given the writer's phone number and asked to check in-periOdically. A cash reward was indicated asia goal toward which the interview— ers_could work. 114 In Corner Brook a total of 145 survey instruments were divided evenly among the twelve interviewers. Sur- veys were completed; and among the 45 surveys uncompleted, 16 respondents did not answer or had their phones discon— nected. A goal Of 100 completed surveys had tentatively been set for Corner Brook; 99 were realized. In St. John's 235 household telephones were contacted with 140 surveys being completed. The survey instrument is reproduced at this point. (See page 115 for the survey instrument.) Questions C7 to C18 included six of the more unique doctrines Of the Seventh-day Adventist Church; however, many of these tenents are shared by Christians of other faiths. Respondents could indicate associating the doctrine with either the Adventist faith or some other church. Immediately after each of these questions on doc- trines,.the respondent was asked how they first learned that this was the case, and six possible alternatives were Offered as sources. For example, they may have learned that Seventhéday Adventists worship on Saturday from liter- ature or radio. The interviewer would then check the item which the respondent indicated as the source. The prime purpose Of this survey was to try to determine if Religious Radio Broadcasting had contributed any knowledge about or helped identify the churches that 115 ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND OPINION AND INFORMATION STUDY' Dept. of Communication Study Director: Franklin A. Knutson Michigan State University Study Advisor: Dr. Kenneth.G. Hance C1 C2 Project Number C3 C4 C5 Respondent Number C6 RESPONDENT: PHONE NUMBER DATE TIME Com leted Home, Desired NO Home Have CALL OF OF Intgrview NO Time Person Answer Ref ' Moved, CALL CALL Now Not Home ' Deceased 1 a e 2 a e 3 a e Hello...I'm a high school student here in St. John's. We're doing some research on the Opinions peOple have about a variety of issues. One Of the persons chosen for this study was the Man Woman....of your household. (Arrange with respondent for interview.) . ‘0. O 0 \o ' . 3 ’. '... . ,, ‘ I ' O 0 .‘.§ -. . a x. '9 .. . ‘ z o , . . ' ‘a‘ #6:. (. . so a o i J .0 V 0 c .u‘ ' " . . r, ,, :" . I“ , ' V ' : b D .1 .\. . I _ _ . . 'i" I . ‘ v. - v . I . . . . l ‘ . - ‘0 . Q‘ . . l.' I . ‘. o . . ‘ "l- u . I: L. .J~. - Q-ugoo-o -- - .. -O--o- H . . .. . . v wow-’1.” ‘- - - I ow n.. o ' " I ‘ I I ‘~able amount Of Religious Radio Broadcasting, the high pop- ularity of listeners' preferences toward these stations that this survey seems to indicate may serve to substanti- ate the trend spoken Of by Reverend R.G. Webber during a recent interview. He indicated that the more powerful com-l mercial stations in Newfoundland have been able to provide a broader coverage Of Religious Radio Broadcasts, with the consequent depreciation Of the role once played by the two religious radio stations, VOWR and VOAR.1 This survey's data regarding the pOpularity Of the commercial stations appear to be substantiated by data derived from a survey Of general radio broadcasting in St. John's, Newfoundland, prepared by the Service Bureau Of Broadcast Measurement (1968). They show CJON in the lead with 63%, VOCM with 30%, and CBN with 15% Of listener's time. The two religious stations, however, are shown draw- ing only 2.2% Of the total population of St. John's metro- politan area.2 Possible reasons for any discrepancy between the results of the writer's recent telephone survey and the lReverend R.G. Webber, private interview held in the Wesley Church Office, St. John's, Newfoundland, April 17, 1969. 2Letter from Norman D. Knutson, research manager of McKim, Benton, and Bowles of Montreal, Pointe Claire, Quebec, April 27, 1969. 139 data submitted by the Service Bureau of Broadcast Measure- ment could be accounted for by the latter's larger and more stratified sample. Secondly, the latter survey did include young adults and children. In conclusion, it appears that indeed, VOAR has Imade some contribution in helping to identify the St. John's Seventh-day Adventist Church in the community which it serves; however, the researcher recognized that the compar- atively small sample size obtained in this survey precludes making any definite conclusions regarding VOAR's impact. The survey does seem to indicate that the Church's adherents make the greatest contribution or impact in personally identifying the respective doctrines of the Adventist faith to their neighbours. CHAPTER VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS; SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH A. *Summary and Conclusions While this study was not concerned with presenting an exhaustive historical or geographical treatise on New- foundland, some consideration of ethnic background Of the settlers, topography, climate, flora, and fauna seemed im-I perative in order better to understand some of the causa- tive factors contributing to the scattering and extreme isolation of much Of the island's population. The immedi— ate success Of radio broadcasting in general and Religious Radio Broadcasting in particular seemed to stem from a dichotomized or two-pronged situation. Primarily, New- foundlanders have always been a deeply religious people re- sulting partly from environment and partly from the signif- icant role played by the church and its dedicated clergy during the colony's formative years. Secondly, the isola- tion of hundreds of tiny outport communities Offered a cap- tive and ready audience who were unable to participate in church worship privileges and in forms of entertainment realized by the urban dweller. 140 141 Radio broadcasting emerged in the mid-20's to form an important-communication link.’ In fact, immediately upon the availability Of radio as-a technical instrument it was "harnessed" as a communication medium in the cause not only Of religion but of public service in general. It was not long, however, before additional innova- tions in the communication field began to alter the preemi- nent position once held by the church-Operated stations. Powerful commercial stations soon demonstrated that they could provide a broader and more complete coverage of reli- gious programming than could the smaller church-related stations. Another innovation appeared in the form of tele- vision which made its impact in 1955 and began to wean away a large segment of radio listeners, holding them for long sustained periods. Further innovations included changes in the island's economic structure, which resulted in increased government spending on new road networks to break up isola- tion, increased subsidies to the aged and unemployed, and over-all increases in income. In addition, automobiles added flexibility to the once isolated fishing settlements; Newfoundlanders could now drive to larger centers for en- tertainment and spiritual needs. The tendency toward affluency and centralization of population were marked by changes in radio listener's habits. Shorter "devotional" type religious broadcasts were preferred to the once-popular full-length Sunday Church 142 service program. In order to compete, broadcasters of Religious Radio Programming have incorporated news and public service bulletins and have streamlined much of the religious material into short-segmented productions intend- ed to capture the ear of the casual listener.- The on-the-spot interviews conducted with profes- sionals in the field Of Religious Radio Broadcasting seemed to indicate that people's exposure to "religion" and tO the doctrines of a particular church may have been derived as readily from the Religious Radio Broadcasts.carried by the larger commercial stations as from the church-operated sta- tions. Secondly, results from the telephone surveys con- ducted in Corner Brook and St. John's appeared to indicate that respondents derived their Opinions and understanding of various church doctrines more fully from association with adherents than from listening to broadcasts. Thus it appears that while Religious Radio Broad- casting remains as a significant phenomenon in Newfoundland, the changing economic, cultural, and political conditions-- as well as alterations in the nature and number of the other communication media-~have resulted in some noticeable changes, two Of which may be emphasized here: (1) Commerh cial stations have entered this field to such an extent that through their greater power and more liberal program- ming policies they are able to attract a larger listening audience; (2) As means of conveying an awareness Of the 143 presence of the respective denominations and of conveying information concerning their doctrines, the church-related stations VOAR and VOWR appear to have less significance than do the every-day associations with adherents Of the churches sponsoring these stations. B. Suggestions for Further Research In connection with, and as a result of, the research for this study, a number of suggestions for further inves- tigations have become evident. Among them are the follow- ing: 1. Is it possible that the depth of interest in religion on the part Of Newfoundlanders has altered in recent years, with the result that there may be less inter- est in Religious Radio Broadcasting in spite of its format and quality? An interesting study could be made to deter- mine if this is the case. 2. The researcher did consider a survey designed to determine listening preferences between urban dwellers with both TV and radio, "outport" dwellers with both TV and radio, and "outport" listeners with only radio receivers. This investigator has a strong feeling that the remote "out- port" dweller would even today indicate a much stronger bias in favor of Religious Radio Broadcasting than would the urban dweller. I'lllllllllll’l'l 144 3. A survey could be conducted to determine the relationship of religious broadcasting to non-religious scheduling on both the commercial and church-Operated radio stations. 4. An additional question for study might consist of a survey designed to determine if religious radio lis- tening habits for urban and "outport" Newfoundlanders mani- fest seasonal changes. 5. At a time when the term "generation gap" seems to be in the forefront, a study designed to determine lis- tening preferences between various age groups might yield interesting results. 6. One might wonder if the results of this study reflect circumstances existing at only one point in time-- 1969, to be specific. (For instance, would a survey made in 1950, when this researcher first visited the island, have produced significantly different results, especially because television was not a factor at that time?) There- fore, because of rapid changes in radio programming, lis- teners' preferences, and Objectives and policies on the part of the encoder, a replication of this study in the mid and/or late 1970's would.be in order. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY A.' Books, Pamphlets, and Documents Arkin, Herbert. Handbook of Samplin for Auditin and Ac- countin , VOI. . New YOrk: McGraw-HiII Book Company, Inc., 1963. Bachman, John W. The Church in the World of Radio-TV. New York: AssociatedPress, 1960. Briffett, Frances. The Story of Newfoundland_and Labrador. Toronto: J.M. Dent and Sons (Canada) Limited, 1954. Canadian Television and Soun Pro rammes. Ottawa: Edmond Cioutier, Queen's PrInter and Controller Of Sta- tionery, 1956. Chadwick, StJOhn. Nveoundlandl Island into Province. London: Cambridge University Press, . Chapin, Miriam.“ Atlantic Canada. Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1956. Cochrane, J.A. The Sto of Newfoundland. Boston: Ginn and Company, I958. Day, J. Wentworth. Newfoundland The Fortress Isle. Fredericton: Brunswick Press--Publishers, 1960. English, L.E.F. Historic Newfoundland. St. John's: New- foundland Tourist Development Division, 1959. Hatton, Joseph, and Harvey, M. Newfoundland. Boston: Doyle and Whittle, 1883. Kane, Robert S. Canada A to 2. New York: Doubleday and Company Incorporated, 1964. Kilbourne, William. The Making of a Nation. Toronto: The Canadian Centenn a P lishing Company, Limited, 1965. 145 All" I III- Illa-ID ll‘ Ill‘ I! all 146 Lazarsfeld, Paul F., and Field, Harry. The People Look at Radio. Chapel Hill: The University Of North CaroIina Press, 1946. ListeningPatterns and Related Attitudes of Polish Listen- ers to Western Broadcasts. Munich: Audience Re- search, Radio Free Europe, 1961. MacDonald, Gordon. Newfoundland at the Crossroads. Tor- onto: The Ryerson Press, 1949. ' McAllister, R.E. ed.r Newfoundland and Labrador, the First Fifteen Years_of Confederation. St. Johnrs: Dicks and Company, Limited. 1967. Mercer,-G.A. The Province of Newfoundland. Ottawa: The Canadian Geographical Society, 1949. Murray, Jean. The Newfoundland JOurnal of Aaron Thomas. London: Longmans,Green and Company Ltd., 1968. Nveoundland, An:gntroduction to Canada's New Province. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau Of—Statistics, 1950. "Newfoundland." Encyclopedia Britannica. 1963. Vol. XVI. Newfoundland Radio in Pictures. St. John's: Guardian Press Limited, 1952. Parker, Everett C., Barry, David W., Smythe, Dallas W. The Television-Radio Audiegce and Religion. New York: Harpers and'Brothers, Publishers, 1955. Parker, Everett C., Inman, Elinor, and Snyder, Ross. Reli- ious Radio, What to DO and How. New York: Harper an Brothers Publishers,-1948. Parker, Everett C. R 11 ious Televigion, What_to DO and How.\ New York: Harper and Brothers, Publishers, I961. ’ Parker, John. Newfoundland, 10th Province of Canada. London: Lincolns-Pragerthd., I950. PedleY: Charles. The-History Of Newfgundland,tFrom Earli- est Times to the Year 1860. London:. Longman, Green,ROberts, & Green, I863. Prowse, D.W. A History of Newfoundland. London: Eyre. and Spottiswoode, 1896. 147 Perlin, A.B. The Story of Newfoundland. St. John's: By the Aut or, . Peters, Harold S., and Burleigh, Thomas D. Birds Of New- foundland. Boston: Houghton Mifflin and CO., 1951. Report.ngal Commission on Broadcasting. Ottawa:‘ Edmond Cloutier, Queen's Printer and Controller of Sta- tionery, 1956. Rowe, Frederick W.‘ The Developgent of Education in New- foundland. Toronto: T e Ryerson Press, 1964. Smallwood, Joseph R., ed. The Book Of Newfoundlagg, Vols. I and II, St. John's: Newfoundland bOOk Publish- ers, 1937; Vols III and IV, St. John's: Newfound- land Book Publishing Ltd., 1967. Smith, J. Harry. Newfoundland Holiday. Philadelphia: Macrae Smith Company, 1953. / Standard'Definitions‘of Broadcast Research Terms. New York: Research Department, NatiOnal Association of Broadcasters, 1967. Stoody, Ralph. A Handbook of Church Public Relations. New York: Abingdon Press, 1959. Taylor, Griffith. Newfoundland, A Study of Settlement. Toronto: Associated—Printers Limited,.1946. Television Audience Research Basics.‘ Washington: American Research Bureau, I964. Toppings, Earle, ed. Canada. Chicago: Follett Publishing Company, 1967. Turnbull, Robert. Canada The Story of Newfoundland. Tor- onto: McGraw-Hill Company Of Canada Limited, 1966. Tinkler, Desmond. Hi hli hts Of Pro ress. St. John's: The Morgan Printing Company Limited, 1960. VOWR Souvenir Prggramme fgr Official Opening Of New Studi- ' 23, St. Ohn's: Guardian Press Limited, 1959. Weeks, Howard B.‘ Breakthrou h; A Public Relations Guide- book for Your Church. Washington, D.C.: Review and HeraId Publishing Association, 1962. 148 Williams, Frederick. Reasoning With Statistics. New York: A—h-i Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1968. Wilson, Douglas J. The Church Grows in Canada. Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1966. Young, Edwart. ed. This is Newfoundland. Toronto: The Ryerson Press, I949. B. ‘Journals and Magazines Adams, George. "Radio Station VOAR." Canadian Union Mes- Brown, B.W. "Elvira Ayres" (Obituary Column) Review and Herald, CXII (July 4, 1935). Callahan, W.R. "Corner Brook,.Newfoundland's Second City," 'The Atlantic Advocate, LIII (June, 1963), p. 42-50. "Columbus Wasn't First; Viking Ruins L'Anse aux Meadows," Science Digest LV (February, 1964), p. 77-80., Evening Telegram. February 13, 1898--November 26, 1898. Fraser, Allan M. "Shanawdithit, Last of the Beothuks," The Atlantic Advocate, LVI (November, 1965), pp. 34‘39. Harrington, Michael Francis. "Placentia's Tercentenary." The Atlantic Advocate, LIII (September, 1962), pp. 14-15‘0 Harrington, Michael Francis. "The-Foreign-Going Ships Of Newfoundland," The Atlantic Advocateg LIII (Novem- Ingstad, I.~ "Vineland-Ruins Prove Vikings Found New World," National Geographic Magazine, November, 1964, pp. King, Jean. "Doyle News." The Atlantic Advocate, LVI (June, 1966), pp. 80-82. Knutson, F.A. "Ingathering Experiences in Newfoundland," Canadian Union Messenger, XXI (June 18, 1952), 10. Leitch, Adelaide. "Radio In a Church," Atlantic Guardian, November, 1951, pp. 34-35. 149 MacKaye, M. "Neglected Island Comes to Life," Saturda Evening Post, April 4, 1959, pp. 231-247. McGrath, P.T. "The Railway in Newfoundland," Journal Of the Canadian Banker's Association, XIX (October IglI) I pp. 1-4 0 Mifflen, Jessie B. "Libraries-~Terra Nova Style," The Atlantic Advocate, LVI (June, 1966), pp. 44-48. "Modern St. John's--Old City With a New Look," The Atlantic Advocate, (April, 1966): pp. 48-58. Montagnes,.James.‘ "New Boom in Newfoundland," The.Rotarian, LXXX (June, 1952), pp. 32-34. Moores, Philip. "News Notes." Canadian Union Messenger, xxxv (May 18, 1955), p. I21. Moores, Philip. "VOAR's 25th Anniversary." Canadian Union Messenger, XXIII (November 17, 1954), p. 7. "Newfoundland: Not Just Fish," Business World, October 17’ 1953’ pp. 136-1400 Skinner, C.M. "The Railway in Newfoundland," Bglletin of the American Geggraphical Society, XXXVII (1905), pp. 10eI3. The Newfoundland Herald.. "Happy Birthday CJON," Oct. 29, 1967. The Western Star. "Three More Families Leave Woods Island," Sept. 24, 1960. Webster, G. "Fish That Made History," Natural History LXVI Wilson, K. "New Routes for Newfoundland," Travel, August, C. Personal Correspondence Dalrymple, G.F. Letter to F.A. Knutson, April 4, 1968, Carle Place, New York. Fraser, A.N. Letter to F.A. Knutson, January 27, 1969, St. John's, Newfoundland. 150 Gillingham, R. Letter to F.A. Knutson, April 8, 1969, St. John's, Newfoundland. Haines, D. Letter to F.A. Knutson, February 28, 1969, Fredericton, New Brunswick.. Kelland, J.R. Letter to F.A. Knutson, April 24, 1969, St. John's, Newfoundland.» Knutson, N.D. Letter to F.A. Knutson, April 27, 1969, Pointe Claire, Quebec. Matthews, Ray A. Letter to F.A. Knutson, January 24, 1968, St. John's, Newfoundland.- Matthews, Ray A. Letter to F.A. Knutson, April 1, 1969, St. John's, Newfoundland. Montieth, E.J. Letter to F.A. Knutson, September 15, 1968, Cottam, Ontario. Morrow,-A.K. Letter to F.A. Knutson, February 13, 1969, St. John's, Newfoundland. Moyst, William J. Letter to E.J. Montieth, August 13, 1961, Corner Brook, Newfoundland. O'Dea, Agnes. Letter to F.A. Knutson, March 25, 1968, St. John's, Newfoundland. Shapira, N.A. Letter to F.A. Knutson, January 27, 1969, St. John's, Newfoundland. Shapira, N.A. Letter to F.A. Knutson, February 21, 1968, St. John's, Newfoundland. Shea, P.V. Letter to F.A. Knutson, February 1, 1969, St. John's, Newfoundland. Smallwood, J.R. Letter to F.A. Knutson, February 10, 1969, St. John's, Newfoundland. Talman, J.L. Letter to F.A. Knutson, January 22, 1969, London, Ontario. Williams, Harold N. Letter to F.A. Knutson, June 13, 1968, Glenwood, Minnesota. Williamson, William. Letter to P.V. Shea, February 7, 1969, St. John's, Newfoundland. 151 Wood, A.F. Letter to F.A. Knutson, January 28, 1969, St. John's, Newfoundland. Montieth, E.J. "Newfoundland." Chapter on Newfoundland from unpublished manuscript, Canadian Union Con-. ference Of Seventh-day Adventists, Oshawa Ontario, 1969. M 104. a-m.» i“ '~-£JOImu'l‘ APPENDICES / I. I I ' - . ...,” . :. , ~. .2 . l'. O . , .- : _ t. n u. .' \ - : —.--..—.' u" u ’ . ' ‘ o.’ x‘ _ , g {\i\ m L “beak .3: ' \ ‘1’: . GULF or ST. LAWRENCE .—-u--‘-. .v—q.’..~.- .. ...—.... . ‘ POLITIOAVEEJVISIONS 2 ’Afll'gn AND WlaxfionyTflANsmflTAflou NAYIONAI. MOMMA IOU ...................... PROV SEUCHD AIR Rm W nu ......... EPA — “372M MOWNCIA‘ AIRWAYS "D. 03A — OUEIECAM INC. AC — AIR CANADA CANADIAN NATIONAL RAILWAY arm sum .................... _.,.. ‘ -.¢—\.‘--Ipnn—-nfilo.‘ . ‘ ‘ \ Labrador 1' ATLANTIC OCEAN h". "‘“ Gm ‘~.).c!l‘ 9);": I’lfl'é. 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'afieA-dwflT-k .mu- r Lshfi) NJ. "’ ' 1‘ “up,“ "J' ‘1'. _,u-—--o-o-.- .-.-mu! Mum‘va'v ... - ....‘I’Afi '41,..."(413 ‘E’n’u/D \. . A d‘" ‘\ a 0 A ‘ ,, . ., - .. . r ..-..~,a, ": m, " ' «PL-1.: 13:2 ‘ “9 “'IV“".. “”7" ' “'“1 4:81!“ i I. b I ' 3‘ I \ — taint: « '« -- I . ‘ i . f . ..I u- 5' . . 0 ' t l . . ”CWI‘A‘V " - V - .~ 15,.” . -’., . . i . (”hind ' ' . ‘9 ':-"5"-".'.3 . 'I‘ H i ‘ I .. . . ' Z C .- "I I" ' our; 7 ~ ‘ i . .' '~: . «- . ’ :s 4 " I :1“ m Hafiz" ‘ L A‘s. . .sld ’ um 1w - r. F ‘ v' o a |' ' I 388A; , ' ‘7 . , u "L I ! I ~ g [I " » ‘5’. . J; . - A "4MP; \ ~‘ g ' (3 NOTE: . _‘ < z}! A dot represents 200 maple .Imlividual settlements ‘ 7, z . with populations of more man 30 0 0 are shown g _ by discs proportionate in areato the dot. Less er . I ' settlements are shawnbycmwerflratim of dots. , ‘v ‘ , , 2 . ,/ m; " Q /, - '9 s \ ‘ 11". I. a. :- h’:’:.:1, r51: WM 117'; want; .33 31”,: What is the study about? We want to know your Opinions on a Variety of topics. For example, we want to know the types of religious characteristics of certain religious groups that enable them to be identified by St. John' 3 residents. I think it would be easier to explain vzhat the study 1.5 about after you have been through the questions. Then I can a.nswer any questions you have after the interview. What is the_purnore of the study? A University student is doing the study. He is trying to learn more about the particular religious doctrines that enable people to ident- iry a church group. This type of research is going on all the time... and interviewers like myself conduct the interviews. What eregyou selling? I'm not selling anything. I'm a trained interviewer, assisting a doctoral candidate in a research projec t. This student doesn't sell an.ything. We are simply conducting this survey in order to know people s Opinion 3 or want to get information from people who live in different areas. If you'd like to check with the doctoral candidate directing this survey, I'd be happy to give you his name and phone number. Why'mus tLyou talk to a spoeifiggporson? The student directing this study selected a scientific sample of ‘people to represent the whole St. John's area. The people selected give us an idea of how the whole St. John's population would answer ‘these questions. That is why we have to interview only those persons who were picked for the study. How did you_piok re? The researcher in charge or the study picked a random sample of house~ holds in the St. John's area. In some households, they chose to inter- ‘View the man, in other households they chose to interview a woman. It is hoped that the peeple chosen will give them an idea of what the St. John's population as a whole is like» Will people see myflanswsrs? ‘No...we do not report the answers of any given person in our studies. Your name will never be given together with anything you tell me. We are interested in how groups of persons feel about different things... how different types of“ peeple feel about different types of tepics. 4y answers aren't importanti fiUsually a possible refusal) “Yes they are...the answers of each person we talk to are very importanto By picking a random sample of peeple...we are usually able to get a -pretty representative group of per Asons to talk too However, if some or these people don' t help us cutaneour sample will probably not be very representative of the St. John’s areao I. Ir. uu'hlLMIl NIL.-.“ . m....4:...FP...-N E Luflkiu IN "WIN I IIHIUWIIU 03144 9204 1293 3