This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

A TAPHONOMIC COMPARISON OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL
AND DOCUMENTARY RECORDS OF MATERIAL
CULTURE FROM AN ANTEBELLUM
PORTTOWN IN MISSISSIPPI

presented by

Randall Jay Mason

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

M. A . degree in ADthtOQOlogy

  

Major professor

Date 6/ 24 / 8 5 Charles E. Cleland

0-7639 MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution

 

 

MSU

LIBRARIES
m

RETURNING MATERIALS:

 

 

 

Place in book drop to
remove this checkout from
your record. FINES will
be charged if book is
returned after the date
stamped below.

 

 

 

 

A TAPHONOMIC COMPARISON OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND DOCUMENTARY
RECORDS OF MATERIAL CULTURE FROM AN ANTEBELLUM PORTTOWN IN
MISSISSIPPI

By

Randall Jay Mason

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Anthropology

1985

Copyright by
RANDALL JAY MASON
1985

ABSTRACT
A TAPHONOMIC COMPARISON OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND DOCUMENTARY
RECORDS OF MATERIAL CULTURE FROM AN ANTEBELLUM PORTTOWN IN
MISSISSIPPI
By

Randall Jay Mason

Archaeological and documentary records of material
culture from the Tombigbee Historic Townsites Project in
Clay County, Mississippi, were compared in order to deter-
mine the relationship between the two. Bills from antebel-
lum general stores at the extinct porttown sites of Barton
and Vinton were compared with excavated artifacts from three
antebellum sites and two wells at Barton. A functional
classification for historic artifacts was the basis for
comparisons of simple percentage, ratios, artifact
presence/absence, and consumable/durable differences. The
consumable/durable comparison revealed culturally signifi-
cant differences in the two data forms, with documents
primarily recording consumable goods, and archaeology pri-
marily durable. This is attributed to the store bills being
a short term record formed by behavior reflecting a recur-
rent demand for short term use goods, while the sites were a
long term record formed by behavior reflecting a demand for
long term use goods. The significance of this difference is
considered as it bears on the definition of historical
archaeology, and for future analytical possibilities for the

documentary record.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The topic of this thesis resulted from discussions with
Charles E. Cleland as my advisor. The data for the study is
from the Tombigbee Historic Townsites Project, on which
Cleland and W. Lee Minnerly were Co-Principal Investigators.
Cleland as committee chairman and Moreau A. Maxwell as
committee member provided their thoughts, guidance, and
patience, which have been greatly appreciated.

This study is based on archaeological and documentary
data largely recovered, analyzed, and reported by W. Stephen
McBride and Kim A. McBride, respectively. They are, of
course, not responsible for any atrocities committed herein
with the data, nor for any miscomprehension of their work on
my part. However, this thesis certainly is greatly indebted
to and based on their efforts, nor could it have been done
without their knowledge of the material and advice for its
effective use.

I am also indebted to the efforts of persons in
Portland, Oregon, where I wrote it. Ailsa Crawford spent
countless hours in the invaluable service of editorial cor-
rections and in discussions of the text with me. Mark and
Mollie Shortridge generously allowed me access to their

personal computer to type the text, assumed the odious

iii

burden of typing the tables and appendices, and printed

drafts and the final copy of the thesis.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vii
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V111

I. Introduction

The Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l
Tombigbee Historic Townsites Project . . . . . . . . 2
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Previous Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Carolina Artifact Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Waverly Tenant Farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Alberta Fur Trade Posts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

II. Archaeological Data
Barton Townsite Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Antebellum Structure Sites . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Artifact Catalogue Data Compilation . . . . . . . 26

III. Documentary Data
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Previous Studies of Tombigbee General Stores . . 29
Importance of Stores in Defining Community . . . 31
General Store as Source of All Goods . . . . . 36
Comparison of Ante and Postbellum General Stores 39
Historical Records from General Stores . . . . . 44

IV. Classification and Comparison of Archaeological and
Documentary Data
Compilation of Data in Functional Classification . Sl
Archaeological Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Archaeological/Documentary Comparison . . . . . . 58
Warren House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6O
Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Presence/Absence Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Consumable/Durable Comparison . . . . . . . . . . 66
Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

V. Conclusions
Consumable/Durable Explanation . . . . . . . . . . 79
A Taphonomic Model for Barton Townsite . . . . . . 85
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Limiting Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

V

Off— Site Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
On- Site Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Cultural Use and ArchaeoIogical Deposition . . . 91
Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Theoretical Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Appendix A. Archaeological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Appendix B. Lowndes County Store Bills . . . . . . . . 119
Appendix C. Monroe County Store Bills . . . . . . . . . 152
Appendix D. Functional Classification of Barton

and Vinton Store Bill Data . . . . . . . . 174
Appendix E. Functional Classification of Barton

Archaeological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Appendix F. Warren House Store Bills . . . . . . . . . 196
Appendix G. Functional Classification of Warren Site

Store Bill Data . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Appendix H. Comparison of Artifact Presence/Absence . . 209
Appendix I. Warren Medical Bills . . . . . . . . . . . 213

vi

LflbLfiNH
o o o o

0"

10.
11.

12.

LIST OF TABLES

Historical and Archaeological Data on Antebellum Site823
Comparison of Ante and Postbellum Stores . . . . . . 42
Dates of Operation for Barton and Vinton Stores . . . 49
Origin of Store Bills by Estate, Merchant, and Year . 50
Summary of Functional Classification of Archaeological
and Documentary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Functional Reclassification of Waverly Data from
Adams et a1. (1980:296) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Ratios Comparing Archaeological and Documentary Data 64
Division of Archaeological Data by Durables and
Consumables (Alternative A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Division of Archaeological Data by Durables and
Consumables (Alternative B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Functional Categories of Durable and Consumable
Documentary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Division of Documentary Data by Durables and
Consumables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Comparison of Archaeological and Documentary
Percentages of Durable and Consumable Goods . . . . 75

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Federally—funded projects in historical archaeology
on the northern portion of the Tennessee-Tombigbee
Waterway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tombigbee Historic Townsites Project and vicinity .
Topography of Barton townsite, with 50 m grid and
limits of individual structure sites . . . . . . .
Flow chart of Barton townsite goods . . . . . . . .

viii

3
A

19
86

Chapter I

Introduction

The Problem

 

Historical archaeology's combined use of excavated and
written information to address archaeological problems gives
it the advantage of a second source of data not available in
prehistoric archaeology. Although all in the field acknow-
ledge that there are differences between these two records
of the past, and these have been explored to a certain
degree (e.g. Schuyler 1975a), such differences certainly
have not been exhaustively defined.

One of the most basic ways of comparing the archaeolo-
gical and documentary records is through how each represents
material culture. This aspect of historic sites research
also relates to broader concerns in archaeology in general,
dealing with site taphonomy. Knowing how the archaeological
record is formed over time by cultural and natural events is
necessary to successfully attain archaeology's larger goals
of the identification of cultural history, lifeways, and

laws.

2

For historical archaeology, then, an archaeological/
documentary comparison of material culture is a three part
problem. First, it is necessary to describe what the simi—
larities and differences are between the two data forms.
Second, the temporal taphonomic process must be determined:
how an original material culture assemblage is transformed
over time into the final archaeological record. Third, it
is important to understand what these differences and
changes mean in terms of the functioning of the original
culture, how different behavior produces different types of
records with different content.

Tombigbee Historic Townsites Project

 

For this study I used data from the Tombigbee Historic
Townsites Project, located on the Tombigbee River in Clay
County, Mississippi. The project was undertaken by
Michigan State University from 1979 to 1982 through a con—
tract with the National Park Service and funded by the
Mobile District, Corps of Engineers. This was the largest
of the many historical archaeological projects that existed
within the Tombigbee River Multi-Resource District of the
Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, in Mississippi and Alabama
(Figure 1). The project's objective was to recover informa—
tion about the three extinct nineteenth century porttowns of
Colbert, Barton, and Vinton, before the sites were to be
altered by the creation of campgrounds and a marina to
comprise the Barton Ferry Recreation Area.

All three towns were nearly contiguous spatially (see

 

 

 

r-—-—-l
l'""-J

‘l.

a...

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘QO. I“

 

 

""“i

 

_.___ P
‘I_-__+

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3!.qu
O

 

 

 

 

mou-

 

magnum”
uni-mum
maniac-u.

 

 

 

 

 

#9..

Figure 1. Federally-funded projects in historical

archaeology on the northern portion of the Tennessee-
Tombigbee Waterway.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

l «“51 '
“$
o“ I
I I I 9 I
cons or new“:
louuoan
vmtou '
snt~g
-- -—u%r ‘
I I
mus. _________
17:
count /
sn:-——-
1 I I
a
p.
a
cfi‘“
§
cum v1.0. LOLLMI mom | scam |= 24.000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 2. Tombigbee Historic Townsites Project and vicinity.

5
Figure 2) and overlapped temporally (Colbert c. 1830—1847,
Barton C. 1848-1865, Vinton c. 1848-1920). The three towns
were representative of the hundreds of porttowns that once
existed along the Tombigbee River and its tributaries.
These towns served the adjacent cotton producing hinterlands
and were their point of contact with the outside world. The
sites spanned a period from the beginnings of historic
settlement in the area in the 18303, through the economic
and social upheavals in the region during the nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries.

The Tombigbee Historic Townsites Project was designed
as a multiphase study of these sites. Over the course of
one year, the first and second phases of the project were
used to gather information for planning the final excava-
tion. Data came from historical archaeology's triad of
historical research, oral history, and field archaeology.

At the outset of the project, hypotheses were formed to
guide research and were grouped under the five problem
domains of subsistence, economics, social structure, settle-
ment, and transportation.

To date several analyses have been made of the material
culture data from the project. General store records from
postbellum Vinton were used by Cleland (19833) to study the
spatial distribution of goods there. S. McBride and K.
McBride have singly (1984) and jointly (1985) examined
aspects of variation in material culture information from

the archaeological and documentary records recovered by the

6
project. The paucity of archaeological remains from the
Tombigbee Historic Townsites Project and from all other
historic projects on the waterway has led Rodeffer (1984) to
suggest that greater integration of documentary records of
material culture might produce more meaningful results—-
precisely the view taken in this study.

While the excavated and written data for this study
came from the above project, the format for their comparison
followed precedents demonstrated by earlier similar studies.
Specifically, three comparisons of material culture data
found in both record forms have been done previously in
historical archaeology: South's (1977) study using his
Carolina Artifact Pattern; Adams et al. (1980) Waverly Plan—
tation study; and Prager's (1980) study of Alberta fur trade
posts.

Purpose

Given historical archaeology's limited heritage of
archaeological/documentary comparisons of material goods and
the importance currently assigned to taphonomic studies in
archaeology in general, additional investigations similar to
the three already completed (and reviewed below) are cer-
tainly warranted. My interest in pursuing such a study with
Tombigbee Historic Townsites Project data received impetus
from the wealth of store bills from Barton discovered by the
project, and the opposing paucity of archaeological remains.
This relative absence of both architectural remains and

discarded material culture was unexpected in light of

7
Barton's length of occupation, size, local importance, and
the level of activity which occurred here. Prior to the
initiation of the project all indications were that the
townsite would yield much data.

The union of the need to address problems in project
data, and of broader research directions in archaeology, led
to this study. Its purpose is to compare the archaeological
and documentary records of material culture from Barton,
Mississippi, to discover how its archaeological record was
formed over time, and to offer cultural explanations for the
production of the two data forms.

Previous Studies

 

Finally, I review here in detail the three previous
archaeological/documentary comparisons mentioned above. As
will be seen, all studies have points in common, but also
vary greatly in the data and procedures used. Since my
study is itself different from these preceding comparisons,
in this section I will show the differences among the
studies. I will also use this review to support my partic-
ular methods and conclusions, as they build on the common
base of these studies, and then will procede to further
statements not made by any of these.

Carolina Artifact Pattern: The first archaeologi-

 

cal/documentary comparison of material culture ever made in
historical archaeology was by Stanley South (1977). He
compared the material culture listed in probate inventories

with that excavated from eighteenth century residential

8
sites in the southeastern United States. The study's pur-
pose was to determine the degree to which archaeologically
recovered material culture represented "even in a gross
manner" the documentary record. The comparison between what
had existed in the culture, historically, and what occurs
archaeologically was accomplished through the development of
"transformation indices" (South 1977:190—191).

In earlier work, South had created a functional classi-
fication for excavated data and defined statistical fre-
quencies of occurrence for the various artifact groups found
at these sites. This percentage relationship of artifact
functional classes he labelled the Carolina Artifact Pat—
tern. For the documentary data of his comparative study, he
selected a sample of 13 inventories from the first 25 pages
of a published compilation of eighteenth century North Caro—
lina probate inventories. South used a hierarchical clus—
tering program to establish the frequency relationship among
41 artifact classes of these inventories. Six inventories
which clustered together were used for the study.

The artifacts of the inventories were assigned to the
functional groups of the Carolina Artifact Pattern. Perish—
ables were excluded, because they were not preserved
archaeologically, and pewter was added as a separate cate-
gory due to its high documentary occurrence. The monetary
value of goods was not used as a means of comparison.
Because the statistical package had selected inventories, no

consideration was given to further analysis or qualification

9

of the results obtained based on such known historical
variables as wealth, social status, or occupation of the
household heads (South 1977:191—193).

By compiling an inventory pattern, South was able to
identify "curation/transformation ratios" expressing rela-
tive differences in artifact group percentages between
archaeological and documentary records of material culture
(South 1977:193-198). From the comparison, South concluded
that it does not matter whether archaeological and documen-
tary data are in the same form or not (whole versus frag-
ments); both are the product of past cultural systems.
Thus, documentary inventories also can be used to address
archaeological questions. The fragmentary nature of both
data forms is offset by the complementary nature of the two
(South 1977:195-198).

Waverly Tenant Farmers: 0f direct interest to the
study of the relationship between the archaeological and
documentary record at the Barton site is a similar study
done for the nearby Waverly Plantation (Adams et a1.
1980:295). This site, like Barton, was a small riverboat
landing on the upper Tombigbee River (Figure 1). The
authors used store ledgers from Waverly to conduct an input-
output study of the archaeological record. They proposed
that if the store record represented the original cultural
inventory, then the archaeological record would result from
the reduction of this inventory through cultural use and

discard practices and natural factors such as movement and

10

decay.

The documentary record consisted of store ledgers
recording the purchases of seven black tenant farmers for
1887 and 1888. The total purchases were placed in a simple
functional classification. The archaeological record was
made up of the material recovered from two houses at the
Waverly site. Excavated artifacts were identified function-
ally, and placed into the same classification system devel-
oped for store records (Adams et al. 1980:285, 287, 296).

A comparison of the two record sets showed that almost
nothing the tenant farmers had purchased was found archaeo-
logically. The store records show that perishable items
such as food and clothing represented 80—90 percent of
tenant purchases. Excluding nails and window glass that
made up much of the archaeological inventory, but were not
typical consumer purchases of tenants, the remaining mater-
ials recovered archaeologically came from the 10-20 percent
of store purchases which were nonperishable goods. Ratios
were also given by general functional category, comparing
archaeological counts with documentary purchase values
(Adams et al. 1980:295-296).

Most functional categories had higher frequencies
archaeologically than in the store records. For example,
the category "Household Business and Entertainment" was very
visible due to toy loss. However, other categories were
under-represented in the archaeological record: sewing

(because store purchases consisted mainly of perishable

11

cloth); tools (probably because tools were highly curated);
and hunting (because this activity occurred away from the
site) (Adams et a1. 1980:297).

Alberta Fur Trade Posts: The most detailed

 

archaeological/documentary comparison of material culture
was conducted on fur trade sites of the Canadian plains
(Prager 1980; all subsequent citations in this section will
be page numbers only). Its purpose was "to determine the
relationship between material items in cultural context and
in corresponding archaeological context" (iii). The archae-
ological material for the study was excavated from two 17903
fur trade posts in Alberta: North West Company's Fort
George and Hudson's Bay Company's Buckingham House (13, 29).

Although no inventories exist which relate directly to
either Fort George or Buckingham House, Hudson's Bay Company
records for the 1790s list goods sent to inland posts.

Since there were no substantial differences in the types of
goods purchased, fur trade practices, or record keeping
between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company
at this period, it is assumed that the Hudson's Bay general
inventory list is representative of the material culture
found at both sites (42—43).

Material culture comparisons between the archaeological
and written records were performed at two different levels:
between individual artifacts, and between functional groups.
For individual artifacts, a comparison was made of histori-

cally documented items which were also found archaeological—

 

12

ly. Items found only in the written record were not consi—
dered. Archaeologically recovered artifacts were omitted
from comparison when they were unidentifiable fragments,
quantified differently in the two data forms, made at the
post rather than imported, or of aboriginal origin (56-59).

A version of the artifact classification devised by
archaeologist Kenneth Kidd for the material he excavated at
Fort George was used for the functional group comparisons.
The primary division of documentary goods was between stores
and trade goods. The comparison focused on the stores since
these were meant for Euro-American use at the post and goods
traded to the Indians for furs would not have been present
(56, 60).

Through these individual and functional artifact 1e-
vels, several types of comparisons were made between the two
archaeological and two documentary components of the study.
Calculation of relative proportions between 31 artifact
classes showed no relationship between any of the data
groups (61-66). Pearson's r correlation coefficients indi-
cated some similarity between the two archaeological site
assemblages, but not between the two fur trade inventory
groups, nor between the archaeological and documentary
records in general (65, 67). Seventeen artifact categories
were ranked by percentage within each of the four data
groups, with no relationships discovered. Ratios were
computed for selected archaeological and documentary compar—

isons of these same categories. In all cases there was

13

general consistency in which artifacts tended to have higher
ratios. Overall, there were smaller ratios for tools and
personal items and higher ratios for trade goods (i.e. more
of the former were found archaeologically than the latter)
(67-70).

Functional comparisons of relative frequencies between
archaeological and documentary material culture were per—
formed by Prager through two different arrangements. One
was Kidd's archaeological classification; the other was
according to the categories actually used in the eighteenth
century Hudson's Bay inventories. No similarities appeared
in either of these comparisons. However, the group totals
of the five documentary—based functional divisions do show
some archaeological/documentary similarity for the ranking
of the groups (70-77).

The results of these analyses showed the lack of any
overall similarity between archaeological and documentary
manifestations of material culture. Certainly any relation-
ship existing was not quantifiable with any exactitude (81).

Prager offered a number of explanations for the diffe—
rences between the presence of some artifacts in documents,
and their absence or diminished frequency on the sites:
metal artifacts would have been recycled, organic materials
decomposed, many artifacts would have been used in activi—
ties taking place away from the site, and trade goods were
kept out of use until received by natives who took them

elsewhere. Those items occurring in numbers of five to ten

14
or more in the documentary inventories were always found
archaeologically, most likely from simple probability and
lack of curation. (Curation refers to the behavior intended
to preserve a highly valued item. This follows established
archaeological use of the word, as in Binford [1977].)
Post-depositional disturbances affecting the archaeological
record of these forts were the cleaning and rebuilding of
the posts. In general, the archaeological assemblages of
the two sites were similar to each other, probably reflec-
ting similar beginning inventories of goods brought into the
posts and the cultural processes occurring there. In the
end, however, trading (the purpose of the posts) took less
than one quarter of the inhabitants' time, and left little
direct archaeological evidence of its occurrence (82—86, 88,
90, 97).

Overall, "it is obvious from this analysis (and others)
that the road from cultural reality to archaeological depo—
sition is extremely complex, with many intervening factors.
There are no simple relationships between fur trade inven-
tory lists (the best available approximation of cultural
reality) and presumably closely related archaeological depo-
sits" (98). In concluding, Prager offered seven generaliza-
tions relating to cultural behavior and archaeological depo—

sition for future testing (99—100).

15

Conclusion

 

Through similar purpose, all three of the above studies
serve as precedents to mine. As noted, the details of these
studies vary greatly, as do the lengths and contexts of
their reporting. However, despite their differences, these
comparisons of archaeological and documentary records of
material goods do share general structural similarites that
are not apparent at their first reading. All assert the
temporal nature of the comparison. These comparisons were
always between archaeological and documentary data that were
determined to be adequately related in time and space for
the specific examinations undertaken. However, the data
sets of each study were always highly dissimilar from those
of the other two studies. All of the archaeological sites
described in each study had undergone extensive excavation,
and all of the historical sources consisted of separate
documents either of great length or number. Thus substan-
tial amounts of data were compared in each study. All data
underwent editing to remove what were perceived to be atypi-
cal portions to avoid inaccurate results. Functional clas—
sifications were used as the primary basis of ordering data
in all three. Ratios expressing the relationship between
the archaeological and documentary data were the main goal
of two studies, and were one of many exercises of the third.
The resulting differences between the archaeological and
documentary records of material culture were noted in each

study and possible explanations for these were offered.

 

 

16

This study shares the above general points of all three
of the preceding ones, and their common structure serves as
the model for its organization. However, this comparison
will differ from its predecessors in a number of ways that
are either incidental to the data being used, or result from
the pursuit of its particular goals. Such differences in
aim and procedure will be discussed at appropriate points in

the text.

Chapter II

Archaeological Data

Barton Townsite Excavation

In the course of the fieldwork, Barton townsite became
the focus of the project. This was as much by default as by
design. The earlier Colbert townsite proved to be almost
entirely outside of the project boundaries. Extensive back-
hoeing of the southern project area revealed a single large
early historic trash pit, and a small prehistoric site.
After two phases of testing within the later Vinton commun-
ity area, only a few sites of low focus and visibility were
identified. Potential impacts on these were mitigated by
avoidance through the redesign of the proposed recreation
facilities, rather than through excavation.

Completion of work at these two townsites, which tempo—
rally and spatially bracket Barton, brought full attention
to this third mid-nineteenth century townsite. Barton had
the most sites with the most plentiful remains out of the

17

18
three townsites and was targeted for the most extensive
recreational development. Barton had been platted on high
ground above the Tombigbee River. The site is bounded on
the north by the river, on the east by floodplain, on the
west by a former channel of the river, and on the south by
the Barton Ferry Road, running to the river crossing south-
east of the site. Within its approximately 96 acres
(39 ha), the townsite contained 21 commercial and residen—
tial sites. The commercial sites of the former business
district had a linear east-west distribution along the bluff
overlooking the Tombigbee River on the north edge of the
townsite. The residential sites were situated on several
low ridges extending south from the bluff (Figure 3).

The archaeology at Barton sought to delimit the town's
individual sites and define their content, structure, and
function. Toward this end the field archaeology at Barton
used a broad spectrum of investigative techniques. Remote
sensing was an important supplement to test excavation. Air
photo interpretation identified vegetational anomalies
indicating potential structure sites prior to any subsurface
work here. Proton magnetometers provided feature-level
identification concurrent with testing. Controlled, grid—
placed test excavations were conducted through a stratified
random sample based on slope, although this strategy was
eventually replaced by a judgemental test sample. Shovel
testing aided in determining site boundaries.

All of these activities were performed during the first

19

ouDuosuum HmDUH>HUCH mo mquHH can kuw E om zufiz .muamc3ou couhmm mo knamuonOH

 

.mmufim
.m whawwu

20
two phases of the project, and resulted in the selection of
12 sites for mitigation excavation. These sites were the
most representative of the total range present and had the
strongest complement of archaeological, documentary, and
oral historical sources of information. Final data recov-
ery efforts of the third phase focused on area and feature
excavations. 0f the twelve sites chosen, seven had large—
scale excavation performed on them by the project's end.
Details of the project's history, along with specifics of
Barton townsite excavation, can be found in three Tombigbee
Historic Townsites Project phase reports (Minnerly 1982;
Minnerly 1983; Cleland and McBride 1983).

Antebellum Structure Sites

 

0f the seven sites subject to mitigation excavation,
four are antebellum in whole or in part. I have restricted
this study to these sites, substantially simplifying the
comparisons that I have made. Consideration of a longer
temporal span including both ante and postbellum periods
would complicate archaeological interpretation. The changes
occurring across the Civil War watershed in all aspects of
Southern culture would require accounting for in any analy—
sis of material culture. Thus, in relative terms, the
antebellum limit more closely approaches a condition of
cultural stasis, whereas the historic crossover into the
postbellum state was a traumatic and highly disruptive one.

Archaeological data for this study comes from four

sites. I used all of the excavated antebellum data

21

available from three of the sites: the Hotel, the Warren
house, and an Unnamed house. From the fourth site, the
Keller house, I compared its well with the Hotel well. The
four sites offer several contrasting and complementary per-
spectives on the archaeology of Barton townsite. The two
residential sites are at polar extremes regarding their
residents' wealth and status (with the Warren high and the
Unnamed low). The third site, the Hotel, offers the com-
bination of a commercial residence. The hotel also has a
well, which structurally matches one from the Keller house.
Both were approximately 2.5 m in diameter at the surface,
tapering to a lesser diameter at the excavated depth of more
than 4 m (this was not, however, the bottom of the wells).
Neither well had brick lining, and both were eventually
filled in as trash pits. This resulted in artifacts depos—
ited within complex stratigraphy (McBride and McBride
1983:153-155, 179-181). Although this last residence was
also occupied into the twentieth century, its well was
filled in the antebellum period, early in the site's occu-
pancy. These wells allow a feature—level comparison, in
addition to the three-way comparison possible between entire
sites.

Three of these sites are situated along the current
north-south road through the townsite. The Warren house is
at the southern extreme near the Barton Ferry Road; the
Hotel is at the opposite end along the former business

district near the bluff; the Unnamed house site is midway

22

along the road; and the Keller house is on the neighboring
ridge to the west (shown as sites B-3, 4, 6, and 8 on Figure
3).

In Table l and in the site-specific narrative that
follows I have presented attributes of the four sites as
known through historical and archaeological research. The
variables presented may have had some bearing on what mate-
rial culture was actually selected by site occupants from
the total inventory available, how it was used, and finally
entered into the archaeological record. This background is
intended, then, to aid in understanding how an original
cultural inventory of material goods is expressed differ-
ently at each of the four sites. The historical information
used in Table 1 and the sections below were obtained through
the historical research for the project, and are summaries
of what is reported in exhaustive detail in McBride and
McBride (1983).

Warren house (site 5445) This was first occupied by

 

the Peter Warren family following their move from flooded
Colbert. After Warren's death in 1856, the Augustine B.
Duling family occupied the house and remained there from
1857 through the mid-18603. In addition to being merchants,
both men were important and respected public figures. Both
families had "greater material wealth and social status"
than was typical for other Barton residents. In the 18503,
Warren was taxed for a watch, two carriages, and 11 slaves.

In the 1850 agricultural census he was listed as owning

23

Ham: mco

«EA.HH

meummi

noxme

cam .umEumw
.ucmcouoEI
uouoov
cam unmLOHOEI
acmcoumEI

ON

.V

m0m\moowfilfimwfi

qum
uoaamx

wmmn
>OCEHLU mco

Ham: mco

moHon
umom co>mHo

Nwmn
mum

«com

msowpm>

:3ocxc:

m

somfi Annemmfi

mssm
Hugo:

.mmuwm Esfiaonouc< co mama Hmowwoaoomnou< cam HQOHuoumwm

cOHHQHUCQUCOU

xoaun mco
omen
zocefiso mco

mmao; umoa m>flw

meme
wNH

«omm

umwmcme o>mamt
xuoaol

o

N

moowfi mo cam
mpowoalwmwfi

«wen
woemcca

HHO3 one

age cmmuu oco

owo.o~
NoH

Gems

magnumcoo
wcm.po>ma
.ucmLOLOEI
cocam nousno
vcm .umEumw
ucmnouo5I

n

N

moowfi wfialwqwfi

mqqm
couumz

mmuaumom xowum

mmusummm Hfiom
ucsoo uomwfiuu<
Amev woum>moxm

ANEV muwm muflm

mcowmmowoum
Hmuou mucmasuoo &

wcowumanouo *

mmuma

.H Danae

24
horses, mules, and cattle, and as growing corn, cotton, and
potatoes. The great number of artifacts recovered from this
site may reflect this wealth. However, the high artifact
count also could stem from the proportionately greater
amount of excavation of the trash areas here,in contrast to
that at other structures in the townsite (McBride and
McBride 1983:194-206).

Unnamed (site 5444) Benjamin M. Howarth occupied

 

this site from 1852 through to the end of the decade and was
married for a portion of this time. The William J. Rodgers
family occupied the site during the 18603. In comparison to
the Warren house, site 5444 represents the opposite end of
the economic and social spectrum at Barton. Although
Howarth was taxed for a watch, horse, and four slaves in
1857, this site was occupied only for a short period of time
by a few residents with low status, who "probably had fewer
material possessions compared to many other Barton resi-
dents". A claim by an informant that the site was occupied
in the 19203 by yet a third party lacks archaeological
support (McBride and McBride 1983:185-193).

Hotel (site 5443) This site had three owners:
Agrissa G. Hanks by 1850; E. A. Atkinson in 1857; and Benja-
min Ford around 1859. By 1864 the hotel had been moved
miles to the north of Barton. Because the hotel served both
travelers and permanent residents, there is no real basis
for estimating a household population. However, sizeable

purchases of food from a nearby farm are documented. From

25
historical sources we know that the hotel was also a tavern
and meeting place, and had a stable, well and other out-
buildings. However there is no archaeological evidence for
most of these, as the north half of the site has been oblit—
erated by powerline construction and maintenance. Most
importantly for this study, the well remains. Although it
contains few artifacts, suggesting a rapid antebellum fil-
ling, it is similar in structure to the Keller house well,
allowing a feature—level comparison (McBride and McBride
1983:167-184).

Keller house (site 5442) Four wealthy families

 

occupied this site during the antebellum period. Robert
McGowan, a merchant, probably built the house here in 1851.
He was taxed in 1852 for four slaves, two clocks, and real
estate. Dr. William Rainey's family occupied the site from
1853 to 1856. This physician and merchant was described as
a man of "fine breeding and character", whose real estate
and slaves held outside of Barton were the source of his
wealth. In 1856 he was taxed for a carriage, watch, horse,
and slave. Merchant and farmer Augustine B. Duling and his
family occupied the site in 1856, just before their move to
the Warren house. An earlier agricultural census had shown
him owning a horse, cows, pigs, and land, producing corn,
oats, and potatoes. William J. Futrell and family quickly
succeeded Duling at the site in 1857. On his farm in 1860
he also had a horse, cows, pigs, and land, and produced

corn, cotton, and oats. When Futrell left is uncertain, but

26

sometime in the late 18603 or early 18703 the site passed to
Bardine Richardson, though it is not known if he or others
lived here during this period. The site was occupied during
much of the postbellum period that is beyond this study, up
until the 19303. It has not yet been determined whether the
site has any temporally discrete horizontal or vertical
divisions. At this time the well is the only feature that
can be identified as antebellum and is the only archaeologi-
cal contribution to the study (McBride and McBride 1983:139-
166).

Artifact Catalogue Data Compilation

 

Archaeological data for this study were tabulated from

computer printouts of lists of excavated artifacts from
these four sites. The information on the printouts is
structured from the general to the specific, from site, to
unit, to level, to feature, to material, and finally to the
artifact. All of the historic artifacts from all three
phases of testing and mitigation excavation were counted for
each of the three sites and two features of the study.
These counts were arranged according to the format of the
artifact codebook developed as part of the Tombigbee His-
toric Townsites Project. The codebook is divided into 11
categories of materials, followed in some cases by func-
tional subgroups, and finally by individual artifacts.

The artifact entries of this codebook are presented in
a number code with a corresponding written description. The

full codebook provides detailed, though manageable, coverage

27

of material culture found on nineteenth century American
sites (Cleland 1983b). This includes the range of artifact
parts and their condition, from complete objects to frag-
ments, of general combinations of historically known attri-
butes. In Appendix A I have listed the artifacts from the
archaeological contexts of this study, along with an overall
total for them. Whole and fragmentary artifacts have been

grouped together in these counts.

Chapter 111

Documentary Data

Introduction

 

For a taphonomic study such as this it is necessary to
identify the cultural starting point of material goods in
order to understand the final archaeological product. Such
a beginning involves the context of origin for the inventory
of goods prior to use and eventual archaeological deposi-
tion. To this end, in this chapter I have examined the
general store as the institution for the distribution of
material goods to nineteenth century rural America. I use
social histories of general stores to provide ethnographic
delineation of the relationship between the stores, material
culture, and the community. 0f the three histories which
are drawn on heavily for this chapter, two are specifically
on the Southern general store (Atherton 1968 and Clark
1964).

One important test of any work lies in its value to

other disciplines. In my assessment all three volumes

28

29

referred to here are outstanding in addressing concerns and
providing information of importance to anthropological
archaeology. Although specific challenges might be brought
to aspects of these books in light of more recent scholar—
ship (as they are all dated by 20 years), it remains that
historical archaeologists have failed to produce comparable
anthropological assessments of the significance of the
general store as meeting place of material culture and
society. While these histories are of special significance
for the initiation of this taphonomic study, their perspec-
tives are important for any archaeologist working on rural
nineteenth century sites.

In this chapter, I review earlier cultural resource
studies of general stores in the Tombigbee River valley
prior to a more in-depth demonstration of general stores'
importance to archaeology. I will include outlining the
importance of the stores to the populace they served, both
as a common denominator for defining communities, and as the
potential source of all goods needed by their patrons. Also
I present the ante/postbellum difference that exists for the
stores, material goods, and their marketing. Finally, I
examine the nature and value of the documentation available
from general stores, and present the specific historical
records that provide data for this study.

Previous Studies 2: Tombigbee General Stores

 

 

Other cultural resource investigations of historic

sites in the Tombigbee River Multi—Resource District have

30
included general stores.

Archaeology at the East Aberdeen, Mississippi historic
site involved the investigation of a store site. Aspects of
the structure reported on included its location, size,
style, construction, architectural remnants and artifact
types. Also cultural use and the resulting archaeological
representation of the items held in stock would be expected
at the housesites of the purchasers rather than at the store
(Rafferty et al. 1980:69—71). 0n the Tombigbee Historic
Townsites Project, a store site was tested, but was not
extensively excavated. Rather, data recovery was concen-
trated on the domestic sites on the townsite where goods
originating in the stores would be deposited.

The East Aberdeen report also made use of historically
established economic contexts for general stores to identify
the function of the antebellum stores at the site (Rafferty
et al. 1980:50—52). These were identified as operating
according to the means described by Atherton (1968:47).
Crops sold at the store allowed farmers to purchase goods,
with the merchant covering his expenses by eventually sell-
ing the crops for shipment outside the area. Similarly, the
remainder of this chapter will emphasize this relationship
between merchant and customer.

Weaver and Doster's (1982) overview of Upper Tombigbee
River valley historic settlement addressed the importance of
stores to different forms of communities in the area (this

is presented in detail below). In a companion volume they

31
also reproduce the inventory of an antebellum store on the
Tombigbee River in Alabama (Doster and Weaver 1981:183-186).
Consideration of such inventories is not merely incidental,
but rather central to the understanding of the settlement
and development of the Tombigbee River valley. The location
and character of towns in the region was a result of the
need for distribution points in order to export the products
of the area in exchange for goods not otherwise available
locally. Such imported goods were vital to Euro-American
existence in the area. In recognition of this and in an
attempt to understand the archaeological significance of
these goods, one of the main data categories for this thesis
is a documentary listing of goods purchased from general
stores.
The most sophisticated analytical study of Tombigbee
River general stores to date is for Waverly plantation.
Data from account books for the years 1887—1888 was sub—
jected to six analyses of archaeological interest:
comparison of pricing structure; comparison of season—
ality of purchase; reconstruction of the store inven—
tory; compilation by month of purchases by certain
individuals; comparison of tenant farmers' purchases
with those of a black landowner, the storekeeper, and
two planters; contrasting the store inventory with the

items' archaeological visibility (Adams et al.
1980:285).

Importance gf Stores i2 Defining Community

 

The rural general store is a nineteenth century pheno—
menon. Arising with the birth of our nation, it barely

survived the nineteenth century and perished with the pas-

32

sing of the first quarter of the twentieth century, when the
mobility brought by the automobile allowed persons to travel
afar for a greater variety of goods. Though country stores
still live on in modified form, these are really only con-
venience stores for the occasional purchase, closely akin to
their urban, chain-store cousins, and are in no way vital to
the survival of the populace they service in their limited
way (Carson 1965:279-294; Clark 1964:x).

However, in the nineteenth century the general store
was the lifeblood of rural America. It was the only access
farming families had to manufactured goods and to foods that
they were unable to raise themselves. The general store
merchant bought directly from wholesalers in large east
coast cities, or major river cities on the edge of the
frontier, and distributed these goods by cash, credit or
barter to the local population. The general store was the
contact point for most of nineteenth century rural America
with the outside world.

The merchandise in a well-stocked country
store...was a visual demonstration in commercial geogra-
phy....All brought the flavor of strange place names...
to the tight little life of town or county....The prai-
rie farmer...was, whether he thought of it or not, a
sharer in the schooner or packet voyages, which ended at
the counter of the old familiar store at the four—
corners (Carson 1965:201).

It is difficult to overstate the importance of the
general store to rural American communities. Its essential
economic function also made the store and the merchant who

ran it of great significance to the community beyond provi-

sion of material needs. It was multi—functional both in

33
formal and informal senses, being a place for socializing
and the site of official organizational meetings. Often as
the only business locally, it, by necessity, took up other
services also, such as the post office or stage depot,
providing these where they otherwise would not be available
(Carson l965:ix—x).

The store was often a springboard for the owner's more
extensive community involvement. Merchants, "because of
their 'wealth' . . . often ran local political and social
affairs" (Clark 1964:1x). "The storekeeper was all things
to his community" (Clark 1964:vii). As the need arose he
might assume such responsibilities as estate executor, mili-
tia captain, writer of business contracts and letters, jury
foreman, or town officer (Carson 1965:116-134; Clark
1964:vii).

In their presentation of Upper Tombigbee Valley histo-
ric settlement types, Weaver and Doster (1982) describe the
rural hamlet as being the simplest and most basic form of
community. Although highly unstructured, these "rural ham-
lets were generated by the basic social and economic needs
of the rural population....The main economic needs were food
and staple manufactured goods" (Weaver and Doster 1982:135).

They further state that "the components of settlement
varied little from hamlet to hamlet. Perhaps the most
common element was the country store, one of the best recog-
nized features of the southern rural landscape" (Weaver and

Doster 1982:142). "The country store in a way was far more

34
symbolic of the southern way of rural life than were other
institutions" (Clark 1964:vii). This focus on the general
store for fulfillment of needs "tied the scattered farms
into a community. The store was what made a neighborhood
and gave it its central nervous system and a conscience"
(Carson 1965:ix).

The vital importance of the store can best be illu-
strated for our study area through consideration of the
situation at Vinton, Mississippi. Vinton is considered to
have come into existence at the same time as Barton (c.
1848), although they were two distinct forms of community.
Vinton and Barton are examples of a rural hamlet and port-
town, respectively, the two smallest forms of community in
the Upper Tombigbee Valley, as identified by Weaver and
Doster (1982:27, 103-104).

While Barton saw extinction with the arrival of the
postbellum period, Vinton continued on, much as before.
Over time, Vinton continued to fulfill the same general need
for the local rural area by adapting to the changing econo-
mic conditions that occurred in postbellum Mississippi
through the nineteenth century and into the twentieth.
Whereas larger Barton perished because of its specialized
economic function (a transfer point of raw and manufactured
goods) which was dependent on a specific geographic tie
(river transportation), Vinton survived-—probably because of
its general amorphous structure as a dispersed rural commu—

nity. The general stores there altered themselves to meet

35
changing needs. Even before Vinton became the dominant
settlement in the area, replacing Barton after its demise,
Vinton had viable country stores established. Most notable
was the Trotter store which persevered through all adversity
for nearly four decades until bankrupted by litigation (Way
and McBride 1983:40).

In order to make up for a limited local retail market,
merchants often diversified their business activities beyond
the general store. Larger permanent towns could originate
from such crossroads activities (Atherton 1968:167).
Although never more than a hamlet, Vinton achieved some
economic diversification through William E. Trotter's enter-
prises which followed upon the heels of his successful
store. At various times his extra-mercantile services
included a ferry, warehouse storage, cotton gin, gristmill,
blacksmith, and the local post office. Trotter's economic
strength increased to the point where he was the major
landholder at Vinton. In antebellum times he owned a plan-
tation and slaves; in postbellum times he held over 4000
acres, more than most planters of that period. He achieved
a monopoly in the Vinton area, and became the third largest
merchant in Clay County, surpassing most merchants in West
Point on the railroad (Way and McBride 1983:39—40; McBride
1983:89).

Such general stores were also vital underpinnings of
larger porttowns as Barton. The business brought by the

rural population that was the primary market for even the

 

36
larger towns in the South meant that general stores remained
an important common denominator upon which other specialized
merchants and services could build (Bull 1952:37; Atherton
1968:169). At Barton and Vinton, there are records of 12
general stores for a 13 year period prior to the Civil War,
and there were usually five to seven stores at any one time.

For Barton, the community—defining nature of the gene-
ral stores is shown by the town's early demise, rather than
longevity. When railroads offered a safe and reliable ship-
ping alternative to risky water transport, farmers took
their crops elsewhere for marketing (to West Point for the
Barton area) and bought needed goods from the general stores
there. With no business, the stores left, and Barton died.
Postbellum Barton ceased to exist by name, and became a part
of the surrounding agricultural area.

With the broader social and economic context of the
stores thus established, the next section demonstrates in
detail why their existence was so vital and what the spe—
cific material needs and wants were that they filled and
satisfied.

General Store 33 Source gf All Goods

 

Although an object recovered at an archaeological site
may have gotten there through a number of routes and
sources, virtually any item possessed by nineteenth century
rural Americans could potentially have originated at a
general store. Small rural communities serviced by general

stores are relatively closed systems. This was demonstrated

 

37

in an archaeological study of a store—community relation in
a present-day setting. The store was the primary means by
which goods entered the study locality. Following their
dispersal and use within the community, goods exited as
refuse (Cleghorn 1981:198). This same definition of the
relationship between store and community was put forth in an
earlier archaeological study (Adams 1973) that saw the
necessity for merchants to correctly identify the "wants of
the community" in order to survive. Stores "would carry
only items that its customers would buy" (Cleghorn
1981:197). When purchasing stock for his store the merchant
"had to know how to make up the right assortment in the
right quantities" (Carson 1965:70). In order to meet all
definable needs, the stores carried the maximum breadth of
types of items, rather than much variety in quality or price
within any one category of goods (Atherton 1968:74). "The
volume of business would not support more than one kind of
axe, one kind of rake, one quality of boot" (Carson
1965:70). There were then no multiples, no brand names, and
in short no real choice (Atherton 1968:80—81).

Despite these seemingly severe limits in the goods that
were available, the range of the provision of goods needed
by a local populace was indeed complete in a number of
aspects. Store inventories were generally more comprehen—
sive than the range of goods acquired by a typical Souther-
ner (Atherton 1968:86). Thus the inventory of any one

household would be a subset of the more culturally complete

 

38

store offerings. The stores also provided all types of
goods needed at various ages from birth to death, and for
the common and differing needs of both men and women at work
and in leisure. The general store thus provided for a great
variety of needs that would otherwise remain unmet in an
unspecialized society.

This total spectrum of goods has been examined in
detail by Clark (1964) in his volume on the Southern
general store. This has separate chapters on women's and
men's clothing, meats and staples, farming and transporta-
tion, medicines, funeral goods, personal indulgences, sun-
dries, schoolbooks and supplies, and Christmas holiday pur-
chases. Yet another study reproduced inventories from var-
ious Southern general stores detailing specific categories
of goods available through them. These lists also show the
variety available of goods such as groceries, clothing,
books, candies, and condiments and spices (Atherton 1968:73—
84). Nineteenth century Americans were themselves aware of
the significance of the diversity to be found under one
place of business. One publication in 1876 called the
general store an "omnibus store" and articulated its nature
as follows:

"It is a grocery store...with tea, sugar, coffee,
spices, molasses, dried fruits, etc.

It is a hardware store, with cutlery in variety,
axes, rifles, divers mechanics' tools, kitchen utensils,
agricultural implements, bar—iron, nails, etc.

It is a shoe store, and men, women, and children
can alike be accommodated with foot gear.

It is a confectionary store, and there's a goodly

row of glass jars of candies for the sweet tooth.
It is a drug store, and medicines, dyestuffs,

 

39

paints, varnish, putty, tar, etc. are at your service.

It is a trimming store, and pins, needles, thread,
tapes, ribbons, etc. await your call.

It is a jewelry store, with the adjuncts of clocks,
watches, violins and jews harps.

It is a hat store, and you must not be positive
that bonnets are not on hand.

It is a brush store, and bristles and broom-corn
are in readiness for a customer.

It is a crockery store, and you may buy queensware,
earthenware, glassware and stoneware.

It is a book and stationery store, equal to the
ordinary requirements of the vicinity.

It is a tobacco store, and smokers, chewers and
snuffers can be supplied....

He [the merchant] will have almost any article you
can call for...and will most agreeably make a note to
get what he is 'just out of'" (Carson 1965:192-193).

The comprehensive inventories referred to here were the
formal standard for the general stores. The temporal dimen-
sion of general stores is important in addition to their
form and function as they existed in the South. As the
nineteenth century progressed, the stores and their goods
changed in response to larger developments in the United
States.

Comparison 2f Ante and Postbellum General Stores

 

 

The nature of the antebellum general store and the
goods it provided can best be understood through comparison
with the postbellum condition of the store. In its simplest
most basic form, as presented in the preceding sections, the
general store was fully developed and highly significant to
the early nineteenth century rural South. Although this
condition and relation continued in the late nineteenth
century, these stores did change through time. In general,
the change took place gradually with various aspects of the

stores changing at different rates at different times. The

40

concept of a total change from one condition to another is
more an ideal to aid our understanding than it is a strict
historical reality.

However, all evidence shows that changes in Southern
general stores did take place, and that many of the changes
tended to occur starting well after the half century mark
through to the end of the third quarter of the nineteenth
century (Atherton 1968:79,80). In other words, this approx—
imates the period of the Civil War and up to a decade of its
immediately succeeding chaotic aftermath. Since a coherent
postwar situation for the South did not automatically
appear, the transition period between a clearly antebellum
existence and the postbellum state is a broad one.

Regardless of exactly where or how a chronological
break is made, it remains that the concept of ante and
postbellum periods is a useful and accurate divider of
culture change for the nineteenth century South. It is not
simply a military or political marker, convenient for focus—
ing on the Civil War; rather, it identifies a major change
in the structure of Southern economy and society, and, of
equal importance, the North's relation to these. As the
North's manufacturing power expanded after the Civil War it
took in not only the western frontiers as new markets, but
also the South (Clark 1964:19-33).

It is significant for this study that an entire range
of factors relating to the marketing of goods by the nine-

teenth century general store were undergoing changes that

41
may also be identified temporally with this Civil War water-
shed. These marketing changes are presented by Carson in
his history of these stores. Contrasting ante versus post-
bellum conditions as extracted from Carson (1965) are sum—
marized in Table 2.

The antebellum general store was a multifunctional
entity, as mentioned above. Aside from its wide range of
goods, it was also a source of credit, a market for the
selling of locally produced goods, often a post office and
stage stop, a newscenter, and a location for both individ-
uals and organizations to meet. In contrast, the tendency
for postbellum stores was away from incidental services not
directly associated with its main sale function, and toward
greater specialization in goods.

The antebellum merchant made once or twice yearly
buying trips to wholesalers in major cities to select his
stock himself, obtaining a relatively small quantity of
items from a single supplier out of the wide number avail-
able. The postbellum merchant was able to order continually
by mail and through travelling representatives of companies.
While the postbellum merchant had a relatively smaller num—
ber of sources of goods to choose from (large brand name
companies) he carried more choices in any one product.

The antebellum general store customer tended to make
only occasional purchases of large volumes of goods. The
resulting slow turnover of goods required the merchant to

make a high profit per unit of sale. The postbellum cus-

Table 2.

Ante

 

multifunctional store

merchant bought supples
self in large city

many suppliers to choose
from, bought from one

few yearly supply purchases

low volume of items
slow turnover
high profit per item

large quantity purchased
by customer

occasional purchases
local area

know customer personally
meet demands, needs
predict (service)
commodity

no advertising of brands
generic

one choice

unpackaged

amounts as requested

bulk

raw foods

Comparison of Ante and Postbellum Stores
(Carson 1965:161-190,

259-278, 282-284).

Post

unifunctional store

merchant bought by mail order
or salesman

fewer brands to choose from,
carried many

continual frequent suppy
purchases

high volume of items
fast turnover
low profit per item

small quantity purchased by
customer

frequent purchases
larger area

anonymous customers
create demand

sell (salesmanship)
personality (of product)
advertising of brands
brand names

many choices (brand names)
prepackaged
predetermined amounts
individual

processed foods

43

tomer tended to make more frequent purchases of smaller
volumes of goods. The merchant emphasized a fast turnover
of goods with low profit per unit.

The success of the antebellum general store merchant
depended on his personal knowledge of his customers in the
small surrounding local area. Such success was dependent on
the fickle patronage of local customers in the face of stiff
competition from other stores. This required him to suc—
cessfully predict the needs of his customers and to stock
his store to best meet their demands. The success of the
postbellum general store merchant depended on his ability to
reach anonymous customers from a relatively larger area.
Through his salesmanship he had to create a demand for
certain goods where it might not otherwise exist.

The antebellum merchant sold a generic commodity. For
the most part there were no brand names to advertise. The
postbellum merchant advertised brand names and sold the
customer the particular personality of a product as much as
the product itself. The antebellum customer usually had
only one type of an item to purchase—~it was literally
either take it or leave it. The postbellum customer usually
had a choice of many brand names.

Finally, for the antebellum customer, goods were in a
raw, bulk, unpackaged form from which the amount to be
purchased had to be requested. The postbellum customer had
prepackaged, preprocessed foods to purchase in predetermined

individual quantities.

44

These ante/postbellum differences define the general
nature of the antebellum stores, their goods, and marketing.
The pattern above was established by broad-based historical
research, and my examination indicates that in general it is
valid for this more limited study. However, for the local
rural stores that continued after the Civil War, these
changes would not be as pronounced as in the stores of
larger Columbus, for example. The furnishing stores to
which tenant farmers were in debt were much the same as
antebellum predecessors. This information on temporal
change has proven important in discussing the results of the
archaeological/documentary comparison of material goods, and
in drawing conclusions.

Historical Records from General Stores

Account books have the most complete data and are the
most commonly used documents for the study of goods in
nineteenth century general stores. The data found in
account books may be applied to many historical topics.
Studies have been completed in a number of areas and have
the potential for contributing to many others. The range of
such studies includes a multitude of economic concerns,
along with the community, "the family, the professions,
women, agriculture, medicine, and transportation" (Wilson
1981:n.p.). Because account books are historical documents,
it is historians who have made the most use of them. Their
appeal to historians is parallel to that which artifacts

hold for historical archaeologists. They allow an avenue

45

for the entrance into "the lives of the historically inar—
ticulate—-those individuals commonly ignored by traditional
history". Their objectivity is greater than that of some
documents as "they were not intended for the consumption of
posterity. Account books, therefore, afford an unvarnished
glimpse into the economy of life in a household, a farm, a
village, or a factory" (Wilson 1981:n.p.).

Such economic and social studies hold great value for
archaeology. Unfortunately, archaeologists have not made
great use of these sources, and have even ignored the goods
themselves that are the reason these books were kept.
Account books provide the most continuous, unbroken record
of material culture during the time objects were actually
used. Thus, materially based studies of archaeological
problems are possible through temporally and spatially com-
prehensive coverage by account books. One nearly perfect
study situation was located for a foodways research project
conducted by Sturbridge Village. Over 100 account books
covering all aspects of economic activity were found for a
single Connecticut farming community. These allowed almost
complete coverage of the interaction of community members
within the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries (Bowen
1978:5—6).

Many excellent documentary representations of local
populations for long periods of time probably exist. Unfor—
tunately, these do not usually coincide with the limits of

projects as defined by contracts. For the Tombigbee His-

46

toric Townsites Project, there was an annoying dearth of
such account books, although many are known for the general
area of Mississippi surrounding the project. The library in
nearby Aberdeen has a large, albeit unorganized, collection
of these records. However, within the total mass of manu-
scripts discovered through exhaustive historical research
conducted by the project, only two pertinent account books
were located, those of a postbellum furnishing store at
Vinton.

Although account books for the project townsites were
absent, information on goods was available through another
documentary form: unpaid bills filed against estates of
deceased persons. The bills were found by the Tombigbee
Historic Townsites Project research team in estate files at
the courthouses of Monroe County and Lowndes County, in
Mississippi, the area from which patrons of Barton's stores
were drawn. The store bills are identical in internal
format to account books. From left to right across the
page, any single entry consists of four main parts: date of
purchase, the item purchased, the cost rate per unit (in
cents, dollars, or bits), and the total purchase cost. The
bills are headed by the store owner's name, along with that
of the person whose debts are outstanding. The final line
at the bottom of the page is usually the total figure owed
by the deceased.

For the Barton townsite area (here including the more

rural Vinton), estate files were found for 23 persons who

47

had made purchases at Barton general stores. These estate
files contained 83 separate estate bills from 12 general
stores. The transcripts of these bills are Appendices B and
C. The dates of operation of the 11 stores producing the
documentary data (Gerdine's store is a twelfth, but left no
bills) are shown in Table 3. Table 4 shows the 79 bills of
the general documentary category without the four bills of
the Peter Warren estate file. Specific years of actual
bills are identified by store and debtor. Years are shown
by their last two numbers (e.g. 52 for 1852), and multiple
bills for the same year, store and debtor by parentheses
(e.g. (2)).

All of the bills were limited to the period from
1848-1860, when Barton functioned as a porttown. The local
hinterlands had been previously served by the town of Col-
bert, founded in 1836. Following the town's second devasta-
ting drowning in a flood in 1847, new settlements replaced
it on higher ground immediately to the north. Both Barton,
which took on the primary porttown function, and satellite
Vinton, came into being in 1848. Barton's decline began in
1857 with the arrival of more reliable railroad transporta-
tion in West Point several miles to the west. The Civil War
shortened the economic death throes of Barton. The bills
that survived these stores provide the documentary material
goods information that is compared to the excavated archaeo-
logical data in the following chapter. This large collec-

tion of bills provides data identical in structure and

48

substance to that normally available through account books.

49
Table 3. Dates of Operation for Barton and Vinton Stores.
1845 1850 1855 1860 1865
6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4
|++++|++++|++++I++++I
Collins, John M. I ————————————— |

Curtis, John A. | _______________ |

Duling, A. B. & |_|
A. H. Duling

Gerdine, William l-?
Griswold, James H. | ___________

Johnson, Miles, | .................
and R. 0. Johnson

McGowan, Robert, | _________
and Thomas F. Scott

Morse, Agur T. ?-—|

Rainey, Dr. W. | _________
and W. E. Rainey

Trotter, William E. I ................... >
(through 1859 with
William H. Moore)

Warren, Peter, _______________
Peter T. Warren,
and Benjamin Warren

Young, John T. _____
(and partners)

Table 4.

SUIIIOO

Lowndes County

 

Atkinson

Bennett
H. Collins

L. Collins

Dunn
Grizzle

Humphries
Hutchins
Littleton
Moore

Shinn
Watkins

Monroe County

 

Andrews
Bennett
Burnett
Clapp
Rainey

Sands

Thrailkill
J. Williams

0. Williams

Total
(both
counties)

56

(2)
52

53-4

52
52

56
53

(2)
54
52

52
53

55

56

53
(2)

17

srnlng
SUIIUO

59

56

48
49

(2)
51

55 57

49

53
54

50

0 L:
H o
H 3‘
m a
t (I)
o o
H a
D.
59
58
55
53
52
52
56
53 53
(2)
54
5 6

31033 2

Origin of Store Bills by Estate,

Merchant

uemogow

49

49—50
(5),51,48 48

49
50

53
(2)
49

54
56

50
53

17

9310“

Merchant,

7U t-l E
m a m
H o H
s n a
m n m
~< m a
'1
59
6O
48
48
49,
57
53
49
56
54 56
55
56
48
(2)
3 6 7

and Year

BUHOA

49

5O

50
51

49

51
52

1

19101

WM

10

79

 

 

Chapter IV

Classification and Comparison of Archaeological

and Documentary Data

Compilation gf 2233 12 Functional Classification

The structure I used for the archaeological/documentary
comparison for this study is a functional classification for
historic artifacts (Sprague 1980). The classification has
eight main groups, with several hierarchical divisions with—
in this, all based on function. It was developed through
lengthy classroom discussion and practical use on nineteenth
century sites in the Pacific Northwest. Former students
have continued to employ it elsewhere. Most significantly
for this thesis, Adams et al. (1980) used a version of it
for the Waverly project, thus enhancing its comparability
with this study.

The transcribed store bills comprise the documentary
data, and excavated artifact counts arranged according to
the codebook are the archaeological data. I totalled docu-
mentary data from all the bills to form a single, whole

inventory of all goods known to have been bought from Barton

51

 

 

52

and Vinton general stores from 1848 to 1860 (Appendix D). I
made an internal division between residents of Lowndes and
Monroe Counties which simplifies the tallying of data, and
also indicates differences in the artifact counts and per-
centages between the two counties, and for each county from
the two county total. I also give the totals of the bills
for both counties at Barton and Vinton general stores.
Excavated artifacts remain separated by the five contexts,
with the artifacts organized under this according to the
functional classification, in place of the original codebook
format. Finally I give a total of raw counts for all exca-
vated artifact fragments from all sites and features used
(Appendix E).

For the most part, the data of this study accommodated
itself well to Sprague's classification. Both goods from
documents (using the emic descriptions of the member of the
antebellum culture) and from archaeology (using a twentieth
century archaeologist's terms for objects) were indepen—
dently classifiable using this scheme. Thus the comparison
between the two data forms is achieved at the level of
functional categories by placing specific material goods
within the classification.

In using this classification for both archaeological
and documentary sources of material culture, I make an
assumption of continuity between the nineteenth and twen-
tieth centuries in terminology for and function of goods.

In general, this ethnographic analogy approach worked well,

 

 

53

though there were occasionally specific interpretation prob—
lems in identifying absolutely some store bill entries.

For example, I placed uncertain transcriptions of items
from the stores under what was judged the most appropriate
functional category. Many uncertain transcriptions that I
could not find in a dictionary I often replaced by a ques-
tion mark. They were counted under the unknown heading of
the classification, in the same way unidentifiable excavated
artifacts were.

Other items for which a definite word transcription
could be made still left an identification problem. One
entry was simply "1 Turkey 6/-". Although this most likely
refers to the bird, anyone with experience in transcribing
inventories knows that the identification we give is not
necessarily the same one originally meant. Brief consulta—
tion of a dictionary reveals other possibilities. Could
they have meant a turkey feather duster? Turkish tobacco?
Turkey red dye? A yard of cotton cloth in that color?
Extensive cross-pricing of these various items among many
documents might give a better idea of what this was, but
would never identify it with absolute certainty.

Other problems of functional placement of items stem
from possible use in more than one context. Examples in-
clude knives (many uses), pitchers (Gustatory versus Body
Ritual and Grooming), and fans and parasols (Adornment ver-
sus Portable Cooling). Although assignment within the clas—

sification in such instances is relatively arbitrary, there

54
was deliberate and reasoned placement of large groupings of
some items under certain categories and not others. These
decisions resulted in rearrangement of portions of the clas-
sification from what might otherwise be expected. However,
my changes remain faithful to the hierarchical structure of
the classification.

Under Domestic Housewares and Appliances, I added a
category of Indeterminate Culinary and Gustatory. Both the
archaeological and documentary sources have items that are
not strictly definable as solely Culinary or Gustatory. In
the store bills are lengthy listings of food purchases.
Since most food requires preparation prior to consumption, I
included all foods and beverages together in the Inde-
terminate group. Similarly, the archaeological data in-
cludes great quantities of ceramics, which are themselves
involved in both food preparation and consumption. The
archaeology also has plant food remains, and glass beverage
containers, both subject to the same classificatory ambigui-
ties as the documentary listings above.

In a second major case, I placed items from two sepa-
rate groups together under Handicraft Manufacturing of Com-
merce and Industry. These were the raw materials of cloth-
ing production, such as the cloth, buttons, and hooks and
eyes of personal clothing; and the accoutrements of sewing,
such as pins, thimble, and scissors. These allowed the
people to be self-sufficient in the production of their own

clothing. Thus sewing became a subsistence activity, in the

 

 

55
same way as was producing one's own food or building one's
own house. For most of the farmers shopping at Barton's
general stores, sewing would have been a major economic
activity of household support, rather than the incidental
personal maintenance of items, such as darning or sewing
buttons.

Archaeological Comparisons

 

In order to compare the functional breakdowns of the
archaeological and documentary material culture data, I have
noted the similarities and differences among the five arch—
aeological contexts (see Table 5). These include compari—
sons between the three main sites used (Warren, Unnamed, and
Hotel), the high status and low status domestic sites
(Warren and Unnamed), the two well features (Keller and
Hotel), the Hotel well and overall Hotel site, and the
archaeological total and each individual site and feature.

The Hotel, Warren house, and the Unnamed house sites do
not show any consistent patterning in artifacts among them-
selves. Of special note is that the Hotel has higher fre—
quencies of artifacts in every functional group except
Architecture, in comparison to the other two sites. This
may be due to two factors. One, the hotel probably had a
larger population than the other two sites had, with more
intensive use (and thus breakage, wearing out, and discard)
of materials from the Personal, Domestic, and Commerce and
Industry categories occurring here. Second, these discrep-

ancies in patterning may relate to the hotel's removal

 

 

56

wn.omm m.NMNH
woo. woo.
om.m o
000. 000.
o o
000. 000.
o o
qqm. nmq.
om.ow omm
moo. H00.
oo.H H
omo. owo.
ow.o oo
cqm. omq.
mo.omH m.wmm
Qua. mmo.
mo.©m mm

m *

cmuum3

moon

.mumm xumucmssoom was Hmofionommnou< mo cowumofimwmmmao Hmcowuucsm mo sumesam

mm.HmHN mm.qun
0N0. mac.
Hq.mo mm.oma
000. 000.
o 0
N00. moo.
mm.m mm
Hmm. qu.
om.H©n wo.mnqm
mmo. moo.
om.mw om
0H0. mno.
oo.oc ohm
mam. Nmm.
mm.©mq mN.HNom
mam. wNH.
om.qem NHOH
a a
HMDOH
moon

omo.mm

omm.
Nuns

000.
0

~00.
mo

moo.
HON

000.
NH

woe.
oom.ofi

mmm.
Hmow

moo.
New

Hmuos

zuc<

qfiw.HH Hmnfi

0mm.
NOON

000.
o

moo.
om

woo.
00

#00.
m

wmm.
mono

mam.
«mmm

000.
mm

qum
Hams

wnq.
nmw

000.
o

moo.
m

5H0.
om

000.
o

mom.
omq

0mm.
mom

moo.
mH

mqqm
Ham:

cmHHaM Hmuo:

Nwmm

mwm.
mwfim

000.
0

N00.
«H

mac.
ofia

000.
m

mom.
wenm

Omm.
nmqm

NHO.
om

qum

mqmq

me.
Own

000.
0

N00.
m

NHO.
cm

000.
o

mwo.
onm

omH.
mmo

000.
cm

«can

omo.oH Haney
cam.
mNHN :3OCXCD .HHH>
000.
o Hmsuflm asouu .HH>
Hoo.
NH mmofl>umm asouu .H>
moo.
Hm spamstmeoumesoo .>
000.
N coaumuuommcmuh .>H
One.
OQNQ mhnuumuwcuu< .HHH
com.
Boom owummsoa .HH
coo.
om Hmcomumm .H
mqqm

Hmuo: cosmccs cmuumz

.m manmb

57
intact from the site in the 18603, leaving little structural
hardware behind. The Warren and Unnamed houses may have
been demolished on the site, depositing nails and other
construction materials there.

For the two domestic sites of contrasting status, a
higher percentage of architectural artifacts were found at
the Unnamed house than at the Warren house. This may
reflect the greater percentage of excavation units placed in
trash disposal areas at the Warren house as opposed to other
sites. However, it may also reflect the greater status and
wealth of the Warren house inhabitants. The material pos-
sessions (and thus discarded garbage) of this established
merchant household were most likely greater than those held
by a beginning single merchant, and the farming family that
followed at the Unnamed house site.

The functional group percentages of the two wells from
the Hotel and the Keller house site are remarkably similar,
except for differences between Architecture and Unknown.

The divisions for these two categories is roughly 25 versus
50 percent, each feature being the reverse of the other.

The larger percent of architectural artifacts (nails) in the
Keller well may indicate an original wooden lining (McBride
and McBride 1983:157).

As compared to the entire Hotel site, the Hotel well
had lower percentages of Personal, Domestic, and Archie
tectural artifacts, and was roughly the same on Transporta-

tion, Commerce and Industry, and Group Services artifacts.

58

The major source of difference was in the Unknown group; the
entire site had less than 30 percent, as opposed to almost
half of the well's artifacts being unidentified. This dif—
ference suggests deliberate disposal of broken and worn out
artifacts in the well, far more so than elsewhere on the
site. Also the well would not receive still useful arti-
facts through 1033, as the rest of the site would.

Finally, I compared each site and feature individually
against their combined total. I found no general similar-
ities. The only other strong relation was between the
Warren house and Keller well, though I can offer no reason
for this.

Archaeological/Documentary Comparison

I compared archaeological and documentary data in two
ways: first, I checked each individual site and feature
against the total documentary assemblage, revealing no over-
riding similarity or other pattern; second I combined all
of the excavated information from the previous sites and
features to provide an archaeological whole. I then com-
pared this with the general documentary inventory created
from store bills. I will note possible explanations briefly
here, and will develop these in detail in the following
chapters.

Measured by the dollar value (here as through out the
remainder of this study) Personal items comprised over one
third of documentary material culture (the vast majority

clothing and footwear), while for the archaeology it only

59

produced less than one percent of its total. For Domestic
items the archaeology and documentary were roughly the same
(25 percent and 21 percent respectively), with each data
form being heavily weighted with different, although
related, material goods. The excavated artifacts were pri-
marily ceramics, and secondarily glass. The store bills
listed great quantities of food, which would have been
contained in and/or processed by the above artifacts.
Architectural remains comprised half of the archaeolo-
gical record, but only two percent of the documentary
record. While artifacts from Commerce and Industry came to
less than one percent of excavated material, they amounted
to 35 percent of the documentary listings. This large
percentage reflects the great amount of yard goods bought
for sewing clothing at home. Other subsistence activities
that might be expected to be archaeologically visible were
possibly diminished by intensive curation of the tools of
these activities. The Unknown category was 20 percent in
the archaeological record versus 3 percent in the written
one. Fragments that are unidentifiable archaeologically
were discarded originally after they became useless from
reuse or recycling. At one time they were new recognizable
items which would have been recorded in store accounts.
That there are any entries in the store bills at all for the
Unknown category is due to transcription uncertainties, not
the condition of the object. Of the remaining categories,

Group Ritual was absent in both data forms, while percent-

6O
ages for both Transportation and Group Services were minor.

Warren House

 

This site offers a special case as it is the only one
of the archaeological contexts in this study for which there
are site—specific documents. A series of store bills from
purchases by Peter Warren (Appendix F) allow a second,
separate functional classification to be done for these
bills, apart from the general group. Artifact level differ-
ences between the two can be made by comparing Appendices D
and G. Comparisons of the categories from the functional
classification can also be made between the Warren archaeo-
logical and documentary records, and between the Warren and
the complete inventory of Barton store goods.

In the archaeological/documentary comparison of Warren
house data, the Architecture category still comprises almost
half of the excavated artifacts, despite a larger percentage
of units in trash areas. At the same time, architectural
items remain an insignificant portion of store purchases.
The Unknown category is again smaller in the store bills
than in the archaeology. Personal, Domestic, and Commerce
and Industry groups are all substantially larger in the
documents as compared to the archaeology, as was the case in
the general comparison. Once again, this is attributable to
large quantities of clothing, food, and yard goods being
purchased.

The comparison of the Warren purchases with the single,

large inventory that I compiled from all of the general

61

store bills, showed that the Warren documents were lower in
three categories. Items from the Personal category were
only half of the general inventory; Commerce and Industry
was one quarter of the Warren documents, as opposed to 35
percent of the general inventory; and Transportation was
also smaller, though this was a minor category in both
cases. Architecture was nearly equivalent in percentage in
the two data groups, while Domestic items were the only
goods to occur with greater frequency in the Warren store
bills, being over twice that of the general documentary
inventory. I can offer no reasons for these differences
between these two groups of documentary data.
Ratios

An analysis performed on the data in all previous stu-
dies was the calculation of ratios between material culture
as listed in the documents and as excavated. The results of
this for Prager (1980) and South (1977) can be made compara—
ble to this study through minor rearrangement of the func—
tional classifications they used. However, their culling of
perishable materials from the documentary record in the for-
mation of their classifications would have allowed compari-
son only with archaeological artifacts. The only previous
study that considers perishable goods as part of the docu—
mentary record is Waverly (Adams et al. 1980). Thus the
archaeological/documentary ratios of this nearby postbellum
plantation can be compared to those of antebellum Barton.

For Barton, I have presented two sets of ratios: that

62

between the archaeological and documentary totals for the
townsite, and a site-specific one between the Warren house
documents and archaeology. I arrived at the ratios by
dividing the archaeological percentages into the documentary
percentages, as taken from Table 5, with the results as
shown on Table 7.

For the Waverly data, I placed the 18 general func-
tional categories used within the hierarchy of Sprague's
(1980) classification. Since the Waverly classification was
simply an unstructured version of Sprague's, this was easily
accomplished. In Table 6 I have listed the functional
categories used in the Waverly report (Adams et al.
1980:296) under the appropriate eight functional classes of
Sprague (1980). I match the functional categories as named
in the Waverly report with the proper letter designation of
that functional subcategory of Sprague's. As I present it
in Table 6, the archaeological column of the Waverly data is
the total of the two structure sites of that study, while
the documentary column is made up of the store ledger
entries for seven tenant farmers over two Years. An unfor—
tunate adjustment which still hampers total comparability is
the removal of the architecture category from the archaeolo-
gical data, because construction supplies were not primarily
bought at general stores. Thus there will be some overall
inaccuracy in the comparison of ratios, with a shift in the
other Waverly percentages resulting from the absence of

hardware and nails from the data.

Table 6.

Adams et al.

1. Personal

II.

III.

IV.

VI.
VII.

VIII.

A.& B. Clothing and Shoes

Adornment
Grooming
Indulgences
Personal
Accoutrements

LOCO

Domestic

Domestic Furnishings

la. and 2a. Food

1. Culinary

2. Gustatory

. 3. and 5.
Illumination and Heat

. 8. Entertainment

Cleaning/Laundry

wwwm>

ODE!

Architecture
Transportation
Commerce and Industry
A. Agriculture

B. Hunting

C. Fishing

I. 1. Sewing
Miscellaneous Tools
Group Services

Group Ritual

Unknowns

Documentary

$

43.04
.09
.22
.60

.05
.46

1.86
10.13
22
10.11

.17

Z

.359

.015
.016

.003

.391
.001
.002

.006
O 000
.004
0
.017
.092
.002
O
.092

.002

Functional Reclassification of Waverly Data from

(1980:296).

Archaeological

#

353

52
122

20
21
530
34
234
18

43
26

87
79
79
10

52

No Entries

No Entries

No Entries

Z

.199
.005
.029
.069

.011

.012
.299
.019
.132

.010
.024
.015

.049

.045
.045
.002
.006

.039

 

64

00.0 000.
000.

00.0 000.
000.

00.0 000.
000.

nm.~ mmH.
00H.

mm.0 oqo.
5H0.

00.0 000.
000.

05.0 Ham.
qoq.

0N.H mHm.
mom.

oflumu Ncuum
Nuoe
>Hp0>m3

«0.0

00.0

00.0

mm.Hw

00.0

00.0

ow.~

mm.wm

ofiumu

cam.
000.

000.
000.

H00.
000.

moo.
«em.

000.
moo.

owe.
omo.

com.
oqm.

000.
05H.

Nnoum

Noou

nou< :muumz
cu mooo :muumz

.mucsoo uoc .moov mo o=Hm> a wcwm: *

mfio. 0mm.
0N0. czocxco

00.0 000.
000. Hmauflm qsoco

00.H N00.
N00. moa>umm asouo

0.0m 000.
Hmm. scumaecH w moumssoo

00.0 000.
mmo. :ofiumuuoamcouh

«0.0 00¢.
0H0. musuomuflcou<

00.0 .MMWP
ofim. usummsoo

00.0w moo.
mom. Hmcomumm

oflumu Nnoum

Noov

HmuoH nou<

ou HmuOH ooo

.HHH>

.HH>

.H>

.>H

.HHH

.HH

.mumo *aumucmssuon was Hmowwoaommnuu< wcflpmasoo moflumm .n manmh

65

My comparison of the three sets of ratios reveals a
number of points. Although not similar in absolute magni—
tude, the two functional categories of Personal, and Com-
merce and Industry consistently have higher documentary
occurrences than archaeological ones. The discrepancies are
far greater for Barton and the Warren house than for
Waverly. Although no certain reason can be given for this,
it may be due to the greater postbellum packaging of goods,
the manufacture of more goods out of durable materials, and
less substitution of home manufactured items. The Waverly
figures clustering far more tightly around 1.00 indicate
greater archaeological/documentary equivalency of data than
at Barton. The only close match between Waverly and Barton
is in domestic items. Waverly has a .79 ratio, while the
general Barton data has .86. For the total townsite data
and the Warren house comparisons, these ratios in Table 7
are simply another way of pointing out similarities and
differences, with the same tentative explanations described
earlier holding here.
Presence/Absence Comparison

I also compared the presence and absence of specific
goods found in the archaeological and documentary records
to see if any generalizations could be stated at this simple
level. Appendix H indicates that both archaeological and
documentary data have some objects present for most specific
functional categories within the eight general functional

categories, though not necessarily identical goods. Dura—

 

66
bles are fairly ubiquitous both archaeologically and his—
torically for almost all categories. However, the actual
differences that do exist can only be hinted at by this
table when, for brevity, I list entries as: "31 types of
foods and beverages". The significance of such entries is
out of proportion to their appearance in Appendix H, and
relates more to the kind and relative quantities of specific
goods occurring in each record form. These differences are
best indicated not by simple presence and absence compari-
sons but through Schiffer's (1972) division of consumables
and durables.

Durable/Consumable Comparison

 

In his seminal statement on site formation processes,
Schiffer (1972:158—159) recognized that two generalized
models were necessary to account for the flow of goods
through a culture. He divided all material culture into
durable and consumable goods. Both types of goods share a
similar overall taphonomic structure consisting of five
steps. While the beginning step of procurement and the
ending steps of discard and deposition are the same,
intermediate steps differ. For durables, goods undergo
manufacture and use, as opposed to preparation and consump-
tion for consumables. Although this would appear at first a
matter of surface semantics, the difference actually has
greater cultural importance. "One would scarcely refer, for
example, to the manufacture and use of poached eggs"

(Schiffer 1972:158). The sequence of activities that takes

 

67

a consumable item through a culture is different from those
for a durable item.

According to Schiffer (1972:157), "durable elements are
tools, machines, and facilities—-in short, transformers and
preservers of energy. Consumables are foods, fuels, and
other similar elements whose consumption results in the
liberation of energy". I have expanded these concepts
beyond the limitations of energy preservation or liberation.
More broadly durables are items which act upon consumables
to alter them, or to provide the context for their use,
while consumables are those goods so altered. Raw materials
can be "consumed" in producing another form of artifact
(e.g. the creation of clothing out of cloth). This altera-
tion of cloth form is accomplished through the use of dura—
bles (e.g. needles and scissors in clothing production),
which are almost always purchased in final form to be used
as they are.

I then applied this definition to the archaeological
and documentary listings of material goods. My division of
goods into consumables and durables was done on the basis of
analogy with present day goods. Assignment into either
category depended on intended use and probable material of
composition.

My examination of the archaeological data (Appendix E)
indicated that most artifacts were durables. However, since
some goods could be considered either a durable or consum-

able in different situations, I have made two different

 

68
divisions of goods to account for the opposite extremes in
interpretations. I have presented these two different divi-
sions of goods as Alternatives A and B in Tables 8 and 9.

In Alternative A (Table 8) I assigned those artifacts
to the consumable category that were containers for goods
meant to be consumed; primarily bottles, jars, and cans.
This resulted in a fairly even division between consumables
and durables in Personal items and those from Commerce and
Industry. The Unknown category was somewhat more weighted
to consumables. Architecture consisted almost entirely of
durables (mainly nails), with three fourths of Domestic
items durables and one fourth consumables. Remains from the
categories of Transportation, and Group Services, and Group
Ritual were totally or virtually nonexistent for both
groups. The overall division for all artifacts was nearly
80 percent durables and over 20 percent consumables.

In Alternative B (Table 9), I listed as durables the
containers that were previously listed under consumables.
Most of the bottles and jars were likely to have been valued
as general containers for materials other than their origi-
nal contents. Although the original store purchase would
have been for the goods to be consumed, the archaeological
record here is made of the sherds remaining from containers
which were used, perhaps, for many years. This second
alternative has a much reduced listing of consumables for
Personal, Domestic, and Unknown items. This results in all

Personal items being durables, and almost 80 and 90 percent

9
6

ooo.H
omo.mm

000.H
Nmnn

000.
0

000.H
mo
000.H
HoN

000.H
NH

000.H
000.0H
000.H
Hmow

000.H
NQN

Hmuos

.A<

Haonm vmwwfivoscs .mcon teamwooecs .umm
\mmauuon uOHmHucmcha .nmh\mmfiuuon nonuo

muonuo .mem .owunmw
.amcm .oao 0cm xoon .xcman couusn .couuan
.ucwamcsm .uonm .wmmo oweflguumo .uoaasn

HmOO\Hmoopm:o
mmmfiw owmuo>on oHHo:COHm
.mmmam mwmum>mn owfiocoonlco: .Hamnmwwo

.mvomm\mufia\musc .cmu :Hu .mmme mwsumvooN

mmauuon wwscm .mmmaw
Hmowsmno .mmme HmCHOmeE\>umumHu00pa

muomwflus< magmasmcoo

o>flumcuoua<v mo~nm€=mcoo 0cm mmanmuso >0 mumo HQONwOHoomnou< mo :oflmfl>wo

mHN.
00mm

00m.
mmmq

000.
0

000.
0
mos.
Hqfi

000.
0

0H0.

noN
NmN.
mmHN

0Nm.
wNH

N

ucsoo

magmasmcoo

mmk.
smc.oN

«He.
mHNm

000.
0

000.H
mo
mfim.
omfi

000.H
NH

Nmo.
Noo.oH
wen.
moss

finq.
«Ha

N

unsoo

manmuso

Hmuos
azoaxcs .HHH>
Hasuum asoao .HH>

m66fi>gmm nacho .H>

>uum=ucH
0cm ouumeaoo .>

coaumuuoamcmpe .>H

musuomuwnou< .HHH

OHummsoo .HH

Hmcomuom .H

.0 maan

0

7

000.H
0mo.mm

000.H
Nuns

000.
ooo.~
mo

ooo.H
HoN

000.H
NH

ooo.H
oom.oH

000.H
Hmow

000.H
NQN

Hence

.Am m>flumcumua<v mmfinmesmcou vcm mmanmusn an

Haosm uwflwwvoecs .mcon cmHMHoncs

A< mm memmv

HmOO\Hmooumso

Hfimcmwwo .mcmmm\muwa\mu=c

muomwfiuu< mfinmssmcoo

NNH. mum.
omfis Hos.om
osm. ems.
soofi momm
coo. 000.
o o
ooo. ooo.~
0 mo
mms. mfim.
Hes ems
ooo. ooo.H
o NH
mso. Nma.
mom Noo.cH
how. men.
Nous ammo
ooo. ooo.~
0 New
N N
HCDOU ucaou

manmesmcoo manmuso

sumo Hmuflonommnou< mo newmfl>flo

amuoe

azoaxas .HHH>

Haauwm aaoau .HH>

00fl>uom qsouo .H>

muumsccH

cam mouoesoo .>

cowumupoamcmue .>H

musuomuflcou< .HHH

owummsoo .HH

Hmcomuwm .H

.0 anmB

71
being so for Domestic and Unknown categories, respectively.
The final total for this more extreme reckoning leaves only
one out of every eight items as a consumable, with the great
preponderance of the archaeological record being of dura—
bles.

Because the division of material from store bills was
not so simple and straightforward, I first made counts by
functional subcategory (Table 10). I compiled counts for
the unit of measurement, the price, and the number of sepa—
rate purchases, as taken from Appendix D. These I totalled
in the eight primary functional groups as shown in Table 11.
Both the Personal, and Commerce and Industry categories have
approximately 90 percent of their makeup as consumables.

The third major category, Domestic items, ranges from 70 to
85 percent as consumables, depending on the particular
count. Architecture is the only category of any size
weighted toward durables, and actually has no representation
of consumables. The remaining categories are of minor sig-
nificance.

Table 12 provides the summary of the preceding tables'
comparisons. It shows that the documentary record is made
up primarily of consumables, and the archaeological record
of durables. In essence, the consumable/durable percent—
ages of the archaeological record are opposite that of the
documentary record. The percentages of these differences
change only by small amounts when different options of the

archaeological data are considered or when different cate—

72

o o 0 cm om.~m cm aoHumucoamcmts .>H

o o 0 mm oo.os mum musuumuHHUH< .HHH
a mk.NN mm.©m~ ms kk.km swm muaaaauaHm: cam maHaaaHo .0
mm os.s m.oN s ms.m HN amaCHmsm can coHumeHoHaH
.cowumoacm mso: .0
o o o o o o maaHumma eHogmmsom .A
o o o o o o HmauHm OHummeoa .o
o o o m mk.N m waHHoou can waHuma: .m
o o o H om. H aoHuaDHcam can mama; .s
ON mo.w mk.nm H mN.H H :oHumaHssHHH .m
o o 0 mm mH.wH os Hcouaumso .N
o o o m mm.m mH HtmaHHao .H
mmH om.mmm kNoH o o o mumaHeHaumsaH .am cam .mH
mmocmwaaq< w mmumzmaom .m
m mm.mm HH 0 o o awchmHatam .<
owummeoo .HH
0 o o m mw.k m awmwwsH .H
o o o o o o acme HamHaH .H
mmflhommou<
o o 0 0H mw.HH AH saw mHoos Oaxaca .3
0 0 0 0 0 0 Hmsuflm .H
o o o w oo.s A aoHuamaumm a mmeHumaa .m
oNH NH.oo mwm H mN.H H mauamessaH .o
o o o o o o maUH>ma Hocuaoo HHHHm .H
as Ho.mm wNH o o o HHHam: eam HauHemz .m
em on.oH Hm mm sm.mH om waHsooao w HmsuHm Heom .a
o o o k NH.w HH Haasauos< .o
How Hm.oom Nsm o o o Hmazuoom w waquoHo .m a.<
mmmnousa oowuq was: ommcousa muwua afics Hmcomuom .H
manmssmcoo manmuso

.mumo mumucmesooo oflnwssmcoo can wanmuzo mo mmwuowoumo HmcoHuocnm .0H Canoe

73

HcomHumano pom Huowoamo m op wchmemm How

0 o o
H 0H. H
0 0 0
qu NN.Nm0 mm.qum
0 o 0
o o o
H mm. N
00 Nm.HN mm.wo
NH NH.< 0m
mmmcousa OOHHQ uflc:

oHnwesmcoo

0

HH
0
m
N
NH

ommnousa

o
mq.m
mm.0

0
0H.n

0
mm.

00.0q
Ho.mN

ouwua

OHnmpno

mHHmuHHo 0:9

0
HN

00
o

0N
0
mm
N
NN

uHcs

czocxc: .HHH>
Hmsuwm macho .HH>
mmow>umm nacho .H>

mucoemHaaH w mHooe .n
mHmHHoumz 3mm .m
wcfluauommscmz .H
:oHuosuumcoo .:
.01.:
maHHmHH .o
mcflucsm .m
ousuHsowuw< .<
HuumseaH w mouossoo

74

quH 0H.

0

0
mmo om
0N 0
0N 0
qu mm
Nmm 0N
wmmnouaa

ooHN mm.oqnm

HcomHquEoo How Huowmumo m ou wcflcwflmmm How mwuoufiuo ocH

0

mm.m

0

NN

.Hon wo.mmqm

m.Nm

0.0q

.050

.qqn

mowua
Hooch

0m

0mm

m.oNON

NHoH

uHc:

0H0. wow. wow.
oQNH om.Nme mm.NnH0

o o 0
HHH. 0N0. mqo.
H OH. H
000. Now. moo.

ohm HH.0no wo.mmNm

0 0 0

0 0 0
0H5. mmw. mqn.
HHN mH.Noq om.Nm0H
an. mmo. mNo.
woe «0.m00 «m0
mmmnouzq mowum uwc:

oHnmEDmcoo

.moHnmezmcou cam moHnmuso

NmH. mmH. moN.
wNN 00.0Nm qan

Hauoe

azoaxas .HHH>

o o o HaauHm asouo .HH>
0mm. mks. mmo.

m ms.m HN maUH>uam aaocu .H>
NoH. on. mmo. chmseaH

mo ms.~m NoH saw auamaeou .>

000.H 000.H 000.H

om om.mw om aoHuauHoamamHH .>H

000.H 000.H 000.H

0N 00.0q omm mpsuomuflnou< .HHH

NmN. qu. mmN.

mm MN.00 woo oHummEoo .HH
wNH. moo. who.

we Nm.wq on Hmcomuwm .H

mwwnouaa OOHHQ uHcs
mHnmpsm

Hm sumo Humucmesooo Ho conH>HQ

.HH mHan

75

Table 12. Comparison of Archaeological and Documentary
Percentages of Durable and Consumable Goods.

Durable Consumable
Archaeological
Alternative A .785 .215
Alternative B .878 .122
Documentary
# units .203 .797
$ .155 .845

# purchases .182 .818

76
gories of documentary data are used. This opposition is a
striking and major one, regardless of how it is defined.
The question that remains to be answered 13, of course, why?

Summary and Conclusions

 

Sprague's (1980) functional classification provided the
basis for all comparisons made here. Easily understood and
applied, it greatly facilitated the comparison of otherwise
unlike material in the separate archaeological and documen-
tary formats.

There was no overall similarity in percentages of arti—
fact functional groups among the three sites compared in
their entirety (Warren, Unnamed, and Hotel). However, there
was some similarity between the two wells at the Keller and
Hotel sites. Observed differences in functional patterning
of artifacts between excavated contexts could be due to a
number of factors. They may result from differences in the
number and placement of excavation units across the various
sites, and/or from the temporal, spatial, and formal differ—
ences among the sites as presented in Chapter II. For
example, at postbellum Vinton, Cleland (19833) has shown
that the distribution of goods can be affected by the way a
culture divides up space according to political, social, and
cognitive concepts. Such qualitative "partitioning of beha-
vioral space" (Cleland 1983a:43) probably also existed at
antebellum Barton. More detailed analyses might reveal
patterns and the reasons for them where none are apparent

HOW.

77

The sum of these parts formed the archaeological data
base which I compared to the total documentary inventory of
goods from store bills. I noted similarities between the
archaeological and documentary records for some functional
groups. However, at present I can offer no explanation for
apparent close relationships in some cases, and the apparent
lack of them in others. As the only domestic antebellum
site at Barton with its own documentary record, the Warren
house store bills were compared against the archaeological
data from that site. Both the Warren house data and general
data had similar relationships between the two categories,
thus showing no radical sample bias in comparing a site-
specific case instead of the larger data constructs. I also
compared the Warren house documents with the general docu—
mentary inventory. I noted no similarity between the larger
and smaller listings of goods, which may be due to simple
sampling error. The skewing inherent in a smaller listing
of material culture from a single site when compared to the
total of dozens of sites could produce such differences in
the percentages of functional classes. Extreme examples of
such possibilities are the physician's and drug store bills
to Warren (Appendix I; not included in the calculations
above), which differ radically from the typical general
store bill.

I computed ratios by dividing archaeological percent-
ages into documentary percentages. These showed some rela-

tionship between archaeological and documentary data paral—

78

lel to those for the general and Warren house data catego—
ries. The overall trend for these ratios agreed with those
for Waverly. Presence/absence comparison of specific arti-
facts further indicated differences in the material goods
appearing in the archaeological versus documentary record.

Dividing goods into consumables and durables revealed
that the archaeological record was composed primarily of
durables and the documentary record of consumables. This
comparison has the most significance for any possible expla—
nation of any of the analyses performed here. The relation-
ship between archaeological and documentary data that
appears for the eight main functional categories Sprague
(1980) has defined are consistent with the consumable/
durable difference. What this division means for the
archaeological and documentary records and site taphonomy

is examined in the next chapter.

 

Chapter V

Conclusions

Durable/Consumable Explanation

Schiffer's (1972) definitions of consumable and durable
goods provides the beginning of an explanation for their
correlation with the archaeological and documentary records.
He has shown that consumable goods have a different path of
origin, use, and discard than durable goods have. These
generalized schemes of the life history of material goods
necessarily have implications for the formation of the
archaeological record.

The most basic consideration in archaeological
taphonomy is that physical properties relate to archaeologi-
cal preservation. However, the durable/consumable differ-
ence addressed here is of greater significance than goods
simply being either organic or inorganic. These differences
of preservation are the archaeological manifestations of the
differences between consumable and durable goods, the

varying needs for these by the culture, and the behavior

79

80

which makes use of them and produces different records of
this need and use.

The formation of the archaeological record is a contin—
ual process, one actively occurring as long as there is
behavior to contribute to it. As such it does not record a
moment in time typically, but is instead a record of long
term site use. It is a cumulative record potentially
including the material by—products of all activities for the
total time the site is in use, without excluding any persons
or periods.

The archaeological record is made up of those durable
items that act upon (as tools) or provide the context of use
(as containers) for consumables. These are permanent items,
having an indefinite life span, and are reuseable for a
countless number of times. Aside from being curated in
their original state, they are often subject to extensive
recycling, being altered into new forms for uses not origi—
nally intended. All these activities result in the items
being replaced infrequently as a result of remaining in the
culture for a long time. Many items were a once-in-a-
lifetime purchase, and often outlived their original owner.

Binford's (1977:34) Nunamiut ethnoarchaeological
research has shown similarly that curated technologies, when
damaged or worn, were typically removed from the site for
repair, and thus might not appear archaeologically at their
place of use. Curated items were replaced (and thus delib-

erately discarded) only after extensive recycling.

81

After the full range of desired use has been obtained
from a durable item, breakage or wearing out will result in
the original complete item entering the archaeological
recrd in fragments or separate parts. The same durability
in the original items' period of use results in their parts'
individual durability archaeologically. Durables are thus
preserved, first in the cultural system through curation,
and then in the archaeological record when discarded.

The documentary record is formed through the intention-
al writing of information. In contrast, archaeology most
typically records the material by-products of behavior, as
unconsciously patterned by a culture's members. Individual-
ly, the documents that make up the historical record are the
product of single points in or limited spans of time. They
are partial records whose limitations can, to a degree, be
overcome through the consideration of many documents over
time. This is done in this study where a cumulative record
of documentary material culture data has been established,
making its information comparable to the longer-term con-
tinuous archaeological record.

The store bills that comprise the documentary record in
this study are mainly of those goods that are consumed
through use. If not actually perishable, they are consid-
ered expendable by their very nature. They sustain only
limited use, and often only a single use, being actually
destroyed by this, with any by-products or remains being

discarded as refuse of no value. Such materials are con-

 

82
stantly cycled through the cultural system, with equally
continual replacement (either by home production or purchase
at stores). Again, Binford (1977:34) also found that non—
curated technologies were replaced as fast as they were
used, with the by—products of the activities in which they
were involved being deposited on the site.

The store bills thus describe goods in their original
pristine form, prior to their actively entering the cultural
system and being used for their intended function, or subse-
quent formal and functional alteration. Having no enduring
function, their consumption by use does not contribute to
the formation of a long term data record.

That such a division can be demonstrated through the
consideration of more than one material culture data source,
indicates that this distinction was real and had meaning to
the residents of antebellum Barton. Although probably not
conceived of in the concepts used here, these persons would
have had to provide for both immediate and enduring needs,
and would have realized this. The possible purchase of a
durable tool would have to be weighed against other equally
strong, more immediate and thus conflicting needs for goods
such as food and clothing. Thus in the original culture,
there were demands for both consumable and durable goods,
with these differences being expressed in different data
forms for the reasons described above.

More important than differences in purchasing goods was

the complementary nature of consumables and durables. How-

83

ever, for the most part there is no direct comparability of
consumable and durable goods. There are problems in the
translation of documentary listings of material culture into
their archaeological manifestations. For example, were
purchases of gallons of liquids such as molasses or whiskey
made in a bottle, jug, or small barrel? When other items
were in boxes, were they tin, cardboard, wood, or leather?
Since few antebellum goods came prepackaged, the possibili—
ties for the positive identification of an archaeological
fragment with an original product are slight. And for
archaeology, the same situation holds true. Do the stone-
ware sherds recovered indicate a crock that held molasses or
whiskey? Was a glass bottle ever reused as a container for
different liquids once emptied of its original contents?
What the original customer was buying, more often than not,
was a certain amount of a consumable product. This is what
shows up in the documents. What we get archaeologically is
only the incidental container of that product which repre-
sents indirectly that and other similar consumables pur—
chases.

There is no demonstrable quantitative relationship
between functionally related consumables and durables.
Based on his research, Binford has claimed that tool fre-
quencies are independent of the by-products created by them,
as their relationship varies with the life expectancy of the
tool (Binford 1977:35-36). An example for Barton would be

ceramics and the food processed and consumed through them.

 

84
A sherd or reconstructed vessel has no set quantity of food
with which it must interact before entering the archaeologi—
cal record. Nor is there any known ratio of the number of
archaeological ceramic remains to the number of visits to a
store as known through documents for a product to fill that
container. Foster (1960:606, 608) has shown that the life
expectancy of a ceramic vessel in a Mexican village was
dependent on a number of factors, including cost, handling,
strength, and function. Although quantifiable behavioral
constants may be demonstrated in the future, they are lack-
ing at present and I have not attempted to develop them
here.

Although there is no demonstrable statistical or direct
functional association on the level of specific artifacts,
the comparison effected in this study on a broader func-
tional level does have significance. The employment here of
Sprague's (1980) functional classification allows artifacts,
otherwise incomparable in the formal, etic, analytical
sense, to be arranged within culturally meaningful contexts
of use.

Most goods cannot be used except in direct association
with other goods. Whether goods are consumable or durable,
there will be a counterpart in the opposite category. In
each case the demand for a durable item will be offset by an
equivalent demand for consumable items, and vice versa.

Thus the demand for one type of goods will be directly tied

to that of another.

 

85

One type of relationship is between the tools found
archaeologically and the documentary listings of materials
on which the tools were used. Examples of pairings would be
hoes and seeds, or needles and cloth. Another type of
relationship is between archaeologically recovered con—
tainers and their corresponding contents found in written
store bills. Examples of pairings include dishes and food,
and bottles and jugs and beverages.

A Taphonomic Model for Antebellum Barton

 

Introduction: In this section I have developed a

 

taphonomic model which demonstrates the movement of goods
from their origin to their ultimate presence in the archaeo-
logical record (Figure 4). The data I have compared for
this study exists within this larger context of historically
known life—paths of goods for the Barton townsite area. My
construction of the model was influenced by the concepts and
examples of previous taphonomic flow charts (e.g. Muckelroy
1976, McCartney 1979). I incorporate information from the
oral and written historical record, and archaeology, from
the contexts of the South, Tombigbee River valley, Tombigbee
Historic Townsites Project, and structure sites at Barton.

I state the limitations on the acquisition of goods by
location and price, and identify general possible sources of
material culture. I examine the cultural use, archaeo-
logical deposition, and post—depositional alteration of

artifacts at Barton townsite.

.mooow ouHmczou couwmm mo uwmno son .e wwstm

coHumwouHm :oHuHmoamolumoa

1
coHuHmomoc mmOHonommsowm
1
1
mm: HmuDuHSO

 

 

 

 

 

6 _ IH
00 _ .
II I . IIIIIIIIII I. 1 II . H
m 1. 1 1 1 1
1 wocmumwmnsm “ u u “
monoum DCOHOHmwsm 1 monoum mwouomm conmommoa
Hmwmcow MHmm wmurmn oONHHmemmm Hmummoo CH homouHm
_ 1r 1 H H 1
11 _ . u
1
mcHwHuo muHm so mcHwHuo mva «Ho
1 .
1

 

mvooo HH<
1

 

 

1
1 1
umro Anamwwomu

87

Limiting Factors: The two primary factors that affec-

 

ted what material culture was available to Barton area
residents were geography and cost. Geography concerns two
aspects of Barton's location: the larger regional charac—
teristics of its position; and the more localized distribu-
tion of farmers to it and other towns. For goods to have
been available to persons in the Barton area, they first had
to get there by some means. Barton's location both enhanced
and inhibited this availability of goods. As a porttown of
the agriculturally rich Black Prairie, Barton was a regular
recipient of manufactured goods. Its location on the Tom—
bigbee River, the first major drainage east of the Missis—
sippi, gave it direct access to Mobile on the gulf, a major
cotton port. However, this same dependency on the river
rendered Barton vulnerable to the variable seasonal naviga-
bility of the river. There were years when the cotton could
not get out, and no goods could get in.

More reliable access to outside goods came with the
railroad to West Point, but this also established a firm
rival to Barton, bringing about its eventual fall. However,
for Clay County residents, this produced a change in the
locations where goods were available. Barton stores (and
later West Point) were closest; the larger river towns of
Aberdeen and Columbus were not far away.

Cost was the second major factor in obtaining an item.
If the cost of an item were too high, this meant, in effect,

that it was not available. The limited buying power of the

88
farmers that made up most of Barton's customers was offset
by a degree of self-sufficiency. Home manufacture and food
production reduced direct dependency on, and the amount of,
store goods bought, and helped determine what was bought.
Money might not be available for everything; what could not
be gotten by other means was bought.

Thus, factors of cost and geography went into the
choices of the origins of material goods that a household
would obtain. I have identified six historically-known
sources of goods. Barton area sources included its general
stores, barter with other local residents, or home produc-
tion. Sources further afield included specialty stores in
nearby county seats, or even the cotton factors in Mobile,
if one were wealthy enough (as Warren was, for example) to
deal directly with them individually. Aside from all these
choices that were actively pursued for the addition and
replenishment of goods during Barton's life, goods in pos-
session prior to arrival in the area completes the general
list of sources of a Barton area household's goods.

Off-Site Origins: Since almost all of the residents of

 

antebellum Barton moved there from outside the original
Mississippi territory, it is likely that they all brought
some possessions with them. How much of their household
inventory they did bring, and what the exact items were
cannot be known. However, possessions of some of the ante—
bellum residents of excavated domestic sites at Barton,

prior to their living at Barton, are known from property

89

taxes and agricultural censuses (see Chapter III). Some, if
not all, of these more substantial goods (e.g. watch, wagon)
probably came from sources other than the townsite.

Persons of sufficient economic means were able to by—
pass the general stores, and buy directly from the factors
in Mobile. For the most part these persons were planters
who bought large quantities of goods at a time. The types
of goods were the same as those available at the stores, as
evidenced by the purchases of one Mississippi planter on the
Tombigbee River. His supplies included hardware, barrels
of flour, sugar, and canned fruits, boxes of fresh fruits,
and various items of entertainment (Atherton 1968:33). At
Barton, former merchant Peter Warren purchased quantities of
staple foods using his still solid credit and connections in
Mobile (McBride and McBride 1983:195).

Some goods were also available through specialized
stores and other sources. The most notable example of this
for Barton again comes from Peter Warren. He apparently
consumed vast quantities of drugs (including opiates) during
his terminal illness. His attending physician administered
a lengthy series of drugs directly and wrote as many pre-
scriptions for others. A varied bill owed to a drug store
in nearby Columbus was presented on his death (both of these
are in Appendix 1). Of all of the estate files examined,
this offers one of the most idiosyncratic cases in having a
large number of purchases made beyond Barton general stores.

Others in the region certainly made occasional trips to

90
Columbus or Aberdeen, but again the local general stores at
Barton could be expected to supply most needs.

On-Site Sources: One of the foremost sources of mater—
ial goods for Barton residents was, of course, its general
stores, as discussed at great length in this study. An
alternative to purchasing from an established merchant was
to trade with someone else in the area. The degree to which
this occurred cannot be known, though transferral of goods
from one person to another was common through documented
auctions.

Self-sufficiency in subsistence probably played a larg-
er part than did any other aspect of the model presented
here in the selection of goods for purchase. Home produc-
tion was the main alternative to buying from the general
store. The farming population involved in producing some of
the goods it needed for its own use formed the main segment
of the rural South. "The farm rather than the plantation
was the basic agricultural unit" in antebellum Mississippi.
However, the traditional view that these farms were worked
by poor, landless, slaveless whites is inaccurate. These
"constituted only a very small part of the farm population
of the state. Throughout the state the great mass of the
farm population consisted of largely self—sufficient, small
operators whose economic outlook was excellent" (Weaver
1945:125). These Mississippi farmers were in the middle
class, owning some land, and sometimes slaves. "They were

not wealthy, but neither were they poverty stricken" (Weaver

91
1945:56).

Although all United States agriculture in this prewar
period was oriented toward the self-sufficiency ideal, it
was seldom completely achieved. There was always a need for
rural populations to obtain goods that were not produced
locally. Farmers were the least wealthy of those producing
market crops. While planters were geared primarily toward
the market economy, there was an inherent antagonism between
cash and subsistence crops, both of which were grown by the
small farmers (Rothstein 1967:376; Hilliard 1972:2, 19-20;
Weaver 1945:93; Atherton 1968:5-6; Doster and Weaver
1981:60—61; Brinkman 1973:50-58). More of one meant less of
the other. Producing more cotton meant more money for
potentially raising one's standard of living. However, if
less land was producing food for the household, more money
had to be spent on basic food and clothing.

Cultural Use and Archaeological Deposition: With this

 

understanding of the various sources of material goods for
Barton's inhabitants, consideration can be given to the
cultural and archaeological presence of goods on the sites.
Even though cultural use and archaeological depostion, are
different points in the taphonomic sequence, they are beha-
viorally the inverse of each other. To the degree that an
object is valued, it will be curated, reused, and/or recy—
cled, lessening the potential increase of the archaeological
record, itself being augmented according to the degree of an

item's value. The previous differences described between

92
consumables and durables affect breakage, discard, and loss
as typical means by which material leaves the cultural
system.

Recycling and reuse may have been major forces at work
at Barton prior to objects' ultimate archaeological deposi—
tion. Historically, in poorer northeastern Mississippi
households in the early twentieth century, recycling and
reuse were known to have considerably diminished the amount,
of refuse (Smith et a1 1982:198, 224). Stanislawski
(1969:12) has identified certain conditions which resulted
in intense recycling at Hopi villages. He saw recycling as
resulting from a lack of cash, a subsistence farming empha-
sis, an inability to purchase many goods, and a harsh envi—
ronment lacking natural resources and materials. To a
degree, these all characterize Barton. With subsistence
farming dominant, produce and services could be expected to
replace cash for purchases, although there were limits to
these, too. Alternatives to purchasing would include home
production, including fabrication of an item from a previous
object. Although there were some natural limits of mater-
ials for the Barton area, these were not necessarily severe.

With the towns' decline, reuse and recycling would have
taken the form of removal of materials by those leaving the
site, by others in the area, or by those still on the site.
The postbellum absence of stores would make materials even
more valuable. In this light, the nearly total removal of

buildings and associated structural features from the town

93

becomes more understandable. Structures that were abandoned
served as a materials quarry for reuse by area residents in
much the same way as McCartney describes for Thule whalebone
houses (1979:307, 309). Oral historical information tells
us that buildings at Barton were scavenged for lumber and
bricks, and one building, the hotel, was moved from the site
(Cleland 1983c:372).

There is also very little in the way of domestic trash
at Barton. "There are probably few nineteenth century sites
excavated in the United States which have produced less
refuse!" (Cleland l983c:376). Oral informants state for the
late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when contain-
ers and packaged goods were common, that there was very
little trash to throw away. What refuse did exist was
"burned, spread on gardens, or dumped in old wells" and in
gullies and hollows away from the house (Cleland 1983c:380).

It is small wonder then, that the antebellum period,
with its near total absence of packaged goods, should have
little trace of its refuse. As related in Chapter III,
containers for purchased goods were usually provided by the
customer. The most frequent packaging provided by the gen-
eral store was paper (Carson 1965:202—204). Indeed, a
"paper" of goods is a common, albeit unquantified, unit of
purchase which appears in Barton store bills. For antebel-
lum Barton, what refuse that did exist was deposited in
"wells, small trash pits, or on slopes" (Cleland 1983c:380).

Post—depositional alteration of this antebellum archae-

94

ological record had a number of sources. Sweeping of yards,
which is known to have occurred in postbellum Barton
(Cleland 1983c:373; Allen 1983:349) may also have been prac-
ticed during antebellum occupations. Subsequent agricultur-
al use of the townsite may have had an impact on archaeolo-
gical deposits. Plow scars are still evident on parts of
the site, and barbed wire is ubiquitous. Such cultivation
may have allowed the erosion of materials off of ridges,
where house sites were located, and into less heavily tested
low lying areas. Since the secondary growth of oak and pine
began half a century ago, the townsite has been a favorite
hunting spot. Structural remains and trash from hunting
camps that were established remain on the site, and miscel-
laneous debris (especially metal) is distributed across the
surface of the site.

Summary and Conclusion: I have outlined the formation

 

of Barton townsite's archaeological record through histori—
cal contexts for the acquisition, use, and deposition of
material goods. The total spectrum of goods shown by the
archaeological and documentary records could have their
origins through many sources, though most were probably
through the self—sufficient production of subsistence goods,
or the Barton general stores. Of these, con3umables were
used up, with some discard, and for the most part dis-
appeared from the archaeological record. Durables previ-
ously curated when in use endured in the archaeological

record when eventually discarded. That we know there was

95

more than the inorganic substances recovered by excavation
we owe not to reason, but to the empirical documentary
record of store bills listing other consumable purchases
that were just as important in the original antebellum
culture. They record an earlier step preceding actual use
in this site taphonomy model, even though historical docu-
ments as artifacts are subject to cultural and physical
forces of destruction just as are buried artifacts.

These documents comprise our only known list of goods
made at the time the parent culture was functioning. From
this and from other known sources, goods are added to the
culture over time. Some are consumed and some enter into
the archaeological record and remain to be recovered by
excavation. However, as this study has shown, neither the
archaeological nor documentary record is simply a subset of
the other, but because these data forms are produced by dif—
ferent kinds of cultural behavior they record different
kinds of goods. They are equivalent in their analytical
importance to historical archaeology because they are dif-
ferent data forms. It is through both the archaeological
and documentary records that we see more fully the goods in
use by antebellum Barton.

Theoretical Implications

 

In this study I have shown that the relationship
between the archaeological and the documentary material
culture data is a taphonomic one of long and short term

record formation. This complementary difference is

 

96

evidenced through the documentary record being made up pri-
marily of consumable goods, while the archaeological record
is mainly of durable goods. This difference exists because
of demands made by members of the culture for goods for both
short term, immediate use (and thus needing constant replen—
ishment) and those for long term, repeat use (which would be
carefully curated rather than replaced). Thus people pur-
chase these goods as the need or desire arises. However,
both consumables and durables are always present in a cul-
ture, as both are needed for the other to be used (e.g. food
cannot be processed without a tool or container, and the
latter have no use without a material to alter or contain).
The two types of demand for two types of goods have resulted
in two types of records of these being formed.

This study has demonstrated then, that separately nei—
ther the documentary nor archaeological record offers a
complete inventory of goods from the original culture, but
that together they are complementary in offsetting the dif-
fering biases of consumable and durable goods. These two
data forms offer more information than has been obtained
from similar previous comparisons. In omitting non-archaeo-
logically occurring perishables (consumables) from their
documentary data, South (1977) and Prager (1980) have exam-
ined an entirely different problem than I have in this
study. I have investigated both the complete archaeological
and documentary records of material culture. However,

South's and Prager's studies have taken a subset of what was

97
originally available historically, selecting it for its
archaeological visibility on the basis of durability. Their
ratios of relationship, for example, refer to original inor-
ganics and final archaeological inorganics, not to some
relationship between the total documentary inventory and
total archaeological inventory. They have not addressed the
question of whether the archaeological/documentary relation—
ship is a constant or varying one. South, with his partic-
ular concern for artifact patterns, has focused on the
determination of the statistical relationship of a limited
type of artifacts between the archaeological and documentary
records. I am concerned with the significance of a larger
cultural interpretation. I have attempted to address the
meaning of such things as the great documentary presence of
foods and the equally great, and possibly related, docu-
mentary absence of ceramics.

Simply comparing durables in the two data forms unnec-
essarily limits the usefulness of their information. Since
the documentary record offers a second source of material
culture information there is no reason why analyses typical-
ly performed on excavated data cannot be applied to docu-
ments such as store bills, account books, and probate inven—
tories. The potential for further investigation within
established research interests in the field would seem to be
limitless. Any number of questions are possible: What
statements from documents can be made for social status or

ethnicity, similar to the ones that have been done for

98

ceramics and other excavated material? What differences are
there, for example, in the amount of money spent on luxuries
versus consumable staples? What variation is there from
site to site within a single kind of documentary artifact,
such as cloth? Do proportions of calico to silk, for exam-
ple, vary according to wealth? Similarly, will status divi-
sions appear in differing purchase percentages of expensive
imported wheat flour (Hilliard 1972:50) versus regionally
available corn meal? How would such analyses of the docu-
mentary record of a site support or challenge archaeologi-
cally based artifact analyses?

Ultimately, is the patterning of goods listed in writ-
ten documents related statistically to excavated artifact
assemblages? Can the anthropological problems addressed
through the archaeological record also be addressed through
the documentary record? Will we be able to analyze dis—
turbed sites in the future by recourse to goods listed in
the written record? Will historically documented patterns
of purchase based on such factors as income, occupation, and
ethnicity allow us to know site content, structure, and
function (as in South 1979) or world view (as in Deetz
1977)?

All this would seem to have the potential for revising
much of the discipline's past thinking and analysis. With
this addition of another data base we can confirm archaeo-
logical results, as the very simplest application, as a

control. Beyond this we can perform independent analyses

99

appropriate to data on consumable goods, even to the point
of generating and testing hypotheses, either independently
or in conjunction with traditional excavated data. The most
extreme development of this use of the documentary record
could result in a lessening of dependence on field archae-
ology for information. Historical documentation of material
goods might provide alternatives to excavating for data for
some types of studies.

Since studies such as this one number only a handful in
historical archaeology, the pursuit of archaeological/
documentary comparisons in other contexts with other samples
of data is warranted, if any of the above possibilities are
ever to be considered. How do general observations and
specific artifact percentages change when different archaeo—
logical contexts and documentary forms (e.g. complete store
ledgers versus probate inventories) provide data for compar-
ison?

Beyond this there is also a need to consider the con-
tribution that oral history can make as a third source of
archaeological data. Cleland (l983a:43) has noted the value
of such oral historical research and its theoretical poten-
tial in material culture studies. Extensive oral historical
research for the Tombigbee Historic Townsites Project
revealed artifact information for the late nineteenth and
twentieth centuries. It divulged behavior that could.not be
known through either the archaeological or documentary

records, but which affected the formation of both. For

100
example, the use by children of tin cups and plates rather
than ceramics, and the use of some ceramics for company
only, would lessen the presence of ceramics in both records.
These and other curation practices at Barton allowed the
continued use of ceramics in households elsewhere after the
town's demise (McClurken and Anderson 1981:4:7ll, 5:846,
4:746, 4:704, 5:956, 1215, 8:1514). Full consideration of
an oral historical perspective as regards the conclusions
drawn here would constitute an entire study in itself. How
such data would relate to the archaeological/documentary
relationship I observed could have great significance.
However, like historical documents, oral history's possibil-
ities are only beginning to be developed.

Deetz has said that limiting the definition of an
archaeologist to

an anthropologist who digs....need not be so. And in
fact, by taking into account material from above and
below the ground, archaeologists are certain to gain
much clearer understanding of the materials they do
excavate. In other words, perhaps the traditional divi-
sion of responsibilities within anthropology has unnec-
essarily restricted the archaeologist in achieving maxi-
mum results. A coherent and unified body of subject
matter entirely appropriate to the archaeologist is the
study of the material aspects of culture in their behav—
ioral context, regardless of provenience

(Deetz 1972:115).

For historical archaeology, the inclusion of non-exca-
vated data is not just desirable, but is vital for its
consideration as a separate field. Unfortunately, histori-
cal archaeology is often conceived of as the archaeology of

non-indigenous populations of the recent past. As practiced

in North America, this is usually the study of European,

101

African, and Asian groups on this continent. This is a
culture-specific definition, involving temporal and spatial
bounds. But defining historical archaeology through this is
no different than discerning different time/space traditions
within the prehistoric record and labelling each of them as
a separate brand or subfield of archaeology. All of this is
useful, but there are no significant differences in method
or theory. The study of the non-indigenous peoples of North
America's recent past sets historical archaeology apart from
other kinds of archaeology, but by itself the distinction is
only a minor one. The designation of a separate subfield
for historic sites is only justifiable if there is something
which differentiates its approach towards major anthropo-
logical goals from that of prehistoric archaeology. What
legitimizes historical archaeology's claim to a separate
status is the separate data base that is implied in the word
"historical"——namely written documentation. It is the
documentary/archaeologica1 relationship which "differen-
tiates prehistoric from Historical Archaeology" (Schuyler
1978:251). "When records are capable of altering the basic
methods and techniques of studying past societies then we
are dealing with Historical Archaeology" (Schuyler 1970:84).
This is a major difference that no reference to geography or
period alone can produce. The emphasis inherent in this is
on method and theory over subject.
The autonomy of a discipline does not depend upon
its dealing with a particular chunk of reality as its

own special and private concern. No discipline, whether
it belongs to the physical, the biological, or the

102

social sciences may claim this kind of proprietorship
over an event or a thing. Rather, the autonomy of a
discipline stems from the fact that it has a set of
problems and questions which are its special concern
(Kaplan and Manners 1972:129).

In the broadest sense, "The Question" that historical
archaeology asks is what do the combined archaeological and
documentary records tell us of the anthropology of our own
past (this said in spite of strong anti-anthropological
currents [see Gumerman and Phillips 1978] and an increase in
the use of the concept of behavior in archaeology). Taken
as separate record forms, each becomes a different mode of
retrospective anthropology: the documentary record alone
produces ethnohistory or historical ethnography; the archae—
ological record produces prehistory. Together the two data
forms offer more. An emic potential is available through
historical archaeology, in addition to the usual etic per-
spective provided by archaeology alone, without written
history (Schuyler 1975b:222; Schuyler 197Sa:99, 110-112).
All historical archaeologists do not necessarily pursue this
potential. Some do, such as Deetz, as "impressionistic" as
his cognitive models may be (Schuyler 197Sa:112—113).
However, "most of us are not aware of the privileged posi-
tion we are in, and ironically, spend most of our time
trying to transform historical archaeology into prehistory"
(Handsman 1983:65).

In this study I attempt to take advantage of the docu-

mentary record in the study of material culture. My com-

ments reiterate and reinforce the need to use both record

103
forms and to understand their limits. Most importantly, I
show in a processual study the vital need to consider his-
torical documents specifically, in combination with the
usual excavated data.

The existence of this difference between the archaeo—
logical and documentary record and its significance would
not be known through the use of only one kind of data
source. Our understanding of the relative importance of
goods would be incorrect when only one of the data sources
was used. For example, from the archaeological record, one
could propose that most wealth was put into ceramics (and
thus greatest cultural importance or need was assigned to
them) as a result of the sherds that dominate most excavated
historical artifact counts. Conversely, one might assume
from the documentary record that the greatest expenditure of
wealth was in the purchase of food. Clearly, each data form
communicates information not available in the other. Tradi—
tional archaeological description and analysis done without
the documentary store bill data would have produce an incom-
plete and thus inaccurate picture of the purchase and con-
sumption of goods, and their disappearance or deposition
into the archaeological record.

Excavating only in the earth gives a biased view of
what went on at a site. Digging in the documents is also
necessary. Historical documents should not be used just for
general historical or cultural context, but in the actual

archaeological analysis and interpretation of the data.

104
Documentary representation of material culture should be a
central part in the body of any work of analysis, complemen—
tary and equal, not supplementary and incidental. Reports
should not stop at detailed descriptions of the provenience
of artifacts as excavated, but also include their docu—
mentary provenience (including both the original source and
where they are currently located). Although an archaeo-
logical site and historical documents are subject to dif-
ferent formation processes, both relate to on site behavior.
It is only through consideration of both that we will be

able to use the full potential inherent in our discipline.

REFERENCES

Adams, William Hampton
1973 An Ethnoarchaeological Study of a Rural Community:
Silcott, Washington, 1900-1930. Ethnohistory 20(4):335-
346.

Adams, William Hampton, Steven D. Smith, and Timothy B.
Riordan
1980 An Historical Perspective on Tenant Farmer Material
Culture: the H. C. Long Store Ledger. In Waverly
Plantation: Ethnoarchaeology pf g Tenant Farming
Community, edited by William Hampton Adams, pp. 385-
297. Resource Analysts, Inc. Submitted to Heritage
Conservation and Recreation Service, Contract
No. C—55026 (79).

 

Allen, Leah

1983 Summary and Conclusions of Investigations at Cedar
Oaks Housesite. In Oral Historicali Documentary, and
Archaeological Investigations pf Barton and Vintonp
Mississippi: Ag Interim Report pp Phase III pf Egg
Tombigbee Historic Townsites Project, edited by Charles
E. Cleland and Kim A. McBride, pp. 318-366. The Museum,
Michigan State University. Submitted to National Park
Service, Contract No. CX4000-3-0005.

 

 

 

Atherton, Lewis E.
1968 The Southern Countgy Store 1800-1860. Louisiana
State University Press, Baton Rouge.

Binford, Lewis R.

1977 Forty Seven Trips: A Case Study in the Character of
Archaeological Formation Processes. In Stone Tools fig
Cultural Markers: Change, Evolution and Complexity,
edited by R. V. S. Wright, pp. 24-36. Prehistory and
Material Culture Series, no. 12. Australian Institute
of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra.

Bowen, Joanne -
1978 The Use of Account Books in Archaeology. Paper
presented at the XIth Meeting of the Society for
Historical Archaeology, San Antonio.

105

106

Brinkman, Leonard W.

1973 Home Manufacturing as an Indication of an Emerging
Appalachian Subculture. In Geographic Perspectives
pp Southern Development, edited by John C. Upchurch
and David C. Weaver, pp. 50-58. West Georgia College
Studies in the Social Sciences 12.

 

Bull, J. P.
1952 The General Merchant in the Economic History of the
New South. Journal pp Southern History 18:37-54.

 

Carson, Gerald
1965 The Old Country Store. E. P. Dutton, New York.

 

Clark, Thomas D.
1964 PillsL Petticoats and Plows: the Southern Country
Store. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

 

Cleghorn, Paul L.

1981 The Community Store: A Dispersal Center for
Material Goods in Rural America. In Modern Material
Culture: the Archaeology p£_pp, edited by Richard A.
Gould and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 197-212. Academic
Press, New York.

 

 

 

Cleland, Charles E.

19833 Merchants, Tradesmen, and Tenants: The Economics
of Diffusion of Material Culture On a Late Nineteenth
Century Site. In Historical Archaeology pp the Eastern
United States: Papers from the R; 1; Russell Symposium,
edited by Robert W. Neuman, pp. 35-44. Geoscience and
Man, vol. 23. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.

 

 

 

l983b A Computer Compatible §15tem for the
Categorization, Enumeration, and Retrieval pp
Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Archaeological
Material Culturey Part II. Manual for Identification
and Classification. The Museum, Michigan State
University. Submitted to National Park Service,
Mid Atlantic Region, Contract No. CX4000-3-0005.

 

 

 

 

 

1983c Interpreting the Extinct River Towns of Barton and
Vinton, Mississippi in Cultural Perspective: Some
Directions for Further Study. In Oral HistoricalL
Documentary, and Archaeological Investigations pp
Barton and VintonJ Mississippi: pp Interim Report pp
Phase III pp the Tombigbee Historic Townsites Project,
edited by Charles E. Cleland and Kim A. McBride, pp.
367-392. The Museum, Michigan State University.
Submitted to National Park Service, Contract No.
CX4000-3-0005.

 

 

 

 

 

 

107

Cleland, Charles E., and Kim A. McBride (editors)

1983 Oral HistoricalL Documentaryy and Archaeological
Investigations pp Barton and Vinton, Mississippi: pp
Interim Report pp Phase III pp the Tombigbee Historic
Townsites Project. The Museum, Michigan State
University. Submitted to National Park Service,
Contract No. CX4000-3-0005.

 

 

 

 

 

Deetz, James F.

1972 Archaeology as a Social Science. In Contemporary
Archaeology, edited by Mark P. Leone, pp. 108-117.
Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and
Edwardsville.

 

 

1977 Ip Small Things Forgotten. Doubleday, Garden City.

 

Doster, James F., and David C. Weaver
1981 Historic Settlement 1p the Upper Tombigbee Valley.
Center for the Study of Southern History and Culture,
University of Alabama. Submitted to Heritage
Conservation and Recreation Service, Contract No.
C-5714 (78).

 

 

Foster, George M.
1960 Life Expectancy of Utilitarian Pottery in
Tzintzuntzan, Michoacan, Mexico. American Antiquity
25:606-609.

 

Gumerman, George J., and David A. Phillips, Jr.
1978 Archaeology Beyond Anthropology. American
Antiquity 43:184-191.

 

 

Handsman, Russel G.
1983 Historical Archaeology and Capitalism, Subscriptions
and Separations: the Production of Individualism.
North American Archaeologist 4(1):63-79.

 

Hilliard, Sam Bowers
1972 Hog Meat and Hoecake: Food Supply ip the 1d

Soutpy 1840—1860. Southern Illinois University
Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville.

 

 

 

 

Kaplan, David, and Robert A. Manners
1972 Culture Theory. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey.

 

 

108

McBride, Kim A.

1983 The Study in Historical Perspective: Changes and
Continuities at Barton and Vinton, Mississippi. In
Oral Historicaly Documentaryi and Archaeological
Investigations pp Barton and Vintqpy Mississippi:
pp Interim Report pp Phase III pp the Tombigbee
Historic Townsites Prpject, edited by Charles E.
Cleland and Kim A. McBride, pp. 74-134. The Museum,
Michigan State University. Submitted to National
Park Service, Contract No. CX4000—3—0005.

 

 

 

 

 

1984 Differentials in Wealth in Nineteenth Century Rural
Mississippi: The Effects of Race, Social Class,
Household Structure, and Economic Change. Paper
presented at XVIIth Meeting of the Society for
Historical Archaeology, Williamsburg.

McBride, W. Stephen
1984 From Town to Country: Changing Refuse Disposal
Patterns at Barton Townsite, 1848-1935. Paper presented
at XVIIth Meeting of the Society for Historical
Archaeology, Williamsburg.

McBride, W. Stephen, and Kim A. McBride

1983 Phase III Mitigations: Site Summaries. In Oral
Historicaly Documentaryy and Archaeological
Investigations pp Barton and VintonL Mississippi: pp
Interim Report pp Phase III pp the Tombigbee Historic
Townsites Project, edited by Charles E. Cleland and
Kim A. McBride, pp. 136-252. The Museum, Michigan
State University. Submitted to National Park Service,
Contract No. CX4000-3-0005.

 

 

 

 

1985 Socio-Economic Variation in a Mid-Nineteenth Century
Southern Town: The View from Archaeological and
Documentary Sources. Paper presented at XVIIIth Meeting
of the Society for Historical Archaeology, Boston.

McCartney, Allen P.

1979 A Processual Consideration of Thule Whale Bone
Houses. In Thule Eskimo Culture: pp Anthropological
Retrospective, edited by Allen P. McCartney, pp. 301-
323. Archaeological Survey of Canada, Paper No. 88.
National Museum of Man, Mercury Series, Ottawa.

 

 

McClurken, James M., and Peggy Uland Anderson
1981 Oral History Interview Transcriptsy Tombigbee
Historic Townsites Project. 8 vols. The Museum,
Michigan State University. Submitted to National Park
Service, Southwest Region, Contract No. C-O7026.

 

109

Minnerly, W. Lee (editor)

1982 Oral Historical, Documentaryy and Archaeological
Investigations pp Colbert, BartOQy and Vinton,
Mississippi: pp Interim Report pp Phase 1,3; ppp

Tombigbee Historic Townsites Project, 2 vols.
The Museum, Michigan State University. Submitted to

National Park Service, Contract No. 07026.

 

 

 

 

 

1983 Oral HistoricalL DocumentaryL and Archaeological
Investigations pp Barton and VintonL Mississippi: pp
Interim Report pp Phase I; pp the Tombigbee Historic
Townsites Project. The Museum, Michigan State

University. Submitted to National Park Service,
Contract No. CX4000—3-0005.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Muckelroy, Keith
1976 The Integration of Historical and Archaeological
Data Concerning an Historic Wreck Site: the
Kennemerland. World Archaeology 7(3):280—290.

 

 

Prager, Gabriella
1980 Behavioral Implications pp Cultural Formation
Processes: pp Example from Fur Trade Archaeology.
Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Archaeology,
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia.

 

 

 

 

Rafferty, Janet E., B. L. Baker, and Jack D. Elliott, Jr.
1980 Archaeological Investigations pp ppp East

Aberdeen Site (22M0819). Department of Anthropology,

Mississippi State University. Submitted to Heritage

Conservation and Recreation Service, Contract No.
C5629 (78).

 

 

Rodeffer, Stephanie Holschlag
1984 An Archaeological Consideration of Poverty: The
Historic Mitigation Program for the Tombigbee River
Multi-Resource District, Alabama and Mississippi.
Paper presented at XLIXth Meeting of the Society for
American Archaeology, Portland.

Rothstein, Morton
1967 The Antebellum South as a Dual Economy: A Tentative
Hypothesis. Agricultural History 41(4):373—379.

 

Schiffer, Michael B.
1972 Archaeological Context and Systemic Context.
American Antiquity 37:156-165.

Schuyler, Robert L.
1970 Historical and Historic Sites Archaeology as
Anthropology: Basic Definitions and Relationships.
Historical Archaeology 4:83-89.

110

1975a The Written Word, the Spoken Word, Observed Behavior
and Preserved Behavior: the Various Contexts Available
to the Archaeologist. Conference pp Historic Site
Archaeology Papers 10(2):99-120.

 

 

 

1975b Anthropolpgical Perspectives 1p Historical
Archaeology. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department
of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara.

 

 

 

 

Schuyler, Robert L. (editor)
1978 Historical Archaeology: 5 Guide pp Substantive and
Theoretical Contributions. Baywood, Farmingdale, New
York.

 

 

 

 

Smith, Steven D., David F. Barton, and Timothy B. Riordan
1982 Ethnoarchaeology pp the Bay Springg Farmsteads:
A Study pp Rural American Settlement. Resource
Analysts, Inc. Submitted to National Park Service,
Contract No. C-54059(8l).

 

 

 

 

South, Stanley
1977 Method and Theory pp Historical Archeology.
Academic Press, New York.

 

 

 

1979 Historic Site Content, Structure, and Function.
American Antiquity 44:213—237.

 

Sprague, Roderick
1980-81 A Functional Classification for Artifacts from
19th and 20th Century Historical Sites. North
American Archaeologist 2(3):251-26l.

 

Stanislawski, Michael B.
1969 What Good is a Broken Pot?: An Experiment in
Hopi-Tewa Ethno-Archaeology. Southwestern Lore
35:11-18.

Way, Winston W., Jr., and Kim A. McBride

1983 The Study in Historical Perspective: A Narrative
of Mid-Nineteenth Century Barton and Vinton,
Mississippi. In Oral Historical, Documentary, and
Archaeological Investigations pp Barton and Vinton,
Mississippi: pp Interim Report pp Phase III pp ppp
Tombigbee Historic Townsites Project, edited by
Charles E. Cleland and Kim A. McBride, pp. 7-73.
The Museum, Michigan State University. Submitted to
National Park Service, Contract No. CX4000-3-0005.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Weaver, David C., and James F. Doster
1982 Historical Geography pp the Upper Tombigpee Valley.
Center for the Study of Southern History and Culture,
University of Alabama. Submitted to Heritage
Conservation and Recreation Service, Contract No.
C-5714 (78).

 

 

111

Weaver, Herbert
1945 Mississippi Farmers, 1850-1860. Vanderbilt
University Press, Nashville.

 

Wilson, Robert J.
1981 Early American Account Books: Interpretation,
Cataloguing, and Use. American Association for State
and Local History Technical Leaflet 140. Nashville.

 

 

 

Appendix A

Appendix A.

I.

Glass
Bead
Brick
Button
Cuff link set
Doorknob
Drawer pull
Insulator
Jar lid/liner
Lamp parts
10. Lens
11. Light bulb
12. Marble
13. Mirror
14. Ring set
15. Stopper
16. Tubing
17. Window
18. Other glass
19. Unidentified
20, 30, 40, 50.
Alcoholic Beverage
21, 31, 41, 51.
Chemical
22, 32, 42, 52.
Foodstuff
23, 33, 43, 53.
Ink
24, 34, 44, 54.
Non-Alcoholic Beverage
25, 35, 45, 55.
Perfume/Scent/
Cologne/Lotion
26, 36, 46, 56.
Proprietary/Medicinal
27, 37, 47, 57.
Snuff
28, 38, 48, 58.
Other
29, 39, 49, 59.
Unidentified
60. Tumblers/Cups/
Tankards
61. Stemware

\OCDNO‘U‘l-L‘UJNt—i

62, 63. Other Tableware

Vessels
press-molded

Archaeological Data.

Warren

5445

17

383

92

18

11

112

Unnamed

5444

17

10

262

109

11
11

361

Hotel Hotel Keller

5443

12

40

673

well
5443

134

well
5442

16

30

954

21

40

495

WV

14

Total

45

65

20

1979

338

25
102
12
2636
74
17

98

113

5445 5444 5443 5443 5442 Total
well well
undecorated 7 12 41 3 3 63
other 3 3
64. Unidentified 125 93 205 29 161 584
II. Ceramic
1. Button 1 1 1 3
2. Brick
3. Doll parts
4. Doorknob
5. Gaming piece
6. Insulator
7. Marble
8. Smoking pipe 21 ' 5 25 2 10 61
9. Tile 1 l
10. Toy
11. Toilet/lavatory 47 1 48
12. Other ceramic 2 5 7

l3. Unidentified

14—23. Decorated/
Unslipped/Glazed/ 601 61 327 32 48 1037
White Paste Earthenware

24-27. Decorated/

Slipped/Glazed WPE 217 4 82 4 40 343
28-29. Plain/Glazed WPE 1545 258 1329 143 348 3480
30—32. Unslipped/

Glazed WPE 21 5 24 1 l 51
33-35. Yellow Paste

Earthenware 38 2 42 9 91
36-38. Colored Paste

Earthenware 73 19 18 3 7 117
39-41. White Paste

Stoneware 92 14 65 4 24 195
42-44. Colored Paste

Stoneware 161 58 8O 8 28 327
45—58. Porcelain 95 8 29 1 34 166

III. Metal

1. Activities
fishing equipment
gaming peice
musical
instrument 1 l l 3
toy I 1 2
other
2. Adornment
bracelet
brooch
chain
cufflink
earring
finger ring 1 l 2

114

5445 5444 5443 5443 5442 Total
well well

hat pin
pendant
other 1 1 2
3. Arms and Ammunition
ball
bullet 2 1 3
cartridge
cartridge case
shot 2 1 3
shotgun shell
gun hardware
other arms
4. Clothing
buckle
button
footwear
eyelet
hook and eye 2 2
rivet 1
snap 2
suspender
other 2
Coins 1 1 1
Communication
bell
pen point
pen parts
pencil ferrule
other
7. Container
barrel band 1 1 1
bucket 126 126 2 128
kettle 3 3 2 6
tin can 10 27 4 1
other 3 l 4
unidentified 1 l 1 146 148
8. Hardware-construction
bolt 1 1 l
nut 2 1
screw 10 5 7 3
brace/bracket
rivet
spike 3
staple 4 4
tack l
washer
other 1
9. Hardware—door/window
10. Hardware-electrical
11. Hardware-nails
handwrought 9 2 15 1 7

H
p—a
p—n
N
b

LAJO‘

14

l—‘UIUJ
r—a v—I
NNL‘

C‘U’I
MN

H
00

|—‘
N
[OJ-‘00
k

F‘F‘NJBJF‘NJP*
f—I

NNNNNHmN
p—a

NN

L0
L10

115

5445 5444 5443 5443 5442 Total
well well
machine cut
2d 8 6 l l 10 25
3d 59 21 20 3 22 122
4d 144 31 17 4 152 344
5d 25 10 20 4 22 77
6d 140 135 109 9 174 558
7d 36 13 13 8 70
8d 112 41 67 8 194 414
9d 64 9 23 3 16 112
10d 83 26 63 74 246
12d 28 5 31 5 11 75
16d 6 3 7 l6
20d 2 2 2 1 7
30d
40d 1 1
50d
60d
unidentified 3559 2453 1883 323 4357 12,252
wire 1 42 16 1 8 67
12. Hardware-plumbing 3 1 4
13. Hardware-miscellaneous
bar stock 1 1 1
chain 1 3 6 2 2 12
corrugated/
sheet metal
gear
grommet 1 1
hook l 2 3
key
lock 1 1
ring/loop 1 1 1 3 5
spigot
wire 14 21 43 21 23 101
barbed wire 5 1 5
other 3 5 2 9 5 15
14. Machinery parts 2 2
15. Furniture parts 1 3 5 9
l6. Kitchen/tableware
fork l 4 5
knife 1 1 2
spoon 1 1 2 4
unidentified
handle 3 1 1 4
opener
other cooking
implements 1 l _ 2 3

other tableware
17. Maintenance/repair/craft
awl
needle
pin

116

5445 5444 5443 5443 5442 Total
well well

punch 1
scissor 1 2 1
thimble 1 l 1
other
18. Personal effects
eyeglass frame
brush
comb l l l
razor
other grooming
penknife 1 1
pocketknife *
purse frame
pocket watch
other 2 2
19. Tools
anvil
auger
axe/hatchet
chisel
file
hammer
measuring device 6 6
miscellaneous blades
planes
saw blades 1
screwdriver
shovel/hoe/spade 1 1
other 1 1 2
20. Transportation
automobile
harness/saddle
bit
buckle
hame hook
ring/loop/cinch
horse/mule shoe 2 3
wagon
other
21. Unidentified
aluminum
brass/copper 4 2 7 13
foil
iron/steel 232 195 244 122 274 945
lead 3 7 4 1 l 15
tin l . 1
zinc 2 2 10 14
other 2 3 5

MbH

HNb
HMO

117

5445 5444

IV. Bone

\OWNC‘U'IbLJJNH
o o o o no 0

D—‘l—‘t—‘H
LAMP-'0' 0
.0

Brush Back
Brush Handle
Brush Back and Handle
Button 1
Button Blank
Comb
Gaming piece

Handle
Handle Plate

Stud

Other Modified

Unmodified 506 29
Unidentified

V. Shell

O‘U'IbUJNH

VI.

<

H

H l—‘HOWVC‘UIL‘UJNH
HO. 0 o o o o o

\ooouoxmbwmr-
I. 0....

VIII.

2.
3.

Button 1

Button Blank

Stud

Other Modified

Unmodified 193 16
Unidentified

Wood/Vegetal

Construction

Cordage

Cork 4
Gaming Piece

Handle

Handle Plate

Pencil

Other Modified Wood

Other Unmodified Wood 1
Unidentified Wood 1
Nuts/Pits/Seeds

Stone

Grinding Wheel

Gunflint

Marble

Tile

Whetstone 1

Slate Board 10 7
Slate Pencils 2

Other Modified

Unidentified Stone

Leather
Footwear
Harness Strap
Other Strap

5443

H

623

366

15
34

5443
well

303

176

14
34

5442
well

118

58

481
1053
196

Total

1276

633

497
1088
201

15

118

5445 5444
4. Other Leather
5. Unidentified
IX. Rubber
1. Brush Back
2. Brush Handle
3. Brush Back & Handle
4. Button
5. Comb
6. Fabric
7. Footwear
8. Gasket
9. Jar Seal
10. Tubing
11. Washer
12. Other Rubber
13. Unidentified
X. Plastic
1. Bead
2. Button 1
3. Closures
4. Toy
5. Gaming Piece
6. Grooming
7. Other Plastic
8. Unidentified Plastic
XI. Mineral/Composite Miscel
1. Asphalt
2. Caulking
3. Charcoal/Coal 10 18
4. Cinder
5. Concrete
6. Cordage/Rope/Twine
7. Eggshell
8. Fabric
9. Gemstone
10. Graphite
11. Hair
12. Limestone
13. Linoleum
l4. Mortar 9
15. Paint
16. Paper
17. Plaster
18. Shingle
19. Slag
20. Tar Paper
21. Wax
22. Other

5443

12

21

34

48

5443 5442
well well
12 1

2
17 248
2

18
18

1

18

Total

13

43

18

Appendix B

1860
Jany

Feby
April
May
June

July
Sept

Oct
Dec

1859
Jany

Feby

May
Augt

Nov

119

Vinton Mississippi
J.H.B. Atkinson

Bot of W.E. Trotter +Co

24 15 1b nails O 8. (26) 15 lb nails a 8¢

26
11
21
23
26

I—‘l—‘P—‘F—‘ND—‘I—‘H

12

Box Matches 51

Gallon Whiskey 6/-

Bot Ink 1/— 1/2 qr Paper 1/-

D02 [?] Vanilla @ 2/- 3 Box Matches 10¢
1b nails 8i 1 Oz Asafoldita 1/-

Pap Pine 10¢

Bot Quinine 3/- 1 lb Candles 3/-

Pr Wax Shoes 12/- (19) 1 Bot Paregoric 2/-

26 200 1b nails O 7t 2 Pas needles O 101

29 l
8 2

1
13 l

J.H.B.

22

26
21
11
26
15

WHHNQHHNN

Cloth Cap 8/-
lb Hinge nails @ 2/— (9) 1 # Rought nails 2/—
Pr Boy Shoes 10/- (11) 1 Bot Turpentine 4/-
Oz Quinine 3/— 1 Pad Lock 2/-
Atkinson

In act with John A Curtis
Boxes Blacking + Blacking Brush for
Plugs Tobacco 15
Blacking Brush 2/2 Boxes Blacking 20
Fiddle String
Gallons Jars 20
Boxes Blacking 20 1 pr Shoes 175
Tin Bucket
Box Blacking
Box Blacking

2.40
.05
.75
.25
.60
.20
.10

3.37

1.75

14.20

1.00
.75

1.75

3.25

 

$30.42

$5.39

120

Mr Jerome Atkinson

1.53
5.44

.50
1.05
2.33
5.43

.20

6.50

1.80

1.25

1859 Bt of R. 0. Johnson
Sept 28 One 02. Quinine
Nov 6 One " Do
J.H.B. Atkinson
Bot of Trotter + Moore
1859
Feb 12 16 lb nails a 8¢ 2 Bunches Binding a 1/.
April 8 2 gimlets a 1/. 41/2 yds Bro Dom a 1/—
May 26 1/4 yd Bobinett 2/.. 2 " lace a 1/-
3 " white Ribbon a 20 3 " Bld Dom a 15¢
3 " Blk Do a 15 3 " Blk Velvet a 5/-
Screws + Tacks l/-
June 1 1 Set Teas 8/-. (17) 3 1/2 yds Bro Dom a 1/-
17 1 Paper Tacks 10¢ 1 spool 8/— a 10¢
24 2 skirts a 15/-. 1 hat 2S. 2 Blts a 2/-.
1 Fi. comb 2/—
July 13 1 Leghorn hat 2S. 1 umbrella 14/-. 1 Ps Blk
Ribbon 15
Aug 19 28 1b nails 3 8
Nov 7 10 lb nails O 8: 5 Cakes Tob O 20
1 Steel Spade 12/- 1 Iron Spade 10/-
Dec 19 6 yds Ble Dom O 16 2/3¢ 1 pr 1/2 hose 2/—
7 " Blk Velvet O 6/- 6 yds Cambric O 30¢
3 1/4 Ble Linen Drill O 8/- 9 " Blk " O 1/-
3 " " —-- " O 16 2/3 6 " Jackonette O 6/-
Buttons + Thread 2/- l Pr Gloves 2/-
3 Pas Tacks O 10¢ 1 Linen Shirt 2 1/4

121

Miss Catherine Bennett

1849

Nov

Dec

1849

May
Dec

26

9
6

To Young + Ragland Dr

cashmere shall 7.50 1 Bot snuff 3O

pr side combs 10. 3 yds camb 1/- 38.

pr Blk cashmer hose 75. 1 pr White Cot hose
37

yds french linen 4/- 3.00. 2 yds cashmere

6/- 1.50

Books hooks + eyes 10. 1 sks silk 15.

yd cashmere 75

pr shoes 1.75

Cinthia Bennett

To Robt McGowan Dr

1 fine Saddle 11.87
8 Yds Calico

7.80
.48

1.12

4.50

 

 

1856

Mch
May

1856

June

1856

May

122

H P Collins

19

Ul

Bought of Collins + Howarth

6 lb nails 9

7 " Shot 15
1/2 lb Powder 5/-
1 pr Gun Wipers 1/-

Henry P Collins pr McWilliams

3O

17

Bought of Collins + Howarth

1 pr wk Pants

1 Blck Coat

1 pr 1/2 Hose

9 wk Vest

9 yds S Ribbon 20
9 " Domestic 15
1 [?]

9 yds Blck Velvet 5/-
2 Pa Tacks 10
2 Gross Brass " 8/-
1 D02 Coffee [?]

1 pr Drawers

1 " Gloves

Henry Collins To

A H Duling Dr

13 Yds Blue Strips 15
3 " Calico 18 3/4
1 1/4 " Linen 10/-

.54
1.05
.31
.13

$2.03

2.25
5.63

.30
2.25
1.80
1.35
1.38
5.63

2.00

 

1.95
.56
1.56

 

123

Miss Louisa Collins

1853
Jany

Feb
Mch
Apl

May
June

July

1
15
28

10
18

23

1

4
30

To James M Collins Dr

8 yd Calico 1/- 3/4 yd Cambk 10
1/2 " Do 1/—

HNHHNmHHHHHwHHHt—aNHHNt—I

/2 lb Whale Bone 12/-

pr white shoes 9/— 2 yd Cambk 1/—
yd Green fringe

pr shoes 10/-

thimble 4/— (29) 1 pr Kid Gloves
paper pins 10 2 yd Ginghams 2/-
Gingham Dress 4.50 9 " Muslin
pr Ladies shoes 14/— 1 Shimizette
H
[?] Collar 3.50 3 yd Check Muslin
yds Calico 16 2/3 3 " Edging
1/2 " spun silk

yd [?] 15 3 doz fish Hooks

yd Pink Ginghams

pr Silk Gloves 3/- 1 Carpet Bag

yd Muslin 4O 1 pr [?] Gloves

" Jackonett 4O 2 yd Swiss

Swiss 4/— 1 " Inserting

1/2 " Edging 4/— 1 " Swiss Inserting
" Bleachd Drilling

Bonnett 3.00 1 pr shoes

3/4 Pink Crape 6/— 1 yd Ribbon

3
l
1
1

1/2 " Ribbon 6/- 1 face
Bunch flowers

pr fine shoes

Bottle Cologne 4/—

[end page one of original manuscript]

July

Aug
Sept

29

16
5

1
1
1

Box H + Eyes 10 3 spools thread
yd Swiss Edging 4/- 1 yd Inserting
L C Hdkf 8/— 2 Linen C Hdkf

1 box H + Eyes

4/—
10

30
12/-

undersleeves l6/- 4 pr cotton Hose 40

4/_
2/-
2.50
2/—
1/—
2/—
12/—
8/—
5/-
4/-
3/—
1/-
13/-
6/—
11/—
2/-

10
45
5/—

2 yd Black Ginghams 2/- 1 1/4 yd Blue d02/-

1

pr undersleeves 18/- 1 yd Ribbon

1/2 yd Blue silk 4O 11 1/2 yds silk

1
2
1
6
1
1

1

Tishue
1/4 " [?] Holland 3/— 1 1/4 Drilling
yds Ginghams 2/- 18 yd Domestic
doz whale Bone 2/- 1 spool thread
yds Swiss 30 4 spools silk
pr artificials 56 1 Box Lilly White
Ball Cord 5 2 yd Ribbon l/— 1 paste

Board

1/4 yd Berage 5/- 3 yd [?]

6/-

54
15
15
10
15
2/-

5
10

1.10

1.38
1.00
1.25
1.75

7.20
3.20
3.60
5.00
1.20
3.75

.40

.25
1.88
4.20
2.10
1.00
1.12

.25
4.60
1.31
4.01

.25
1.63

.50

19
Oct 5

7
Nov 1
Dec 3

124

4 spools silk 5 1 box H + Eyes

3 1/2 yd Calico 18 3/4 9 yd Calico
l " Drilling 1/- 10 3/4 " Domestic
1 Boys Hat

4 yds Linsey 3/— 2 yd fringe

9 " Calico 15 1 " Drilling

1 Box H + Eyes 10 9 yd [?]

1

/2 doz spools thread 6/- 1/2 doz paper

needles

1 fine shawl 4.50 1 pr shoes 12/-

1/2 doz Buttons 40

1 yd Plaid 3/— 1 pr Ear Rings

1 pr shoes 14/— 1 Bottle B oil

1 L C Hdkf 1.50 1 silk Do

1 pr Kid Gloves 9/— 4 yd Janes

4 yd silk fringe 45 1 " Cambk

1/2 doz spools thread silk 19 1 yd
drilling

10 yds [?]

l [?] 2/- 1 pr fine shoes

2 yds [?] 4/- 1 yd [?]

8 " white flannel

[end of page two of original manuscript]

Jany 21
Feb 14
20
25
Mch 7
11
15
Apl 1
8
11
May 30

1 1/2 yd Pink ribbon 5/— 3 yd silk

3 " Green silk lO/- 3 skeins silk

9 3/4 yd Calico 11 3/4 5 yd Domestic

1 pr Kid Gloves 8/- 1 bottle Cologne

1 paper pins 10 1 box pins

1 yd V ribbon 4/— 1 remnant Bn linen

1 Bonnett

6 yd Calico 15 2 pr Hose

2 pr Cotton Hose 1/- 11 1/2 yd [?]

12 yd Raw silk

1 1/2 doz silk buttons 3/— 1 skein
silk

1 yd Drilling

3 " blk silk 2$ 1 pr shoes

1 yd Inserting 4/— 1 yd Edging

1 " Swiss

2 1/4 yd black Ribbon

1 box Pomatum

4 yd fringe l/- 2 skeins silk 5

2 pr Tape
Cotton Hdkf

yd Domestic l/- 15 yd Domestic
strans Beads 2/-

pr fine shoes 1.88 1 pr walking do
pr Kidd Gloves

r—It—abOI—n—h

Silver thimble 4/- 2 papers needles

10
20

10

9/—
4/-
1/-
3/-

10

8/—
2/-
60

1/-
1/—

1/-
4/-
23

4/-
5/-

14
1/—
16
40
12/-
3/-

41
68
6/-

1/-
13/—
4/-
5/-
2/-
3/—

10

10
15

10/-
9/-

June

1

125

" [?] Do 8S 5 LC Hdkf

feather fan 6/— 3 yd Berage

Emb Hdkf 2.75 1 pr Puff [?]

pr Garters 6/— 2 1/2 yd Drilling
Cake soap 3O 1 doz whale bone

t—‘D—‘O—‘t—‘H

[end page three of original manuscript]

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

30

26
29

25

21
12
28
26

1 box H + Eyes 10 6 paper needles
1 ball Cord 10 14 yd Ginghams
1 Key ring 10 3 " Ditto
1 Puff boxes 7 4 " [?]
4 pr Cotton Hose 20 2 pr Ditto
l Bridle 14/- 1 Large Trunk
lO yd Muslin 33 1/3
4 " [?] Cambrick 16 8 yd Ginghams
1 pr Gantlets 12/— 3 skeins silk
4 yd Pink ribbon 4O 6 yd ribbon
1 skirt 12/- 2 yd ribbon
1/4 yd oil silk 10/— 1 Paste board
1 strans beads 25. 2 bottle [?]
1 Do Do 2/-
2 yd berage 5/- 1 fine fan
12 " V ribbon 3/- 2 yd black Lace
1 pr shoes 14/— 3 ball soap
1 yd Drilling 16 1 pr [?] 10
1 box H + Eyes
" flannel 55¢ 1 pr shoes
yd Calico 18 Envelopes
1/2 doz whale Bone 2/-

H0000

1 doz
P Buttons
1 " Horn bottons
3 yd Merino 9/- 1 3/4 yd Ginghams 2/-
2 skn silk
pr Kidd shoes 13/- 1 pr silk Hose
yd Calico 15 spool thread
bottle H Tonic 4/- 2 yd Cambrick
1/2 doz fancy buttons 2/- 3 " blue
Velvet
1 yd Ditto

t—w—th—a

8 yd Velvet Ribbon 1/-
1/2 doz [?] Buttons

6 yd Calico 15 3 yd Linsey

l stran beads 5/— 4 yd Ginghams
4 yd Calico

33
4/_
2/—
15
3/—

10
45
3/—
20
3/—
3.00

3/-
15
15
10
10
3/-

14./-
4/—
15

1/-
11/-
10

1/—

11/-
6/-
15

5/-
u-
15
33
33
15

2.65
2.25
3.00
1.12

.68

.70
6.40
1.22

.87
1.55
4.75

33.33
3.80
1.95
2.50
1.70

.12
1.00

.25
3.00
5.50
1.90

2.22
5.78
.64

.50
[?]

3.68
1.38
1.20

.80

2.25
1.50

.07
1.90
1.90

 

126

Miss Louisa Collins

1852 To James M Collins Dr

Jany 17 1 pr Ladies shoes .81
28 1 L C Hdkf 10/— 1.25
4 1/2 yds fringe 5/— 2.81

3 1/2 blk Cambk 1/6 .64

3 3/4 " Silk 14/- 6.56

1 pr shoes ' 1.62

4 yds Ribbon 5/— 2.50

2 " " 2/- .50

1/2 " Red Crape 6/- .37

1 Bonnet 16/— 2.00

1 pr Gloves 8/- 1.00

3 yd Green Calico 15 .45

3 " Pink " 15 .45

1 " White Ribbon .43

1 Band Box .20

1 Hair Brush 6/— .75

1 Dressing Comb .30

1 Neck Ribbon 4/- .50

Feb 4 1 1/2 yd Calico 15 .23
Mch 4 9 " Ginghams 35 3.15
11 2 1/2 " + B Muslin 4/- 1.25
3 " Edging 20 .60

4 " Drilling 1/- .50

12 1/2 doz Pearl Buttons .06
1 paper Needles .10

13 2 yd Ginghams 2/— .50
1 " Ribbon 5/— .63

1 bottle Cologne 3/— .38

1 box Hooks + Eyes .10

1 pr shoes 14/- 1.75

1 " Scissors 4/- .50

15 3 yd blue Calico 18 .54
1 Spool thread .10

20 2 " Ribbon 2/— .50
22 6 spools threads 7 .42
1 box chalk .10

23 1 bottle Hair 011 4/— .50
7 yd [?] 5/- 4.38

1 " Jackonett .40

2 " Edging 4/6 1.12

3 pr Cotton Hose .75

26 1 Coton Hdkf .14
12 yd Domestic 18 2/7 2.25

8 " Calico ‘ 14 1.12

30 2 1/2 " Shambry 3/- .81

3 Bunches Braid 5 .15

[bottom of manuscript obscured on copy]

127

[end page one of original manuscript]

April 1

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

8
13

16

28

14
26
29

20

24

14
18

10

11

29
30

yds
box
3/4
doz
yds
H
/2 H
yds
1/2
1/2

1/2

H
N

box

yds

[?]
L C

1/2

1/2

NI—lt—‘HNi—‘HQLfiOHHHNt—‘QHGHHt—‘Ht—‘t—‘l—‘t—Jt—‘t—‘l—‘Mt—‘I—‘wwl—iI—‘ot—‘mt—‘l—‘bbm

Balls Cors

Ginghams

oz Candy

tooth paste

yd Drilling

" Muslin
whale Bone
Domestic
Drilling
oil Silk
Swiss

" Edging

" Inserting

pr Gloves

Yds Linen

Bunch Braid

Grass Skirt

Neck Tie

/2 doz papers needles
pr Cotton Hose

Shoes

Drilling

Hooks + Eyes

spool thread
paper needles
ball Cord

Domestic

Parosol
yd Calico

Edging
Hdkf

pr fine shoes
under sleeves
yd Irish linen
Domestic

Spools thread

yds Domestic
" Edging

" Ribbon

" fringe

yd Ribbon
shell Comb
spool thread
yd Ribbon

2/-

2/-
1/—
2/6
2/-
1/-
1/-

6O
6O
3O
6/-
4O

10/-
6/—

2/-
10/—

1/-

4/-
12/-

10/-
15

10

15
6/-

 

J33.
1848

January

R.

13

30

February 11

June

[end page one

July

22

24

24

128

Hilliard Grdn for A.J. Dunn

To John A. Curtis + Co Dr

2 yd checks 15
2 Ginghams 3O
1 Pr Shoes
15 yd Domestic 10
7 - Calico --
6 - Domestic 12—
10— Calico 18 3/4

3/4 Do

- Calico 25

- Bed Ticking 15

- Lace 12

— Bk Domestic 15

Tin Pan

Set Tumblers

Dish

Do

Pepper Box

Coffee Pot

Salt Scellar

Set Plates

Set Knives + forks
Pr Scissors

Set Knitting needles
Pr Needles

Pitcher

Molasses Jug

Looking Glass

Corase Comb

Plug Tobaco

Plug Tobaco

yd Calico 15
Fiddle

Cow Hide

Bason 8 yd calico
Base string

2

HHH.—‘fi-‘t—‘D—‘D—J

skeins Silk

of original manuscript]

yd Linen 62 2 Spools Thread 20

Bunch fiddle strings

Pr Suspenders 50 Cravat 12

Coat 5.75 1 Pr Pants 2.25 l shirt 1.50
Pr Shoes 175

Pock Knife

-- Hdkf

Skein Silk

.10
1.50
.15
.10

.82
.10
1.62
9.40
1.75
.75
1.25
.05

129

26 3 yd osnaburgs .37
2 - Cross Basd Muslin 37- .75
1 spool Thread .05
1 yd Ribbon .15
1 Plug Tobaco .37
1 Do Do .10
1 1b Pepper .25
10- Sugar 1.00

Aug 5 l Wat Millon .10
2 Do Do .25
2 Collins axes 3.00
1 Saddle Blanket 1.00
1 Water Millon .10
2 1b Nails .20
2 - Coffee .25
l Pr Hose .37
2 Water Millons .25
3 Gimbletts .50
1/2 In Chissel .25
1 -- Do .50
3 2 I Do .37
3 Gouges .62
1 Iron Squares .75
1 File .12
1 Mill Saw file .62
1 1/2 Doz Marbles .15

[end page two of original manuscript]

Aug 15 6 1/3 lbs Coffee 12 .76
1 Hdkf .25

10 Pl Tobaco 30 3.00

1 Pr Tacks .20

Flints .05

16 yd Osnaburgs 12 2.00

1 Flask 1.25

22 1 pr Boots 5.00

1 Spur .37

1 Fr Plow Lins .38

1 Cigar .05

1 Spool Thread .10

Oct 5 2 yd Linsey 25 .50
2 — Calico 12 .25

Dec 6 4 1/2 Plugs Tobaco 1.12
Aug 6 1 shaving Box .25
1 Cake Shaving Soap .05

2 yd Calico 18 3/4 .37

2 yd Edging 12 .25

2 - ?] 12 .25

2 - Calico 2O .40

1 Pocketts Boots 25 .50

130

 

1 lb Nails .10
1/2 Doz Flints .05
1 Plug Tobaco .15
1 Do Do .25

$72.67

(heading of manuscript obscured on copy)
1848 Dr. To P. Warren

Feby 1 1 water Buckett .40
1 Coffee Mill 1.00

$1.40

131

Miss Martha Grizzle

1849

May 23

July 12

Aug 11

Dec 2
8
21

To Jno A Curtis + Co Dr

1 Wash Bowl 4/-
1 Pkt Hdkf 12/-
1 1/4 lb Candles 4/-
7 Yds Negro Cloth 20¢ 2 Yds Domestic 20¢

2 " Janes 4/- 2 Yds Janes 3/-
2 doz Buttons 1/- 1 pr Shoes 10/-
1/2 Plug Tobacco 15¢ flax threads 10¢
1 pr Shoes 6/-

John Grizzle

1849
Oct 13
25
Nov 17
21
30
Dec 31

To Robt McGowan Dr

1 Blanket Coat
1 Sheep Skin

25 lbs Flour 6¢
2 lbs Shot lO
1 Box Blacking lO 1 Blk Brush 2/—
1 pr fine Socks 5/-
l " Gloves 8/—

.50
1.50
.63
1.60
1.75
1.37

 

8.00
1.00
1.50

.20

 

132

Miss Martha Grizzle

1849
July 26
Aug 3
18
Sept 4
Oct 12
24
Nov 12
17
20
30

1
5

l
1
4
l
1
4
l
3
l
l
1
1

To Robt McGowan Dr

Bottle Sarsaparilla

Yd Bard Muslin

lb Starch 20¢ (24) 1 pr
Bottle Sarsaparilla

Yds Flannel

Paper Quinine

pr Fine Bed Blankets
1/2 Yds Lincey

Blanket 1.00 1 pr Fine
Yds Domestic 1/- 1 3/4

Shoes

Hose
Yds Stripe

Bottle Sarsaparilla 8/— 1 Bot Oil

doz Buttons 10¢ 4 yds

Ginghams

1/2 Yds Ginghams 45¢ 3 " Domestic

ps Tape 1/-

Miss Martha A Grizzle

1850
Jany 16
May 10
Dec 6

14
15

in R McGowan

1 Spool Threads

4 Skeins flax thread from Warren

4
4
1
4

Skeins " Ditto
Yds Edging
1/2 " + Muslin

1/2 " Edging

1/2 lb Spice

1
1
1
1

Yd Blchd Drilling
" " Domestic
Bot vermifuge

" Cantharides

H

II
N
N
H
H
H
H

8/-
3/-
12/—
8/-
4/-
8/-
10.00
3/-
3/—
20¢
4/—
3/-
1/—
10¢

1.00
1.88
1.70
1.00
2.00
1.00
10.00
1.68
1.38
.72
1.50
1.60
1.07
.22

 

$26.75

.05
.05
.20

.22
.13
.15
.15
1.37

 

133
1850 John P Grizzle

Dr To P. Warren

 

January 8 3 Yds Irish Linnen 1.00 3.00
18 one 1b Shott .10
March 16 one Wool Hat .62 1/2
June 6 one Straw Hat .75
21 one Doz Pant Buttons .05
September 10 one Fine Comb .25
one Pocket Comb .25
October 11 Pocket Knife 1.50
15 2 lb Shot .20
November 15 1 1b Tobacco .30
$7.02 1/2

John. P. Grizzle

1849 Dr. To. P. Warren
Octo l8 1 Pr Men Shoes 1.50
19 1/2 # Powder 50 .25
2 # Shott 10 .20
Nov 1 1 Fine Comb .20
1 # Shott .10
17 1/2 # Powder 50 .25
Dec 20 l Pockett Knife 1.00
24 1 Silk Hankerchief 1.00
$4.70
John Grizzle
1848 Dr. To. P. Warren
March 22 1 Pr Shoes .87 1/2
24 1 # Shott .10
25 1/2 # Powder 50 .25
April 4 l # Shott .10
20 1 # Shott .10
3 Large Fish Hooks .12 1/2
May 5 1/2 yd Black Cambric 18 3/4 .09

1 Cotton Fishing Line .10

June

July

Augt

Sept
Octo
Nov

1848

June
July
Aug

Sept

Nov
Dec

11
19
16
28

18
20
31

31
27

12

17
28

27

26

134

1 Linnen Do "

1 Pockett Knife

5 yds Drilling

8 sks thread 10 + 1/2 Doz Buttons
1 Pr Shoes

1/2 Doz Liberic Hooks

1 Pockett Comb

1 Pr J R Suspenders

1 1/2 Doz Shirt Buttons
1 Plug Tobacco

1/2 Doz Fish Hooks

1 Pr Shoes

1 Bar Lead

1/2 # Powder

1 Plug Tobacco

1 Paper Needles

1/2 Doz Fish Hooks

1 D02 Pant Buttons

1 D02 Shirt Buttons

1 Pockett Knife

1 Pr Boots

John Grizzle
To A T Morse Dr

1 summer coat

1 Bucket 30¢ 27.
1/2 lb snuff 20

1 pr socks 2/- pipes 10¢

Tobacco 20

20

15

12 1/2

50

12 1/2

14/

1 1/2 Yd linnen 4/-. 25. 1 1b shot. 1 box caps
1/2 lbs powder 4/—. Oct 5 Wine 15 Toba 40
I plug Tobacco 40¢ . 17. I plug Tobacco 40

I plug Tobacco 40. 5. 1/2 lb powder 4/—

1 paper Tacks 1/—. 27. 1/2 plug Tobacco 20

 

1.75
.50
.20

1.12
.80

 

1/2

1/4

1/2
1/4

1/2

1/2

1/2

Mr. John P Grizzle

1852
Jany 17

Feb 2

Mch 8

Apl l

12
15
16

22

23

24

26

May 6

To James M Collins Dr

1 fine vest

10 Yds Kerseys

2 doz Buttons

flax Threads

1 Shot Gun

1/2 qr Paper
pr Misses shoes
fancy Cravat
bottle Mustard
lb Candles
1b shot
1/2 Yds Drilling
spool Threads
Plug Tobacco

/2 - Powder
Plug Tobacco
Salt Sellar
Cake shaving Soap
shaving brush
- nails
pr Misses shoes
Plug Tobacco
fourth Reader
doz Buttons
skein [illegible]
yd Drilling

1/2 " Canvass

3 " Linen for pants

1 Silk Hdkf

80 — Coffee

180 - Sugar

50 - Rice

1 Small Looking Glass

1 Leg Horn Hat

3/4 yds Ribbon

1 pr Butts

l doz screws

2 H H

1 Plug Tobacco

1 pr Brass Butts

1 doz screws

1/2 - Powder

1 - shot

1 pr Pumps

3 yds Hollands

1 Plug Tobacco

r—‘D—‘D—‘O—‘t—‘l—‘HP—‘l—‘Hb—‘P—‘t—‘k—‘Vr—Ir—‘t—‘l—‘H

[end page one of original manuscript]

2/-
10

8/-

15

40

5/—
2/-
8/-
6/-

1/-
4/—

1/-
7 3/4

4/-

40

6/-
3/—

June

July

Sept

14
18

19
11

12

17

17
2

t—‘WHI—‘D—‘D—‘k—‘t—‘t—‘Nmr—‘D—‘Hb—‘HHHHH

136

Silk Cravat

Muslin "

Plug Tobacco

fine Saddle

Saddle Blanket

fine Bridle

pr Martingales

" Stirups

Plug Tobacco

1/2 yds + B Muslin
" Toweling

0 yds Bed Tick

" blk Muslin
Plug Tobacco
bottle Hair Oil
- Candles
bottle porter
fan
1/2 yds Ginghams
box P Caps

Porter

1
6
l
1

Plug Tobacco
yds Calico
Pad Lock
Plug Tobacco

6/—

12/.

45
2/—
1/6

2/—
33

15

.75
.55
.30
19.50
1.38
2.00
1.90
1.50
.30
2.45
.50
1.88
.25
.35
.50
.35
.25
.25
1.17
.50
.12
.20
.90
.50
.35

$108.56

1848

January
Feby
Mar

April

May

June

Decb

1850

Jany 4

Feby 5
7

28
March 2

26
April 8

John Grizzle (W. H. D. Carrington

7
17
1
30
23
26
28
1
27

29
4
6
10
16
19

24

137

To John A Curtis + Co Dr

Powder

Tobacco

1 [?]

Tobacco

1 Straw Hat
Tobacco

6 Fish Hooks
Raisins
Tobacco

1 Box Pencil Points
1/2 Doz Cigars
1 vial [?]

1 Candle

1 Plug Tobacco
1 Set marbles
3/4 # Shot

1 Candle

1 Plug Tobacco
1 Pr Boots

Miss Martha Grizzle

2
6

HHH.—It—«O—It—tmI—‘wmr—Imt—It—I

Bot of Robert McGowan

Yds Striped Domestic
1/2 Yds Cotton Striped
paper pins

Doz Large Agate Buttons
Yds Blk Cambric

Box Fruit

1/2 lb Loaf Sugar
papers Garden Seed
Bottle Sarsaparilla
Yds Calico

Spool Thread

Bolt Tape

pr fine Kid Gloves
Large Empty Box

pr Shoes for Girl
Small do

pr Shoes

Guardian)

20
20
10

3.00

8/—

11/—
7/-
12/-

.12
.10
.06
.15
1.50
.10
.05

.10

 

May

June

July

Aug

Oct

Nov

15
22

28

19

27

20
14

18

14

wr—‘wwor-‘HNt—‘t—‘Hr—‘t—‘Lflt—‘t—‘N

.bv—ot—H—H—H—ttn

138

Yds Swiss Muslin
Bottle Cologne
fine Comb
Yds Cotton Stripes
" Blchd Drilling
fine Muslin Dress
pr Brogan Shoes
Bottle Sarsaparilla
pr Lady Shoes
Yds Edging
paper Hooks + Eyes
past Board
Yds Calico
Yds Chambry
" Jackonet
" d0
" Linin

[end page one of original manuscript]

Yds Edging

" Laces 1/- 1 do Ribon
Box Sapingtons pills
Bottle Sarsaparilla
vial peppermint

" paregoric
Yds Edging from Warsaw
1/2 " Insertion "
1 Oz Camphire "
1/2 quire Letter paper

5 Yds Jackonet
34 " Domestic
5 " Cotton Stripes

1 Spool Thread

1 1/2 Yds Cotton Stripes
13 lb Sugar

1 lb Starch

2 Jars
2 do
2 Yds Bobinett

1 " Edging
1 Box Blacking

Grapes

12 Yds Cotton Stripes

9 " Calico

1 pr Shoes

33 1/3 lb Sugar

1 ps tape 5¢ 1 paper pins
1 1/2 Doz Buttons for

1 Blanket

1 Salt Cellar

60¢
2/-
2/-
18¢
20
6.00
10/-
2/-
12/-

9/-
3/-
60¢
4/-
5/-

1.20
.25
.25
.90

6.00
1.25
1.00
1.50
.75
.13
.10
1.12
1.13
1.80
.50
1.87

.19
.75
1.00
.10
.12
.20

.25
.19
2.00
4.08

.10
.30
1.00
.20
.37

.75
.10
.10
.20
2.25
1.80
1.38
3.00
.15

1.50
.10

17

1/2 lb Starch

John P. Grizzle Esqr

1851
Feby 8
May 28
June 7
25
July 23
29
Aug 1
8
13
2O
22
26
Sept 14
29
Oct 4
Nov 27
29
Dec 10
15

139
2/-

To Robt McGowan Dr

1 Plug Tobacco
1 " Do (40) (June 3) 1 # Starch 2/-
1 " Do 40 2 Plow lines 20
1 Summer Coat 200 1 Plug Tobacco 4O
1 pr fine shoes 12/- (29) 1 " Do 40
1 Emty bbl 4/- (25) 1/2 # Shot 10¢
1 Small P. Tobacco 10 (31) 1 Plug do 10
1 " Do 10 (4) 1 " Do 10

(6) 1 Do 10
1 " Do 10 (9) 1 " Do 10
1 " Do 10 20 l " Do 10
1 Small Plug tobaco 10¢ 8 Yd Calico 20
Buttons + thread 15 3 " Janes 4/—
1 # Powder 4/- 1 Plug Do 10
1 Small Plug Tob 10 1 pr Gloves 6/-
1 " Do 10 (28) 1 Do 10 Jack 20
1 " Do 10 (27) 1 Do 10¢ Suspenders 6/-
1 " Do 10 (Oct 1) 1 Do 10¢
l " Do 10 (6) 1 Do 10
1 " Do 10 (29) 1 Do 10
1 " Do 10 (Dec 5) 1 Do 10
1 " Do 10¢ (Dec 12) 1 Do 10
1 " Do 10 ( " 20) 2 Do 40

 

 

1850

Jany

Feby

Mar
May
June
Sept

Oct

Nov
Dec

CDUWb

140
John P. Grizzle
Bot of Robert McGowan

1 plug Tobacco

1 pr Shoes

10 Yds Blchd Domestic

2 D02 Buttons

2 Spools Thread

1 Plug Tobacco

2 " Ditto

1 16 Candles 40¢ 1 16 Shot
1/2 lb powder 4/- 1 1b Shot
I plug Tobacco

9 Yds Cotton drilling

1/2 lb Candles

fine Satin Vest

lb shot

Boxes Blacking

Small vial Ink

fine Silk Cravat

16 Shot 10¢ powder

pr Linen pants

Tobacco 15¢ 2 163 do 40¢
[illegible]

1 pr Jackson Shoes

1 Plug Tobacco

powder

1 Blanket Overcoat

1/2 Yd Bobinett

1 pr Boots

1 Cap 2/- 1 Turkey

1 plg Tobacco 40¢ Whisky

HHH.—‘WHH

30¢
1.35
18
10
10
30
30
10
10
30
15
40
5.75
10¢
2/-
10¢
2.25
1/-
2.50
5/-

2.38
3/-
2/-

6.75
3/-

2.75
6/—
4/_

 

141

Mr John Grizzle

1849
Feby 16
Mch 1
July 4
Oct 12
15
Nov 4
28
Dec 27

To Jno A Curtis + Co

1/2 Plug Tobacco

Powder 5¢

f—‘Nt—‘D—‘D—‘l—‘H

1 lb Tobacco
Pkt Knife 10/- (Aug 28) 1 Pkt Knife
lb Candles
" do 40
doz Eggs
Glazed Cap
Plug Tobacco
N do

4/- .25
3/- .43
7/- 2.12
4/- .50
.40
1/— .13
.28
.55
.30

 

142

Mr John J Humphries Sr

1851 Bought of A Curtis + Co
Jany 10 l Pr Misses Calf Boots
13 2 Merino Undershirts 14/—
1 fine Muslin shirt
24 1 pr Wos Calf mitts
March 4 1 pr Boys Cass Pant
April 17 1 " fine Calfs Brogans for Son
1 " Misses Boot
l " Childs do
24 1 " Mens Calfs Brogans
May 9 1 " [?] shoes for Son
2 Boys Palm Hats 35¢
24 1 fine Blk Satin Vest
28 1 Boys Leghorn Hat
June 18 1 pr Strip Linen Pant
1 Blk Alapacca Coat
1 pr Mens Calf [?] Brogs
July 14 1 " Wos Kid Buskins
1 " Misses Excelciors
Sept 16 1 " Mens Calf Brogs $3.00
30 l " Misses Calf Boot
1 " Boys Pig Shoes

 

143

Mr John J. Humphries

1852

Feb 4
6
8
12
17

Mch 11
17
1
19

May 19

June 23

To James M Collins Dr

1/4 bushell Potatoes 3/- 12 1b Sugar
2 shovels 12/- 3.00 28- Sugar
Coffee 1.00 1 Horse [?]
42 Gal Molasses
1 yds [?] Merino 8/- 1 - Tobacco
1 pr child Shoes 4/— (17) 8- nails
1 " " " 4/- Coffee
1 box yeast 40 1 paper G Seed
2 bbls 86 Gal Molasses 30c

186 1/2— Coffee
36- Loaf Sugar 1/- 30- Rice
Gal Whiskey 40c l yd Domestic
2 - shot 10¢-2-. flax thread
2 box P. Caps 1/- 2/— 8- nails
1 Gal Whiskey

8/—
2.00
30
30
40
4/—
4/_
10

11 1/2
6c

10

u—
u-
u-

1.38
5.00
1.30
12.60
1.40
1.00
1.00
.50

48.31
6.30

 

144

Mr John Hutchins
To R.O. Johnson

1858

Apr 13 1/2 16 Alum 15¢ 1/4 16 Rhubarb 8/-
May 9 1/4 lb Gum Aloes
24 Arcnic
26 One Box Green Mt Ointment
One Bott Cough Drops
June 12 One Box Ointment
One " Pills
18 One Bott Opedildoc

Vinton Mississippi 1857
Mr. John Hutchins
Bot of Trotter + Moore

Jay 9 2 Oz Camphor l/—
Nov 13 1 [?] Curry Comb

1.15

1.00
.25
1.00

 

 

Mr Reuben Littleton Sr

1856
Aug

Sept
1857
Jany

Feb
Mch

Dec
1856
Feby
May

June
Dec

1857

Jany

15
15

19
22

Mr Rubin

1855

Jany
Sept

Oct
1856
Mch

2

8

14
16
19
28
12

25

To Collins + Howarth Dr

yd Ribbon
1/2 yd Berage
sk silk

NUJUJ

doz Pap Needles
doz spools thread
Hat Band

small Bible

Bot Ind Ink

Box Caps

HHHD—‘HH

Bottle Linament
Bible

small Trunk

1b shot

1/2 lb Powder

1 [?]

1 Bar Lead

Ni—‘i-‘H

1 Box Caps

Littleton

To Jno. A. Curtis Dr

2 1b Tobc
1 Gal Whiskey
1 " Do
1 " Do
1 " Do
1 " Do
1 " Do

1 Gal Whisky

3O
55

4/-

13

15/-

15
5/—

3O

.90
1.92
.10

.80
.25
1.25
.50
.13

.30
1.88
3.00

.30

.31

.50

.10

 

 

1857

May
June

July

1853

Aug

1854

Jan

146
R Littleton To

A H Duling Dr

21 1 gal Whisky

1 1 " Do

3 1 " Do

4 l " Do

8 1 " Do

12 1 " D0

14 l " Do

17 1 " DO

18 1 " DO

20 1 " D0

23 2 Bot Porter 4/-
1 gal Whiskey

24 2 Bot Porter 4/—

3O 1 gal Whiskey

2 l " D0

Ruben Littleton Dr
To Wlm E Rainey

29 1 pr Shoes

14 37 yds Osanburgs 13
4 Spool thread 10¢
1/4 lb Tea 19/-
H H D0

 

1.50

4.81

 

 

147

Mr R Littleton

1855
Dec
1856

May
Sept

28

25
27

To R.O. Johnson Dr

One gallon Whisky

Half Bushel Potatoes
1 gal Whisky
One gal Do

1.00

t—Ir—It—I
0.

COM

OOLfi

 

{f}
I}
o

N
U1

 

148

David Moores Est
1850 Bot of Young + Ragland

9 pas garden seeds 10:90

4 prs trace chain 6/- 3.00
1 pr sheep shears 60.

2 scythe blades 11/— 2.75
Garden seeds

Jan 15

April 22
June 18

Est David Moore

1851 To Young + Gordon Dr
Jan 21 1 Saw file 4/-
May 12 1 well wheel 12/—

The Estate of David Moore
1849 Dr. To. P. Warren

1 Drawing Knife
1 Stock Lock

June 19
Octo 23

Est David Moore

1853 To James M Collins Dr
Oct 29 39 pr Russets 1.15
7 " Boys Do 8/-
Nov 5 2 Large D lO/-
Dec 2 8 Axes 10/-
1 " shoes
Feb 4 38 pr shoes 1.15
8 3 " Large Do 1.20

3.00
.60
2.75

 

.50
1.50

$2.00

HH
0 0
MN
OU‘

 

99
N
o

\I
U1

44.85
7.00
2.50

10.00
1.25

43.70
3.60

$112.90

149

Est David Moore
1853 To James M Collins Dr

106 yds Bagging
219 lbs Rope

Jany 3

Estate of David Moore
1849 To Robt McGowan Dr

Apl 14 2 Water Buckets 4O 1 Emty Barrel

July 3 Sugar + Coffee 2.00 1 Gal Whiskey
4 1 2 qt Auger
Oct 3 1 lbs Pepper
Dec 5 1 Emty Bbl
27 25 Yds flannel
1 Bbl Lime

Est David Moore
1850 In Act Robert McGowan

102 lbs Iron
1 Call Whisky

Mar 16

May 3 2 Bottles Sarsaparilla
14 Sugar
Coffee
Sept 17 3 Empty Whis Bbls

26 2 Pad Locks

4/-
4/—
3/-
2/—
4/—
2/-

6¢

4/-
8/-
8/—
8/-
4/_
2/-

 

 

 

150

Mr Carson Shinn

1854 To Jas M Collins Dr

May 3 1 Emty Box

Aug 5 3 yd Domestic 16 2/3 1 Long Comb
8 " Domestic 16+ 2 spools thread
4 " [?] 70 3 yd Calo Cambk
2 skeins silk

Nov 1 2-- Shot 1/- 1/2 — Powder

2/-
10
10

4O

 

 

1852

Oct
Nov

Dec
1853

Feb
Mch

1853

Feby

21
2
27
4

26

Mr T

11

2
l

151

Plugs Tobacco
Blanket Coat 5$

1/2 yd Calico

1

H

H

Plug tobacco

paper G seed
Slate 2/- 1 paper G seed
3 Slate

bbls [?] Lime

Watkins
To Miles Johnson Dr
Tin Bucket

Pr cotton cards
Tin Bucket

Mr T.B. Watkins To James M Collins Dr

1 thimble 10

30
19
1/-
pencils 5
3.25

Barton Miss

8/-

8/—

.60
5.10
.19
.30

 

Appendix C

152

Miss M. J. Andrews

1854
Oct 13
Nov 19

To R McGowan Dr

10 Yds raw silk 4/-

2 1/2 Yds Cold Cambrics 2 1/2 fringe 10c

James Andrews

1851

April 10

To R McGowan Dr

Shaving soap

Mrs. E. S. Andrews

1853
May 20
June 4
Aug 25
31
Sept 5
24
Oct 10
Nov 23

Bought of McGowan + Scott

4 Spools Silk Thread for 1/1
1 lb Copperas 10 3 prs Ladies Shoes 11/1 413
14 Yds fine Silk a 12/1 1 Yd Irish Linen 88
1/2 doz Steel pens 10 1 pen Holder 05
6 lbs Nails 48 7 Yds Osnaburgs 88
7 prs Brogans 120 840 1 lb pepper 2/12
pr Boots 600
1 Bucket 8/1 1 pr Wool Cards 85
3 yds Satinett 10/1 7 Yds Calico 119
1 pr Shoes 1.75 1 pr Lady's Shoes lO/l
Dress Coat 13.00 1 Silk Hdkf 8/1
8 Yds Ginghams 3.00 1 3/4 Jeans 105
7 " Domestic 1/1 1/2 qr Letter paper 15
1 plg Tobacco 15

5.00
.63

$5.63

.13
4.22
21.88
.15
1.36

14.65
1.85
4.94
3.00

14.00
4.05
1.03

 

153

Mrs E S Andrews

1853

Feb

Apl

Oct
Nov

To James M Collins Dr

20 Nails 7 7 1/2 [?] Rope 20

15 Do 7 1 Candle Stick 5/- 1 [?] 120

1 Pocket Knife 7/- 3 Box Caps 33

3 paper G Ind 10 1- Copperas 1/-

1 fine Hat 2.25 (July 6) 1/2 yd Swiss 4/1

1/2 Gal Jar 2/— 1 pr fine Boots 5.00

6 yd Canton flannel 2/- (8) 1 Rubber over
Coat 9.50

1 pr fine Gloves 14/-

Miss Martha J Andrews

1852

Apr
June

1852

Apr
May
July
Dec

17
19

29
12

Mrs Andrews

1853

May

13

To James M Collins Dr

1 black Veil lO/- 1 1/4 yd Ribbon 4O
4 1/2 yds Swiss 5/- pr order
1 tin Bucket 2/- 1 pr Shoes 6/-

Mrs E Andrews
In ac with G H Griswold

Blister Plaster
1 pr shoes

1 doz cigars 3/—
7 1/3 yds calico 15¢

to Moore + McGo

1 Pr Calf Boots
1 Linen Coat

2.90
2.88
1.88
".43
2.50
5.25

11.00
2.25

 

$29.09

HNH
Omxl
OHUI

 

U)
U1
o

UT
0‘

 

1849

March 31

April 2

May

June

July

Augt

6
12

16
7

21
28

3
6
l9
2

16
22

154
Mr Wm Bennett
Bot of Young + Ragland

pr shoes 113. 33 Yds Domt 11-363
Box caps 13. l B Hat 225. 3 bar lead 10:30.
Po Knife 68.
yds calico 20:120. 6 yds calicol/1=113.

1 pr Shoes 1.37
" calico 15-90
" calico 22-132.

00 OHHr—i

1 knife 25. 1 Ball
Shortbread 13.
oz camphor 12. (21) 50 lbs rice 6 1/2 3.25
qr paper 25. (16) 1 rifle gun 18.00
pr shoes 1.25 1 Bonnett + trimmings 2.50
pr hose 2/-50 8 yds calico 22. 1.76
yds calico 11:66. 3/4 yds linen 6/-56.
yd Babinett 50. 8 yds ginghams 35=28O
linen Hdkf 35.70. 10 yds edging lO-lOO
pr shoes 137. 2 flowers 88. 1 lbs salt 13.
ston pitcher 50. 1 Silk Hdkf 75.
yd ribbon 38. (31) 1 box caps 25.
Palm Hat 50. lining 6. 1 pr Mitts 50.
Sacks salt 200~400. 8 lbs coffe 9:720
0 lbs sugar 8:400 (4) 2 buckets 40-80.
bar lead 10. (22) 1 1b powder 40.
yds french Muslin 115:2.70. 2 yds Domt 10-20
pr. slippers 150.
1/2 yds Holland 2/-63. thread and buttons 10.
pr suspenders 15.
Box Caps 25. 2 bars lead 10=20
1b starch 25. (7) 1/2 lb soda 2/-12.
pr shoes 125. (12) slate pencils 06.
set cups + saucers 75. (16) 1 lb powder 40.
bars lead 10-20. 1 box caps 25.
yds ginghams 2/—75. (23) 1 pr shoes 125.

NHHHHHHNHOHMNHHHHNHO‘ND—IHH

[end of first page of manuscript]

Sept

Oct

Nov

22
28
l

29

19 7

26

1/2 lb tob 2/-12. (27) 1/2 gal molasses 40-20.
2 lbs lead 10-20.

1/2 " tob 2/-13. (29) 2 yds Kersey 23-46.

1 set buttons 20. 1 hank flax 10. twist 5.

2 pr Brogans 120=240. 1 pr Ladies shoes 125.
1 pr Ladies 113.

1/2 yds linsey 3/—281. 1 1/2 yd Bomt l/-19.
1 pr shoes 1.75. 1 D02 buttons 13.

6 yds alpacca 70:420. 5 yds camb 1/-63.

6 " linen 4/-300.6 hanks silk 5:30.

1 box caps 20. 1 Box hooks eyes 10.

2 yds cot jeans 15:30. 1 pr gloves 120.

4.76
2.68
.68

3.70
.90

1.70
3.37

18.25

3.75
2.26
1.22
3.30
1.70
2.38
1.25

.63
1.06

11.20

4.80
.50
2.90
1.50
.73
.15
.45
.37
1.31
1.15
.45
2.00

.32
.20
.59
.35
3.65
1.13
3.00
1.88
4.83
3.30

1.50

 

Dec

1849

Apl
July

Aug
Oct
Nov

1849

March

April

May

13

155

7 " cal 1/6=131. 1 1/2 yds Domt 1/—19.

1 spool cot 10. 2 plugs tob 30—60.

1 Bot Sarsaparilla 100. (13) 1 lb Copperas 5.

l yd Domt lO. 1 Bot castor oil 25.

William Bennett

22
3O
13
12

21

25

28
31

To John A Curtis + Co Dr

1 Paper pins

33 1/4 Yds Calico

1 Paper Needles l/- 1 Spool Cotton
12 papers needles

4 lbs Tobacco

1 Toy

William Bennett
Bot of Robert McGowan

lb powder

lb nails 10/ 1 Bar Lead
Gall Whisky

1b Shot

lb Powder

Saddle

1b Shot l/- Spoons
Bbl Flour
/2 D02 Tumblers

lb Copperas

Sifter

Sacks Salt

lb Tobacco

pr Shoes

lb Powder

lb Shot

do
pr Brogan Shoes
" Lady Shoes

HNHHHHwNi—‘HHO—‘HU—‘I—‘HD—‘NH

10
13
15c

40c
12

40c
10c
40c
10c
4/—
$1200
3/-
$7.
10/-
10c
3/-
l4/—
2/-
11/-
u-
10c
10c
10/-
10/-

1.50
.70
1.05
.35

$105.75

 

.40

.40
.10

12.00
.50
7.00
1.25
.10
.37
3.50
1.25
1.38
.50

.10
2.50
1.25

June

July

Aug

Sept
[end
Sept
Oct
Nov

Dec

23

23

14

3

156

Call Whisky

" ditto
1b Pepper
Yds Printed Muslin
" Lining
Jackonet Cambric
Linin Cambric Hdkf
Gall Whisky

pr Lady Shoes
Yd Ribon

yds pant Stuffs
Boxes Blacking
Curry Combs
Gal whisky

H

HNWWF—‘I—‘D—‘P—‘WNmb-Jl—‘H

of first page of manuscript]

12
29
29

1 plug Tobacco

1 Gall Jamaca Rum
2 prs Bed Blankets
1 1/2 Yds Liney
flax thread

3 Yds Flannel

1 Call whisky

1 W001 Hat

33 Yds Curtain Calico
9 " Calico

l Bbl Flour

165 lbs Coffee

4/- .50
4/— .50
2/- .25
40 3.20
l/- .25
S/— 1.87
3/- .35
4/ .50
8/- 1.00
1/— .12
4/— 1.50
1/— .25
1/— .25
4/- .50
20c .20
12/— 1.50
350 7.00
2/- .39
1/- .13
5/- 1.00
40c .40
81c .81
1/— 4.12
170 1.70
700 7.00
11c 18.15

 

157

Estate of Danl Burnett
1856 Bot Trotter + Moore

Septr 6 Sacks Salt 10.50

Estate Danl Burnett

1857 Bot of Owen + Moore
March 4 164 Yds Osnaburg a 13 1/2 22.14
10 1/2 Doz Curry Combs a 2/— 1.50
1 lb Pepper 2/- .25
1/2 " [?] 6¢ .06
Septr 17 2 Backing needles 20 .20

 

158

Dr Solomon Clapp

1851

Jan
Mch

April

May
July
Aug

Sept
Oct

Nov

1852

Jay

Feby
Apr

10
17

22

29

31
21

Mal-\N

28
25
10

29

3
16

To Young + Gordon Dr

1 plug tobacco 45+ 3 pas garden seed 30
15 lb aromatic tobac 56: 8.40

2 pas garden seed 10+ 20

1 Gro buttons 38- 1 [?] [?] 25

10 Yds [?] Sawn 80+ 8.00

4 " Chambay ginghams 30/120

2 weeding hoes 1.50

3 1/2 yds Arabetta 12/- 5.25

l Hat 4.25— 1/2 doz buttons 2/— l3

1 pr Shoes 1.50— l yd Holland 25

4 hanks silk 25

2 yds dress trimming 30—60-40 lb nails
6 1/4+ 2.50

1 Curry Comb 25+- 1 pa tacks 10

2 yds ginghams 40-80— 1 hide whip 10+

3 " Cottonades 4/- 1.50— 1 pr shoes 1.50

1 pocket Knife

1 Lanterne lO/- 125

1 Box matches 2+ [illegible]

4 yds flanel 4/-6 2.25: 1 lb Rope 25

1 pr mud boots 2.25

4 yds Cloak lining 30-1.20

4 " goods for Coat 6/- 3.00

1 " twist 13+ 1 hide whip 10

2 plugs Tob

pr shoes 2 3 pds tob 25

3 yds [?]

Dr Salmon Clapp
To Jno. T. Young

14 3/4 yds Domestic 13¢
5 yds Janes 14¢

1 Set Iron Spoons 2/.

3 papers Tobacco 2/.

2 plugs Do 40¢
1 Paper Garden Seed 10
1 Spool Cotton 10
1

1

paper garden seed 10
yd Sun. [?] 6/. 1 cowhide 15

.75
8.40
.20
.63
8.00
1.20
1.50
5.25
4.38
1.75
.25

 

1852
Mch

May
June

July

\OLAJ

 

159

Dr S Clapp

In a/c with F M + G H Griswold

smoking Tobacco 10 1 peck Measure

1 Bot Quinine $5

3 Yds Pant Goods 4O (38) 1 Girth 2/—

1 Saddle Blanket $2 1 vial Nit. Silver 2/—

2 doz boxes Matches 2/- 3 Augers [?] 10 -1.10
7 Yds Jackonet 6/— 2pr Lapells 2/-

175 Brass Tacks l 6 Yds Sat. Ribbon 15

1 Yd Wh. Ribbon 2/- 3 lbs Nails 2/—

4 1/2 " Ribbon 2/-

 

Apl
May

June

Oct

Dec

1856

March

April

May
Sept

Oct

Dec

160

Miss Mary Rainey Dr

17
19

23
13

25
13

31

NF-‘Ul

29

25

To Wm E Rainey

1 Slat [?] 5/— 1 pa Needles 10
1 Fan 8/- 17 yds Calico 15¢ 225
2 yds Drilling 15 2 cakes Soap 1/-
1 Box Hooks + Eyes
2 doz Whale Bones 20¢
[71
1 yds Ribbon 6/- Artificials 4/—
Needles + Silk
2 1/2 yds Ribbon 2/- 1 Silver Thimble
1 fine ka
[7]
2 lbs Candles 40¢
12 yds Flanel 6/- [?] 6/-
6 " Domestic 15 1 pr Shoes 13/-
9 " Merino 45¢ 5 Sk Silk
1 " Domestic 1/- 1 pr Ladies Shoes lO/—
Cambric + ging
1 pr Shears 8/— 6 yds [?] 2/-
l [?] 2/— 1 p1 Tobc 1/-
1 pr Ladies Shoes
1 lb Salt Petre

14/-

Miss Mary Rainey

To Trotter + Moore Dr

2 Pr cott hose 3 4/— 1 P Ladies shoes 12/—
37 yds Osnaburghs a ll.

" Ticking a 2/-.

H H a 2/_.
course comb 3/— 1 Fine Do 2/-
yds Ble dom a 1/- 7 yds Tea [?] Do a 15
1/2 Barred Muslin 33. 1/4 Jac Do a 3/1

" Jac Edg a 40. 2 1/2 " Thread Do a 2/—
Pr worsted hose a 7/-. 2 Bu Tape a 10
spool Thread 3/- 1 doz P. Butt 1/-
12 yds Kersey a 2/-. 6 yds Osnaburgh a l/-
10 " Blk Alpacca 4/-. l " Drill 20
1 " Cambric 16. 2 Pr Russets a 10/-
l Pr Bed Blankets 12
l chamber 8/-
2 Pr cott hose 8 6/—

O‘NLDO—‘OJF-‘LQO

10:50

.73
3.55
.80
.13

.75
1.25
3.25
1.13

.87
7.58

2.53
4.30
1.38

2.50

 

2.50
4.07
2.25
.75
.63
2.05
.59
1.83
1.95
.50
3.75
5.20
2.66

12.00

 

 

161

Miss Mary Rainey

Bought of Collins + Howarth

 

1855

Aug 21 7 yds Domestic 16 2/3 1.17
2 " " 16 2/3 .33
12 " " 16 2/3 2.00
4 Paper Needles .40
3/4 Jackonett 3O .23
3O 16 lb Sugar 16/ 2.00
Nov 27 1 D02 Whale Bone 21 .25
2 1/2 yds Berage 6/ 1.88
8 " Calico 15 1.20
40 " Domestic 10 4.00
$14.46

1855 Miss Mary Rainey Dr

To Wm E Rainey

Feb 27 7 yds Domestic l/— .87
2 " [?] Calico 2/— .50
4 " Ginghams 3/— 1.50
1 " Swiss Muslin .60
1 Bu [?] .03
1 1/2 Check Muslin .57
2 Sk Silk 3/. .10
3 spool thread lO/. .30
4 Cot " 5/ .20
6 yds Domestic 1/- .75
1 Large Tin pan .75
1 Small Do .38
l Spool thread .05
1 Preserve Dish .50
March 5 3 yds F Calico 2/- .75
1 pa pins .10
l preserve Dish .40
3O 8 yds Calico 15/. 1.20
1 Spool thread .12
Sundres 2.56
2 yds Whit Holland 51 .62
8 " Swiss Muslin 4/— 4.00
1 Ball cord .12

Aug 1 Thread Hook + Eyes .37

Sept

Nov

16
24

27

162

3 1/2 yds calico

Ribbon + Gloves

3 1/2 yds Bon Ribbon

1 pa pins

2 yds [illegible] Edging
22 yds Bed Ticking

1 1b [?]

Whal Bone

2 pr Blk Hose

1 pa needles

2 [?]

1 Side Saddle

Briddle

l Blanket 15/— Scissors

[7]

20
4/-

4/—
3/-

3/—

3/-

.70
1.62
1.75

.12
1.00
8.25

.25

.38

.75

.12
1.13

16.00
1.25
1.87

 

1854
January 18
Feby 2
20
Mar 1
20
May 6
30
June 6
24
July 12
Aug 8
29
Oct 25
30
Nov 6
13
21

163

Mr C Q Sands

To Tho F Scott, Vinton Miss

25 lb Cheese 20¢ 500 3 smoking Tobacco 2/-
Hooks + Eyes 10 2 padLocks 50¢ 100
Doz Slate pencils l/. 2 D02 Cigars 3/.
Doz Cigars 3/. 150 (8) 2 doz Do for 8/—
" Do 50 (30) l Doz Do 3/.
Saddle Rug 75¢ 2 W001 Hats 8/. 200
Razor 100 l slk Hdkf 163 1 Cake Soap 30
Key Rings 10 20 1 pkt Knife 30¢
Tin Bucket 40¢ 1 pkt Knife 60¢
Doz Boxes Matches 50¢ 1 Bot Snuff 25¢
pr Gloves 50¢ 1 pr Socks 25¢
19 Gals [?] Ware 20- 180
8 Gobblets 4/.=4.00 1 pr Shoes 175- 2 Cake
Cutters 35

1/2 yd Bobinett 4/. 25 1 pitcher 75¢

l Puff Box 20
Umbrella 250 2 Blk Cravats lO/. 250
3/4 yds [?] 4/.=288. 3 yds Do 3/. 113
yds " " Do 40¢ 120 5 3/4 yds Linen 45¢
yds Irish Linen 6/1 225— l yd Do= 9O

1 Hdkf 1.12

HHHNHr—u—obb—o

0.)me

Pkt Comb 25
Boxes P Caps for 80c 2 [?] Soap 1/— 25
Razor 125 1 Set Cups + Saucers 5/- 63
16 Powder 40¢ 120
fine Combs 20¢ 40 2 Box Hooks + Eyes 10¢
yds Cut Velvet 35.105 1 yd Cambric 10
Doz Buttons l/. 1 pr Gloves 65¢
3/4 yds Blk fringe 3/. 4 Bot Snuff 18 72
yds Cambric 9¢ 45 1 1/2 yds Jackonet 1/. 19
Box Hairpins 15¢ 6 oz Camphor 6¢ 36
1/2 yds Linsey 20cPhI=9O 12 yds

blchd Domestic 1/1 180
3 sets Knitting

pins 5¢ 15

1 Black Book 80¢

b~hiuwp-hdoan>u:~ao>pa

11 H.S. Files 8¢=88.

3 Boxes Caps 35:105

5.25
1.00

2.50
.88
2.75
2.92
.50
1.00

 

164

Est C. Q. Sands

1856

Mch 5

Mr C
1856

Janny 10
3O

Feby 3

To R. 0. Johnson Dr

 

190 1b Sugar 11 1/2 21.85
43 gal. Molasses 4/- 21.50
50 16 Coffee 15¢ 7.50
2 Sks to Sugar & Coffee .50

$51.35
0 Sands

To Thos. F. Scott Dr

4 1/4 yds Calico 10¢ Puff Box Lilly White 45¢ .87
4 Box Hooks + Eyes 3¢=12 7 pr Hose 1/- 88.
4 qrs Paper l.— 50 1.50

4 fine Combs 8¢=32. 2 Do 11¢=22. Buttons 15 .69
12 1/2 yds Jaconet 30¢=375, 13 yds Muslin 15 =195 5.70
sewing silk 26 [?] 2¢=52, 9 pr Butts for 8/- 1.52

1 Grs Buttons 3/- 5 hoes 20¢ 100, 1.38
3 Box Gun Caps 3l¢=93, 3 pa tacks 10¢
1 pr suspenders 13/— 1.61

3 lb Soda 15¢ 45 .45
2 pr Gloves 2/.=50, 1 Steel Hoe 40¢ .90
20 1/2 yds B [?] Holland 2/- 5..2. 32 1/2 yds Do

20¢ 6.50 11.62
1 pitcher 30¢, 2 Bowls 5¢=10, 14 lb [?] 4¢=56 .96
1 pr Shoes 8/. Powder 75¢ 1 Knife 25 2.00

 

$29.20

1856

Jan

Feb

March

May

June

July

Aug

Oct

Nov

11
29

15

14
16

14
20
24

29

165
Mr Morgan Thrailkill

To Trotter + Moore Dr

1 gal whiskey 8/—. (7) 3 1/2 cakes Tobbacco 8/-
2 " " a 8/—. (29) 4 cakes Tobacco a 2/-
1 Bot mustard 4/-. 1 pr wax Brogans 11/—
1 Pr Buck Gloves 8/-. 8 lb Bro Sugar 3 1/-
1 Fine Comb 2/-. (15) 4 pas G. seed a 10
1/2 gal whiskey 6/-. 2 cakes Tobacco a 1/—
3/4 lb cott Rope a 2/—. (16) 20 lb nails 3 10¢
Pr sad Irons l4/—. 1 Bot Mustang L 2/—
yds Gingham a 35¢
gal whiskey 8/-. l Tin Bucket 6/—
Pr Ladies shoes 11/—. I pr harnes 6/—
yds Pink Ribbon a 15¢
32 " Bro Domes. a 1/-. 14 Tea Do a 15
1 Bot snuff 2/-. 28 1/2 calico 1/6
1/2 Doz spools cott a 6/-
2 nail Gimblet a 1/-. 1 pa pins 10¢
1 fine comb 2/-.
l Doz cakes Tobacco a 2/-
1 Pr Ladies shoes 11/—. 1 Pa Tacks 10¢
12 lb coffee a 16 2/3¢
1 1/2 gal whiskey a 8/-. 41 yds cott Stripes
16 yd Emb Mustina [?] 46¢ 2 " Ble Dom l/-
Hooks + Eyes 10¢ 2 spool cott a 10¢
1/2 gal whiskey 4/-. (13) 1 gal Rye whisky 12/-
3 lb Tobacco a 35¢ l Barlow Knife 10¢
1/2 lb Powder 2/-. 3 1b shot a 1/-
3 Mustang L 2/-

bNt—‘bt—om

Gunflints 1/-

1 1/4 gal Rye whiskey a 12/—

10 yds apron checks a 2/-

1 cloth coat 12$. 6 yds flannel a 5/-

3 lb Tobacco 3 40¢ 1 1/4 gal whiskey a 8/-
1 Pr Ladies shoes 13/-

12 yds calico a 18 16 yds Do a 1/-

3 spool thread a 5i 2 gal whisky 8/-

 

166
Morgan Thrailkill
Bought of Collins + Howarth
1856
Dec 25 2 Plugs Extra Tob. 4/-

Feb 18 l Saddle Blanket- lO/-
May 2 1 Umbrella l8/-

 

167

John Williams

1848 Dr. To. P. Warren
Jany 7 2 yds Kearsey [?] .75

" 2 yds Tape 5 .1O

15 1 Plug Tobacco [?]

27 1 lb 6 Peney Nails .10

" 3 Curry Combs 12 1/2 .37 1/2

" 1 Do .25

" 1 Horse Brush .50

31 1/2 Quire Paper 25 .12 1/2
Feb 7 2 Pr Trace Chaines [?] 1.75

" 2 Plugs Tobacco 25 .50

10 1 Plug Tobacco .25

14 1 Cake Shaving Soap .12 1/2

18 1 Chissell .30

" 1 Handsaw File .15

21 11 lb 6 Peney Nails 1.10

" L Sett Cups + Saucers .50

23 1 Plug Tobacco .25
March 6 1 yd Black Cambric .18 3/4

18 1 [?] Camphor .25

21 2 Plugs Tobacco .50

" 1 Cream Pitcher .25

22 1 Pr Red Shoes 1.12 1/2

28 1 lb Starch .25

" 1 lb Shott [?]

29 l Flatt File . 0
April 5 2 Plugs Tobacco 25 .50

8 1 Pockett Knife .60

19 2 Plugs Tobacco 25 .50

26 1/2 lb Powder 50 .25

" 1/2 lb Shott 10 .20
May 9 5 yds white Flannell 62 1/2 3.12 1/2

" 1 Spool Thread .10

25 2 Plugs Tobacco 25 .50

26 1 Weeding Hoe .4O

27 1 Steel Hoe .08 1/2
June 5 2 Plugs Tobacco 25 .50

9 1 lb [?] .25

19 2 Plugs Tobacco 25 .50

" 2 yds Cap Ribbon 2O .40

20 1 Bottle Castor Oil .60

" 1 ounce Indigo .25

22 1 Cake Shaving Soap .15

28 l Pitcher .50
July 4 1 Plug Tobacco .25

6 5 lb 10 Peney Nails 10 .50

10 2 Plugs Tobacco 25 .50

12 3 Limberic Hooks 20 .05

Augt

1848

Augt

168

3 yds Silk Line

3 1b 10 Paney Nails

2 Plug Tobacco

1 Tin Pann

15 yds Jacconett Muslin
1 Pr white Gloves

1 Pr white [?]

2 Spools Thread

The Estate of John Williams

H

II
N

H

Dr. To. P. Warren

8 yds Black Velvet

8 1/2 yds white Cambric
11 1/2 yds Velvet Ribbon
200 Brass Tacks

2 Paper Iron Do

2 lb Nails

2 Doz Screws

10
25

10

75
20
10
25
10
10
10

.15
.30
.50
.35
7.50

 

6.00
1.70
1.75

 

3/4

 

1854

169

Mr O. F. Williams Dr

16
27
28
11

15

20

To T F Scott

1/2 Yds wht Kersey 20c 1 Gun wiper 1/—
small Bot Ink 10
Pr Drawers 55. (June 9) 1 oz alum 10
Box Soda Powders 3/-
Ps Castile soap 10c. (6) 1 Tooth Brush 30
Key Ring 10c. (18) 1 Bunch Silk Braid 1/-
Sk Silk 6c. 1 Harp 2/-
Pa Smoking Tobacco 5
ologne

bi—‘N

OHt—H—H—H—A

Mr Owen F Williams

1853

Janry 5

Feb
July

Aug

Sept

[no year]

July

Dec

28
12
27
3

21

6
H

12

To James M Collins Dr

1 pr Pantaloons 252 3 yd Janes 1/—
1/2 qr Paper 10
1 pr Brogans 10/- [?] Jack
1 Pocket Knife 30 1 yd Crape 6/-
1/2 qr paper 2/-
1 Silk Cravat 11/- 1 Cake Soap 20

slate pencils 50/-

l qr Paper 2/- 1 Gold Ring 300

Owen F. Williams
Bot of Young + Ragland

2 lbs shot 10—20-
1/2 lb powder 40:20
1 pr Boots

.63
.10
2.30
.38

.23

 

 

 

1853
Sept

Dec

170

O. F. Williams

23

In acct with F.M. + G.H. Griswold

 

Dock O. F. Williams

1853
Mch

May
June

July
Aug

Sept
Dec

1854

Jany

Apl

Aug
Sept

22
29
12
28

11
17
26
16
27

Mer.

14
17

11
22

14

 

sundries 4/— .50
1 steel Key 15 .15
1 cake soap 2/- 1 Box Flesh Powders 4/- .75
1 Bot Perfumery 4/— .50
1 do " .25
Sundries 1.00
$3.15
To Jno A Curtis Dr
1 Sholder Brace 2.50
1/2 lb Candy 18 3/0 (Apr 6) Suspenders 13 .31
1 1/4 Gal Whiskey .62
1 1/4 " Do .62
1 1b Pepper 2/- l Bott Mustang Linament 2/- .50
1 Gal Whiskey 4/— (11) 1 Dec Brandy [?] 4/- 1.00
1 lb Candles 37 1 lb Candy 37 .75
1 Water Mellons 5 (19) 1 lb Candy 40 .45
1 Gal Whiskey .50
l " Peach Lic 4/- (Oct 12) 1/2 lb Pecans .60
1 lb Candy .35
$8.21
0. F. Williams
In Acct with F M + G H Griswold Dr
2 Yds Ginghams 3/— 1 Yd Calico 2/— 1.00
1 Spool 10 3/4 Yd Linen 1.00 .85
1/2 dz pearl Buttons 6. 1 lb wh. Sugar 1/- .19
1 Pamphlet 2/- 1 Book (History) 1.50
1 ps Tobacco 10 .10
1 fine Shirt 200. Cigars 13 2.13
1 Pkt. Comb 5 .05

$5.82

1853

Dec

1853

July

Mar.

Sept
Oct

Nov

1850

Apr
Oct

12

16

26

28

14

14

18

171
O F Williams
In ac with F M + G H Griswold

3 Yds NY Casinett [?] 6/—

Domestic

1 fine Shirt

1 Gal Whiskey

1 Cravat

pipes 10 2 1/2 Yds Twil Gingham 9/—

Mr Owen F Williams Barton
To Miles Johnson Dr

Pr pants

" Boots

Vest Buttons

Yds Domestic 1/-

" Do 15

Doz Shirt Buttons

Neck tie

fine Mole Skin Hat
Brush + 3 Bocs Blacking
Bottle Ink

Vial Cinnamon

1/2 lb Starch

1 Razor

1 Watch Key

1 Bot Cologne 2/- Mrs Williams

Hr—H—H—H—u—atowxit—ar—i

Owen F Williams
Bis of Robert McGowan
1 pr Russet Brogans lO/-

2 " Ditto Ditto 10/—
6 Yds Kerseys 30/

2.25

.10
2.50
1.00
2.00
1.23

$9.08

8.00
8.00
.12
.38
.45
.10
.50
5.00

.10

 

 

1854

Jay

Mar
Jay

May
June
July

26
24

15

18
24

17

172

Dock O. F. Williams
To J A Curtis

Candy 10 8 Apples lO
Apples 10 (21) " 10
" 5 (30) [?]
1 Silk thkf
Apples 15 (14) 1/2 lb Candy 20
Crackers 5 [?] 10
Crackers + Cheese
Apples 10 (Feby 27) 1 Pkt Knife 2/-
1 Doz Cigars 4/- (June 2) l B L Syrup 40
Candy 10 1 Call Whiskey 8/—
1/2 Plug Tobacco 2/ (17) 1/2 " " 2O
25 Cigars 2/ (July 15) Apples 8

Mr Owen F Williams

1853

Oct
Nov

1854

Jany
June

July

Sept

13
26

To James M Collins Dr

1 pr Pants + Coat for
1 Silk Cravat

1/2 qr Paper 2/- 1 yd Calico 15

1 arithmetic 4/- 1 Dictionary 4/-

1/2 gr Cap paper 2/- 1 Vial Ink 10

1 pr fine shoes 213 1 pr socks 30

1/4 yd Alpaca 6/- 1 bunch envelopes 10
buggy whip 6/-

pr white Pants

pl Tobacco 10

pr fine Boots 6.00 1 Vest 4.00

pr 1/2 Hose 30 1 bottle Hair oil 2/-
pr 1/2 Hose 2/—

fine Bridle 225 1 pr Martingales 8/-

HND—‘i—‘HD—‘H

.20
.20
.10
.75
.35

 

30.00
2.12

.28
1.00
.23
2.43
".29
.75
4.50
.10
10.00

 

173

Vinton Mi
Mr Owen F Williams
Bought of McGowan + Scott
1853
March 26 1 1b Starch 2/1 1 fine Hat 475 5.00
April 2 l Hat 8/1 1/2 quire paper 10 1 pr pants 12/1 2.60
4 1 lb [?] Candles 40 1 Gal Whiskey 4/1 .90
15 1 Cake Shaving Soap 2/1 1 fancy Cravat 4/1 .75
25 1 Bottle Sarsaparilla 8/1 1 pr Shoes 1.20 2.20
29 1 Summer Coat 4.00 1/2 lb Ginger 10 4.10
July 7 l doz Steel pens 15 1 fine Shirt 2.00 2.15
16 [?] pr Russets 1.20 2 lbs Candles 60 8O .80
20 1 fine Comb 25 1 pr 1/2 Hose 2/1 .50
Aug 6 1 Bottle Ink 2/1 1 lb Starch 2/1 .50
Sept 15 1 Box Caps 10 1 fine Shirt 16/1 2.00 2.10
Oct 8 1 pr Socks 35 1 Cake Shaving Soap 2/1 .60
Dec 2 1 Gal Whiskey 8/1 1 pr Small Shoes 9/1 2.12
19 1 pr Boots 3.00 1 Over Coat 8.50 11.50
20 1/2 lb Starch 1/1 .13
24 Gold pin 1.80 1.80
29 l Purse 4/1 50 .50

 

Appendix D

 

174

Appendix D Headnotes: Functional Classification of Barton
Store Bill Data. ‘

Four columns each occur under Lowndes and Monroe Coun~
ties, and the Total. From left to right, these refer to
unit count, dollar value, number of separate purchases, and
number of separate store bills.

Unit counts include the quantity purchased, for whatever
the recorded unit of measurement. This may be internally
consistent for a single type of goods. For example, all
cloth is sold in yards. However, some items are sold in
more than one unit measure: e.g. quinine comes by the ounce
or bottle. Thus unit counts for entire functional catego—
ries may include various goods measured by a number of
different units, including simple individual count, length,
weight, volume, and container type. This is, then, very
much a mixed category, and one whose usefulness lies primar—
ily on the level of the individual type of goods. With
these counts it is possible to perform such exercises as the
average price for a gallon of whiskey, for example, by
including all entries from all bills. On a more general
level they offer yet another perspective as to the
importance ascribed to an item through amounts purchased.

Dollar values simply show what was paid for a
quantity of goods. Although a great many factors affect
the price of an item (this could constitute an entire
separate study by itself), cost offers a common denominator
for all goods purchased that does not exist for the previous

category of counts. Monetary value is the primary measure

175
upon which the calculations discussed in the text are
based. In terms of internal consistency for documentary
data, its percentages are the best match for those resul-
ting from the counts of the archaeological record.

The number of separate purchases in the third column
gives an idea of the repeated requirement for a type of
goods or the lack of it. It also allows the calculation of
the average amount of goods purchased at one time. As a
category different from units of measurement and value this
adds another perspective to the makeup of this documentary
record through both an individual artifact type and func-
tional category.

The number of separate store bills in which a type of
good occurs is indicated in the last column. This category
is less useful than the above except in allowing such a
gross average of the amount of goods (by count, value, or

number of purchases) per store bill.

176

v-iv-d

r—n—cmeNON—cr-noHMN—cmeNHr—athqw-cNo—c
r—u—I

er—immr—iNNr—n—qxor—IMNHOUWHNHHNQ‘NMHNr—c

\O
00
\‘TN
[\r—i

NH «H

oo.m
oo.<
mm.
Om.w
mN.H
om.qm
mo.ow
mN.H
om.q
om.©
om.q
Om.HN
oo.wH
om.H
©O.H
mm.m
om.m
qu.m
om.
mm.m
oo.mq
om.m
mm.
mm.H
wm.cH
om.H
mm.
n©.Hm

om.omH

mH.No

Hence

r—iN

q

HHQWHNO‘HNONMNHO‘OHHNHQ‘ONQv—INH

Hm
wNH
NH

\DN

HMu—d

H00”)

0

mH mm 56.0q
w w mN.Hq

[\N

HQv—i

me

m

mN.N
om.N

Hw.mH
om.<o

mm.H
mm.m
oo.om
Om.m
00.
no.0
om.H

no.0H

Hucsoo woucoz

HmHer—imQHNo—aHONNNr—h—h—q

[\Nv—ir—iq

H
N

Hmo—cmo—chqr—ch—lr—icONmH—qr—c

Nr—Ir—cm

oo.m
mn.H
mm.
00.0
mN.H
mq.oH
mH.mN
mN.H
Om.q
om.o
om.q
om.nH
Om.o
Om.H
om.
mn.m
om.m
mw.H
Om.

oo.mH
oo.H
mm.
mm.

OH mo.m

H
m

mm.
oo.NH

NMNm—Ov—‘IOWHHNHOONMHv—il—t

WNr—h—cln

H
m

mm ow om.NHH 00
q 0 00.0m o

>uc=oo mowczoq

umozuoom new wchuoHU

Homouma
mHkunea

some use
uoccon

gnu
so:
umoo
uuflxm
mmouc

umHHoo

sznm
umm>
stash

ouuomfleozo
mHmHonHuum
mo>monuoccs
uuwnmuocc:
muoccoamsm

sane

m:00Hmucma

mucma

muozmuw
muouumw

mxoom
omoc

mumaaHHm

maesn

mcmwoun

moonm
muoon

.mumm HHHm ououm acucfl> tam couumm Ho :oHumonHmmmHu HmcoHuocsm

.m ecu .<

Hmcomuom .H

.m vacoaa<

 

177

N N om.H N N N om. N mmme wcHHOOH
N N Nm. N H H ms. H H H No. H soc HHsa
H H cm. H H H cm. H Axonv muouzon smoHH
H H oH. H H H oH. H HoooHav

H H mH. m H H mH. m HHHoav

o o mm.H o m m mN.H m H H om. H Hoxmuv N666
H H oo.H N H H oo.H N Huonv mesmuoa
m m HH.N c H H mm. N s e mm.H o Asosv oeonoo
H H om. H H H om. H nmsusnuoou
H H mN. H H H mN. H Axoav osnoacsoou
H H mH. H H H mH. H Axonv :Hauwmn
a s mN.H a H H mN. H m m om.H N Hooav HHo 6H6;
H H mm. H H H mm. H cospnuwmn
0H NH oq.N mN o N oo.N HH oH oH oq.m NH neoo
H H mN. H H H mN. H xon wcw>mcm
H H mN. H H H mN. H nmsun mafi>mcm
c c NN.H N s q No.H m N N mN. N Hoxoov anon NeH>ocn
m m mN.m m m m mN.m m HonH

mafieoouu can Hmsuwm atom .Q
N m NH.N N N m NH.N N Amccmuumv mummn
H H ON. H H H ON. H Hox noun:
H H ow.H H H H ow.H H eHa eHoN
H H oo.m H H H oo.m H wcHH uHow
H H oo.H H H H oo.H H mwcwupmo
unmeauou< .0

4H 0H cN.oN «N c m NH.N o m HH sm.mH mH HoHcoHoxecoc
H H mN.H H H H mN.H H HHo>
H H Om. H H H om. H connHH xooc
N N mN.H N H H cm. H H H mm. H 0Hu
0 o oq.mH 0H m m oq.m o q q oo.m q um>mHo
N N oo.N N H H om. H H H om.H H muuHe
«H wH Ho.oN NN m o Om.o w 0 NH HH.qH «H mo>on

HmHOH Nucsoo ooucoz Nucsoo mowc30H

178

HHNMNr—Ir—n—i

NHHMHQHNr—ir—«HHHNNH

\TC")

Hr—Imx‘rmr—dr—n—i

NHHMHQHNHr—AHHHNm—i

GDN‘T

Om.N
mN.
OO.H
Om.
mm.m

mN.
Nm.H

ON.
Nm.N
Nm.m

OH.
mN.
NH.
mN.
mN.
Om.
mm.
mN.
NO.
NH.
OO.H
mN.

NO.
NO.H

HosoH

r—Ir—iNonu—ie—Ir—c

o—i

O‘o-HQ'HEQNv—«Ho—ir—cu—immo

(\Q

H H Om.N H

N m mm.m m
N N mm. N
H H mN. H

H H ON. OH

H H OO.m H

H H mN. H
H H Om. H

q q mm. «O

H H NH. H

H H OH. H

H H NH. H
H H mm. m

Nucsoo ooucoz

H H mN. H
H H OO.H H
N N Om. N
H H Om. H
H H Nm.H H
H H Om. H
N m Nm.N m
H H Nm. H
H H mm. H
H H OH. H
H H mN. H
H H NH. H
H H mN. H
H H Om. q
H H mN. H
N N Om. m
H H NH. H
H H OO.H N
H H mH. m

N m mN. m
N «N.H «H

Nucsou moOCBOH

mooH>oO Houucoo :uHHm

oomun HmcHsozm
onav nHHHa
Auonv mqouc nwsoo
Axonv uumEuCHo .u: compo
ucoemcflH wamumsz
Auonv HHo Heummo
HoummHa HoumHHn
Auonv ow=HHEHo>
Auonv ocwucoausu
usmHam
Auov HoumauHmm
3.8
Auonv oaflcflsa
Axonv Swanson
AHwH>V ucfieuoaqoq
:2:
AHmH>V oHHoonma
HHoHav so>HHo .ch
Auonv cumumse
Anov oOHm saw
ANOV mmuoaaoo
ANoV mocwumnucmo
Huov nonmemo
Auov mcwuowmmm
oHcomHm
Auov EsHm

canom ecu HooHeoz

:mspn wcfixomHn
Axonv wcwxomHn mono

 

179

N
H

N ON.
H Om.

NH mH mH.HH

v—iNr-«r—u—«N

t—‘NN‘TC’Ov—IONr—«NO‘

NH.
mN.
mH.
ON.
OO.m

v—lNu—lo-Cv—ON

mO.mH
mN.O
«H.Om
ON.
NH.m
ON.
mm.H
Nm.H
ON.
mN.H

v—imx'rx'tv—chOlnm
O‘ H

HosoH

N
H
OH

ON. .uom H+OH

r—‘NC\'!—1'—d

Om
N\H ON
mNH

cNH
N\H

v—1C\-1\

H H OH. H
H H Om. H
O N HH.¢ N

H H NH. H
H H mN. H

O N OO.NH Om

H q mN.m N\H HN
OH mN Om.O qm

N N ON. q

O O NO.m OOH

N m mN.H O
m m NO. m
H H OH. N

Nucsoo 60Hcoz

wmnuoaumo

N N O0.0 N xcsuu .
owmwwsH

H
H
w
00
0—1
H

onO ucnmcH

H H OH. H wcHH Nox
ompsq

owficx uoxooa
mmHHommooo< cam mHooB uoxoom

O O NO.N N

HmsuHm
N N ON. .uom H+OH moHOHmE
Nou
mum:
H H mH. N wcflpum moon
N N oN. N Acoeaav owcHaso oHeeHH
H H OO.m H mHOOHw
:oHummHoom cam moeflummm
m O mN.N w canon
H H OO.H m oxwu
HH NO «0.0N ow wan
gonna
N N mH. N pmwwo
H H oN. N\H HaHv
H H Om. H Auonv stcm
H H mm. N HHmHocowv ooomnou
H H OH. N mafia
H H mN.H H xmmHH
moocomHDOCH

Nucsoo moOc30H

.O

180

[\HNv—dv—immmv—IMMHHMOHv—‘HNNHHer-d

H mN. NNH H H mN. NNH HaHO nos
oH Hc.oo NHm q s mw.om mNN e c cN.Hc NNN HaHO ooHHoo

H oH. NNH H H oH. NNH ocouoa

H OO.H eNH H H oo.H «NH HaHO success

H OO. N H H OO. N mcwmfimu
m mN. O H H mO. H H q ON. m :oHoaumum3
O Om. O N O Om. ANO+VO moHnam

H OO.m H H H OO.m H Axonv uwsum

H OH. O H H OH. O Auov HowcHO

H OH. H H H OH. H HHmH>v coemccHu
c om.H c a e oo.H e N N on. N HaHv aoaaoa

s om.wH 0H m s om.mH oH Hedonv 6H66

H Oq. H H H Oq. H AxOOV ammoN

H OH. N H H OH. N Anov muoxomuo
N oc.H mo N N om.H as H H OH. 8 Hsov Nacho
a cH.oc N\H HNH N N oN.HN NNH ms H N oa.wm NNH HHoNO nonnoHoe

H Oq. N H H OO. N anuNm

a mN.mm mmm m m Na.aN moN N a mN.wN oNN sowed

N Nc.H oNN N N Nc.H «\m Haav nooaouoa

m mo.w oNH H H mN.m om N N om.s ow HsHO ooHu

H om.H mN H H cm.H mN HaHO

N oo.eH N H N oo.sH N HHaav usoHN

N oN. N\H N N N oN. N\H N HcHO

H mm. H H H mm. H Axoav neon

N om.H NNH c a m Ho.H a m m mm. N\H N HaHO coonso

*NHoumumzo vcm NumcHHso mum:HEHouoO:H .mN cam .mH
moocmHan< cam moum3om=om .O
o>HumHoooO .m

m mN.mm HH m m mm.oN N N N om.NH a nsoxcoHa

mcooc NHO Ocm .cmcHH .mwsm .Numamua .N
ounuflcunm .H
mOCHcmwcusm .<
maouH oHummEon .HH
Nucsoo moucoz

Hmuoe Nucsoo moOc3OH

181

H H mN.H H H H mN.H H cuoucmH

H N ON. N H N ON. N ANO
oH NH NN.N «\N «H e N NN.N N N N NN.N NNN N HaHO oHecao
:OHHNCH23HHH oHOmuHom .m
H H OO.H H H H OO.H H Auomv mmou
H H ON. N H H ON. N Houuso mxmo
N N mO. N + H N N mO. N + H Auomv :ooam
H H NN.H H H H mN.H H Hsoov xsoN ass oHHcN
H H OO.¢ O H H OO.¢ O umHnow
N N OO.N N H H mN.H O H H mN. umm H uoHasau
H N OO. N H N OO. N :mHO o>ummoua
H H NO. m H H NO. m HmHHmouHmm
m O OO.N O q m Om.N m H H Om. H HonouHa
m m OO.H m m m OO.H m Aummv Hoosmm Ocm Ono
H H NO. H H H NO. H Auomv oumHa
H H OH. N H H OH. N H3on
H H OO. N H H OO. N :va
Nuoumumso .N
H H NO. H H H NO. H AmommmHoEv wan
m m NN.N mH H H mN. H N N NO.N NH Hmh
H H Nm. H H H Nm. H HmuHHm
H H NH. H H H NH. H xon Hoaama
H H OO.H H H H OO.H H HHHE ommmoo
H H Om. H H H Om. H Hon oomwoo
NumcflHso .H
N N NN.N N + NN N N NN.N N + NN HoHV onooco
H H mH. NH H H mH. NH mOOm
N o NN.NH oH N N NN.N N N N NN.N N Huoov oHHHsoanncon
H H om. H H H ON. H HHNNO HosaHH comma
H H ON. N H H ON. N mmOmHO
H H Om.H H H H Om.H H AHmOv Eng
H H mN. H H H mN. H Auonv
H N OO.N q H N OO.N q AHmOV HmuHoa
mH Hm Nm.Nq N\H Nm N NN Nq.ON N\H mN O ON O0.0N ON AHNOV Noxmfis3

Hmuoe Nuczoo ooucoz Nucsou movcon

182

HHMHMO‘HN‘ffi')

HHNHmNHNONv—I

q Nm. q

q OH.NN «\H OmN
H mm. H

OH m0.0 NH

m mm.H m

H OO.m N

m OO. O

H O0.0H O

H mN. H

H mH.m N

N ON. N + H
O mN.H N\H O
N «m. H

H Om. H

N OO. N

m NH.H m

H mO. H

N mN. OH

H Om. N

H OH. H

m mN.N m

H Om. H

m N+mO.H Hq

HouoN

H H NH. H

m m mO.N «\H HH
H H mm. H

m m OO.¢ O

N N mO.H N

m m OO. m

H H OH. H

q O mm.H O

H H mH. N\H
H H Om. H

H H Om. H

m m Om. m

H H mO. H

N N mN. OH
H H Om. N

m m N+Om.H Nm

Nuczou ooucoz

N m ON. m AHHmnO cuoo
H H HN.NH NHN Hch oaou
ousmmma xooa
O m mO.N O umxosn
H H Om. H can
H H OO.m N Ho>ocm
oHch
H H O0.0H O oxm
H H mN. H xon
mocmcmuchz OHonmmaom .N
OcflcmeO .H

mocwcouchz Ocm OCHammHO
H H mH.m N GHANA
H H OH. N Azocsnv oOOHo>=o
N N Om. N\H H AoHHsav Hmama Hosuo
H H OH. N\H Ampfisav Hogan HouuoH

Ahmaqu

H H OH. H AHmN>V
N N NO. N Auonv xcfl
HoOHo: con
awn Hmmum
mHNocma
H H OH. H Axonv ucflon HHocoa

mmocflmsm Ocm
.coHumeHomcH .cowumosvm 680: .O
mmEHummm OHonomsoz .N
HmsuHm oNumoeon .O
N m mN.N m :mH
OcflcoNuHOcoo oHHocqmoEu< cam
.chHooo .Ocflummm mHOmuHom .m
H H ON. H coaNHsoa can;
:oHumuHcmO new HmmoamHO mumm3 oHOmuHom .<

N N mH. q Axonv mmcuume

Nucaoo mocczoq

.O

H.O:HamomucmH .H .Nuowmm Hmusuoouwgou< .: .m:0NumoH::EEou
oum>HHm .O .moocmNo>:oO .m .chcoHuHOcoo oHHonam08u< Ocm .OcflHooo .OcHumm: Omxflm .m .szom
Ocm :OHumCH52HHH Oome .O .OcHnssHm .O .mouauosuum .< "mmfiuucm o: m>mn moHHowmumo O:N30HH0H onHa

H H Om.H H H H Om.H H HoonUOHm
H H NH. H H H NH. H Hsoov
N N oa. Na H H NN. «N H N NN. 8N HNV nsouon
NH NN 4N.NN NNa N oH NN.N NHH N NH Ho.NN sHN HNHO nHHoc
oumzcumm .N
H H NH.O NOH H H NH.O NOH couw
mHmHHoumz .H
GOHuosuumcoo .O
13 mousuosuum .<
8
1i musuoouwnou< .HHH
q q Om.N O H H OO.H N m m Om.H c xooHOma
Nuowmm owummsoa .O
, H.mocmcmHCNmz pom .N .oocmcouchz Ohm» .O
.HOHucoo umom .m .A.H .H .> womv OcHzom .q "mmHHucw o: m>mz meHowoumo mafionHow mnNH
H H mN.H N H H mN.H N :OHH Omm
Nuvcst .m
m H OO.m O m q OO.m O HmHHmO
H H Om. m H H Om. m uwHeNO
a a NN.H NH 8 a Na. N N N Na. N Hsoaoav
N N NN.N oHN N N NN.N NNN H H NN.N 44H HNO nxoos
H H NN. N H H NN. N Hoosoeasv NcHecHo

HmHON Nucsoo moucoz Nucsou mwvczoq

184

OH ON
OH NN

mr—io—cNNNCDN

\‘fx‘Tr—ir—iv—1NNMr—a

v—d

HI—I

\Tv—IHNNNON

\‘fx‘rr—n—u—iOONMr—o

H

H

O0.0
NN.<
OO.H
OO.NN
O0.0H

O0.0H
NH.m
mN.q
ON.
OO.H
mN.N
mN.N
Om.m

mN.
mN.N
OO.N
mO.
Nm.
Om.H
mN.
Nm.Om
mO.m

Om.
NO.N

HosoN

Ava + OH

«\m Om

HNNNN'TKOCMNT

O
Q'Q’r—n—n—iOONN‘rr—i

F-i

+ ON

O

HNH

NN.—4

v—lNr-d

NNN-i

OO.H

Om.m

mN.
Om.m
OO.H

mN.
O0.0N
mN.m

Om.
NO.N

N\H O
N\H O

OH

v—iNr—l

NNv—i

Nucsoo mOHcoz

HH OH
OH ON
N N
H H
N N
m O
H H
N N
H H
H H
H H
H H
H H
N m
H H
H H
N N
N N
H H

HO.<
Nm.m
ON.
OO.NN

O0.0H
NH.N
OO.m
ON.
OO.
mN.N
mN.N

mN.m
OO.H
mO.
Nm.
Om.H

Nm.Hm
Om.N

Om.

ANNO + NNH N tosses
«NH ON HaHV Horn
N Han OmmH
H cswuonm
oHHHH

chucsm .O
HHaav oeHH
AHmamnv Ooom covumw
AHQV mcwmzo oomuu
mmcflH BoHQ
mummnm noonm
oOmHO onuNom
mvmam
mo;

musanoHHO< .<

NuumsucH Ocm ooHoEEoo .>

+ OH

NN—ix'fx‘rO-N'f

mmocum:

oHONHO

AHOV onwcHuHmE

ONO3

Mann

AHQV asuuflum

asHHN

oHOOmm

uoxcmHO mHOumm
*ucoEqwscm omuoz .O
HmsuHm .O

cmsun omuo:

H neoo Nuuso
oocwcouchz .O
moHoNOm> .<

r—u—am—aN

NN

:oHumuHoamcmHH .>H

Nucsou mmucon

185

tnr—GNv—fiHt—O

H

H
N

NH

Inv—oNv—ir-ir—i

H

H
m

Oq.OH
mH.mO

mN.mH
OO.H
OH.
mq.OH
OH.ON
mN.N
mN.H
mN.m
OO.N
Om.O

mN.
mN.H
NO.
Nq.H
Nm.
mN.N

mm.
mm.

mH.
NN.

NH mH OO.m

HosoN

NNH HN
NNN

«O

NNH N
NNH

«\H Om
m\H ONO

«\m m
N\H m
NH

«\H OH

«HOW—4N4

.OcHOOOH .m .OcHOOmHE .m .OcHHocumO .O

N N Om. m

HH NH m0.0N «\m mHN
H H Om. m

H H m0.0 HO

O O Nm.m mN

«H OH OO.Nm m0.0mN
N N mN. N\H H
H H mN.m N\H m
H H Om.N OH

m m Om.O «\H OH

m m mO.H HH

H H OH. H
H H NH. N
O OH OO.¢ OH

Nucsoo moucoz

O mH O0.0 N\H Oq
mH HN OH.Nm «\H «ON

H H Om. N

H H mN. H
H H mN.H H
H H NO. m
H H NH.H m
H H Nm. H
N N NH.H m

mm. N
m m mm. Nm

H
H

N OH. N + O
m OO. O

>~.\'TI—‘

unsoo moncon

a N NH.N No

N N so.H NNH N

H H oH. NNH

N N HN.N NNH NN
a aN NN.NN NNH NNH
H N NN.N N

N N NN.H «\H N

HHHHO
oHummEou
mmcmcouuoo
moOHHum couuoo
Nunamno
mmm>cmo
oNHOsmo
ooHHmo
oumenmmo
uocHOOon
muuonmum
mxooso :oHOm
momaHm
*OuoHO .H
*mHmHHoumz 3mm .m
uOmHoHOcm: .H
chpzuommncmz
mumacm
oHch3mHO
mwsow
HomHno
Howam
mHHO
cowuosuumcou

HOcHNHHmso Ocm chcHz .O

“moHHuco o: m>mc mmHHowoumo chonHoH mOHH

ocHH

mxoo;
NcHNNHN

mHoOH3 cam

ucfiHHCDO

Axonv mamo

.H

.m

.U

r—o
OO.—1

N
\OMMNOQQM

186
Nwlnv—an'fr—imv—cu—c MMBNOOMN
o—O
OlnlnNNOr—«ho—n—i [\Oanxomu—ixor—n—c m

H

H

OMONomMONmr—«hv—ifi
r—c

r—iv—G
0’3ch
v—GN

mO.
mO.H
Hm.O
Om.HH

NN.mm
OO.
O0.0

OO.H
OH.
m0.0N

mO.qH
m0.0
mm.
OO.N
NO.mm
NO.

mN.m
Om.
HO.mm
Oq.H
NO.Hm
OO.N
ON.O
OO.qN
HN.N
ON.HN
mm.H
ON.OH
mN.Om
NN.Hm

HoaoN

m
N
«\m
NNH

HOH

mm

Om
OH

OH
N\H
mH

HNN

N\H
NH

NN

N\H
N\H
«\m
«\m
«\m
«\m
HO

mN
Nm

ONH
OH

mO

mHH

Om
NO
NO

NO
HOH

m0.0

mN.HH
OO.m

NN
Nm

mm.
OH.ON

NN
NN

mN.m

OO.NN
OO.H
HH.HN
Om.O
OH.¢
«0.0H
HN.q
ON.HH
mm.H
NH.mH
mm.mH
NH.Om

\ONQNWQOMr—imv—ifi
\DO‘QNLHQOMo—iho—ONT

Nucsoo moucoz

«\H N
mH

«\H mm

Nm

OHN
q\H Om

NNH NH
NNH NH
NNH NN
NNN 8N
aNN N

NNH NN
NNH NN
NN

N OO.
O mO.H
O HO.N
mH Om.O
N ON.
ON OO.<N
m Oq.

H mN Oq.O

mmwNON‘fm—i

OO.H
OH.
OO.¢H
Om.
ON.N
NO.m
mm.
mN.N
Nm.ON
NO.

NOMv—cmmo—qm—n—i
[\wmeNr-ix'rr—h—a

Om.
NH.N

mH
(fir—1

H HN.Om
Om.m
OO.<
OO.mH
OO.m
O0.0H

\Tu—uhmr—iO
mHON'fv-dm

N N NO.H
O OH NO.NN
O N OO.NH

an

N

N\H OH
NNH Nm
m

N\H HO
N + OH
«O

*mHmwumumz msoocmHHoomNz

H

H

NN

N

OH

mH

O

N

N\H Om
mH

H
Nm

«\H Om
m
N\H mH
«NH oN
OH
OH

«\H a
«\H mO
mv

Nucsoo mmvczoq

Hsocsov eHoso
oomH

mwcwpm
OCNOOo
AONV mama
connHu

HsHoxnv
AHooamv Ommunu

cmeaomnm
ovflnzoo
uo>Hm>
chHm30u
NconHs
mmH3m
Hooam
xcm:

ON

:Hoxm
xHNm
HumsHumm
eHnHa
Opsnmcmo
:uoHo OHOo:
CNHmDE
ocfluoa
NwmcwH
:mCHH
mNmmHox
uuocoxomh
mcmom
OcmHHoc
EmOOCNO
chcmHH

.HH

 

mr—iwv—i NMx‘I’v-iv-i

187

waOu—d

MNHN‘r—cx'rNo—cr—iv—iNr—a

mooH>HmO HmNoHoEEoo .O

H NN. N H H NN. N oaumo cousoo
H NN. H H H NN. H bound H83
N NN.H a H H NN. H N N oH. H N oHNeHss
N NN.H N H H NN. H N N NN. N noonnHon
N NN. o H H NH. N H H OH. H Hsonv
moHOmoc\m:HO Ocfiuuflcx
H NN. N H H NN. N ooHeooc NaonoN
NH NN.N 8N s N so. NH N o 00. N NN Annamav noHeooc
H NH. H H H NH. H onsv
N NN. a N s NN. N N a NN. N Huoaoav ncHa
*mucmEmHOEH Ocm mHooe .O
H NN.H NNH H H NN.H N\H HNHN *noNa .>
N HN.H N + NN N N NN.H e + NN N N NN. Ne oeoa oHsss
NH NN.H NH 4 N NN. N N N NN. a onav
N NN. N + H N N NN. N H H NH. H Hnoaoav noNo Nam oxooa
N NN. a H H No. N H H NN. N oxooa
*mamwhmumz .HmLuO .>..n
H NH. N H H NH. N HNN;
N NN. 8N H H NH. NH H H NH. NH suHsn
H NN. NH H H NN. NH NoenH
H NN. NH H H NN. NH NHHn
H N NH H H N NH acoc
N NH. NH H H No. N H H No. N HHome
HN NN.N son H+oNa N N NN.N son H+NNN a NH NN.N NNH *neoussN .HHH
H NN. N H H NN. N NeHseHus
a NN.N N + a N N HN.H N + N H H NN.H N NeHaHH
H NH. N H H NH. N oeHH
N NH.H NNH H N N NH.H NNH H oaoso
N NN.N N N N NN.N N NeHsuoncH

Hmuoe Nucsou moHcoz Nucsou mowc3oq

188

Huocuam NO voucm mmHHOOoumo u *H

Omucaoo noucsoo umucsoo

Ho: HN.NO mN.OmH Ho: mH.<m mN.NN Ho: ON.ON m.OO masocxcs .HHH>
HoasHN osouo .HH>

H H mN. H H H mN. H Oumon mumHm

m m mN. N + mH N N OH. N + NH H H mO. m HHocoO oumHm

H H OH. H H H OH. H Axonv meno

H H ON. H H H om. H NnmsoHHoHN

H H mN. H H H mN. H Hoummu :uusom

H H mN.H H H H mN.H H NuoumN:

H H Om. H H H Om. H oHuoesuHHm
Hoosom .H

:oNumonum .O
mooN>HmO Osouu .H>

HmHON Nucsou ooucoz Nucsou mmuczoq

 

Appendix E

189

N N

N

H

H

N H

m H

HO OH
NOH Oq

H

mN

H

N

N

m m

OH OH
OH H

qum

HmHON HHo3

.AmucmEOmHm Omum>moxm mo mucsoo 3mHv wumO HmoHOoHommcoH< acuHmO Ho

H

NNNN
HHoz

mN
Oq

mqqm

v—Il

qqqm

HN
HH

OH

H

mqqm

coHumoHHHmmmHO HmcoHuocsm .m ancoOO<

owmwwaH
onO HammcH
Honuo
choo
mafia: awn
moNHommooo< New mHOOH umxoom
HmsuNm
oHOHmE
Nou
acmesuumcfl Hmonne
:OHumoHomm can moaNummm
oaNO OConem
moHuuoO Huscm
mmocmOstcH
mooH>oO Houucoo :uHNO
mmmHO Hmoflsoco
mmmHO HmaHoNOmE\NHmuoNHOoHO
nuHmm: cam HmoNOmz
neoo
OCHEooHO Nam Hmauflm NOOO
Hmcuo
chu HmwcHH
cmon
acoscuoc<
Hmm3uoom
meosn
NechoHo

maouH Hmcomuom

190

mO Om N O OH NH magma mamH
=0HumcweaHHH oHOmuHom .m

Omm HN m OHH OOH NO mmmHO oOmHo>oO oHHonoon
N N mmmHO mwmum>mn oHHonoonlco:
N N N HHoanOo
OONH OmNH mm cm O N wcwom\muwn\mu=:
OOH qm H ON O mO mHmmmw> cNmHmoHoO
NNm Nm NH qu NN mmN mHommm> mumsmcoum
OHHm qu mOH NNOH qu quN mHommm> mumsconuumo

*Npoumumao O NchNHsu

mum:HEHoumvcH .mN O .mH
OO mN qq mHommo> oum3mHOmu Honuo
N mH mw wmemm> chxcfluc mmmHO
m mchm: cmHmNucmOHc:
H cooam
omwcx
xpom

Nuoumumsu .N
NN OH :mo :Hu
m mHuumx
xHoo
H mmmHO mwzumuoom
H ocoumuoc3
N H H mummEmHaeH Ocflxooo

NumcwHau .H

moocmHHaO< O mmumBomao: .O
o>HumHoooO .m
mvooO NHO .cocHH .mwam .NHoOmHO .N
ON O H N m m HOHHHE
m m H muuma ousuficusm
ouauwcuzm .H
mwcHOmflcsm .<
memuH oHumoEOO .HH

«OH NH

LfiNQx‘f
r—1N

MN? \‘Tr—ir—cr—cr—i
r—i

MHquoo
\T

qum chm mqqm qqqm mQNm
Hauoh HHm3 HHm3

191

 

 

NNN.NH NNNN NNN NNNN NNNN NNNN mHHoc
N N N N torso
O N oum3uumz 30O:N3\Hooc .omHE
Honmmz
xomH
oHamum
oxNOm
um>wu
H amuom
uHHC
HHoo
oumzvum: .N
H H oHNcHNn
NN NH aN N ussuoa
H H sHaaNon
H H oHHH
NNNH NNN NN NNN NNN NNN onnHN zoeeHs
mHmNHoumz .H
COHuosuumcoo .O
mmusuosuum .<
muzuoouwzou< .HHH

N
Nv—{Nv—Ov—INHNO
7—4
r—ir—IlNr—imm
NT
MN'rr—i

r—t
r—dNO

NooH
NH H H H socHoseoo eoHHHueoeHas
Hmcwmucoo Honuo
NNH NNH Hoxosc

H H H camp Houumn
oocmcouchz Omm OcficmoHO .O

N?
r—cmr—Ixor—i
m

Hmmmchsm Ocm :oNumEHowcH .CONumosnm meom "moENummO OHocomzo: "HmsuHm oHumoEoO “chcoHuHOcoo
oHHmOONOEu< Ocm .OcHHooO .Ocflumo: oHOmuHom “COHumuHcmO cam HmmoamHO muwmz oHOmuHom "mofluucm o: m>mc Olqa

Ncqm mqqm mqqm qqqm mqqm
HNHOH HHm3 HHm3

 

 

192

MN'tmr—i

Ln

NON

HosoN

OqN

Ncqm
HHm3

H moOMHO 3mm
moH>mO chuammma
cONuoauumcou .m

HOCHNHHmao Omm OCNCNZ "OcHOOOH "OcHOOmHN "OcHHmnumO "OchmNm "moNHucm o: m>mn OIOH

ucfiHmcsw
H N uonm
H H H mmmo mOONHuHmo
N uoHHsn
chucsm .O
H m oufiz Omnumn
ouzquoHHO< .<
NHumsucH O mouoesoo .>

*:0Humupoamcmue Hmnuo .m
m N oonm oH=E\omHos
*ucmEONnvm omuo: .O
HmsuHm .O
oocmcwuchz .O
muHmO comm:
moHoNOo> .<
:ONumuHoamcmHN .>H

HOCNOmomwcmH "Nummmm HmHsuoouflon< "mcoNumoH:=EEoo oum>NHO “mmocmNm>coo “mowuuco oc w>mn HIOH

NH HN OH OH Hmoo\Hmoonno
NsHHooN NoxHN .N

N mumzvpm: HmoNHuoon
Hm3om Omm :oHumcwasHHH Ooxflm .O

m opmzuum: Hozuo

H Nq NH0um>mH\umHNou
NcHNssHN .o

mqqm mqqm «cum maqm
HHo3

193

NNNv—(mmHv—‘IH
v-1 Q
r—1

(1)
\T

H

o—cqmum‘HN-rmmoom

HoaoN

N

NHNHNmm—i

qum
HHoz

f—I

mqqm
HHmB

mq

Oq

r—lmu—i

mqqm

HN

qqqm

chwm
mmNuNHHuO
ucoschuHmucm can Bayou UHHnsm
N mHHocwa mumHm
OH Ounce oumHm
cowumosum
NsoNoN oHHNaN
coNumHuchweO< acoecum>oo
mmoN>HmO qaouu

Honuo
mcmam\oo:\Hm>onm

«H mHH:
H O00H\O:Hu
xoo:

umaaouw

H :Hmno
xooum HMO

magma Numcfizome

*NmumsccH O moumeeoo oumcHEHmuoOcH
mmoH>HoO HmNoHoEEOO

OmHm

Honuo

oNHOmw

N Oman
um>HH

N on O xoon

xcmHO :

m :ouusn
mHOEHnu

H HommHom
Locum
OCHuauommacmz

mqqm

°<m0

.O
.O

.H

 

 

194

mH

won
50¢

mmo

OmNH

«H
mH

mqo
mH

«mm

QMON
NH

Hmuoe

mmoH
qu

mm

mHH

HOH

mow

qum
HHm3

NH

«m
«H
onH

mom

NNH

0N

qu

mqqm
HHm3

NH

«m
mH
com

MNo

mON

mmo

mcqm

0H

0N

mo

Hem
HH

qqqm

moH

com

NMN

mNH

NoHH

mqqm

Hmonsm
cmflwwucmvfics
umzummq
vmflwflcoa umnuo
mcoum
coo: cmfiwfiucmcha
woo: cmeHvosca umnuo
Hauwmm>\uooz
cmeHGOECD
HHmnm
umeHwoa umnuo
vmwwfluoecs
mcom
uwcuo
ocwu
cHu
cmmH
Hmmum\:ouH
umaa00\mmmun
Hmumz
umnuo
ofiemumu
uwflmflucmcwcs
umnuo
mpmh\mmHuuon vmwwwucmcwcn
mumm\meuuon umnuo
wcwnau
mmmHo
**W§OCXCD

Hmsuwx asouu

.H
.m

.0

.<
.HHH>

.HH>

 

 

195

wH

NN

Hmuoe

wH

qum
HHm3

I .1an

mqqm
HHm3

Hmmflpowmumu HmHumumE xoonmuou powwoua u xn< **H
Huoausm Na cmvwm mmwpowmumu u *H

umnuo
maowcmHHmusz\muHmanoo\HmumcHz .x
H H umHmHucmcH:=
H H pmnuo
UHummHm .6

mqqm qqqm mqqm

 

Appendix F

 

196
1855 Capt Peter Warren

To R. 0. Johnson Dr

Dec 15 One gallon Whisky 1.00
20 8 lbs Sugar l/- 1.00

26 8 lbs Sugar 1.00

27 1 gallon Molasses 6/- .75

31 8 lbs Sugar 1.00

Jan 1 8 lbs Sugar 6 lbs coffee 16 2/3 2.00
3 l vial Laudnanum .15

12 8 lbs Sugar 6 lbs Coffee 16 2/3 2.00

15 1 gal Whisky 1.00

19 8 lbs Sugar 1/- 1.00

6 lbs Coffee 1.00

23 1 gal Molasses 6/- .75

1/2 " Do .38

26 8 lbs Sugar 1.00

Feb 1 8 lbs DO 1.00
2 8 lbs DO 1.00

4 1 Box Mustard 3/— .37

5 6 lbs Coffee 1.00

9 8 lbs Sugar 1.00

[end page one of original manuscript]

 

16 1 lb Candles .40

18 8 lbs Sugar 1.00

19 6 lbs Coffee 1.00

8 lbs Sugar 1.00

Mch 20 2 lbs nails 9c .18
1 gal Rye Whisky 1.50

Apr 14 6 lbs coffee 8 lbs Sugar 2.00
16 1/2 Bush Potatoes 1.50
$26.98

Peter Warren to Trotter + Moore Dr

1856+6

Mach 18 1 spade 1.25 1.25
June 2 2 Bots Laudanum 2/1 .50
July 16 Grass rope 2/— 2.63
Sept 6 1 Pr Russets 12/- 1.50

 

 

 

 

197

Peter Warren to J. A. Curtis

1856

January 5

Mch

Mch

April

May

15
29

18
28
1

3
5
10

15
17

21
22
24
25

22

\JO"

To 1/2 lb Soda 10 (8) l spool cott 5

3
l

" Tobacco 3/1
Chamber 40 (30) Tacks 10

[line obscured by page fold]

NHHmCDHNt—‘NNF-H-‘O‘v-‘D-‘VJ-‘H

Box Wafers

Pipes 10 l Pr Shoes 200

yds Gingham 2/- 175 1 Do 2/—

Pr Shoes 175 (3) 5/8 lb [?] 18

lb [?]

yds Blcd Domestic 10/60 (8) 8 lb Flour 80
Bottle Mustard 2/- (13) 2 V Laudan 20

line obscured by page fold]

Vl Laudanum 10
" Do 20 (17) 1 Pr Shoes 150
Pr Shoes for Boy Bob
Vials Laudanum 10
Pr Kid Gloves for Burial
yds Valvit " Coffin 6/-
yds Cambric 2/-
Boalt Velvet Ribbon
" Do Do
Prs Tacks 10/20 6 Coffin Screws 2/—

100 Brass Tacks

3
3
l

Vials Laudanum
H DO
Pr Shoes 175 1/2 Qr Paper 15

10 yds Muslin 4/- 5.00 2 Vials Laudanum

mH.—dmt—a

Pad Lock 20 Wash Pan 3/—

yds Calico 18 3/4 / 150

Gal Whiskey 100

Bottle Vermafuge

Iron Spoones l/— (6) 4 yds Domestic
18 3/4 / 150

3 Skeins Blk Silk 15 / 1/2 yd Domestic

N\|

yds Blue Domestic 18 3/4
" Laun 60/120 (8) Brandy by Dr. Field
125

20 lb Flour 100

 

Capt Warren

1850
Apr 18
1855
Janry 9
Feb 14
March 7
13
23
April 3
4
14
18
9
May 2
12
21
29
June 8
15
July 7
19
Aug 3
9
12
31
9

198

Moore + Young

6 lbs nails
1 pr Boots

Capt. P. Warren

Bought of Collins and Howarth

9 yds Blchd Drilling 15 l Vial Paragon 10
2 L B Shirt 18/-
1/4 lb Powder 4O 1 doz covr Buttons 2/—
2 Papers G seed 10
1 lb Putty 1/- 16 l [?] Comb
flax Threa
2 yds silk & fringe 4/- 1 pr [?] shoes lO/-
4 " Osnaburgs 1/- 1 Si & flax Thread 10
12 " Drilling 18 3/4 sk Silk 5
66 lbs sugar cash 10 1 pr shoes 10/-
1 Miss Bonnett lO/- [?]
8 lbs nails 10 11 yds fringe 1/-
12 yds Velvet 4/- 10 lbs 4 Pany nails 10
3 " Drilling [?] nails 10/18
1 pr small scissors 4/-
1 Box Blacking 10 14 20 lbs nails 10
/. yds Shamby Ginghams 3/— 23 l — sulphur 1/-

8 " Osnaburgs 10 1 Paper Pins 1/-
l Bott Hair Oil 2/- 1 Ps Tobaco 5

1 pr shoes lO/— 6 yds Osnabgs l/-
3 yds Demins [?] 1 Chamber 4/—

1 pr Gents Slippers 9/— 9 yds calico 15

14 yds Doilley 16s 18 1 pr Brogans ll/-
1 sk flax 10 25 2 Papers Tacks 10

l Gall Molasses 7/— 3/4 yds Swiss 87

1 lb candles 45 1/2 qr paper 15

1 " Starch 2/— l6 1 pr Ladies shoes 9/-

2 pr Butts 1/- 1/2 Doz screws 1/-

7 -- nails l/-

Mchd Paid B [?] 4/— 1 yd Alpaca 1/3 /—
2 sks silk 5

.50
2.00

$2.50

1.45
4.50
.35
.10
.28
.15
2.25
.40
.37
7.85
2.50
2.18
2.13

2.50
2.10
2.45
1.25

2.00
1.00
2.48
1.58
.30
1.63
.60
1.38
.31

1.13
.10

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

1856

Dec

Jany

Feb

19
20

28

O‘UO

15

[End

20
21
24

IO
12
14
23
25

31

199

8 — nails 1/- 7 /1- coffee 16s 10 1/2 qr Paper
30

1 Plug Tobaco 23 [?] 25 3 yds Domestic 1/-

1 lb soda 2/— 1 lb candles 45

Amt Brought forward
8 lbs sugar 1/- 6 yds Osnbgs 1/—
1 Call Molasses 7/-

1 1/2 yds Domestic lOc 3 1 pr Worsted Hose 4/—
2 " Osnabgs 1/- 12 6 lb coffee 8/-
6 " Kinsy 28 2 pr Brogs 144
3 " Osnbgs 1/- 1 " [?] shoes 175
1 pr Brogans 11/- 1 " [?] "

[?] 1 Domestic 10
1 sk flax [?] 2 pr shoes 11/-
6 yds Stripes 1/6 26 2 lbs nails l/-
1/2 " P cloth 4O 5 lbs coffee
1 " Drilling 15 1/2 Doz Buttons 20
15 lbs nails l/— 6 1 pr stirip Leathers 8/-
1/2 lb soda 1/- 7 1 pr shoes 13/-
3/4 yds cambric 15 [?] 10
l spool Thread 10c 8 10 yds stripes 165

1 1/2 yds Domestic 15 17 34 yds Velvet 5/-

page one of original manuscript]
Capt Peter Warren

Bought of Collins + Howarth

l Dressing Comb 3/-
1/2 lb Cream Tarter 8/—
1 pr Small shoes 8/—
1 [?]

1 Paper Needles

1 pr Brogans 12/-
1 pr Brogans 12/—
7 yds Calico [?]
1 " Drilling [?]
8 " Calico [?]
1 paper Needles

2 Spools Thread 5

7 yds Kersy 2/-
8 yds Blck Calico 16

1 pr Ladies shoes 12/—

2.15
1.78
.70

$51.53

$51.53

2.62

.90
1.25
4.20
2.13
2.75
1.77
2.85
1.38
1.20

.25
2.88
1.76

.36
1.77
2.27

 

$75.27

.38
.50
1.00
.15
.10
1.50
1.50
1.17
.16
1.33
.10

1.75
1.28
1.50

 

 

200

12 3 lb nails 11 .33
13 1 sk flax 10 .10
1 " silk .05
1 pr Ladies shoes 11/— 1.38
15 2 [?] Books 3/— .38
22 8 yds Calico 15 1.20
29 1 Linn Hank 4/- .50
Mch 8 1 pr Boots 24/— 3.00
17 134 yds fine Jackonett 5/— 8.28
14 " fine Swiss 5/- .94
10 " White Ribbon 18 1.80
20 2 lb Nails 10 .20
April 28 1 Pad Lock 6/- .75
May 1 9 yds Blck Calico 15 1.35
1 " Domestic 16 .16
1 spool Thread .10
Amt ford $33.04

[End page two of original manuscript]
Amt Brought ford $33.04
May 1 1 pr scissors 5/— .63
10 l spool Thread 10 .10
1 paper needles .lO
1 pr Drawers 8/— 1.00
1 White [?] Vest 2.50
11 1 pr 1/2 Hose 3/- .38
5 yds silk fringe 5/— 3.13
7 " Blck Velvet 6/- 4.25
2 Bolts " Ribbon lO/- 2.50
150 Brass Tacks 1c 1.50
2 paper Tacks 10 .20
1/2 Doz coffin screws 2/— .13
2 lb nails 10 .20
8 yds Domestic [?] 1.33
22 6 " Velvet Ribbon 8 .32
Mch 19 6 yd Ribbon 18 1.08
1 Bushel Potatoes .50

 

 

 

 

Appendix G

 

Appendix G.

 

Collins &
Howarth

1. Personal

A.

C.
D.

E.

F.
G.

F‘Wc—«Hfl:

II.

51>

and B. Clothing
and Footwear
boots 1 3.00
shoes 11 14.98 1
brogans 7 10.02
slippers 1 1.12
hose 2 .88
drawers 1 1.00
shirt 2 2.25
vest 1 2.50
bonnet 1 1.25
gloves
handkerchief- 1 .50
Adornment
Body Ritual and Grooming
comb 1 .38
hair oil (bot) 1 .25
shoe blacking
(box) 1 .10
Medical and Health
laudanum (vial)
mustard (bot)
(box)
paregoric (vial) 1 .10
sulfur 1 .12
vermifuge (bot)
Birth Control Devices
Indulgences
pipe
tobacco
plug 1 ?
pound
piece 1 .05
Pastimes and Recreation
Ritual
Pocket Tools and Accessories
Infant Care
Luggage
Domestic Items

Furnishings
Housewares and Appliances
la. and Za.

i—‘t—‘P—Ii—‘Nb—‘O‘sOH

p—A

201

HD—‘l—‘I—‘D—‘l—‘i—‘Hi—i

H

16

5

starch (lb) 1 .25 1 l
soda (lb) 1 1/2 .38 2 1 1/2
flour (lb) 8
potatoes (bu) 1 .50 1 1
sugar (lb) 74 7.60 2 1

Curtis
8.75 5
1.00 l
1.50 5

.25 1
.30 1
.1O 1
1.13 1

Indeterminate Culinary and Gustatory*

.10 l
.80 1

Johnson

.1

.3

 

 

 

5
7

Functional Classification of Warren Site Store Bill Data.

1 1
l 1
l 1
8 1

 

 

III

B.

”11111013"

 

202

Collins & Curtis Johnson
Howarth
molasses (gal) 2 1.76 2 l 11 1/2 8.62 1/2 3 1
wafers (box) 1 .10 1 1
cream of
tartar (lb) 1/2 .50 1 1
coffee (lb) 11+? 1.80+? 3 l 36 60.00 6 1
whiskey (gal) 2 1.50 2 1 3 3.50 3 1
brandy 1 1.25 1 1
l. Culinary
2. Gustatory
spoon 3 .50 1 1
3. Portable Illumination
candle (lb) 2 .90 2 1 1 .40 1 1
4. Portable Waste Disposal and Sanitation
wash bowl/pan 1 .38 l l
5. Portable Heating, Cooling, and Atmospheric Conditioning
6. Domestic Ritual
7. Household Pastime
8. Home Education, Information, and Business
letter paper
(quire) 1 .30 2 1
other paper
(quire) 1/2 .15 l 1
book 2 .38 1 1
Cleaning and Maintenance
1. Cleaning
2. Household Maintenance
tacks (paper) 4 .40 2 l 3 .30 2 l
(#) 150 1.50 1 1 100 1.00 1 l
3. Laundry
4. Sewing (see V. I. 1.)
5. Pest Control
6. Yard Maintenance
7. Pet Maintenance
8. Domestic Safety
padlock 1 .75 1 1 1 .20 1 1
Architecture
Construction
1. Materials
putty (lb) 1 .13 1 1
2. Hardware
nails (lb) 70 8.54 10 1 2 .18 1 1
screws 12 .20 2 1 6 .25 1 1

following categories have no entries: A. Structures,
Plumbing, D. Fixed Illumination and Power,
Fixed Heating, Cooling, and Atmospheric Conditioning,
Conveyances, G. Private Communications, H. Architec—
tural Safety, I. Landscaping.]

IV.

V.

[The following categories have no entries:

A.
B.
C.
D.

A.
B.

C.

E.

H.
I.

Transportation
Vehicles
Maintenance
Ritual
Horse Equipment

stirrup (pair)

 

Collins &
Howarth

1 1.00

Commerce and Industry

Agriculture

garden seed (paper)

Hunting
powder (lb)
Fishing

2 .20

1/4 .10

1

1

1

203

l

1

1

Curtis

D. Gathering,

trapping, F. Logging, G. Mining and Quarrying]

Construction
Manufacturing
1. Handicraft

a. Raw Materials*

1. Cloth*
alpaca l .04
ca1ico 49 7.68
cambric 3/4 .15
denims 3 .50
doilley 14 .16
domestic 16 2.45
drill 26 1.66+?
flax (skein) 3 .30
gingham ? ?
jackonett 134 8.28
kerseys 7 1.75
muslin
osnaburg 29 3.46
silk (yd) 2 1.00

(skein) 21 3/4 .15+?

stripes 16 1.65+?
swiss 14 3/4 1.59
velvet 53 12.30

ii. Miscellaneous Materia
thread 7 .65
ribbon (yd) 16 3.20

(bolt) 2 2.50

fringe 16 4.51

iii. Buttons*

(paper) 2 .25
(#) 6 .10

(covered) 12 .25
iv. Other Materials*

v. Dyes*

i—lt—‘D—‘wU‘lOl—ll—‘HOO—i

NHWO‘HWNNWHC‘

pap—a

HHHHHHp—IHp—IHH

171/2 3.51 4 l

8 2.00 1 l

10 5.00 1 1

3 .15 l 1
8 6.00 1 1
l .05 1 1
2 2.50 2 1

Johnson

1..

 

 

204
Collins & Curtis Johnson
Howarth
b. Tools and Implements*
pins (paper) 1 .12 l 1
needles
(paper) 3 .30 3 1
scissors 2 1.13 2 1
VI. Group Services
VII. Group Ritual
VIII. Unknowns 4 1.65 not 2 .94 not
counted counted

fl““"‘ "?

[* = categories added by author]

Continued next page.

 

Appendix G Functional Classification of Warren Site Store Bill Data.

 

205

(Continued)

Moore &
Young

Trotter &
Moore

Personal
A. and B. Clothing
and Footwear
boots 1 2.00 1 1
shoes 1 1.50 1 l
brogans
slippers
hose
drawers
shirt
vest
bonnet
gloves
handkerchief
C. Adornment
D. Body Ritual and Grooming
comb
hair oil (bot)
shoe blacking
(box) 1 .10 1 1
E. Medical and Health
laudanum (vial)
(bot) 2 .50 1 1
mustard (bot)
(box)
paregoric (vial)
sulfur
vermifuge (bot)
F. Birth Control Devices
G. Indulgences
pipe
tobacco
plug
pound
piece
. Pastimes and Recreation
. Ritual
. Pocket Tools and Accessories
. Infant Care

H
I
J
K
L Luggage

II. Domestic Items

A. Furnishings
B. Housewares and Appliances
1a. and 2a. Indeterminate Culinary and Gustatory*
starch (1b)
soda (1b)
flour (lb)
potatoes (bu)

1

HHHI—INt—‘NHVNJN

HHHHHNN

Hwy-a

NCDNH

I—‘N

Total

.00

HO
MN

.88
1.00
2.25
2.50
1.25
1.00

.50

.38
.25
.10
1.65
.50
.25
.10

.12
.30

.10

1.13
.05

.25
.48

.80

HOULD
N
L0
D—i
O

2

HHHI—‘I—‘i—‘O‘

H

v—It—th—I

HHHI—‘D—‘O—‘D—‘D—‘i—‘WN

H

HHNH

£1152:-

206

Trotter & Moore & Total
Moore Young
sugar (lb) 178 87.60 10
molasses (gal) 13 1/2 10.38 1/2 5
wafers (box) 1 .10 1
cream of
tarter (lb) 1/2 .50 1
coffee (lb) 47+? 61.80+? 9
whiskey (gal) 5 5.00 5
brandy l 1.25 l
1. Culinary
2. Gustatory
spoon 3 .50 1
3. Portable Illumination
candle (1b) 3 1.30 3
4. Portable Waste Disposal and Sanitation
wash bowl/pan 1 .38 1

. Portable Heating, Cooling, and Atmospheric Conditioning

. Household Pastimes
. Home Education, Information, and Business
letter paper

5
6. Domestic Ritual
7
8

(quire) 1
other paper

(quire) 1/2
book 2

C. Cleaning and Maintenance
1. Cleaning
2. Household Maintenance

rope ? 2.63 1 1 ?
tacks (paper) 7
(#) 250
3. Laundry
4. Sewing (see V. I. 1.).
5. Pest Control.
6. Yard Maintenance.
7. Pet Maintenance.
8. Domestic Safety
padlock 2

III. Architecture
B. Construction
1. Materials

putty (lb) 1
2. Hardware

nails (lb) 6 .50 l 1 78

screws 18

[The following categories have no entries: A. Structures,
C. Plumbing, D. Fixed Illumination and Power,

E. Fixed Heating, Cooling, and Atmospheric Conditioning,
F. Conveyances, G. Private Communications, H. Architec-
tural Safety, 1. Landscaping.]

.30 2
.15 1
.38 1
2.63 l
.70 4
2.50 2
.95 2
.13 1
8.72 12
.45 3

I—INN

o—tmmr—b

NNH

NU.)

 

 

 

207
Trotter & Total
Moore
IV. Transportation
A. Vehicles
B. Maintenance
C. Ritual
D. Horse Equipment*
stirrup (pair) 1 1.00 1
V. Commerce and Industry
A. Agriculture
spade l 1.25 1 l 1 1.25 1
garden seed
(paper) 2 .20 l
B. Hunting
powder (lb) 1/4 .10 1
C. Fishing
[The following categories have no entries: D. Gathering,
E. Trapping, F. Logging, G. Mining and Quarrying]
H. Construction
I. Manufacturing
1. Handicraft
3. Raw Materials*
i. Cloth*
alpaca 1 .04 l
calico 57 9.18 7
cambric 8 3/4 2.15 2
denims 3 .50 1
doilley 14 .16 1
domestic 33 1/2 5.96 10
drill 26 1.66+?5
flax skein 3 .30 3
gingham 8+? 2.00+?
jackonett 134 8.28 1
kerseys 7 1.75 1
muslin 10 5.00 l
osnaburg 29 3.46 6
silk (yd) 2 1.00 1
(skein) 24 3/4 .30+? 4
stripes 16 1.65+? 2
swiss 14 3/4 1.59 2
velvet 61 18.30 4
ii. Miscellaneous Materials*
thread 8 .70 7
ribbon (yd) 16 3.20 3
(bolt) 4 5.00 3.
fringe 16 4.51 2
iii. Buttons*
(paper) 2 .25 1
(#) 6 .10 1
(covered) 12 .25 1

N
NHHNHHHHH D—‘I—‘NI—‘b—‘NNt—I

HND—‘N

HHp—o

 

 

Trotter &
Moore

iv. Other Materials*
b. Tools and Implements*

pins (paper)
needles (paper)
scissors

VI. Group Services

VII. Group Ritual

VIII. Unknowns

[*= categories added by author]

208

Moore &
Young

NU)?"

Total
.12 1 l
.30 3 l
1.13 2 l
2.59 not
counted

'rrajfim uhk‘1 q

Appendix H

"‘I —.

 

209

><><

><

ooa

><><><><

aaua

mHuumx
xuoo
occumumcz

ucmsmHaEH wconoo

NumcfiHso .H
mmocmHHaq<
van moumsmmaom .m
m>Humpoooo .m
muwxcmHn
mvoou hum
van .cwcHH
mwam .muoampn .N
nonuHs
magma ousuchsm
mucuHCHDH .H
mwcHancsm .<

oHumeoo .HH

won umaumo
xcssu
mwmwwsH .
mumo acmHCH .
pmcuo
wcHu me
mmpsa
mcHoo
mmwcxcma
wwwcx umxooa
moHuommmoo< vcm
mHOOH umxoom .
HmsuHm .
mmeumE
>0u

>44

H")

><><><

><><><><><

><><

oom

><><

zuu<

acmesuumcw Hmoflmse
coHummuomm
cam mmeflummm
AmEHOH Monuo ov
ooomnou
muscm
mmafia
xmmHm
mmocostvcH
mooH>mn
Houucou :uuHm
nuHmm:
cam HmoHcmz
mamuH
umnuo NH
nEoo
wCHEoouo tam
Haauflm scam
wpmnuo
coma
me noun:
can uHow
wcwu vHow
mwaHuumo
unmecuoc<
umm3uoom
msouH
pmcuo Hm
meoan
maflauoHo

.<

Hmcomumm .H

.mocmmn<\mocmmwnm womHHuu< Ho comemaeoo .2 xflucmam<

 

 

210

><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><

ooo

umchucoo
cmHmHucmuHC=
umchucoo Monuo
xooH

umxosn
Hmuumn
couH com
uoHeHw

mxomu
waaaaaa
choc
mnou

muzmmme xoma
and

Ho>ocm
mmficx
mxm

xon
mocmcmucwmz

><

><><><><

cam wchmoHo

memuw w
mmmchsm
cam .COHumEHOHCH
.COHumoscm mEo:
mmEHummm vHonmmso:
Hmsuwm oHumman
:mH
wCHcoHuncoo oHuozn
IwOEu< wcm .wCHHooo
.wcHumom mHnmupom
cma\Hzon awn:
cowumuHcmm
wcm Hmmoamfla
mama: mHnmupom
cog<

.w
.m
.o

.m

.q

><><><

><><><><><><

ooa

magma nemH
mmsuums
:poucmH
mHucmo
:oHumCHesHHH mHnmuuom .m
mmwmuo>mn cam
mvoom Ho mmaxu Hm
mcmmm\muwa\mu=c
mwwm
mmme owmum>mn
oHHonoon
mmme owmum>mn
oHHonoonlco:
mHommm> oHemumo
oumcHEHmumncH
.m.N can .m.H
mmazu :mwv
oHEmumo o
uumxcmu
\n:o\uoHnE:u
umHnow
umuuso mxmu
chcm:
cmeHucmuHcs
cooam
mHch
xuom
mucumumno .N
nmuwflm
xon “wagon
HHHE mwmou
Hog mmmwoo
mam
paw mmme
:66

211

><><><

><><><><><><><><

><><><><><><><><><

><><

oon

mqmo

:swuosm
meHu
wcHucsm

mEHH

wmmm cocumw
mcfimco momuu
mmcHH 3oHa
mummcm Qmmnm
mvan mLuNUm
mwmam

mo:

x mHHB conumn
musuHsoHuw<

NuumzvcH w moumEEoo

x coHumuuoamcmpH umnuo
mmmCHmn

meHun

onwcHuume

QHL3

gnaw

asuuflum

zuuww

chumm

uoxcmHn wkumm

x mocm oH=E\mmpon
acmEQHscm mmuom

Hmsuflm

cmsun omuoc

nEoo Npuao

mocmcmuchz

x magma comm:
moHoHnm>

:oHumupoamcmuH

.<
.>H

mmmHHucm OCH .Hl.m

aua<

ooo

><><><><><><>< ><><><><

><><><><><

nuaa

Hmoo\Hmouumno
wcwumm: umxflm
mum3vumn HmofluuumHm
umzom vcm
coHumcwesHHH
cmxflm
mum3vumz umcuo
snoum>mH
\aaflaoa
mafiaaaHa
xuonUOum
HHmc
Bmuom
Monuo
mumzvum:
3occH3
\uooc .omHe
gonna:
xomu
mHamum
mxHam
um>Hu
uac
uHon
mpmzwumz
:OHH
mecHnm
umuuoe
uHmaamm
mHH»
mmme 3oucwz
mHmHumumz
:oHuoapumcoo
mmusuoauum
muzuomuflnop<

.N

.H

.m

.a

.o

.m
.<
.HHH

212

U

><><

O><><><><><

a

x mczocxcs
Hmsuflm macho
HmoHuuco oc m.m.n.o.m
xoon

meno

HHocoQ oumHm

upmon oumHm
:oHumoswm
mooH>uom amouu

x memuH o
mumcHEpouwcCH

mon>uwm HmHoumEEou

wxv

mcon mHmcz

muomH3csw

sumo couuoo

cumo H003

><><><><

auua

.HHH>
.HH>
.<H_

><>< ><><><><><>< ><><><><><

><><><><

ooa

><><><><><><><><><><><

><><><><

aua<

mHummc no
:Hg wcHuuwcx
mHumwc
.cfln
nonuo
mem
amcm
um>Hp
xcmHn couusn
Luann
mHnsH5u
muommfiow
mmm w x00:
:ouusn
nuOHU\lonmw
wcwusuommscmz
mumscm
mmflcx smut
mwsow
Hmmflno
nomad
mHHH
mcmanmm
moH>mu wcHusmmmE
:oHuosuumcoo

.H

.:

Hmmfiuucm ocu .OI.Q

mcHH

mxooc

waaamam

mmmo omvHuuumo
umHHnn

uonm

ucHHmcsm

non ummH
umc3oq

.0

 

Appendix I

213
Columbus, Miss., Due lst Jan., 1857
Peter Warren
Bought of James Blair

Dealer in Drugs, Medicines, Chemicals, Glass, Dye—stuffs,
Perfumery, &c, &c.

1856
Jany 1 1 Pr Flesh Gloves (2) 1.75 1 Ball Soap 38
4 [?] Cantharides 13 2.26
4 Elix Opium 37 5 ointment 50 Aromatic Schnapps 50 1.37
9 Castile Soap 38 McMunns Elixer 37 10 1 Bot Whiskey 75 1.50
10 2 oz [?] 50 1 skin 25 11 Grays Ointment 1.25
11 Emulsion 50 3 Box Matches 13 Tobacco 37 Whiskey 50 1.50
12 Whiskey 75 Jamaica Rum 75 Elix Opium 38
1 Dr Morphia 1.25 3.13
15 Do 75 Prescription 50 (16) Mucilage 25
Grays Ointment 50 2.00
17 Prescription 25 (18) Mg Stramonium 25 1 syringe 87 1.37
21 1 Dr Morphia 1.25 1 V1 Hartshorn 50 1.75
Feb 9 1 Bot G [?] Bitters 75 1 Bot Morphia 1.25 2.00

 

214

Capt. P. Warren to P. H. Fields

Medicine for Lady

Opium sulf

Prescription + med

Morphine for wife

Morphine by order

acetatas plumbum

visit Pres + med

Prescription + med

30 gram morph [?]

1 qt [?] wine

visit Pres + medicine

visit Prescription + med

6 oz Tinc Opium 10

[?] copperas 10.20 Bottle laud 4O
1 02 Blue [?]

Bottle Laudnum

Cash loaned

Bottle laudnum

Bottle Sweet vel 40 Cherry Balsm 1.00
15 gr morphine

laudnum 10.4 sulph 10.7 laud 20
laud 20 morp 42

Amount forwarded from 53

1853
Jan 2
6
13
16
21
29
30
31
Feb 11
16
28
29
May 2
4
27
29
June 2
11
20
25
July 1
Aug 11
1854
May 12
28
Nov 24
Dec 7
12
1855
Amount
Jan 10
18
23
Feb 1
16
March 23
Apr 17
18
May 2
9
11

1 Bottle [?] Bitters
Prescriptions = med negroe
visit Prescription + med
Muriatic Tinc Iron

Quinine Pills

forwarded from 54

1 Bottle Lobelia

2 oz Paregoric

3 oz Tinc Camphor 10
Prescription + medicine
Prescription + med
Prescription + medicine
20 gr Sulph morphine

20 gr morphine

Gum Arabic [?] 2/—
Janes Allerative 4/-
Dovers Powas

Line Asafoetida

28.35

1.00
.25
.30

1.00

1.00

1.00
.50
.50
.75
.50
.25
.25

June

July

Aug
Oct

1856

Feb

March

Apr

May

16
3O

20
24
28

19

3O

18
19

2 oz tinc Opium 2/-

Bottle [?]

Prescription + med
sulphate Morphine

Spts Hartshorne

Sulphate Morphine

tinc Opium

20 grains Morphine
Bottle Hartshorne
Prescription + med
Diurrtive mixture
Prescription + med

visit pres

visit Prescription + med

+ med

Amount forwarded 1855

5

20
21
A

10
11
15
26
3O

HOCXJVO‘U'ILON

visit Pres

Prescription + med

Gum Opium

+ med

Sulf morphine

visit pres
visit Pres
visit pres
visit Pres
visit pres
vis pres +
visit pres
visit pres
visit pres
visit Pres
visit pres
visit pres
visit pres

+ med
med
med
med
med
med

med
med
med
med
med
med
med

+
+
+
+

+ + + + + + +