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This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

FATE OF CLAY PARTICLES INPUT TO SKINNER
LAKE, INDIANA FROM AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE

presented by
JOHN M. McCABE

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

M o S 0 degree in LIMNOLOGY

a «9, x/zzz Ml

Major professor

Date “(91/3 57590

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25¢ per day per item
RETURNING LIBRARY MATERIALS:

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charge from circulation records

 

 

 

 

FATE OF CLAY PARTICLES INPUT TO SKINNER
LAKE, INDIANA FROM AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE

By .

John Michael McCabe

A THESIS

Submitted to.
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Fisheries and Wildlife

1980

(-1
d /

//é

ABSTRACT

FATE OF CLAY PARTICLES INPUT TO SKINNER
LAKE, INDIANA FROM AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE

BY
John M. McCabe

A mass balance budget for clay particles was developed
for Skinner Lake, Indiana, for the period 3/14/78-4/2/79 in
order to ascertain the fate of clay particles input to the
lake from agricultural drainage. 0f 5.4 x 105 kg of clay
input to the lake during the study period, 54 % was depo-
sited at the mouth of the input channel, forming a delta.
Forty percent was exported through the lake outlet, and
the remaining 6% was apparently deposited in lake sediments.

Relationships between clay and phosphorus in Skinner Lake

were considered.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Clarence D.
McNabb, my major professor, for his encouragement, insight,
and guidance during my graduate program.

I would also like to thank Dr. Niles R. Kevern and Dr.
Kenneth H. Reckhow for serving on my graduate committee and
for their review of my work, all the graduate students at
the Limnological Research Laboratory for their advice and
assistance, especially Ted Batterson, Bob Glandon, Fred
Payne, and Doug Pullman, and the Laboratory Director, John
Craig.

Finally, to my wife Angela, a special thanks for both
her help in the field and her moral support throughout this
undertaking.

Resources for scientific work were provided by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clean Lakes Program,

under Grant No. R 80504601 to Michigan State University.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
LIST OF TABLES...................................... iv
LIST OF FIGURES..................................... 0
INTRODUCTION........................................ 1
METHODS AND STUDY SITE.............................. 4
RESULTS............................................. 29
DISCUSSION.......................................... 36
LITERATURE CITED.................................... 39

APPENDIXOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOO0......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 41

iii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Non-filterable fixed (NFF) residue input to
Skinner Lake by the Rimmell inlet during the
PeriOd 3/14/78-4/2/790000000ooooooooooooooooooo 30

2. Estimates of non-filterable fixed (NFF) res-
idue input by the Rimmell and lost through
the lake outlet during the period 3/14/78-
4/2/79000000oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo. 32

3. Estimates of non-filterable fixed (NFF) res-
idue discharged by the Rimmell drain and re-
maining in Skinner Lake during the period
3/14/78-4/2/790oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 35

A-l. Estimated discharge (0) of the Rimmell inlet
and calculated non-filterable fixed (NFF)
residue for the period 3/14/78-4/13/78......... 42

A-2. Observed Rimmell inlet discharges during the
periOd 3/14/78-4/2/790000ooooooooooooooooooocoo 44

A-3. Estimates of instantaneous discharge (Q)
from the Rimmell inlet for the period
4/13/78‘4/2/7900ooooooooooooooooooooooooocooooo 4S

A-4. Results of non-filterable fixed (NFF)
residue analyses............................... 46

A-S. Results of clay particle separation pro-
cedurQSOOOOOOOOIO0.0.000000COOIOOOOOOOOOOO..000 47

A-G. Estimates of non-filterable fixed (NFF) res-
idue in the upper and lower pelagial zones
of Skinner Lake for the spring of 1978 and
the spring of 1979............................. 48

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Map of Skinner Lake showing depth contours,
inlets, and outlets. Depth contours are in

meteISoeooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 6

2. Hydrograph of Rimmell inlet discharge for
the PeriOd 3/14/78’4/2/79000oooooooooooooooooeo 9

3. Illustration of the procedure used to obtain
discharge estimates over an interval of time... 14

4. The relationship between discharge level and
non-filterable fixed (NFF) residue concentra-
tion in Rimmell inlet discharge................ 17

5. Map of the delta formed by the Rimmell inlet
showing sediment core sample stations.......... 21

6. Map of the delta formed by the Rimmell inlet
with contours showing the depth of deposition
of material from inlet discharge. Depth of
deposition contours are in mm.................. 25

7. Map of the delta formed by the Rimmell inlet
with contours showing the concentration of
clay in the material deposited from inlet
discharge. Clay concentration contours are
in g clay/cc deposited material................ 27

INTRODUCTION

One of the primary concerns in the drainage of ag-
ricultural systems is the input of particulate matter into
the waters draining these systems (Iwamoto, et aZ., 1978).
Of the different sized particles present in the soil matrix,
clay is of special importance because of its susceptibility
to rainfall and runoff erosion (Massey and Jackson, 1952;
Ryden, et al., 1973). The limnological importance of clay
stems from its physical effects in fresh water, including
increased turbidity and geomorphological changes due to
increased erosion and deposition, and chemical and bio-
logical effects due to the release of adsorbed substances,
including phosphorus (Mortimer, 1941) and various pesti-
cides (Bailey, at al., 1974). The turbidity caused by ag-
riculturally introduced clay concentrations in natural
waters also has adverse bioloqical impacts. Deleterious
effects on fish (Cordone and Kelley, 1961), arthropods
(Rosenberg and Wiens, 1975), and aquatic flora, due to the
attenuation of light available for photosynthesis (Meyer
and Heritage, 1941), have all been observed.

The role of clay in the transport and release of phos-
phorus is fairly well understood. Cations of iron and

aluminum on the particle surface function in binding

1

2

orthophosphate (PO43-) to clay particles. Soil clay tends

to adsorb or release this orthophosphate until an equili-
brium with the concentration in the soil water is estab-
lished (Stoltenberg and White, 1953; Bigger and Corey, 1969;
Mattingly, 1975; Mansell, at aZ., 1977). The faculty for
adsorption differs depending on the mineral composition of
the clay (Edzwald, 1977). Phosphorus adsorption and re-
lease dynamics are particularly important in the case of
agricultural lands where orthophosphate compounds are
routinely added to the soil as fertilizers. When clay en-
ters the aquatic system in runoff or streambank erosion, it
tends to carry its adsorbed phosphorus with it (Barrows and
Kilmer, 1963; Massey and Jackson, 1952). The limnological
importance of phosphorus as a nutrient is well documented
(Vollenweider, 1968; Porter, 1975). Helfrich and Kevern
(1973) have shown that phosphorus adsorbed to clay is avail-
able to the planktonic algae.

In a situation where a lake is fed by agricultural
drainage, it is of some interest to determine the fate
of clay input to the lake from that drainage. For
example, those particles remaining in the water column,
as well as serving as an available source of phosphorus,
have an effect on light availability. Those deposited
in the sediments are a potential source of phosphorus
for the growth of macrophytes, planktonic algae, and
bacteria.

In looking at the deposition patterns of clay input

3

from agricultural drainage, it is helpful to use a mass
balance approach. This method considers sources and
sinks of the material of interest, in this case clay
particles, to determine the net gain or loss to the sys-
tem over some interval of time.

The purpose of this work was to determine the clay
budget of a small midwestern lake. Elucidation of pat-
terns in the process of clay deposition can lead to a
greater understanding of impacts on receiving waters,
both the physical aspects of erosion, deposition, and
increased turbidity, and the chemical and biological

aspects of clay as a source of nutrients.

METHODS AND STUDY SITE

Skinner Lake is located in Noble County in northwestern
Indiana and is part of the Elkhart River drainage basin.
Lake area is 49.4 ha and it drains a predominantly agricul-
tural watershed of 3636 ha. Direct inputs to the lake come
from five drainage streams (Figure l). The lake is drained
by an outlet passing over a concrete dam. A U.S. Geologic
Survey stage height recording gauge is located immediately
lakeward of the dam and records stage height once per hour.
The most important inlet to the lake is the Rimmell system
which drains 68% of the watershed and contributes 77% of
the annual discharge (1979 estimate) to the lake. The
anmell receives discharge from three drains along its
course, the Bauman, the Becker, and the Knafel-Hill. These
systems drain soils that are primarily silty clay loam,
planted in row crOps. Because of the dominant role played
by the Rimmell in the hydrologic budget of the lake, this
study concentrated on that stream.

Since 1977, the Skinner Lake drainage basin has been
subject to erosion control land management practices as
part of an ongoing water quality improvement program spon-
sored by the U.S. EPA Clean Lakes Program. These practices

include construction of settling basins, contour plowing,

4

Figure 1. Map of Skinner Lake showing depth contours,
inlets, and outlet. Depth contours are in
meters.

 

<Z<_QZ_ .quj meZ_v_m

hm42. 4.522;.

 

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Figure 1. Map of Skinner Lake showing depth contours,
inlets, and outlet. Depth contours are in
meters.

 

 

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buds: 44w22_ m

 

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7
minimum tillage, and a variety of other methods of erosion
control.

In the autumn of 1977, the Rimmell channel was exca-
vated from lakeside to a distance of 1.6 km upstream in
order to improve its ability to drain cropland. A dragline
was used; erosion control practices were largely ignored.

In the Spring of 1978, an unusually high input dis-
charge occured from the Rimmell system (Figure 2). This
event was responsible for excessive erosion in the freshly
dug Rimmell channel and the formation of a delta in the
lake at the mouth of the channel.

In early 1978, the Limnological Research Laboratory
at Michigan State University was contracted, under the
authority of the Clean Lakes Program, to assess the impacts
of land management techniques on water quality of the lake.
Stream flows, evaporation and precipitation, and changes
in lake level were measured to obtain an estimate of the
annual hydrologic budget. Suspended and dissolved solids,
nitrogen, and phosphorus were measured in the lake and in
the inputs and output. Temperature and oxygen depth pro—
files were developed for the lake for the different sea-
sons of the year.

To develop a mass balance budget for clay particles
in Skinner Lake, atmospheric inputs were assumed to be
negligible. The input of clay from the Rimmell system
was the target of the study.

Estimates of particulate and dissolved solids

Figure 2. Hydrograph of Rimmell inlet discharge for the
period 3/14/78-3/2/79.

 

 

 

(085/201) asaVHosm .LB‘INI 113mm

10
input to the lake for the period 4/14/78-4/2/79 were made.

Samples were taken by lowering acid-washed 1 liter Nalgene
bottles to mid-depth in the stream. Bottles were rinsed
once with stream water, and refilled. Within 24 hours

the samples were returned to the laboratory for analysis.
Sampling was carried out at two week intervals during the
spring and summer months and less frequently from September
to February.

At the laboratory, the samples were partitioned in two
equal portions, one of which was passed through a Reeve
Angel 984 H glass fiber filter. One hundred milliliter ali-
quots were then taken from filtered and unfiltered portions.
These aliquots were placed in acid-washed crucibles of known

weight and evaporated to dryness at 900 C in a Blue-M Stabil-
Therm forced air oven. They were then heated at 1800 C in

the same oven for 24 hours to drive off the water of hydra-
tion. The crucibles were kept covered during heating to
avoid contamination. The crucibles were cooled for one hour
in a dessicator and weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg on a
Mettler electro-balance. The weight of material remaining
in the crucible containing the unfiltered sample was taken
as the total solids or total residue per 100 ml of sample;
that in the crucible containing the filtered portion of the
sample, as the total dissolved residue. The difference
between these two values was taken as the total non-filter-
able residue, equivalent to the total suspended particu-

lates.

Following weighing, the crucibles were ignited at 5500 C

11

in a muffle furnace for one hour to drive off organics.

They were then cooled and weighed as above. The difference
between the first and second weighings of the crucibles con-
taining unfiltered water was taken as the total volatile
residue per 100 ml of sample. The weight of the material
remaining in the crucibles after ignition was the total fixed
residue. Likewise, the difference between the first and sec-
ond weighing of the crucibles containing filtered samples was
taken as the dissolved volatile residue; the material remain-
ing in the crucible after ignition as the dissolved fixed
residue. Values determined in this fashion were reported in
mg/l.

In determining the amount of clay input to Skinner Lake,
the particulate inorganic fraction of the stream discharge
was of concern. By subtracting the value of the dissolved
fixed residue from that of the total fixed residue, the non-
filterable fixed residue was obtained. This fraction was
taken to represent clay particles. When non-filterable fixed
residue (NFF) concentration in inlet water was multiplied by
inlet discharge over the sampling period, the total clay in-
put to the lake over this sampling period was estimated. The
contribution of non-filterable inorganic salts to the total
non-filterable fixed residue is ignored by this method; the
error is thought to be small.

Stream discharge was measured at the same time water
samples were taken using a Gurley pygmy current meter. To-

ward the end of the sampling period, a weir was constructed

12
on the Rimmell drain and discharge was estimated using the
stage height of the channel upstream from the weir and a
rating curve of stage height versus discharge. The values
obtained by these methods were instantaneous discharges. In
order to obtain total discharge estimates for the sampling
period in question, discharge estimates for consecutive
sampling dates were considered. Figure 3 illustrates this
procedure for obtaining the best estimate of discharge for
an interval. The shaded area represents the total discharge
estimated. Times (T5) were sample collection dates. Dis-
charges (Qs) were stream discharges measured on those dates.
The volume of water discharged between T1 - T0 and T2 - T1 ,

2 2
represented by the sample taken at T1' was calculated by:

Q + 30 30. + Q
V=—9-———i(T-T)+ 1' 2(T-T)
l 0 2 l
8 8
where: V = volume of water (m3) discharged in the period
represented by the sample taken at T1;
Q = discharge rates (m3/day) at T0, T1' and T2;

T = time (days).

This procedure avoids the error inherent in using instan-
taneous discharge to represent total discharge over a
period by allowing for varying discharge with time. By
increasing the frequency of T, the accuracy could be in-
creased.

The estimates of NFF residue for an interval were mul-
tiplied by their respective discharge estimates. These values
were used to determine the clay input to the lake by the

Rimmell during each sample period.

13

Figure 3. Illustration of the procedure used to obtain
discharge estimates over an interval of time.

 

 

 

 

15

The schedule of sampling at Skinner Lake and the
principle springtime interval of clay transport in 1978
did not coincide. However, an estimate of clay discharged
during the spring of 1978 was of interest for this study.
The USGS gauge at the outfall indicated that lake discharge
for the year began on 3/14/78, after the winter period of no
discharge. This date was taken as the initiation of spring
discharge from the watershed. Sampling at the lake began on
4/13/78. An estimate of NFF residue discharged during late
March and early April was made by the following procedure.
Regression of instantaneous inlet discharges on outlet dis-
charges for the period 4/14/78-4/2/79 indicated a linear re-
lationship described by the equation y = 0.565x - 0.003
(

discharge. Using the average outlet discharge for a given

sy'x = 0.233) where x is outlet discharge and y is inlet
date (determined from outlet stage height recordings for
that date) as the x value, Rimmell inlet discharge was
estimated for each of the 31 days in question.

In observing the relationship between inlet discharge
and solids loads over the period in which the sampling was
carried out (Figure 4), no clear pattern was indicated.
Since the values of NFF residue varied within a relatively
small range at higher discharge levels, the average value
of NFF residue concentration at discharge levels greater
than 0.1 m3/sec was taken to represent NFF residue concen-
tration during the spring period of high discharge. This

average value (67 mg/l : 29.9 mg/l) was multiplied by

16

Figure 4. The relationship between discharge level and non-
filterable fixed residue concentration in Rimmell
Inlet discharge.

17

Iaaaxns. 35:33 1.32. 4.522;.
0.. .. _o.

 

 

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CON

. con

'ONOO BOOISBH :I:IN

(um/0m)

18

the total discharge estimated for the period 3/14/78-4/13/78.
The result was an estimate of the total NFF residue input to
Skinner Lake from the Rimmell during the period when residue
measurements were lacking. When added to the values deter-
mined by sampling, the total NFF residue input to the lake
for the period 3/14/78-4/2/79 was estimated. Thus the annual
Rimmell input of clay was approximated.

In terms of a mass balance budget, one of the sinks for
clay particles in the Skinner Lake system was discharge by
the outlet. Suspended and dissolved solids sampling on the
outlet was conducted from 4/14/78-4/2/79 in the same manner
as described for the inlet. Discharge was measured using the
recording stage height gauge and USGS weir discharge calcu-
lations (USDI, 1967). For the period 3/14/78-4/13/78, an av-
erage value for outlet NFF residue concentration at flow
greater than 0.1 m3/sec was determined using the discharge
and NFF residue data obtained during 4/14/78-4/2/79. This
average (19.55 mg/l : 21.0) was multiplied by the total out-
let discharge over the period 3/14/78-4/13/78. The result
was an estimate of the total NFF residue exported from the
lake by the outlet for the period 3/14/78-4/13/78. Added to
the observational values for the rest of the study period,
the value of NFF residue exported from the lake during the
period 3/14/78-4/2/79 was estimated.

The delta formed at the mouth of the Rimmell inlet and
surrounding littoral sediments constitute a sink for clay

particles through deposition. In June of 1979, twenty-one

19
core samples were taken from this area in order to estimate
clay deposition for the period 3/14/78-4/2/79. Sample
stations are shown in Figure 5. A 2.54 cm inner diameter
piston-type corer was used. Determination of the depth
of material deposited was facilitated by the presence of
rooted aquatic vegetation, primarily Nuphar advena, at the
mouth of the Rimmell channel prior to delta formation in
the spring of 1978. The presence of a heavy layer of de-
composing plant parts in cores indicated the depth to which
new material had been layed down.

The individual core samples were treated by particle
size separation procedures in order to determine their clay
content. Samples were oven-dried at 900 C for 24 hours.
Fifty cubic centimeters of sample were taken, crushed with a
mortar and pestle to break up aggregations of soil particles,
and passed through a 0.5 mm screen to remove larger pieces
of sand and rock. Seven hundred milliliters of distilled
water were then added to the sample along with 125 ml of a
10% solution of NaPO3 brought to a pH of 8.3 with NaCO3.
This preparation is known commercially as Calgon and was
used to prevent the reformation of particle aggregations.
The mixture was then agitated at high speed for three min-
utes in a Waring blender, decanted into a 1000 m1 beaker,
covered, and stored in a dark laboratory cabinet until an-
alyzed.

The removal of particles in the clay size range (less
than 0.4um) required the use of particle settling-velocity

techniques. Stokes' law describes the velocity of a particle

20

Figure 5. Map of the delta formed by the Rimmell Inlet
showing sediment core sample stations.

21

  

 

AJMEZE A

 

son

 

 

22

of given size settling in quiescent water. A form of that
law giving the time needed for a particle of given size to
settle through a given depth of water is:

18nh

 

2
(ps - pl)x
g

where: t time needed for particles to settle a given

distance;
n = viscosity of water (temperature dependent);
h = depth of water particle is falling through;

p8 a particle density (2.68 for clay soil particles);
p1 = liquid density (1.00 for water);

9 = acceleration due to gravity (978 cm/secz);

x = particle diameter.

Using this equation, the time needed for all particles
larger than 0.4um diameter to settle through 8 cm of water
was calculated for ambient laboratory temperature. At the
end of this period, all water above 8 cm depth in the beaker
containing the sample was siphoned off, evaporated at 900 C,
and the residue weighed. The water removed from the sample
beaker was replaced with fresh distilled water, the samples
agitated, and the procedure repeated. When the yield of
dry material for a given extraction fell below 0.05 g, the
clay was considered removed from the sample. The extracted
material was then ignited at 5500 C for one hour, in order
to remove organics, and weighed. In this way the mass of
clay per 50 cc of sample was determined.

The values estimated for the depth of deposition of

23

material in the delta and those for the clay content of core
samples were used to determine the clay content of the delta.
Using isopleth techniques to join estimates for depth of
material deposition on a map of the delta surface, a series
of depth of deposition contours was developed (Figure 6).
With delta area known, the volume of material deposited was
estimated in this fashion. Isopleth techniques were also
used to join values for estimated clay concentrations on a
map of the delta surface. This resulted in a series of clay
concentration contours (Figure 7). These two contour maps
were then integrated by planimetry to determine the concen-
tration of clay in a known volume of delta sediment.

An estimate of the amount of clay originating in the
Rimmell system during the interval 3/14/78-4/2/79 and sed-
imenting in the littoral outside the delta and in the hypo-
1imnetic portions of the basin during that interval was made
from the relationship:

= 0 - + +
c5 c1 (c0 cd cw)

where: c clay sedimenting in portions of the lake other
than the delta;

c. a clay input from Rimmell discharge;

c = clay exported by the output;

cd 2 clay deposited in the delta and surrounding

littoral;

cw = clay loss in the water column.

The amount of clay lost from the water column during

the interval was estimated from lake volume and NFF residue

determined at the beginning and end of the interval. Upper

24

Figure 6. Map of the delta formed by the Rimmell Inlet
with contours showing the depth of deposition
of material from inlet discharge. Depth of
deposition contours are in mm.

 

25

 

 

20M

26

Figure 7. Map of the delta formed by the Rimmell Inlet
with contours showing the concentration of
clay in the material deposited from inlet
discharge. Clay concentration contours are
in g clay/cc deposited material.

28

pelagial water samples were taken at the surface, 1.5, and
2.5 m depths at four locations in the lake. Samples were
taken with a Kemmerer bottle and composited into a single
upper pelagial water sample. Hypolimnetic water was sampled
at the same four stations. Samples were taken at 3.5, 4.5,
5.5, 6.5, and 7.5 m depths. The samples were composited
according to a depth proportional compositing scheme which
allowed for the decreasing volume represented by samples
taken at each descending depth. NFF residue was determined
on the composites as previously described. Values of NFF
residue in the upper and lower pelagial zones for the spring
of 1978 were compared with those for the spring of 1979 to
determine if there had been a net change in NFF residue in

either zone.

RESULTS

The estimated daily discharge of the Rimmell inlet for
the period 3/14/78-4/13/78 is found in Appendix Table A—1
and the numerical estimates of discharge for the remainder
of the sampling period in Appendix Table A—2. The measure-
ments of instantaneous discharge used to determine total
discharge over individual sampling periods are found in
Appendix Table A-3. The results of the NFF residue analyses
(Appendix Table A-4) were multiplied by the appropriate dis-
charge value to obtain an estimate of total NFF residue
input by the Rimmell over the sampling period. These NFF
residue values are found in Table 1. In like fashion, the
NFF residue concentration of the outlet water was multi-
plied by outlet discharge to determine the NFF residue re-
moved from the lake by outlet discharge. Because the Rimmell
was not the only inlet to the lake, the values determined
in this fashion are an overestimate of the amount of NFF
residue entering the lake from the Rimmell and lost
through the outlet. Since NFF residue was measured for all
input streams during this study, the percentage of the
Rimmell contribution to the total NFF residue input to the
lake could be calculated for each sampling period. The NFF
residue output from the lake for each period was multiplied
by the corresponding percentage to estimate the NFF residue

29

30

Table l. Non-filterable fixed (NFF) residue input to
Skinner Lake by the Rimmell inlet during the
period 3/14/78-4/2/79.

 

 

Season Period of NFF Residue

Observation Input (kg)

3/14/78-4/13/78 118,797l
. 4/14/78-5/ 2/78 26,482
Spring 5/ 3/78a5/16/78 86,615
5/17/78-5/30/78 16,822
248,716
5/31/78-6/13/78 2,548
6/14/78-6/26/78 14,776
6/27/78-7/10/78 2,168

summer 7/11/78-7/24/78 2,7872
7/25/78-8/ 7/78 1,626
8/ 8/78-8/21/78 465
24,370
8/22/78-9/ 6/78 2,725
Fall 9/ 7/78-10/16/78 954
10/17/78-11/ 6/78 13
11/ 7/78-11/27/78 7,643
11,335
11/28/78-12/13/78 15,274
. 12/14/78-1/16/79 1,232
Winter 1/17/79-2/ 6/79 48,220
2/ 7/79-3/ 6/79 64,633
129,359

2
. 3/ 7/79-3/19/79 62,550

Spring 3/20/79—4/ 2/79 60,467 -
123,017

Total 536,796 kg

 

1. Estimated as shown in Appendix Table A—1.
2. Means of estimates for adjacent intervals.

31

input by the Rimmell that was carried through the outlet
in each sampling period. The values of output NFF residue,
percentage correction factors, and estimated Rimmell inlet
contributions to outlet NFF residue discharge are found in
Table 2. Since measurements for the correction factor for
the period 3/14/78-4/13/78 were not available, an average of
all the percentage correction factors was taken as the cor-
rection for this period.

Planimetry of the depth of deposition contours of

3 of material deposited

Figure 6 led to an estimate of 3916 m
in the delta and surrounding littoral during 1978 and early
1979. Of this material, 1138 m3 was in the above water por-
tion of the delta when the lake surface was at its normal

3 was in the surround-

summer elevation; the remaining 2778 m
ing littoral during the summer. Heaviest deposition was
found at the stream mouth. Deposition contours of Figure

6 indicate that the stream current swung eastward after
entering the lake. The area of relatively low deposition
in the center of the above water portion indicates the lo-
cation of a scoured stream channel formed during high
water of the spring of 1978.

The results of the clay separation procedures on sed-
iment core samples are given in Appendix Table A-5. Using
the clay concentration contours developed from these con-
centration values (Figure 7) and integrating with the depth
of deposition contours by planimetry, a value of 287,681 kg

of clay material was estimated to have been deposited in the

32

 

 

 

 

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33

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34
delta during the period 3/14/78-4/2/79.

Examination of the NFF residue values for the upper
and lower pelagial zones for the spring of 1978 and the
spring of 1979 (Appendix Table 6) indicated a slight change
in NFF residue contained in the upper pelagial zone and a
net loss of 15,106 kg from the lower pelagial.

With the above results, an annual mass balance was
calculated for clay discharged to Skinner Lake by the
Rimmell drain. The output of NFF residue attributable to
the Rimmell in various intervals of the year was subtracted
from the Rimmell input during those intervals. The results
are given in Table 3. The procedures used here yield an
estimate of 322,238 kg of clay trapped in the lake in the
interval 3/14/78-4/2/79. If the estimate of clay deposited
in the Rimmell delta is subtracted from this, an estimated
34,557 kg of material remains elsewhere in the lake basin.
Since it has been suggested from estimates made above that
the water column of the lake did not gain NFF residue be-
tween the beginning and end of the study, the unaccounted

for material was apparently sedimented.

35

Table 3. Estimates of non-filterable fixed (NFF) residue
discharged by the Rimmell Drain and remaining
in Skinner Lake during the period 3/14/78-4/2/79.

 

 

Season Period of NFF Residue Remaining
Observation in Lake (kg)

3/14/78-4/13/78 49,727
. 4/14/78-5/ 2/78 16,794
Spring 5/ 3/78-5/16/78 74,806
5/17/78-5/30/78 16,822
158,149
5/31/78-6/13/78 2,548
6/14/78-6/26/78 13,684
6/27/78-7/10/78 0
summer 7/11/78-7/24/78 2,515
7/25/78-8/ 7/78 0
8/ 8/78-8/21/78 316
19,063
8/22/78-9/ 6/78 2,725
Fall 9/ 7/78—10/16/78 954
10/17/78-11/ 6/78 13
11/ 7/78-11/27/78 7,643
11,335
11/28/78-12/13/78 15,274
12/14/78-1/16/79 165
. 1/17/79-2/ 6/79 9,371
Winter 2/ 7/79-3/ 6/79 0
24,810
. 3/ 7/79-3/19/79 62,550
Spring 3/20/79-4/ 2/79 46,331
108,881

Total 322,238 kg

 

DISCUSSION

The results of the clay mass balance study are useful
in indicating patterns of depositon. By the procedures

used in this study, an estimated 5.4 x 105

kg of clay (as
NFF residue) was discharged to the lake from the Rimmell
drain in the interval 3/14/78-4/2/79. Fifty-four percent
(2.9 x 105 kg) was deposited at or near the mouth of the
Rimmell channel, there contributing to the formation of

a delta. Forty percent (2.1 x 105 kg) passed through the
lake outlet, and 6% (3.5 x 104 kg) was apparently deposited
in lake sediments away from the channel mouth. The deposi-
tion of so large an amount of material at the mouth of the
Rimmell inlet over the duration of the study period is a
matter of some concern. While it reduced lake surface

2 of that surface area are none-

area by only 0.3%, 1700 m
theless gone. Emergent vegetation growing on newly created
shoreline sites such as this contribute to an accelerated
rate of filling the lake. Lake filling by soil particles
and refractory plant parts can occur at a rate that
substantially reduces the lifespans of small lakes that
have large watersheds.

There are a number of points to be made from the per-

spective of clay as a vehicle for phosphorus transport and

release. Imevbore and Adeniyi (1977) indicated that
36

37

suspended material, primarily clay, levels were associated
with increased PO4 levels and subsequent increased biomass
in Lake Kainji, Nigeria. Samsel (1973) also reported in-
creased PO4 with increasing suspended sediment concentration
in a small American impoundment but noticed a decrease in
productivity at high turbidity levels. A discussion of
chlorophyll a, secchi disk, and phosphorus relationships

in Skinner Lake in 1979 by Wilson (1980) suggests that

soil particle turbidity does not severely depress algal
standing crops in the lake. She found algal standing crops
at densities predicted by phosphorus concentration, where
the predictions were made from studies on lakes not heavily
impacted by agricultural drainage.

Comparison of NFF residue concentrations and partic-
ulate phosphorus levels in Rimmell inlet discharge (Progress
Report to EPA) indicated a high correlation (r = 0.76).
Using the linear estimate of this relationship (y = 0.0033
+ 0.0014x), the amount of phosphorus associated with clay
input by Rimmell discharge over the study period was cal-

culated. The 5.4 x 105

kg of NFF residue input over the
study period was estimated in this fashion to be carrying
751.5 kg of phosphorus. Forty percent of this (300.4 kg)
passed through the lake outlet and 54% was deposited in the
delta and surrounding littoral, to be slowly released through
equilibrium reactions and rooted plant uptake. The remain-
ing 6% (48.3 kg) was deposited in lake sediments away from

the mouth of the Rimmell channel. This corresponds to a

phosphorus loading of 0.098 g/mz/yr. With a mean lake depth

38

of 4.6 m, this value falls between the permissible (0.07
g/mz/yr) and dangerous (0.13 g/mZ/yr) loading levels de-
veloped by Vollenweider (1968). These levels do not take
lake residence times into consideration and must be inter-
perted with caution. Assuming slow release of phosphorus
from aerobic sediments,.however, loading of this magnitude

need not be a problem.

LITERATURE CITED

Bailey, G.W., R.R. Swank Jr., and H.P. Nicholson. 1974.
Predicting pesticide runoff from agricultural land:
A conceptual model. J. Environ. Qual. 3: 95-102.

Barrows, H.L. and V.S. Kilmer. 1963. Plant nutrient losses
from soils by water erosion. Advanced Agronomy.
15:303-316.

Bigger, J.W. and R.B. Corey. 1969. Agricultural drainage
and eutrophication. In Eutrophication: Causes, Conse-
quences, Correctives. National Academy of Science,
Washington, D.C. pp. 404-445.

Cordone, A.J. and D.E. Kelley. 1961. The influence of in-
organic sediment on the aquatic life of streams.
Calif. Fish Game. 47:189-228.

Edzwald, J.K. 1977. Phosphorus in aquatic systems: The
role of the sediments. In Irwin H. Suffet, ed. Fate
of Pollutants in the Air and Water Environments.
Part 1, Volume 8. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New
York. pp.183-213.

Helfrich, L.A. and N.R. Kevern. 1973. Availability of
phosphorus-32, adsorbed on clay particles, to a
green alga. Mich. Acad. 6:71-82.

Imevbore, A.M.A. and F. Adeniyi. 1977. Contribution on
the role of suspended solids to the chemistry of
Lake Kainji. In H.L. Golterman, ed. Interactions
Between Sediments and Fresh Water. Dr. W. Junk B.V.,
Publisher, The Hague, Netherlands. pp.335-342.

Iwamoto, R.N., E.O. Salo, M.A. Madej, and R.L. McComas.
1978. Sediment and water quality: A reveiw of the
literature including a suggested approach for water
quality criteria. EPA Pub 910/9-78-048. 151 pp.

Mansell, R.S., H.M. Selim, P. Kanchanasut, J.M. Davidson,
and J.G.A. Fiskell. 1977. Experimental and simulated
transport of phosphorus through sandy soils. Water
Resour. Res. 131:189-194.

39

40

Massey, H.F. and M.L. Jackson. 1952. Selective erosion
of soil fertility constituents. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.
Proc. 16:353-356.

Mattingly, G.E.G. 1975. Labile phosphate in soils. Soil
Sci. 119:369-375.

Meyer, 3.3. and A.C. Heritage. 1941. Effect of turbidity
and depth of immersion on apparent photosynthesis in
Ceratophyllum demersum. Ecol. 22:17-22.

Mortimer, C.H. 1941. The exchange of dissolved substances
between mud and water in lakes (Parts I and II).
J. Ecol. 29:280-329.

Porter, Keith S. 1975. Nitrogen and Phosphorus: Food pro-
duction, waste, and the environment. Ann Arbor Science
Publishing, Inc. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 372 pp.

Rosenberg, D.M. and A.P. Wiens. 1975. Experimental sediment
addition studies on the Harris River, N.W.T., Canada:
The effect on macroinvertebrate drift. Verh. Internat.
Verein. Limnol. 19:1568-1574.

Ryden, J.C., J.K. Sayers, and R.F. Harris. 1973. Phosphorus
in runoff and streams. Advances in Agronomy. 25:1-45.

Samsel, G.R. Jr. 1973. Effects of sediment on the algal
flora of a small recreational impoundment. Water
Resour. Bull. 9:1145-1152.

Stoltenberg, N.L. and J.L. White. 1953. Selected loss of
plant nutrients by erosion. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.
17:406-410.

U.S. Department of the Interior. 1967. Water Measurement
Manual, 2nd ed. USDI, Washington, D.C. 329 pp.

Vollenweider, R.A. 1968. Scientific Fundamentals of the
Eutrophication of Lakes and Flowing Waters, with
Particular Reference to Nitrogen and Phosphorus as
Factors in Eutrophication. Paris Rep. Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development. DAS/CSI/
68.27, 198 pp.; Annex, 21 pp.; Bibliography, 61 pp.

Wilson, M. 1980. Chlorophyll a in the plankton and macro-
phytes of two lakes. M.S. thesis. Michigan State
University. East Lansing, Michigan.

APPENDIX

41

42

 

 

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44

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table A-2. Observed Rimmell inlet discharges during the
period 3/14/78-4/2/79.
Season Period of Total Q
Observation (m3)
3/14/78-4/13/78 1,773,0981
4/14/78-4/23/78 450,424
Spring 4/24/78-5/ 9/78 715,723
5/10/78-5/23/78 962,942
3,902,187
5/24/78-6/ 6/78 207,603
6/ 7/78-6/20/78 63,686
6/21/78-7/ 3/78 178,023
7/ 4/78-7/17/78 58,575
summer 7/18/78-7/31/78 34,837
8/ 1/78-8/14/78 26,006
8/15/78-8/29/78 15,023
8/30/78-9/27/78 20,963
604,786
9/28/78-10/27/78 15,390
Fall 10/28/78-11/17/78 12,247
11/18/78-12/ 6/78 '23,331
50,868
12/ 7/78-12/31/78 50,576
. 1/ 1/79—1/27/79 19,861
Winter 1/28/79-2/23/79 8,424
78,861
2/24/79-3/12/79 1,795,349
s ....
Pring 3/13/79-4/ 2/79 625,905
2,421,254
Total 7,057,956 m3

 

1. Estimated as shown in Appendix Table A-1.

45

Table A-3. Estimates of instantaneous discharge (Q)
from the Rimmell inlet for the period
4/13/78-4/2/79.

 

 

Sample Date Rimmell Inlet Q
(m3/sec)
4/13/78 0.5567
5/ 2/78 0.4152
5/16/78 0.9133
5/30/78 0.0722
6/13/78 0.0270
6/26/78 0.1870
7/10/78 0.0284
7/24/78 0.0300
8/ 7/78 0.0220
8/21/78 0.0100
9/ 6/78 0.0090
10/16/78 0.0050
11/ 6/78 0.0060
11/27/78 0.0130
12/14/78 0.0280
1/16/79 0.0050
2/ 6/79 0.0050
3/ 6/79 1.3100
3/19/79 0.3820

4/ 2/79

0.7130

 

46
Table A-4. Results of non-filterable fixed (NFF)
residue analyses.

 

Sample Date Input NFF Residue Output NFF Residue
Concentration (mg/1) Concentration (mg/l)

 

4/13/78 47.0 8.7
S/ 2/78 37.0 24.0
5/16/78 96.0 8.0
5/30/78 81.0
6/13/78 . 40.0 0.0
6/26/78 83.0 15.0
7/10/78 37.0 19.0
7/24/78 80.0 2.0
8/ 7/78 59.0
8/21/78 31.0 45.01
9/16/78 130.0 0.0
10/16/78 62.0 0.0
11/ 6/78 1.0 0.0
12/14/78 302.0 0.0
1/16/79 61.0 76.0
2/ 6/79 119.0 43.0
3/ 6/79 36.0 38.0
3/19/79 0.0
4/ 2/79- - 267.0 15.0 ~

 

1. The outlet did not discharge between 9/16 and 12/14,
1978.

47

Table A-5. Results of clay particle separation procedures.

 

 

Sample Sample Volume Weight of Weight of Density

Site # (cc) Extracted Clay of Clay
Material (9) (g/cc)

(g)

l 50 16.102 14.053 0.281
2 20 8.544 7.662 0.383
3 25 7.310 6.737 0.269
4 50 19.566 19.093 0.362
5 30 10.549 9.807 0.327
6 50 15.160 13.646 0.273
7 50 18.298 16.883 0.338
8 50 23.593 11.655 0.233
9 50 30.472 17.612 0.352
10 50 30.755 17.966 0.359
11 50 27.442 9.341 0.187
12 50 29.193 25.553 0.511
13 50 9.646 8.935 0.179
14 50 17.411 12.536 0.251
15 50 18.649 16.989 0.339
16 50 6.478 6.195 0.124
17 50 7.186 6.733 0.135
18 50 10.262 7.261 0.145
19 50 7.607 7.073 0.142
20 50 8.888 8.472 0.169
21 50 15.599 14.442 0.289

 

48

Table A-6. Estimates of non-filterable fixed (NFF) residue
in the upper and lower pelagial zones of
Skinner Lake for the spring of 1978 and the
spring of 1979.

 

 

Sampling Date NFF Residue in NFF Residue in

Upper Pelagial Lower Pelagial
(kg) (kg)

5/ 2/78 0 15,106

5/16/78 632 7,753

5/30/78 0

4/23/79 0 o

5/ 7/79 0 0

 

   

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