THE WEEK-LEVEL §TEP TES? AS A PREDICYOR OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN INTAKE Thesis {or Hm Degree of pl». D. MECEIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Donald Carl Stolberg 1964 THESIS 'LIBRARY Michigan State University This is to certify that the thesis entitled THE MULTI-LEVEL STEP TEST AS A PREDICTOR 0F MAXIMUM OXYGEN INTAKE ‘ presented by I} Donald Carl Stolberg has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Date .4; 0-169 ROOM U SE CE‘SL ABSTRACT THE MULTI-LEVEL STEP TEST AS A PREDICTOR OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN INTAKE by Donald Carl Stolberg The problem of measuring and evaluating physical capacity is extensive when considering differences in motor ability, motivation and physiological limitations, Exhaustive physical tests are difficult to apply to a heterogeneous population when considering individual differences in physiological patterns of adaptation. There is a need for simple and efficient tests of physical capacity or aerobic work capacity in a modern mechanized society. The purpose of this study was to predict aerobic work capacity, measured on a graded treadmill test, from selected exercise and recovery heart rate measures recorded during and after submaximal exercise on a multi—leyel step test. Thirty college students were tested on seven multi~ level step tests and on a treadmill run in an air condi— tioned exercise room. Continuous exercise and recovery heart rates were taken on all tests with the use of Grass Electrodes, a Sanborn Cardio-tachometer and a Sargent SR Donald Carl Stolberg Recorder. Maximum oxygen consumption on the treadmill was determined by the use of an open circuit energy metabolism system (Douglas bag method) and Beckman Gas Analyzers. Each subject performed the tests in random order. The subjects stepped on each level of the step test for three minutes progressively from one level to the next. The step heights were 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm. Stepping on each step along with five minutes of recovery con- stituted five of the tests. The subjects also performed two heart-rate terminating tests. The tests were termin~ ated when the subject's heart rates reached 150 beats per minute and 170 beats per minute. A reliability check on the multi-level step test indicated poor reliability on the 20 cm. and 40 cm. levels, but good reliability on the 30 cm. level. Performance on the graded treadmill test provided the criterion measure, maximum oxygen consumption per kilogram of body weight. The treadmill grade was increased 1% per minute from 0%, with the treadmill speed held at 7 miles per hour. The test was terminated by the subject at exhaustion. A test-retest on ten subjects on the treadmill pro- vided a correlation coefficient of .77. The test means were not significantly different. All data were graphed and treated statistically on the Michigan State University computer, the Control Data Donald Carl Stolberg Corporation-3600. The data were statistically analyzed using the multiple regression technique. The multi-level exercise and recovery heart rates, termination times, and the height and weight variables were related to maximum oxygen consumption per kilogram of body weight, the dependent variable. Regressions were also calculated for combinations of intertest variables in order to produce the best predictive equations from all of the multi-level step tests data collected. Conclusions 1. Height was a predominant factor in predicting maximum oxygen consumption per kilogram of body weight. 2. The 20-cm., 30-cm. tests and the heart-rate terminating tests, 150 and 170 beats per minute, did not predict maximum oxygen consumption per kilogram of body weight. 3. The 40-cm., SO-cm. and two combinations of inter— test variables had a limited capacity for predicting maximum oxygen consumption per kilogram of body weight (R = .63, R = .64, R = .74, R = .77, respectively). 4. The pulse rate measures obtained on the multi— level step tests did not differentiate subjects according to maximal oxygen consumption capacity. THE MULTI~LEVEL STEP TEST AS A PREDICTOR OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN INTAKE BY Donald Carl Stolberg A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Health, Physical, Education, and Recreation 1964 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to recognize the valuable assistance of the graduate students and laboratory assist- ants whose cooperation and reliable work contributed to the successful completion of this experiment. The support given by Brian Eisner, Frank Hartman, Farrel Brizendine, Mike Maksud, and, especially, Ken Coutts was greatly appreciated. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM . . . . . . l The Nature of the Problem. 2 Statement of the Problem . . . . . . 3 Definitions . . . . 3 Limitations of the Problem . . . . 5 II. RELATED LITERATURE . . . . . . . 7 Physical Fitness. 7 Work Capacity. 8 Maximal Oxygen Consumption 9 Cardiac Output . . . . . . . . . ll Exercise Heart Rate. . . . . . . . 12 Recovery Heart Rate. . . . . . . . 14 Tests of Maximum Physical Capacity. . . l6 Graded Tests . . . . . . . . . . 19 Prediction of Maximal Aerobic Capacity . 20 III. METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Tests . . . . . .' . . . . . . 28 Measurements . . . . . . . . . . 32 Multi—level Step Test Reliability . . . 35 Treadmill Test Reliability . . . . . 38 Statistical Treatment of the Data . . . 38 iii CHAPTER PAGE IV. ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF DATA . . . . 42 Multi-level Step Test Data . . . . . 42 Treadmill Data . . . . . . . . . 47 Statistical Treatment of Data . . . . 47 Estimated Dependent Variable. . . . . 62 Subject Differences. . . . . . . . 64 V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . 70 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . 72 BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 iv FIGURE 1. LIST OF FIGURES A Description of the Tests Used in the Study. . . . . . . . Multi-Level Step Test Box Gas Collection and Analysis Schematic Multi-Level Step Test Reliability Design . Multi-Level Step Test Mean Reliability . Multi-Level Step Test Mean Exercise and Recovery Heart. Treadmill Mean Exercise and Recovery Heart Rates. . . . . . . Mean Exercise and Recovery Heart Rates Comparing the Subjects who Completed the SO-cm. Test with Those who Did Not Complete the T€st. PAGE 29 3O 34 36 37 45 49 66 TABLE LIST OF TABLES Treadmill Maximum Oxygen Consumption Reliability . Means and Standard Deviations of Exercise and Recovery Heart Rates on the Multi- Level Step Tests Mean Terminating Test Data Comparative Maximum Oxygen Consumption Values on Treadmill Tests Zero-Order Correlations with the Criterion Measure (02 max/k8) Zero-Order Correlations with the Criterion (O2 max/kg) and Regression Data 20vcm. Test . . . . . . . . . Zero-Order Correlations with the Criterion (02 max/kg) and Regression Data, 30-cm. Test Zero-Order Correlations with the Criterion (02 max/kg) and Regression Data, Term. lSO—Test . Zero-Order Correlations with the Criterion (02 max/kg) and Regression Data, Term. l70—Test vi PAGE 39 43 48 50 52 53 54 55 TABLE 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. l6. l7. Zero-Order Correlations with the Criterion (O2 max/kg) and Regression Data, 40-cm. Test . . . . . . . . . Zero-Order Correlations with the Criterion (02 max/kg) and Regression Data, 50-cm. Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zero-Order Correlations with the Criterion (0 /kg) and Regression Data, Combina- 2 max tion 1 Zero-Order Correlations with the Criterion (02 max/kg) and Regression Data, Combina- tion 2 . . . . . . . Test Related Height Regression Data. Comparison of the Mean Differences Between the Dependent Variable and Estimated Value of the Dependent Variable Comparison of Mean Treadmill Data Between Subjects who Completed the SO-cm. Test and Those That Did Not Complete the BO-cm. Test Comparison of Mean Multi-Level Step Test Times Between Subjects Who Completed the SO-cm Test and Those Who Did Not Complete the SO-cm Test. vii PAGE 57 58 59 6O 61 63 65 67 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM Individuals in a modern society, generally, have reduced physical energy expenditures as a result of less physical demand on the body. The physical expenditures resulting from work and leisure activities are becoming minimal. Proper physiological body function, however, remains the goal of all individuals who desire to live productive lives free from disease. The problem of accomplishing the goal of proper physiological functioning is one of evaluating human functions with respect to the stresses impinging on them. Since the individual is primarily a physically active organism, one aspect of the problem is concerned with the individual's changing capacity for work. There is no fundamental physiological process which is not, in some way, connected with muscular work. Consequently, the deterioration of a fundamental process will disturb the coordinated and integrative function of the whole organ- ism during muscular work and thus lead to a decrease in the general working capacity. Simonson and Enzer (l, p. 346) considered loss or impairment of working capacity as a characteristic of a diseased state. It is difficult for the individual in a modern society to evaluate his working capacity when he is not required to physically extend himself. This problem becomes more complex because of the attitude of some individuals who do not consider maximum physical capacity to be of any importance in light of a preoccupation with energy conservation. Bartley and Chute (2, p. 398) state that fatigue always involves the individual's evaluation of himself and his abilities. This would indicate that an individual who is not exposed to or does not choose to be exposed to physical work most likely does not have the reference ability to evaluate his changing physical capacity. Therefore, there is a need for simple tests of physical capacity to provide quantitative information on the individual's changing physical capacity. The Naturefiof the Problem Individual variations in the circulatory response to both submaximal and maximal work are great even within a relatively homeogeneous group of healthy persons. This variation is even more pronounced in the total population, including well-trained athletes on the one side and conval- escents and persons without a well established state of health on the other. This means that it is very difficult to define the range within which the work capacity should fall in order to be considered normal. It is desirable, however, to have certain norms to follow when judging a person's work capacity (3, p. 83). Work capacity can be effectively evaluated by using maximal tests involving mechanically simple exercise movements. In order to properly evaluate maximum work capacity, however, measurements of the metabolic rate and the cardiovascular function are necessary. These evaluations normally involve the use of elaborate measuring equipment and complicated compu- tations. These evaluations also involve the utilization of tests of intense physical exertion. By using such tests wiitiheterogeneous populations of varying physical capacities, the exhaustive nature of the test becomes a limitation. The assumption underlying this study is that this limitation might be eliminated by the use of graded tests to estimate or predict physical capacity. Statement of the Problem This study was designed to investigate the possibil- ity of predicting aerobic work capacity, as determined by a graded treadmill test, from selected exercise and recovery heart rate measurements recorded during and after submaximal exercise. Definitions 1. Physical ability--the ability of men to per- form prolonged work. 2. Aerobic capacity--the ability of the cardio- respiratory system to satisfy the oxygen requirement of the working muscles. 3. Maximum oxygen consumption per kilogram of body weight (02 max/kg)--the quantitative measure of maximum aerobic capacity. 4. Graded treadmill test--a test of maximum work capacity. (The treadmill speed was held at seven miles/ hr. The grade was raised one percent each minute from zero percent to termination. The exhaustion end-point was determined by the subject.)1 5. Multi-level step test--a graded step test with levels of work approaching maximum. (The subject stepped on increasingly higher steps with the rate of stepping held constant at 30 steps per minute. The steps were 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm. in height. The exercise time on each step was three minutes.)2 6. Heart rate terminating test--a test which is terminated at a predetermined heart rate value. lThe graded treadmill test used was a variation of the tests used by C. Taylor (4, p. 201) and Taylor, Buskirk and Henschel (5, p. 74). 2The multi—level step test design was suggested by Dr. Bruno Balke, Aeromedical Research Institute, Federal Aviation Agency, Aeronautical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, at the American College of Sports Medicine National Convention held in Oklahoma City in May, 1962. Limitations of the Problem l. The lack of control of the subject's food intake and amount of rest may have influenced the results. 2k The height of the 50 cm. step of the multi- level step test may have caused body height to be introduced as a contributing variable. 3. The treadmill test, which determined maximum oxygen consumption in one trial, may not have uniformly elicited the maximum values, due to the length of the test for some subjects. REFERENCES Simonson, E., and Enzer, N. "Physiology of Muscular Exercise and Fatigue in Disease," Medicine, 21: 345-419, 1942. Bartley, S.H., and Chute, E. Fatigue and Impairment in Man, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1947. Astrand, I. "Aerobic Work Capacity in Men and Women with Special Reference to Age," Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 49: Supplementum 169, 1960. Taylor C. "Some Properties of Maximal and Submaximal Exercise with Reference to Physiological Variation and the Measure of Exercise Tolerance," American Journal of Physiology, 142:200-212, 1944. Taylor, H.L., Buskirk, E. and Henschel, A. "Maximal Oxygen Intake as an Objective Measure of Cardio- Respiratory Performance," Journal of_Applied Physiology, 8:73-80, 1955. CHAPTER II RELATED LITERATURE Physical Fitness Physical fitness could be defined as a quantitative expression of the physical condition of an individual. It might also be defined as the ability to perform a specific task requiring muscular effort in which speed and endur- ance are the main criteria (1, p. 340). Fitness for hard work depends upon the proper function of many physiolog— ical mechanisms (2, p. 491). Fitness apparently consists of the ability of the organism to maintain the various internal equilibria as closely as possible to the resting state during strenuous exertion, and to restore promptly after exercise, any equilibrium which has been disturbed (3, p. 141). In other words, effective homeostasis is a characteristic of fitness. This ability of the body to adapt changes with age. Cureton (4, p. 7) suggested that understanding the long range value of physical fitness was very important, and that there has been only meager advancements in this direction. Physical performance depends upon many factors, including good physical condition with optimal nutrition, technical skill and muscular strength to overcome a given load, the motivation to perform to the best of one's ability and the elimination of all inhibiting psycho- logical factors (1, p. 340). Work Capacity Work capacity can be defined as the maximum work intensity that is consistent with a steady state (5, p. 71). Brouha (6, p. 3) indicated that working level varied according to the work load, the environment in which the work was done and the physical capacity of the individual. Wahlund (5, p. 16) suggested the use of one or more of the following functions as indices for determ- ining work capacity: Oxygen consumption Total ventilation Ratio of oxygen consumption and ventilation Respiration rate Vital capacity Various ratios of ventilation and vital capacity Pulse rate and restitution of pulse rate Oxygen debt Various ratios of pulse rate and blood pressure Work-time to exhaustion \OCI) \l (DUI-P: WMH i—J 0 During prolonged heavy physical work the individual's performance capacity depends largely upon his ability to take up, transport and deliver oxygen to the working muscles. Consequently, the maximum oxygen uptake (or aerobic capacity) is the best measure of a person's can: 1: .~ physical fitness providing the definition of physical fitness is restricted to the capacity for doing prolonged heavy work (7, p. 153). Maximal Oxygen Consumption For exercise of long duration in which the individ- ual is pushed to exhaustion, it is essential to maintain F a steady state of oxygen supply during the major part of the performance. The higher the level of oxygen up- take that can be maintained, the more aerobic work pro- mm W duced and the better the performance (6, p. 14). The metabolic cost of work is traditionally expressed in terms of body weight or, less often, surface area. Mahadeva, Passmore, and Wolf (8, p. 230) indicated that in any physical activity in which a large portion of energy expenditure was used to move the body weight, the metabolic cost was directly proportional to body weight. Taylor, Buskirk and Henschel (9, p. 78) reported that the basic determinant of the maximal oxygen intake was the mass of the muscle employed in performing the task. The issue was further clarified by Buskirk and Taylor (10, p. 74) in their study of body composition in relation to maximal oxygen intake. They reported that the correlation between oxygen intake and the fat-free body weight or active tissue was large enough to apparently account for 72% of the total variance between individuals. 10 Therefore, the ratio of maximal oxygen intake/kilogram of body weight provides a good measure of the immediately available oxidative energy which can be supplied to move a kilogram of body weight from one point to another. No statistical difference in the metabolic work cost predictive accuracy between body weight and surface area was reported by Miller and Blyth (11, p. 141). Relatively recent studies on homeotherms, ranging from mice to cattle, have indicated that the metabolic rate per unit of surface was greater in the larger animal. However, Kleiber (12, p. 215) reported that metabolic rate is proportional to a given function of body weight, and that the metabolic rate divided by the three-fourths power of the body weight was independent of the body size. This sophistication of metabolic evaluation has not yet been used to any great extent in maximal exercise studies. The intensity and amount of work are important aspects of any physical test. The minute—consumption of oxygen varies almost directly with the amount of work done in the same unit of time. However, when the load of work becomes an overload individual differences in oxygen in- take appear and the oxygen consumption falls below the expected values (13, p. 354). Astrand and Saltin (14, p. 173) stated that the time it takes to establish a plateau for oxygen intake depends on the work load. After ll warm up, about two minutes of very heavy exercise was sufficient to adjust the oxygen transporting system in young, healthy and well-trained individuals to obtain maximal oxygen uptakes and heart rates. However, with a work load that can be maintained for four to five minutes and longer there might be further increases in oxygen uptake and heart rate. They also reveal that running uphill might yield a somewhat higher (about 5%) maximal oxygen uptake than other types of exercise. Cardiac Output The cardiovascular system has a crucial role in carrying oxygen to the working muscles. The most import- ant phenomenon in cardiovascular adaptation to muscle action is the increase in cardiac output (6, p. 7). This is accomplished by an increase in sympathetic tone producing increased heart frequency and more complete empyting of the heart resulting in increased blood flow from the heart through the dilated vessels of the working muscles (16, p. 797). When exercise is such that the heart rate rises above 120 beats/minute, the stroke volume, in most individuals, reaches its maximum value and may even decrease as the heart rate rises with further increases in effort. Hence, at high levels of work, further rises in cardiac output are dependent upon rises in heart rate. Ability to increase oxygen intake at high levels of work, therefore, is dependent upon the heart 12 rate and arteriovenous oxygen differences (16, p. 785). Asmussen and Nielsen (17, p. 153) found that maximum exercise increased the differences between the oxygen content of blood in full equilibrium with the mean alveolar air and the actual oxygen content of peripheral arterial blood, and that these differences were partially caused by anatomical shunts. [- There are many factors which influence the maxi- ‘ mum capacity of the heart. Wahlund (5, p. 51) indicated that the factor responsible for limiting cardiac out- put was the time of diastole which at pulse rates above ; 180 may be too short for filling of the heart. However, Asmussen and Nielsen (16, p. 797) suggested that the greater emptying of the heart with each beat, rather than diastolic filling was responsible for greater stroke volume. Many investigators (4, p. 326) (5, p. 37) (6, p. 8) (13, p. 356) (18, p. 441) reported a rectilinear increase in cardiac out put, at standard conditions, with an increase in oxygen consumption. They also stated that pulse rates within a certain range increase rectilinearly with oxygen intake. Exercise Heart Rate The increase in oxygen consumption during work is closely related to a simultaneous increase in circulatory rate which demonstrates itself through pulse acceleration. 13 Pulse rates during submaximal exercise were reported by Dill (18, p. 445) as being remarkably uniform for a given person under a given environmental condition. Small day-to-day variation in heart rate reaction to submaximal work loads on a bicycle ergometer were re- ported by I. Astrand, et. a1., (19, p. 258) for subjects in good physical condition. When very heavy work leading to exhaustion is considered, pulse rates of approximately 170-200 are found. Balke, et. al., (20, p. 235) reported that several clearly discernible physiological alterations occured after approximately the same period of exercise. The respiratory exchange ratio reached and exceeded unity; the pulse pressure and oxygen pulse became maximal; a disproportionately sharp rise in respiratory rate and minute volume began; alveolar carbon dioxide tension dropped suddenly; and blood lactate levels began to rise sharply. They noted that these findings appeared at about the time the heart rate reached 180 beats per minute. Therefore, they considered a heart rate of 180 beats per minute as indicative of physical alterations of impending exhaustion. Johnson, Brouha, and Darling (2, p. 491) noted that pulse rates during standard exercise were higher in the less fit subject. Wahlund (5, p. 74), Berggren and Christensen (21, p. 257), LeBlanc (22, p. 280) and 14 Billings, et. al., (23, p. 1005) agreed that if the experimental conditions were well under control, the pulse rate would give very valuable information as far as the rate of metabolism was concerned. 0n the other hand, Brouha (6, p. 22) found no satisfactory relation- ship between basal or sitting pulse rate and ability to perform hard work. I. Astrand, et. al., (19, p. 257) indicated that apprehension may have a marked influence on heart rate at rest, but that during work the psychic influence on heart rate was more or less abolished. Recovery Hearthate In the past, much emphasis has been placed on pulse rate changes during or after work as a criterion of fit- ness. Brouha has studied the recovery heart rates extensively. Some of his statements concerning recovery heart rates were: (6, p. 17) "The rate of recovery to a resting state varies according to the work load, the environment in which the work is done and the physical capacity of the subject and is proportional to the stress experienced during work. Consequently, the recovery process must be used to evaluate a situa- tion leading to physical fatigue. If the load is light, duration has little influence on recovery heart rates unless it extends over several hours. For heavy work that can be maintained in a steady state, the longer the exercise the longer the recovery to the resting level. On the other hand, for comparably short efforts pushed to exhaustion or nearly so, the 15 duration of the performance does not appreciably effect the recovery rate. No matter how long it takes to reach exhaustion, the return to resting heart rates always follows the same pattern and takes about the same time." Johnson and Brouha (24, p. 171) found that pulse rates during running, duration of running and lactate level after running were related to physical condition as measured during a five minute treadmill test (7 mph, F— 8.6% grade). The subjects may or may not have reached maximum effort at the end of the test. However, if each subject was worked to exhaustion, the relation- Va. ships between recovery pulse rates and aerobic capacity and the physical fitness index were altered, According to Knehr, Dill, and Neufeld (25, p. 155) and Billings, et. al., (23, p. 1005) the rate of pulse recovery was found to be unrelated to the ability of the subject to sustain maximum work. No significant relation was found between run time on a graded treadmill test and recovery heart rates by Taylor (26, p. 210). These reports do not negate the assumption that individual differences can be related to decline of pulse rate after moderate exercise. They do seem to show that when exhaustion is reached in a given time, the rate of work varying, the pulse recovery curves remain unaffected. However, Billings, et. al., (23, p. 1005) suggested that recovery pulse rates may be of value in ranking subjects exposed to light or moderate work loads. 16 Tests of Maximum Physical Capacity Taste of maximum capacity should accurately standardize the work load, which should be high enough to show significant differences between men fit and unfit for hard work (2, p. 491). Listed below are the various types of work employed to evaluate maximum physical capacity: (5, p. 16) Stepping on and off a step or a stool Walking or running on stairs Walking or running on a treadmill Standing walking or running Arm ergometer work Bicycle ergometer work o‘U'l-P'UUI'UI—J Astrand and Saltin (15, p. 981) suggested that the work load should be selected so that exhaustion termin- ates the experiment after about 3-8 minutes if maximum aerobic capacity was to be measured. One of the problems with this type of test is that motivation is such an important factor when exhaustion is used as an end point. Another method of assessing maximal capacity was utilized by Christensen and Hogberg (27, p. 253) who investigated the effect of running at different speeds on the treadmill. They found that the oxygen up— take during running at different speeds between 10 and 20 km/hr. on a horizontal treadmill resulted in a straight line increase with Speed. At high speeds they found that the line departed from linearity indicating 17 that at high speeds of running a significant part of the energy has to be deliveredlnran aerobic processes involving low efficiency. Taylor, Buskirk and Henschel (9, p. 79) determined that the conditions which were best adapted to eliciting a maximum oxygen intake were a constant speed of 7 mph. and an increasing of the grade in steps of 2-1/2%. The Harvard step test (28, p. 90) is an example of another test designed to evaluate relative maximum physical capacity. A physical fitness index using test time and recovery heart rates resulted in an approximation of maximum physical capacity. Mahadeva, Passmore and Wolf (8, p. 231) reported that the stepping test seemed to have valuable features as a measure of energy expenditure, giving on the average a result exactly proportional to weight and having quite a small residual variance after weight was taken into account. The relationships between step test scores and other tests of work capacity was investigated byflflon- otoye (29, p. 493). He found that there was some slight relation between step test scores and work capacity. Scores on the 1/2 mile run, a bicycle ergometer maximum test (time) and maximum sit-ups correlated -.23, .09 and .29, respectively, with the step test index. He found no significant relation between the fitness index 18 and height, weight or surface area. Seltzer (30, p. 20), and Keen and Sloan (31, p. 242) found no correla- tions between various stature measurements and weight and the results of the step test. However, Seltzer noted that extremely short individuals with heights below 165 cm. showed a slight tendency to have rather low physical fitness indices. Taddonio and Karpovich (32, p. 383) reported that the Harvard step test required a high knee elevation in order to step on the 20 inch bench. This extension caused a considerable amount of local pain in the knee joint especially in sedentary people. In their work with the step test, sprinters and hurdlers experienced the least discomfort while marathon runners complained of muscle soreness through- out the thigh, groin and calf for several days following the test. Gallagher and Brouha (33, p. 25), working with boys, 12—18 years old, felt that it was necessary to adjust the step test bench from 20 inches to 18 inches to provide for the size differences. They grouped the boys on the basis of body surface area, rather than age, in order to get comparable physical fitness index results. The modified Harvard step test used by Ryhming (34, p. 246) had men stepping on a 40 cm. step and women on a 33 cm. step at a rate of 22.5 steps/minute. Hettinger, et. al., (7, p. 154) further modified the step test by adjusting the step to the 19 length of the lower extremity of the subjects (police- men). The test did not seem to offer any striking advantage over the standard Harvard step test. Cureton (4, p. 241), using a seventeen inch bench and rates‘ of 8, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 steps per minute, found signs of inefficient heart actions, represented by the ratio between the two minute pulse count after exercise and the resting pulse count, in the less fit subjects. Graded Tests Two main types of maximal tests have appeared in the literature: 1. Tests which have the work load initally set near the subject's limit or capacity. 2. Tests which gradually bring the subject to a point of exhaustion by the use of increasing work load levels. When it is desired to plan a maximal or submaximal test of physical capacity for a fairly heterogeneous group of subjects, including extremes of high and low fitness, graded tests are satisfactory, providing the increase is not too sudden and maximum stress is determined by a physiological function (4, p. 325). Taylor (26, p. 201) used a graded treadmill test at a constant speed of 162 meters/minute and an initial grade of 5%. He elevated the treadmill l%/minute until the subject reached exhaustion. Since the work was gradually increased throughout the run no one celfld attain an absolute steady state. Rather, subjects reached relative degrees of adaptation which per- mitted them to continue for varying lengths of time. Balke (35, p. 313) experimented with a graded treadmill walking test. The speed of the treadmill was kept at 3.5 mph., and the slope of the treadmill was increased by one half percent of belt travel each minute. The test permitted measurement of cardio- pulmonary function over a wide range of performers from minimal muscular activity up to critical work loads with a period of time adequate for physio- logical adaptation. Balke showed that each level of work encountered during this process involved a rela- tively slight additional stress upon a healthy subject. He demonstrated/in part,that heart rate adaptation to each new level was complete within one minute even at higher work loads. Prediction of Maximal Aerobic Capacity A direct measurement of the maximal oxygen intake can be made, but the method is intricate and can only be applied in a well-equipped laboratory. It would be of value to work out a simple test method giving infor- mation about the subject's aerobic capacity. The work load used for the test should be a submaximal one. 20 21 A fairly constant mechanical efficiency on the bicycle ergometer was found by Wahlund (5, p. 55) in his investigations of various physical fitness levels. Thus the oxygen intake could be indirectly estimated from work load with a range of'i8% in two-thirds of the cases. Astrand and Ryhming (36, p. 218) found that the relationships between pulse rate during work and actual oxygen intake in percent of the subject's aerobic capacity were linear and produced identical values for men and women. 0n the basis of this find- ing, Astrand and Ryhming worked out a nomogram for calculation of aerobic capacity from the values of pulse rate and oxygen intake during a work test with submaximal rates of work (bicycle, treadmill or step test). Therefore, in experiments where oxygen intake was not determined it could be estimated with a standard deviation of less than i10% by reading hori- zontally from the "body weight" scale (step test) or I'work level" scale (bicycle test) to the ”oxygen in- take" scale. Ryhming (37, p. 45) stated that the pre- requisites of this procedure were: 1. That the pulse rate during submaximal work increased approximately rectilinearly with oxygen uptake. 2. That submaximal pulse rates no lower than 125/minute were used for prediction. 3. That the pulse rate of a subject could reach a maximal value of l95/minute (S.D. 110), when cycling or walking. 22 Maritz, et. a1.(38, p. 99) tested the nomogram's fundamental premises by conducting step test investi- gations on African mine laborers. The subjects were trained and tested on a series of tests on a 12 inch bench at rates of 6, l2, and 24 steps/minute and on a maximal bicycle ergometer test. The two nomograph premises which were substantiated were: [7 1. Oxygen consumption could be predicted from work level. 2. The variation of an individual's maximum heart rate from the mean for a popula- tion is small. They also found, however, that the straight line relation- ship between heart rate and oxygen consumption departed sharply from linearity at maximum work levels so that the measured maximum oxygen consumption was generally higher than would have corresponded to the maximum heart rate value when a straight line fitted to plots of heart rate and oxygen consumption was extrapolated to that value. The bias, however, was small. They also found fault with the common base point (60 beats/minute at zero 02) of the nomogram by examining the sources of error caused by variances in the individual‘s resting heart rate. Maritz, et. at., suggested an alternative for estimating the individual heart rate-oxygen consump- tion straight line to enhance the predictability. They proposed four rates of work, from which to extrapolate a more effective heart rate-oxygen consumption curve. 23 Hettinger, et. a1. (7, p. 155) using a step test adjusted to the length of the subject's lower extremity, applied the Astrand Ryhming nomogram and found that the predicted maximal oxygen consumption values were higher than the measured values. They attributed this difference to the fact that the nomo- gram was computed on the basis of studies on well- ' trained subjects while their subjects were essentially untrained. To clarify the efficiency of the nomogram, Ryhming (37, p. 59) stated that measuring only the sub- maximal oxygen uptake or work load and heart rate would always be only an aid for a rough prediction of aerobic work capacity. 10. 11. 24 REFERENCES Consolazio, C. F., Johnson, R. E. and Pecora, L. J. Measurements of Metabolic Functions in Man, New York: McGraw-Hill Book, Company, Inc., 1963. Johnson, R. E., Brouha, L. and Darling, R. "A Test of Physical Fitness for Strenuous Exertion," Revue Canadienne de Biologie, 1:491-503, 1942. Darline, R. C. "The Significance of Physical Fit— ness," Archiyes of Physical Medicine and Rehabilita- tion, eleED-IEB, 1941. Cureton, Jr., T. K. Physical Fitness of Champion Athletes, Urbana, Illinois: The University of Illinois Press, 1951. Wahlund, H. "Determination of the Physical Working Capacity," Acta Medica Scandinavica, Supplementum 215, 1948. Brouha, L. Physiology in Industry, New York: Pergamon Press, 1960. Hettinger, T., Birkhead, N. C., Horvath, S. M., Issekutz, B., and Rodahl, K. I'Assessment of Work Capacity," Journal of Applied Physiology, 16:153- 156, 1961. A Mahadeva, K., Passmore, P. and Wolf, B. "Individual Variations in the Metabolic Cost of Standardized Exercises: The Effects of Food, Age, Sex and Race," Journal of Physiology, 121:225-231, 1953. Taylor, H. L., Buskirk, E. and Henschel, A. "Maximal Oxygen Intake as an Objective Measure of Cardio- Respiratory Performance," Journal of Applied Physiology, 8:72-80, 1955. Buskirk, E. and Taylor, R. L. ”Maximal Oxygen In- take and Its relation to Body Composition, with Special Reference to Chronic Physical Activity and Obesity," Journal of Applied Physiology, 11 72-78, 1957- Miller, A. J. and Blyth, C. S. ”Influence of Body Type and Body Fat Content on the Metabolic Cost of Work," Journal of Applied Physiology, 8:139- 141, 1955. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 25 Kleiber, M. The Fire of Life, an Introduction to Animal Energetics, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 196T} Schneider, E. C. "A Study of Responses to Work on a Bicycle Ergometer," American Journal of Physiol- ogx, 97:353-364. 193l- Astrand, P. o. and Saltin, B. "Oxygen Uptake During the First Minute of Heavy Muscular Exercise,” Journal of Applied Physiology, 16:971-976, 1961. Astrand, P. o. and Saltin, B. "Maximal Oxygen Up- take and Heart Rate in Various Types of Muscular Activity," Journal of Applied Physiology, 16:977- 981, 1961. Asmussen, E. and Nielsen, M. ”Cardiac Output During Muscular Work and Its Regulation," Physiological Reviews, 35:778-800, 1955. Asmussen, E. and Nielsen, M. "Alveolo-Arterial Gas Exchange at Rest and During Work at Different Oxygen Tensions," Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 50:153- 166, 1960. i Dill, D. B. "Effects of Physical Strain and High Altitudes on the Heart and Circulation," American Heart Journal, 23:441-454, 1942. Astrand, I., Astrand, P. 0., Christenses, E. H., and Hedman, R. "Circulatory and Respiratory Adaptation to Severe Muscular Work,” Acta Physiologica Scan- dinavica, 50:254-258, 1960. Balke, B., Grillo, G. P. Konecci, E. B. and Luft, V. 0. "Work Capacity after Blood Donation," Journal of Applied Physiology, 7:231-232, 1954. Berggren, G. and Christensen, E. H. "Heart Rate and Body Temperature as Indices of Metabolic Rate During Work," Arbetsphysiologie, 14:255-260, 1950. LeBlanc, J. A. "Use of Heart Rate as an Index of Work Output," Journal of Applied Physiology, 10 275—280, 1957- Billings, C. E. Tomashefski, J. F., Carter, E. T. and Ashe, W. F. "Measure of Human Capacity for Aerobic Muscular Work," Journal of Applied Physiology, 15:1001-1006, 1960. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 26 Johnson, R. E. and Brouha, L. "Pulse Rate, Blood Lactate and Duration of Effort in Relation to Ability to Perform Strenuous Exercise," Revue Canadienne de Biologic, 1:171-178, 1942. Knehr, C. A., Dill, D. B. and Neufeld, W. "Training and Its Effects on Man at Rest and at Work," American Journal of Physiology, 136:148-156, 1942. Taylor, C. "Some Properties of Maximal and Sub- maximal Exercise with Reference to Physiological Variation and the Measurement of Exercise Tolerance," American Journal of Physiology, 142:200-212, 1944. Christensen, E. H. and Hogberg, P. "Steady-State Oxygen-Deficit and Ox gen-Debt at Severe Work," Arbeitsphysiologie, 1 :251-254, 1950. Brouha, L., Graybiel, A. and Heath, c. w. "The Step Test. A Simple Method of Measuring Physical Fit- ness for Hard Muscular Work in Adult Man," Revue Canadienne de Biologie, 2:86-91, 1943. Montoye, H. "The Harvard Step Test and Work Capacity," Revue Canadienne de Biologie, 11:491-499, 1953. Seltzer, c. c. "Anthropometric Characteristics and Phygical Fitness," Research Quarterly, 17:10-20, 19 . Keen, E. N. and Sloan, A. W. "Observations on the Harvard Step Test,” Journal of Applied Physiology, 136:148-156, 1942. Taddonio, D. A. and Karpovich, P. V. ''The Harvard Step Test as a Measure of Endurance in Running,‘' Research Quarterly, 22:381-384, 1951. Gallagher, J. R. and Brouha, L. "A Simple Method of Testing the Physical Fitness of Boys,” Research Quarterly, 14:23-30, 1943. Ryhming, I. ”A Modified Harvard Step Test for the Evaluation of Physical Fitness," Internationale Zeitshrift ffir Angewandte Physiologie, 15:235- 250, 1953- Balke, B. "Optimale K6rperliche Leistungsfahigkeit, ihre Messung und Veranderung infolge Arbeitsermudung," Arbeitsphysiologie, 15:311-322, 1954. 27 36. Astrand, P. 0. and Ryhming, I. "A Nomogram for Calculation of Aerobic Capacity (Physical Fit- ness) from Pulse Rate During Submaximal Work," Journal of Applied Physiology, 7:218-221, 1954. 37. Astrand, I. "Aerobic Work Capacity in Men and Women with Special Reference to Age,” Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 49: Supplementum 169, 1960. 38. Maritz, J. S., Morrison, J. F., Peter, J., Strydom, N. B., and Wyndham, c. H. "A Practical Method of Estimating an Individual's Maximal Oxygen Intake," Ergonomics, 4:97-122, 1961. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY In order to test the ability of submaximal work levels on a multi-level step test to predict maximal ‘aerobic work capacity the following methods and procedures were used: Subjects Thirty college students, ranging in age from 19 to 27, volunteered to participate in the experiment. The subjects were tested on eight consecutive days on eight different tests, during the same time period each day, weekends excluded. Exceptions to the testing schedule were made occasionally to accommodate the subjects. less. The tests, including seven tests on the multi-level step apparatus and one test on the motor driven treadmill, are presented in Figure 1. The order of presentation of these tests was randomized in order to minimize any learn- ing effect. The operation of the multi-level step box is presented in Figure 2. By examining each level of the step test during exercise and recovery the related work intensities and their effects on exercise and recovery heart rates were 29 .oopooaaoo ogoz memo scan: CH moEHp mucomomdoh =N= mafia N N N N N .chOQIUCD :30 man mocaeaopop poonnsm coapmcfiaaop on .QHE.RO_EONM mocmmw CH owmogoca RH spsoz\moHHE my one» HHNEUMoLB _ _ _ L N N N N N .QHS\mpmon ONH mo open ammo: m we copmcHEpoo mms ooownsm N N N N N .cHE\mpmon omH mo coma Damon m on UopmcHEnop mos poonnsm .coaomcaspop on he Amopscae mav women m macaw poonnsm N N N N N N N N N N- N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N i N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N HN m a m m a ma :H ma NH Ha OH m m N w m d m m H mafia mafia omao on . Ngo>ooom .Eouom. .Eono: .EOIOM .Eouom .EonoH momma doom Hosea-asasz MQDBm mmB 2H QMmD mamme MES ho ZOHBmHmommm ¢ H mmDuHm HNM-fl'm \ON Test 10 cm. FIGURE 21 MULTI-LEVEL STEP TEST BOX 1A description of the operation is presented on the following page. 30 31 OPERATION OF THE MULTI-LEVEL STEP TEST BOX Each 10 em. step was constructed to be pushed out from the rear and was supported by the lower steps. The test was started with the 10 cm. step being fully extended. Step cadence was called out 10 seconds prior to the time the subject would start stepping on the 20 cm. step. As the subject stepped down from the 10 cm. step, the next 10 cm. step was quickly pushed out into place on top of the first step resulting in no break in cadence. The remaining three steps were pushed out in order at the proper time. The subjects were supported by the arm during the step changes onto the 40 cm. and 50 cm. levels. 32 investigated. The heart rate terminating tests, 150 and 170 beats per minute, contributed information on individual differences related to exercise time and recovery heart rates. The eighth test was a graded treadmill test (7 mph., 1% increase in grade per minute from 0% to termination) which was included to provide the criterion measure, i.e., maximum oxygen consumption/ kilogram of body weight (02 max/kg). The tests were conducted in the Human Energy Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, in an air conditioned exercise room. Temperature and humidity variations are presented in Appendix B. The subjects were not informed in advance as to which test they were to perform on any testing day. A testing team, made up of graduate students in physical education, conducted the tests and the gas analyses. A complete test and analysis session was completed in 30- 45 minutes. Measurements Heart rates during exercise and recovery were recorded for all tests. Grass electrodes1 were applied to the subject as indicated in Appendix D. The heart lSupply companies for all equipment and unusual materials used in the experiment are presented in Appendix KO 33 beat was amplified and monitored by a Sanborn Twin- Viso Recorder from which the signal was then relayed to a Sanborn Cardio-Tachometer' and the changes were recorded on a Sargent SR Recorder providing a continuous permanent record of heart rate. Oxygen consumption of the subjects during the treadmill test was determined by the use of an open circuit energy metabolism system. The inspiratory and expiratory resistances in the circuit used were less than 20 mm. H20 at flow rates up to 225 l/min. Expired air was collected during 30 second intervals in fifty-liter plastic Douglas bags. A sample from each bag was analyzed for percent oxygen and carbon dioxide by Beckman Electronic Analyzers (E-2 Oxygen Analyzer, LB-15A Carbon Dioxide Analyzer). The gas volume was then measured by a Franz-Mueller Calorimeter. Oxygen consumption figures were calculated by methods described by Consolazio, Johnson and Pecora (l, p. 16). Figure 3 schematically shows the gas collection and analysis system. Gas collection started on the treadmill test as soon as the heart rate reached 180 beats per minute, except in cases where the subject was in apparent physiological distress. If the subject reflected difficulty with the test before his heart rate reached 180 beats per minute, gas collection was started immediately. In every case, however, a minimum of two thirty-second gas samples were 34 * CH UDDmHH onCMQEoo Ugo madness Hoooz _ H poNNHmc< ComNNo coexoom 2 H .M NHbcodd< H aoNaHmca DUHNOHQ coco: son assm 5550m> aouoEHNOHmo goHszuNcwam mom mmHmsom OHDmMHm NopHH om + congmo cmexoom A:#\HIHX:ONV Pomfifldm ease. in J .V .. oopmwsgmoo I cmHngm fin. M a a LH¢ o>Hm> h oHQHLB mcHHHoo If o>Hm> mmzum ndHoosm mcmm HOHB¢Smmom mHmMHHw m Com oNCwHH open Damon meHm on CooH>0Cd meHH Co>Hm poop esp .Co>Hw who: women on» Coan CH Cooao EooCmp on wCHCoUHmCooH F .50 o: H! . .Eo om la r ,.Eo om _ .80 OH .60 o: u z N N N .80 om a m .80 om u m . N N N .80 o: n a .80 cm i m .N N N .80 o: i 3 .80 o: u z N .N .N , .Eo om u m ONH .80 om : m , N N N .m.m.ECanN oeH .m.m .ere - N N N N . .so om - m 05 .80 OH I H N N N .m.m.ECoeu© omH .m.m .ane n m N N NN .80 OH u H Humoe NH HH 94 m w w o m z m m H Hpmoe A;HC=VoSHB omHoCon chmmm NBHHHmMHIHBHDz : mmDGHm 37 ooCoonCoo mo Ho>oH UDHMOHUCH pm pCoCommHU NHpCmOHmHCme mCmozH MBHHHdeHmm Emma Hm>muuHBHDS m MMDGHh . .sowssasocs: m a m m a im‘ a 1“ .60 cm .ao 0H Nausea: anon .ucmiunu \ooconv ouch .uuHIIII ovum undo: saucepan cm F 4 P r b n we. HA. «N. Ho. as. no. Nu. so. no. «a. on. on. No. soaschhhoo Ho~.~ noH.~ ooN.H ooo.o who.H oee.H “~4.~ can.~ coo.n Nea.o emm.H man.o «Hs.o osHa an. «m cm on on e mm mm mm mm mm on on an .m as cost on m.o H.o a.n 4.u N.n H.m N.m 4.m o.HH m.H m.m ¢.H m.H uses: sH.Han 38 The 3C cm. level comparison showed no statistical difference between means, and the correlations were comparable to the 20 cm. level. The differences between means on the 30 cm. step suggest little adapta- tion and a more reliable level of work. The means were again statistically different during the 40 cm. step. It is quite clear that the efficiency of subjects improved, introducing a learning effect bias into the experiment. This bias, which developed in spite of the randomizing of the test order, produced variability which tended to lower correlations. Treadmill Test Reliability Ten volunteer subjects were retested for reliability of the maximum oxygen consumption figures on the tread- mill test. The data are presented in Table 1. The test-retest correlation of .78 on a sample of 10 subjects is quite respectable. The means values were not significantly different. Statistical Treatment of the Data The data were first graphed and then studied. The predictive relationships between maximum oxygen consumption per kilogram of body weight and selected exercise and recovery heart rate variables on the multi-level step test were determined by means of multiple regression analysis. Michigan State University's card input computer, Control 39 TABLE 1 TREADMILL MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION RELIABILITY Maximum 02 consumption (l/min.) Subject Test Retest 2 2.35 2.63 5 3.95 3-72 8 3.99 3.95 11 3.32 3.52 12 4.02 3.36 13 4.58 4.08 16 3.39 3.41 22 4.89 3.75 28 3.08 3.44 Mean 3.71 3.48 "t" value 0.852 not significantly different Correlation .78 Data Corporation-3600, was used to perform the mathematical computations. The Agriculture Experimental Station's Program Description #4 was used to obtain the following statistics: FH4 i—‘OKOCDNCMUT-PUUIDH Mean of each variable Standard deviation of each variable Degrees of freedom Zero-order correlation matrix R2 (coefficient of multiple determination) R multiple correlation coefficient) 3? (R2 adjusted by degrees of freedom) R (R adjusted by degrees of freedom) Estimated regression coefficients Standard error of each regression coefficient Beta weight for each regression coefficient 12. 13. 14. 15. 40 Standard error of each beta weight "t” value used to test that any regression coefficient or beta weight is significantly different from zero Highest order partial correlation coefficient between the dependent variable and each independent variable The estimated value of the dependent variable for each observation (the value of the dependent variable calculated by substituting the values of the independent variables for an observation and estimated coefficients into the regression equation) Regression equations, using the heart rate data from all the step tests except the 10-cm. test, were calculated and compared. Composite regression equations, using inter-test exercise and heart-rate recovery varia- bles and heart-rate terminating times, were also cal- culated and compared. REFERENCES l. Consolazio, C. F., Johnson, R. E. and Pecora, L. J. Physiological Measurements of Metabolic Functions in Man New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1963. 41 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF DATA Thirty college students were tested on selected tests on the multi-level step apparatus and on a maxi- mal treadmill run. The subjects in the experiment each weighed between 48.3 and 85.4 kilograms with a mean weight of 71.4 kg. (standard deviation = 8.44kg.). The body height of subjects ranged from 162 cm. to 192 cm. with a mean height of 177 cm. (standard deviation = 7.2 cm). Multi-level Step Test Data Table 2 presents the means and standard deviations= l and recovery heart rates. The exercise of the exercise heart rate standard deviations indicate a wide variance of heart rates through the 40—cm. test. The standard deviation of the maximum heart rates show the expected drop when exercise levels approach maximum. The recovery heart rate standard deviations for each test indicate great variance for the 20—cm., 30—cm. and 40—cm. tests. 1The exercise heart rates for each subject were averaged from all data collected for a particular time segment, and therefore, represent the exercise heart rate variable for each step test using the particular time segment. 43 w (I) Ch m.m N.m m.m m.m N.oH HoH moH HH omH ONH .m .m as sea A 1. m.m 0.0 e.m m.oH m.mHmuw mm Hm NoH omH .m .m "Hm. .EchB m.m o.HH o.oH o.HH «.mana mHH mHH omH mmH NmH .so-om m.mH o.mH w.mH «.mH m.NHnuo. NoH moH eHH mmH HeH .so-oe m.mH m.eH o.mH m.NH m.mH mm mm moH oHH mmH .Eo-om m.eH H.8H m.NH m.mH w.Hm om mm moH .Eo-om o.mH m.mH m.mH m.mH m.mH mN wN mN .so-oH m e m m H m a H m 2 H a NCo>ooom w.N o.oH H.oH N.oH m.HH m.oH H.HH m.HH H.HH m.oH m.HH m.m H.m e.HH emH mmH wNH NNH mmH NmH HmH oeH :mH mmH NHH mHH mHH mm .Naz mH HH 0H m m N m m a m m H o m 2 H e omHonNm mBmMB mmfim Hm>mHIHBHDS mm& 20 mdem Bmoomm Qz< MmHommNm mo mZOHB¢H>MQ Qmo© mmmHoQO esp Co ooumHH Ngo>OooC Com pCoEoCoCH oEHu oC mH whose .Ngo>ooop Ho mousCHE m muComoNQmC oCHH couuoc Commm 45 .mousCHE mm.:H oEHp poop .Eouom CmozH AmDHCCHEv DEHB Nho>ooom AmopsCHEv oEHB omHoNon w H m m (_ . H H H O .91 N m H H . H w H 1 JO . om l-\.----i, . ow u// I H, I 1/ ii 1:-.1/ , III / [I] // H, L. OOH // l. Ill / i H I I / /// x/ , H 1 I, x , x x / \\\\ . omH / z I / a I / H x , 1 l/ a z, // z a; I / , H / i 03H / H. x , . , , poop omH , , moumg Damon / , oumCHECoB, , \\\. - 00H Nmo>oooC Cmoz nun- / i x L / some ONH , mopmp Chaos / omeHECoE - owH omHoCoNo Com: 1 - HumoDAWBuom 00m mmeoomm Qz< mmHomMNm zmquEHDS 8 EB: (elnuTm/sieeq) seleg iJeeH 46 Table 3 shows the mean times of the terminating tests. As indicated, the subjects generally reached. heart rates of 150 beats per minute on the 30 cm. step and heart rates of 170 beats per minute on the 40 cm. step. The recovery heart rates on the terminating tests, shown in Table 2, had the lowest standard deviations of all the tests. In performing the multi-level step test several subjects developed a more efficient stepping technique. TABLE 3 MEAN TERMINATING TEST DATA T m , Time Mean S.D. Time to a heart rate of 150 beats/minute 7.32 1.99 Time to a heart rate of 170 beats/minute 9.92 1.82 They leaned forward slightly, head down, with arms hanging loosely and shoulders relaxed, stepping fully on the step. The minimal use of arms and shoulders in stepping seemed to aid efficiency in the stepping movement on this test. Other subjects complained of leg tiredness on the 50-cm. test in attempting to complete the test and to maintain the stepping cadence. 47 Treadmill Data The mean exercise time on the treadmill was 5.90 minutes (S.D. = 1.33 min.) with a range of from three (minutes to eight and a half minutes. The maximum oxygen consumption was 3.73 l/min. (S.D. = 0.62 l/min.). This average value compares closely with the results of other treadmill tests. The comparison is presented in Table 4. The 02 max/kg was 52.4 ml/kg./min.(S.D. = 7.23 ml/kg/min.). The mean exercise and recovery heart rates are pre- sented in Figure 7. The mean maximum heart rate was 192 beats/minute. The mean maximum heart rate on the 50—cm. test was 191 beats/minute. A comparison of the recovery of heart rates of both tests resulted in almost identical plottings. This comparison is presented in Figure 7. Statistical Treatment of Data Table 5 presents the highest zero-order correlations with the criterion measure, 02 max/kg.l The highest exercise correlation was treadmill time, .30. This cor- relation, however, is low and indicates little relation— ship between the criterion measure and time on the tread- mill test. The result raises questions about the 1The complete zero-order correlation matrix is presented in Appendix J. TABLE 4 COMPARATIVE MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION VALUES ON TREADMILL TESTS 48 fivi 02 max (l/min.) fiv— 02 max /kg (ml/kg./min.) Group Investigators 3.44 3-37 4.11 4.05 3-95 44.6 44.7 50-7 58.6 52.8 Sedentary students Normal men College Students Young trained men Young trained men Young trained men Buskirk and Ta lor (l, p. 76 Mitchell, Sproule and Chapman (2, p- 542) Brouha and Savage (3, p. 137) Astrand and Rhyming (4, p. 221) Slonim, Gil- lespie and Harold (5: Po 403) Buskirk and Ta lor (1, p. 76 49 .mopsCHE om.m mm; oEHp HHHEUmon COHHMCHECDH cmozH onousCHEv oEHB m a m m H l) N H o >(m m H a H a J H q A HoopsCHz mopCCHz T , NCo>ooom IYIII m pde .IY All m meHm omHoCon omHoCon shop .Eo-om .......... / pmmp HHHEUNONB .>< mmebomm Qz< WmHOMMNm z¢mz HHHzm¢mmB h mmDon OOH ONH 03H 00H omH OON (eqnuTm/sqeeq) slag QJBQH TABLE 5 ZERO-ORDER CORRELATIONS WITH THE CRITERION MEASURE (O2 max/kg) 5O “— Multi-level Step Taste Exercise variables 1. 12th. minute heart rate 2. Time to a heart rate of 170 3. Maximum heart rate 4. 11th. minute heart rate 5. 1st. minute heart rate Recovery variables 40-cm” th. minute heart rate 40-cm5 th. minute heart rate 404cm” 3rd. minute heart rate 10-cmg lst. minute heart rate Term. 17G 2nd. minute heart rate 50 cm.,5th. minute heart rate 40 cm.,2nd. minute heart rate Term. l7erst. minute heart rate 10 cms 2nd. minute heart rate 30 cm” th. minute heart rate 50 cmm, th. minute heart rate (I) NmU‘l-P'UOIUH Treadmill Test 1. Maximum oxygen consumption/min. 2. Time run on the Treadmill Body Measurements 1. Height 2. Weight Correlation .23 .21 .13 .1O .07 .19 .17 .15 .13 .12 .1O .09 .O9 .08 .08 .08 .72 .30 .36 .19 51 interpretation of the time-run variable in its ability to evaluate physical capacity. Multi-level step test exercise and recovery varia- bles were not correlated highly with the criterion measure. The 12th minute of exercise correlation (-.23) exceeds the correlation for the maximum heart rate (-.13). This low maximum heart rate correlation was supported in the literature by Taylor (6, p. 211). He found that maximum heart rate can be eliminated as a variable in the estimation of physical capacity. The zero-order correlation matrix and regression equation, using standardized beta weights, for each multi- level step test, except the lO-cm. test, are presented in Tables 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. The 10-cm. test was not treated statistically because of the extremely low work intensity level of the step. The multiple R with the criterion measure for the 20-cm., 30-cm. and the 150- heart-rate terminating tests was .00, and the multiple R for the 170-heart—rate terminating test was .09. In all of these regression equations there was only one variable that had a beta weight which was significantly different from zero, the body height variable on the 150-heart- rate terminating test. The most heavily weighted values for the 20-cm., 30-cm. and the l50—heart-rate terminating tests were body height and heart rate recovery variables. For the l70-heart—rate terminating test, the test time 52 TABLE 6 ZERO-ORDER CORRELATIONS WITH THE CRITERION (02 max/kg) AND REGRESSION DATA 20-cm. TEST Max. 02 per Kg. E-O E-3 E-6 R-l R-2 R-3 R-4 R-5 Wt. E-O .00 E-3 .01 .80 E-6 .Ol .72 .93 R-l .00 .59 .73 .79 R-2 .02 .59 .72 .74 .96 R—3 .04 .64 .73 .75 .94 .97 R-4 .02 .72 .73 .75 .93 .94 .97 R—5 .07 .60 .63 .66 .92 .94 .94 .96 Wt. -.19 .01 .01 .Ol .10 .14 .14 .07 .14 Ht. -.36 ' -.31 -.31 -.28 -.2O -.22 -.17 -.25 -.22 .55 Beta Standard Partial corre- weights errors t—value lation coefs.2 E-O .02970 .45791 .0649 .01 E-3 .02029 .68452 .0296 .01 E-6 -.03750 .64888 -.0578 -.01 R-l -.04229 .99270 -.0426 -.01 R—2 —l.O6762 1.18747 -.8991 —.20 R—3 1.84534 1.25393 1.4716 .32 R-4 -1.93224 1.41825 -l.3624 —.30 R-5 1.11453 .88510 1.2592 .28 Wt. -.O2135 .26113 -.0817 —.02 Ht. -.51639 .28463 -l.8143 —.38 19 Degrees of freedom 30 Observations R2 --O99l9534 2 R .0000 DE CORRECTED lThe t-test for determining if the beta weights are signifi— cantly different from zero. The highest order partial correlation coefficient between the dependent variable and each independent variable. TABLE 7 53 ZERO-ORDER CORRELATIONS WITH THE CRITERION (02 max/kg) AND REGRESSION DATA, 1 different from zero. 30-cm. TEST Max. 0 per Kg.2 E-O E-3 E—6 E-9 R-l R—2 R-3 R-4 R-4 Wt. E-O .00 E-3 .01 .80 E-6 001 o 72 o 93 E-9 -.03 .66 .82 .94 R-l -.03 .69 .76 .78 .75 R—2 —.07 .66 .73 .71 .70 .96 R-3 -.01 .62 .75 .71 .69 .95 .96 R-4 .07 .67 .75 .69 .65 .90 .94 .97 R-5 08 .69 .73 .66 .61 .88 .92 .95 .98 Wt. - 19 .01 .01 .01 -.07 .04 -.02 -.05 -.09 -.11 Ht. - 36 -.31 -.31 -.28 -.26 -.10 -.10 -.12 -.18 -.22 .55 Beta Standard 1 Partial corre- weights errors t—value lation Coefs.2 E-O -.31703 .42896 —.7391 —.17 E-3 -.04652 .78801 -.0590 -.01 E-6 -.04555 1.09092 —.0418 -.01 E-9 —.02952 .6897? —.0428 -.01 R-l 1.14503 1.01041 1.1332 .26 R-2 -1.50729 .89780 -1.6789 -.37 R-3 -1.17265 1.30569 -.8981 -.21 R-4 1.91890 1.29492 1.4819 .33 R-5 -.09350 1.07679 -.0868 -.02 Wt. .05743 .25827 .2223 .05 Ht -.37107 .26899 -1.3795 -.31 18 Degrees of freedom 30 Observations R2 R -.5893002 .0000 DE CORRECTED The t-test for determining if the beta weights are significantly 2 The highest order partial correlation coefficient between the dependent variable and each independent variable. 54 TABLE 8 ZERO-ORDER CORRELATIONS WITH THE CRITERION (02 max/kg) AND REGRESSION DATA, TERMINATE-150 TEST Max. 02 Time per Kg. E-O E—3 R-l R-2 R-3 R-4 R—5 15o Wt. E-O .00 E-3 .01 .80 R-l .OO .15 .15 R-2 -.O2 .26 .29 .85 R-3 -.Ol .31 .37 .71 .86 R-4 -.05 .36 .37 .73 .87 .93 R-5 .04 .43 .38 .60 .77 .86 .85 Time-150 —.O4 -.54 -.75 -.Ol -.17 -.26 -.24 —.26 Wt. -.19 .01 .01 .15 .15 .12 .10 .ll -.13 Ht. —.36 -.31 -.31 .25 .10 .09 .08 .13 .22 .55 Beta Standard Partial correé weights errors t-value lation coefs. E-o -.27739 .3796? -.7306 -.17 E-3 -.03317 .43949 —.O755 -.O2 R-l .44149 .41964 1.0521 .23 R—2 -.34582 .57453 —.6019 -.14 R-3 .03460 .61865 .0559 .01 R-4 —.51324 .61805 -.8304 -.19 R-5 .63550 .45629 1.3928 .30 Time~l50 —.O5891 .31419 -.1875 -.04 Wt. .10832 .25818 .4196 .10 Ht. -.62271 .29291 -2.12603 -.44 19 Degrees of freedom 30 Observations R2 R -.l2207855 .0000 DP CORRECTED 1 cantly different from zero. 2 The t-test for determining if the beta weights are signifi- The highest order partial correlation coefficient between the dependent variable and each independent variable. 3 Significant at the 5% level of confidence. TABLE 9 ZERO ORDER CORRELATIONS WITH THE CRITERION (02 max/kg) AND REGRESSION DATA, TERMINATE-170 TEST Max. 02 Time per Kg. E-O E-3 E-6 R-l R-2 R-3 R-4 R-5 170 Wt. E-O .OO E-3 .Ol .80 E-6 .Ol .72 .93 . R-l -.09 .54 .57 .43 . R-2 -.12 .37 .49 .35 .75 R-3 .05 .43 .59 .48 .64 .84 R-4 -.O4 .50 .63 .50 .73 .83 .92 R-5 .03 .57 .69 .57 .58 .73 .89 .94 ‘ Time-l70-.21 -.5O -.67 -.70 -.16 -.3O -.39 -.43 -.58 ‘ Wt. -.19 .01 .01 .01 .14 .10 .08 .14 .12 .11 A Rt. -.36 -.31 -.31 -.28 -.14 -.O4 —.02 .OO -.03 .25 .55 Beta Standard Partial corre- weights errors t-valuel lation coefs.2 E-O -.08741 .34236 -.2553 —.O6 E—3 -.O4795 .66088 -.O726 —.O2 E-6 -.48815 .55618 -.8777 -.20 R-l .28060 .39484 .7107 .17 R-2 -.73963 .42373 -1.7455 -.38 R-3 1.05529 .57121 1.8474 .40 R-4 -.47637 .88162 -.5403 -.13 R- -.O6522 .79207 -.O823 -.O2 Time-l70-.53992 .33330 —1.6199 -.36 Wt. .14921 .23535 .6340 .15 Ht. -.45637 .25315 -1.8028 -.39 18 Degrees of freedom 30 Observations R2 R / .00862111 .0928 DE CORRECTED lThe t-test for determining if the beta weights are signifi- cantly different from zero. 2 The highest order partial correlation coefficient between the dependent variable and each independent variable. 56 variable was weighted as heavily as height and the second and third minute recovery heart rates. The 40-cm. and 50-cm. test regression equations, presented in Tables 10 and 11, resulted in multiple R's of .63 and .64 respectively, which seemed to be a result of the inclusion of the 12th minute exercise variable. The 9th and the 12th minute beta weights and the height . beta weight were statistically different from zero, using E: the t-test. However, the regressions accounted for only approximately 40% of the total variance. Tables 12 and 13 represent combination regressions. The objective of these regressions was to select inter- test variables which would produce the highest possible multiple R. The two regressions presented combine the variables from two of the tests. Combination 1, Table 12, represents exercise variables from the 40—cm. test and a recovery variable from the 30—cm. test, and height. The multiple R resulting from this combination was .74. Combination 2, Table 13 represents variables from the 40-cm. test and the l70-heart-rate terminating test, and height. This combination resulted in a multiple R of .77, accounting for 59% of the total variance. This multiple R was the highest obtained after examining twenty combinations. Table 14 shows the test-related height statistics. As the work level increased the height variable within the TABLE 10 ZERO ORDER CORRELATIONS WITH THE CRITERION (02 max/kg) AND REGRESSION DATA, 40-cm. TEST Max. 02 per Kg. E-O E-3 E-6 E-9 E-12R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 R-5 Wt. E-O .00 E-3 .01 .80 E-6 .01 .72 .93 E-9 -.03 .66 .82 .94 E-l2 -.23 .63 .76 .87 .95 R-l -.02 .62 .75 .80 .77 .73 R-2 -.O9 .63 .76 .80 .76 .71 .95 R-3 -.15 .67 .78 .79 .76 .72 .91 .96 R-4 —.17 .63 .74 .74 .73 .71 .89 .93 R's “'019 063 077 077 076 .74 089 092 096 .97 Wt. -.19 .Ol .01 .Ol-.O7-.1l-.O9-.Ol .10 .06 Ht. -.36 -.31 -.3l-.28-.26-.30-.23-.l4-.lO-.O4-.05 .55 Beta Standard Partial corre weights errors t-value1 lation coefs. E-O .04113 .26356 .1560 .04 E-3 -.l4623 .54574 -.2679 .06 E-6 .23629 .84263 .28043 .07 E-9 1.84585 .71069 2.59734 .53 E-12 -2.l494O .48239 -4.4557 .73 R-l .32794 .54536 .6013 .14 R—2 -.10893 .72988 —.l492 .04 R-3 -.76158 .93365 -.8157 .19 R—4 .49044 .83633 .5862 .14 R-5 -.05799 .73628 -.0788 .02 Wt. -.03722 .20961 -.17763 -.04 Ht -.45406 .20895 -2.1730 -.47 H 17 Degrees of freedom 30’Observations R "'739I666I3' 1 2 R .6258 DE CORRECTED The t-test for determining if the beta weights are signifi- cantly different from zero. The highest order partial correlation coefficient between 3the dependent variable and each independent variable. “Significant at the 5% level of confidence. Significant at the 1% level of confidence. 58 TABLE 11 ZERO ORDER CORRELATIONS WITH THE CRITERION (02 max /kg) AND REGRESSION DATA, 50" cm. TEST Max. 0 2 Max. PerKg E----0E3E6E9E-12H..RR-1R2 R-3 R-4 R-5 Wt. E-O .00 E-3 .01 .80 E-6 >.01 .72 .93 E-9 -.03 .66 .82 .94 E-12 -.23 .63 .76 .87 .95 Max.H.R. -.13 .48 .55 .59 .70 .76 R-l -.02 .46 .51 .59 .63 .65 .75 R-2 .04 .47 .53 .54 .54 .54 .67 .75 R-3 -.03 .44 .47 .50 .47 .49 .57 .77 .93 R-4 —.08 .46 .49 .51 .50 .52 .53 .68 .89 .94 R-5 -.10 .57 .58 .60 .58 .61 .56 .74 .90 .93 .93 Wt. -.19 .01 .01 .Ol-.07-.11-.14 .01-.11 .00-.11-.08 Ht. —.36 -.31-.31-.28-.26-.30-.37-.30-.32-.3l-.29-.25 .55 Beta Standard 1 Partial correé weights errors tevalue lation coefs. E-O .02990 .27217 .1099 .03 E-3 -.47530 .55642 -.8542 -.21 E-6 .13386 .83535 .16023 .04 ..E-9 1.90827 .74440 2.56354 .54 E-l2 -1.81877 .55841 —3.2571 -.63 Max.H.R. -.19401 .32386 -.5991 -.14 R-l -.43070 .46294 -.9304 —.23 R-2 1.26066 .76377 1.6506 .38 R-3 -.49938 .83211 -.6001 -.15 R-4 -.40877 .56487 -.7237 -.18 R-5 .06782 .63459 .1069 .03 Wt. .17835 .26118 .6829 .17 Ht. -.64228 .25435 -2.52523 -.53 16 Degrees of freedom 30 Observations 2 R R .40810293 .6388 DE CORRECTED The t- test for determining if the beta weights are signifi- cantly different from zero. The highest order partial correlation coefficient between fine dgpendent variab e and each independent variable. 2 Signi cant at the 5 level of confi ence Significant at the 1% level of confidence. l TABLE 12 ZERO ORDER CORRELATIONS WITH THE CRITERION (02 max /kg) AND REGRESSION DATA, COMBINATION l Max. 02 30 cm. Time per Kg. E-9 E410 E411 E-l2 R-3 170 E-9 -.O3 E-lO -.Ol .97 E-ll -.10 .96 . .97 E-l2 -.23. .95 .94 .96 30 cm. R-3 -.Ol .69 .57 .53 .57 Time - 170 -.21 -.71 -.76 -.71 -.62 -.43 Ht. -.36 -.26 -.28 -.31 -.3O -.12 .25 Beta Standard 1 Partial correg weights errors t-value lation coefs. E29 1.51297 .76548 1.9765 .39 E-lO .65219 .76559 .8519 .18 E-ll -.l6l70 .79073 -.20373 -.04 E-12 -2.2l994 .54925 -4.0418 —.65 30cm.R-3 -.16044 .21974 -.7301 -.15 Time-170 —.08674 .21398 -.4054 -.09 Ht- -.48031 .13306 -3.60973 -.61 22 Degrees of freedom' 30 Observations R2 R .54473213 .7381 DP CORRECTED lThe t-test for determining if the beta weights are signifi- cantly different from zero. 2The highest order partial correlation coefficient between the dependent variable and each independent variable. 3Significant'at the 1% level of confidence. 60 TABLE 13 ZERO ORDER CORRELATIONS WITH THE CRITERION (02 max/kg) AND REGRESSION DATA, COMBINATION 2 Ternh Max. 02 170 170 Time per Kg. E-9 E-ll E-l2 R-2 R—3 170 E-9 -.O3 E-ll -.10 .96 E-l2 -.23 .95 .96 Term. 170, R-2 -.12 .33 .25 .29 Term 170, R—3 .05 .48 .37 .39 .83 Time - 170 -.21 -.71 —.71 -.62 -.3O -.39 Ht. -.36 -.26 -.31 -.30 -.O4 -.02 .25 Beta Standard 1 Partial corrE- weights errors t-values lation coef. E-9 1.24464 .49802 2.49923 .47 E-ll .36738 .60042 '61194 .13 E—12 -2.05958 .53753 -3.8316 -.63 .Term.l70, R—2 -.44232 .22758 -1.9436 -.38 Term.l70, R-3 .40823 .24797 1.6463 .33 Time-170 -.2006O .19270 -1.04lOu -.22 Ht. -.48796 .12740 -3.8301 -.63 22 Degrees of freedom 30 Observations R2 R .58556016' .7652 DR CORRECTED 1The t—test for determining if the beta weights are signifi— 2 cantly different from zero. The highers order partial correlation coefficient between the dependent variable and each independent variable. ESignificant at the 5% level of confidence. Significant at the 1% level of confidence. TABLE 14 TEST RELATED HEIGHT REGRESSION DATA 61 H E I G H T Level 2 Partial Beta 1 of Test R R coefs. weights”t”value significance 20-cm. -.1O .00 -.38 -.52 -l.814 Term.'H. R. 150 -.12 .00 -.44 -.62 -2.126 5% 30 cm. -.06 .OO -.31 -.37 -l.38O Term-H. R. 170 .01 .09 -.39 -.46 -1.803 40-cm. .39 .63 -.47 -.45 -2.173 5% 50-cm. .41 .64 —.53 -.64 —2.525 5% Comination l .51 .74 -.61 -.48 -3.610 1% Combination 2 .59 .77 -.63 -.49 -3.830 1% 1 significantly different from zero. The t-test for determining if the beta weights are 1.....- —-m—r— a—fiT 62 structure of each regression correlated higher with the dependent variable. These results do not refute Seltzer's work (7, p. 242) or the study by Keen and Sloan (8, p. 16) who reported no correlation between various stature measures and step test results, but it does indicate clearly that body height is a contributing factor to performance on the multi-level step test. It appears, also, that the work of Hettinger and his collaborators (9, p. 156) on adjusting a step test for leg length, which showed no advantage over the standard test, does not provide the same kind of adjustment as the graded step test used in this experiment. Estimated Dependent Variable The mean differences between the dependent varia- bles and the estimated dependent variables, obtained from the regression equations, is presented in Table 15. The percent change, ranging from 5% to 9%, does not propor- tionately reflect the multiple R values. The test result- ing in the lowest percent change, the 50-cm. test, did not represent the test with the highest multiple R. value. The accuracy of the prediction did not improve with greater work intensity on the multi-level step test. The spread between the variables was greater; thus the multiple R was higher. 63 TABLE 15 COMPARISON OF THE MEAN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE AND ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE Mean Difference Between the Dep. Test Multiple Variable and the 1 Percent R Est. Defml Variable Change 20-cm. .00 4.59 9% 30-cm. .00 4.62 9% Term.-15O .00 4.47 9% Term.-l70 .09 4.23 8% 40—cm. .63 3.52 7% 50-cm. .64 2.95 5% Combination l .75 3.52 7% 2 .77 3.22 6% 1The value of the estimated dependent variable was calculated by substituting the values of the independent variables for an observation and the estimated coefficients into the regression equation. 64 Subject Differences Eleven of the subjects were unable to complete the 50 em. level of the multi-level step test. The remaining nineteen subjects completed the test in a satisfactory manner. The multiple regression analyses, based on 10- cm. through HO’CHL test data, clearly yielded results that were too low to produce valid practical yet relatively simple tests which could be used to predict maximal aerobic capacity. Since this occurred under controlled laboratory conditions, a question exists as to whether the measures are sufficiently critical for this purpose. Thus a comparison of the data for those subjects capable of completing the test was made with those subjects in- capable of completing the entire test. It was expected that this comparison might provide further insight into the problem. The fact that eleven subjects were unable to complete the 50-cm. test indicates that the test may have been a maximum test for those subjects. The mean terminating heart rate (191 beats/minute) and the mean recovery heart rate pattern, when related to comparable treadmill data, support this view. The mean recovery heart rate patterns for the two tests were almost identical. Knehr, Dill, and Neufeld (10, p. 155) found that whenever exhaustion was reached by an individual performing various intensities of work, the pulse rate recovery curves remained unaffected. 65 The criterion measure (02 max/kg) did not reflect the ability of the subjects to complete the 50-cm. multi- level step test. 02 max/kg comparison, presented in Table 16, clearly did not differentiate between subjects in terms of their ability to complete the test. TABLE 16 COMPARISON OF MEAN TREADMILL DATA BETWEEN SUBJECTS WHO COMPLETED THE 50-cm. TEST AND THOSE THAT DID NOT COMPLETE THE 50-cm. TEST W Did Not Completed Complete Test Test Treadmill Data (11 subjects) (19 subjects) 02 max (liters) 3.70 3.74 02 max/kg (m1.) 51.61 52.8 Time on the treadmill test (minutes) 5.5 6.1 Weight (kg.) 71.8 71.1 Height (cm.) 175.9 177.6 1The difference in means was not significant using the t-test. The pulse rate measures selected as the independent variables in this study are clearly more critical in differentiating those subjects capable of completing the test. Of course, completion of the test may be affected by other variables as well, such as motivation and anthro- pometric measurements. Figure 8 shows the mean heart rates .oEHp omHoCONo wCHHOCoo mmmHomnm OCH Co ooumHH NCo>ooog Com HCoano uCH oEHp 0C mH whose .Nmo>ooop mo moudCHE m mpCommHQop o>Nzo when ”w unto: owHoCONo OCH EOCH wCHoCOHNo Campumm dump whom: NCO>OOOC CommH H.515 oEHB NCo>ooom HA.CHEV oEHB omHoCONm m 0 NH 0 (W m pomp OHOHQEOO HOC 6H6 .Nso>ooom pmou OHOHQEoo HOC 6H6 .ohHoton shop eoooHo :Eoo .Nno>0oom pmmp UOHOHQ IEoo .omHoNon Emme mmB memqmzoo BOZ GHQ 033 mmOmB mBHB EmmE .Eouom mmB QmEMHmEOO Omz meomwmbm mmE UZHmoomm 92¢ MmHomMNm ZNmZ w mmDUHm 4.”. 1? Jqqaq13.cu4_o v om ooH omH oeH 68H omH 00m (elnqu/sqeeq) seleg iJeeH 67 of those who completed the 50-cm. test and those who did not. The obvious pulse rate difference between groups, especially at the submaximal work levels, indicated a difference between the two groups. The differences on the 150-heart-rate terminating test, the l70-heart- rate terminating test and the 50-cm. test were not so distinguishable. However, the mean times of the termina- tion tests, shown in Table 17, clearly differentiated the groups. TABLE 17 COMPARISON OF MEAN MULTI'LEVEL STEP TEST TIMES BETWEEN SUBJECTS WHO COMPLETED THE 50-cm. TEST AND THOSE WHO DID NOT COMPLETE THE 50-Cm. TEST W Did Not Completed Complete Test Test Test (11 subjects) (19 subjects) Terminate 150 6.1 min. 8.0 min. Terminate 170 9.2 min. 10.3 min. 50-cm. 13.2 min. 15.0 min. The multi-level step test challenged the subjects from submaximal work levels to near maximal and, in some cases, maximal work levels. The ability of the subject to tolerate the more intensified 40-cm. and 50-cm. steps were not clearly evident as shown by the comparisons between the subjects who finished the 50-cm. step test and the subjects who did not finish the 50-cm. step test in relation to the 02 max/kg data. Body height was defin- ately involved. Factors such as motor skill, leg strength and muscular endurance were also involved but were not evaluated within the design of this experiment. 10. 69 REFERENCES Buskirk, E. and Taylor, H. L. "Maximal Oxygen Intake and Its Relation to Body Composition, with Special Reference to Chronic Physical Activity and Obesity," Journal of Applied Physiology, 11:72-72, 1959. Mitchell, J. H., Sproule, B. J., and Chapman, C. B. "The Physiological Meaning of the Maximal Oxygen Intake Test! Journal of Clinical Investigation, 37:538-547: 1958- Brouha, L. and Savage, B. M. "Variability of Physio- logical Measurements in Normal Men at Rest and During Muscular Work? Revue Canadienne de Biology, 4:131—143, 1945. Astrand, P. 0. and Ryhming, I. "A Nomogram for Cal- culation of Aerobic Capacity from Pulse Rate during Submaximal Work? Journal of Applied Physiology, 7:218-221, 1954. *7 Slonim, N. B., Gillespie, D. G., and Harold, W. H. "Peak Oxygen Uptake as Determined by a Treadmill Method? Journal of Applied Physiology, 10:401-404, .1957- Taylor, C. "Some Properties of Maximal and Sub- maximal Exercise with Reference to Physiological Variation and the Measure of Exercise Tolerancefl American Journal of Physiology, 142:200-212, 1944. Setzer, C. C. "Anthropometric Characteristics and Physical Fitness) Research Quarterly, 17:10-20, 1946. I Keen, E. N. and Sloan, A. W. "Observations on the Harvard Step Test: Journal of Applied Physiology, 13:241-243, 1958. Hettinger, T. Birkhead, N. C., Horvath, S. M., Issekutz, B., and Rodahl, K. "Assessment of Physical Work Capacityf Jpprnal of Applied Physio- logy, 16:153-156, 1961. Knehr, C. A., Dill, D. E., and Neufeld, W. "Training and Its Effects on Man at Rest and At Work? American Journal of Physiology, 136:148-156, 1942. CHAPTER V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Summary The purpose of this study was to predict aerobic work capacity, measured on a graded treadmill test, from selected exercise and recovery heart rate measures recorded during and after submaximal exercise on a multi-level step test. Thirty college students were tested on seven multi- level step tests and on a treadmill run in an air condi— tioned exercise room. Continuous exercise and recovery heart rates were taken on all tests with the use of Grass Electrodes, a Sanborn Cardio-Tachometer and a Sargent SR Recorder. Maximum oxygen consumption on the treadmill was determined by the use of an open circuit energy metabolism system (Douglas bag method) and Beckman Gas Analyzers. Each subject performed the tests in random order. The subjects stepped on each level of the step test for three minutes progressively from one level to the next. The step heights were 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm. Stepping on each step along with five minutes of recovery consti- tuted five of the tests. The subjects also performed two heart-rate terminating tests. The tests were terminated 71 when the subject's heart rates reached 150 beats per minute and 170 beats per minute. A reliability check on the multi-level step test indicated poor reliability on the 20 cm. and 40 cm. levels, but good reliability on the 30 cm. level. Performance on the graded treadmill test provided the criterion measure, maximum oxygen consumption per kilogram of body weight. The treadmill grade was increased 1% per minute from 0%, with the treadmill speed held at 7 miles per hour. The test was terminated by the subject at exhaustion. A test-retest on ten subjects on the treadmill pro- vided a correlation coefficient of .77. 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Hettinger, T., Birkhead, N. C., Horvath, S. M., Issekutz, B., and Rodahl, K. "Assessment of Physical Work Capacity," Journal of Applied Physiology, 16:153- 156, 1961. Johnson, R. E. and Brouha, L. "Pulse Rate, Blood Lactate and Duration of Effort in Relation to Ability to Perform Strenuous Exercise," Revue Canadienne de Biologie, 1:171-177, 1942. , Brouha, L. and Darling, R. c. "A Test of Physical Fitness for Strenuous Exertion," Revue Canadienne dewBiologiey 1:491-503, 1942. Keen, E. N. and Sloan, E. N. "Observations on the Harvard Step Test,” Journal of Applied Physiology, 13:241-243, 1958i Knehr, c. A., Dill, D. B., and Neufeld, w. "Training and Its Effects on Man at Rest and at Work," American Journal of Physiology, 136:148-156, 1942. Ladell, W. S. S. and Kennedy, R. A. "Some Laboratory Field Observations on the Harvard Pack Test," Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology, 40:283-296, 1955. 77 LeBlanc, J. A. "Use of Heart Rate as an Index of Work Output," Journal of Applied Physiology, 10:275- 280, 1957. Liddell, F. 0. K. "Estimation of Energy Expenditure from Expired Air," Journal of Applied Physiology, 18 25-29, 1963. Mahadeva, K. Passmore, R. and Wolf, B. ”Individual Variations in the Metabolic Cost of Standardized Exercises: The Effects of Food, Age, Sex and Race," Journal of Physiology, 121:225-231, 1953. Maritz, J. 8., Morrison, J. F., Peter, J., Strydom, N. B. and Wyndham, c. H. "A Practical Method of Estimating an Individual's Maximal Oxygen Intake," Ergonomics, 4:97-122, 1961. Miller, A. T. and Blyth, C. S. "Influence of Body Type and Body Fat Content on the Metabolic Cost of Work," Journa1_of Applied Physiology, 8:139-141, 1955. Miller, W. A. and Elbel, E. R. "The Effect Upon Pulse Rate of Various Cadencies in the Step-Up Test, ”Research Quarterly, 17:263-269, 19A6. Mitchell, J. H., Sproule, B. J. and Chapman, C. B. ”The Physiological Meaning of the Maximal Oxygen Intake Test," Journal of Clinical Investigations, 37:538- 5H7, 1958} Montoye, H. "The Harvard Step Test and Work Capacity," Revue Canadienne de Biologie, 11:491-499, 1953. Robinson, 8., Edwards, H. T. and Dill, D. B. "New Records in Human Power," Science, 85:409-410, 1937. , and Harmon, P. M. "The Lactic Acid Mechanism and Certain Properties of the Blood in Relation to Training," American Journal of Physiology, 132: 757-769: lgulo Ryhming, I. "A Modified Harvard Step Test for the Evaluation of Physical Fitness," Internationale Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Physiologie, 15:235-250, 1953. Schneider, E. C. "A Study of Responses to Work on a Bicycle Ergometer," American Journal of Physiology, 97:353-364, 193l- Seltzer, C. C. "Anthropometric Characteristics and Physical Fitness," Research Quarterl , 17:10-20, 1946. 78 Slonim, N., Balfour, N., Gillespie, D. G. and Harold, W. H. "Peak Oxygen Uptake of Health Young Men as Determined by a Treadmill Method," Journal of Applied Physiology. Steinhaus, A. H. "Chronic Effects of Exercise," Physio— logical Reviews, 13:lO3-1A7, 1933. Taddonio, D. and Karpovich, P. V. "The Harvard Step Test as a Measure of Endurance in Running,” Research Quarterly, 22:381-384, 1951. Taylor, C. "Studies in Exercise Physiology," American Journal of Physiology, 135:27-52, 1941. , "Some Properties of Maximal and Submaximal Exercise with Reference to Physiological Variation and the Measure of Exercise Tolerance," American Journal of Physiology, 142:200-212, 1944. Taylor, H. L., Buskirk, E. and Henschel, A. "A Maximal Oxygen Intake as an Objective Measure of Cardio- respiratory Performance," Journal of Applied Physiology, 8:73-80, 1955-1956. Tuttle, W. W. "The Use of the Pulse-Ratio Test for Rating Physical Efficiency," Research Quarterly, 2:5-17, 1931. Wahlund, H. "Determination of the Physical Working Capacity," Acta Medica Scandinavica, Supplementum 215, 1-73, 19H8. Wells, J., Gordon, T., Balke, B. and Van Fossan, D. D. ”Lactic Acid Accumulation During Work. A Suggested Standardization of Work Classification," Journal of Applied Physiology, 10:51-55, 1957. Workman, J. M. and Armstrong, B. W. "Oxygen Cost of Treadmill Walking," Journalfipf Applied Physiology, 18:798-803, 1963. Wyndham, C. H., Strydom, N. B., Maritz, J. 8., Morrison, J. F., Peter, J. and Potgieter, 2. U. 'Maximum Oxygen Intake and Maximum Heart Rate During Strenuous Work," Journal of Applied Physiology, 14:927-936. 1959- 79 Books Astrand, P. 0. Experimental Studies of Physical Working Capacity in Relation to Sex and Agp. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1952. Bard, P. (ed.). Macleod's Physiology in Modern Medicine. Nifieth edition. St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Co., 19 l. Bartley, S. H. and Chute, E. Fatigue and Impairment in Man, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1947. Brouha, L. Physiology in Industry. New York: Pergamon Press, 1960. Consolazio, D. F., Johnson, R. E., and Pecora, L. J. Physiological Measurements of Metabolic Functions. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963. Cureton, Jr., T. K. Physical Fitness Appraisal and Guidance, St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Company, 1947. . Physical Fitness of Champion Athletes. Urbana: The University of Illinois Press, 1951. Johnson, W. R. (ed.). Science andpMedicine of Exercise and Sports. New York: Harper and Brothers, Publishers, 1960. Kleiber, M. The Fire of Life, an Introduction to Animal Energetics, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1961. ”nun—— APPEN DI CES 81 APPENDIX A SUBJECT INFORMATION m i w .MaJor in Subject Wt. (kg.)Ht. (cm.) Age Class University 1 MH 63.4 172.5 21 Jr. Physics 2 BF 48.3 162.0 21 Jr. History 3 TA 85.4 177.5 19 Soph Biology 4 BS 78.5 186.5 25 Grad Radio-TV 5 GEA 76.3 169.2 19 Soph Physical Ed. 6 LF 81.6 192.0 20 Jr. Philosophy 7 JC 73.6 172.0 21 Soph Engineering 8 LL 72.8 176.4 19 Soph Engineering 9 RN 80.2 176.0 22 Sr. Engineering 10 DB 60.5 174.0 20 Soph Pre-med. 11 CM 69.7 176.5 20 Soph Engineering 12 FH 69.0 176a5 22 Grad Phy. Ed. 13 PE 84.6 182.5 27 Grad Phy. Ed. 14 J8 61.7 171.0 21 Sr. Phy. Ed. 15 AB 68.3 181.0 23 Sr. Phy. Ed. 16 MA 61.8 176.5 20 Soph. Education 17 PG 78.8 184.0 20 Soph Bus. Ed. 18 GAA 72.5 190.5 19 Soph SOC. Soi. 19 RC 73.7 176.0 19 Soph Engineering 20 TU 59.3 170.5 20 Fresh Bus. Ad. 21 GS 70.0 173.5 22 Fresh Pre-med. 22 RA 74.1 167.5 21 Jr. Physics 23 JH 64.6 172.0 21 Sr. Art Ed. 24 WH 79.5 192.0 19 Fresh Bus. Ed. 25 RB 75.7 180.0 19 Soph Accounting 26 KC 72.3 180.0 24 Grad Phy. Ed. 27 JD 69.1 170.0 19 Soph Bus. Ed. 28 DC 62.- 177.5 20 Jr. Engineering 29 BT 79.1 170.5 19 Soph Nat. Sci. 30 JC 74.4 182.0 26 Grad Phy. Ed. h APPENDIX B MEAN EXERCISE ROOM TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY L Mean Mean Subject Temperature Humidity 1 74 56 2 71 56 3 71 55 4 73 58 5 76 59 6 71 55 7 77 57 8 73 57 9 76 60 10 7O 54 11 71 62 12 73 58 13 73 56 14 71 56 15 71 55 16 73 58 17 71 53 18 7O 55 19 7O 55 20 72 56 21 71 57 22 70 58 23 7o 55 24 7O 57 25 7O 60 26 71 56 27 72 56 28 72 53 29 74 57 3O 73 54 83 APPENDIX C RANDOM TEST ORDER __ Subject 8 1 7.8464 586 58834 1 22881475555574 4 74 1331 21576175571 5233168842757 342 57.17.8771 24484 577586 24 1881 38 , 68836 5615863761 2;46616.717.713446 161714 544 18751678 54 35542664662 535688332344652318344881 236885 2 564 5786323138 38642672356377.9311 723222276425227633172233421223 123456789m 84 APPENDIX D1 ELECTRODE PLACEMENT - .-. In.“ __”_____n__-__+__ A \f2\3 ——_-_-_—_—_—— I} 5 V 1A description of the electrode placement technique is presented on the following page. 85 ELECTRODE PLACEMENT DESCRIPTION The two front electordes were placed an inch above and an inch below the nipple line nidway between the left nipple and the body midline. The skin was cleaned with alcohol and "Tuf—skin" (1) applied. The electrode (2) site was then scratched clear of the "Tuf—skin". Strips of 1/2" adhesive tape (3) were applied and stretched over the electrodes. Strips of 2" Elastoplast tape(4y were applied and stretched over the electrode an the "Tuf—skin" area. Other pieces of 1/2" tape were applied to secure the loose lead wires. The ground lead (5) was attached in the same manner 3/4 of the way down the back on the left side 1" from the midline. Strips of 1/2" tape were applied to secure all leads at the left shoulder, making sure that there was equal tension on all leads to the recorder. 86 ooumH mmH mmH SmH mSH HSH on mmH mmH SHH oeH omH mmH omH moH moH :oH Hm om ooan wow wow mom mmH :mH HmH mSH SoH :mH mmH meH mmH mmH mHH mHH :HH Sm mm ooumH mSH mSH HSH moH omH emH SHH mmH mmH mmH mmH mHH mHH moH :oH :oH mS mm ooumH mmH mmH HmH mmH :mH mmH oSH 06H omH mmH meH mzH mmH mmH me :mH moH Sm ooumH mmH mmH mmH HmH :SH OSH SSH emH meH osH omH mmH mHH moH moH moH Hm mm ooumH mmH mmH HmH mmH mmH SSH .mSH 66H HmH mmH mHH HeH mmH mHH SHH :HH mm mm ooumH omH owH mSH OSH mmH mmH maH mmH mmH SmH :HH oHH ooH mm mm Sm mS em ooumH mmHH mmH mmH SmH mmH mSH HSH moH mmH omH BMH omH omH mHH oHH moH Hm mm 00 mH SmH SmH mmH mmH mSH HSH mmH moH HmH meH mmH mmH mma :HH mHH mHH mm mm ooumH SwH SmH mmH mSH HSH mSH mmH mmH mzH st mmH mmH HmH moH moH mHH ow Hm ooumH How How mmH HmH :mH SSH :SH HmH emH SHH mmH mmH mmH SHH mHH mHH mm om ooumH . mmH mmH omH SmH MSH OSH 60H mmH omH mzH mMH mmH mmH HHH oHH moH mm mH ooumH How mmH mmH mmH SmH ewH mSH HSH mmH SmH meH mmH mmH mHH mHH moH em mH ooumH :mH :mH :mH mmH mmH :mH mmH meH meH SmH mmH omH mHH moH HoH Sm HS SH ooan mmH me mmH mmH mmH mmH me mmH moH mmH meH mmH mmH HHH HHH moH mm mH ooumH :om How mom mmH mmH mmH mSH mmH mmH SmH :HH 03H mMH mmH HmH SHH moH mH ooan oom mmH mmH mmH mSH mmH mmH mHH HHH mmH :mH omH mHH HoH mm mm mm :H ooumH mmH mmH HwH mSH mSH QSH 66H mmH mmH HmH HHH mmH mmH mHH aHH mHH Hm mH ooumH mmH mmH mmH SSH mmH :oH :mH meH NHH mmH mmH mHH :HH ooH mm mm HS NH omuaH row row mmH :mH omH SmH HmH mSH mSH HSH mmH mmH HSH HMH mmH Sm HH ooueH Hom How mmH mmH SmH mmH mSH mmH SmH meH SMH SmH mHH oHH HHH mm oH oouaH mom mom mmH mmH HmH mSH HSH mmH HmH :mH HmH SHH SMH HMH HmH 60H m ooneH mow mmH oom me :mH HmH HSH OSH HmH moH meH mMH HMH :mH :mH moH m omHMH HmH HoH mmH HwH mSH :oH mmH mmH eeH mmH mmH omH wHH mHH mm S ooumH mmH mmH mmH owH HSH HmH mmH SHH mmH :mH mmH mHH :HH mHH mm m ooumH mmH mmH omH me mmH HSH mmH :mH mmH weH HHH :mH mmH omH mm m omumH mmH omH mmH mmH HSH SmH mmH mzH HHH mmH mHH SHH mHH mm H omumH mmH mmH mmH SSH me HmH mmH meH meH mmH mmH mmH HmH Sm m ooumH SmH SmH mmH mmH SSH OSH mmH mmH mzH meH mmH mHH SHH 30H m ooumH mmH mmH mmH mmH mSH SwH mmH meH meH mmH mmH :HH moH Hm H osHe mm mH :H mH NH HH 0H m m S m m a m m H o .npsm Km: 82 mmaoomm m Nanmmm< 9O omHonxo mo use um much omHsa mouNOHBCH ouoN H mm Nm mm SHH mmH OSH mS Hm Hm Sm HoH NmH Hm mm moH oHH mmH OSH om moH SoH ooH HNH .mMH OSH Nm Sm mm moH HHH mHH HHH ONH mNH NmH HmH mmH mN mm HoH moH NHH mNH HcH mm Nm mm OHH NHH mHH Na Hm ooH oHH HmH SoH mN on HHH SoH oNH NHH mSH mm mm ooH moH mm SmH mNH oNH mmH NHH HmH mmH SN NoH moH NHH mHH NMH OSH moH moH moH mHH mNH mHH ONH NNH mHH HmH mHH. mSH 6N Sm mm NoH HHH SHH QSH mm ow mm Nm moH HmH QNH HNH HmH mHH OSH me mN mm om mm moH SHH OSH mS Hm Nm mS Hm SmH mm Sm cw Sm SoH moH HN mm moH moH SHH mMH QSH ow Sm om NoH HHH HmH moH .HHH ONH omH mHH HmH mN ooH NoH moH SHH mmH HSH mm moH moH mHH SNH HmH moH moH NHH oNH NHH oSH NN Sm .mm om Na HHH oSH Hm Nm mm Sm Hm HmH mm om 0S Nm ONH mSH HN ooH SoH oHH oHH HmH oSH Nm mm mm Hm om SmH. moH moH NHH SHH SmH HwH 0N cm om Sm ooH mNH OSH Hm mS om mS mm mHH Sm mm HoH HHH ONH me mH moH NHH mHH oNH SmH moH moH HoH ooH moH mNH SmH ‘mHH SHH HNH SmH HmH SmH wH ooH HHH HHH SHH oNH NSH mm Hm Nm ooH mHH omH NoH moH moH SHH mNH moH SH Hm om Nm mm mHH OSH om mm mm moH oNH mmH mHH HNH mNH HmH SmH mmH mH moH NoH NoH oHH NmH NSH mm Nm mm mm HHH omH moH ooH mHH mNH me HmH mH Hm mm ooH HNH oNH QSH om Nw mm mm HoH HmH mm pm No ooH moH SmH HH om mm mm HoH mNH OSH Nm Hm Hm mm moH HmH mm mm NoH mHH oNH mSH MH mm Hm Nm NoH HNH HSH NS SS Hm mm NoH HmH mS mS mm om HoH HmH NH SHH ONH mNH HmH NHH mSH mm moH NoH ooH QNH HmH mmH mmH mHH mmH HSH mmH HH mm mm ooH moH mm mmH Sm mm mm mm mm HmH NHH mHH QNH NmH mmH HmH oH mm NoH wOH oHH mmH mSH om Sm mm mm NoH mHH oHH ONH NNH omH mmH NmH m mHH mNH oNH mmH oHH oSH moH moH oHH oHH mHH omH ONH HmH HmH HMH mmH mmH m NoH HoH oHH HHH oHH NSH mm NoH mm HoH oHH oHH moH HoH HHH NNH NmH mmH S moH HoH ‘moH oHH SNH QSH Sm mm NoH moH SHH mmH oHH HHH mHH SHH. NmH owH m moH moH moH HHH HmH OSH om Nm Nm ooH HoH mHH HHH mHH ONH mNH omH HwH m mm moH SoH ONH OHH OSH Hm ooH moH moH SHH HmH NNH mHH mNH omH HHH mmH H NoH moH NHH HHH SmH mSH mm Sm Nm Nm ooH omH ooH mHH mHH ONH HmH HSH m Nm mm Sm moH HmH HSH 6S mS mS mS Hm- HmH moH HoH NHH mNH mmH omH N NoH NHH mHH NNH SmH OSH Nm om HoH moH HHH HmH HHH NHH HNH oNH H NmH H m H m N H o m H m N H o m H _ m N. H Ho .Hnsm HosHev .m.m OSH-.esoe HoeHev .m.m omHi.ssoe HoeHev ence .so-0H cmscfipQOOIIm KHQZMmm¢ 91 llullll IFulI mmHohmxm mo UGO um mpmp OOHOQ OopOOHOGH OLON H @HH wHH oNH 03H mma oma NHH NHH mma NMH 00H mma om OmH me oNH 03H HNH mom mma NNH ®MH NJH NNH mom mm mod MHH ONH NNH Oma mmH moH 00H mHH HNH HMH mNH mm ONH HMH mmH Mia 00H mma HNH :mH wNH mmH mma mma ON ONH ONH mma :MH wma oNH @NH HmH mma #:H HNH wwa mm HHH OHH ONH OOH OOH SSH HHH HHH ONH OOH OOH OOH ON HO OO OO OOH OHH OOH OO OO SO OOH OHH OOH HN ONH ONH ONH OHH OOH HOH ONH OHH OOH OHH SHH OOH ON OHH HHH OHH. NHH HSH NON SHH ONH ONH HHH HOH SOH NN OOH OOH HHH ONH NOH OOH NO OO OOH SHH OHH SOH HN NHH OHH ONH OOH OOH OON SHH ONH ONH OOH HOH HON ON SHH ONH ONH OHH NOH OHN OOH NHH OHH ONH OOH OOH OH ONH OOH OHH OHH OOH NOH HOH SOH OHH HOH HSH OOH OH HHH HHH SHH OOH OOH OOH OOH OOH OHH HNH OHH HOH SH OOH HHH ONH SOH HOH OOH SHH ONH ONH HOH OOH OOH OH NHH ONH OOH OOH OOH OOH SHH HNH ONH OHH SOH HON OH HHH OHH HHH ONH OHH OOH OHH HNH ONH HHH NOH OOH HH NO SO OOH HHH OHH OOH HHH OHH ONH ONH OOH OOH OH HHH OHH HNH ONH OOH OSH HHH OHH ONH HOH OHH OOH NH ONH ONH SOH OHH HOH OON ONH OOH . HOH OHH NOH HON HH OHH HHH SHH ONH HOH OOH OOH OOH OOH ONH OOH HON OH ONH ONH NOH OHH OSH SOH HNH HNH NOH OOH OSH NON O SHH OHH ONH OOH OOH OOH HHH SHH HNH OOH HOH OOH O ONH OOH NOH NSH OOH OOH NNH OOH OOH OOH OOH HOH S ONH ONH ONH OHH NOH HOH OHH OHH ONH .ONH OHH OOH O ONH ONH ONH OHH HSH OON ONH ONH OHH HHH SOH OOH O OOH HHH ONH OOH OOH HOH SHH HNH ONH HOH OOH OOH H ONH OHH ONH HHH OOH SOH SHH NNH ONH SOH HSH OOH O NHH HHH ONH HOH OOH HON ONH. ONH ONH OHH OOH HON N HNH OHH HNH OOH OOH HON OHH OHH HNH OOH OOH OOH H O H O N H O O H O N H HO .HOOO pmme HHHEOOOHB pmme .EOiom UOSQHQCOOIII mezmmm< APPENDIX I TREADMILL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION DATA 92 Maximum Oxygen Consumption Maximum Oxygen Consumption per Kilogram Subject (liters/min.) (m1./min.) 1 4.31 68.0 2 2.35 48.7 3 4.52 52.9 4 2.35 29.9 5 3-95 51-8 6 4.28 52.5 7 4.31 58.6 8 3.99 54.8 9 4.25 53.0 10 3.09 51.1 11 3.32 47.6 12 4.02 58.3 13 4.58 54.1 14 3.32 53.8 15 3-53 51-7 16 3.39 54.9 17 4.11 52.2 18 3.69 50.9 19 4.10 55.6 20 3.32 56.0 21 4.19 59.9 22 4.89 66.0 23 3.16 48.9 24 3.28 41.3 25 4.29 56.7 26 3.51 48.5 27 3.87 56.0 28 3.08 49.7 29 3.10 39.2 30 3.69 49.6 APPENDIX J ZERO-ORDER CORRELATION COEFFICIENT MATRIX Exercise Heart Rates 10--cm. Test 20mm. Test 3‘)»cm. Test 401m. Test SOH—cm. Test Tem.~150 Test Tem.~-l70 Test 123456789101112Max12345123451734512345123451234512345 .68 .80 .80 .75 .72 .72 .68 .66 .66 .59 .60 .62 .48 .73 .68 .70 .75 .69 .59 .59 .64 .72 .60 .69 .66 .62 .67 .69 .62 .63 .67 .63 .63 .46 .47 .44 .46 .52 .45 .26 .31 .36 .43 .54 .37 .43 .50 .57 Exercise - 0 .93 .91 .90 .86 .83 .79 .74 .74 .69 .65 .68 .51 .57 .50 .57 .60 .55 .68 .69 .66 .67 .61 .58 .53 .57 .55 .54 .63 .60 .58 .58 .61 .43 .40 .33 .30 .39-.03 .18 .28 .27 .31 .39 .27 .42 .44 .55 - 1 .98 .96 .95 .93 .87 .83 .82 .76 .74 .77 .56 .68 .61 .66 .69 .65 .73 .73 .73 .74 .65 .73 .68.69 .69 .67 .75 .77 .78 .75 .78 .54 .53 .48 .47 .57 .17 .32 .37 .39 .42 .52 .43 .53 .59 .67 '- 2 .96 .94 .93 .88 .83 .82 .75 .74 .76 .55 .69 .60 .66 .67 .63 .73 .73 .73 .73 .63 .76 .73 .75 .75 .73 .75 .76 .78 .74 .77 .51 .53 .47 .49 .58 .15 .29 .37 .37 .38 .57 .49 .59 .63 .69 n 3 .98 .97 .93 .88 .87 .80 .79 .81 .55 .60 .52 .56 .59 .53 .80 .79 .79 .79 .70 .74 .67 .69 .68 .66 .71 .72 .72 .68 .70 .55 .52 .49 .48 .57 .12 .25 .26 .29 .28 .49 .37 .48 .51 .58 '- 4 .99 .96 .93 .91 .85 .84 .85 .58 .61 .51 .53 .57 .53 .81 .78 .78 .77 .69 .77 .70 .70 .68 .65 .76 .77 .77 .71 .75 .57 .52 .48 .47 .58 .18 1.29 .31 .35 .34..45 .38 .49 .51 .58 - 5 .97 .95 .94 .89 .87 .87 .59 .60 .49 .51 .54 .50 .79 .74 .75 .75 .66 .78 .71.71 .69 .66 .80 .80 .79 .74 .77 .59 .54 .50 .50 .60 .21 .29..32 .35 .35 .43 .35 .48 .50 .57 w 6 .99 .98 .93 .92 .90 .64 .59 .46 .44 .49 .44 .73 .68 .68 .67 .58 .75 .70 .70 .68 .65 .77 .76 .75 .71 .74 .57 .52 .47 .48 .58 .21 .29 .33 .36 .35 .38 .34 .I.9 .50 .58 ' 7 .99 .95 .95 .93 .70 .55 .41 .40 .47 .41 .71 .65 .65 .65 .55 .73 .68.66 .63 .59 .77 .76 .76 .72 .75 .63 .55 .51 .51 .61 .25 .29 .36 .39 .36 .37 .35 .47 .47 .55 I 8 .97 .96 .95 .70 .54 .42 .40 .46 .41 .72 .66 .66 .65 .55 .75 .70.69 .65 .61 .77 .76 .76 .73 .76 .63 .54 .47 .50 .58 .24 .29 .38 .41 .38 .35 .33 .48 .46 .55 ' 9 .97 .94 .65 .48 .39 .36 .41 .37 .69 .62 .62 .62 .52 .62 .58.57 .55 .50 .75 .71 .72 .71 .75 .58 .47 .42 .46 .55 .23 -32 .44 .46 .43 .26 .25 .42 .41 .52 " 10 .96 .70 .43 .34 .30 .37 .31 .67 .60 .60 61 51 .60 .56.53 .52 .48 .70 .67 .70 .68 .71 .62 .50 .47 .48 .58 .21 .29 .39 .43 .38 .28 .25 .37..4O .49 '- 11 76 41 32 .31 38 33 69 63 60 64 54 .6 6 .5 .54 .51 .73 .71 .72 .71 .74 .65 .54 .49 .52 .61 .19 .27 .37 .39 .36 .31 .29 .39 .39 . " 12 38 .28 8 35 26 33 27 27 36 27 .45 .52 . .44 44 .50 .54 .55 .51 .52 .75 .67 .57 .53 .56 .14 .05 .22 .24 .25 .25 .40 .33 .27 .3 " mix. .90 .85 86 78 40 40 45 .45 38 .64 65 .66 .69 .68 .59 .62 .6 . .66 .36 .41 .39 . .48 .28 .48 .52 .52 . .52 .60 59 . 2 .65 Recovery, 10 an. - 1 .95 84 91 38 .41 43 46 41 .56 .59 .57 .62 .61 .56 58 .62 .61 .64 .40 .38 .39 .39 .47 .18 .34 .46 .48 .53 .42 .47 .49 .51 .54 n ' 2 96 .94 41 .47 .51 53 47 6 .65 .63 .69 .68 .56 .60 .63 .63 .65 .41 .43 .43 .43 .53 .22 .36 .48 .48 .55 .47 .52 .59 .58 .62 - ' 3 9. '12 '55 2 ~22 6:: a :6 ~26 26 -.. :2 2 $6 6;: :6. '53 a: 2% ~12 a: a: 26 a 6: a : : . ZERO—ORDER CORRELATION COEFFICIENT MATRIX - - - - - - - - - 3 - 2 - 4 . e - - - - - - - . - - - «59 ~50 - -5 -55 - 3 5 .96 .94 .93 .93 .66 .5757 .51 .49 .60 .59 .58 .52 .59 .52 .47 .48 .45 .58 .17 .30 .33 .31 .30 .43 .29 .46 .41 .45 ' 20 cu. — 1 .97 .94 94 64 .5 . .51 .52 .53 .52 .51 . .54 .50 .45 .46 .44 .5 .09 .27 .29 .30 .28 .47 .30 .48 . . ' ' 2 97 .94 67 .60.59 .58 .57 .52 .54 .55 .50 .56 .49 .45 .46 .44 .59 .19 .34 .35 .37 .36 .51 .37 .55 .50 .55 " ' 3 96 .64 -56.54 .54 .54 .53 .55 .55 .49 .55 .55 .52 .52 .50 .65 .17 .30 .31 .33 .35 .48 .32 . .47 " " I» 56 $8.47 .45 .47 .43 .43 .43 .35 .43 .53 .47 .47 .42 . .03 .17 .20 .18 .2 .40 .23 .38 .32 .37 - - 5 36.95 .90 .88 77 .81 .79 .74 .73 .55 .58 .55 60 .67 .47 .45 .44 .47 . .57 .56 .72 .68 . 30_I:I- - 1 .96 .94 .92 .77 .83 .82 .77 .76 .52 56 .52 .59 .65 .44 .41 .45 .48 .49 .53 .65 .78 .70 .72 .. ' 2 .97 .95 .73 .78 .76 .72 .71 .52 .59 .52 .59 .63 .43 .40 .45 .44 .45 . . 72 ' ' 3 .98 .70 .76 .76 .71 .70 .48 .54 .47 . 5 .61 .41 .41 .43 .45 .50 .54 .62 .78 .72 .74 ' ' 4 .64 .69 .69 .65 .63 .49 .58 .50 .58 .62 .33 .35 .37 .37 .47 .56 .61 .74 .70 . - ' 5 .95 .91 . . .30 .49 .48 .51 .60 .45 .53 .54 . .56 .36 . .54 .55 .64 - 40 an. — 1 .96 .93 .92 .54 .57 .54 .60 .68 .54 .55 .53 .55 .54 .41 .55 .62 . 9 .67 ' ' 2 . . .50 . 2 .53 .58 .66 .53 .56 .59 .61 .58 .49 .64 .67 .70 .74 . ' 3 .97 .48 .47 .48 .52 .61 .56 .62 .68 .67 .65 .44 .62 . .73 .78 ' " 4 .51 .48 .47 .52 .61 .49 .58 .67 .66 . .44 .61 .68 .75 ' ' 5 . . .66 .74 27 .15 .28 .23 .30 .41 .35 .36 .31 .33 ' 50 an. - 1 .93 .89 .90 .42 .23 .30 .25 .27 . .51 .45 .40 .41 - - 2 .94 .93 .49 .37 .33 .30 .24 .64 .52 .45 .45 .45 : : 3 .93 .51 .41 .35 .35 .27 .65 .53 .51 .47 .4 _ . '6 .85 .47 .44 .44 .39 . .55 .53 .51 .5 . 5 .85 .71 .73 .60 .39 .52 .57 .54 .54 ,, Tef-o150 - 1 .86 . .77 .39 .53 .61 .62 . , . 2 .93 .86 .41 .64 .74 .71 . . . 3 26, a a a - - '5' .75 .64 .73 .58 : Tag-J70 - 1 .84 .83 .73 _ _ 2 .92 .39 w . 3 .94 .. . I; ZERO-ORDER CORRELATION COEFFICIENT MATRIX Time 150 -0515 ‘073 ”077 -075 ‘075 -075 -071? -.70 -.69 -068 -.65 -.64 -.68 -.43 -0141“ ’035 -036 -.44 "oh2 ‘053 -.52 'oh6 “.149 -014'1 '037 “031 -.30 —.29 -.28 “057 -055 '05“ “055 -.59 ‘039 'OBA -.24 -.26 -.30 —.01 “017 -.26 “0214' —.26 -027 -.20 .I25 ”028 -035 Time 170 ”051 -.61 -069 -067 -061} '068 .I70 -071 '070 -071 -.76 -071 -.62 -046 -059 -.56 -049 “-53 -.56 -ISO ”DIP? -046 “01"6 .I30 "oh‘l’ -045 -.43 -Ohg -.1+2 -.68 —.66 -.69 -.66 -075 ”039 -031 -.26 -.28 -037 -.20 -038 -OAS -.51 '057 -016 -030 -039 “043 -038 ’055 Body Wt. .01 .10 .13 .Ol .06 .07 .01 .08 .06 .07 .14 .14 .ll .14 .16 .12 .15 .16 .15 .10 .14 .14 .07 .14 .04 .02 005 .10 .ll .09 .01 .03 .10 .06 .Ol -.11 .OO -.11 -.08 .15 .15 .12 .10 .11 .14 .10 .08 .14 .12 -013 .11 Body Ht. -031 -I32 ‘027 -03]. ‘035 “027 -.28 -I31 -027 -.26 -.28 “.31 -.30 '037 -.19 -.26 -.18 -.26 -.12 -.20 -.22 ’017 ‘025 7.22 -010 ‘011 -012 -.19 -023 -I23 -.14 -.10 .I05 -005 -.30 -.32 -031 -.29 -.25 .25 .10 .09 .07 .13 ”0114' “001+ “.02 .OO “.03 .22 .25 .55 Time Max. TM 02 -~22 .02 .Ol‘ .14 -019 .09 -017 003 -.23 .08 -.28 .04 -032 .02 -027 ’003 “0&3 ”-08 -045 -008 -ol+8 -011 -048 -018 -.L6 -.27 -.27 -.20 -022 .23 -023 017 -019 017 -.22 .18 -0210 01“ -.30 .07 -021 .12 -.28 .13 -.27 .08 -017 .16 ‘037 002 -039 -006 -.36 -.02 ”.39 .02 -029 001 -037 -008 'ohé -007 -050 "'oll "053 ”007 -056 -012 -.35 .00 "023 “.02 -026 -002 "033 -013 -037 -013 -053 010 -.lp8 .08 -0157 006 -oll'8 .0]. -0190 0.11 -.14 .02 -.32 -.05 -.38 .10 -.34 .06 -.30 .11 005 “-13 037 -009 .03 .54 ‘007 007 .30 Max. O2/kg .OO .07 -.02 .Ol .03 -.O2 .01 .03 “00“ -.03 -001 -010 -.02 .04 -003 -.08 -.10 .00 -.02 -.01 .I05 .04 -.09 '012 .05 “.04 .03 -IOA -.21 -019 -.36 .30 .72 Exercise - n n n " n n \ocn\10un$~vonM~<3 Mex. Recovery - 10 " fl N fl " fl " N fl " " Time 150 Time 170 20 30 40 SO I I\R#W»P0FJEH¢WfihJHWhtqwtuhfimJFVJNHd\h¢“wf0F‘ Term.l5O R N n R Term.l70 fl Body weight Body height Time treadmill run Maximum oxygen consumption :13: \hPWJBJFNhPWwaF‘ 95 I?“ L‘r’. ;M' '4 .a 96 APPENDIX K EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS Company T 4- A—— I Equipment Beckman Instruments, Inc. 2500 Harbor Blvd. Fullerton, California Warren E. Collins Co. 555 Huntington Ave. Boston 15, Mass. Cramer Athletic Supply Co. Gardner, Kansas Duke Laboratories, Inc. S. Norwalk, Conn. Grass Medical Instrument Co. Quincy, Mass. Hydrotex Company Chicago, Ill. Max Planck Instruments Dortmund, Germany Sanborn Company 175 Wyman St. Waltham, Mass. E. H. Sargent Company 4647 w. Foster Ave. Chicago 30, Ill. A. R. Young Power Transmission Engineers Indianapolis, Ind. _ .fi Oxygen Analyzer Model E-2 Carbon Dioxide L/B Infrared Analyzer Model 15A Collins Triple J Value 2 5-way Hans Rudolph Valve British Cloth-covered Tubing (1") Collins Motor Blower Tincture of Benzoin "Tuf-skin" Elastoplast (adhesive bandage) Grass EEG Electrodes Plastic Douglas Bags Franz-Muller Calorimeter Twin-Viso Recorder Heart Rate Meter, Part No. 760—20—121 Power Supply, Model 760-500 Electrode Paste Sargent SR Recorder Motor Driven Treadmill S m R A R m L V .H S R E N N U E T Al.» THZ IIHIINHIHH