n m; H r- m n v}; 4‘. r 75:7 0/ “A" "u 4‘45»; .‘Q \ '/ . ' ”my .: 5?“? {J a ‘ . ' . H517 W "ERR—‘1' \., “" ‘1. ‘ V any. ,_ .,. q , . . ~'”"?‘5‘ ‘ ‘Q r . 4‘ ~_f{\;“t\$-Mu . ‘ ’ . ' ,1. WI . ‘ . ‘ "‘3: '9." "(1“ ‘ t s‘ m a“ V "'1“. NHL“ Wural ElectriiiCution by Dover PGVO1CUL$HC of a Quall stream A Theris Tubnittad to T16 Faculty of TECH CAN QTATE CUTTUCE of 'C”'CUT Uh: rvn :WflTl n ~n TV?“ 1'; 3x1 J/ 1;; . .‘J “A! ”£11.ng ‘A-u L.) QJJUL ‘v‘; (‘4 _ fl. ‘ 1' C. J. JLUYIG')r(LI\L§r Candidate for tke Degree of O ‘ ' ‘ Yac?alcr oi Tolence Tune 1934 d.- THESIS 010*), | fVG UanCSD Oi tyis t%e919 i? to frrni?‘ “ic‘igan :gricultvrirts)zn4 ot‘cr9 intflre?ted,( golf correa wro- Uiatcrs, LLJ wer¢nrs wit* countrv Vere? ),Wfit‘ a source of iniormuticn chn {Fe questiun Cf Lle dasirubility and Ocssibility 01 rural electriiic‘tion by tTe uve oi sngll derO—eloctric n]nnts. [Fe nkture of t*a Drofilem denunflefl a tL(TOU{} investigation of rvral LFQHSPiFSiOH lime con— 1 structicn SC,t}ut tVare is includem for 1‘3 Fuxe of com— rxi‘iyor1<:onsifkara“flia«iata lraon t7 is tynwa of ismstallgition. Irltif-ntooooooooooooooooooooooococo-.00..000'3‘ C: l I, C IIItI~CCELVCtiono o o o o o o I o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ;, J01".l:_1€iLnSO O O 0 O O 0 O I O O O O I O O O 0 O I 0 O O .0 O. O O O 0 6) Central fitkticll ';"‘O..V73r.............Q...g... 8 fl stall Wydro—electric Plktt................ 1 CU) 7‘} " ' . ",“ ‘ ,5 \- I . vv ‘ \‘If "f 1‘ . ‘ 1 1u31s Ier &L flcdlt ljn Tiornai (3f6cmx, - 101 1;:nq C‘ ~ . . I "e ”A ,Jtrzhfi. ilCJHfoo00000000000000.0000...00.0 1K} mh I (j L36(LLTC.........................o...... 114‘ "1 . ~-1 '70 .L L‘c vim t 6 r in]; 6 L) l o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 LJ‘\./ Generator and line cpuductors.......... L4 Sunngry Oi the Droject................. a; T Quqs hnd drpxings................... ..( in ioldcr) 4l¢xl rrrx l s';«:lrl11 ’ 0 V ’\ _ A. < ‘ 0 "f o . g . V 1 > , . ‘ a V -\ . . 1 ‘ . ‘ I all} 1 Lw1r3_ imr a.rmLJ ilelu. lrc lenllh: » rurs- :uxe Qlfifil1ad electricltv to inltstry to file dcint X'dra 1‘s: 77:1 trrn a , . .I o . ,-\, l 1’ r‘ ‘0 ‘\ ' ‘ 3 f ‘ o c n. . ' _" 'x‘,’ {Cre Cl llelr uj>llcl {c1ouca 1653 rel luplllt1er lrtn Lev .1- , V, 1’... l .- -,-14 .. - l; ‘4' .‘ h ..,.' r",— ' . 1.. L..I;UJL $11 L(11LLLLlFG CJIUII f a lugd and )1p11th;le L‘prlufilty. TermxbncthriI¢ ‘ m lllkfkfijtlfq ind Wdlrlfif’, ll; icxjt “11,Lst / eveljf ileld cxuzayt “41?iculturke ‘laycsxjsi“urtauqi lxn rs 01 r\ 7 1 1 . .5 .1. 7' .. ,4 1 l¢)ur W_ 1:3 Ltd Ll GLCClrlC.l figJur, mad [1 trc shra tth l m\.3 57C: r. 's:wl lfl'o Fly 11lerfiis Cl: l.ivi:ug tllmf: C(7fid17ClefQ ll i 7 {hrn Witv v Yt‘l lfiHGT g9 Lla cliei source 01 enerFy cannot 00 male all tllr s C(?Filersl will live? lea Hy “arson? in i 7‘” .'.° ‘3 - Cl‘:r Ileiws. ll 1? lrta ll“? f(r33rs l9 PCIJ lc\llxirl {rd in many ( ITCTG Ifl"ClYSCfl53 SUVlrWXHMBWt tlzdl th r . .w.VS ltxrrzrrl as ix (rlcugaer (’1 ’ tlc city. “cwever, lle accesyilv lcr Tcrking to tle ooint Cl 1 arslian ego? fl“? JBrVQF lltlla tire fcr t‘e an~ ‘is Hetlgr environvent. Fla inrm Cmfl he nfld is %e3n{ yl(a tle West 01 all filecas in t%a vcrld to live. To do tlis, 1113 on tlo farm, and n;rticulmrly in tle Inrnlouse, must ha relievad 01 its ex “walla; drudgery, Hy tlc inrfhlluticn 01 electric flower. r“ 1 ' 1 1' 1— '7: Y , v""r~ . '1‘ v 1/ . 1 [—1 '— vvy 1 ' . ‘, . ._ j ' 4‘6“ l"? ,p;.l} Ibifliu; inkl» a c cola uian ll: uldctrl‘- 7 ' 3 1 3 ' ‘ .. l, . ', ,-- g ‘ ,9 '7 . l" " ‘ ' 'Iol“'u"1"1 0 1 .lly nrlxen nllnllé rlp;.rcL 1cwc Ullusd Ll: LUJQ, L . v9 4 I . - ' r. ~l . "-v ‘ P-fl L - w-., ’, .l l ‘ {:1 ‘7 . I - 1 . trlCull/I “I 1V3? Imi- ‘ulv Lbl WC‘S {gull 4.1.7.1.. LT 5‘ 1.1.1.9., and t’3 l alcclricmlly drivan ckvrn lug pad: 113 flutter; will: in tee louse Ll” J‘fllqa ltC‘LPC i: “Llfliull0;1lv 1&11? its 'orx, allo 13%, ‘reozl il.'lw ;b on. -l‘y‘ cur my’w ignor47fljf "1t? a Flrn Wl+l t“? re fir fi“t la 40; “an? :mfi “Nakal: to We Wafl— ( . 1‘ 1' 1 Y' . I . r I ~ . .‘ x . ’H g 4 1 vw ‘ ‘ 'V'. ‘ . 1" 61, l lfi<5 1r:1.nlll1r7 .lcr mllfi?lllbfl, y 3 slw .uler (I: tie C‘ " a 1 - 'vr VI ‘ 1‘ . ‘ 1 ' 1 ,r i !v . -. 1 P . ‘ 1 ~.v- ‘ ' "fl ~lu a, fire uf' u: an» 1t? 7m0£-*rcuL1L; 36V103, 1‘? «5‘- Cluttvrlng t7: lCUL.;-tle kitclen lull cl 913mg - g . fl 0 ‘. . '- 1 o ‘2 ‘ A," OCT (lug 111 “FL;J‘JEC' lulu anulllV 11¢ ll_.:O «Jbl dlE(ZCLFu?: : ’ ° 1‘. .4 4"” - .~ 1 . \‘IL - fl. l'rl t 3 I 10:; C) k' 1:3 (fiCV,J1SLL.T1. (1171‘ 15‘ PLO u‘ fj‘aw‘r :g.$ill. it. is (3?r%J3 {butlnd uf G¢L1M'N; 1.cn u n.rtlcu1mr 1nstu1‘“t1pn " ,4-W ..\.:_. ., ' -,. .3 3‘... " ..- ., lor warplbulmr nro1sgts 1: r1n111_eu, since €13 r.n11mgtmrezb ’ fi‘, 1 1 V " y '. ‘ . ‘In "M . g' ’5' 1" Ci sxui. Wlwhtfi lava I.” a {reaL Uta] c1 3A”3r]6nLU 1lpp; tllg n ivwn10n .1'. .5 °.1—.r 1'~ ‘fl‘Inrn.n' ,\/ {11.) Lo '1JG.)JC' 1(1 (J11 l . lk‘n (1-3]:‘(Jx'4 ..1_.€ . ‘ 1133 and are regdv t may 31301110 inst 311 /\’~"\‘."TT“‘ 'fi'fi Vb..(Jl.-J.) Uh.) l. 11 it is possible,tJe crdinary igru cin He electri— e L e‘e.~w'?ullv «5d elilcientlv lrcn L central scurce ii d1 4 C U011L “ d Vla trxnswissicn lines and transfor;ere, tlgn By any tJer rethfl knnmn Ll erases t. 3. In order tJLt it n.y He peerifile to eccnonicqlly build trangniesicn lines end luatell treneiornere, {Jere uvst be ¢ minirvn of four Ctstesers to tJe rile, wit? five custcncrs to tJe nile Allbfllflg for rare reur(n;hle rLtGS. 3. Any 3M1 ce wlere tJere are less tJefi fevr Ctvterers to tJe Kile ( bhrring UHISN.J ele w Cxllbn. -1rs. 1t 1cmvfif t»; I,JLLr Ci L‘uulll: t e ell”— , I triLitv in t‘e Jnn‘s Li ’3? filo r we it t‘eir H::a*_':, t‘e ' ‘ 1 -~ \ 1 v l 4- , " .‘ - o 1. wroiler of o'cLs.u( t:e oereoL nlhrt to emit (IS U3-dw mi, [1 ‘ v .. 1’ o I r J . _ I ‘ a 1, ,. 4 v . ' x l \ bi bi ‘i’olerlv" It: lilttd‘ 11:30 (lflh 1)]. 0761 l"r I..Lx_LL1LGLll_'L'\/l x’elll‘ 0111128 6 ..I’ an issue to tie ordinary lurner. It also ellLJLaJES tie oiLJioe :for [J'e LJigtdcwui 01. tJL= poynar ltn? «2&1 leig—ti (xi tlLk3, u lLrte El Lion Luving auxill;rg Uu1,€ to insure Lgdir :Lnolv. A ELall, firivltelfi ooergted Ulhut ie sisceitihie to a “reundovn and neuclly tgxes L ion; tire and ooerihle skilled J“ or to renair it. “Jo stt Errortint re eon ior JJe use oi trnnepissiom liner Lfld trxgg“lor1ers lfif‘tVS iLCt tl;f,'9 ere ocxvlitiLvs are $149. t*;t .: trleHKJC‘lLll lire 11;] be Jim iullffil, it rzwuhers sertioe rvo’ o‘e oer tJLn eit er tie gator generator Listem Cr t‘e ixmll Eyd'o—eieotrio U] at. (In t’e Yer? Sveoizi c.4wer '”'eiN3 tJLergi exLJCJS‘ T:xi«tiiveliv J :‘*3 tier; His» ior' ernergjf J 1,. ... L .r_ 41.1 ‘J Llltl ills. ’x} 1*. {Cr‘vdli (l “'13’ 01 filitdwbluui CE'LJ’.'I;‘;’ I". r f illitirh tJis conclvsi ZJ'WJ id nit, Cl tPG VeflLUS thdef lor iurniskin; electricity. VJPAI Llifi CLTSIIUCI or (CCSLG oi line construction Vary Consimerdfiiy Niti tae lVfld 'grres iollofiing tale tJ'g (—f‘ r—d Fx .1 ff 0 L— .—J w H H C' lard wuseed 1‘ is vb] .10?” , ...; . .-.. J.’.Li'i.Lti<_':n oi mural Laue.“ CLé‘iS wit? lL..d: Coat oer ailcx-tt—Jour in CQLlS r ' - , . ,. . .. . J ‘7 2 .- J n, ‘.,‘,r ruff: PM" -’il.<:"..tt--J -Jrn. '>ei 1'.T.l:' .L/ 7.) iLA/ LLJJ .JLL, 7.»; . _ , ‘ ~ ‘ 1 K‘ ‘. “ [T f; I "7 4 f f.) '(kI-‘Cd ...: willdfi'ooooooo .1.ij COL) dad (in! "1‘01 0...} r1 . ) .~ . .. ‘ j c ) r ‘ '_ /‘ .4 H {a .") r C .Wie‘ll kl. 'hll 1.850000... 100:2) Lot) (301 ‘10! “I. -1 Loj v 'I I _G.\.lLJI‘_- (3K4 "'-J;lki€ooo.oo ~l r__l C O L. C) O C» 0 g; Q, 0 (J: L. O (J ..\ 0 +5 'J‘) 0 Ch \- 0 Q: ”,1 2*? .T. P3; v7 7‘: F‘ ," n I; 13.1".19St (fiddruia)oooo .‘-oa 'od ')0‘ L-.8 H (1“ A p-a \ ;J .—l I 6‘?- H. C) «r ..J A ('W V"! ”—9- "1 ‘l _\ ' L) *1 “3 p4 (U I O _’ V q ' Y... V. v- ‘ r) T..—l . l T 1. -LV 5'31". ' C . 111.13. .__lflll'__".~r ’7 1- ' f‘ . . ' - - r“ -‘ "u‘fl ‘. ‘~:’\ nn 1; 'L-Oi-‘Kv‘dy ,3 (xi Cirilnf' I)\)o‘_t..)1 'Y'3KI'04K) 90'»). KIU -,1 ...) AP\P1 .‘P - ,: -.. (les wna ii; 4 - P7,) ~ 73’: LK‘Idiooooo Ag-"40'Jl szvk/OKJU QJJ101K) 5/; f‘ "‘u 6" f‘ 1 A”? ' r7' 4‘. _/ ('\ c.0111] CtOlSOOOOOOOOOOOOO Harlot») ("IIOLIKJ JK.’LIQK.)O KJ‘V'31A1-:J;A.CJ CC\1S. o o o o o o I O 1")".{37 )Kl C... :0 l1].‘3.fli I” ‘ . v 0 - ‘\ rx \ .1 ‘l A . r C "\ A (‘fi A‘ ‘ - P ioLul (orirnry ; seconoaryJFJa;U.Lo 3093.00 '837.QO \1J TFaHSlOTLG s 3 installation 330.30 107.00 177.95 dervioe: ? iuetull¢tion 5L.JO 36.03 31.80 n Teters y installatiLn 53. O C L ‘0 O C) g ._ O O C’J OverJe-d costs 37 l9.36 M) C) t. o ( p Grand total............... $1606.23 $3L74. 0 $1168.09 Iiio “‘tcri*l i? iFCL tie ”Electrioel w"orld" Vol. JOO ’ . I: (‘ .‘r1 (:f‘f‘ pxéxds UOJ uliLl (LJKJO) r mm.) rt‘;*':;73 ‘ ”3WD C NW ..VLKJ . J..4.... sLAlV-~ K111.) I 0 Cost oer Kilo htt—JONT............................Q.27 t ." ‘. .. . 1 .... v. , '. ‘Tfl {1L0 {-L.l..t".' OIrS Lice” n'Ji 1'.C'lil.}ooooooooooooooco.coco. UU ‘f'-’ _, J ' .‘ 1‘- (‘5 ;.T;C)rt(f-‘~,7 CCELJ ‘JST T.O.riti.ooooooooooooooocoo-0.00.00.00.00 C010 (TJis Luteriel is iron 0.3.3.“.Iulletin, Vol.VII— — 30-1. ,‘ ... .a‘sq_ . ’N Unoliefied bv tJe Cormittee 0n TJe .elation of Electricity To AgricUJtUre.) STALL HYCiC*o.lCLVIo PJAYES (Tle cost oi erer{; iron t‘e ecrrce varies gre¢tly. Ife iieres Jere are ¢ lair ever.;» for tie oJ-.nte ‘orc1dcred (b Jere.) ;ervice & instellation....................3 450.JF Wreel R generator......................... 000.00 W Ting.................................... lOv.CO refi........................................ LOC.OQ Total....................................31630.00 This data brings out tJe relative cost oi toe tJree systems. At $10J0.00 oer mile oi rurel line construction, witJ iive ctstoners to tJe rile, the inve Ht ent cJ' ried to eaih 10.1v1qoel is $570.00. In order ior oUolic Utilities to naintIin and oernetuate tJeir equinxent and o.v ; fair r.te of intereet on tJeir investment of canital, it Jan been ioUnd tJat tJey mret receive revenUe AHOHDtlflg to tventy neroent oi t‘eir investment. TJis Joule Jeeund tJat each Ueer Day $74.00 oer ye.r for tie orivelege of using corrent. Ac tU.lJy, this iigUre proves to be a very close awrroxir.ticn. 3tmtietics irom 3 ,000 T"er; England farms receiving electrical dower siowed « total investrent in m“! >nt er OUfltlIIg to sixteen million dollars. 1.e revenUe (D L) C H. for 1000 res three million, one hundred «no twenty tJovsand dollers, eqnalling tJe neces'.ry twenty percent interest rate and at tJe sere tire QVQUHLJNE to only Sixty dol are oer year oer cU:~ t01er or live dOllarS oer uontJ. Using fl) [LIP u)‘.»\»ln..}t . I . ll sixteen hrndred dollmrs for tle cost 01 .n average srall v.ter wheel end generutor inetnlletion, it is ionnd tl.t six iercent oi tJis( incJ is tJe enoUnt 01 int rest tie iivested sum wo ii e-rn) «mornts to ninety-six doll‘rs eacJ year. TJis is rcre tJru tJe Jerfies iron a zentral generating system, and Jae in it no AllCVnflCGS for unkeeo, denreciation, and lseor. TJe notor generator set is .mnlicehle onlv as far as lighting goes, raking correrisons WitJ otler oysters usee 7 1 ss. Wovever, tle n-te given sJows tlet tJis retJod CM (LI 1 furnishin; liths is more etwensive tr‘n lUrnisJini liaJts f E. E. t. ani never by a centrel station. Also, in this setUn tJe cost 1 1 of wiring toe rouse (.nsrnting to one Jonired .nd fifty \ dollars) Jcs Been onitted and *culd necess.rily he added to the iirst cost oi tJe elent. Here ug.in it roUld seen to he dlEAchflt&;BOUS to instcll an individrfll no er plant. Excer— ience Hes stovn tlet tJev fall into dioUee in favor of‘a Jingy eeriected oil or Eecoline burning lame. Ike iifures quoted concerning centrul Qower generetion ere eased uflon conditions sncl tJat there will be iorr cus— torers to a mile 01 line constrUction. Exoeriient h.s skown tlet ordinarily unl 55 there are .t le st tJis rany customers to use the energy suoeliej, tJe line losses vecome a relat- ivelY l rye Uercent of tJe totel enerév furnieJei reilecting neck to tJe fermer in sch Ji,J r.t3" ”r” rmit oi eluctri— citv tJet electrific_tior Unfler sch e cooiition Jecores Un— SCOHCNlCal. The question of rates and “wornt oi electriCal energy used, altJougJ it is a “road iield, sJould We toched on here to iurtJer clarity tJe nosition of the utility com— n.n'es 4s sources of rural nover. To a certain extent, tre public utilities nust ct:rse its Users a fixed arount to electricity pay for tJeir investrent, no matter low rchAtlé lerner uses. It tJe terner uses suilicient current, Je could bring Jis chorte oer kilo utt—Lour down very ltr. lo do ‘Jis, the rural lewd rust be built U? or tJe e;nlic-tion oi electricity to nnny egricultural orocesses. on the other lend tJe utility CCflgaanS oust construct tJeir lines for as snail an BKJSDEB .s Uossible, to encourare use of electricity by alloving low rates. TJe statistics unon ”Variation of cost oi energy with load” tlrov rch light Udon tJe suhjec t, tJere Reins sch s 1 ierge discreuency between tJe rnit chrres on tJe 75 kiltvett- '- r. Jcurs and on tie cUJ or rore kilowatt—Jcrrs. n". “I. pvmvg Tntnln “W 71"} l 1 1 1);. LL¢J .1411; “-4-...4\1‘.1. U *4; , file laws oi Tichs.n nlcce o restrictions Unon the corr- struction of dars unon drivate non—n:v ig-hle €LF€nKS, except that a means nust 1e sunnlied ior iish to pass over or thr- ough a den. The state conserv¢tion connissioner is the in- snector of such things, and is renuired to iurnisJ nlzns tor such. About the lover peninsula of Yichgan and over nest of the T'nited States, the cherueter of most snall streams is such that tJeir ltveioit nt tor nover is iuilitely. AltJough electric:l energy could 1e re.dil_y at .1u.b1e iron tJi: source, it is a luxury which could not ordinerily be under— taken in e s tiictly economicel sense. It the lend is 01 such quality tJ.t it will not guy to iii nce e trensmiosion line, it is es 1*? a? tle .gricrlttrhl in»; try it corcereex; tlgt is, tie lend is too ooor to uncoort tJe investrent necess.ry to instull 1 hydro—electric nlant. Another disadventage counon to tJis u.rticultr local— ity is that tJe strears give insuiiicient Jeods nitJout ilooding large ereos of very good grazing l.nd. in a recent bulletin of tJet11ited States Peo.rtnent oi Agriculture they sunlish tle following statement, based unon investigetion of existing dlants: " Jany nersons believe tlot tJe energy in ilo. fin; Wells, hill-side springs, running streuns snd wateriells can be 9 easily «DJ c e.1ly converted into useiul nower. "ore con— sider it a si1nle n tter to niie the ilc to an inetdensive vulvorvl. >! 1. water motor. Ctle s see suoeort ior treir Belief in commer- cial no er corasnies vlizh are constsntlv extend’r; tJeir lines and suonlvins, -t a dininis‘in; cost, electric current for both city and rural needs. 1 ere is a tendency to rederestir.te tJe qu ntitv of m1ter afld tle essense usU¢lly necessery to obtain wort?— wrile “sounts of cover. Investi,ations 5v tle Feeertrent oi Agriculture indicete tJut nunerous tern W:ter—oorer ol-nts J1ve only oertlv net tre exiectations of tleir o ners mod t .1 cos; plants J"eve fallen into disuse. Tie rein rersons wtv owners lave not obtained ireeter success are: ' (l) Thilure to reelioe tre teaniCul neture oi tJe under— tsxin; and tJe iroortence oi Juvini iull iield datn iron stick to n-§e suit.hle designs eno olsns. (g) Desire oi ovners to develco tleir own projects, to <3 51.4 eaercise tJeir intenuity, end to exwerinent with horen.: equionent or old o.rts oiten ootsined irom a junK dealer. (3) Qverestiuhtins tJe «MONflt and constgncv oi tJe mover oht insole iron tJe natursl ilow oi a strean. (4) Inadequete cJtnnel cuezcitv for tJe oseretion of tre rchinerv negr its rate: sweed and cceacitv. line vires too srsll lor tJe distwnce, esult- ing in excessive droo in tJe voltsge. (3) ”ecessitv oi rore attention end exnense tJan was an— ticioated to keen channel end trasr rucns cleer and nachnerv in good ooer:toms ccnditicxn (77 (Ecrng1xa oi 1e111 ovnermliio." Ls a luxurv, r sr-ll Jvdro—electric o] nt is .n extrenelv ‘ ..r‘. 1 r (-1 o o ‘ ‘ , ‘ . - > o “I‘ ‘ ‘ 7 Lse1ui sdwition to a lot} ottaiza 11 ,_ a) ‘ k, 0 +1.? 'o. k ‘1 - (‘ I i J * cit,. 1Je der_iiu olent uey he rede ;c .5 to be a vslueole scenic edditicn to tJe lhud. An OVe‘slot rJeel esoecisllf lend: e oiettreseue lieeutfilto tl;a lend:(nsoel 11t tlpe sari! tire the oin rs cl (n cJ ul.ces bein, in - linercisl oorition to rage tlis iuurcverent .s a luxury, tJere is no 1uesticn o1 its eConory. In tlwe D-gcwf lolltivine, ti1a (planning3 Ci 1 :rkxsilic: alsnt sud electric serV1oe ion a 1..1c1;14F E 1.1m 1s Echu. 1re LLIUAL is .11 ordine1j; lust—iltnfl1n;,trout &.I\nfl1 c lied ‘Hxnev Green. ‘/ 1e ornmnnirlmhi In considering stream flow, the minimum flow is the im— portant point. Upon it depends the size and elevation of the fluma, the size of the water wheel, and the capacity of the generator. The maximum flow is considered in the design of the snillway. In this resnect, the snring ireshets from melted snow nust be allowed tor, and the snillvay designed to carry the largest possible tlow. The itrmer will know, usually, the general trend of stream ilow, and if he has lived noon the site for a number 01 years, will orobably have a good idea of the rater level during the dry summer months when low flow conditions occur. If the stream drys no to c rivulet in the summer, it has little value from the standooint of water nower. “rovided this is not tJe case, the nroblem becomes to find what the flow is during the dry oeriod. ihere are several ways to accomnlish this. Two methods emnloyed are the Ieir method, and the cross-section velccity method. Both of these methods are discussed in detail in numerous nublicstions * and will not be discussed here. In determining the stream flow of Honey Creek it was im- uossible to investigate the ilow during the dry months, which would h.ve been the best orocedure. Instead, the stresm ilow was measured during the soring months, giving the unner curve shown in Fig. 1; then an an1rogimate curve Wes blotted tor the s The U.S. Desertment of Agriculture farmer‘s bulletin No. 1430. UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS [-7‘7./ /6-0 17 entire year unon a waiS of a pest Knowledge of the stream and from the iact that the watershed contained a greet deal of woodland and swamo land, the stream receiving most of its water from sorings. ”y use of these two curves of Vie. 1,an accurate esti- mate of minimum stream flow may be made, the flow in mid-summer, as shown by the grzph, measuring from one to two cuhic feet ner second less than at the time the flow was measured. In measuring the stream flow itself, a piece vas chosen where the strenm rsn quitely, without ra,ids, for some distance. At this noint, a course eighty foot long was laid out and the avertge cross-section taken, as shown by the sketch, by stretch- ing a tape across the stream at several points throughout the eighty feet, and measuring the denth of water at each foot of width. gives an accurate description of both these methods. A coov " . L ., may be obtained for 5d by writing the V.S. Dent. of Agriculture. 18 There would be an astntage in doing the construction work ulanned here, in late summer when the water is low; in add- ition, a check could be made on the sunmer flow at this tine. DAM Under fortunate circumst noes such as would exist where already_there are dams iron an old sawmill, or one nude to lacilitate logging Operations, it would be necessary only to reteir the BXlStlflE structure and install a power plant. In this cese, however, no such favorable circumstance existed, and at sone ooint on the stream a dam site had to be selected. To best accomplish this selection, the acconoenying touograohic mks was made. In m King the survey for the nan, the difference in elevations was the imoortant element; there- fore, a chain of bench rerks’vere laid out and then elevations were set accurately by running levels over tlem until complet— ing a circuit and arriving back at the first bench merk. The deterrined elevation ayreed with the real elevation as set at the beginning oi the survey. It w.s quite evident, also, from physicel insuection, thit there vere only a few sites where boner might be developed advantageously. Consequently, only a few readings were taken between these oositions; viz,, enough to set the th eed oi the stream and the contour lines *A bench mark is a point which is in no danger of a change of its elevation, and which eleVation has been accurately set. These Hench marks are reierence points from which are deter- mined the relative elevations of the other ooints on the toeogranhic man. 19 back to the edge of high ground. The site selected, es shown on the map, was chosen because of its nesrn s9 to the farm buildings and because of the small area which would be flooded by the contemolated dam. The design of the dam itself was governed largely by the materials availab e. The ground short the site of the dam is covered with the remains of a ”glacial tilt“*. Eros- ion hss carried all else away until only granite and igneous rocks renain, as shown in the elevation of the dam. Because of tle amount of this rock availsble, a masonry bsse use de— cided uoon for the snillway, with a concrete section above it, as shown on the sectional view of the drawings. The stream bed itself, at this noint,.is covered with rocks and boulders which in turn rest unon a rock formation. More than likely this rock is Sandstone, but the load it is subjected to in this cas e is not sufficient to cause any settling of the dam. Care must be taken, however, to pnbvent the water from flowing beneeth it. To do this, a trench one foot, six inches deeo must be either blasted or nicked out along the unstream face and poured with concrete and medium- sized stone. The concrete in this dsm shall be the standard 1:2:4 mix (1 uart of hortland cement, 2 nerts of clean, coarse sand, and 4 parts of bank-run gravel which has been washed and screen ed to remove dirt, silt, and sand.). The cement mortar shall contain 1 part of Portland cement to three parts of clean, gogr§e_sgn_d._l_f_ the opening _Qf__the_tr_e_nch_. _i_n_tl_‘z_e_b§d_r_o_clg re- a. A glacial tilt is the material left by a drifting glacier, v ‘1 «JD 1 i . i n 1 . 1 ll 3‘1‘ 1*; ..uW Ll L H ‘ 1’, ,':‘l .31 (i i t) .v v‘ n ‘ ‘7“ ‘ " " 1 “ .. . ' : 3 l :1 . l *;t uztlilctn, t t9 11;. ltJI it. , l itr, icr . r«. 1n— cluded in the estiu.ted cost (e;ob.Ob). lhe dahidr oi ieilure due to the poor ioundmtion, or reter CUtter “round the end of a SulllTLy, is considerable. Ii tie dam is no larger then the dam shown in the oncluded dTquUfb, the structure can be built according to accented nrectise. If tle Feed of water is t‘e services of an engineer are needed. [,H’J‘ffi ‘I'T' r‘T‘V‘VVfi 17W’Y‘N‘VT l,i.J -|.lll._4: . .74 (—0- ....J J 05 In choosing u wheel ior any oerticulnr situation, evaileble heed snd enentity oi lion are the detera'nine r"? tectors. rfer ere three general tyoes oi instnllstions Wlich CD would give the desired “NCUflt oi electrics] energy for rural use: 1- A head iron eight to twenty feet with noderste or redium discharge. Chall, seli-contsined turbine generetor units, with entomstic governors are to be desired. 3. A very high head and snall or large discharge. here a oelton or imoulse Wheel should be used. 5. A live to twenty ioot head Witt suiiicien Weter to gene— rste feur horsepofler, and the use oi en overshot wheel. Lhe third tyne oi installstion is tie nost ieeortent nrd most iavoruble. Vnder good conditions ell tlree wheels , would fork with equal eiiiciency. ‘oweVer the iirst tvo are 9 nore suscentible to clogging find do not work so vell under veryin; lceds. 7lls innit may be reredied, but recuires the ! addition of an intricate {overnor. The overs‘ct vie l is - _ , 1... ,1 .- , .- , ..-, ., 7 , tore uCCULSlialC, Mill not Clef, end rendezs steady pericrn— ence under Varying loud. also,ii by some C1uHC3, tie ilov oi 1 I o o 1.- -, filter is 01 inlSFGw its efficiency Will increese slightly, . Wheres: the other Wheels lcse in eiiiciency. in the nlnnt desiined tere, on overshot steel fins chosen for the shove reasons. Lhe buckets of this vte i must be de- siened to Gerry the dry-veather ilcv oi t'e streem when run- ""L I nine with iull loud on tie line. this nroblen is outside the scone oi this sneer, but it cunnct be brought too er laticelly to noint tint either a reliable nanniecturer oi ynter Wheels L 6.x- FJ. 70 should be ullC”cd to iurnish a wheel, or son.one who I’ . 1,, , IV! ‘ f3 — fl \ , ls guild- H ted beio "1 r3 0 CT! U) eerienced in the desién of such u ‘ - . " . 3 g. {’1‘ 23(3 slit (; in; one. In the event that this ndvice is no 4. L . .-J 1 Tweei is instulled hit-or—niss fashion, the eiticiencv of ex- tracting energy ircv the ther Will be raterinllv towered, ‘l orobnblv noun to thirty oercent. “his loss oi oover,dre to ‘V ‘I econory in the selection oi t: ('9' A fig e wheel dev«lu.tes the re: ’ the investnent. (‘5‘ ~2- j) 1 «J I]! 10 ...“ V.“ 5 MW T \‘d — 7 v f a J 1 \ . u 1 I] l into 4? ion ¢ lul on. Shoc. v _-I ,. , u 1 . , x 1 ,, to t‘ir ltxm9t3r rmunaiso 4-9 . or tie Ifora igoqethive on oi ulternttin; on rent, I! 1 '1 r . .n CVCI—E ot rdsl 1E at,; 517‘ 6‘ u 4nq",f lo: \mslo; LS t‘: s“in:_ Ci t‘c cross—Scction l gran. ”“on TL" lb, tlc oriCBP Ci con ‘” ‘ire .ors no iollomr, "gutltir—Wroci 'Lirc ' Vo.4, it. 5;? war lJbJ it, lttc cl lCC-LCC'...??O.€G “o.6, V‘ liflf :or 1330 it; 1“: ti l30-JH“'...5TT.16 nar * "onw2F'To::w—: Tl} §u7"T"-n7 “:7 To? :g"73j7'713 to- - —_ .3 U '7 '4 I" ‘ 1‘ I ‘.~ 1 i - ' 4 ‘ nutfiL ELccl tfrwufi m :jston -\ ' f] J n \~‘,v . ' )"€"t :TL n02 ‘J. U 1? M153 4 A " 1 “V v 1 \ ‘ -' :a \ correctl; in;.rc)o.all W ‘ .1 >3 r« -‘ “‘ I. —- ‘1‘ ~ -; ~.. _) l ,u‘ ,A . l i I L4 »' L‘. (J J. \_.‘ ‘V “7' l I 4 I L' ‘\ \J bl. ~ 1, (I _ 1 ‘ f‘ f :“ _' ' V“ " i ‘5 ’ F 'i I ‘ ’ .’ ‘ UUC L. lvj. Lz‘u"\_’\./ .LLo Oi Uo‘i (W ,‘ 't . 'V V it ‘ T C zL'wc LL trK/JJ 0 Di Lei! it , ' 1 . , 1 ‘ -" " , . ‘7 , VA x“ '.'\ -« {‘1 t v" ‘ ‘ ‘2' i- \3{\~ 1., C.. Ly e u,lllu-~.‘im-o L .r‘ 4. ‘\ . + Fl" “ .- :( " ’i -. 11 n w \1 \ L. \ . VJ I - L A p -L— 'C/ .‘ ( LN}, ‘. ‘N I. I. "V \J ~,, ( ‘r 1 (4 L» L *rr ‘ l: . 0 A. 4 ‘- g ’71“ ‘ vyw 4 i no: of ‘Lot 113 . ' ‘ I .. . r‘ J ‘l ' 9 ‘ I i 1.: “U -2 «5; c. t) 1/1; 3 ‘l 1 ‘ l J V1 . ‘ 4 . y ..L. I '3' I .1 L, L '5 I. \ x- L -4 O ‘ IL .1 s V 'v'r—J ( ' 1 1 ya I v I ~. A 4 k y ' ‘ VK; K v i u \l - J 'v ~ I . o , ‘1 ‘ ‘ \ . : V V“. Lllfibtlurd CLU(1 1L 1% wrc n,d inctoiy scrxl 3 lot an“; .,..1 l,‘ , -.,.,A‘ ..4 ,~ .,,.-‘ b‘w‘k‘i‘l I.L‘\xt kill .'['(Jf b L11 ‘4' 1 ‘ . 4 1 "q ‘ kmnu: LGLC‘:'LoLLG t' Of tl’ ctrrdut 13 not T} C. ”6 Ct - {ml 3- ;-L‘f, ” .Y* i ii ' i re. mire (I i g of LIL ‘23 oooooooooooo Jkao‘t"J .. ,. ... -. 0.45; icr 1955 t. “:0? i: l‘t‘t i 7c; -3 I‘c7 'lllz‘ July CkEir WAC? 3130th- \1"U "‘wflo-“ " Tv'o‘:tL“r"i"'t “l’ :Jl'lU . T‘«' c,lci n consortotivc, gristontinl t tic e.tire iluil W3 TJ ngB 1;. -..L ilk. “I";‘ft‘iil‘ in C lu 3 ;ta$L NJ. :76 nob-fl ctrrsut 5: . ffbil.tltly t”¢1i;ilofhtt:, '_a I L N J -L. A... 4 ¢ 1 .J \ _J }-Jo in f ‘ ‘\ 7 o ‘ > ‘ 4,. 1 1 ~. {£1.24T1‘3n :4 o‘ v' x .A 1 IL .4 ( 1 s L -.. E U) ," 4 ,4 i - 4 “n f ' 41 - 1E C“) Li (‘3. 1H7 (:1 i C3 .“A / ELEV ///.6 -—————_——-——— —— LIE-éEV ”3.0 ® 6 © 0°C ' ‘ """ o 452.5% BEAR/ 6‘ /08.75 \' ‘ ..l ‘ 4 \.).--+ .‘c ‘~)\’l l I‘x'a—y‘ - . ' it ‘ '. -- ’ ““--a-~~-----n—Ll' 'al‘c-lla- - 0’.--~”‘ ,- ‘- A ’ in“ ~ “BED Rec/r ‘ , —E7¢-E7a;,— _—- — ——— _ —_—' FRO/VT VIEW—Sf/LL WAY 50ALE~/ = 3 ’ NOTE; A 57X FOOT OVER‘SHOT, , WHEEL, FOUR FEET WIDE THE HEAD 0N THE 5/3011 T/IVG WA TER MUST ,BE MADE SUCH THAT 77/5 ”2- E C‘. 5‘. ~fi’zfl-“T’A/N/A/G VEL. 0F WA 75/? EQUAL: THE PER/PHERAL SPEED OF WHEEL ‘ / 7o — 00” '— PLA/V - V/E W 5cALE~/’=’20’ not t , gm J7 I610” , r WALL SCALE~/”-2’ SAND ~CLAY F/LZ. TWO F007 1. A YER 0F STONE 3'1? 1? \I‘ ’ / PUODLE WALL \\ 3| MTER \ __. ELEV \ ——-—— - ”2.6 \— 1 \ 12 l §Q Q \‘ 3 §\D\ \I z/ I [0‘ ” 1 \ i \ o ,Lfix ; . vu ((2%3/ [ll //\\1/__1 m. :\ ; 'K ‘0 .. ‘. Ed ‘ ... a . - A 0. ‘EW‘ ///\\\ :J/- .///HI .‘x:” a} ‘ 61_Oa f?“ ‘ (In; 0 1'. it. JEc 770A! 02“ 5/9/41. WAY 5041.5 ~ g, = / ’ HONEY CREEK pa WER PLAN 7‘ C/‘V/L E/VG. OEET, M. 5 6. JUNE, A934 6. w. STONEBRA/(ER H STAYE UNIVERSIYY if]it,agitatiitii‘ifi 1