.7; v $37¥m¥‘2111¥3‘).:9EW:‘L"3-’-i-‘"*’.’:5L"i'fi':‘f " W ‘ " '.'.. :‘.f-.“'-‘f'v1w IvI-a-;.-‘~,..w';.;;'£. "H - ‘ sue » ma ammfism MW Pasncmas; 0% 3352mm HEN PHEASANTS ‘ 7'”th 3‘3 993M of Ph. D,” ‘ ' * . smegma 3m WWW -. V WW EEE SWMEGRG 71%??? , This is to certify that the thesis entitled SUB-LETHAL EFFECTS OF SEED TREATMENT PESTICIDES ON BREEDING HEN PHEASANTS presented by Kenneth Lee Stromborg has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Ph.D. degree in Fisheries and Wildlife 0 Major professor Date W75. 0-7639 - a "‘1 “NJ . l ‘ \‘2 '4' ABSTRACT SUB-LETHAL EFFECTS OF SEED TREATMENT PESTICIDES ON BREEDING HEN PHEASANTS BY Kenneth Lee Stromborg Three seed treatment pesticides, the fungicide captan and the insecticides dieldrin and Diazinon$:)were tested for sub—lethal effects on pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). In one experiment, laying female pheasants were fed sub—lethal daily doses of captan, dieldrin, Diazinon, captan plus dieldrin, and captan plus Diazinon. In a second experiment, the dose-response relationships of captan and Diazinon singly and in combination were investi- gated by giving a range of sub-lethal daily doses. The spring food habits of pheasants were investigated to determine whether they consume pesticide treated corn seed during the reproductive season. In the single dose level experiment, food consump- tion was initially depressed by all single treatments and depressed additively by the combination treatments. Over the course of the experiment, food consumption declined in the control, dieldrin, and captan groups. The Diazinon group and the combination groups had the lowest initial Kenneth Lee Stromborg level and did not change over time. Decreased egg produc- tion was the only significant reproductive effect. Dieldrin and captan caused small decreases individually and the combination of the two caused an additive decrease. Diazinon alone had no reproductive effect, but when com- bined with captan, egg laying was almost totally inhibited. In the dose-response experiment, neither a captan effect nor an interaction effect was observed on any parameter measured. Diazinon depressed food consumption as a function of dose above 1.05 mg/day during the 19 days that 14 pesticide treatments were administered. After termination of pesticide treatment, no food consumption differences were detected among the groups of birds pre- viously given pesticides. During pesticide administration, the rate of egg laying decreased with increasing doses of Diazinon above 1.05 mg/day. The number of days to recovery from this effect increased with increasing doses above 2.10 mg/day. No Diazinon effects on hatchability or chick survival were detected. No reproductive effects were observed during a 12 day period commencing 13 days after the last pesticide dose. Birds which were given 7 pesti- cide treatments did not differ in egg laying rate or recovery interval from those given 14 doses implying no cumulative effect of Diazinon. During the treatment period, hens lost body weight in relation to dose above 1.05 mg/day. The weight loss was recovered after the end Kenneth Lee Stromborg of pesticide treatment. No differences were found between recovery intervals or body weight changes of pairs of birds receiving equal amounts of pesticide treated and untreated food. A difference approaching significance was found in egg laying rates which suggested a Diazinon effect beyond that attributable to reductions in food con- sumption alone. A threshold dose between 1.05 and 2.10 mg/day was observed in all cases where Diazinon affected the birds. Analysis of the reproductive status and crop con- tents of pheasants collected in the field showed that agricultural foods made up the largest portion of the diet of breeding birds. Residue analysis showed that 45 percent of the birds sampled had consumed food contaminated with seed treatment pesticides. On the basis of laboratory and field results, it was concluded that the use as a seed treatment of diazinon alone or in combination with captan represents a potential hazard to the reproductive performance of pheasants. The degree of hazard depends on the availability and utiliza- tion of treated seed by pheasants. The amount of treated seed necessary to reach an effective dose rate was esti— mated to be 6 percent to 12 percent of the daily food intake of a breeding hen pheasant. SUB-LETHAL EFFECTS OF SEED TREATMENT PESTICIDES ON BREEDING HEN PHEASANTS BY Kenneth Lee Stromborg A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 1975 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank the members of my guidance com- mittee, Dr. Harold Prince, chairman, and Dr. Howard Johnson, Dr. Robert Ringer, and Dr. Walt Conley for their suggestions during the study and editing of the manuscript. Dr. John Gill provided valuable statistical assistance. Support for this study came from an NDEA IV Fellow- ship and funds supplied by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station as part of Regional Project NC 96, Environmental Implications of Pesticide Usage. Birds were provided by the Indiana and Michigan Departments of Natural Resources. Dieldrin was supplied by HOpkins Agricultural Chemical Company, Diazinon by CIBA-GEIGY Corporation, and captan by Chevron Chemical Company. Finally, I wish to thank my wife, Janet, and family for their encouragement during this study. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv LIST OF FIGURES. O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Vi INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS. . . . . . . . . . . 4 Experiment 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Experiment 2 . . . . . . . . . . . 5 RESULTS 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 9 Experiment 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Experiment 2 . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Food Consumption . . . . . . . . 15 Reproductive Effects . . . . . . . . 18 Body Weight Changes . . . . . . . . 25 Paired Data . . . . . . . . . . . 29 DISCUSSION 0 O O O O I I O O O I O O O 34 SPRING FOOD HABITS OF PHEASANTS . . . . . . . 37 METHODS 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 38 RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 iii Table LIST OF TABLES Page Means and coefficient of variation of fresh egg weights and 18 hour chick weights from pheasant hens fed pesticides singly and in combination . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Egg production, hatchability, chick survival, and calculated number of 4 week old chicks produced by pheasant hens given food treated with dieldrin, Diazinon, and captan, singly and in combination. . . . . . . . . . 13 Means and standard errors of actual daily pesticide doses of birds grouped by planned dose rates of Diazinon irrespective of captan and planned captan dose rates irrespec- tive of Diazinon . . . . . . . . . . 16 Actual doses, means, standard deviations, and sample size ( ) of daily food consumption for untreated controls and planned Diazinon dose rates irrespective of captan and planned captan dose rates irrespective of Diazinon. . 17 Multiple regression analysis of the variation in food consumption attributable to pesticide intake rates. . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Actual doses, means, standard deviations, and sample size ( ) of reproductive parameters for untreated controls and planned Diazinon dose rates irrespective of captan and planned captan dose rates irrespective of Diazinon. . 21 Multiple regression analysis of the variation in reproductive parameters attribuatble to predictor variables of pesticide ingestion and reproductive history of individual birds . 23 iv Table 8. 10. ll. 12. 13. Page Actual doses, means, standard deviations, and sample size ( ) of percentage body weight changes for untreated controls and planned dose rates of Diazinon irrespective of captan and planned dose rates of captan irrespective of Diazinon . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Multiple regression analysis of the variation in weight changes attributable to pesticide intake levels . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Means, maxima, and minima of measured differ- ences in pesticide affected variables of birds paired by food consumption rates with one pair member receiving the indicated Diazinon dose rates, irrespective of captan dose rate, and the other receiving untreated food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Multiple regression analysis of the variation in differences between birds paired by food consumption levels attributable to the predictor variables of pesticide doses received by one member of each pair and the difference between the reproductive history of the pair members . . . . . . . . . 33 Crop contents of 15 male and 11 female pheasants collected during May and June of 1972 and 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Pesticide residue analysis of pheasant crop contents which had measurable quantities of peStiCides O O O O O O O O O O O . 43 Figure 1. LIST OF FIGURES Page Daily captan and Diazinon doses given to birds in the two experiments . . . . . . 7 Mean daily food consumption of pheasantscfiven food treated with captan, dieldrin, and Diazinon singly and in combination . . . . 10 Food consumption during pesticide treatment and Diazinon intake . . . . . . . . . 20 The rate of egg production during pesticide administration and the daily consumption of Diazinon. . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 The number of days to recovery from repro- ductive inhibition and the daily intake of Diazinon. . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Body weight changes of hens during (a) and after (b) pesticide administration and intake of Diazinon . . . . . . . . . 30 vi INTRODUCTION Theoretical assessment of pesticide effects on avian populations have shown that adult mortality, reduced fecundity, and partial sterility induced by pesticides could differentially reduce reproductive potential accord- ing to the rate of population turnover (Young 1968). Because game bird pOpulations generally have relatively rapid rates of turnover, the latter two effects could cause significant changes in such populations. Although Grolleau and Giban (1966) concluded that there is a low theoretical risk of mortality to adult game birds in rela- tion to various seed treatment pesticides, reproductive impairment at sub-lethal doses has been demonstrated in studies on adult pheasants with alkyl mercurials (Adams and Prince 1972, Spann et al. 1972, Fimreite 1971, Borg et a1. 1969) and dieldrin (DeWitt 1955, 1956; Genelly and Rudd 1956a; Atkins and Linder 1967; Baxter et a1. 1969; Dahlgren and Linder 1974). Pheasants consume corn in varying quantities when it is available (Kopischke and Harris 1969); part of this consumption is seed corn (Fried 1940, Dambach and Leedy 1948, Trautman 1952) and thus provides a potential source of contamination by seed treatment pesticides. Tejning (1967) has shown that wild pheasants in Sweden accumulated mercury from treated seed grain. Fimreite et a1. (1970) demonstrated similar accum- ulations of mercury in seed eating birds in the cereal growing regions of Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. In this case, the degree of mercury contamination was related to the extent with which mercurial seed treatments were used. Although Grolleau and Giban (1966) suggested that seed treatments applied in combinations may have effects greater than single compounds, Leedy and Cole (1950) observed no such effects after evaluating several such combinations. Recent studies on the interaction of pesti- cides have shown these effects occur between compounds of similar chemical structure (Deichmann et a1. 1971, Street et a1. 1969, Lichtenstein 1969, Tsao et a1. 1953), between different classes of pesticides (Lichtenstein et a1. 1973, Liang and Lichtenstein 1974, Plapp 1972, Hewlett 1968), and between pesticides and other causes of mortality (Friend and Trainer 1970). This study was initiated to evaluate the reproduc- tive effects of three seed treatment pesticides recommended for use on seed corn in Michigan. Pheasants were col- lected in the spring to test the hypothesis that pheasants consume treated seed corn. One experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the fungicide captan (cis-N- [(trichloromethyl)thio]-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide) does not have an interactive reproductive effect with either of the alternative insecticides dieldrin (1,2,3, 4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7,-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro- 1,4-endg,gxg—5,8-dimethanonaphthalene = HEOD and related compounds) or Diazinon (9,9-diethyl 9—[2-isopropyl-4- methyl-6-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate]. On the basis of an observed interaction between Diazinon and captan and the withdrawal of registration of dieldrin as a seed treatment, a second experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that Diazinon and captan interact and have the potential for altering pheasant reproduction at levels which might be consumed by birds in the field. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiment 1 This experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that neither dieldrin nor Diazinon have statistically inter- active effects on pheasant reproduction when used in combi- nation with captan. A cross-classified analysis of vari- ance design was employed to test for the presence of such an interaction. The experimental birds were thus assigned to one of six treatment groups: control (no treatment), captan, dieldrin, or Diazinon alone, captan plus dieldrin, or captan plus Diazinon. Forty-eight one-year old female pheasants were randomly assigned to forty-eight separate outdoor pens in mid-May. Groups of 4 individual hens in 2 replicates were randomly assigned the 6 treatments. Each of twelve one- year old males was randomly assigned to inseminate one group of 4 females on a 4 day rotation between individual hens. The experiment lasted a total of 42 days. During the first two weeks of treatment, the pesticides were sprayed onto pelletized food using acetone as a solvent. Thereafter, the pesticides were thoroughly mixed directly into ground food. Acetone was used in minimal quantities only for dieldrin treatments. No solvent controls were conducted because acetone residues have no reproductive 4 effect (R. Ringer, pers. comm.). This was also verified in a later experiment. Pesticide formulations used were: Ortho Soybean Seed Protectant$:>25% captan, 75% inert ingredients; Diazinon M650, 33.3% Diazinon, 66.7% inert ingredients; technical dieldrin, 85% HEOD, 15% related compounds. A single daily dose level was given for each pesticide calculated as active ingredient (dieldrin, 1 mg; Diazinon, 2 mg; captan, 40 mg) with the combination treat- ments consisting of the dose level for each of the two pesticides involved. The females in pens without males were given 20 g of pesticide treated food each evening beginning in mid-June. To avoid male effects, the food ration was doubled and treated food was not given when a male was present. Each morning, untreated food was given ad libitum to birds that had completely consumed the even- ing ration. Eggs were collected twice daily, stored no longer than 7 days at 11 C and 60% relative humidity before incubation in a Jameswa§:>incubator. Chicks were pedigree hatched, weighed, wing banded, and placed into brooder units. Food and water were supplied ad libitum. Chicks were reared for 4 weeks to monitor survival. Experiment 2 On the basis of an observed interaction between captan and Diazinon in the first experiment, this experi- ment was designed to further elucidate the nature of the interaction effect. Hens were given 14 daily doses at five levels of captan and four levels of Diazinon singly and in combinations centered on the ratio of the compounds as they are recommended for use in the field (Fig. l). The highest dose of each compound was chosen to be the maximum which a pheasant would ingest if it were eating only treated seed. The maximum dose of Diazinon was not used because it was felt that this dose would be lethal (Tucker and Crabtree 1969). In addition, the hypothesis that observed effects could be caused by the solvent was tested in one group of 4 birds given food treated only with acetone (negative controls). The possibility that the number of treatments would influence the response was tested by administering 7 doses rather than 14 to one group of 5 hens at an intermediate dose rate (4.2 mg/day of Diazinon and 10 mg/day of captan). Finally, a pair- fed design was used to test the influence of the restric- tion of food consumption by treated birds. Twenty-six hens were paired on the basis of body weight with birds receiving pesticides. Birds in the former group were then given the amount of food eaten by their pair member, but without pesticides added. A four day lag period was necessary to calculate intake by the pesticide treated birds. Birds were assigned to pens completely at random except the untreated pair members which were assigned at .AN ucmEHummxm u x “a unmeHmmxm u 0v .mucmefluwmxo o3u may cfl mpufln on co>flm mmmoc cocflNmHa can :mummo wawmo .H .mflm “Faxes. 233:8 06¢ 0.0.0. 0.0. o .n m . N O F _ . . . . G x x x x G .. o X K K .I mo.- 0 w n N Au 0 x x x 9 no. N \N: w b I p 0 M x x x x u cud. x x x x flocé random to pens within a separate unit. Pesticide treat- ments were then assigned randomly to birds. Pesticides were applied to pelletized food by dissolving them in equal measured quantities of acetone and spraying it onto the pellets. The mixture was then air dried to allow evapora- tion of the acetone. The pesticide formulations used were: technical Diazinon, 96.9% purity, and technical captan, 90% purity. Doses were calculated on the basis of active ingredient administered. The feeding regime of treated food in the evening and untreated food ad libitum in the morning was repeated in this experiment. Males were assigned to groups of 4 hens, rotated on a 4 day schedule and fed as before. After administering all 14 doses of treated food, birds were fed ad libitum on untreated food in the morning only. Eggs and chicks were handled as in the first experiment except that chicks were held for only 2 weeks because mortality after that time in the first experiment was all accidental. Hens were weighed prior to the beginning of the experiment, at the end of the 19 day treatment period, and at the end of the experiment on day 44. RESULTS Experiment 1 Two females receiving dieldrin treatment died during the experiment: one on day 27 and one on day 38. The food consumption reported is the daily individual mean of each group over 4 day intervals commencing on the first day of treatment (Fig. 2). Since the birds consumed almost all of the treated food presented, time on treatment reflects total pesticide consumed. Food consumption decreased over time (P<0.05) in the control, dieldrin, and captan groups. No decrease over time occurred in the Diazinon or combina- tion groups. Initially, single pesticides decreased food consumption from 7 to 18 g/day below control levels. The combined pesticides depressed consumption from 24 to 30 g/day below control. This depression was approximately additive with Diazinon apparently responsible for the largest decrease. Although food consumption over time decreased at the greatest rate in the dieldrin group, this decrease was not significantly different from the control group (0.20 :_6.o_o+:2no . owed» 1 90.0 n a. \. xAN_.o.w:N.o-QOm u> c230 xsoflzdémme; c0535 00_.0uu.. .. x “0.0 “3 000.0000 u > 5.53.. 02.0 n a. X fiOdflx-md ummfiw u > .9250 \ 0 ID to Q' (top/ 6) uogidwnsuoo p003 ID ID C) (9 mm 05. Mean daily food consumption of pheasants Fig. 2. given food treated with captan, dieldrin, and Diazinon singly and in combination. 11 of eggs and chicks produced by individual hens precluded analysis of mean egg and 18 hour chick weights. The differ- ences between groups were small with the mean egg weights ranging from 28.4 g to 29.6 g and mean chick weights ranging from 18.6 g to 19.8 g. Bartlett's test for homogeneous variances was used to analyze the variances of egg and chick weights. Average treatment group variances of egg weights within hens weighted by the number of eggs produced were not different (P>0.05) but variances of egg weights among hens weighted similarly were significantly heterogeneous (P<0.01) (Table 1). This indicates that variation between eggs pro- duced by an individual was influenced less by pesticide treatment than variation between individuals within a group. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed in the variances of 18 hour chick weights. Egg production data were transformed to square roots to obtain homogeneous variances for analysis.' Using a cross-classified analysis of variance, significant inter- action (P<0.05) was detected between the fungicide and insecticides. Further analysis using Scheffe's procedure (Snedecor and Cochran 1967:268-271) indicated that the interaction (P<0.01) occurred between captan and Diazinon. This amounted to a reduction in mean production per hen from 22.3 eggs for the control birds to 2.8 eggs for the group receiving a combination of captan and Diazinon (Table 2). Egg production in the group receiving a .12 .mmocmflum> msowcmmOEon How ummu m.uuoauumm wn Aao.o v mv ucmummmep mauCMUNMchflm mmocmfium> .1 mv.vm No.n H.ma ma mH.m hm.h m.mm mm cocflnmflo 6cm cmummo mm.>m m¢.m o.ma mm mm.vm mm.m H.mm mm cfiMUHmHD 6cm cmummo oh.ma vm.o m.wa hm vm.ma ah.m v.mm moa :Huoawfla mo.mm an.m H.0H mm H5.vm mm.m m.mm Hma cmummo mm.mv vm.m ©.mH MHH mm.mm Nh.m v.mm Nod cocawmflo Ho.om mm.v m.mH boa Nv.©m mm.m m.mm ova Honucou mam: @GOEM mam: casuwz mam: macaw mam: canvas A00 Amy mxofino meHSO c mmmm mmmm c .>.U .>.U came «.>.O .>.U :mmE ucofiumoue mutmadz soato ssom ma musmaez mam these .mE ov .cmummo “me N .cocflumfio “05 H .CHHUHmHU "oum3 so: mom mucwsumouu waflmo .mcofiumcflneoo ca 6cm >Hmcflm moQNOHummm pom mam: uGMmmmnm Scum munmfio3 xofino anon ma cam mugmwoB mom nmmuw mo COAUMNHM> mo mucmwoflmmooo new memozlu.a mamae o0>fiflmomfi MMB HflEHH QOCOUflNCOU H030...” .1 l3 AH.N Ito v Av.mhl «0 V Av.mmlv.mmv AH.w I¢.o v AwH.OIHo.ov 0.0 m.mH m.mn m.N no.o cocflnmflo can cmummo Ae.m ne.oe Aa.emua.m V AH.mmn~.mmv Ae.manm.~ V Aev.oneo.ov e.~ ~.em m.me H.m -.o caueamao one decade Ae.m ue.av Am.smum.mav Ae.smum.asv Ao.emuo.e V Aem.onea.ov ~.m H.om m.em e.ma mm.o easeamao Ae.eanm.av Am.mmum.mav A~.Hmum.mev AH.mN-m.e v Ame.onma.ov m.e e.mm m.~e m.eH oa.o sesame Ae.maum.mv AH.een~.mmv Am.emne.oev im.emlm.sav Ame.oume.ov m.m m.mm m.me m.~m mm.o consumed Am.eaus.ev Ae.amue.emv Ae.~muo.mmv Aa.emna.mav Ame.ouma.ov m.oa m.He a.ae m.mm mm.o Houusoo mxoano eao x663 e Hs>a>usm suaaanmeoumm senses sme\mmmm mo HmQEdz unmoumm ucmoumm UmumHSUHmo pawn mmmm DamEummHB 4 umumEmumm m>Hpospoummm .Umpcwmmum mum cm: mom mHm>Hmucfl mocmpflmcoo wmm can mosam> com: .mE ow .cmummo “me N .cocflnmflo “we a .CHHUHmHU “mum3 cm: mom muamEDmmHu SHHMQ .coflumcflQEoo CH can wamcwm .cmemmo can .COCHNMAQ .GHHUHmHU nuHS coupon» poom cm>Hm mam: ucmmmmnm Sn couscoum mxoano 6H0 xmmS v mo Hones: pmpmasoamo can .Hm>a>unw xoflso .muflaflnmnopmn .cofluUSGOHm mmmln.m mqm0.05) on hatchability or survival were detected, mean hatchability values for the pesticide groups were similar or slightly higher than controls while chick survival values of the pesticide groups were consistently lower than controls. A calculated number of 4 week old chicks produced (Table 2) was generated for each bird by multiplying hatch- ability and survival percentages by the number of fertile eggs produced. Although this procedure removed the effects of cracked eggs and accidental mortality, it did not yield an independent measure of reproduction for statistical analysis. The smallest number of 4 week old chicks came from the group receiving a combination of captan and Diazinon. Reductions in the number of chicks produced were also observed in groups receiving a combination of captan and dieldrin and dieldrin alone. Experiment 2 The planned administration of fixed dose levels of pesticides was not achieved at the upper levels of 15 pesticides (Table 3). Although birds receiving 2.10 mg/day of Diazinon and less ate their entire daily ration of treated food, birds in the groups at 4.20 mg/day ate an average of 75% of their treated food. At 8.40 mg/day, the birds ate an average of about 50% of their treated ration. Consumption of treated food decreased as the planned dose rate at the upper three Diazinon dose levels increased. This relationship (Y=(29.6 - l9.8(1og(X + 1.0)))9/day) was significant (P<0.001) and accounted for 73% of the observed variation (r2). No relationship between captan dose and consumption of treated food was observed. In light of the restricted dosage of birds in the upper two Diazinon groups (Table 3), the actual mean daily dose of Diazinon for each bird was used in all following analyses. Food Consumption Food consumption data (Table 4) were analyzed according to three time periods based on reproductive data. Because the males were rotated on a 4 day schedule, the 3 time periods were multiples of 4 days for the food con- sumption data. The periods represented the first 20 days during which 14 doses of pesticide were given to each hen, and the 24 days after treatment, the first 12 of which were designated as the period of recovery from pesticide effects, and the remaining 12 days which were designated the post- treatment period. Food consumption was screened by multiple .mmoc pmccmHm Eoum coHumH>w© oz k. 16 m m.v H N.Nm o.ov m H.H H N.mH 0.0N OH m.o H m.h 0.0H OH N.o H m.v o.m m «m.m m.m cmummu OH vm.o H mm.w ow.m 0H mm.o H HN.m om.v OH «OH.N OH.N m «mo.H mo.a socasmao a mammawaw Emmeawmmm: aassmaa .cocHNMHQ mo m>HuommmmHHH mwumu mmOU :mummo pmccmam paw cmummo mo m>HuommmmHHH GOGHNMHQ mo mmumu mmop pmscmam an pmmsoum mcuHQ mo momoc MUHoHumom SHHMU Hmsuom mo muounm UHMUGMHm can mcmozll.m mammB 17 TABLE 4.--Actual doses, means, standard deviations, and sample size ( ) of daily food consumption for untreated controls and planned Diazinon dose rates irrespective of captan and planned captan dose rates irrespective of Diazinon. Mean Daily Individual Food Consumption (g) Pesticide and Dose (mg/day) Treatment Recovery Post-treatment Period Period Period Diazinon Planned Actual 0 0 57.6 i: 8.1 71.0 i 9.7 70.4 ii 6.1 (15) (15) (14) 1.05 1.05 60.0 it 9.6 68.0 i 15.4 70.7 i 12.8 (7) (7) (S) 2.10 2.10 53.0 i: 5.3 71.9 i 12.1 67.0 i 13.1 (10) (9) (8) 4.20 3.21 33.0 :t 5.4 79.4 1218.5 73.3 i 8.9 (10) (8) (7) 8.40 4.38 28.3 :t 3.3 74.7 i 19.5 69.8 i:11.9 (10) (10) (10) Untreated Controls 59.1 :t 6.6 71.7 i 10.5 68.1 i 11.2 (8) (7) (7) Captan Planned Actual 0 0 42.2 i14.5 73.7 il2.0 73.3 i 8.7 (12) (10) (9) 2.5 2.5 61.7 :t 7.6 65.7 i:12.9 71.0 i:lO.3 (7) (7) (5) 5.0 4.8 52.2 i10.9 69.7 i 9.7 64.5 111.7 (10) (10) (9) 10.0 7.9 41.2 :13.1 80.0 $18.5 70.6 $11.7 (10) (9) (8) 20.0 16.2 41.7 :t16.8 72.4 :t 7.9 71.7 i: 9.0 (8) (8) (8) 40.0 32.2 44.4 $14.6 79.0 i' 8.7 70.8 i 6.9 (5) (5) (5) 18 regression techniques (Cooley and Lohnes 1971:66-76) to isolate the effects of captan and Diazinon. Only during the treatment period were differences detected which were attributable to pesticides. Diazinon was the most important variable (Table 5). Food consumption decreased as the dose of Diazinon increased above 1.05 mg/day. The regression (P<0.001) of food consumption on Diazinon dose accounted for 58% (r2) of the observed variation (Fig. 3). Reproductive Effects The experiment was divided into 3 time periods for analysis of reproductive data. The treatment period was the first 19 days. The next 13 days was a recovery period. Recovery was established by applying the criterion of an affected hen laying 2 eggs on 3 consecutive days. Recovery so defined was a clear-cut phenomenon and all non-laying birds recovered within the 13 days following treatment. The last 12 days (days 14-25 after treatment) were desig- nated as the post-treatment period. Seven reproductive parameters were recorded: egg laying rate, percent hatch- ability, and percent survival during the treatment and post-treatment periods and the number of days to recovery from pesticide effects (Table 6). The influence of the solvent on reproduction was evaluated by comparing the egg production of four birds receiving acetone treated food (negative controls) with l9 m00.0 000.0 m00.0 Hm quEummHulumom mmo.o «Ho.o meo.o om mum>oomm mmm.o m00.0 0vm.0 om unmEumoHB Hmuoe cmummo COGHNMHQ c UoHHom mEHB mm mHmeHsz ou COHHSQHHHCOU .moumu mxmucH mmHoHummm ou manmuanHHum coHumEsmcoo GOOM :H COHHMHHM> may no mHmmamcm conmonmH mHmHHH52I|.m mqmée 20 70- 60- ‘ .. 50_ 1 >5 0 '0 \ O 0 40 u: é 9=798-67.7uog(xn.o» z .1 0 O C) C) IL. 20... IO- 0.. ”i r r n 1 fl‘ l i? 1’ r T? O l .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 LC DIAZINON (loglmg/day+l.0)l O l.05 2.|O 4.20 8.40 DIAZINON(mg/doy) Fig. 3. Food consumption during pesticide treatment and Diazinon intake. annn_-.-um .4.‘ i i infiT-iiv—nnar “A..- l 21 Avv .00 .00 A00 Avv A00 A00 0.0a H 0.00 0.vm H 0.00 00.0 H 05.0 0.0 H 0.0 0.0 H v.H5 5.00 H 0.00 vm.0 H 0v.0 «.mm 0.0V A00 A00 A0. A00 A00 A50 A0. v.0m H 0.00 0.00 H 0.00 0N.o H 05.0 0.0 H.m.0 0.0 + 0.00 0.00 H H.00 5m.o H Hm.0 N.0H 0.0N A50 A50 .00 A0. A00 AOH0 Aoav H.0m H 0.00 5.0m H H.00 0H.0 H «5.0 v.0 H «.0 0.00 H 0.00 v.00 H 0.00 00.0 H H0.0 0.5 0.0H A00 A00 A00 A00 .00 .0H0 .0H0 v.00 H H.N5 0.0m H m.H0 0m.0 H 00.0 m.“ H 0.0 5.0m H 0.05 N.Hm H 0.05 H~.0 H H0.o 0.0 0.0 A0. .00 A00 A00 A50 A50 A50 0.0m H 0.00 5.0a H 0.H0 0H.o H 00.0 0.0 H 0.0 0.5 H H.00 0.0m H 0.50 NH.0 H ~5.0 0.0 0.m A00 .0H0 AOHV ANHV A00 AOHV ANHV m.H~ H 0.00 0.00 H 0.00 v~.o H 00.0 H.5 H 0.0 5.0a H 0.00 5.mm H m.H5 00.0 H 00.0 0 o Hpsuud voczmam :mumco A00 A50 A5. A00 A50 A00 A00 H.0H H 0.50 0.00 H 0.50 00.0 H 05.0 0 0.0H H 0.00 0.Hm H 0.50 0H.0 H 05.0 mHoHucou pmumwuucs .00 AOHV AOHV AOHV A00 A00 Aoav 0.0H H 0.00 v.Hm H 5.0V 5~.o H 00.0 o.v H 0.0 N.0H H 0.00 0.5m H 0.0m HH.0 H 0H.0 0m.v 00.0 A00 A00 A00 .A00 A00 .0H0 AOHV 5.00 H 0.05 0.00 H 0.00 0H.0 H 05.0 0.0 H H.0 0.00 H 0.55 m.m¢ H 5.00 0H.0 H 00.0 Hm.m 00.0 A50 A50 .00 A00 AoHv AOHV AOH0 N.5m H 0.05 0.5a H 5.55 vN.o H 00.0 0.0 o 5.0 0.0m H N.55 5.0m H 0.05 ma.0 H 00.0 0H.m 0H.N A00 A00 A00 A50 A50 A5. A50 0.00 H 0.05 0.00 H 0.00 0H.0 H 00.0 0.0 H 0.0 m.5 H 5.00 0.00 H 5.00 0H.0 H 00.0 00.0 00.H AMHV Avav Aqu AOH0 AVHV Awav Amav 0.00 H 0.05 0.0m H ~.50 50.0 H m0.o 0.0 H 0.0 0.00 H 0.05 0.H~ H 5.00 00.0 0 00.0 o 0 Hasuo< pvccaaa coedueHo H0>H>h5m >uaaHnmzuum: H0>H>uzm >uHHHnm£uucz . .H mm ucoouom ucouuom >mo\0000 >Hw>oomm ucmouma unmouwm mo\m 0 Abduxmev Cu m>mo 0000 onHoHunvm gwkwm UCQSQONUIUWOQ UGANQQ UCOEUHOHF .cocHNMHQ uo ®>HuoommwuuH mwumu wmon £00000 cwCCGHQ 0cm :mumeo mo 0>HuowmmwuuH mmHMH mmov cocaNmHo peccmHa 0:0 mHouucoo coumeuucs H00 muwuosduem w>Huuscoummu 00 A 0 wNHm oameem 0cm .mcoHumH>wU chewedum .mcmoE .mmmon Hmsuomuu.0 00009 22 the production of four birds receiving only untreated food (positive controls). No difference was detected (F=l.07, P>0.25) and the two control groups were pooled in all further analyses. The 7 reproductive measures were initially analyzed by multiple regression techniques to separate the effects of the independent variables. These variables were the actual Diazinon and captan dose rates, and in the case of egg production rates and recovery intervals, the egg laying performance of the birds on the 4 days preceding the exper- iment. Performance was coded as good, intermediate, or poor. The results of these 7 analyses showed that only laying rate during the treatment period and the days to recovery from pesticide effects were significantly (P<0.001) affected by the pesticide doses (Table 7). In addition, the variable contributing the majority of the explained variation was Diazinon in both cases. The multiple coeffi- cient of determination (R2) for the post-treatment laying rate was also significantly different (P<0.001) from zero. In this case, the pre-treatment laying performance explained most of the variation. This result was as expected: a bird's post—treatment performance was similar to its pre- treatment performance. A decrease in laying rate with increasing doses of Diazinon began at or just beyond the 1.05 mg/day dose (Fig. 4). Therefore, a regression of egg laying rate 23 000.0 In 000.0 000.0 00 Hm>H>Hom HomEHmmHunumom 000.0 II 000.0 000.0 00 haHaHnmcoumm Hcmaummuulumom mom.o mmH.o 000.0 mmo.o mm mama mcmeq HcmEHmmuulumom v00.0 0050. 000.0 000.0 00 mum>oomm 0H mama 000.0 In 000.0 000.0 00 HM>H>H50 UOHHmm usmEummHB 000.0 II 000.0 000.0 50 muHHHnmnoumm UOHHmm HamEHmmHB one.o mmo.o 000.0 000.0 cm mumm mchmq onHmm ucweummue mocmEHoHHmm HMHOB HamEummuulmum cmummu GOGHNMHQ : HmeEmumm m>HHUSUOHmmm m mHmHHHSS OH GOHHDQHHHCOU .mwan 0050H>HUGH mo NHOHmHa m>HHoDUOHQmH cam QOHHmmmcH mcHOHumwm Ho mwanmwum> HOHUHUmHm 0H mHQmHDQHHHHm mumvmamumm m>HuoDUOHmmH CH GOHHMHHM> may mo mHmmHmcm conmmummH mHmHuHSEII.5 mqmdB 24 O.9- 0.8« 0.70 0.6-4 0.5-1 EGGS [DAY 0.4- 0.3‘ o.2~ 0.14 A Yal.oz-I.09(qu(X+n.0)) o -« 80.4% I l’ ‘1? I h l ”—1? 1 ”T g?) T 0 .l .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 LC DIAZ INON (log(mg/doy+ LO” 0 LOS 2J0 4.20 8.40 DIAZINOIng/day) Fig. 4. The rate of egg production during pesticide administration and the daily consumption of Diazinon. 25 versus actual Diazinon dose was performed on those birds at the 1.05 mg/day and higher dose rates. This regression was significant (P<0.001) and explained 46% (r2) of the variation. Doubling the dose rate decreased the laying rate by approximately 0.22 eggs/day. The recovery interval increased with dose rate above 2.10 mg/day. The regression of recovery interval versus Diazinon level at 2.10 mg/day and higher doses was significant (P<0.001) and explained 57% (r2) of the vari- ation (Fig. 5). Doubling the dose rate increased recovery by approximately 7 days. Whether the number of treatments influenced the pesticide effect was evaluated by comparing groups which received 4.20 mg/day of Diazinon and 10.0 mg/day of captan for 7 and 14 treatments. The two reproductive parameters affected by pesticide dose, laying rate during treatment and recovery interval, were used for this comparison. No significant differences were found for either measure between the two groups (t=l.03, 13 d.f. for laying rate and t=—0.53, 12 d.f. for recovery interval). Body Weight Changes Data on the body weights of the hens in the experi— ment (Table 8) were analyzed in two time periods: the treatment period and the remainder of the experiment. Screening by multiple regression showed that weight changes during both periods were influenced by Diazinon (Table 9). 26 DAYS 0- ?=-I4.2+3I.7(qu(xn.on “L r2 80.567 a». L I I II I iI ‘I III I I 'I I .l .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 LC DIAZINON (log(mg/doy+l.0)) O l.05 2J0 4.20 8.40 DIAZINOMmg/day) o—h Fig. 5. The number of days to recovery from reproductive inhibition and the daily intake of Diazinon. 27 TABLE 8.--Actua1 doses, means, standard deviations, and sample size ( ) of percentage body weight changes for untreated controls and planned dose rates of Diazinon irrespective of captan and planned dose rates of captan irrespective of Diazinon. pesticide and Dose (Weight Change/Pre-treatment Weight) X 100 (mg/day) Treatment Post-treatment Period Period Diazinon Planned Actual 0 0 -l3.8 i 6.2 0.7 i 5.8 (15) (15) 1.05 1.05 -l4.0 i 9.0 1.4 i l9.2 (7) (7) 2.10 2.10 -l6.9 i 6.9 —1.7 i 5.4 (10) (8) 4.20 3.21 -25.9 i 6.1 12.8 i 7.8 (10) (9) 8.40 4.38 -32.9 i 6.2 15.7 i 6.8 (10) (10) Untreated Controls ~12.5 i 4.4 2.3 i 8.5 (8) (8) Captan Planned Actual 0 0 -23.9 i 10.0 0.7 i 19.5 (12) (11) 2.5 2.5 -12.6 i 10.3 -7.8 i 13.2 (8) (7) 5.0 4.8 -17.1 i 6.1 -0.5 i 8.7 (9) (9) 10.0 7.9 -23.2 i 8.2 7.3 t 8.8 (10) (9) 20.0 16.2 -23.9 i 12.3 9.4 i 7.2 (8) (8) 40.0 32.2 -l9.1 i 8.8 0.7 i 15.7 (5) (5) 28 hmm.o mmo.o mmH.o om ucmEummuulumom mvv.o Hoo.o wvv.o om ucmfiumwue Hmuoe cmummo conflumflo a Uoflumm mEHB mm mamfluasz on cofiuonfluucou .mam>ma mxmgcfl mUflUfiummm on manmusnfluuum mmmcmso unmflms cw cofiumflum> may mo mammamcm :oflmmmummu mamwuaszll.m mqmfle 29 A significant negative regression (P<0.001) of weight change versus actual Diazinon dose at 1.05 mg/day and above was found during the treatment period which accounted for 43% (r2) of the variation (Fig. 6). During the remainder of the experiment, the relationship was also significant (0.001HI.©.5HVm.mal AOH .ovo.m Anm.ou.HH.0Iv Hm.ou m.mh m.om mo.v ov.m Amucv Amuse Amuse Avncv Av.01.m.h vh.m AH.HI .n.v vm.H Aoa.blvm.m Anm.0I .oa.ov NH.0I H.0n v.vm mo.m om.v AWE :1: :1: :1: Ao.mI.H.N Vm.OI Am.©l .m.o Vm.a Av .o vo.a Aom.0| .HH.oV no.0: m.vo m.mm oa.m oa.m Amncv .vucv Avucv Avucv Ao.m .o.©vvo.vm Ao.oHI.N.wHVH.N AmH.@IVo.m Aom.on .mm.ov 00.0: m.m© v.mm mo.H mo.H Amuse Amncv Amucv Amuse Am.mu.m.oavh.m AH.NI .N.mavv.m o AoH.OI .vh.ov mH.o N.o> n.0m o o pofluwm oaum cos 6 u OAHo H ucmEpmmHqumom p . m u u m B >Hw>oomm poflumm ucmEummuB ucwawmmm DCMWLMMMW ou m>mo >mo\mmmm B wmcmno unmwmz upom ucwoumm uumom Hmsuod owccmam muwnfiwz Hflmm pwumwuuca 6cm Umummufi cmmzumm mmocouwwmao coflumEdmcou Uoom Asmo\msc mmoo COCHNMHQ .UOOM pmummnucs msfl>flmomu umnuo man can .wumu mmOp cmummo mo m>fiuowmmmuufl .mmumu mmoc cocflnmfla Umumoflocfi map msfl>fimomh umflEmE Mama wco QUHB mmumn soHumESmcoo boom an condom woman mo mmHanum> omuommmm wpwoflummm aw mmocmummmao pmusmmms mo MEHCAE 0cm .mexME .mcmmzll.oa mamae 32 during the treatment period was influenced by pesticide treatment (Table 11). The multiple R2 was low, but signif- icantly different from zero (P<0.05). An analysis of covariance (Snedecor and Cochran 1967:420-425) was per- formed on the two groups and no difference between the slopes of the regressions of response on the Diazinon dose of the treated pair members was found. However, the dif- ference in the heights of the lines corrected for the regression effect, while not significant, was suggestive of a possible effect (0.05umucH >Hm>oomm mmm.o mso.o mso.o so~.o em mumm madam; poHumm acmEummuB mocmEuowumm Hm#OB fifimfiflmmnulmum amummu GOGHNMHQ a HamEmHDmmmz mm mHmHuHDS ou sowusnfluucou GUCGHUMMHQ Hflmm .mquEmE uwmm m5» m0 mnoumfln m>Huoso0HmmH map cmm3umn mocmHmMMHU mnu cam “Ham zoom mo HmnEmE mco an Um>HmomH mmmOU mpfloflummm mo mmanmwum> Houowomum may om manmusnflnuum mHm>mH coaumEsmcoo Uoow an omuflmm woman cmmSumn mmosmummmwo Ga coHumflum> may mo mHmWHmcm scammmummn mHmHuHSZII.HH mqmme DISCUSSION The decline in food consumption observed in the first experiment was probably caused by seasonal changes in energy expenditure for egg production. The faster rate of decline in the group receiving dieldrin agrees with the findings of Atkins and Linder (1967) and Genelly and Rudd (l956§,b), although no decline was evident with the dieldrin plus captan group. The absence of a decline in three of the groups was probably related to their initially low levels of consumption. The continued production of eggs by the Diazinon group despite its low food intake was sur- prising because of the additional energy needs of females producing eggs. Reduced food consumption during pesticide treatment was seen in the second experiment as well and it appears to be one of the primary effects of captan, dieldrin, and particularly Diazinon. In fact, the paired experiment results provide no eVidence for an added effect attributable to pesticide treatment alone. This interpre- tation is made with caution, however, because the analysis of covariance on pair differences in laying rate during the treatment period was suggestive of such an added effect. In addition, the additive nature of food consumption 34 35 effects as opposed to the greater than additive reproduc- tive effects seen in the first experiment implies that more than energetics was involved in the lowered reproduction of the birds receiving the captan-Diazinon combination. The relative magnitudes of reproductive effects in the first experiment (egg production>chick survival>hatch- ability) contrasts with the effects of alkyl mercurials (hatchability>egg production>chick survival) reported by Adams and Prince (1972) and Borg et a1. (1969), and also the effects reported by Spann et a1. (1972) (egg pro- duction>hatchability>chick survival). Previous studies on dieldrin have shown no consistency in the relative magni~ tudes of effects on these parameters. In the second experi- ment, egg production was also influenced, whereas hatch- ability and survival were not. The recovery of birds from pesticide induced reproductive inhibition in the second experiment shows that the effects of captan and Diazinon are not irreversible, rather they are short-lived and birds receiving these pesticides are not rendered perma- nently non-reproductive. The results of the 7 treatment experiment also support the non-cumulative nature of these pesticide effects in that no difference was detected between effects on birds receiving 7 or 14 treatments. The absence of an observable interaction between Diazinon and captan in the second experiment as opposed to the strong interaction seen in the first poses an apparent 36 contradiction in results. However, the two experiments were not strictly comparable in that the dose level used in the first experiment for the combination treatment group was not replicated in the second in favor of evalu- ating dose ratios close to those used in the field. In addition, the experimental birds came from two different sources and the pesticide formulations used were different. These considerations raise three possible explanations of the difference in results. First, the strains of birds might have had different susceptibilities to the pesti- cides. Second, differences in the inert fractions of the pesticide formulations might have influenced the results. Third, the interaction effect may be real, but in the second experiment, it might have been obscured by the strong Diazinon effect in the upper dose levels of Diazinon. Were the latter the case, then combinations of a relatively high dose of captan with a dose of Diazinon at or below the 2.10 mg/day level for Diazinon would be expected to show reproductive effects not predicted from the doses of the pesticides alone. In all cases of observed pesticide effects, it appears that a threshold at doses between 1.05 and 2.10 mg/day exists for Diazinon effects. SPRING FOOD HABITS OF PHEASANTS The pheasant is primarily associated with agri- cultural environments. Several investigations have shown that pheasants eat seed corn during the spring planting season (Fried 1940, Dambach and Leedy 1948, Trautman 1952). Agricultural seed has been implicated as a source of alkyl mercurial contamination of pheasants in both Sweden (Tejning 1967) and the Canadian prairie provinces (Fimreite et al. 1970). This study of the nesting season food habits of pheasants was undertaken to determine whether currently recommended non—mercurial seed treatments might be a potentially similar source of pesticide contamination. 37 METHODS Pheasants were collected during May and June of 1972 and 1973 in the southwestern quarter of Ingham County and the eastern half of Hillsdale County, Michigan. Birds were collected from one hour after dawn until noon and from 1600 hours until dusk to maximize the probability of their having fed recently. During 1972, 14 days were spent col- lecting, while in 1973, 20 days were spent. Collection sites were chosen such that a freshly planted field with unsprouted seed, or sprouted corn less than 4 inches tall was within 1/8 mile. Body weights were recorded and crops and proventriculi were removed in the field for later quantification and pesticide residue analysis of the con- tents. Carcasses and digestive organs were immediately frozen on dry ice and later transferred to a freezer for storage. The crop contents of each bird with more than 1.0 g of food were sorted into major categories and weighed. For each sex, weights of food items were then summed within categories and expressed as percentages of the total crop contents. The frequency of occurrence of food items was also recorded for each sex, including in this case, trace items (<0.l g) which were identifiable, but not included 38 39 in the weight analysis. The crop contents of those birds containing measurable quantities of corn and soybeans were analyzed for pesticide residues by the Pesticide Analytical Laboratory at Michigan State University. Analytical samples (entire crop contents or 8 g subsamples, whichever was smaller) were shaken for 15 minutes with 50 m1 redis- tilled hexane in a 250 ml stoppered flask. The hexane was decanted into a beaker, an additional 15 m1 hexane was added to the flask, swirled, and added to the original 50 ml of hexane. The hexane was then condensed to 10 ml and 1-5 ul was injected into a Beckman 72-5 gas chromato- graph equipped with a 6' x l/8" glass column packed with 3% SE-3O on 60/80 Gas Chrom Q. A Beckman electron capture detector was used under the following operating conditions: Column temperature ...... ......210 C Injector temperature ..... .....265 C Detector temperature..........290 C Column flow (HE).............. 40 cc/min Discharge flow (HE) ..... ......120 cc/min CO2 flow...................... 0.9cc/min The detection limit was approximately 0.05 ppm. RESULTS A total of 19 males and 16 females were collected approximately uniformly over time. Seven of these birds were collected in 1972 and 28 in 1973. Males averaged 1295 i 20 g (i : S.E.) whole body weight and females averaged 1052 i 30 g. Body weights of males showed no trends over time. Testes weights decreased by 0.6 g/week (0.016 mm) showed no evident decrease over time for the 12 hens which were in laying condition. The 4 hens which were not lay- ing (no mature follicles) had ovary weights less than 2.0 9. Two of these birds collected during the first week of June had body weights close to the average for laying hens, while the two collected during the third and fourth weeks of June had weights 200 and 230 g below the lowest of the laying hens (930 g). The contents of those crops and proventriculi con- taining food averaged 13.9 i 2.8 g for 15 males while contents from 11 females averaged 16.2 i 4.5 g. Agri- cultural foods (corn and soybeans) were most abundant in both sexes by weight and frequency (Table 12). The fre- quency of occurrence of food items was similar between 40 41 m.vm ~.sa s.o~ up Hmflumumz Hmsflcm wwwmw N.mH up mEHOBnuHmm N.h~ N.¢H maflmcm «.mv o.m b.mm up muommsH o.ooa m.mm o.ooa o.ooa amanmumz unmam AdeH s.~s m.va o.om ~.m coflumummm> omHMHucmnflcD H.m up o.om «.ma wommm Ummz m.am s.mo m.mm e.Hm woos amusuasofluma AMMdH m.¢m ¢.Hm o.oo o.ma mammnsom m.am m.hm m.mm m.~m suoo hoamsvmum DnmflmB ha wocmsvmum unmflmz mn usmoumm usmoumm unmoumm usmoumm EmuH poom mmHmEmm mmamz .mnma can tha MC mash flaw mmz mcfluop Umuomaaoo mvammmmnm mHmEmw Ha pom mama ma mo mucmuaoo monoll.ma mqm\mm\m mam: o.H w.mm m.m mh\mm\m mam: m.o m.hm m.¢ mn\m \m mam: m.o o.HN n.hv m.mv m.mm mn\am\m mam: m.o o.oa m.mH m.ss H.m mn\oa\m mam: o.v m.w m.om m.mm mn\HH\m mam: o.o m.sm m.~H ms\mm\m mamsmm o.¢ H.mm m.o «.mm mn\~a\m mHmEmm m.o o.mm N.OH Nh\m \m mHmEmm m.o N.hw w.o o.mm mh\ma\m mHmEmm “520%ng CQHwNmHD ammo mammnmom CHOU A3 muamucou mouo omWMMmHoo xmw Aemmv mmspwmmm mpHOADmmm ommm amusuasoflumm mo mmmucmoumm mo unmflmz .mmpflowummm mo mmfluwucmnq mAQMHSmmmE can guess mucmucoo mono ucmmmmzm mo mammamcm mopflmmu mpflowummmll.ma momma DISCUSSION The food habits observed in this study are in general agreement with previously published studies (Kopischke and Harris 1969, Fried 1940, Dambach and Leedy 1948, Trautman 1952), although the utilization of agri- cultural foods was somewhat higher. The specificity of collection sites probably influenced this result. The greater quantities of animal material by weight and fre- quency in females might represent an increased demand for protein by laying hens (Scott 1973). Consideration of laboratory and field findings leads me to the conclusion that seed treatment pesticides represent a potential hazard to the reproductive perform- ance of wild pheasants. Both sexes of pheasants were found to consume treated seed and thus, depending on the quantity of such seed available and actually consumed, the seed treatment pesticides currently in use represent a potential source of contamination to breeding pheasants similar to that documented for alkyl mercurials (Borg et al. 1969, Fimreite et a1. 1970, Tejning 1967). Depending on the availability of treated seed, pheasants could consume Diazinon at levels exceeding the apparent threshold of effectiveness which lies somewhere between 1.05 and 2.10 44 45 mg/day. These levels correspond to a 70 g/day food intake, with 1/16 and 1/8 of it treated at the recommended rate, respectively. In addition, if captan decreases the level of Diazinon necessary for an effect, as suggested by the results of the first experiment, the widespread use of captan combined with limited use of Diazinon might repre- sent an additional hazard. Based on the population data summarized by Wagner et a1. (1965), reduced laying rate or temporary reproduc- tive inhibition induced by seed treatments might alter the recruitment rate of a population by causing reduced clutch size, nest abandonment due to an insufficient number of eggs in the clutch to elicit incubation behavior, or a delay in nesting phenology. Any one or all of these alterations would be manifested as a reduction in fall densities and age ratios. LITERATURE C ITED 46 LITERATURE C ITED Adams, W. J., and H. H. Prince. 1972. Survival and repro- duction of ring-necked pheasants consuming two mercurial fungicides. 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