LIST OF TABLES 




 
 
 
 


 


 


 


 
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 


 


 

 

 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 

 



 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 

 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 

LIST OF FIGURES 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 


 


 


 

 
 
 
 


 


 

 


 


 

 

 

 

 


 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 


 

 

 


 


 


 
 


 


 


 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



 



 
 
 

 
 
 
 



 


 

 

 
 
 

 

 








 






 




 




 
 
 
KEY TO SYMBOLS 



























































































































































Introduction 
Background 





















































































































































































Research Objectives 








o

o


o


o

o


o













Materials 














Weave
 Areal Weight 
(g/m
2) Fiber 
Type
 Tow 
Size
 Fiber Density 
(g/cm
3) Fiber Diameter 
(microns)
 4-Harness Satin
 204
 IM7 6K 1.78
 5.2
             









Literature Review 





















Liquid Composite Molding 





























































































































































































Reinforcement Compaction/Compressibility 






































































































































































































































































































































































Reinforcement/Preform Permeability 




















































° 
















°














 

°




























 








































































































































































































































































































  
 
   
   








































µ











































































°
°
°
°



 
°

°
°

 
°   
° 













































































































































Time
 Inlet Pressure
 Random fiber mat
 Directional mat
 













































































































































































































































































































































Inlet
 Outlet
 Mold Wall
 Gap Preform
 

















































































































































































































Compaction 
























Method 



















































Laser Gage
 Compression 
Platen 
Base Plate
 Dial Gage
 Preform
 Connection 
to Load Cell
 




































Variation 
# Preform ID
 Material
 # of 
Layers
 Layup 
Sequence
 Tackifier
 Debulked
 1 Warp Aligned Non
-Tackified
 IM7-4HS
 6 [0]6 No No 2 Laminate Non
-Tackified
 IM7-4HS
 6 [0,+45]
3 No No 3 Warp Aligned Tackified
 IM7-4HS
 6 [0]6 Yes No 4 Debulked Laminate 
 IM7-4HS
 6 [0,+45]
3 Yes Yes 5 12 ply Laminate 
Non
-Tackified
 IM7-4HS
 12 [0,+45]
6 No No 6 12 ply Debulked 
Laminate
 IM7-4HS
 12 [0,+45]
6 Yes Yes 





































°





°

°











Results and Discussion 





020406080100
120
140
160
01020304050607080Temperature (
°C) Time (min)
 Part
Platen
















00.10.20.30.40.50.6020406080100
120
Fiber Volume Fraction, V
f Comapction Pressure (kPa)
 Non-tackified Laminate (12 ply) Loading
Unloading
Unloading
 Loading
 


















00.10.20.30.40.50.6020406080100
120
Fiber Volume Fraction, V
f Compaction Pressure (kPa)
 Debulked Laminate (6 ply) Loading
Unloading
Non-tackified Laminate (6 ply) Loading
Unloading


































00.10.20.30.40.50.6020406080100
120
Fiber Volume Fraction, Vf
 Compaction Pressure (kPa)
 Non-tackified Laminate (12 ply) Loading
Unloading
Debulked Laminate (12 ply) Loading
Unloading
















00.10.20.30.40.50.6020406080100
120
Fiber Volume Fraction, V
f Compaction Pressure (kPa)
 Non-tackified Laminate (6 ply) Loading
Unloading
Non-tackified Laminate (12 ply) Loading
Unloading

















00.10.20.30.40.50.6020406080100
120
Fiber Volume Fraction, V
f Compaction Pressure (kPa)
 Debulked Laminate (12 ply) Loading
Unloading
Debulked Laminate (6 ply) Loading
Unloading




















00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80100
200
300
400
500
600
Fiber Volume Fraction, V
f Compaction Pressure (kPa)
 Warp Aligned Non-Tackified (6 ply) Loading
Unloading
Warp Aligned Tackified (6ply) Loading
Unloading


















00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.90100
200
300
400
500
600
Fiber Volume Fraction, V
f Compaction Pressure (kPa)
 Warp Aligned Non-Tackified WET (6 ply) Loading
Unloading
Warp Aligned Non-Tackified (6 ply) Loading
Unloading



















00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80100
200
300
400
500
600
Fiber Volume Fraction, V
f Compaction Pressure (kPa)
 Warp Aligned Tackified WET (6 ply) Loading
Unloading
Warp Aligned Tackified (6 ply) Loading
Unloading














Conclusions 




00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.90100
200
300
400
500
600
Fiber Volume Fraction, V
f Compaction Pressure (kPa)
 Warp Aligned Non-Tackified WET (6 ply) Loading
Unloading
Warp Aligned Tackified WET (6 ply) Loading
Unloading










































Saturated Permeability 
























Methods 




































































































 



























Variation 
# Preform ID
 Material
 # of 
Layers
 Layup 
Sequence
 Tackifier
 Debulked
 1 Warp Aligned
 Non
-Tackified
 IM7-4HS
 6 [0]6 No No 2 Laminate Non
-Tackified
 IM7-4HS
 6 [0,+45]
3 No No 3 Warp Aligned Tackified
 IM7-4HS
 6 [0]6 Yes No 4 Debulked Laminate 
 IM7-4HS
 6 [0,+45]
3 Yes Yes 5 12 ply Laminate Non
-Tackified
 IM7-4HS
 12 [0,+45]
6 No No 6 12 ply 
Debulked
 Laminate
 IM7-4HS
 12 [0,+45]
6 Yes Yes 




































°

°
°


° °
°










 
































































Results and Discussion 












































°)

°)

°)








y = 4E
-10x R² = 0.9963
 y = 2E
-10x R² = 0.9953
 y = 1E
-10x R² = 0.996
 0.0E+00
2.0E-08
4.0E-08
6.0E-08
8.0E-08
1.0E-07
1.2E-07
0100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Q (m3/sec)
 P (kPa)
 Vf=50%
Vf=55%
Vf=60%













7.00E-12
7.00E-11
0.45
0.50.55
0.60.65
Saturated Permeability (m
2) Fiber Volume Fraction, V
f Sxx (0 deg.)
Syy (90 deg.)
Sxx' (45 deg.)
Power (Sxx (0 deg.))
Power (Syy (90 deg.))
Power (Sxx' (45 deg.))





°

°
° 




°









6.00E-12
6.00E-11
0.45
0.50.55
0.60.65
Saturated Permeability (m
2) Fiber Volume Fraction, V
f Sxx (0 deg.)
Syy (90 deg.)
Sxx' (45 deg.)
S11
S22
Power (S11)
Power (S22)














Preform Type
 Average Saturated Permeabi
lity by Test Direction (m
2) Sxx [0°] 
 Syy [90°] 
 Sxx' [45°]
 S11 S22  Non
-tackified Laminate (6 ply)
 2.83E
-11 2.27E
-11 2.42E
-11 2.96E
-11 2.13E
-11 Debulked Laminate (6 ply)
 2.16E
-11 2.43E
-11 1.96E
-11 2.89E
-11 1.70E
-11 Non
-tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)
 1.64E
-11 3.63E
-11 2.88E
-11 3.70E
-11 1.57E
-11 Tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)
 1.39E
-11 1.63E
-11 1.97E
-11 1.98E
-11 1.21E
-11 1E-12
1.1E-11
2.1E-11
3.1E-11
4.1E-11
5.1E-11
Sxx [0°]
Syy [90°]
Sxx' [45°]
S11
S22
Saturated Permeability (m
2) Test Direction
 Non-tackified Laminate (6 ply)
Debulked Laminate (6 ply)
Non-tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)
Tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)




Preform Type
 Saturated Permeability Coefficients of Variations (%) 
 Sxx [0°] 
 Syy [90°] 
 Sxx' [45°]
 S11 S22  Non
-tackified Laminate (6 ply)
 8.09
 13.85
 14.49
 8.26
 15.80
 Debulked Laminate (6 ply)
 21.43
 26.78
 13.66
 19.80
 12.93
 Non
-tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)
 17.77
 6.72
 12.84
 7.13
 18.99
 Tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)
 18.72
 0.93
 4.59
 4.08
 6.80
 










°
° 

° 
° 
















° 












° 










































Debulked Preform
 Tackified Preform
 Compaction
 Compaction
 Tackifier
 Tows
 Melted and Cured Tackifier
 




















































1.00E-12
6.00E-12
1.10E-11
1.60E-11
2.10E-11
2.60E-11
3.10E-11
3.60E-11
Sxx [0°]
Syy [90°]
Saturated Permeability (m
2) Test Direction
 Debulked Laminate (6 ply)
Debulked Laminate (12 ply)



















7.00E-12
7.00E-11
0.45
0.50.55
0.60.65
Saturated Permeability (m
2) Fiber Volume Fraction, V
f Non-tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)
Non-tackified Laminate (6 ply)
Debulked Laminate (6 ply)
Debulked Laminate (12 ply)
Tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)
Power (Non-tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply))
Power (Non-tackified Laminate (6 ply))
Power (Debulked Laminate (6 ply))
Power (Debulked Laminate (12 ply))
Power (Tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply))



















7.00E-12
7.00E-11
0.45
0.50.55
0.60.65
Saturated Permeability (m
2) Fiber Volume Fraction, V
f Non-tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)
Non-tackified Laminate (6 ply)
Debulked Laminate (6 ply)
Debulked Laminate (12 ply)
Tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)
Power (Non-tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply))
Power (Non-tackified Laminate (6 ply))
Power (Debulked Laminate (6 ply))
Power (Debulked Laminate (12 ply))






























)








° 










° 


° 
 






 
c
 
 























IM7
-4HS Preform Type
 Sxx/Syy S11/S22 50% V
f 55% V
f 60% V
f 50% V
f 55% V
f 60% V
f 6 Ply Warp Aligned Non
-tackified
 0.41
 0.45
 0.50
 2.52
 2.35
 2.27
 6 Ply Warp Aligned Tackified
 0.85
 0.85
 0.87
 1.61
 1.63
 2.06
 6 Ply Non
-tackified Laminate
 1.16
 1.25
 1.34
 1.49
 1.39
 1.51
 6 Ply Debulked Laminate
 0.67
 0.89
 1.17
 2.86
 1.71
 1.98
 12 ply Debulked Laminate
 0.97
 0.87
 0.79
 - - - 
































1.00E-14
5.10E-13
1.01E-12
1.51E-12
2.01E-12
2.51E-12
3.01E-12
50%
55%
60%
Saturaeted Permeability (m
2) Fiber Volume Fraction, V
f Non-tackified Laminate (6 ply)
Non-tackified Laminate (12 ply)
Debulked Laminate (6 ply)
Debulked Laminate (12 ply)
Non-tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)
Tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)




Vf = 50%
    Preform Type
 Szz (m
2) StDev (m
2) CV (%)
 Non
-tackified Laminate (6 ply)
 1.70E
-12 3.15E
-13 18.53
 Non
-tackified Laminate (12 ply)
 2.04E
-12 3.52E
-13 17.25
 Debulked Laminate (6
 ply)
 9.51E
-13 8.45E
-14 8.88
 Non
-tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)
 1.18E
-12 4.71E
-14 3.99
 Tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)
 8.05E
-13 2.30E
-14 2.86
 Debulked Laminate (12 ply)
 1.02E
-12 8.76E
-14 8.59
     Vf = 55%
    Preform Type
 Szz (m
2) StDev (m
2) CV (%)
 Non
-tackified Laminate (6 ply)
 8.89E
-13 1.56E
-13 17.56
 Non
-tackified Laminate (12 ply)
 7.95E
-13 1.96E
-13 24.64
 Debulked Laminate (6 ply)
 5.97E
-13 4.80E
-14 8.04
 Non
-tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)
 6.38E
-13 2.84E
-14 4.46
 Tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)
 4.14E
-13 2.82E
-14 6.82
 Debulked Laminate (12 ply)
 7.95E
-13 5.06E
-13 9.89
     Vf = 60%
    Preform Type
 Szz (m
2) StDev (m
2) CV (%)
 Non
-tackified Laminate (6 ply)
 3.91E
-13 1.06E
-13 22.66
 Non
-tackified Laminate (12 ply)
 3.36E
-13 1.05E
-13 31.28
 Debulked 
Laminate (6 ply)
 3.91E
-13 3.01E
-14 7.70
 Non
-tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)
 3.30E
-13 1.83E
-14 5.54
 Tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)
 1.98E
-13 1.58E
-14 7.96
 Debulked Laminate (12 ply)
 3.36E
-13 2.67E
-13 11.27
 






























1.00E-14
2.10E-13
4.10E-13
6.10E-13
8.10E-13
1.01E-12
1.21E-12
55%
Saturated Permeability (m
2) Fiber Volume Fraction, V
f Non-tackified Laminate (6 ply)
Non-tackified Laminate (12 ply)
Debulked Laminate (6 ply)
Debulked Laminate (12 ply)
Non-tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)
Tackified Warp Aligned (6 ply)






















1.00E-13
1.00E-12
1.00E-11
1.00E-10
0.45
0.50.55
0.60.65
Saturated Permeability (m
2) Fiber Volume Fraction, V
f S11
S22
S33
Power (S11)
Power (S22)
Power (S33)











Conclusions 





















































Fluid Effects 




































Fluid SAE 40 Oil
 SC-15 Part A 
(Resin)
 SC-15 Part B 
(Hardener)
 SC-15 Mixed 
(A:B = 100:30)
 Viscosity at 
Ambient 
(Pa
-s) 0.24
 0.58
 0.045
 0.285
 Density at 
Ambient 
(kg/m^3)
 706
 1129
 961
 1085
 











Contact Angle and Surface Tension Measurement
s  











µ














µ
















Test Fluid
 Glass Beaker
 Du Noüy Ring 
 


























































Sample Loops
 Balance 
System
 Wire Sample 
Hanger 
Fiber Sample
 Counter
-weight Loop 
Test Fluid
 Fluid Container
 
























µ
































Surface Tensi
on by Test Fluid (dyne/cm)
 Run #
 SAE 40 Motor Oil
 SC-15 Part A
 1 29.18
 32.36
 2 29.12
 32.41
 3 29.14
 32.46
 Average
 29.15
 32.41
 StDev
 0.03
 0.05
 CV (%)
 0.11
 0.16
 



























Average Data from 28 Fiber Samples
 Fiber Diameter (µm)
 5.59
 Diameter StDev (µm)
 0.27
 Diameter CV (%)
 4.86
 Fiber Perimeter (From Average) (µm)
 17.55
 
µ



























Fluid SAE 40 Oil
 SC-15 Part A (Epoxy only)
 Contact Angle Type
 Advancing
 Receding
 Advancing
 Receding
 Sample Size
 10 9 8 7 
(degrees)
 45.34
 56.36
 37.54
 47.81
 
 5.92
 3.96
 5.63
 6.91
 CV (%)
 13.06
 7.03
 14.99
 14.46
 

































Fluid SAE 40 Oil
 SC-15 Part A (Epoxy only)
 Advancing
 Receding
 Hysteresis 
Ratio Advancing
 Receding
 Hysteresis 
Ratio Sample Size
 10 9 9 8 7 7 Average W
A (erg/cm
2) 49.53
 45.26
 0.92
 58.00
 54.04
 0.92
 StDev W
A (erg/cm
2) 2.08
 1.64
 0.03
 2.02
 2.91
 0.03
 CV 
(%)
 4.21
 3.62
 3.60
 3.48
 5.38
 3.23
 




































 Current Study Results
 Results from Hammond 
et al.
 [43]
 Fluid SAE 40 Oil
 SC-15 Part A 
(Epoxy only)
 Corn Oil
 EPON 815
 Surface Tension 
(dyne/cm)
 29.1
 32.4
 26.5
 37.2
 
(degrees)
 45.3
 37.5
 36.1
 28.5
 Advancing W
A (erg/cm
2) 49.5
 58.0
 48.0
 69.9
 


































































-0.01
00.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
00.511.522.533.544.55Wetting Force (mg)
 Fiber Immersion Depth (mm)
 Transient Wetting Force
Fiber above fluid
 Fiber advancing in fluid
 Fiber receding in fluid
 Fiber surface irregularities
 Fiber tip 
artifact
 ZDOI
 





y = 
-0.0014x + 0.0379
 y = 0.0011x + 0.0450
 -0.01
00.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
00.511.522.533.544.55Wetting Force (mg)
 Fiber Immersion Depth (mm)
 Transient Wetting Force
Advance
Recede
-0.01
00.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
00.511.522.533.544.55Wetting Force (mg)
 Fiber Immersion Depth (mm)
 Transient Wetting Force
Fiber surface irregularity
 ZDOI
 Buoyancy 
Corrected 
Wetting Force 
Measurement 
Points 
 








-0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.15
00.511.522.533.544.555.5Wetting Force (mg)
 Fiber Immersion Depth (mm)
 Transient Wetting Force
Unsaturated Channel Flow Measurements with Differing Fluids 











































Fixture Cavity
Preform
Fixture Top Half
Visualization
   Window
    Fluid 
Inlet
    Fluid Outlet
Inlet Pressure Transducer
Securing Bolts
 













Material
 Layup
 Vf Constant Inlet 
Pressures Set 
Points (
kPa
) # Runs per 
Inlet Pressure 
Set Point
 Flow 
Direction
 Non
-tackified IM7
-4HS
 [0]8 54.6%
 69, 138
, 276
 3 Warp or S
xx  Tackified IM7
-4HS
 [0]8 54.6%
 69, 138, 276
 3 Warp or S
xx  























































































































































































































































051015202512345Capillary Pressure Drop (kPa)
 Form Factor, F
 SAE 40 Oil
SC-15 Part A






















-0.00004
-0.00002
00.00002
0.00004
0.00006
0.00008
0.0001
0.00012
-100
0100
200
300
400
m  (m2/s)
 Pressure Difference (kPa)
 SAE 40 Oil
SC-15 Part A
Linear (SAE 40 Oil)
Linear (SC-15 Part A)























-0.00002
-0.00001
00.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00005
0.00006
0.00007
0.00008
-100
-50
050100
150
200
250
300
m  (m2/s)
 Pressure Difference (kPa)
 SAE 40 Oil
SC-15 Part A
Linear (SAE 40 Oil)
Linear (SC-15 Part A)


Preform Type
 Pc (kPa) by Test Fluid Type
 SAE 40 Oil
 SC-15 Part A
 Non
-tackified
 12.64
 16.23
 Tackified
 -7.12
 -0.21
 









































































00.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
00.05
0.10.15
0.2Capillary Number, Ca
 Flow Front Location (m) 
 69 kPa Target Inlet Pressure
138 kPa Target Inlet Pressure
276 kPa Target Inlet Pressure
00.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
00.05
0.10.15
0.2Capillary Number, Ca
 Flow Front Location (m) 
 69 kPa Target Inlet Pressure
138 kPa Target Inlet Pressure
276 kPa Target Inlet Pressure











  Non
-Tackified
 Tackified
 Fluid SAE 40 Oil
 SC-15 Part A
 SAE 40 Oil
 SC-15 Part A
 Pc (kPa)
 12.64
 16.23
 -7.12
 -0.21
 
  92.89°
  93.34°
  73.50°
  89.56°
 

















































-75
-25
2575125
175
225
275
325
375
425
-200
0200
400
600
800
1000
Inlet Pressure (kPa)
 Time (s)
 Transient Inlet Pressure











0102030405060708090100
0.30.40.50.60.70.8Capillary Pressure (kPa)
 Fiber Volume Fraction, V
f Experimental Data
Verrey
Ahn F=4
Ahn F=2
0306090120
150
180
00.0025
0.005
0.0075
0.01
0.0125
0.015
Dynamic Contact Angle (degrees)
 Capillary Number, Ca
 Hoffman-Voinov-
Tanner Law




























-20
-15
-10
-505101520253000.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
Capillary Presure (kPa)
 Capillary Number, Ca
 Theoretical - Hoffman-Voinov-Tanner Law
Experimental - Constant Flow Rate Injections
Experimental - Constant Pressure Injections































Method
 Hoffman
-Voinov
-Tanner
 Constant 
Pressure 
Injections 
Experiments
 Ahn's 
Theoretical 
Formulation, 
F=4 Ahn's 
Theoretical 
Formulation, 
F=2 Neglecting 
Capillary 
Effects
 Correction 
Value 
Type
 Dynamic
 Constant
 Constant
 Constant
 Constant
 Pc (kPa) 
for Non
-tackified 
Preforms
 Function of 
Ca 12.64
 -17.64
 -8.82
 0 Pc (kPa) 
for 
Tackified 
Preforms
 N/A
 -7.12
 -17.64
 -8.82
 0 


















Target 
Injection 
Pressure 
(kPa) Run #
 Actual 
Injection 
Pressure 
(kPa)
 Average 
Ca Over 
Length (
-) Pc from Hoffman
-Voinov
-Tanner 
Fit (kPa)
 69 1 67.2
 0.00134
 -5.0
 2 66.9
 0.00142
 -4.6
 3 68.0
 0.00173
 -2.6
 138
 1 141.1
 0.00295
 3.6
 2 141.3
 0.00406
 7.9
 3 141.3
 0.00436
 8.9
 276
 1 280.0
 0.00869
 18.6
 2 284.9
 0.00835
 18.1
 3 278.2
 0.01196
 22.3
 





























1.00E-12
6.00E-12
1.10E-11
1.60E-11
2.10E-11
2.60E-11
3.10E-11
69 kPa
138 kPa
276 kPa
Unsaturated Permeability (m
2) Target Constant Inlet Pressure
 Neglecting Capillary Pressure
Tanner-Voinov-Hoffman Correction
Constant Injection Pressure Exprimental Correction
Ahn's Theoretical Correction, F=4
Ahn's Theoretical Correction, F=2





















1.00E-12
6.00E-12
1.10E-11
1.60E-11
2.10E-11
69 kPa
138 kPa
276 kPa
Unsaturated Permeability (m
2) Target Constant Inlet Pressure
 Neglecting Capillary Pressure
Constant Injection Pressure Experimental Correction
Ahn's Theoretical Correction, F=4
Ahn's Theoretical Correction, F=2






























Method
 Hoffman
-Voinov
-Tanner
 Constant 
Pressure 
Injections 
Experiments
 Ahn's 
Theoretical 
Formulation, 
F=4 Ahn's 
Theoretical 
Formulation, 
F=2 Neglecting 
Capillary 
Effects
 Correction 
Value 
Type
 Dynamic
 Constant
 Constant
 Constant
 Constant
 Pc (kPa) 
for Non
-tackified
 Preforms
 N/A
 16.23
 22.13
 11.06
 0 Pc (kPa) 
for 
Tackified
 Preforms
 N/A
 -0.21
 22.13
 11.06
 0 







1.00E-12
6.00E-12
1.10E-11
1.60E-11
2.10E-11
2.60E-11
3.10E-11
69 kPa
138 kPa
276 kPa
Unsaturated Permeability (m
2) Target Constant Inlet Pressure
 Neglecting Capillary Pressure
Constant Injection Pressure Exprimental Correction
Ahn's Theoretical Correction, F=4















1.00E-12
6.00E-12
1.10E-11
1.60E-11
2.10E-11
69 kPa
138 kPa
276 kPa
Unsaturated Permeability (m
2) Target Constant Inlet Pressure
 Neglecting Capillary Pressure
Constant Injection Pressure Experimental Correction
Ahn's Theoretical Correction, F=4
Ahn's Theoretical Correction, F=2



































Sxx Permeability by Test Fluid and Target Inlet Pressure (m
2) Run #
 69 kPa
 138 kPa
 276 kPa
 SAE 40 
Oil SC-15 Part A
 SAE 40 
Oil SC-15 Part A
 SAE 40 
Oil SC-15 Part A
 Run 1
 1.56E
-11 1.31E
-11 1.42E
-11 1.39E
-11 2.04E
-11 1.39E
-11 Run 2
 1.66E
-11 1.48E
-11 2.00E
-11 1.86E
-11 1.93E
-11 2.08E
-11 Run 3
 1.98E
-11 1.43E
-11 2.12E
-11 1.70E
-11 2.83E
-11 1.79E
-11 Avg. 1.73E
-11 1.41E
-11 1.85E
-11 1.65E
-11 2.27E
-11 1.76E
-11 StDev
 2.22E
-12 8.95E
-13 3.77E
-12 2.37E
-12 4.92E
-12 3.47E
-12 CV (%)
 12.8
 6.4
 20.4
 14.3
 21.7
 19.8
 




1.00E-12
6.00E-12
1.10E-11
1.60E-11
2.10E-11
2.60E-11
3.10E-11
69 kPa
138 kPa
276 kPa
Unsaturated Permeability (m
2) Target Constant Injection Pressure
 NAPA SAE 40 Oil
SC-15 Part A





Sxx Permeability by Test Fluid and Target Inlet Pressure (m
2) Run #
 69 kPa
 138 kPa
 276 kPa
 SAE 40 
Oil SC-15 Part 
A SAE 40 
Oil SC-15 Part 
A SAE 40 
Oil SC-15 Part 
A Run 1
 1.06E
-11 8.62E
-12 1.66E
-11 1.02E
-11 1.35E
-11 9.25E
-12 Run 2
 1.27E
-11 8.11E
-12 1.49E
-11 1.14E
-11 1.43E
-11 9.54E
-12 Run 3
 1.37E
-11 8.15E
-12 1.61E
-11 1.03E
-11 1.23E
-11 9.45E
-12 Avg 1.23E
-11 8.29E
-12 1.59E
-11 1.06E
-11 1.34E
-11 9.41E
-12 StDev
 1.56E
-12 2.87E
-13 8.56E
-13 6.86E
-13 1.00E
-12 1.48E
-13 CV (%)
 12.6
 3.5
 5.4
 6.4
 7.5
 1.6
 




1.00E-12
6.00E-12
1.10E-11
1.60E-11
2.10E-11
69 kPa
138 kPa
276 kPa
Unsaturated Permeability (m
2) Target Constant Injection Pressure
 NAPA SAE 40 Oil
SC-15 Part A


















































y = 3E
-14x + 2E
-11 y = 2E
-14x + 1E
-11 1.00E-12
6.00E-12
1.10E-11
1.60E-11
2.10E-11
2.60E-11
3.10E-11
3.60E-11
050100
150
200
250
300
350
Unsaturated Permeability (m
2) Injection Pressure (kPa)
 SAE 40 Oil
SC-15 Part A
Linear (SAE 40 Oil)

























y = 2E
-15x + 1E
-11 y = 4E
-15x + 9E
-12 1.00E-12
6.00E-12
1.10E-11
1.60E-11
2.10E-11
2.60E-11
3.10E-11
3.60E-11
050100
150
200
250
300
350
Unsaturated Permeability (m
2) Injection Pressure (kPa)
 SAE 40 Oil
SC-15 Part A
Linear (SAE 40 Oil)








y = 1E
-08x + 1E
-12 R² = 0.9985
 y = 5E
-09x - 7E-13 R² = 0.9981
 y = 2E
-09x - 1E-12 R² = 0.999
 y = 1E
-08x + 2E
-12 R² = 0.9651
 y = 5E
-09x + 3E
-12 R² = 0.9986
 y = 3E
-09x - 6E-13 R² = 0.9991
 1.00E-12
6.00E-12
1.10E-11
1.60E-11
2.10E-11
2.60E-11
3.10E-11
00.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
Unsaturated Permeability (m
2) Capillary Number, Ca
 SAE 40 Oil - 69 kPa Target Pressure
138 kPa Target Pressure
276 kPa Target Pressure
SC-15 Part A  - 69 kPa Target Pressure
138 kPa Target Pressure
276 kPa Target Pressure
y = 6E
-09x + 3E
-12 R² = 0.8538
 y = 6E
-09x - 5E-12 R² = 0.953
 y = 2E
-09x - 1E-12 R² = 0.9984
 y = 5E
-09x + 4E
-12 R² = 0.2183
 y = 6E
-09x - 3E-12 R² = 0.9938
 y = 2E
-09x + 2E
-12 R² = 0.2117
 1.00E-12
6.00E-12
1.10E-11
1.60E-11
2.10E-11
2.60E-11
3.10E-11
00.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
Unsaturated Permeability (m
2) Capillary Number, Ca
 SAE 40 Oil - 69 kPa Target Pressure
138 kPa Target Pressure
276 kPa Target Pressure
SC-15 Part A  - 69 kPa Target Pressure
138 kPa Target Pressure
276 kPa Target Pressure




















































1.00E-12
6.00E-12
1.10E-11
1.60E-11
2.10E-11
2.60E-11
69 kPa
138 kPa
276 kPa
Unsaturated Permeability (m
2) Target Constant Inlet Pressure
 Non-tackified - SAE 40 Oil
Non-tackified - SC-15 Part A
Tackified - SAE 40 Oil
Tackified - SC-15 Part A














1E-12
6E-12
1.1E-11
1.6E-11
2.1E-11
2.6E-11
3.1E-11
69 kPa
138 kPa
276 kPa
Unsaturated Permeability (m
2) Target Constant Inlet Pressure
 Saturated Permeability - SAE 40 Oil
Unsaturated Permeability - SAE 40 Oil
Unsaturated Permeability - SC-15 Part A
1E-12
6E-12
1.1E-11
1.6E-11
2.1E-11
000Unsaturated Permeability (m
2) Target Constant Inlet Pressure
 Saturated Permeability - SAE 40 Oil
Unsaturated Permeability - SAE 40 Oil
Unsaturated Permeability - SC-15 Part A











































Conclusions 





















































































Fluid Velocity
 (v)
  v = 0
  Critical Ca
  Critical Re
  Wicking 
Flow
 Forced Flow
  Non
-Darcy 
Flow
 Pc = 0  Maximum 
Capillary 
Effect Inertial Effects 
Become 
Significant
 








Non-Darcy Flow 


























Background 































































 
µ












































Methods 





















































Material
 Layup 
Orientation
 Vf  
Range Tested
 Test Fluid
 Non
-Tackified IM7
-4HS
 [0]6 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%
 SAE 40 Oil
 Tackified IM7
-4HS
 [0]6 50%, 55%, 
60%, 65%
 SAE 40 Oil
 














  Pressure Drop across Preform
 Flow Rate
 Inertial Effects
 
 Fixture Leak / Race 
Tracking 



Results and Discussion 







































Vf Value
  (m-1) Forchheimer 
Permeability (m
2) SDarcy
/SFor.
 50%
 Avg. 3.61E+09
 2.67E
-11 1.00
 StDev
 1.70E+09
 3.44E
-12 0.07
 CV (%)
 47.13
 12.88
 7.35
 55%
 Avg. 1.96E+10
 1.98E
-11 0.90
 StDev
 2.34E+10
 4.52E
-12 0.09
 CV (%)
 119.32
 22.84
 9.66
 60%
 Avg. 7.76E+10
 1.46E
-11 0.78
 StDev
 6.23E+10
 2.46E
-12 0.13
 CV (%)
 80.34
 16.84
 17.16
 






















Vf Value
  (m-1) Forchheimer 
Permeability (m
2) SDarcy
/SFor.
 50%
 Avg. 6.32E+09
 2.59E
-11 1.09
 StDev 9.02E+09
 4.98E
-12 0.15
 CV(%)
 142.81
 19.20
 13.81
 55%
 Avg. 2.70E+09
 1.84E
-11 0.99
 StDev 2.42E+09
 3.56E
-12 0.03
 CV(%) 89.48
 19.31
 3.04
 60%
 Avg. 1.59E+10
 1.02E
-11 0.97
 StDev 2.21E+10
 1.89E
-12 0.06
 CV(%) 139.51
 18.46
 6.51
 
















Vf = 50%
 Flow Rate Value
 Avg. (cc/min)
 StDev (cc/min)
 CV (%)
 Non
-Tackified IM7
-4HS
 12.19
 9.17
 75.21
 Tackified IM7
-4HS
 21.60
 19.53
 90.42
      Vf = 55%
 Flow Rate Value
 Avg. (cc/min)
 StDev (cc/min)
 CV (%)
 Non
-Tackified IM7
-4HS
 6.22
 6.90
 110.98
 Tackified IM7
-4HS
 29.90
 26.82
 89.68
      Vf = 60%
 Flow Rate Value
 Avg. (cc/min)
 StDev (cc/min)
 CV (%)
 Non
-Tackified IM7
-4HS
 0.97
 0.60
 61.78
 Tackified IM7
-4HS
 27.18
 29.44
 108.32
 



























































0.0E+00
2.0E-08
4.0E-08
6.0E-08
8.0E-08
1.0E-07
1.2E-07
1.4E-07
1.6E-07
1.8E-07
2.0E-07
0200
400
600
800
1000
Q (m3/s)
 P (kPa)
 




0.0E+00
2.0E-08
4.0E-08
6.0E-08
8.0E-08
1.0E-07
1.2E-07
1.4E-07
1.6E-07
1.8E-07
2.0E-07
0500
1000
1500
2000
Q (m
3/s)
 P (kPa)
 50% Vf
55% Vf
60% Vf
65% Vf
0.0E+00
5.0E-08
1.0E-07
1.5E-07
2.0E-07
2.5E-07
3.0E-07
0500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Q (m
3/s)
 P (kPa)
 50% Vf
55% Vf
60% Vf
65% Vf


































1.3400
1.3900
1.4400
1.4900
1.5400
1.5900
0500
1000
1500
LVDT Readout of Cavity Depth  
(mm) 
 Inlet Pressure (kPa)
 LVDT Inlet
LVDT Outlet
Compaction Pressure
 LVDT
 Outlet Inlet
 Preform
 High Pressure 
Inlet Area
 




















y = 2E
-10x R² = 0.9982
 0.0E+00
5.0E-08
1.0E-07
1.5E-07
2.0E-07
2.5E-07
3.0E-07
0200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Q (m
3/s)
 P (kPa)
 Vf = 50%
Vf = 50% - Measured Before Fixture Displacement

























(a)
 (b)
 



















1.08
1.11.12
1.14
1.16
1.18
1.21.22
1.24
1.26
1.28
0500
1000
1500
2000
2500
LVDT Readout of Cavity Depth (mm)
 Inlet Pressure (kPa)
 LVDT Inlet


Critical Inlet Pressure (kPa)
 Vf IM7-4HS Preform
 Type
 Non
-Tackified
 Tackified
 50%
 717
 689
 55%
 818
 717
 60%
 1007
 979
 65%
 1351
 1400
 

Conclusions 























Radial Flow Measurement and Simulation 





















Visualization Method 
















Securing bolts
 Top frame
 Clear top 
plate
 Spacing 
frame Fluid inlet
 Preform area 
 Fluid outlet 
 (1 of 2) 
Resin runner
 




























































Material
 Layup
 Vf (%) # Runs
 Target Inlet Pressure 
(kPa) Non
-tackified IM7
-4HS
 [0]14 50 4 138
 Tackified IM7
-4HS
 [0]14 50 2 138
 



































Results and Discussion 





°
°





° 


 












 















° 

0.00
30.00
60.00
90.00
120.00
1E-12
1.1E-11
2.1E-11
3.1E-11
4.1E-11
5.1E-11
6.1E-11
7.1E-11
8.1E-11
0100
200
300
400
500
600
700
 (°) Unsaturated Permeability (m
2) Time (s)
 S11
S22
 

Run S11 (m2) S22 (m2)  (°)
 Non
-tackified
 Tackified
 Non
-tackified
 Tackified
 Non
-tackified
 Tackified
 1 6.51E
-11 2.56E
-11 1.83E
-11 2.05E
-11 91.23
 -7.52
 2 2.71E
-11 7.01E
-12 1.48E
-11 6.55E
-12 92.68
 113.68
 3 2.05E
-11 - 1.22E
-11 - 98.84
 - 4 2.55E
-11 - 1.06E
-11 - 90.07
 - Avg. 3.46E
-11 1.63E
-11 1.40E
-11 1.35E
-11 93.21
 53.08
 StDev
 2.06E
-11 - 3.38E
-12 - 3.91
 - CV (%)
 59.48
 - 24.16
 - 4.19
 - 

Run Sxx Syy Sxx' Non
-tackified
 Tackified
 Non
-tackified
 Tackified
 Non
-tackified
 Tackified
 1 1.83E
-11 2.55E
-11 6.50E
-11 2.06E
-11 2.93E
-11 2.34E
-11 2 1.48E
-11 6.60E
-12 2.71E
-11 6.95E
-12 1.97E
-11 7.01E
-12 3 1.23E
-11 - 2.02E
-11 - 1.66E
-11 - 4 1.06E
-11 - 2.55E
-11 - 1.50E
-11 - Avg 1.40E
-11 1.60E
-11 3.44E
-11 1.38E
-11 2.01E
-11 1.52E
-11 StDev
 3.36E
-12 - 2.06E
-11 - 6.41E
-12 - CV (%)
 23.97
 - 59.82
 - 31.87
 - 








 
°


 





 





Run #
  (°)
 Sxx/Syy Non
-tackified
 Tackified
 Non
-tackified
 Tackified
 1 91.23
 -7.52
 0.28
 1.24
 2 92.68
 113.68
 0.55
 0.95
 3 98.84
 - 0.61
 - 4 90.07
 - 0.42
 - Average
 93.21
 53.08
 0.46
 1.09
 StDev
 3.91
 - 0.15
 - CV (%)
 4.19
 - 31.51
 - 




























°








1.00E-12
1.10E-11
2.10E-11
3.10E-11
4.10E-11
5.10E-11
6.10E-11
7.10E-11
Sxx [0°]
Sxx' [45°]
Syy [90°]
Permeability (m
2) Test Direction
 Non-tackified (Radial Unsaturated)
Tackified (Radial Unsaturated)
Non-tackified (Saturated)
Tackified (Saturated)































































































































Conclusions 


























































Summary and Conclusions 
Summary and Conclusions 





































































Future Work 














































APPENDICES 
Appendix A: Additional Saturated Permeability Measurement Data 




 0 deg
. (Sxx in m
2) 90 deg. 
(Syy in m
2) Run 
\Vf 50%
 55%
 60%
 50%
 55%
 60%
 1 4.05E
-11 2.48E
-11 1.58E
-11 4.73E
-11 2.30E
-11 1.19E
-11 2 5.17E
-11 2.86E
-11 1.66E
-11 4.16E
-11 1.94E
-11 9.62E
-12 3 5.73E
-11 3.00E
-11 1.66E
-11 3.86E
-11 2.23E
-11 1.36E
-11 4 5.56E
-11 2.76E
-11 1.46E
-11 3.81E
-11 2.09E
-11 1.21E
-11 5 4.81E
-11 3.06E
-11 2.02E
-11 5.28E
-11 2.77E
-11 1.53E
-11 Avg 5.06E
-11 2.83E
-11 1.68E
-11 4.37E
-11 2.27E
-11 1.25E
-11 StDev
 6.70E
-12 2.29E
-12 2.09E
-12 6.28E
-12 3.14E
-12 2.11E
-12 CV (%)
 13.22
 8.09
 12.47
 14.37
 13.85
 16.90
 

 45 deg. (S
xx in m
2) Run 
\Vf 50%
 55%
 60%
 1 3.99E
-11 2.25E
-11 1.33E
-11 2 3.74E
-11 1.94E
-11 1.07E
-11 3 4.58E
-11 2.43E
-11 1.37E
-11 4 5.91E
-11 2.84E
-11 1.45E
-11 5 5.59E
-11 2.66E
-11 1.35E
-11 Avg 4.76E
-11 2.42E
-11 1.31E
-11 StDev
 9.59E
-12 3.51E
-12 1.44E
-12 CV (%)
 20.13
 14.49
 10.94
 








 S11 (1st Principal Permeability
 in m
2) S22 (2nd Principal Permeability
 in m
2) Run 
\Vf 50%
 55%
 60%
 50%
 55%
 60%
 1 4.92E
-11 2.56E
-11 1.59E
-11 3.87E
-11 2.22E
-11 1.18E
-11 2 5.72E
-11 3.05E
-11 1.74E
-11 3.61E
-11 1.75E
-11 8.87E
-12 3 5.75E
-11 3.04E
-11 1.72E
-11 3.84E
-11 2.19E
-11 1.30E
-11 4 6.19E
-11 2.96E
-11 1.50E
-11 3.18E
-11 1.89E
-11 1.17E
-11 5 5.64E
-11 3.21E
-11 2.27E
-11 4.45E
-11 2.62E
-11 1.28E
-11 Avg 5.64E
-11 2.96E
-11 1.76E
-11 3.79E
-11 2.13E
-11 1.16E
-11 StDev
 4.60E
-12 2.45E
-12 2.97E
-12 4.61E
-12 3.37E
-12 1.67E
-12 CV (%)
 8.16
 8.26
 16.86
 12.17
 15.80
 14.33
 

Through
-thickness (S
zz in m
2) Vf Run 1
 Run 2
 Run 3
 Run 4
 Run5
 Avg. StDev
 CV (%)
 50%
 1.43E
-12 1.49E
-12 1.51E
-12 2.08E
-12 2.01E
-12 1.70E
-12 3.15E
-13 18.53
 55%
 7.71E
-13 8.40E
-13 7.31E
-13 1.01E
-12 1.09E
-12 8.89E
-13 1.56E
-13 17.56
 60%
 3.76E
-13 4.40E
-13 3.78E
-13 5.26E
-13 6.24E
-13 4.69E
-13 1.06E
-13 22.66
 



 0 deg. (S
xx in m
2) 90 deg. (S
yy in m
2) Run 
\Vf 50%
 55%
 60%
 50%
 55%
 60%
 1 3.39E
-11 2.24E
-11 1.54E
-11 9.42E
-11 2.67E
-11 8.45E
-12 2 6.15E
-11 2.45E
-11 1.06E
-11 5.55E
-11 2.24E
-11 9.76E
-12 3 7.39E
-11 2.72E
-11 1.09E
-11 6.07E
-11 1.69E
-11 5.25E
-12 4 3.51E
-11 1.62E
-11 7.99E
-12 9.46E
-11 3.42E
-11 1.35E
-11 5 3.20E
-11 1.76E
-11 1.02E
-11 4.95E
-11 2.15E
-11 1.00E
-11 Avg. 4.73E
-11 2.16E
-11 1.10E
-11 7.09E
-11 2.43E
-11 9.39E
-12 StDev
 1.92E
-11 4.63E
-12 2.70E
-12 2.18E
-11 6.52E
-12 2.98E
-12 CV (%)
 40.61
 21.43
 24.53
 30.75
 26.78
 31.69
 

 45 deg. (S
xx in m
2) Run 
\Vf 50%
 55%
 60%
 1 3.13E
-11 1.51E
-11 7.74E
-12 2 4.18E
-11 2.05E
-11 1.07E
-11 3 3.86E
-11 2.21E
-11 1.33E
-11 4 3.69E
-11 2.08E
-11 1.23E
-11 5 3.45E
-11 1.96E
-11 1.17E
-11 Avg. 3.66E
-11 1.96E
-11 1.11E
-11 StDev
 3.97E
-12 2.68E
-12 2.13E
-12 CV (%)
 10.83
 13.66
 19.07
 

 S11 (1st Principal Permeability
 in m
2) S22 (2nd Principal Permeability
 in m
2) Run 
\Vf 50%
 55%
 60%
 50%
 55%
 60%
 1 1.09E
-10 3.42E
-11 1.74E
-11 1.95E
-11 1.49E
-11 6.49E
-12 2 7.55E
-11 2.66E
-11 1.08E
-11 4.15E
-11 2.03E
-11 9.51E
-12 3 9.67E
-11 2.72E
-11 1.40E
-11 3.79E
-11 1.69E
-11 2.14E
-12 4 1.06E
-10 3.52E
-11 1.39E
-11 2.40E
-11 1.52E
-11 7.58E
-12 5 5.15E
-11 2.15E
-11 1.17E
-11 3.00E
-11 1.76E
-11 8.50E
-12 Avg. 8.76E
-11 2.89E
-11 1.36E
-11 3.06E
-11 1.70E
-11 6.84E
-12 StDev
 2.40E
-11 5.73E
-12 2.53E
-12 9.19E
-12 2.19E
-12 2.86E
-12 CV (%)
 27.38
 19.80
 18.65
 30.05
 12.93
 41.78
 

Through
-thickness (S
zz in m
2) Vf Run 1
 Run 2
 Run 3
 Run 4
 Run5
 Avg. StDev
 CV (%)
 50%
 9.44E
-13 8.56E
-13 9.20E
-13 9.47E
-13 1.09E
-12 9.51E
-13 8.45E
-14 8.88
 55%
 5.76E
-13 5.44E
-13 5.92E
-13 6.01E
-13 6.74E
-13 5.97E
-13 4.80E
-14 8.04
 60%
 3.67E
-13 3.60E
-13 3.95E
-13 3.97E
-13 4.36E
-13 3.91E
-13 3.01E
-14 7.70
 



 0 deg. (S
xx in m
2) 90 deg. (S
yy in m
2) Run 
\Vf 50%
 55%
 60%
 50%
 55%
 60%
 1 2.32E
-11 1.32E
-11 7.89E
-12 6.28E
-11 3.36E
-11 1.89E
-11 2 2.57E
-11 1.89E
-11 1.43E
-11 6.11E
-11 3.82E
-11 2.49E
-11 3 3.10E
-11 1.71E
-11 9.95E
-12 7.28E
-11 3.71E
-11 2.01E
-11               Avg. 2.67E
-11 1.64E
-11 1.07E
-11 6.56E
-11 3.63E
-11 2.13E
-11 StDev
 3.98E
-12 2.92E
-12 3.26E
-12 6.31E
-12 2.44E
-12 3.15E
-12 CV (%)
 14.92
 17.77
 30.48
 9.62
 6.72
 14.81
 

 45 deg. (S
xx in m
2) Run 
\Vf 50%
 55%
 60%
 1 4.63E
-11 2.61E
-11 1.55E
-11 2 4.54E
-11 2.72E
-11 1.70E
-11 3 5.84E
-11 3.30E
-11 1.96E
-11         Avg. 5.00E
-11 2.88E
-11 1.74E
-11 StDev
 7.27E
-12 3.69E
-12 2.06E
-12 CV (%)
 14.53
 12.84
 11.86
 




 S11 (1st Principal Permeability
 in m
2) S22 (2nd Principal Permeability
 in m
2) Run 
\Vf 50%
 55%
 60%
 50%
 55%
 60%
 1 6.31E
-11 3.40E
-11 1.93E
-11 2.29E
-11 1.28E
-11 7.50E
-12 2 6.12E
-11 3.83E
-11 2.55E
-11 2.56E
-11 1.88E
-11 1.37E
-11 3 7.38E
-11 3.87E
-11 2.19E
-11 3.00E
-11 1.55E
-11 8.19E
-12 4       5       Avg. 6.60E
-11 3.70E
-11 2.22E
-11 2.62E
-11 1.57E
-11 9.80E
-12 StDev
 6.79E
-12 2.64E
-12 3.12E
-12 3.58E
-12 2.98E
-12 3.40E
-12 CV (%)
 10.28
 7.13
 14.05
 13.67
 18.99
 34.66
 

Through
-thickness (S
zz in m
2) Vf Run 1
 Run 2
 Avg. StDev
 CV (%)
 50%
 1.21E
-12 1.14E
-12 1.18E
-12 4.71E
-14 3.99
 55%
 6.58E
-13 6.18E
-13 6.38E
-13 2.84E
-14 4.46
 60%
 3.43E
-13 3.17E
-13 3.30E
-13 1.83E
-14 5.54
 

 0 deg. (S
xx in m
2) 90 deg. (S
yy in m
2) Run 
\Vf 50%
 55%
 60%
 50%
 55%
 60%
 1 1.99E
-11 1.04E
-11 5.73E
-12 2.934E
-11 1.614E
-11 8.915E
-12 2 2.51E
-11 1.34E
-11 7.59E
-12  1.624E
-11   3 3.14E
-11 1.84E
-11 1.13E
-11  1.64E
-11   4 2.56E
-11 1.35E
-11 7.49E
-12    5 2.55E
-11 1.39E
-11 8.04E
-12    6  1.64E
-11      7 2.22E
-11 1.12E
-11 6.25E
-12    8   1.36E
-11      Avg. 2.50E
-11 1.39E
-11 7.74E
-12 2.93E
-11 1.63E
-11 8.92E
-12 StDev
 3.88E
-12 2.60E
-12 1.97E
-12 - 1.51E
-13 - CV (%)
 15.54
 18.72
 25.44
 - 0.93
 - 

 45 deg. (S
xx in m
2) Run 
\Vf 50%
 55%
 60%
 1 3.354E
-11 1.871E
-11 1.138E
-11 2  2.044E
-11   3  2E-11           Avg. 3.35E
-11 1.97E
-11 1.14E
-11 StDev
 - 9.05E
-13 - CV (%)
 - 4.59
 - 

 S11 (1st Principal Permeability
 in m
2) S22 (2nd Principal Permeability
 in m
2) Run 
\Vf 50%
 55%
 60%
 50%
 55%
 60%
 1 3.383E
-11 1.887E
-11 1.142E
-11 2.101E
-11 1.120E
-11 5.535E
-12 2  2.045E
-11    1.224E
-11   3  2E-11    1.28E
-11                 Avg. 3.38E
-11 1.98E
-11 1.14E
-11 2.10E
-11 1.21E
-11 5.54E
-12 StDev
 - 8.06E
-13 - - 8.22E
-13 - CV (%)
 - 4.08
 - - 6.80
 - 

Through
-thickness (S
zz in m
2) Vf Run 1
 Run 2
 Avg. StDev
 CV (%)
 50%
 8.21E
-13 7.89E
-13 1.18E
-12 4.71E
-14 3.99
 55%
 4.34E
-13 3.94E
-13 6.38E
-13 2.84E
-14 4.46
 60%
 2.09E
-13 1.87E
-13 3.30E
-13 1.83E
-14 5.54
 


 0 deg. (S
xx in m
2) 90 deg. (S
yy in m
2) Run 
\Vf 50%
 55%
 60%
 50%
 55%
 60%
 1 3.94E
-11 1.91E
-11 9.82E
-12 4.43E
-11 2.25E
-11 1.21E
-11 2 4.07E
-11 1.85E
-11 9.03E
-12 3.03E
-11 1.63E
-11 9.26E
-12 3 2.64E
-11 1.17E
-11 5.53E
-12 3.05E
-11 1.64E
-11 9.29E
-12 4 2.51E
-11 1.29E
-11 7.06E
-12 3.05E
-11 1.63E
-11 9.15E
-12        Avg. 3.29E
-11 1.55E
-11 7.86E
-12 3.39E
-11 1.79E
-11 9.95E
-12 StDev
 8.27E
-12 3.79E
-12 1.94E
-12 6.94E
-12 3.09E
-12 1.44E
-12 CV (%)
 25.15
 24.36
 24.65
 20.46
 17.29
 14.47
 


Through
-thickness (S
zz in m
2) Vf Run 1
 Run 2
 Run 3
 Avg. StDev
 CV (%)
 50%
 9.89E
-13 9.53E
-13 1.12E
-12 1.02E
-12 8.76E
-14 8.59
 55%
 4.79E
-13 4.75E
-13 5.63E
-13 5.06E
-13 5.00E
-14 9.89
 60%
 2.47E
-13 2.52E
-13 3.01E
-13 2.67E
-13 3.00E
-14 11.27
 


 0 deg. (S
xx in m
2) Run 
\Vf 50%
 55%
 60%
 1 4.70E
-11 2.95E
-11 1.92E
-11 Avg. - - - StDev
 - - - CV (%)
 - - - 

Through
-thickness (S
zz in m
2) Vf Run 1
 Run 2 Avg. StDev
 CV (%)
 50%
 1.79E
-12 2.29E
-12 2.04E
-12 3.52E
-13 17.25
 55%
 6.56E
-13 9.33E
-13 7.95E
-13 1.96E
-13 24.64
 60%
 2.62E
-13 4.11E
-13 3.36E
-13 1.05E
-13 31.28
 


IM7
-4HS Preform Type
 Sxx Syy Sxx' a b a b a b 6 Ply Warp Aligned Non
-tackified
 8.28E
-13 -5.00
 9.11E
-13 -6.17
 9.01E
-13 -5.79
 6 Ply Warp Aligned 
Tackified
 2.94E
-13 -6.42
 3.21E
-13 -6.53
 5.59E
-13 -5.29
 6 Ply Non
-tackified 
Laminate
 7.55E
-13 -6.07
 3.75E
-13 -6.86
 3.56E
-13 -7.06
 6 Ply Debulked Laminate
 1.84E
-13 -7.99
 3.24E
-14 -1.11
 3.98E
-13 -6.52
 12 ply Debulked Laminate
 1.43E
-13 -7.85
 3.20E
-13 -6.73
 - -               IM7
-4HS Preform Type
 S11 S22   a b a b   6 Ply Warp Aligned Non
-tackified
 1.05E
-12 -5.98
 6.25E
-13 -5.39
   6 Ply Warp Aligned 
Tackified
 5.51E
-13 -5.95
 1.40E
-13 -7.29
   6 Ply Non
-tackified 
Laminate
 6.65E
-13 -6.39
 4.36E
-13 -6.46
   6 Ply Debulked Laminate
 6.89E
-14 -1.03
 1.12E
-13 -8.18
   12 ply Debulked Laminate
 - - - -   Appendix B: Additional Fluid Effects Measurement Data 




Fluid:
 SAE 40 Motor Oil
     Run #
 Maximum Wt. (mg)
  (mg/mm)
   (mg/mm)
  (dyne/cm)
 1 421.71
 3.51
 0.847
 2.98
 29.18
 2 420.81
 3.51
 0.847
 2.97
 29.12
 3 421.19
 3.51
 0.847
 2.97
 29.14
 Average
 421.24
 3.51
 0.847
 2.97
 29.15
 StDev
 0.45
 0.00
 0.000
 0.00
 0.03
 CV (%)
 0.11
 0.11
 0.001
 0.11
 0.11
       Fluid: SC
-15 Part A (Epoxy only)
    Run #
 Maximum Wt. (mg)
  (mg/mm)
   (mg/mm)
  (dyne/cm)
 1 469.03
 3.91
 0.844
 3.30
 32.36
 2 469.73
 3.91
 0.844
 3.30
 32.41
 3 470.52
 3.92
 0.844
 3.31
 32.46
 Average
 469.76
 3.91
 0.844
 3.30
 32.41
 StDev
 0.75
 0.01
 0.000
 0.01
 0.05
 CV (%)
 0.16
 0.16
 0.001
 0.16
 0.16
 

















-200
-100
0100
200
300
400
500
0246810Wetting Force (mg)
 Immersion Depth (mm)
 Wetting Force
-100
0100
200
300
400
500
0246810Wetting Force (mg)
 Immersion Depth (mm)
 Wetting Force




IM7 Fiber Diameter Measurements (µm)
 Sample 
# Point 
1 Point 
2 Point 
3 Sample 
Avg. Sample 
StDev 
Among
 3 Pts.
 CV (%) 
Among
 3 Pts.
 Perimeter 
(from Avg.) 
 1 5.22
 5.27
 5.38
 5.29
 0.08
 1.55
 16.62
 2 5.22
 5.25
 5.2
 5.22
 0.03
 0.48
 16.41
 3 8.35
 7.98
 7.82
 8.05
 0.27
 3.38
 25.29
 4 5.63
 5.73
 5.71
 5.69
 0.05
 0.93
 17.88
 5 6.21
 5.52
 5.6
 5.78
 0.38
 6.53
 18.15
 6 5.44
 5.38
 5.65
 5.49
 0.14
 2.58
 17.25
 7 5.35
 5.44
 5.29
 5.36
 0.08
 1.41
 16.84
 8 5.68
 5.61
 6.8
 6.03
 0.67
 11.07
 18.94
 9 5.64
 5.58
 5.58
 5.60
 0.03
 0.62
 17.59
 10 5.51
 5.75
 5.69
 5.65
 0.12
 2.21
 17.75
 11 5.59
 5.47
 5.38
 5.48
 0.11
 1.92
 17.22
 12 5.69
 6.63
 6.71
 6.34
 0.57
 8.94
 19.93
 13 5.8
 5.7
 5.94
 5.81
 0.12
 2.07
 18.26
 14 5.51
 5.44
 5.41
 5.45
 0.05
 0.94
 17.13
 15 5.59
 5.5
 5.41
 5.50
 0.09
 1.64
 17.28
 16 5.22
 5.15
 5.19
 5.19
 0.04
 0.68
 16.29
 17 5.38
 5.49
 5.39
 5.42
 0.06
 1.12
 17.03
 18 5.54
 5.59
 5.77
 5.63
 0.12
 2.15
 17.70
 19 5.55
 5.58
 5.58
 5.57
 0.02
 0.31
 17.50
 20 5.5
 5.65
 5.6
 5.58
 0.08
 1.37
 17.54
 21 5.35
 5.37
 5.4
 5.37
 0.03
 0.47
 16.88
 22 5.51
 6.14
 5.34
 5.66
 0.42
 7.44
 17.79
 23 5.92
 5.89
 5.92
 5.91
 0.02
 0.29
 18.57
 24 5.4
 5.35
 5.45
 5.40
 0.05
 0.93
 16.96
 25 5.38
 5.32
 5.3
 5.33
 0.04
 0.78
 16.76
 26 5.65
 5.64
 5.67
 5.65
 0.02
 0.27
 17.76
 27 6.06
 5.94
 6.07
 6.02
 0.07
 1.20
 18.92
 28 5.72
 5.66
 5.83
 5.74
 0.09
 1.50
 18.02
 29 5.19
 5.24
 5.23
 5.22
 0.03
 0.51
 16.40
 Average
 5.65
 5.66
 5.70
 5.67
 0.13
 2.25
 17.82
 Average 
without 
#3 
 5.55
 5.58
 5.62
 5.59
 0.13
 2.21
 17.55
 


Sample 
ID Test Fluid
 Advancing 
Data
 Receding 
Data
 Fiber
-1 SAE 40 Oil
 Used Used Fiber
-2 SAE 40 Oil
 Used Used Fiber
-3 SAE 40 Oil
 Unused
 Unused
 Fiber
-4 SAE 40 Oil
 Used Used Fiber
-5 SAE 40 Oil
 Used Used Fiber
-6 SAE 40
 Oil Used Used Fiber
-7 SAE 40 Oil
 Used Used Fiber
-8 SAE 40 Oil
 Unused
 Unused
 Fiber
-9 SAE 40 Oil
 Unused
 Unused
 Fiber
-10 SAE 40 Oil
 Used Unused
 Fiber
-11 SAE 40 Oil
 Used Used Fiber
-12 SAE 40 Oil
 Used Used Fiber
-13 SAE 40 Oil
 Used Used Fiber
-14 SC-15 Unused
 Unused
 Fiber
-15 SC-15 Unused
 Unused
 Fiber
-16 SC-15 Unused
 Unused
 Fiber
-17 SC-15 Unused
 Unused
 Fiber
-18 SC-15 Unused
 Unused
 Fiber
-19 SC-15 Unused
 Unused
 Fiber
-20 SC-15 Unused
 Unused
 Fiber
-21 SC-15 Unused
 Unused
 Fiber
-22 SC-15 Part A only
 Used Used Fiber
-23 SC-15 Part A only
 Used Used Fiber
-24 SC-15 Part A only
 Used Used Fiber
-25 SC-15 Part A only
 Used Used Fiber
-26 SC-15 Part A only
 Used Used Fiber
-27 SC-15 Part A only
 Used Used Fiber
-28 SC-15 Part A only
 Used Used Fiber
-29 SC-15 Part A
 only
 Used Unused
 


Sample 
ID Avg. 
Adv. 
Wt. 
(mg)
 Avg. 
Recd. 
Wt. 
(mg)
 Diameter 

 Perimeter  
(cm)
 Advance 

 Advance 

 Recede 

 Recede 

 Fiber
-22 0.036
 0.051
 5.663
 1.779E
-03 0.823
 34.638
 0.645
 49.827
 Fiber
-23 0.032
 0.040
 5.910
 1.857E
-03 0.866
 29.976
 0.798
 37.019
 Fiber
-24 0.035
 0.044
 5.400
 1.696E
-03 0.812
 35.666
 0.711
 44.713
 Fiber
-25 0.036
 0.047
 5.333
 1.676E
-03 0.800
 36.833
 0.664
 48.385
 Fiber
-26 0.036
 0.045
 5.653
 1.776E
-03 0.818
 35.129
 0.716
 44.296
 Fiber
-27 0.040
 0.056
 6.023
 1.892E
-03 0.806
 36.323
 0.628
 51.069
 Fiber
-28 0.046
 0.062
 5.737
 1.802E
-03 0.718
 44.136
 0.510
 59.353
 Fiber
-29 0.045
 NA 5.220
 1.640E
-03 0.674
 47.595
 NA NA Avg. 0.038
 0.049
 5.618
 1.765E
-03 0.790
 37.537
 0.667
 47.809
 StDev
 0.005
 0.008
 0.281
 8.837E
-05 0.062
 5.626
 0.090
 6.912
 CV (%)
 13.101
 15.409
 5.008
 5.008E+00
 7.882
 14.987
 13.437
 14.458
 

SAE 40 Motor Oil
 Fiber ID
 Work of Adhesion 
(erg/cm
2) Hysteresis Ratio
 Advancing 
 Receding
 Fiber
-1 46.12
 45.62
 0.99
 Fiber
-2 49.85
 45.40
 0.91
 Fiber
-4 47.30
 44.60
 0.94
 Fiber
-5 49.13
 43.73
 0.89
 Fiber
-6 49.78
 44.02
 0.88
 Fiber
-7 48.58
 43.29
 0.89
 Fiber
-10 50.92
 NA NA Fiber
-11 48.90
 45.49
 0.93
 Fiber
-12 53.53
 48.65
 0.91
 Fiber
-13 51.24
 46.55
 0.91
 Avg. 49.53
 45.26
 0.92
 StDev
 1.98
 1.55
 0.03
 CV(%) 3.99
 3.42
 3.39
 

SC-15 Epoxy (Part A only)
 Fiber ID
 Work of Adhesion 
(erg/cm
2) Hysteresis Ratio
 Advancing 
 Receding
 Fiber
-22 59.07
 53.32
 0.90
 Fiber
-23 60.48
 58.29
 0.96
 Fiber
-24 58.74
 55.44
 0.94
 Fiber
-25 58.35
 53.93
 0.92
 Fiber
-26 58.92
 55.61
 0.94
 Fiber
-27 58.52
 52.77
 0.90
 Fiber
-28 55.67
 48.93
 0.88
 Fiber
-29 54.27
 NA NA Avg. 58.00
 54.04
 0.92
 StDev
 1.89
 2.69
 0.03
 CV(%) 3.25
 4.98
 2.99
 Appendix C: MATLAB Scripts 

%Principal Permeability Calculator %Stephen Sommerlot 3/29/13 %CVRC  %Code takes input from in-plane permeability testing data to find principal  %permeabilities S11 and  S22 and direction. Uses Mohr type transformation
 %~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~   %clears the workspace clear all   %prompts user for permeability data input Sxx = input('Enter Sxx permeability value: '); Syy = input('Enter Syy permeability value: '); Sxx_prime = input('Enter Sxx_prime permeability value (45 deg): ');   %computes off-axis permeability tensor component Sxy = Sxx_prime - 
(.5*Sxx) - 
(.5*Syy)   %disaplys 2-D permeability tensor S_bar = [Sxx, Sxy; Sxy, Syy]   %rotates S_bar to get S'_bar deg = pi/4; % 45 deg %deg = 0.523598776; % for 30 deg. a_bar_T = [cos(deg), sin(deg); -sin(deg), cos(deg)]; a_bar = [cos(deg), -sin(deg); sin(deg), cos(deg)];   S_prime_bar = a_bar_T * S_bar * a_bar;   %finds principal permeabilities prinicpal_permeabilities = eig(S_prime_bar)   S11 = max(prinicpal_permeabilities) S22 = min(prinicpal_permeabilities)   %finds principal direction vector [V,D] = eig(S_prime_bar)     %calculates angle of rotation (degrees), this is a very sensitive calculation 
to %experimental scatter beta_from_S_bar = (atan(2*S_bar(1,2)/(S_bar(1,1)-S_bar(2,2)))*180/pi)/2    
      
% Stephen Sommerlot 
% CVRC % 3/5/14 % Script for ellipse detection in radial
-visual fabric flow fronts % Uses ellipse calculations for unsaturated permeability determination % based on paper: radial flow permeability measurement. Part A and B by % Weitzenboeck % Note: constant pressure injection formulation   % Prompt to get test data from user material =  input('Enter Material Name: ', 's'); %'Non-Tackified IM7-4HS' OR Tackified IM7-4HS ply_num = 14; %input('Enter Ply Number: '); Vf_in = 50; % input('Enter Material Vf(%): '); Vf = Vf_in/100; 
porosity = 1- 
Vf; inlet_diameter = 3/8; % = input('Enter Punch Diameter (in.) Used for Inlet (can be a fraction): '); inlet_rad_m = (inlet_diameter*.0254)/2; x0 = inlet_rad_m; 
y0 = inlet_rad_m; t0 = 0; %27;    % = input('Enter Initial Starting Time(s) Seen on Stopwatch for Flow Propagation: '); % 27s for SS2
 % t_cutoff = input('Enter Cutoff Time of Time for Pressure Data: '); %  1200s 
for SS2    % Read test pressures from file, get average and StDev
 of inlet pressure cd('C:\Users\sommerl4\Documents\MATLAB\Edge Detect\coderdemo_edge_detection\Radial_Perm_Data')   psig_in_file = load('Pressure_Inlet_0-6PSIG_tack2.txt'); psig_in_full = psig_in_file(:,2); time_in_full = psig_in_file(:,1); % Uncomment for manual truncation % time_diff = abs(time_in_full - 
t0); % [idx idx]  = min(time_diff); % closest_time_to_t0 = time_in_full(idx); % time_diff2 =abs(time_in_full - 
t_cutoff); % [idx2 idx2] = min(time_diff2); % time_in = time_in_full(idx:idx2); % psi_in = psig_in_full(idx:idx2); avg_psi_in = mean(psig_in_full); Pressure_StDev_psi = std(psig_in_full); kpa_in = 6.89475729*psig_in_full; avg_kpa_in = mean(kpa_in); avg_pa_in = avg_kpa_in*1000; Pressure_StDev = std(kpa_in); pressure_CV = Pressure_StDev*100/avg_kpa_in;   cd('C:\Users\sommerl4\Documents\MATLAB\Edge Detect\coderdemo_edge_detection
\Radial_Perm_Data')   % load image image = imread('IM7_tack_run2_3-7-
14_10min.png'); imshow(image)   % gives user points to outline ellipse (10 in each quadrant) [x,y] = ginput(40); 
  imshow(image) hold on plot(x,y, '+')  
h = gca; % get current axis handle
   % call ellipse finding function  % outputs structure of ellipse props ellipse_t = fit_ellipse(x,y,h)   % break structure into numerics using ellipse function defs ellipse_cell = struct2cell(ellipse_t); a = cell2mat(ellipse_cell(1)); % sub axis (radius) of the X axis of the non-tilt ellipse b = cell2mat(ellipse_cell(2)) ; % sub axis (radius) of the Y axis of the non-tilt ellipse 
phi = cell2mat(ellipse_cell(3));  % orientation in radians of the ellipse (tilt) X0 = cell2mat(ellipse_cell(4));    % 
center at the X axis of the non-tilt ellipse 
Y0 = cell2mat(ellipse_cell(5));  % center at the Y axis of the non-tilt ellipse X0_in = cell2mat(ellipse_cell(6)); % center at the X axis of the tilted ellipse 
Y0_in = cell2mat(ellipse_cell(7));   % center at the Y axis of the tilted 
ellipse 
long_axis = cell2mat(ellipse_cell(8));  % size of the long axis of the ellipse short_axis = cell2mat(ellipse_cell(9)); % size of the short axis of the ellipse   % beta angle (just phi converted to degrees) beta = phi*(180/pi);   %for 45 deg. radius based on non-tilted ellipse (radius should be same just %not rotated) deg45 = pi/4; x45 = a*cos(deg45); y45 = b*sin(deg45); r45 = sqrt(x45^2 + y45^2);   % get reference measurement imtool(image) distance = 9.1160e+01; %input('Enter Reference Distance Pixel Length: '); uncomment this to user define distance refdist = distance;   t_min_current = input('Enter Current Stopwatch Minutes on Image: '); t_sec_current = input('Enter Current Stopwatch Seconds on Image: '); t = ((t_min_current)*60 + t_sec_current) - 
t0;   n = .0254; xf = ((a/refdist) * n); %m, radius of front in 1 direction yf = ((b/refdist) * n); %m, radius of front in 3 direction rf = ((r45/refdist) * n); %m radius of front in 2 direction   % Calculate Ns,Fs,A,D,phi2, C according to Weitzenboeck
 N1 = (xf^2*(2*log(xf/x0) -1) + x0^2); N2 = (rf^2*(2*log(rf/x0) -1) + x0^2); N3 = (yf^2*(2*log(yf/y0) -1) + y0^2);   F1 = N1/t; F2 = N2/t; F3 = N3/t;   A = (F1 + F3)/2; D = (F1 - 
F3)/2;   u=.24; %pa.s   C = ((u*porosity)/(4*avg_pa_in));   phi2 = .5*atan( (A/D) - 
((A^2 - 
D^2)/(F2*D)) ); phi2_deg = phi2*180/pi   % find K1 and K1 unsaturated permeabilities at time K1 = F1*((A-D)/(A - 
(D/cos(2*phi2))))*C K2 = F3*((A+D)/(A + (D/cos(2*phi2))))*C   K1fromBeta = F1*((A-D)/(A - 
(D/cos(2*phi))))*C K2fromBeta = F3*((A+D)/(A + (D/cos(2*phi))))*C   % from aligned ellipse K1align = F1*C K2align = F3*C K45degalign = F2*C %find Keff zeta_deg = [0 15 60 90 105]; zeta = zeta_deg*pi/180;   Keff = (K1*K2) ./ (K1.*sin(zeta).^2  + K2.*cos(zeta).^2 )   % create vector at time(s) with both S11 and S22 perms for data storage % purposes Ks_per_t = [t;             K1;             K2];   %clc disp('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~')   % Create test data output structure Radial_Permeability_Test_Data = struct( ...         'Test_Material',material,...         'Ply_Number',ply_num,...         'Fiber_Volume_Fraction_Vf',Vf,...         'Preform_Inlet_Diameter_in',inlet_diameter,...         'Average_Inlet_Pressure_psi',avg_psi_in,
...         'Standard_Deviation_of_Inlet_Pressure_psi',Pressure_StDev_psi,...         'Fluid_Viscosity_Pa_s',u,...         'Beta_Angle',beta,...         'K1', K1, ...         'K2', K2, ...         'Time_at_Measurement_s', t)    




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