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COMPARISON OF A SPECIALLY DESIGNED CIRCUIT TRAINING
PROGRAM WITH THE TRADITIONAL CALISTHENICS
TRAINING PROGRAM ON THE PHYSICAL FITNESS

LEVELS OF THE OFFICER CANDIDATES

AT THE KUWAIT POLICE ACADEMY
presented by

Jawad Askar Saud

has been accepted towards fulfillment
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COMPARISON OF A SPECIALLY DESIGNED CIRCUIT TRAINING
PROGRAM WITH THE TRADITIONAL CALISTHENICS
TRAINING PROGRAM ON THE PHYSICAL FITNESS

LEVELS OF THE OFFICER CANDIDATES
AT THE KUWAIT POLICE ACADEMY

BY

Jawad Askar Saud

A DISSERTATION

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Educational Administration

June 1987

ABSTRACT
COMPARISON OF A SPECIALLY DESIGNED CIRCUIT TRAINING
PROGRAM WITH THE TRADITIONAL CALISTHENICS TRAINING

PROGRAM ON THE PHYSICAL FITNESS LEVELS OF THE
OFFICER CANDIDATES AT THE KUWAIT POLICE ACADEMY

BY

Jawad Askar Saud

This study was designed to compare a specially designed
circuit training program with the calisthenics training
program (”1 the physical fitness levels of the police
officer candidates at the Kuwait Police Academy.

Fifty-nine freshmen police officer candidates who
served as subjects in this study were randomly assigned
into two groups. The experimental group (30 subjects) used
tflua circuit training program while the traditional group
(29 subjects) used the academy's traditional calisthenics
training program. All subjects were non-athletic and all
training sessions were conducted at the Kuwait Police
Academy.

Both training programs for the experimental group and
the traditional group were conducted over a ten-week time
period. All officer candidates exercised 40 minutes a day,
four days per week.

There were two test sessions during the study. A pre-
test was given at the beginning of the study, and a post-

test_was given at the end.

Jawad Askar Saud
The statistical treatment used in testing the eleven
hypotheses was the t-test. The level of significance was
set at .05.
The findings were as follows:

1. Body composition changes (i.e., body weight and
body fat) were similar for the two groups.

2. Cardiovascular changes (i.e., heart rate and blood
pressure) were significantly better in the

experimental group.

3. Muscular endurance changes (as measured by pull-
ups and sit-ups) were significantly better in the
experimental group.

4. Power changes (as measured by the vertical jump)
were similar for the two groups.

5. Flexibility changes (as measured by the sit and
reach test) were similar for the two groups.

6. The changes in the agility run were similar for
the two groups.

7. The endurance run changes (i.e., 1.5 mile run)
were significantly better in the experimental
group. '

The circuit training program produced significant
improvements in all variables tested except body weight.
The traditional group also resulted in significant training
ianrovements in all variables except heart rate and sit-
‘Jps. The circuit program is clearly superior in producing
irnprovement in the cardiovascular variables, muscular
endurance, and endurance capacity. These improvements are
gdceatly significant to the health and fitness of police

Officers.

DEDICATED TO :

The Kuwait Interior Ministry

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my appreciation to the members of my
graduate committee: Dr. Lou Romano, Dr. Philip Cusick, Dr.
James Bristor, and Dr. Herb Olson for their advice,
interest, and encouragement during the course of this
study.

I sincerely thank Dr. Wayne VanHuss for the continued
guidance, personal support and endurance in assisting with
this project. A special thank you to Dr. Homer Sprague for
helping me with the statistical analysis. I sincerely
thank Dr. Marie Smith for the many hours she spent with me
and for her suggestions and help concerning this study.

Special thanks is extended to the Kuwait Interior
Ministry and the Kuwait Police Academy for their support
and to the 59 subjects who made this study possible.

To my wife, Michelle, I express sincere gratitude for
helping me in writing this dissertation and for the support
and freedom she gave me when I most needed it.

A special thank you to my brother Abraheem for
encouraging and supporting me throughout my education.

Finally, I wish to express my appreciation to all of my
family members and friends for their personal assistance

and encouragement.

Chapter

Table of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Statement of the Problem. . . . . . . . .
Purpose of the Study. . . . . . . . . . .
Significance of the Study . . . . . . . .
Need for the Study. . . . . . . . . . . .
Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delimitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Research Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . .
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. . . . . . . . .

Conditioning History at the Kuwait
Police Academy. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conditioning Research on Police Officers
in the United States . . . . . . . . .
Effects of an Exercise Program. . . . . .
Effects on Incidence of Coronary
Heart Disease (CHD). . . . . . . .
Effects on Aerobic Capacity. . . . .
Effects on Strength and Endurance. .
Effects on Flexibility . . . . . . .
Types of Exercise Programs. . . . . . .
Cardiorespiratory Endurance
Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Strength and Endurance . . . . . .
Circuit Training Program . . . . . .
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vi

Table of Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii

NCDNQVOU‘IU'Ihnb-H

H

14

16
22

22
23
26
27
28

28
32
34
41

Chapter

III

IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS, CONT'D.

PROCEDURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Selection of Subjects . . . . . . .
Pilot Study . . . . . . . . . . . .
Experimental Design . . . . . . . .
Testing Administration. . . . . . .
Test Battery . . . . . . . . . . .

Body Weight Measures. . . . . .
Body Fat Measures . . . . . . .
Resting Heart Rate . . .
Resting Systolic and Diastolic
Blood Pressure Measures . . .
Pull-up Test . . . . . . . . .
Sit-up Tests (With Bent Knees).
Sargent's Vertical Jump Test .

Sit and Reach Test . . . . . .
Illinois Agility Run . . . . .

1.5 Mile Run Test . . . . . . .
Statistical Analysis. . . . . . . .
Testable Hypotheses . . . . . . . .
Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Description of the Circuit Training
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercise #1: Pull-ups. . . . .
Exercise #8: Basket Hang . . .
Exercise #2: Curling Sit-ups .
Exercise #9: Leg Lifts . . . .
Exercise #3: Squat Jump. . . .
Exercise #10: Push-ups . . . .
Exercise #4: Parallel Dips . .
Exercise #11: Bar Walk . . . .
Exercise #6: Bench-blasts. . .
Exercise #13: Bench Step-up. .
Exercise #5 and #12: Vault . .
Exercise #7: Log—hop . . . . .
Exercise #14: Log Walk . . . .
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ANALYSIS RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . .
Hypothesis 1 . . . . . . . . . . .
Hypothesis 2 . .

Hypothesis 3

Hypothesis 4 . . . . . . . . .

Hypothesis 5
Hypothesis 6 . .

vii

Page

42
42
43
43
46
47
47
47
48

48
48
49
49
50
SO
51
51
52
53

54
54
54
56
56
56
56
S9
59
59
59
61
61
61
64

65
66
69
72
76
79
82

TABLE OF CONTENTS, CONT'D.

Hypothesis 7. . . . . . . . . . . .
Hypothesis 8 . . . . . . . . . . .
Hypothesis 9 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hypothesis 10 . . . . . . . . . . .
Hypothesis 11 . . . . . . . . . .
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

APPENDIX
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
APPENDIX

HIEO'UFJUOIDD

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Summary . . . . . . . . . .

Summary of Literature Reviewed .

Summary of Study Procedures
Findings . . . . . . . . .
Conclusions . . . . . . . .
Body Composition . . . .
Cardiovascular Variables
Muscular Endurance . . .
Power . . . . . . . . . .
Flexibility . . . . . . .
Agility . . . . . . . . .
Endurance Run . . . . . .
Recommendations . . . . . .
Recommendations for Further

Research

DATA CARD FOR CIRCUIT TRAINING PROGRAM.

POLICE OFFICER CANDIDATE DATA SHEET

THE CIRCUIT TRAINING CHART.

BODY COMPOSITION MEASUREMENTS . .

CARDIOVASCULAR VARIABLE MEASUREMENTS

MUSCULAR ENDURANCE MEASUREMENTS .

POWER MEASUREMENTS . . . .
FLEXIBILITY MEASUREMENT . .
ILLINOIS AGILITY RUN . . .

viii

Page

86
89
92
96
99
102

109
109
110
111
114
116
116
116
117
117
118
118
119
119
120

122
123
124
125
127
129
131
132
133

134

Table

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 4.5

Table 4.6

Table 4.7

Table 4.8

Table 4.9

Table 4.10

Table 4.11

Table 4.12

LIST OF TABLES

23%
Body Weight Changes of the Experimental and
Traditional Groups . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Mean Differences in Body Weight Between the
Traditional and Experimental Groups . . 66

Body Fat Changes of the Experimental and
Traditional Groups . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Mean Differences in Body Fat Between the
Traditional and Experimental Groups . . 72

Resting Heart Rate Changes: Experimental
Versus Traditional Group . . . . . . . . 73

Mean Differences in Resting Heart Rate
Between the Traditional and Experimental
Groups 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 73

Resting Systolic Blood Pressure
Changes:Experimental Versus Traditional
Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Mean Differences in Resting Systolic
Blood Pressure Between the Traditional
and Experimental Groups . . . . . . . . 79

Resting Diastolic Blood Pressure
Changes:Experimental Versus Traditional
Group C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 79

Mean Differences in Resting Diastolic
Blood Pressure Between the Traditional
and Experimental Groups . . . . . . . . 82

Overall Improvement in Pull-ups for the
Experimental and Traditional Groups . . 83

Mean Differences in Pull-ups Between the
Traditional and Experimental Groups . . 83

ix

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

TABLE OF TABLES, CONT'D

Page
Overall Improvement in Sit-ups for the
Experimental and Traditional Groups . . 86
Mean Differences in Sit-ups Between the
Traditional and Experimental Groups . . 89
Vertical Jump Changes for the
Experimental and Traditional Groups . . 89
Mean Differences in the Vertical Jump
Between the Traditional and Experimental
Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Sit and Reach Changes for the
Experimental and Traditional Groups . . 93
Mean Differences in the Sit and Reach
Between the Traditional and Experimental
Groups 0 I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 93
Agility Run Changes for the Experimental
and Traditional Groups . . . . . . . . . 96
Mean Differences in the Agility Run
Between the Traditional and Experimental
Groups 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 99

One and One-half Mile Run Changes for the
Experimental and Traditional Groups . . 99

Mean Differences in the One and One-Half
Mile Run Between the Traditional and
Experimental Groups . . . . . . . . . . 102

Test of Differences (post-test minus pre-
test) Within the Traditional Group . . . 103

Tests of Differences (post-test minus
pre-test) Within the Experimental Group 104

Tests of Differences (post-test minus
pre-test) Between the Traditional Group
and the Experimental Group . . . . . . . 105

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

4.1.

4.10.

LIST OF FIGURES

Mean Changes in Body Weight for the
Traditional and Experimental Groups. . .

Comparison of Test Differences (post-test

minus pre-test) in Body Weight between
the Traditional and Experimental Groups .

Mean Changes in Body Fat for the
Traditional and Experimental Groups. . .

A Comparison of Tests of the Differences
(post-test minus pre-test) in Body Fat

Between the Traditional and Experimental
Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean Changes in Resting Heart Rate for
the Traditional and Experimental Groups.

A Comparison of Test Differences (post-
test minus pre-test) in Resting Heart
Rate Between the Traditional and
Experimental Groups . . . . . . . . . .

Mean Changes in Resting Systolic Blood
Pressure for the Traditional and
Experimental Groups. . . . . . . . . . .

A Comparison of Test Differences (post-
test minus pre-test) in Resting Systolic
Blood Pressure Between the Traditional
and Experimental Groups. . . . . . . .

Mean Changes in Diastolic Blood Pressure
for the Traditional and Experimental
Groups 0 O O O O O I O O O O O O O O O O

A Comparison of Test Differences (post-

test minus pre-test) in Resting Diastolic

Blood Pressure Between the Traditional
and Experimental Groups. . . . . . . . .

xi

Page

67

68

7O

71

77

78

80

81

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

4.11.

4.17.

4.18.

4.19.

4.22.

LIST OF FIGURES, CONT'D.

Page
Mean Changes in Pull-up Scores for the
Traditional and Experimental Groups. . . 84

A Comparison of Test Differences (post-
test minus pre-test) in Pull-ups between
the Traditional and Experimental Groups. . 85

Mean Changes in Sit-ups Scores for the
Traditional and Experimental Groups. . . 87

A Comparison of Test Differences (post-
test minus pre-test) in Sit-ups Between
the Traditional and Experimental Groups. 88

Mean Changes in Vertical Jump Scores for
the Traditional and Experimental Groups. 90

A Comparison of Test Differences (post-

test minus pre-test) in the Vertical Jump
Between the Experimental and Traditional
Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Mean Changes in the Sit and Reach for the
Traditional and Experimental Groups. . . 94

A Comparison of Test Differences (post-

test minus pre-test) in the Sit and Reach
Between the Traditional and Experimental
Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Mean Changes in the Agility Run Scores
for the Traditional and Experimental
Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

A Comparison of Test Differences (post-
test minus pre-test) in the Agility Run
Between the Traditional and Experimental
Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Mean Changes in the One and One-half Mile
Run for the Traditional and Experimental
Groups 0 O O O O I I I O I O O O O O I O 100

A Comparison of Test Differences (post-

test minus pre-test) in the One and One-

half Mile Run Between the Traditional and
Experimental Groups. . . . . . . . . . . 101

xii

Plate

10

11

LIST OF PLATES

Exercise #1:
Exercise #8:
Exercise #2:
Exercise #9:
Exercise #3:

Exercise #10:

Exercise
walk. 0 O O O O O 0

Exercise #6 and #13:

Bench Step-up . . .

Exercise #5 and #12:

Exercise #7:

Exercise #14:

#4 and #11:

Pull—ups. . . . . . . .

Basket Hang . . . . . . .
Curling Sit-ups . . . . .
Leg Lifts . . . . . . . .
Squat Jump. . . . . . . .

Push-ups . . . . . . . .

Parallel Dips

Bench-blasts and

vault O O O O O .

Log-hop . . . . . . . . .

Log Walk . . . . . . . .

xiii

57
57
58

58

6O

60
62
63
63

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The majority of Kuwait's population leads a sedentary
lifestyle due to current technological advances. More than
half do not engage in any exercise or sport activities.
Inactivity is closely associated with the risk of heart
attack, high blood pressure, obesity, lower back pain,
emotional stress, and anxiety. The majority of Kuwaitis
work in office settings which require very little activity.
The law enforcement occupations, however, require strenuous
activity particularly in emergency situations. The police
officer who is not physically fit may fail to protect his
own life as well as the lives of others, thus failing to
correctly carry out his assignments. Unconditnmuxi
officers are more susceptible to exercise-induced injury
and many of the stress-related illnesses. Poor physical
fitness tin”; increases the probability of injury, forced
early retirement, and chronic absenteeism in the workplace.

The Kuwait Police Academy recognizes this as a serious
problem for its officers. One of the academy's prime
objectives is to utilize a well-constructed fitness program
for its future officers to become involved in a

1

professional as well as on a personal level. The
traditional calisthenics program at the academy has been
the only physical conditioning program used for 28 years.
This arbitrary physical fitness method has generated the
problems of promoting poor physical fitness levels,
injuries Uh“; to improper warm-ups), resignations, and a
general disinterest in exercise.

Bonney (1978) reported that the most frequent cause of
early police officer retirement in the U.S. has been heart-
related -- heart attacks, high blood pressure, and
circulatory disease. The second cause has been back
trouble, and the third has been some type of permanent
injury received while on duty.

Craig (1976) reported there is a growing number of
job-related injuries and illnesses which affect officer
performanceu Based cu) these problems, four conclusions
were made by the California Department of Justice:

1. State traffic officers may be required to conform
to standards of physical fitness which were not
in effect at the time the officers were
appointed.

2. Standards of physical condition which are not
arbitrary, discriminatory, or unreasonable may be

used to improve the efficiency of public service.

3. Valid standards may be enforced under provisions
of the State Civil Service Act.

4. Potential liability to the department "could
arise only where the officer's deficient physical

condition created or increased the risk of
injury" (pp. 13-17).

Craig concluded that the goal of the new standards was to
help officers stay in top physical condition throughout
their careers.

The majority of instructors at the Kuwait Police
Academy have little or no background in physical education
and have limited knowledge concerning pmysical trainrmg
techniques. They were selected because they were former
athletes.

Since traditional calisthenics has been the only
physical fitness program at the academy, and since it has
proven tx> be ineffective in meeting the fitness needs of
the academy officers, it was felt a new approach was
necessary; Upon examining various training programs, it
was determined that the use of a circuit training program
could meet.tflue training needs of the officer candidates.
By using a circuit training program developed specifically
for these recruits, a gradual improvement in physical
fitness could be obtained. It was decided that circuit
training could improve the problem of poor physical fitness

facing the academy at this time.

Statement of the Problem

 

The problem is to compare the effects of a specially
developed circuit training program with the effects of the
traditional calisthenics training program on the physical
fitness levels of the officer candidates at the Kuwait

Police Academy.

Purpose of the Study

 

The administrators of the Kuwait Police Academy
indicated the need for establishing a well-constructed
physical training program for future police officers. The
purpose of this study is to determine whether the selected
exercises and the total circuit training program will have
a significant effect on the candidate's physical fitness
performance. Physical fitness tests were given to the
first grtnup who exercised under the circuit training
program auui to the traditional group who exercised under
the traditional program. The results for the two groups
will be compared. This comparison should indicate
advantages enui disadvantages in the circuit training
program. LLE it is determined that the circuit training
program is ineffective in certain exercise areas, the
circuit could be altered specifically to ensure improvement

in that area.

Significance of the Study

 

This study is highly important because there has never
been a study of this type conducted in the State of Kuwait.
Information gathered from this study is important for
police administrators, supervisors, teachers, coaches,
officers, and officer candidates. The information should
reveal the strengths and weaknesses in the area of physical
performance of officer candidates. The information will
hopefully motivate them to utilize their training sessions
more effectively and efficiently because they will have a
better understanding of their personal pmysical fitness
levels as they relate to their effectiveness and efficiency
on the jcmn The police administration should also become
more aware of auui show more interest in the officer
candidates' performance as the candidates become stronger,
more flexible, and aerobically fit. As a result, the new
officers should perform their duties better and be able to

continue on their jobs longer.

Need for the Study

 

The present traditional calisthenic training method
used by the Kuwait Policy Academy has resulted in the poor
development and maintenance of a reasonable degree of

physical fitness in the police officer candidates.

Administrators at the academy recognize the need for a more
adequate level of pmysical fitness for their candidates.
Most of the Kuwait police officers are out of condition and
overweighta They could not be regarded as "healthy"
because the average police officer does not participate in
a regular physical activity program. This study will help
the police officers become more aware of the benefits of
physical fitness that enable them to perform their jobs at
the highest level of their abilities, and develop and

maintain their physical fitness at this same high level.

Assumptions

 

This study was based on the following assumptions:

1” The circuit training program as well as the
traditional calisthenics method may be effective
training methods for improving muscular endurance
and aerobic capacity.

2. Thel<xrrcuit training program (experimental) and
the traditional calisthenics training method may
improve resting heart rate and resting systolic
and diastolic blood pressure (cardiovascular
variables).

3. Both tine experimental group and the traditional
calisthenics group may improve in sit and reach
(flexibilitY), agility, and vertical jump
(power).

4. Both tflua experimental group and the traditional
group may reduce in body weight and body fat
(body composition).

Limitations

 

The limitations of the research were as follows:

1. The experimental period was limited to a lO-week
duration of four days per week.

2. The data were gathered from the Kuwait Police
Academy during January through March 1986, the
cool part of the year. During this period, the
average daily temperature was 50 to 60 degrees
fahrenheit.

3. The results were limited by the tests which could
be used under field conditions.

4. It was not possible to control the diets of the
subjects.

Delimitations

 

This study was limited to two groups of male officer
candidates 18 to 22 years of age who were randomly selected
at the freshmen level at the Kuwait Police Academy.

Research Hypotheses

 

To compare between the circuit training program
(experimental) and the traditional calisthenics training
program on the physical fitness level of the police officer
candidates at the police academy, the following hypotheses
were formulated:

Hypothesis 1: There is IN) statistically significant

difference in the body weight measures between the
experimental group and the traditional group.

 

Hypothesis 2: There is no statistically significant
difference 111 the body fat measures between the
experimental group and the traditional group.

 

Hypothesis 3: There is no statistically significant
difference in the heart rate measures between the
experimental group and the traditional group.

 

Hypothesis 4: There is IX) statistically significant
difference in resting systolic blood pressure measures
between the experimental group and the traditional
group.

 

Hypothesis 5: There is no statistically significant
difference in resting diastolic blood pressure
measures between the experimental group and the
traditional group.

 

Hypothesis 6: There is no statistically significant
difference 1J1 the pull-ups score between the
experimental group and the traditional group.

 

Hypothesis 7% There is IN) statistically significant
difference i1] the sit-ups scores between the
experimental group and the traditional group.

 

Hypothesis 8: There is no statistically significant
difference in vertical jump scores between the
experimental group and the traditional group.

 

Hypothesis 9: There is no statistically significant
difference in sit and reach (flexibility) scores
between the experimental group and the traditional
group.

 

Hypothesis 10: There is no statistically significant
difference in agility scores between the experimental
group and the traditional group.

 

Hypothesis 11: There is no statistically significant
difference in the one and one-half (1.5 mile) mile run
between the experimental group and the traditional
group.

 

Definition of Terms

 

Aerobic capacity: A functional measure of physical

 

fitness based on the measurement of maximal oxygen uptake-

Generally synonymous with terms maximal oxygen uptake and
cardiorespiratory endurance (Getchell, 1983).

Agility: Refers to the controlled ability to change
positjxni and direction rapidly and accurately (Bosco and
Gustafson, 1983).

Artery: A.vessel carrying blood away from the heart
(Fox and Mathews, 1981).

Blood pressure: The driving force that moves blood

 

through the circulatory system. Systolic pressure is
obtained when blood is ejected into the arteries; diastolic
pressure ix; obtained when blood drains from the arteries
(Fox and Mathews, 1981).

Calisthenic exercises: Systematic methods of moving

 

the body, generally executed without apparatus, in a
rhythmatical sequence (Souter, 1980).

Cardiorespiratory endurance: The ability of the lungs

 

and heart to take in and transport adequate amounts of
oxygen tx> the working muscles, allowing activities that
involve large muscle masses (e.g., running, swimming,
bicycling) to be performed over long periods of time (Fox

and Mathews, 1981).

10

Circuit training: A routine of selected exercises or

 

activities performed in sequence at individual stations.
The circuit may be performed slowly or on a timed basis
(Getchell, 1983).

Coronary arteries: The small blood vessels that

 

supply blood to the heart muscles (Hockey, 1985).

Duration: The amount of time the activity must be

 

sustained with the heart rate at a specified level to
result in significant improvement of cardiovascular fitness
(Hockey, 1985).

Endurance: A measure of one's ability to conthume

 

exercising with a given submaximal workload (Westcott,
1982).

Flexibility: The range of motion about a joint

 

(static flexibility); Opposition or resistance of a joint
to motion (dynamic flexibility) (Fox and Mathews, 1981).

Frequency: The number of workouts needed to reach a

 

training effect in conjunction with the intensity and
duration factors recommended (Getchell, 1983).

Heart rate: Frequency of contraction, often inferred

 

from pulse rate (expansion of artery resulting from beat of
heart) (Sharkey, 1977).

Intensity: The physiological stress on the body

 

during exercise. ‘The level of intensity can be readily

11

determined by measuring the pulse rate (heart rate)
immediately following an exercise bout (Getchell, 1983).

Isometric: A muscle contraction with the muscle

 

generating force that does not allow significant shortening

of the muscle (e.g., pushing against a wall) (Getchell,
1983).
Isotonic: .A muscle contraction with the muscle

 

generating force against a constant resistance with a
shortening of the muscle (e.g., curling a barbell)
(Getchell, 1983).

Maximal oxygen uptake (V02 max): Aerobic fitness.
Best::single measure of fitness with implications for
health; synonymous with cardiorespiratory endurance
(Sharkey, 1979).

Overload principle: Progressively increasing the

 

intensity of the workouts over the course of the training
program as fitness capacity improves (Fox and Mathews,
1981).

Physical fitness: The ability to carry out daily

 

tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, with
ample energy to enjoy leisure time pursuits, and to meet

unforeseen emergencies (Allsen, et al., 1984).

12

Skinfold caliper: An instrument used to measure the

 

thickness of fat folds pinched up on the body (Getchell,
1983).

Training effect: The term used to describe the many

 

physiological changes that result from participation in

vigorous muscular fitness activities (Getchell, 1983).
Ventilatory Efficiency (VE): The amount of

ventilation required per liter of oxygen consumed (Fox and

Mathews, 1981).

W

In the first chapter, the rationale for the purpose of
this study were presented. The assumptions and limitations
along with the definitions of important terms were also
presented» Research hypotheses in the null form were
stated.

Ln the second chapter, the selected literature and
research materials will be reviewed as they relate to the
basic elements of the study. The components of physical
fitness and the types of exercise programs will be
discussed, and the concept of circuit training will be
reviewed.

In the third chapter, the survey research methodology
of this study will be explained. First, the sampling

techniques will be detailed. Second, the experimental

13

design, testing administration and statistical analysis
that were used in interpreting the data will be examined.
Finally, the research hypotheses will be presented in
testable form.

In the fourth chapter, the data results will be
examined with regard to each of the hypotheses included in
the study.

Conclusions regarding the study will be drawn in the
fifth chapter. Implications of this study for the circuit
training program will be discussed. Finally, suggestions
for further research regarding circuit training as related

to total physical fitness will be presented.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes a review of research and related

literature pertinent to this study in the following areas:

1. Conditioning history at the Kuwait Police
Academy.
2. Research on conditioning at other police

academies in the United States.

3. The effect of an exercise program on: (a) the
incidence of coronary heart disease, (b) aerobic
capacity, (c) strength and endurance, and (d)
flexibility.

4. Types of physical fitness programs: (a)
cardiorespiratory endurance, (b) strength and
endurance -- isometric and isotonic exercise, (c)
flexibility, and (d) circuit training.

Conditioning History at the Kuwait Police Academy

 

An important administrative goal of the Kuwait Police
Academy is to increase the general physical fitness of its
police officer candidates. Lack of physical fitness has
been a continual problem at the academy since it opened in
1958. Operating the physical training program in a
traditional manner at the Kuwait Police Academy has been
the main problem. Usually the senior candidate leaders who

led tine physical training program were inexperienced, had

14

15

no theoretical knowledge of physical fitness, and had no
written physical fitness program to follow. The daily
program began with exercises at six o'clock in the morning
starting with 15 to 20 minutes of jogging, and followed by
10 to 15 minutes of calisthenics with a final jogging. The
candidates finished their exercises at six-forty, took
showers, ate breakfast, and got ready to begin their daily
police training schedules which started at 8:00 a.m.

Unfortunately, many times these physical training
sessions were used as a form of punishment for the
candidates rather than for creating the feeling of the
importance of maintaining personal physical fitness. For
example, the officer candidate who did not work hard enough
on the commands was given punishment by the senior officer
candidate leader, for being lazy or talking during the
physical training sessions and required to jog several laps
around the field as well as perform additional
calisthenics. The consequences of these punishment
sessions, included injury, fatigue, runaways (AWOL's),
resignations, and an all around dislike for exercise.

The first physical educator in charge of physical
training was hired at the academy in 1977, he established a
written physical fitness program and replaced the former

senior leaders with a staff of physical fitness instructors

16

who were former athletes from the academy's physical
education department. He reorganized the physical training
sessions and trained the new staff members using such
methods of training as calisthenics, strength and endurance
exercises, flexibility, and educated his staff in the
meaning of each component of physical fitness, but the
results of these new training sessions were the same.
There was still not enough improvement in the general
physical fitness of the officer candidates (a c0py of the
above program was not available). After reviewing the
literature, it appears that the physical training program
of the Kuwait Police Academy was not strenuous enough:
there vnus insufficient exercise frequency, graduated
intensity, and increased duration (length) of the training
period.

The officer candidate who is physically fit should be
able to improve physical performance in his daily job tasks
and adjust to the occasional heavy physical demands of such
emergency situations as running, assisting a victim, or
chasing a suspect.

Conditioning Research on Police Officers
in the United States

 

Many studies have been conducted on police performance

in order to improve their general pmysical fitness,

17

especially in three general areas: cardiorespiratory
endurance, muscular strength and endurance, and
flexibility.

Researchers seem to agree that any training program
must include intensity, duration, and frequency in order to
improve general physical fitness. Emes et al. (1981)
reported that the key to developing fitness is not
necessarily the activity engaged in, but the frequency,
duration, and intensity of the activity when performed.
Bucher and Prentice (1985) said that the "principle of
overload" must be included in training programs. Overload
is a gradual increase in the intensity of the physical
activity which is a part of the training program. For
example, tx> improve cardiorespiratory endurance through
jogging, exercise intensity must be sufficient to stress
the cardiovascular system. This stress must be provided so
that over a period of time the system will improve to the
point at vfiflxfli it can easily accommodate the additional
stress.

Heyward (1984) stated that the intensity and duration
of exercise are inversely related; the higher the exercise
intensity, the shorter the duration of the exercise. Fox
and Mathews (1981) reported that "the progressive overload

principle implies that exercise resistance is near maximal

18

and that it is gradually increased as the person's fitness
capacity! improves through the course of the training
program" (p. 262).

Byrd (1976) conducted a study regarding the impact of
physical fitness on police performance. He used two groups
of patrolmen: 45 in an experimental group and 45 in a
control group. Both groups were matched by age, sex, and
physical agility. The experimental group had one hour per
week training sessions and individualized programs for six
months an: the Young Mens Christian Association. The
equipment used lJl'thiS program included an indoor pool,
universal weight-lifting machines, and a running area. The
control group knew nothing of the study. The tests used to
measure physical fitness were: grip strength, pull-ups,
visual reaction time, 25 meter speed test (running), vital
capacitqz, maximal breathing capacity, cardiovascular-
pulmonary, blood pressure, pulse rate, and anthropometric
measures.

The results of this study showed that after six months
of training, there was a significant improvement in the
experimental group over the control group. The improvement
was in muscular endurance, visual reaction time, maximum
breathing capacity, resting heart rate, systolic blood

pressure, and weight. Byrd (1976) concluded that improving

19

the physical fitness levels of police officers will lead to
long term savings in sick time, injury, and heart illness.

Another study concerning the physical fitness status
of police officers was conducted by Klinzing (1980). A
comparison was made between 15 volunteer police officers
and a group of undergraduates attending Cleveland State
Universityx .All subjects were given a physical fitness
test including V02 max (maximal oxygen uptake), body
compositjtni, hand grip and bench press strength, sit and
reach flexibility, pull-ups, sit-ups, 12 minute run, and
agility run. He found that the police officers had greater
percentages of body fat, covered less distance in the 12
minute run, and performed fewer pull-ups and sit-ups;
howevemy. their sit and reach flexibility was similar and
their grip strength was superior. As a result of these
tests, Ina concluded that emphasis on developing physical
fitness is essential in police work.

Stamford et a1. (1978) conducted an experimental study
regarding the status of police officer fitness. There were
136 males and females ranging from 20 to 55 years of age.
The main activity for these subjects was running, which was
supplemented vdJfli calisthenics, weight training, and
combative techniques. Data were collected from subjects in

four separate classes over a two-year period. A minimum of

20

one hour per day, five days per week was invested in
fitness activities. The fitness measures included maximal
oxygen uptake (V02 max) on the Monark bicycle ergometer.
Body fat was measured using the Skinfold technique. The
two arm pull-up was utilized as an estimate of upper body
strength. The results revealed that there were significant
increases in V02 max and upper body strength as well as a
decrease in body fatness of male recruits; and there was a
greater increase in V02 max for females than males.

Gettmari (1977) constructed an experimental study
regarding the effects of various exercise programs on six
groups of police officers. The exercise sessions were held
for 45 nunutes three times per week for 20 weeks. There
were three experimental groups who participated in exercise
programs, and three control groups who did not participate
in any exercise activities. Experimental group one (aged
22 tx> 35) participated iJ1.a jogging program, experimental
group two (aged 22 to 35) participated in a weight lifting
program, and experimental group three (aged 36 to 55) used
progressive jogging as their exercise program and it was
similar to the one given to group one.

The results indicated significant improvement in
working capacity, cardiovascular function, body

compositdtni, strength, and muscular endurance for groups

21

one auui three; however group two, involved in the weight
lifting program, showed no significant improvement in any
of these areas. The researcher's conclusion was that
future exercise programs for police officers should include
a combination of running, strength training, and motor
development.

Collingwood (1980) reported a study regarding on duty
police and their physical activity. As a group, police had
high rates of physical and emotional problems related to
stress because of inactive job tasks and lifestyles. His
conclusion was that one way to reduce stress is to provide
training auul educational programs for police officers to
help them maintain individualized physical fitness
programs.

All of tflue previous studies advocated that a well-
planned.anui well-constructed physical training program is
essentiaJ.:flor police officers to maintain mental and
physical well being. Improving all of the physical fitness
elements such as cardiovascular endurance, muscular
strength and endurance, flexibility, power, and agility
should reduce injuries, stress, early retirement, and
absenteeism in the workplace, while motivating the police
officers to continue participating in a physical training

program.

22

Effects of an Exercise Program

 

Effects on Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Many physiologists and physicians have been
encouraging people to engage in exercise and sports
programs because the more physically active individmahs
appear to have a lower risk of coronary heart diseame.
Arnot (1984) said that evidence from studies of laboratory
animals suggested that obstructions in the coronary
arteries that provide blood to the heart muscles can be
prevented, decreased, or delayed by exercise. The author
continued by saying that blood pressure, another important
factor, may contribute to cardiac risk. All of these risk
factors may be significantly decreased, by increasing
physical training activities.

One of the first CHD studies initiated by Morris
(1975) at time University of London tested groups of bus
drivers and bus conductors. Morris found that the city's
bus drivers had 30 percent more heart attacks than did the
conductors tun) walked Lu; and down the double-decker bus
collecting fares. Chave et al. (1978) also found similar
results when reviewing the exercise patterns and CHD risk
status of thousands of civil servants. Pollack et al.

(1978) reported that the role of exercise in cardiovascular

23

disease was unclear at that time (1978). It would appear
from a large number of studies, that people who are
physically active have a lower incidence of cardiovascular
disease when compared with those who are sedentary.

Froelicher et a1. (1981) and Wyndham (1979) said that
there is strong evidence that indicates that higher levels
of activity are associated with a reduced risk of cardio-
vascular disease. Strauss (1984) reported that results of
animal research supported the hypothesis that physically
active individuals have greater resistance to coronary
heart disease and its clinical manifestations.

Paffenbarger et al. (1978) reported that the study of
leisure time exercise patterns and health status among
college alumni showed that heart attacks decline with
increased activity in individuals of all ages. Kulumfl
(1982) reported that active people had only 50 percent of
the incidence of coronary artery disease manifestations and
30 percent less mortality from coronary artery disease when
compared to less active persons. Regular physical activity
of a moderate to high level may decrease one's risk for

developing the manifestations of coronary artery disease.

Effects on Aerobic Capacity
Considerable information is available concerning the

changes in the cardiovascular system during exercise.

24

Astrand (1968) stated that the most important of these
change responses was the increase of maximal oxygen uptake
or aerobic capacity. The maximal oxygen uptake (max 02)
was defined by Astrand as the highest oxygen intake the
individual can attain during physical work while breathing
at sea level.

Brook and Fahey (1985) took the position that the
whole body maximal oxygen cmwmumption (V02 max) was the
best measure of the work capacity of the cardiovascular
system. Changes in cardiovascular function during exercise
depend (Hi the type and intensity of the exercise. Corbin
and Lindsey (1984) stated that through endurance activities
the heart muscle gets stronger, as does any muscle of the
body during endurance exercises. The heart is then able to
work1rmmre efficiently and effectively. It can pump more
blood and oxygen to the body with each contraction, and
thus does not need to beat as frequently as a less fit
heart, and more work can be accomplished with less effort.

Gettman et al. (1976) discovered a significant
increase in maximal oxygen uptake (V02 max) for a group of
male police cadets whose initial V02 max was a substandard
40.0 ml/kg/min. These cadets entered into a circuit weight
training program for 20 weeks and their generally poor

cardiorespiratory condition was favorably influenced by the

25

length and intensity of the training regimen. Consequent-
ly, the literature indicates that the effect of circuit
weight training on cardiorespiratory fitness is dependent
upon many variables, none of which was satisfactorily
isolated in past experimentation.

Wilmore et a1. (1976) found that subjects showed a
significant increase in maximal oxygen uptake during a
three day per week, 10-week program of circuit weight
training; The authors concluded that circuit training is
an adequate general conditioning activity with a
significant aerobic component.

Girandola enui Katch (1973) studied the effects of a
nine-week circuit training program on 29 college men.
There were 11 different exercises per circuit, consisting
<of calisthenics, running, and weight training. Each
participant in the study was asked to complete the circuit
three times during each training session. Each subject
also completed pre- and post- V02 max tests on a Monarch
bicycle ergometer. Significant changes were found in their
V02 max.

VanHuss 6M: al. (1969) indicated that involvement in
any physical activity of moderate intensity for several
minutes produces an increase in pulse rate, oxygen

consumption, more air breath per respiration, higher body

26

core temperature of working musculature, and an opening of
additional functional small blood vessels in working
muscles and lungs. The effects of the exercise throws the
body out of balance, and as a result, the body reflexes and
the hormonal system functions in a particular manner in
order to maintain the individual during work, and then
returns the body to normal function as soon as possible

after exercise.

Effects on Strength and Endurance

 

Hales and Hales (1985) pointed out that exercise
enables muscles to work efficiently and reliably.
Conditioned muscles function more smoothly and contract
more vigorously anfli less effort than unconditioned
muscles. Getchell (1983) said that involvement in training
activities can increase strength and the thickness of
connective tissue within and around muscle. DeVries (1986)
stated that.tflua muscle grows larger in girth when it is
trained with adequate heavy resistance exercise. This
growth could.kx2 the result of either the enlargement of
each muscle fiber (hypertrophy), or an increasing in the
number of cells (hyperplasia).

Fkn< and Mathews (1981) pointed out that muscular
strength and endurance will be developed effectively by

providing an "exercise overload.” Increase in muscular

27

strength, and endurance, are associated with physiological
changes such as increased muscle size, small biochemical
alterations, and adaptations within the nervous system and
can be significantly improved with properly planned weight

resistance exercise programs.

Effects on Flexibility

 

Flexibility has been recognized as one of the major
components of physical fitness. Many researchers reported
that flexibility is significant for success in physical
fitness exercises, sports, and general good health. Poor
flexibility is often associated with muscle injury and
chronic lower back problems.

Johnson and Nelson (1986) defined flexibility as the
ability to move the body and its parts through a wide range
of motion without undue strain to articulation and muscle
attachments.

F%n( and Mathews (1981) reported that flexibility
exercises can be performed in two common ways: static or
ballistic movements. Static stretching involves stretching
without jerking or bouncing, followed by holding the final
stretched position for a given amount of time. Ballistic
stretching involves jerking or active movement with the
final position not being held. The authors stated that

both types of stretching will improve flexibility, but the

28

static method is the preferred method because there is less
danger of tissue damage. The energy requirement for the
static method is less, and there is prevention and relief
from muscular distress and soreness.

DeVries (1962) did a study that supported the claim
that flexibility at the hip and lower back can be increased
significantly with either ballistic or slowetension
(static) exercises. 'Phe subjects who performed the
ballistic exercises experienced soreness, but those who did

slow-tension stretching suffered little or no soreness.
Types of Exercise Programs

Cardiorespiratory Endurance Exercise

This is considered to be the most important area of
the physical fitness program. Through cardiorespiratory
exercise, the body becomes more capable of processing and
delivering oxygen to the affected muscle tissue. There are
four major training principles that must be considered in
the promotion of cardiovascular endurance. These
principles are: type, frequency, duration, and intensity
of exercise.

lflua type of exercises that improve cardiorespiratory
endurance are repetitive exercises that use large muscle

groups. These include such aerobic activities as running

29

two miles in less than 20 minutes, swimming 800 yards in 20
minutes, or cycling five males in less than 20 minutes.
Wilmore (1981) stated that the main purpose of
cardiorespiratory exercise is to build stamina and
endurance and build a healthy and strong heart-lung
relationship. Frequency of exercise is necessary to
improve cardiorespiratory endurance, so it is important to
engage in exercise three to four times per week, but not
less than three times per week. Duration should be between
20 to 40 nunutes per day of endurance training activities
with the heart rate elevated to a training level.
Intensity should be maintained at between approximately 60
to 80 percent of the individual's capacity. Exercising at
tux) low of an intenSity will result in little or no
improvement.

Bucher and Prentice (1985) stated that "because heart
rate is linearly related to the intensity of the exercise
as well as to the rate of oxygen consumption, it becomes a
relatively simple process to identify a specific workload
(pace) that will make the heart rate plateau at the desired
level". The authors commented that the most reliable
measure of heart rate is the radial artery located on the
thumb side of the wrist joint. Place the index and middle

fingers on the thumb side of the flexor tendon. A strong

30

pulse should be located. Each pulse represents one heart
beat. Then, the heart rate should be nmmitored for 10
seconds. After 10 seconds, multiply the number of heart
beats by six to get the total number of beats per minute.
Heart rate can be increased or decreased by either speeding
up or slowing down the exercise pace.

Allsen (1984) gave a relatively simple estimate of a
person's maximum heart rate which is subtracting the
participant's age from 220. This gives an estimate of his
maximum heart rate. Bucher and Prentice (1985) pointed out
that the intensity of the workload will usually plateau
after two to three minutes of activity.

An aerobic program developed by Dr. Kenneth Cooper
(1982) was based on the needs of military personnel. His
program included a variety of aerobic activities. Point
values were given for the different types of exercises
involved. Cooper (1968) said that aerobic activities
pronmnxa cardiovascular fitness and make the heart muscle
stronger; therefore, it can pump more blood. The program
utilized common activities, and depending on the energy
expenditure, points were equated with performance. The
more strenuous activities were given a higher point value.
The harder one worked in the aerobic exercise program, the

greater the demand for oxygen. The more the aerobic

31

capacity improved, the more oxygen the body was able to
process in a given time.

DeVries (1986) and Hockey (1985) stated that to
improve aerobic capacity (or V02 max), there were three
important variables of training that must be considered:
(a) frequency, (b) duration, and (c) intensity. Intensity
of traiJUJu; is the most important variable that dictates
the magnitude of change. Pollock et a1. (1978) pointed out
that a training intensity 50 to 80 percent of one's
endurance capacity (maximal oxygen uptake) appears to be
optimal. This can be determined by knowing that the heart
rate is equivalent to the selected working intensity.

Cooper (1968) stated that vigorous exercise producing
a sustained heart rate of 150 beats per minute for 12 to 20
minutes a day can improve aerobic capacity. Wilmore (1981)
stated that a training heart rate set at 70 percent of the
individual's maximal heart rate represents a level of only
60 txa 65 percent of his maximal oxygen uptake. This has
been iknuui to be sufficient to produce a substantial
training response.

All training programs are based on monitoring heart
rate during aerobic activity. An increase or decrease in

heart rate can be achieved by altering the pace.

32

Strength and Endurance

 

The police officer candidate needs to increase muscle
strength in order to enable him to successfully encounter
an emergency situation such as saving somebody's life or
property. Corbin and Lindsey (1985) said it is essential
to have strong muscles in order to prevent lower back pain,
promote good posture, prevent injuries, and improve
athletic performance. Two types of strength and endurance
exercises are isometric and isotonic.

Isometric Exercise. Isometric exercise is

 

characterized by physical exercise that contracts muscles
when force is being exerted by an immovable resistance.
Marley (1982) stated that there is little muscle shortening
and IN) appreciable movement. Consequently, it is a very
poor cardiorespiratory activity and because there is no
movement during isometric exercise, coordination, and
flexibility are not increased. Corbin and Lindsey (1985)
reported tfluit "isometric exercises are effective for
developing strength and require no equipment and only
minimal space. However, these exercises do not develOp as
much strength as isotonic exercises, nor do muscles
hypertrophy as much" (p. 48).

Wilmore (1981) stated that isometric exercises can be

performed without equipment. Necessary resistance can be

33

provided by pushing or pulling against immovable objects,
using towels, chairs, and other similar objects. There are
two main disadvantages with isometric exercise: first, it
is impossible to know how much force is being exerted, and
second, the lack of information and feedback is a hindrance
to motivation.

According to VanHuss et a1. (1969), isometric exercise
appears to be an excellent way to develop strength and it
is as effective as weight training. Isometrics are
effective only if they are maximal, held for six to 10
seconds, and are executed at a nunimum of three positions
in the joint's range of motion. The authors stated that a
combination of both isometric and isotonic (static and
dynamic) exercise can improve both power and strength.

Isotonic Exercise. Strength exercises utilizing

 

isotonic contractions of the muscles are a popular form of
exercise. Hockey (1985) said that "an isotonic contraction
occurs vfluun the force generated by the muscle is greater
than the resistance. Movement occurs at the joint
involved, and there is a shortening and lengthening of the
muscles involved" (p. 56).

Corbin and Lindsey (1985) stated that isotonic refers
to activities in which the muscles alternately shorten and

lengthen such as calisthenics and weight lifting. The

34

major advantage of isotonic training is that a full range
of motion can be performed. One disadvantage is that this
type of exercise does little to increase strength unless
more resistance is added. Isotonic calisthenics, such as
sit-ups and push-ups, are suitable for people with
different ability levels, and can be used to improve both
strength and muscle endurance.

The exercises in this study consist of isotonic
movements incorporated into a circuit training design in
order to promote muscular strength, muscular endurance, and

cardiovascular fitness.

Circuit Training Program

The notion of circuit training was developed by Morgan
.and Adamson (1961) in 1953. The authors developed a
circuit: training pmogram because of the physical fitness
levels of the students who were attending Leeds University.
Their purpose was to improve all-around fitness rather than
fitness required for any particular activity or game.
Capon (1979) said that a carefully planned circuit training
activity is the most challenging and motivating method for
developing physical fitness and motor skills. Historical-
ly, circuit training is a modification of the obstache

course concept utilized in military training.

35

Researchers have been performing many experhmnmal
studies on the effects of circuit training on physical
fitness components. Howell et al. (1963) conducted an
experimental study on the effects of circuit training on
two groups of 17 freshmen using the Modified Harvard Step
Test. This test i45.a cardiovascular measure of the
circulatory system to response and recovery from physical
exertion. Group I, the experimental group, executed a
circuit training program twice a week for one month. The
control group utilized the regular service program
consisting of badminton and volleyball. Results showed
that after one month on the Modified Harvard Step Test,
there was significant improvement in the experimental
group; however, the control group did not show this same
improvement.

A study was conducted by Taylor (1961) on 42
businessmen fhxnn the Vancouver YMCA. The subjects were
equally divided into three groups. Two experiment groups
(1 and 2), and one control group (group 3). Group 1 was
given a calisthenics program, group 2 was given a circuit
training program, and group 3 was a control group. All
three groups were given a pre— and post-test over a two
month experimental period. The two tests given were the

Larson Muscular Strength Test (chin-ups, arm dips, and

36

vertical jumps) and the Harvard Step Test (cardiovascular
measurement of the circulatory system). The results showed
that both experimental groups improved significantly in the
cardiovascular and muscular strength tests. There were no
statistically significant differences between the two
experimental groups. The control group showed no
statistically significant improvement in cardiovascular and
muscular strength tests. The conclusion was that both the
calisthenics and circuit training programs were effective
methods of improving the cardiovascular and muscular status
of the businessmen.

Wilmore et al. (1978) performed an experimental study
of tflua physiological alternations consequent to circuit
weight training. Two experimental groups of 16 men and 12
women practiced circuit weight training three days per week
for 10 weeks. The two control groups did not participate
in any organized physical activities. The results showed
that time experimental groups had significant increases in
lean body weight, flexed biceps girth, treadmill endurance
time, maximum ventilatory efficiency (VE max -- women
only), V02 max in ml/kg/min. (women only), flexibility, and
strength. Significant decreases were found in selected
Skinfold measurements, and in resting heart rate. (The

control group showed similar decreases.) No changes were

37

found in body weight or in relative or absolute body fat.
It was concluded that circuit weight training is a good
general conditioning activity, because it attends to more
than one component of fitness. Pollock and Jackson (1977)
and Wilmore et al. (1978) indicated that a training program
of eight to 10 weeks in duration generally results in less
change in body composition than a program of longer
duration.

Watt (1961) conducted an experimental study on a
comparison of two methods of physical fitness training in
low fitness males at the University of Oregon. The
subjects of 38 freshmen of age ranged between 18-20 year
olds; were randomly assigned in two groups. Group A of 21
subjects was given standard developmental exercises used at
the University of Oregon since 1952, group B of 17 subjects
was given circuit training exercises used by Morgan and
Adamson. All subjects were given a pre-and post-test over
an eleven week experimental period. The tests given were
pull-ups, (H) second sit-ups, leg lifts, 300 yard shuttle
run, and sargent vertical jump.

The results showed that both experimental groups
improved significantly in all test items except in the
pull-ups test. Both showed no significant improvment. The
conclusion was that both methods of fitness training were
effective 1J1 improving cardiorespiratory function as
measured by the 300 yard shuttle-run, and power as as

measured by the vertical jump.

38

A study was conducted by Fusco and Butin (1974) on 60
male college freshmen between the ages of 16 and 22. The
subjects were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1
was given a distance running program, group 2 was given a
weight circuit training program, and group 3 was a control
groupn The training programs were done as part of their
regular physical education classes: three times per week,
50 minutes per session, for nine weeks.

The tests given were the Harvard Step Test, grip
strength, resting heart rate, resting systolic and
diastolic blood pressure, and finger temperature
(peripheral vasoconstriction). The results showed that
both of the experimental groups improved significantly over
the control group on the Harvard Step Test. Improvements
were shown in the resting heart rate and resting diastolic
and systolic blood pressure, and there was no significant
difference between both experimental groups. Significant
improvement was found in grip strength for the weight
circuit training group over the distance running group and
control group, but there was no significant difference in
improvement of the means between groups 1 and 3. Con-
sequently, the literature indicated that the effects of
distance running and weight circuit training improved
(cardiovascular fitness; however, weight circuit training
can improve strength over distance running.

Morgan and Adamson (1961) stated that circuit training

has three main characteristics:

39

1” It aims at the development of muscular and
circulo-respiratory fitness.

2. It applies the principle of progressive overload.

3. It enables large numbers of performers to train
at the same time by employing a circuit of
consecutively numbered exercises around which
each performer progresses, doing prescribed
allocations of work, and checking progress
against the clock. (p. 31)

It is not possible to assess the effectiveness of
"circuit training" as circuits differ. One can only assess
the improvements produced as a result of the exerciaas
selected for the circuit.

Sorani (1966) said that circuit training has many
benefits for individuals. It improves cardiovascular
functitni, muscular strength, endurance, and joint
flexibility; it develops an understanding of the role of
exercise in maintaining good health and coordination; and
it provides relaxation and release of tension.

Circuit training has the following advantages:

1. Circuit training can be set up in any adequate
area whether inside or outside.

2. It is inexpensive.

3. It can be changed by adding or subtracting
stations and/or repetitions.

4. It does not require many instructors.

5. Instructions are self-explanatory, using
pictures.

6. It enables large numbers of persons to train
together at the same time.

4O

7. The exercises are easily standardized so that the
participant is able to perform the same way each
day.

8. The participant knows exactly how he progresses
each day. He can set a daily goal and

objectively see how he is progressing toward the
target time.

9. Economy of time is inherent in the organization
of a circuit.

10. A training circuit is easy to supervise. (p. 5)

Smith et al. (1979) stated that, "circuit training has
proven to be one of the best ways to achieve physiological
conditioning among students in physical education classes
or members of athletic teams" (p. 60). Under optimum
conditions, circuit training utilizes load, repetitions,
and time to improve strength, muscular endurance, and
circulorespiratory endurance.

In conclusion, the future officer candidates need to
engage in a well-constructed physical training program to
improve tflueir general physical fitness. A carefully
planned circuit training program is one of the most
challenging and motivating methods for improving all-around
fitness auui for maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Consequently, more research in the area of circuit training
is needed in order to determine the effects of the training
progranicni the physical fitness levels of the future

officer candidates at the Kuwait Police Academy.

41

Summary

In Chapter II, a theoretical base and related research
were established for this study. Many researchers such as
Byrd, Klinzing, Stamford, Gettman and Collingwood were
cited for their contributions in the area of physical
fitness. Their work contributed to the quality of
conditioning of police officers in the United States. The
effects of exercise programs on coronary heart disease
(CHD) were also included by this investigator. The effects
of exercise on aerobic capacity were addressed by Astrand,
Brooks and Fahey, Gettman et al., Wilmore et al., Girandola
and Katch, and VanHuss et al.; the effects of exercise on
strength euul endurance were reviewed by Hales and Hales,
Getchell, DeVries, and Fox and Mathews; the effects of
exercise (Ml flexibility were reviewed by Johnson and
Nelsmni, Fox and Mathews, and DeVries. Types of exercise
programs were reviewed by Wilmore, Bucher and Prenthua,
Allsen, Cooper, DeVries, Corbin and Lindsey, Marley,
VanHuss, anui Hockey. Finally, circuit training programs
were addressed by Morgan and Adamson, Capon, Homell et al.,
Taylor, Wilmore et al., Watt, Fusco and Butin, and Sorani.
Those reviewed were considered to have importance relative
to this study.

In the next chapter, the research design for this

study will be detailed.

CHAPTER III

PROCEDURES

The primary purpose of this study was to compare the
circuit training program with the traditional calisthenics
training program on the physical fitness levels of the

officer candidates at the Kuwait Police Academy.

Selection of Subjects

 

Sixty male subjects were selected, but only 59
participated in this investigation. They were all freshmen
cofficer candidates enrolled at the Kuwait Police Academy
during the winter semester of 1986. The ages of the
subjects ranged from 18 to 22 years.

The subjects were randomly assigned into two groups.
One group, identified as the experimental group, used the
circuit training program. The other group, identified as
the traditional group, used the academy's traditional
calisthenics training program. All subjects were non-
athletjk:, so each individual was encouraged to exert
maximum effort during the entire circuit training program,

and traditional calisthenics training program.

42

43

Pilot Study

 

Six selected officer candidates were in the one-week
pilot study. The purpose of the pilot study was to:

1. Determine the time needed for conducting the
circuit training program.

2. Check the accuracy of the test apparatus.

3. Determine the appropriate number of assistant
instructors needed for this study.

4. Receive feedback from the subjects and the
instructors.

5. Determine any relevant changes to be made as a

result of information obtained from the pilot
study procedure.

Experimental Design

 

The 59 officer candidate subjects were randomly
assigned into two groups. The experimental group utilized
ttma circuit: training program while the traditional group
trained with the academy's calisthenics program. The
exercise sessions were four days each week: Satunkun
Sunday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. Both groups participated,
in their respective programs, for 40 minutes between three
and four o'clock in the afternoon. The two groups competed
irl intramural volleyball and basketball activities at six
a.m. twice a week for 35 minutes.

The experimental group was provided with instructions

regarding time level at which the exercise was to be

44

performed. Each subject was given a record card that
assisted him in recording his workout days, the date, and
the number of repetitions and sets completed on the circuit
(see Appendix A).

Before each circuit training session, the subjects
warmed.iup for five to seven minutes to help prepare their
bodies for vigorous movement and to avoid injury. They did
some static stretching exercises (for the lower back,
hamstring and calf muscles, and upper body) and light
jogging (two to three laps around the circuit area).

There were 14 separate exercises on the seven station
circuit:aat the academy, with each station serving a dual
purpose. These stations were organized in sequential order
to avoid a similar type of exercise being placed next to
another at the stations (see Appendix C). All stations
took the individual differences in physical ability of the
candidates into consideration. There were two candidates
at each station, one was to count and the other to record
the number of repetitions. At the command of a shrill
whistle, each candidate started the exercise indicated at
his station and continued for 30 seconds. Emring this
time, he performed as many repetitions as he could until a
deeper whistle indicated the end of the 30-second time

periodt ‘The candidate then ran to the next station where

45

he started a different exercise at the sound of the whistle
and so forth.

All subjects continued these procedures at each
station until two to three sets of the circuit had been
completed, then they ran two to three laps around the
circuit. Between each set of the circuit they were allowed
to rest for 30 to 60 seconds. After all sets of the 14
exercise stations and the running laps were completed, each
candidate monitored his pulse heart rate at the wrist just
below the base of the thumb. The pulse was counted for 10
seconds and multiplied by six. The total number of heart
beats per minute indicated how strenuous the exercises
were, vfiflxfli in turn helped the researcher determine the
effectiveness of the exercises.

After the circuit training program and the
calisthenics training program were completed, a gradual
(xxal-down followed to avoid sore muscles. The cool-down
was very similar to the warm-up: a slow jog or walk (two
to three laps) followed by static stretching exercises
which were done in order to continue the pumping action of
the muscles and to promote circulation.

The traditional group performed the calisthenics
program still in use at the academy. The calisthenic

«exercises included arm circles, jumping jacks, alternate

46

tuna touches, trunk rotation, push-ups, sit-ups, side
stretch, hamstring stretch, forward bend squat jumps, side

leg raises, and jogging.

Testing Administration

 

Testing sessions were also conducted at the Kuwait
Police Academy. A testing team was composed of five
physical fitness instructors from the academy, including
the investigator who directed the test. The testing team
that administered and measured these tests met together
several times to study the testing procedures. In
additjtni, each tester had a copy of the test sheet as a
reference prior to and during administration of the test.

During the first meeting, the subjects were instructed
to arrivme 15 minutes before each testing session. Each
subject had his height and weight recorded, along with his
body fat, resting heart rate, and resting systolic and
diastolic blood pressure. After these procedures, the
following physical fitness tests were given to all
subjects: pull-ups, two minute sit-ups, Sargent's vertical
jump (power), sit and reach (flexibility), Illinois agility
run, and 1.5 ndle run. These tests were conducted in the
gymnasium at the academy, except the 1.5 mile run which was
conducted the following day on 440 yard tartan surface

track at Kaifan High School near Kuwait City.

47

There were two testing sessions during this study: a
pre-test given before the training period, and a post-test
was given 10 weeks later at the end of the training period.
Both tests were recorded on an individual data sheet for

each subject (see Appendix B).

Test Battery

 

The physical fitness test battery was conducted during
per-post testing sessions on all of the subjects. The

following test battery was measured.

Body Weight Measures

 

Body weight was recorded before and after the study.
The weight was recorded in kilograms for all subjects. The
body weight measure will be used to estimate weight gain or

reduction (see Appendix D).

Body Fat Measures

 

Body fat was taken by a skinfold measure (calipers).
The subjects were measured before and after the lO-week
period.<xf study, and the results were averaged together.
The skinfold measure method will be used (triceps, biceps,
subscapular, and suprailiac) and thin body fat will be
computed by employing the technique described by Durnin and

Rahaman (1967) (see Appendix D).

48

Resting Heart Rate

 

Tflue resting heart rate test was taken with a
stethoscope placed in the center of the chest. The number
of heart beats within a 10-second period were multiplied by
six to get the total number of beats per minute. The heart
rate test was taken while the subject was lying down on his
back. .All subjects were tested by the investigator (see
Appendix E).

Resting Systolic and Diastolic
Blood Pressure Measures

 

 

Resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure tests
simply required the subject to lie on his back while a
blood pressure cuff was placed around his right arm. Both
systolic auui diastolic blood pressure were recorded (see

Appendix E).

Pull-up Test

 

The pull-up test (AAHPERD, 1976) is a measure of the
muscular strength and endurance for the arms, shoulders,
and chest. The subjects grasped the overhead bar with
palms facing forward, hanging with arms straight and elbows
locked, their feet off the floor. At the command "go" the
subject pulled up until his chin was over the top of the
bar and horizontal to the floor. Then, he returned down to

the starting position. The subject was required to perform

49

as many pull-ups as possible. Each repetition for which
the subject did not place his chin over the top of the bar,
or during which he kicked and swung, was not counted (see

Appendix F).

Sit-up Test (With Bent Knees)

 

Tfima intent of the sit-up measure is to estimate the
muscular strength and endurance of the abdominal muscles
(AAHPERD, 19573. The subject lay flat on his back with
Iknees bent at approximately a 90 degree angle. The feet
were held by a partner in order to keep them on the mat at
all times. Fingers had to be interlocked behind the head.
At the command "go" the subject raised the upper body
forward to the vertical position so that the chest touched
the thighs and then returned to the prone position. The
subject had to do all sit-ups correctly within a two-minute

period in order to be recorded (see Appendix F).

Sargent's Vertical Jump Test

The measurement of the vertical jump will be used to
estimate tine explosive isotonic strength of the extensor
muscles in the legs and feet (Sargent, 1921). Each subject
luui three trials. The average of the three measurements
was recorded. This test required a wallboard marked off in

inches as well as centimeters. Each subject in turn stood

50

sideways ix) the wall, with the hand closest to the wall
raised as high as possible under the wallboard. The
examiner stood on a step ladder to measure the reaching
height of'tflua jumper. The subject then took a crouched
position with both hands at his side. At the command "go"
the subject jumped as tugh as possible to touch the
wallboard at tflua peak of the vertical jump with his
fingers. The examiner recorded each trial (see Appendix

G).

Sit and Reach Test

 

The sit and reach test was reported by Wells and
Dillon (1952). This test is used to estimate the
flexibility of the hamstrings. The subject sat on the
rubber matting with knees fully extended and the bottoms of
his feet against the two-foot stops which were 30 cm.
apart» The subject bent his trunk forward and held the
position of maximum reach. The knees were to remain
straight in order to read the measuring tape (see Appendix

H).

Illinois Agilitnyun

The agility run test (Cureton, 1951) will be used to
estimate the runner's speed and ease with change of body
position. Each subject had one chance to perform this

test. The subjects stood at the starting line in a prone

position with hands at the sides of the body. At the
command "go" the subjects sprinted 30 feet (9.14 m.) until
cnue foot touched the line, ran around the medicine ball,
arml sprinted back toward the starting line. Then a left
turn was made around the first medicine ball, followed by a
zig-zag around each ball, and then another zig-zag toward
‘the starting line. A left turn was made around the last
ball, touching the line, and then returning at full speed

across the finish line (see Appendix I).

1.5 Mile Run Test

 

This test was reported by Jackson (1974) to measure
aerobic capacitqn. The subjects were instructed to wear
suitable clothing and shoes for running. All subjects were
instructed to cover the 1.5 mile course in the fastest
possible time. All subjects participated in the pre-
running stretches and calisthenics to help prevent
injuries. They had to run around a 400-meter tartan track
at Kaifan High School. If the subject became winded or had
muscle cramps he could walk, but the 1.5 mile course had to

be covered and the time recorded.

Statistical Analysis

 

The t-test will be used to determine the significance

CHE training effect for each parameter measure. The test

52

one-test two differences for each group were also compared
using paired tetest to determine the significance of the
training effect between groups. A significance level of

0.05 was set for all analyses.

Testable Hypotheses

 

To determine the related improvements of physical
fitness between the experimental versus the traditional
group, the following testable hypotheses were analyzed.

Alternative Hypothesis 1: There is a statistically

significant difference in the body weight measure
between the experimental and the traditional group.

 

Alternative Hypothesis 2: There is a statistically
significant difference in the body fat measures
between the experimental group and the traditional
group.

 

Alternative Hypothesis 3: There is a statistically
significant difference in the resting heart rate
measures between.tflue experimental group and the
traditional group.

 

Alternative Hypothesis 4: There is a statistically
significant difference in resting systolic blood
pressure measures between the experimental group and
the traditional group.

 

Alternative Hypothesis 5: There is a statistically
significant difference in diastolic blood pressure
measures between the experimental group and the
traditional group.

 

Alternative Hypothesis 6: There is a statistically
significant difference in the pull-up score between
the experimental group and the traditional group.

Alternative Hypothesis 7: There is a statistically
significant difference in the sit-ups scores between
the experimental group and the traditional group.

53

.Alternative Hypothesis 8: There is a statistically
significant difference in vertical jump scores between
the experimental group and the traditional group.

 

.Alternative Hypothesis 9: There is a statistically
significant difference in sit and reach (flexibility)
scores between the experimental group and the
traditional group.

 

Alternative Hypothesis 10: There is a statistically
significant difference in agility scores between the
experimental group and the traditional group.

 

Alternative Hypothesis 11: There is a statistically
significant difference in the one and one-half (1.5
mile) mile run between the experimental group and the
traditional group.

 

quipment

 

The chosen training apparatus used in this study were
much like those selected by Sharkey in a similar program he
designed for the U.S. Forest Service in 1977. The
experimental group used circuit training for a 10-week
period. The equipment consisted of seven stations with 14
different exercises. These stations were constructed
around four tennis fields at the academy with approximately
30 rmeters between each station. The following pieces of
<:ircuit: training equipment (and their uses) were used in
this study. Each piece of equipment has a dual purpose of
exercises:

1. Pull-up bar (pull-ups and basket hang).

2. Sit-up bench (sit-ups and leg lifts).

54

3. Push-up bar (squat jumps and push-ups).

4. Parallel bars (arm dips and bar walk).

5. Vault bar (vault/vault).

6. Step-up bars (bench blasts and step walk).

7. Log walk (log hop/log walk).

Description of the Circuit Training Exercises

 

Exercise #1: Pull-ups (30 sec.)

 

Instructions: Start using a palms forward grip,

 

shoulder width apart, with arms extended to support the
body suspended from the chinning bar. Action: Pull body
upward toward the bar until your chin is over the bar, then
return to the starting position and continue for 30 seconds

(see Plate 1).

Exercise #8: Basket Hang (30 sec.)

Instructions: Start from a hanging position from the

 

bar using a palms down grip. Action: Raise knees up
toward the chest and return to the starting position (see

Plate 2).

 

«Lu'

' '
4—Ai< "'

Plate 2

Plate 1

56

Exercise #2: Curling Sit-ups (30 sec.)

 

Instructions: Lie on back with legs bent at the

 

knees, feet flat on the floor, hands grasping the bar
overhead. Action: Curl up to a 30 degree angle and return
to time starting position and repeat. This exercise can

also be done on an incline (see Plate 3).

Exercise #9: Leg Lifts (30 sec.)

 

Instructions: Lie on back, arms extended above the

 

head grasping the bar. Action: Lift legs slowly to a 90
degree angle; slowly return them to the starting position

(see Plate 4).

Exercise #3: Squat Jump (30 sec.)

Instructions: Start in a squat position with legs at

 

a 900 angle; jump as high as possible, switch position of

the feet on the way down and repeat (see Plate 5).

Exercise #10: Push-ups (30 sec.)

Instructions: Start in a front-leaning position with

 

both legs extended, hands approximately shoulder width
apart” imith weight supported on hands and toes. Action:
Lower body by bending arms until chest is within an inch of

the bar, return and repeat (see Plate 6).

 

Plate 4

58

 

Plate 5

  

a. auhmc .‘Xa1“&iH.

_.

a u. .

Plate 6

59

Exercise #4: Parallel Dips (30 sec.)

Instructions: Start with body supported in a

 

suspended position between parallel bars. Action: Bend
the elbows as much as possible and then return to the
startirm; positjrni to continue the repetitions (see Plate

7).

Exercise #11: Bar Walk (30 sec.)

Instructions: Supporting weight on arms, hand walk

 

the length.c f'the parallel bars as quickly as possible,

then without turning, travel back again (see Plate 7).

Exercise #6: Bench-blasts (30 sec.)

Instructions: With right foot on the bench, blast

 

off, switch position of the feet on the way down so that
time Opposite foot (left) will be on the bench. Recruits
use time medium bench. For more resistance, use a higher

bench (see Plate 8).

Exercise #13: Bench Step-up (30 sec.)

Instructions: Start with head up and arms at sides

 

facing the bench. Action: Step up and down on the bench
.as fast as possible for each leg, using the medium bench,
making sure to extend the leg completely on top of the

bench (see Plate 8).

60

 

Plate 7

‘.,"

 

 

 

8
e
t
a
l
P

61

Exercise #5 and #12: Vault (30 sec.)

 

Instructions: Recruits may vault the bar of their

 

choice (see Plate 9).

Exercise #7: Log-hopy(30 sec.)

 

Instructions: Stand with feet slightly apart and arms

 

at sides. Face the length of the log. Action: Hop
sideways across the log. Repeat hop across the log (see

Plate 10).

Exercise #14: Log Walk (30 sec.)

 

Instructions: Walk the length of the log as fast as

 

possiblen,'then reverse and walk backwards, start over if

you fall off (see Plate 11).

 

Plate 9

63

 

Plate 10

 

 

Plate 11

64

Summary

The samples for this study were drawn from police
officer candidates in the Kuwait Police Academy. A simple
random sampling technique was used to select the officer
candidates. A pilot study was conducted for validation and
applicability. Experimental research, which was designed
specifically for use with the study, was used.

Testing administration techniques were explained in
this chapter, as well as the statistical analysis applied
to the hypotheses. The statistical analysis used was the
t-test. Finally, the equipment and description of the
circuit training exercises and the traditional calisthenics
training program were described. The next chapter will

contain a detailed statistical analysis of the data.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

The purpose of this study was to compare between the
effects of circuit training and the traditional
calisthenics training program on the physical fitness
levels of officer candidates at the Kuwait Policy Academy.
The results of the physical tests for both the experimental
group (circuit training) and the traditional group
(calisthenic training) subjects from the police academy
have been compared.

A total CM? 59 freshmen officer candidates attending
tflue Kuwait Police Academy were involved in a 10-week
physical fitness study. Thirty randomly selected subjects
participated in the circuit training program, and the other
1%? subjects participated in the traditional calisthenics
program of the academy. All subjects were tested previous
to and immediately following the 10-week training period.
TTKB statistical comparisons were considered significantly

different if the alpha level was 0.05 or less.

65

66

H01: There is In: statistically significant difference in
the body weight measures between the experimental
group and the traditional group.

The experimental group showed no significant
improvement in body weight measures in pre—post tests. For
the experimental group, the mean body weight score
decreased from 68.08 t1) 68.03. The traditional group's

average weight decreased significantly from 66.98 to 66.09

in the pre-post tests (Tables 4.1 and 4.2; Figures 4.1 and

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.2).
Table 4.1
Body Weight Changes of the Experimental
and Traditional Groups
Variable] Pre-test Post-test
Group X SD X SD t-Value P-Value
Body Weight:
Exp. Group 68.08 8.92 68.03 8.62 -0.14 .892
Trad. Group 66.98 6.19 66.09 5.19 -2.24 .033
Table 4.2

Mean Differences in Body Weight Between
the Traditional and Experimental Groups

 

 

 

Trad. Group Exp. Group
Variable X SD X SD t-Value P-Value

 

 

Weight -O.9O 2.16 -0.05 2.00 1.56 .124

 

80
75
7O
BODY
WEIGHT 65
(KILOGRAMS)
6O
55
50

0

Figure 4.1.

 

67

 

l BEFORE TRAINING

 

 

 

""""""" I AFTER TRAINING

 

68.08 68.03

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

_ 66.98
66.09
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP

Mean Changes in Body Weight for the
Traditional and Experimental Groups.

2
1
BODY

WEI GHT - O

(KILOGRAMS)
-1
—2

Figure 4.2.

 

68

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

| TRADITIONAL
| GROUP
| EXPERIMENTAL
| GROUP
[IIIII
-.os
_ -.9o
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP

Comparison of Test Differences (post-test
minus pre-test) in Body Weight between the
Traditional and Experimental Groups.

69

There was no significant decrease in body weight tests
for the experimental group over the traditional group, when
comparing tflue difference between the means of the pre-test
and post-test. The mean body weight difference of the
experimental group was -0.05 with a standard deviation of
2.00. The traditional group had a mean difference of -0.90
with a standard deVIation of 2.16. The t-value of 1.56 was
run: significant at the .124 level for the mean differences
(Table 4.2; Figure 4.2). Thus, hypothesis 1 could not be
rejected.

H02: There is no statistically significant difference in body
fat measures between the experimental group and the
traditional group.

The body fat was determined from skinfold measurement.
The experimental group reduced significantly in body fat
percentage from 19.08 to 17.15 (Table 4.3; Figures 4.3 and
4.4). The traditional group's average body fat percentage

reduced significantly from 19.28 to 17.55.

Table 4.3

Body Fat Changes of the Experimental
and Traditional Groups

 

 

 

 

Variable/ Pre-test Post-test
Group X SD X SD t—Value P-Value
Body Fat:

Exp. Group 19.08 4.37 17.15 4.12 -7.72 .000

Trad. Group 19.28 3.22 17.55 3.78 -2.69 .012

 

7O

 

I BEFORE TRAINING

 

 

l """"""" I AFTER TRAINING

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

30 _
25 _
19.28 19.08
20 _ ——17.55 17.15
BODY ‘_—‘—’
FAT 15 ----------
(MILLIMETERS) ----------
10 ----------
S __________
O __________
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP
Figure 4.3. Mean Changes in Body Fat for the TTaditional

and Experimental Groups.

71

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

| | TRADITIONAL
| | GROUP
EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP
2 —
l —
BODY
FAT O
(MILLIMETERS)
-1 _
I
-2 -1.72
- -1.93
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP
Figure 4.4. A Comparison of Tests of the Differences

(post-test minus pre-test) in Body Fat Between
the Traditional and Experimental Groups.

72

On the body fat percentage, the experimental group did
not lose more weight than the traditional group. The
experimental group had a mean difference of -1.93 with a
standard deviation of 1.37. The traditional group had a mean
difference of —1.72 with a standard deviation of 3.45. The
t-value for the difference of means of -0.30 was not
significant at the .762 level. Thus, the hypothesis was not

rejected (Table 4.4).

Table 4.4

Mean Differences in Body Fat Between the
Traditional and Experimental Groups

 

 

Trad. Group Exp. Group
Variable X SD X SD t-Value P-Value

 

 

Body Fat -l.72 3.45 -1.93 1.37 -O.30 .762

H03: There is no statistically significant difference in
resting heart rate measures between the experimental
group and the traditional group.

The experimental group showed significant pre-post test
decreases in resting heart rate. The group average for
resting heart rate reduced from 69.93 to 62.23. The
traditional group showed no significant reduction in resting
heart rate. The change was from 64.14 to 64.97 (Table 4.5;
Figures 4.5 and 4.6).

There was a significant decrease in resting heart rate
for the experimental group over the traditional group. The

experimental group had a mean of -7.70 with a standard

deviation of 5.80. The traditional group had a mean of .83

73

with a standard deviation of 6.27. The t-value of -5.43 was

significant at the .000 level (Table 4.6). Therefore, the

null hypothesis was rejected.

Table 4.5

Resting Heart Rate Changes:
Experimental Versus Traditional Group

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Variable/ Pre-test Post-test
Group X SD X SD t-Value P-Value
Resting Heart
Rate:

Exp. Group 69.93 7.38 62.23 7.09 -7.72 .000

Trad. Group 64.14 6.96 64.97 6.82 0.71 .483

Table 4.6
Mean Differences in Resting Heart Rate Between
the Traditional and Experimental Groups

II Trad. Group Exp. Group
Egriable X SD X SD t-Value P-Value

 

Resting Heart
Rate 0.83 6.27 -7.70 5.80 -5.43 .000

k

 

74

 

I I BEFORE TRAINING

 

 

I ------------- I AFTER TRAINING

 

75

7O
RESTING 64.14 64.97
HEART 65
RATE ----- 62.23
60 """

55 --------

 

 

 

 

Figure 4.5.

50

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TRADITIONAL
GROUP

EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP

Mean Changes in Resting Heart Rate for the
Traditional and Experimental Groups.

 

10
5
RESTING
HEART 0
RATE
-5
-10
-15
Figure 4.6.

 

75

 

TRADITIONAL
GROUP

 

 

EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

_ 0.83

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP

A Comparison of Test Differences (post-test
minus pre-test) in Resting Heart Rate Between
the Traditional and Experimental Groups.

76

H04: There is no statistically significant difference in
resting systolic blood pressure measures between the
experimental group and the traditional group.

Both groups showed a significant pre-post test decrease
in systolic blood pressure. The mean average of the
experimental group decreased from 127.67 to 113.00 mm. The

mean of the traditional group decreased from 120.34 to 113.79

(Table 4.7; Figures 4.7 and 4.8).

Table 4.7

Resting Systolic Blood Pressure Changes:
Experimental Versus Traditional Group

 

 

Variable/ Pre-test Post-test
Group X SD X SD t-Value P-Value

 

 

Resting Systolic

Blood Pressure:
Exp. Group 127.67 8.17 113.00 8.37 -8.26 .000
Trad. Group 120.34 6.54 113.79 6.64 -4.98 .000

 

In resting systolic blood pressure, the experhmaflel
grew”) showed a significantly greater decrease than the
traditional group on the mean differences of post-test minus
pre-test. The experimental group had an average decrease of
-1J4.67 with a standard deviation of 9.73. The traditional
group had a mean Of —6.55 with a standard deviation of 7.08.
The t-value for the difference of means of -3.67 was
significant at the .001 level; therefore, hypothesis 4 was

rejected (Table 4.8, p. 85).

 

I I BEFORE TRAINING

 

 

------------- I AFTER TRAINING

 

 

 

 

 

 

135 _
RESTING 130 _ 127.67
SYSTOLIC
BLOOD 125 _ I |
PRESSURE 120_34
120 - I___—_I
113.79 I I
115 |_ I I 113.00
I I""‘I ----- '--1
100 _ I I ----- I I I ----- I
I I **** | -----
o I I ----- I -----
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP
Figuma4.7. Mean Changes in Resting Systolic Blood

Pressure for the Traditional and Experimental
Groups.

78

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

| I TRADITIONAL
I I GROUP
I IIII | EXPERIMENTAL
I III] I GROUP
0
I I I I
I I I I
-5 |_ I I I
RESTING | I I |
SYSTOLIC I -6.55 I
BLOOD -10 I_ I
PRESSURE I I
I
-15 |_ -14.67
I
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP
Figure 4.8. A Comparison of Test Differences (post-test

minus pre-test) in Resting Systolic Blood
Pressure Between the Traditional and
Experimental Groups.

79

Table 4.8

Mean Differences in Resting Systolic Blood Pressure
Between the Traditional and Experimental Groups

 

Trad. Group Exp. Group
Variable X SD X SD t-Value P-Value

 

 

Resting Systolic
Blood Pressure -6.55 7.08 -14.67 9.73 -3.67 .001

 

H05: There is no statistically significant difference in
resting diastolic blood pressure measures between the
experimental group and the traditional group.

Both groups showed significant pre-post decreases for
diastolic blood pressure. The diastolic mean of the
experimental group decreased from 75.83 to 59.33, while the

traditicnutl group's diastolic mean decreased from 69.66 to

63.10 (Table 4.9; Figures 4.9 and 4.10).

Table 4.9

Resting Diastolic Blood Pressure Changes:
Experimental Versus Traditional Group

 

Variable- Pre-test Post-test
Group X SD X SD t-Value P-Value

 

Resting Diastolic

Blood Pressure:
Exp. Group 75.83 4.37 59.33 5.83 -12.97 .000
Trad. Group 69.66 5.33 63.10 5.25 -5.62 .000

 

The mean of the differences obtained by subtracting pre-
test scores from post-test scores for the experimental group

in resting diastolic blood pressure was -16.50 with a

8O

75

RESTING 7O
DIASTOLIC

IBILCDOD 65

LPIREHSESURE

6O

55

O

FiguI‘e 4.9.

 

80

 

I BEFORE TRAINING

 

 

AFTER TRAINING

“a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

75.83 _
— 69.66
_ 63.10
59.33
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP

Mean Changes in Diastolic Blood Pressure for
the Traditional and Experimental Groups.

O
-5
RESTING
DIASTOLIC
BLOOD -IO
PRESSURE
-15
-20

Figure 4.10.

 

81

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I I TRADITIONAL
I I GROUP
I I EXPERIMENTAL
I I GROUP
I I
I
- I I
I l I
-6.55 I
_ |
I
I
LLLLLLI
-16.50
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP

A Comparison of Test Differences (post-test
minus pre-test) in Resting Diastolic Blood
Pressure Between the Traditional and
Experimental Groups.

standard deviation Of 6.97. The traditional group had a mean
difference of -6.55 with a standard deviation of 6.28. The
t-value of -5.75 was significant at the .000 level, Showing
that time experimental group improved more than the
traditional group in decreasing their resting diastolic blood

pressure; therefore, hypothesis 5 was rejected (Table 4.10).

Table 4.10

Mean Differences in Resting Diastolic Blood Pressure
Between the Traditional and Experimental Groups

 

Trad. Group Exp. Group
Variable X SD X SD t-Value P-Value

 

 

Resting Diastolic
Blood Pressure -6.55 6.28 -16.50 6.97 -5.75 .000

 

H06: There is no statistically significant difference in the
pull-nuns score between the experimental group and the
traditional group.

There was significant pre-post test improvement in pull-
ups for both groups. The mean of the experhmuual group
increased from 3.07 to 7.63 repetitions. The traditional

group's mean pull-up increased from 3.97 to 6.45 repetitions

(Table 4.11; Figures 4.11 and 4.12).

83

Table 4.11

Overall Improvement in Pulleups for the
Experimental and Traditional Groups

 

 

 

Variable/ Pre-test Post-test
Group X SD X SD t—Value P-Value
Pull-ups:
Exp. Group 3.07 2.45 7.63 4.00 11.32 .000
Trad. Group 3.97 2.46 6.45 2.96 6.30 .000

 

The mean of the difference Of post-test minus pre-test
for the experimental group in pull-ups was 4.57 with a
standard deviation of 2.21. The traditional group had a mean
difference of 2.48 with a standard deviation of 2.12. The t-
value CHE 3.70 was significant at the .000 level which
indicated that the experimental group's involvement in pull-
ups was greater than that of the traditional group on the

mean differences (Table 4.12). Hypothesis 6 was rejected.

Table 4.12

Mean Differences in Pull-ups Between the
Traditional and Experimental Groups

 

Trad. Group Exp. Group
Variable X SD X SD t-Value P-Value

 

 

Pull-ups 2.48 2.12 4.57 2.21 3.70 .000

 

 

84

 

I BEFORE TRAINING

 

 

 

I ------------- AFTER TRAINING

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10 _

9 —
8 _ 7.63

6.45
PULL-UPS 6 -----
‘ 3.97 ..........
4 _ """ 3.07 “““
2 _ __________
O ..........
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP
Eigmna4ull. Mean Changes in Pull-up Scores for the

Traditional and Experimental Groups.

85

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TRADITIONAL
GROUP
EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP
9 —
8 —
PULL-UPS 6 _ 4.57
4 _ 2.48
2 —
o I I
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP
Figure 4.12. A Comparison.cnf Test Differences (post-test

minus pre-test) in Pull-ups between the
Traditional and Experimental Groups.

 

Q In?
.rd,‘

Irhv
¢A.\y-

u.»
I.

n v;
uh~ HI.

86

H07 There is run statistically significant difference in
sit-ups scores between the experimental group and the
traditional group.

There was Significant pre-post test improvement Shown
by the experimental group in the sit-ups tests. Their mean

increased from 47.43 to 57.30 repetitions. The traditional

group showed no significant improvement. Their mean

increased from 46.59 to 48.41 (Table 4.13; Figures 4.13 and

 

 

 

 

 

4.14).
Table 4.13
Overall Improvement in Sit-ups for the
Experimental and Traditional Groups

Variables/ Pre-test Post-test
Group X SD X SD t-Value P-Value
Sit-ups:

Exp. Group 47.43 12.48 57.30 10.80 5.03 .000

Trad. Group 46.59 8.24 48.41 6.60 1.40 .174

 

'Phe experimental group improved significantly more in
Sitdups than the traditional group. The nean difference
between time post-test minus pre-test for the experimental
group was 9.87 with a standard deviation of 10.74. The
traditional group had a mean difference of 1.83 with a
standard deviation Of 7.06. The t-value or 3.41 was
significant at the .001 level (Table 4.14). Thus,

hypothesis 7 was rejected.

7O
65
6O
SIT-UPS 55
50
45

40

Figure 4.13.

 

87

 

I

I BEFORE TRAINING

 

 

I::::

 

 

--------- I AFTER TRAINING

 

 

 

 

 

Mean Changes

TRADITIONAL
GROUP

EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP

in Sit-ups Scores for the
Traditional and Experimental Groups.

 

88

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TRADITIONAL
GROUP
EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP
10 _ 9.87
9 —
8 —
SIT-UPS 6 _
4 —
2
— 1.83
0 I I
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP
Figure 4.14. .A Comparison of Test Differences (post-test

minus pre-test) in Sit-ups Between the
Traditional and Experimental Groups.

 

0
UP.

We
n...

C»

it

to A
\NH

89

Table 4.14

Mean Differences in Sit-ups Between the
Traditional and Experimental Groups

 

Trad. Group Exp. Group
Variable X SD X SD t-Value P—Value

Sit-ups 1.83 7.06 9.87 10.74 3.41 .001

 

H08: There is no statistically significant difference in
vertical jump scores between the experimental and the
traditional group.

Bot11<groups showed significant improvement between the
pre-test and post-test for the vertical jump test, which is a
power measure. The mean Of the experimental group in the
vertical jump increased from 40.30 to 46.30 cm, while the
traditional group's mean increased from 43.65 to 49.05 cm
(Table 41.15; Figures 4.15 and 4.16). Both groups'

improvement in power was significant over the 10 weeks of

training.

Table 4.15

Vertical Jump Changes for the Experimental
and Traditional Groups

 

 

 

Variables/ Pre-test I Post-test
Group X SD X SD t-Value P-Value
Vertical Jump:
Exp. Group 40.30 7.47 46.03 5.61 7.04 .000
Trad. Group 43.65 6.85 49.05 5.93 6.89 .000

 

On the vertical jump, the experimental group had a mean

difference of 5.72 with a standard deviation of 4.45. The

90

 

| I BEFORE TRAINING

 

 

I """"""" I AFTER TRAINING

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

60 _
VERTICAL 55 _
JUMP
ICENTI- 50 _ 49.05
METERS) ‘—'———‘ 46.03
45 _ 43.65I ----- -—-—'
——I ----- u I -----
40 _ ----- 40.31] -----
o ----- I I —————
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP
Figure 4.15. Mean Changes in Vertical Jump Scores for the

Traditional and Experimental Groups.

 

10
VERTICAL 8
JUMP
(CENTI- 6
METERS)

' 4

2

0

Figure 4.16.

 

91

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I I TRADITIONAL
I I GROUP
I I EXPERIMENTAL
I I GROUP
— 5.40 5.72
_ ———- IIIIIII
| I IIIIIII
_ | I IIIIIII
I | IIIIIII
I I IIIIIJI
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP

A Comparison of Test Differences (post-test
minus pre-test) in the Vertical Jump Between
the Experimental and Traditional Groups.

92

traditional group had a mean difference of 5.40 with a
standard deviation of 4.22. The t-value of .28 was not
Significant at the .780 level (Table 4.16). Thus, hypothesis

8 could not be rejected.

Table 4.16

Mean Differences in the Vertical Jump Between the
Traditional and Experimental Groups

 

Trad. Group Exp. Group
Variable X SD X SD t-Value P-Value

 

Vertical Jump 5.40 4.22 5.72 4.45 0.28 .780

 

H09: There is no statistically significant difference in sit
and reach (flexibility) scores between the experimental
group and the traditional group.

There was significant improvement in the sit and reach
test for both groups from the first to the final test (Table
4.17; Figures 4.17 and 4.18) over the 10-week training
program. The experimental group's mean increased from 29.90
to 38.80 cm, while the traditional group's mean increased
from 28.07 tx> 31.97 own It was clear that both training

programs produced a good level of flexibility in the

hamstring muscles.

93

Table 4.17

Sit and Reach Changes for the Experimental
and Traditional Groups

 

 

 

 

 

Variables/ Pre-test Post-test
Group X SD X SD t-Value P-Value
Sit and Reach:
Exp. Group 29.90 9.36 33.80 8.23 7.58 .000
Trad. Group 28.07 8.54 31.97 7.77 5.57 .000

 

131 the comparison of the groups in the sit and reach,
the experimental group had a mean pre-post test difference of
3.90 with a standard deviation of 2.82, and the traditional
group Imui a mean pre-post test difference of 3.90 with a
standard deviation of 3.77. The experimental group was not
better than the traditional group. The t-value of .000 was
not statistically significant at the .997 level (Table 4.18).

Thus, hypothesis 9 could not be rejected.

Table 4.18

Mean Differences in the Sit and Reach Between the
Traditional and Experimental Groups

 

 

 

Trad. Group Exp. Group
Variable X SD X SD t-Value P-Value

 

 

Sit and Reach 3.90 3.77 3.90 2.82 0.00 .997

 

SIT AND
REACH

(CENTI-
METERS)

25

20

Figure 4.17.

 

 

94

 

I BEFORE TRAINING

 

 

""""" AFTER TRAINING

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

_ 33.80
31.97
29.90 -----
— 28.07 ..........
_ _____ I _____
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP

Mean Changes in the Sit and Reach for the
Traditional and Experimental Groups.

95

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TRADITIONAL
GROUP
EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP
SIT AND 8 _
REACH
(CENTI- 6 _
METERS)
4 _ 3.90_ 3.90
2 -
0
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP
Figure 4.18. A Comparison of Test Edfferences (post—test

minus pre-test) in the Sit and Reach Between
the Traditional and Experimental Groups.

 

96

H010: There: is no statistically significant difference in
agilitqr scores between the experimental and the
traditional group.

There were significant pre-post test improvements
Observed in the agility run time for both the experimental
and traditional groups (Table 4.19; Figures 4.19 and 4.20).
The mean time decreased from 18:70 to 17:48 for the

experimental group, while the traditional group's average

time decreased from 18:32 to 17:52.

Table 4.19

Agility Run Changes for the Experimental
and Traditional Groups

 

 

 

Variables/ Pre-test Post-test
Group X SD X SD t-Value P-Value
Agility Run:
Exp. Group 18:70 0.71 17:48 0.79 -9.64 .000
Trad. Group 18:32 0.92 17:52 0.71 -3.95 .000

 

Both groups improved significantLy in the agility run
over tflue 10 weeks; however, the training responses in the
agility run for the two groups were not significantly
different. The t-value was -1.70 at the .082 level (Table
4.20). It is evident that both training programs were
effective in producing improvement in agility. Thus,

‘hypothesis 10 could not be rejected.

97

 

I I BEFORE TRAINING

 

 

I ------------- I AFTER TRAINING

 

 

 

 

 

 

21 _
AGILITY 20 _
RUN
(SECONDS 19 _
AND TENTHS) 18=32 18:70
18 _ 17:53
17:48
17 _ ----------
0 g ----- g ----- g
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP

Figure 4.19. Mean Changes in the Agility Run Scores for the
Traditional and Experimental Groups.

98

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I I TRADITIONAL
I I GROUP
I I EXPERIMENTAL
I I GROUP
0 ,
I__I
-0:80
-2 _ -1:22
AGILITY
RUN -4 _
(SECONDS
AND TENTHS)
-6 _
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP
Figure 4.20. (A Comparison (Hf Test Differences (post-test

minus pre-test) in the Agility Run Between the
Traditional and Experimental Groups.

99

Table 4.20

Mean Differences in the Agilitngun Between the
Traditional and Experimental Groups

 

Trad. Group Exp. Group

 

 

 

 

Variable X SD X SD t-Value P-Value
Agility Run -0:80 1.09 -1:22 0.69 -1.70 .082
H011: There: is no statistically significant difference in

the one and one-half (1.5) mile run between the
experimental group and the traditional group.

There was significant pre-post test improvement in the
experimental group in the one and one-half mile run. The
Inean time decreased from 11:62 to 10:42 minutes. The
traditional group's improvement was significant. Their mean
time decreased from 10:95 to 10:55 minutes (Table 4.21;

Figures 4.21 and 4.22).

Table 4.21

One and One-half Mile Run Changes for the
Experimental and Traditional Groups

 

Variables/ Pre-test Post-test
Group X SD X SD t-Value P-Value

 

One and One-half

Mile Run (Minutes):
Exp. Group 11:62 1.43 10:42 0.86 -5.32 .000
Trad. Group 10:95 0.98 10:55 0.98 -2.80 .009

 

100

 

I I BEFORE TRAINING

 

 

I ------------- AFTER TRAINING

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

12 _
11:62
ONE AND 11 _ 10:95
ONE-HALF r———-'10:55 10:42
MILE RUN 10 _ ----- I ______.
(MIN-SEC) ----- I .....
9 _ ----- I -----
..... I -.._....
8 _ ----- I -----
_____ I -__..-
0 ' ----- I -----
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP

Figure 4.21. Mean Changes in the One and One-half Mile Run
for the Traditional and Experimental Groups.

 

O
-1
ONE AND
ONE-HALF -2
MILE RUN
(MIN/SEC)
-3

Figure 4.22.

101

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I I TRADITIONAL
I I GROUP
I I EXPERIMENTAL
I I GROUP

I I l I

-0.70 I I

_ ~i.20
TRADITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP GROUP

A Comparison of Test Bufferences (post-test
minus pre-test) in the One and One-half Mile
Ihni Between the Traditional and Experimental
Groups.

102

In the one and one-half mile run, the experimental
groupfls; improvement was Significantly greater than that of
the traditional group when comparing the post-test minus pre-
test mean differences. The t-value of 2.99 was significant
at the .004 level (Table 4.22). Thus, hypothesis 11 was

rejected.

Table 4.22

Mean Differences in the One and One-Half Mile Run
Between the Traditional and Experimental Groups

 

 

 

Trad. Gropp Exp. Group

 

 

 

 

Variable X SD X SD t-Value P-Value

One and One-half

Mile Run -0:40 0.77 -1:20 1.23 2.99 .004
Summary

In summary, the following tables (4.23, 4.24 and 4.25)
present the significant findings of this study. The results
of pre-post differences within each group are summarized in
Tables 4.23 and 4.24. The comparisons of pre-post test
differences between both the experimental group and the
traditional group are swmmerized in Table 4.25. The null
hypotheses are restated along with whether they were accepted
(n: rejected» Both groups were tested by 11 variables. A
comparison between both groups showed that the experimental

group improved significantly over the traditional group in

103

Table 4.23

Test of Differences (post—test minusypre-test)

 

Within the Traditional Group

 

 

 

Variables d SD t-value P-value
Body Weight -0.90 2.16 -2.24 .033
Body Fat -1.72 3.45 -2.70 .012
Resting Heart Rate 0.83 6.27 0.71 .483
Resting Systolic

Blood Pressure -6.55 7.08 -4.98 .000
Resting Diastolic

Blood Pressure -6.55 6.28 -5.62 .000
Pull-ups 2.48 2.12 6.32 .000
Sit-ups 1.83 7.06 1.40 .174
Vertical Jump 5.40 4.22 6.89 .000
Sit and Reach 3.90 3.77 5.57 .000
Agility Run -0:80 1.09 -3.95 .000
1.5 Mile Run -0:40 0.77 -2.80 .009

 

d = Mean Difference

Tests of Differences

Table 4.24

104

(post-test minus pre-test)

 

Within the Experimental Group

 

 

 

Variables d SD t-value P-value
Body Weight -0.05 2.00 -0.14 .892
Body Fat -1.93 1.37 -7.72 .000
Resting Heart Rate -7.70 5.80 -7.28 .000
Resting Systolic

Blood Pressure -14.67 9.73 -8.26 .000
Resting Diastolic

Blood Pressure -16.50 6.97 -12.97 .000
Pull-ups 4.57 2.21 11.32 .000
Sit-ups 9.87 10.74 5.03 .000
Vertical Jump 5.72 4.45 7.04 .000
Sit and Reach 3.90 2.82 7.58 .000
Agility Run -1:22 0.69 -9.64 .000
1.5 Mile Run -l:20 1.23 -5.32 .000

 

d = Mean Difference

105

Table 4.25

Tests of Differences (post-test minus pre-test)
Between the Traditional Group and
the Experimental Group

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Trad. Group Exp. Group

Variables x SD x SD t-value P-value
Body Weight -0.90 2.16 -0.05 2.00 1.56 .124
Body Fat -1.72 3.45 -1.93 1.37 -0.30 .762
Resting Heart Rate 0.83 6.27 -7.70 5.80 -5.43 .000
Resting Systolic

Blood Pressure -6.55 7.08 -14.67 9.73 -3.67 .001
Resting Diastolic

Blood Pressure -6.55 6.28 -16.50 6.97 -5.75 .000
Pull-ups 2.48 2.12 4.57 2.21 3.70 .000
Sit-ups 1.83 7.06 9.87 10.74 3.41 .001
Vertical Jump 5.40 4.22 5.72 4.45 0.28 .780
Sit and Reach 3.90 3.77 3.90 2.82 0.00 .997
Agility Run -0:80 1.09 -1:22 0.69 -1.70 .082
1.5 Mile Run -0:40 0.77 -1!20 1.23 -2.99 .004

 

106

six variables. A summary of the hypotheses as well as their
levels of significance is given as follows:

Hypothesis 1 concerns the differences in body weight
between the experimental group and the traditional group.
There was IN) Significant difference in body weight at the
.124 level between the experimental group and the traditional
groups.

Hypothesis 2 concerns the difference in body fat between
the experimental group and the traditional group. There was
no significant difference in body fat at the .762 level
between the experimental group and the traditional group.

Hypothesis 3 concerns the differences in resting heart
rate between the experimental group and the traditional
group. There was no significant reduction in resting heart
rate an: the .000 level between the experimental group over
the traditional group.

Hypothesis 4 concerns the differences in systolic blood
pressure between the experimental group and the traditional
group. There was significant reduction in resting systolic
blood pressure at the .001 level for the experimental group
over the traditional group.

Hypothesis 5 concerns the differences in diastolic blood
pressure between the experimental group and the traditional

group. There was a significant reduction in resting

107

diastolic blood pressure at the .000 level for the
experimental group over the traditional group.

Hypothesis 6 concerns the differences in pull-ups
between the experimental group and the traditional group.
There was a Significant improvement in pull-ups scores at the
.000 level ikn: the experimental group over the traditional
group.

Hypothesis 7 concerns the differences in sit-ups scores
between the experimental group and the traditional group.
There was a significant improvement in sit-ups scores at the
.001 level 1km: the experimental group over the traditional
group.

Hypothesis £3<concerns the differences in the vertical
jump between the experimental group and the traditional
group. There was no significant difference in the vertical
jump at the .780 level between the experimental group and the
traditional group.

Hypothesis 9 concerns the differences in the Sit and
reach between the experimental group and the traditional
groupu There was no significant difference in the sit and
reach an: the .997 level between the experimental group and
the traditional group.

Hypothesis 10 concerns the differences in agility

between the experimental group and the traditional group.

108

There was no significant improvement in agility at the .082
level between the experimental group over the traditional
group.

Hypothesis 11 concerns the differences in the 1.5 mile
run between the experimental group and the traditional group.
There was a significant improvement in the 1.5 mile run at
the .004 level for the experimental group over the
traditional group.

The last chapter of this study examines the total
project, including a summary of the review of literature.
The study procedures, findings and conclusions are also
discussed. Finally, recommendations for fUture research,

based on the findings Of this study, are given.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

may

The problem addressed by this study was to determine the
effects of a circuit training program with the effects of a
calisthenics training program on the physical fitness levels
of the officer candidates at the Kuwait Police Academy.
There were In“) main purposes of this study: first, to
determine whether the circuit training program had a
significant (effect on the candidate officer's physical
fitness performances; and second, to compare the results of
time physical fitness tests in the circuit training program
with the traditional calisthenics program at the academy.

The study was conducted on 59 male officer candidates at
the Kuwait Police Academy during a 10-week period. The
subjects were randomly divided into two groups. The first
group H“) freshmen Officer candidates) participated in
circuit training while the remaining 29 participated in the
academy's traditional calisthenics program.

Both groups trained a total of 40 minutes, four times a

week for 10 weeks. Each group initiated their training

109

with a warm-up for five to seven minutes followed by 30
minutes of vigorous exercise. Each group also spent three to
five minutes cooling down by doing such exercises as walking
or jogging and some stretching.

The subjects in both the experimental and traditional
groups completed the following pre-post fitness tests
administered during January and the last week of March of
1986: body weight, body fat, resting systolic and diastolic
blood pressure, resting heart rate, pull-ups, two-minute sit-
ups, Sargent's vertical jump, sit and reach, Illinois agility
run, and the one and one-half mile run.

These selected fitness tests were given to both groups
to determine the effects of training on body compositknh
muscular strength, cardiovascular variables, power

measurement, flexibility, agility, and endurance run.

Summary of Literature Reviewed

 

The literature reviewed addressed the effects Of circuit
training on physical fitness components. Studies relating to
this concept are cited in the areas of the incidence of
coronary heart disease, aerobic capacity, strength and
endurance, and flexibility.

Important studies were conducted on the effects of

circuit training on physical fitness components. Such

111

researchers as Morgan and Adamson (1961) developed a circuit
training program because of the low physical fitness levels
of time students who were attending Leeds University in
London. Their purpose was to improve all-around fitness
rather than fitness required for any particular activity or
game. Howell et al. (1963), Taylor (1961), Wilmore et al.
(1978), Watt (1981), and Fusco and Butin (1974) examined
circuit training through research and studies done in the
field. The research literature provided limited information
related to the effectiveness of circuit training on the
phySical fitness components Of law enforcement Officers

(Price, et al., 1978).

Summary of Study Procedures

Tflue study attempted to determine the effects of a
circuit training program on physical fitness levels. The
populaticn1<if this study included a sample of 59 freshmen
Officer candidates at the Kuwait Police Academy. The
subjects were randomly assigned into two groups. The
experimental group (30 subjects) used the circuit training
progrann The traditional group (29 subjects) used the
academy's traditional calisthenics training program. All
subjects were non-athletic.

INK: training programs for both the experimental group

and the traditional group were conducted over a 10-week time

 

period. .All officer candidates exercised 40 minutes a day,
four days per week. They warmed up for approximately seven
minutes before each session by performing stretches and light
jogging. The remaining 33 minutes of each workout session
were devoted to the specific exercises prescribed for each
group. Each exercise program was completed in the order
described below.

Circuit Training Program
(Experimental Group)

 

 

Station #1. Pull-ups Station # 8. Basket hang
Station #2. Sit-ups Station # 9. Leg lifts
Station #3. Squat jumps Station #10. Push-ups
Station #4. Arm dips Station #11. Arm bar walk
Station #5. Vault Station #12. Vault
Station #6. Benchblasts Station #13. Step walk
Station #7. Log hop Station #14. Log walk

All subjects continued these exercises at each station
lflTtil two or three sets of the circuit had been completed.
.Between eech set of the circuit, they were allowed to rest
for approximately 30 to 60 seconds. After all sets of the 14
exercise stations and the running laps were completed, each
candidate nmndtored his pulse heart rate at the wrist just
below the base of the thumb. The pulse was counted for 10

seconds anui multiplied by six. The total number of heart

 

113

beats per minute indicated how strenuous the exercises were,
which in turn helped the researcher determine the effective-
ness of the exercises.

After the circuit training program was completed, each
participant.ctni a gradual cool-down to avoid sore muscles.
The cool-down was very similar to the warm-up.

Calisthenics Training Program
(Traditional Group)

 

 

The traditional group performed the calisthenics

exercise program still in use at the academy:

1. Arm circles 7. Side stretch

2. Jumping jacks 8. Hamstring stretch
3. Alternate toe touches 9. Forward bend

4. Trunk rotations 10. Squat jumps

5. Push-ups 11. Side leg raises
6. Sit-ups 12. Jogging

There were two test sessions during the 10-week study.
.A pre-test given at the beginning of the study, and a post-
test was given at the end of it. The fitness tests used were
kxxiy weight, body fat, resting heart rate, diastolic blood
pressure, systolic blood pressure, pull-ups, sit-ups,
vertical jump, sit and reach (flexibility), agility, and the

one and one-half (1.5) mile run.

 

114

The statistical treatment used was the t-test which
measured variables in all hypotheses. Data was obtained from
the test items, which were computer scored. The statistical
procedures were derived from the Statistical Package for the

Social Sciences (SPSS).

Findings
The results of the hypotheses tested in Chapter IV have
led to the following:

1. There was run significant decrease in body weight
for the experimental group over the traditional
group, vflunu comparing the difference between the
mean CHE the pre-test and post-test. The t-value
for the differences between the means of the groups
cut the body weight measure was 1.56 which was
greater tflmui the .05 level. Therefore, the null
hypothesis was accepted.

2. There was no significant decrease in body fat for
the experimental group over the traditional group.
in comparison between the mean differences of the
pre and post-test. The t-value for the mean
differences was -0.30, which was greater than the
.05 level. Therefore, the null hypothesis was
accepted.

3. There was a significant reduction in resting heart
rate for the experimental group over the
traditional group in comparison between the mean
differences of the pre- and post-test. The t-value
for the mean differences was -5.43 which was
greater than the .05 level. Therefore, the null
hypothesis was rejected.

4. There was significant improvement in resting
systolic blood pressure, the experimental group
showed a significantly greater decrease than the
traditional group on the mean differences of the
pre- and post-test. The t-value for the difference
of means was -3.67 which was greater than the .05

10.

115

level. Therefore, the null hypothesis was
rejected.

There was significant improvement in resting
diastolic blood pmessure. The diastolic mean of
the experimental group decreased significantly over
the traditional group. The t-value for the
difference of means was -16.50, which was greater
than the .05 level. Therefore, the null hypothesis
was rejected.

There was significant improvement in pull-ups. The
experimental group improved significant-1y over the
traditional group when comparing the mean of the
differences of the pre- and post-test. The t-
value of 3.70 was greater than the .05 level.
Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected.

There was significant improvement in sit-ups. The
experimental group improved significant-1y over the
traditional group when comparing the mean
difference between the pre- and post-test. The t-
value of 3.41 was greater than the .05 level.
Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected.

There was no significant improvement in the
vertical jump. The experimental group did not Show
significant improvement over the traditional group
when comparing the mean differences of pre- and
post-tests. The t-value of .28 was not greater
than the .05 level. Therefore, the null hypothesis
was accepted.

There was no significant improvement in the sit and
reach (flexibility). In the pre-test minus the
post-test, the difference between means of the
experimental group was not statistically signifi-
cant Over time traditional group. The P-value of
9.97 was less than the .05 level. Therefore, the
null hypothesis was accepted.

There was no significant improvement in the agility
run. The experimental group did not show
significant improvement over the traditional group
when comparing the mean differences of the pre- and
post-tests. The t-value of -1.70 was less than the
.05 level. Therefore, the null hypothesis was
accepted.

116

11. There was a significant improvement in the one and
one-half Edit: (1.5) run. The experimental group
showed significant improvement over the traditional
group when comparing the mean difference of pre-
test minus post-test. The t-value of 2.99 was
greater than the .05 level. Therefore, the null
hypothesis was rejected.

ConcluSIons

 

Body Composition

 

Body composition was assessed by both body weight and
body fat. The results of the statistical tests were
summarized iJI'Table 4.25. The data Show that the circuit
training (experimental) group did not significantly reduce in
body weight or body fat percentage more than the traditional
group (findings 1 and 2). The reason for this non-reduction
in body weight or fat was possibly due to short duration of
the 10-week study period, or an imbalance between the diet of
the recruits and their training program. The recruits' diet

was not under the control of the investigator.

Cardiovascular Variables

 

Cardiovascular variables were assessed by resting heart
rate, resting systolic blood pressure, and resting diastolic
blood pressure (findings 3, 4, and 5). There were
significant improvements in the resting heart rate and
resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure for both groups

in this study. In comparing the mean differences between the

117

pre-test and post-test for both groups, the experhmymal
group showed significantly greater decreases in resting heart
rate and resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure than
the traditional group. These changes in blood pressure were
expected for the experimental group over the traditional
group. The circuit used in this study was more effective in
producing cardiovascular changes because it required more
duration and intensity of aerobic training than the academy's

calisthenics program.

Muscular Endurance

 

Muscular endurance was assessed by both pull-ups and
sit-ups (findings 6 and 7). A comparison of the mean
differences between the pre- and post-test for both groups
showed that the experimental group improved significantly in
muscular endurance over the traditional group. The greatest
changes in muscular endurance were expected with the circuit
training group because of the use of different types of
abdominal strength exercises such as sit-ups, leg lifts, and

basket hangs.

Power
Power was assessed using the vertical jump test (finding

8). Both groups showed significant improvement in the power

measure (vertical jump) over the 10-week period. However,

118

the mean differences between the pre-test and post-test
showed IK) significant differences between the groups. The
circuit training program and the calisthenics exercises

produced similar improvement in power.

Flexibility

 

Flexibility was assessed using the sit and reach test
(finding 9). There was a significant improvement in the sit
and reach test for both groups. In comparing the mean
differences between the pre-test and post-test for both
groups, the experimental group showed no significant
improvement over the traditional group. It was felt that
kxnfli training programs produced similar improvement in

flexibility.

Agility

Agility was assessed by measuring the time of speed and
change of body position (finding 10). Both groups showed
Significant improvement in the agility test. However, the
mean differences between the pre-test and post-test showed no
significant differences between the groups. Both training

programs showed similar improvement in agility.

119

Endurance Run

 

The endurance run was assessed by measuring the time to
run the distance of 1.5 miles (finding 11). Improvement in
the cardiovascular variables (resting heart rate, resting
systolic and diastolic blood pressure) correlates with the
results (HE the one and one-half mile run in which the
experimental group showed significantly more improvement than
the traditional group during the 10-week study.

The circuit program used provided marked improvement in
aerobic capacity, but it also resulted in significant
improvement in muscular endurance. These are desirable

fitness results for police officer candidates.

Recommendations

 

As stated in.tflua findings and conclusion sections of
this chapter and within the limitations of the lO-week study
it was found that the experimental group demonstrated
significant pre-post test ihmmevements in eight out of 11
physical fitness items. The traditional group demonstrated
significant pre-post test improvement in six of out of 11
physical fitness items. inn comparison, the experimental
group improved significantly more than the traditional group
in resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure,
muscular endurance, and aerobic capacity. The circuit

training program utilized was superior to the traditional

training program utilized was superior to the traditional

program in producing cardiovascular-health related changes.

Since these basic precepts were evidenced in this study,

the following recommendations are Offered for both the

circuit training program and the calisthenics program.

1.

Any training program should consider three
important factors: intensity, duration, and
frequency in order to improve general physical
fitness. It should be recalled from Chapter II
that Emes et al. (1981) pointed out that the key to
developing fitness is not necessarily the activity
engaged in, but the intensity, duration, and
frequency of the activity when performed.

The physical fitness instructors should include the
"principle of overload" in their training programs.
Bucher and Prentice (1985) explained about the
concept of overload which is a gradual increase in
the intensity of the physical activity. This
principle can be used when the person's fitness
capacity improves through the course of the
training program.

The physical fitness instructors should include in
their training programs enough time to warm up and
cool down.

It is further recommended that individuals are
different in physical ability and needs. The
individuals will work with a positive attitude
toward time training program when the instructors
consider their abilities.

Recommendations for Further Research

 

Based (Hi the findings and observations of this

investigation, time following recommendations might be

considered:

121

There is a need for further research using longer
periods of training, or both groups.

Further investigation is needed to balance the diet
with the circuit training program in order to
reduce body weight and fat.

Further investigation should be conducted by adding
some weight-lifting stations such as barbells and
dumbbells to the circuit training program.

Further investigation with similar designs should
use a third control group which would not
participate in any training activities.

There is ai.need for further research using other
methods of exercises to improve flexibility and
vertical jump along with the training program.

APPENDIX A

DATA CARD FOR CIRCUIT TRAINING PROGRAM

122

DATA CARD FOR CIRCUIT TRAINING PROGRAM

DATE

LOCATION

GRADE

Comments

 

MA<3 DOA

 

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WBhHA 0mg

 

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BAD<>

 

meD

 

mZDh BéDQm

 

mmDIBHm

 

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Reps/
Set

 

 

 

Name of
Candidate

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

APPENDIX B

POLICE OFFICER CANDIDATE DATA SHEET

123

POLICE OFFICER CANDIDATE DATA SHEET

 

 

NAME DATE OF BIRTH
ADDRESS
RANK LEVEL DATE OF TEST

 

PHONE NUMBER

 

 

Yr/Mo/Day/Age

HEIGHT

 

Pre-

test/Post-test

 

EXERCISE

PRE-TEST

POST-TEST

COMMENTS

 

WEIGHT

 

RESTING HEART RATE

 

RESTING BLOOD PRESSURE

 

% BODY FAT

 

PULL-UPS

 

2 MIN. SIT-UPS

 

VERTICAL JUMP

 

SIT AND REACH

 

AGILITY

 

1.5 MILE RUN

 

 

 

 

APPENDIX C

THE CIRCUIT TRAINING CHART

124

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APPENDIX D

BODY COMPOSITION MEASUREMENTS
(Body Weight and Body Fat)

125

 

 

 

Body Weight Measurement in Kilograms

126

 

Skinfold Measurement for Body Fat
To the Nearest 0.5 Millimeter

APPENDIX E

CARDIOVASCULAR VARIABLE MEASUREMENTS

127

 

Monitoring Heart Rate Measures,
Supine Position

128

 

 

Monitoring Blood Pressure,
Supine Position

APPENDIX F

MUSCULAR ENDURANCE MEASUREMENTS

129

 

 

Pull-ups Test to Measure Muscular Endurance

130

 

Sit-ups test to Measure Muscular Endurance

APPENDIX G

POWER MEASUREMENT

131

 

Vertical Jump Test to Measure Power

APPENDIX H

FLEXIBILITY MEASUREMENT

132

 

Sit and Reach Test
For Hip and Back Flexibility

APPENDIX I

THE ILLINOIS AGILITY MEASUREMENT

133

 

 

 

'lit

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The Illinois

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