THESIS

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This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF LARVAL FISH IN THE
FAR WESTERN BASIN OF LAKE ERIE DURING
1975 AND 1976

presented by

Joel Edward Schaeffer

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

Master of Science degree in Fisheries and Wildlife

 

Charles R. Liston

Major professor

Date August 10, 1983

0-7639 MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution

 

 

 

 

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DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF LARVAL FISH IN THE
FAR WESTERN BASIN OF LAKE ERIE DURING
1975 AND 1976

By

Joel Edward Schaeffer

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Fisheries and Wildlife

1983

ABSTRACT

DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF LARVAL FISH IN THE
FAR WESTERN BASIN OF LAKE ERIE DURING
1975 AND 1976

By

Joel Edward Schaeffer

During 1975 and 1976 larval fish were collected from the western
basin of Lake Erie to document distributions and abundances. A 363 u, 9.1m
seine was used to sample the 0-1.8m depth zone, while a one meter 571 u

metered plankton net was used to sample four deeper zones.

Over the two years 19 taxa were collected with clupeids comprising
over 88 percent of the catch. Other major taxa included rainbow smelt, shiners,
white bass and yellow perch. Densities for most taxa peaked from late May to

early July. Production for 1975 and 1976 is estimated at 7.59x1011 and

4.56x1011 fish respectively.

Generally the northern and southern portions of the study area had
higher densities and abundances than the central area. The Detroit and
Maumee Rivers appear to heavily influence distributions in the basin.

Although the 5.5-7.3m depth zone generally did not have the highest densities,

it often times had the highest abundances.

This work is dedicated to the memory of Robert O. Schaeffer,
whose life has always been an inspiration for me.

ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Charles R.

Liston of the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife for his willingness to
act as my graduate committee chairman. His intellectual grasp, advice

and encouragement have served me well in preparing this document. It was
under his stewardship that its final shape was formed. I also wish to
express by gratitude to Dr. Niles R. Kevern of the Department of Fisheries
and Wildlife and Dr. Roger A. Hoopingarner of the Department of Entomology,
members of my graduate committee, for their review and comments in the
preparation of this manuscript. Special thanks to Dr. Richard A. Cole now
at New Mexico State University, in Las Cruces, for his initial inspiration

and encouragement.

To the many people who have unselfishly donated their time and
knowledge, I am appreciative. Special recognition to Joe Bohr, Thomas
Hornshaw, and Wheatley Hemmick for their efforts in sample collecting and
data reduction. In addition, the efforts of Dr. Ronald C. Waybrant, members
of Michigan's Bureau of Water Managenent, and the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency for financial funding and laboratory space, are greatly
appreciated. I would like to recognize my close associates at Gilbert/

Commonwealth Inc. for their encouragement and assistance.

Finally, I am deeply indebted to my wife Susan for her unwaiving
faith and encouragement, without which, this work would have remained

incomplete.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF FIGURES

INTRODUCTION . .

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

METHODS. . . . .

Sampling .

Beach Zone . . . . . . .

Open Lake . . . . . . . . . .
Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mathematical and Statistical Computations

SOURCES OF VARIABILITY .

RESULTS . . . . . . . .

Open Lake . . . . . . . . . . .
Clupeids . . . . . . .
Shiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White bass . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Yellow perch
Rainbow smelt .

Beach Zone . . . . .

Clupeids . .

Shiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White bass . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Yellow perch . . . . . . .

Rainbow smelt .

DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . .

Open Lake .
Beach Zone .

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION .

LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iv

vi

ix

11

ll
11
13
15
16

18

22

2?
30
35
38
41
47

52

56
59
62
65
68

72

73
76

78
81

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B

APPENDIX C

APPENDIX D

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd)

POOLED DENSITIES FROM STATIONS 1-17 DURING 1975 AND 1976 .

DENSITIES FROM STATIONS 18-20 DURING 1975 AND 1976 . . .

KRUSKAL-WALLIS TEST RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . .

AREA AND VOLUME ESTIMATES OF WESTERN LAKE ERIE .

84

98

100

108

TABLE

 

10

l].

212

313

14.

LIST OF TABLES

SAMPLING SCHEDULE AND SUCCESS FOR WESTERN LAKE ERIE

DURING 1975 AND 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TOTAL LARVAE AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE FOR THE BEACH
ZONE AND OPEN LAKE STATIONS COLLECTED DURING 1975

AND 1976 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

LARVAL FISH ABUNDANCES FROM WESTERN LAKE ERIE STATIONS

DURING 1975 AND 1976 O I O O O O O O O O C O O O

LARVAL CLUPEID ABUNDANCES FROM WESTERN LAKE ERIE

LARVAL SHINER ABUNDANCES FROM WESTERN LAKE ERIE
STATIONS 1-17, DURING 1975 AND 1976 . . . . . .

LARVAL WHITE BASS ABUNDANCES FROM WESTERN LAKE ERIE

STATIONS 1-17, DURING 1975 AND 1976 . . . . . .

LARVAL YELLOW PERCH ABUNDANCES FROM WESTERN LAKE ERIE

STATIONS 1-17, DURING 1975 AND 1976 . . . . . .

LARVAL RAINBOW SMELT ABUNDANCES FROM WESTERN LAKE ERIE

STATIONS 1-17, DURING 1975 AND 1976 . . . . . .

LARVAL FISH ABUNDANCES FROM WESTERN LAKE ERIE
STATIONS 18-20, DURING 1975 AND 1976 . . . . .

LARVAL CLUEPID ABUNDANCES FROM WESTERN LAKE ERIE

LARVAL SHINER ABUNDANCES FROM WESTERN LAKE ERIE
STATIONS 18-20, DURING 1975 AND 1976 . . . . . .

LARVAL WHITE BASS ABUNDANCES FROM WESTERN LAKE ERIE

STATIONS 18-20, DURING 1975 AND 1976 . . . . . .

LARVAL YELLOW PERCH ABUNDANCES FROM WESTERN LAKE ERIE

STATIONS 18-20, DURING 1975 AND 1976 . . . . . .

LARVAL RAINBOW SMELT ABUNDANCES FROM WESTERN LAKE ERIE

vi

PAGE

23

24

1-17

29

34

39

43

48

53

57

63

66

71

TABLE

A 1

[\10

1\11

[\12

POOLED STATION
OF LARVAL FISH
LAKE ERIE FROM

POOLED STATION
OF LARVAL FISH
LAKE ERIE FROM

POOLED STATION
0F LARVAL FISH
LAKE ERIE FROM

POOLED STATION
OF LARVAL FISH
LAKE ERIE FROM

POOLED STATION
0F LARVAL FISH
LAKE ERIE FROM

POOLED STATION
OF LARVAL FISH
LAKE ERIE FROM

POOLED STATION
OF LARVAL FISH
LAKE ERIE FROM

POOLED STATION
OF LARVAL FISH
LAKE ERIE FROM

POOLED STATION
OF LARVAL FISH
LAKE ERIE FROM

POOLED STATION
OF LARVAL FISH
LAKE ERIE FROM

POOLED STATION
OF LARVAL FISH

LIST OF TABLES (cont'd)

DENSITIES (INDIVIDUALS/100m3) AND COMPOSITION
COLLECTIONS TAKEN IN THE WESTERN BASIN OF
JUNE 4 TO JUNE 14, 1975. . . . . . . . . . .

DENSITIES (INDIVIDUALS/100m3) AND COMPOSITION
COLLECTIONS TAKEN IN THE WESTERN BASIN OF
JUNE 18 TO JUNE 20, 1975 . . . . . . . . . . .

DENSITIES (INDIVIDUALS/100m3) AND COMPOSITION
COLLECTIONS TAKEN IN THE WESTERN BASIN OF
JUNE 30 TO JULY 3, 1975 . . . . . . . . .

DENSITIES (INDIVIDUALS/1003) AND COMPOSITION
COLLECTIONS TAKEN IN THE WESTERN BASIN OF
JULY 15 To JULY 16 ’ 1975 O O O I O O O O O

DENSITIES (INDIVIDUALS/IOOmB) AND COMPOSITION
COLLECTIONS TAKEN IN THE WESTERN BASIN OF
JULY 29 TO JULY 30, 1975 . . . . . . . . .

DENSITIES (INDIVIDUALS/IOOmB) AND COMPOSITION
COLLECTIONS TAKEN IN THE WESTERN BASIN OF
AUGUST 11 TO AUGUST 13, 1975 . . . . . . . .

DENSITIES (INDIVIDUALS/IOOmB) AND COMPOSITION
COLLECTIONS TAKEN IN THE WESTERN BASIN OF
SEPTEMBER 3 TO SEPTEMBER 5, 1975 . . . . . . .

DENSITIES (INDIVIDUALS/100m3) AND COMPOSITION
COLLECTIONS TAKEN IN THE WESTERN BASIN OF
APRIL 27 TO APRIL 29, 1976 . . . . . . . .

DENSITIES (INDIVIDUALS/lOOmB) AND COMPOSITION
COLLECTIONS TAKEN IN THE WESTERN BASIN OF
MAY 17 TO MAY 18, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . .

DENSITIES (INDIVIDUALS/IOOmB) AND COMPOSITION
COLLECTIONS TAKEN IN THE WESTERN BASIN OF
FIAY 25 To MAY 26 ’ 1976 I O O O O O O O O O O O

DENSITIES (INDIVIDUALS/IOOmB) AND COMPOSITION
COLLECTIONS TAKEN IN THE WESTERN BASIN OF

LAKE ERIE ON JUNE 8, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

POOLED STATION
OF LARVAL FISH

DENSITIES (INDIVIDUALS/IOOmB) AND COMPOSITION
COLLECTIONS TAKEN IN THE WESTERN BASIN OF

LAKE ERIE ON JULY 9, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vii

PAGE

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

LIST OF TABLES (cont'd)

TABLE PAGE
A13 POOLED STATION DENSITIES (INDIVIDUALS/100m3) AND COMPOSITION

OF LARVAL FISH COLLECTIONS TAKEN IN THE WESTERN BASIN OF

LAKE ERIE FROM JULY 20 TO JULY 28, 1976. . . . . . . . . . . 96
.A14 POOLED STATION DENSITIES (INDIVIDUALS/100m3) AND COMPOSITION

OF LARVAL FISH COLLECTIONS TAKEN IN THE WESTERN BASIN OF

LAKE ERIE ON AUGUST 25 ’ 1976 O O O O C O O O O O O O O O O O 97
B 1 LARVAL FISH DENSITIES IN THE BEACH ZONES ALONG THE WESTERN

SHORE OF THE WESTERN BASIN OF LAKE ERIE DURING 1975 . . . . 98
B 2 LARVAL FISH DENSITIES IN THE BEACH ZONES ALONG THE WESTERN

SHORE OF THE WESTERN BASIN OF LAKE ERIE DURING 1976 . . . . 99
C 1 TEST STATISTICS VALUES (H') FOR THE KRUSKAL-WALLIS TEST OF

DEPTH AND GEOGRAPHIC MEANS FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS

DURING 1975 AND 1976 O O O O O O O O O O O C O O O O I O O 0 100
C 2 TEST STATISTIC VALUES (H') FOR THE KRUSKAL-WALLIS TEST OF

SAMPLING DATE MEANS FROM THE BEACH ZONE STATIONS DURING

1975 AND 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
D l AREA AND VOLUME ESTIMATES OF WESTERN LAKE ERIE . . . . . . . 108

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1 GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING OF LAKE ERIE DEPICTING THE THREE

MAJOR SUBBASINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 MEAN SEASONAL WIND VELOCITY AND AZIMUTH OF ORIGIN . . . . . 7
3 PREVAILING WATER CURRENTS IN THE WESTERN END OF LAKE

ERIE O O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 8
4 WESTERN LAKE ERIE SHOWING THE STUDY AREA, SUBDIVISIONS AND

STATIONS SAMPLED DURING 1975 AND 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5 SAMPLING CONFIGURATION SHOWING METHOD TO DETERMINE LENGTH

OF TOW LINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l4
6 MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR ALL SPECIES BY DEPTH ZONES

COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976. 26

7 MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR ALL SPECIES BY GEOGRAPHIC ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976. 27
8 MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR CLUPEIDS BY DEPTH ZONES COLLECTED
FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976 . . . . . 31
9 MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR CLUPEIDS BY GEOGRAPHIC ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976. 32
10 MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR SHINERS BY DEPTH ZONES COLLECTED
FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976 . . . . . 36
11. MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR SHINERS BY GEOGRAPHIC ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976. 37
:12 MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR WHITE BASS BY DEPTH ZONES COLLECTED
FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976 . . . . . 40
1:3 MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR WHITE BASS BY GEOGRAPHIC ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976. 42
14. MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR YELLOW PERCH BY DEPTH ZONES COLLECTED
FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976 . . . . . 44
15 MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR YELLOW PERCH BY GEOGRAPHIC ZONES

COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976. 45

ix

LIST OF FIGURES (cont'd)

FIGURE
16 MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR RAINBOW SMELT BY DEPTH ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976.
17 MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR RAINBOW SMELT BY GEOGRAPHIC ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATION DURING 1975 AND 1976.
18 LARVAL FISH DENSITIES FOR ALL SPECIES OF FISH COLLECTED
FROM STATIONS 18,19 AND 20 DURING 1975 AND 1976 . . . . .
19 LARVAL CLUPEID DENSITIES COLLECTED FROM STATIONS 18,19 AND
20 DURING 1975 AND 1976 O O O O O C I O C O O I C I O O O
2.0 LARVAL SHINER DENSITIES COLLECTED FROM STATIONS 18,19 AND
20 DURING 1975 AND 1976 O O O O O O O O O O O O O C C I
21 LARVAL WHITE BASS DENSITIES COLLECTED FROM STATIONS 18,19
AND 20 DURING 1975 AND 1976 C I O O I O O C O O O C O O
22 LARVAL YELLOW PERCH DENSITIES COLLECTED FROM STATIONS 18,19
AND 20 DURING 1975 AND 1976 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

23 LARVAL RAINBOW SMELT DENSITIES COLLECTED FROM STATIONS 18,19
ANDZODURING1975AND1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

INTRODUCTION

Lake Erie is one of the State's and Nation's largest aquatic

reesources. As a result, a greater portion of the 18 million people within

itzs drainage basin (Great Lakes Basin Commission, 1975b) rely on its

smaters to fill recreational, agricultural, municipal and industrial needs.
Ir1 addition, the lake serves as a vital link in the shipping lanes to

Aunerica's industrial and agricultural heartlands. From the waters its fish

lmave been the base of one Of the largest freshwater fisheries in the world,
arud until the early 1970's Lake Erie fishermen's annual landings nearly

enqualled the other four Great Lakes landings combined (Baldwin, et al.,

21979). In the future Lake Erie may play an important role in hydrocarbon

dkevelopment and source—water for western water-needs.

Since the 1940's demands for Lake Erie water have increased to
vflmere it is projected that within 40 years nearly one—third of the flow

tlrrough the western basin will be required to satisfy these needs (Cole,

.19778a). As a result of these large amounts of water being withdrawn, there

encists a potential to further change Lake Erie's ecosystem, through the

alteration of water quality, mechanical damage to entrained and impinged

organisms, and alteration of the lake's thermal regime. These changes may

‘more easily evolve in bays, marsh areas, estuaries or any area that would

tend to be isolated from the dynamics of the lake. As the water demands

increase, resource management decisions will reflect strategies that will

hopefully maintain or improve the aquatic resources.

The Great Lakes Basin Commission (1975a) has attributed the shift
it) the ichthyofauna in Lake Erie to over exploitation coupled with environ-
tnenntal changes. No longer are the more dominant species lake trout, lake
wdnitefish and lake herring; they have been replaced by the carp, gizzard
sliad, and smelt. Now the resource faces another environmental challenge,
t11e increase use of water both consumptive and nonconsumptive. Emerging as
came of the major nonconsumptive users of Lake Erie water is the electrical
generation industry. Alone the coal fired plant at Monroe, Michigan, is
(Lapable of pumping up to 85 m3/sec across its condensers (Cole, 1978a).

TR) make sound management decisions in the face of these conflicting uses,
rwegulatory agencies need to know the impact power plants have on the resource,
11nd.to do this they must know the resource. They must have knowledge on all
aaspects of fish biology from egg to adult. Traditionally, most research
Find.catch statistics centered on the adult and juvenile stages. However,

:Lt was found that the withdrawal of water involves the entrainment of fish

eggs and larvae of which very little was known.

With the enactment of PL 92-500 in 1972 more research was directed
tc> answer questions concerning entrainment such as mortality, vulnerability,
ctrronic effects, and overall long-term effects to recruitment. Early works
snuzh as Fish (1932) centered on taxonomic problems of larval fish which to
scnne degree still exist today. However, little else was done until the early
1970's when Cole (l978a&b), Nelson and Cole (1975), and MacMillan (1976)
carried out extensive studies in the vicinity of the Monroe Power Plant, but,
although they were ambitious and pioneering, they remained limited in regional
application. Waybrant and Shauver (1979) collected data from the entire

Western end of the western basin but, outside of reporting densities did

little else with the data. Two Ohio research groups, Mizera (1981) and
Cooper, et al. (1981a), reported extensively on the ichthyoplankton from

the Monroe Power Plant south and along the southern shore of the western

and central basins. Mizera, et a1. (1981) and Cooper, et al. (1981b) have
published further findings on the limnetic larval component of the ichthyo-
plankton Of the eastern portion Of the western basin. Patterson (n.d.)

and Patterson and Smith (1982) have attempted to model the dynamics of
several larval fish species to relate to the effect of entrainment on recruit-

ment.

The objective of this work is to: 1) document species use of the
western basin of Lake Erie as a spawning and nursery area, 2) depict distribut-
ional patterns of certain groups in relationship to the geomorphology of the
basin and 3) estimate larval production within the study area. It is the
intent that the data presented here will contribute to the fuller understanding

of the dynamics of the ichthyofauna of the western basin of Lake Erie.

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

Lake Erie (Figure 1) is the fourth lake in the drainage of the
Laurentian Great Lakes. Its origin and history are similar to the other
Great Lakes, but its size and location set it apart. Lake Erie in its
present state sits in the eastern end of a 103,600 sq. km. drainage basin,
characterized by low flat clay—rich land. The physical appearance of Lake
Erie has changed little in the past 5000 years since the final retreat of
the continental glaciers left it in its final configuration in the massive
Clay and gravel overburden. Erosional forces have had little effect on the
shorelines. Even though the lake holds 125 trillion gallons (4.73x1011 m3)
Of water, it represents only two percent of the water in the Great Lakes
(Great Lakes Basin Commission (8), 1975). Lake Erie has a total surface area
of 25,750 sq. km, making it the smallest of the Great Lakes. The geomorphology
Of the lake readily divides it into three basins which get deeper in an
easterly direction (Figure 1). The central basin encompasses approximately
60 percent of the surface area of the lake and has an average depth of 20 m.
It is divided from the eastern basin by a low ridge near Erie, Pennsylvania.
The eastern basin encompasses approximately 25 percent of the lake's surface
area and has a maximum depth of 60 m. The western basin lies west of the
rocky outcrOppings and islands between Pointe Pelee, Ontario, and Marblehead,
()hio. It is the smallest and shallowest comprising only 15 percent of the

Surface area and having an average depth of only 7.5 m. Lake sediments are

Very flat and composed of dark sludge-like muds (FWPCA, 1968).

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Lake Erie receives approximately 93 percent of its inflow from the
Detroit River. Water generally flows from west to east discharging through
the Niagara River and Welland Canal at 5,742 m3/sec.(FWPCA, 1968). Trib-
utaries are characterized by winding courses, sluggish waters with high
silt loads. The lake receives other inflow from the Huron and Raisin Rivers
in Michigan; the Maumee, Portage, Sandusky, Huron, Vermillion, Black, Rocky
Cuyahoga, Chargrin, Grand, Ashtabula, and Conneciut Rivers in Ohio; the
Cattanaugus and Buffalo in New York; and the Grand River Big, Otter and
Kettle Creeks in Ontario. The region receives approximately 34 inches of

rainfall a year and a third of it is lost to runoff.

The western basin (8110 sq. km.) receives approximately 97 percent
of its inflow from the Detroit River with the average discharge of approximately
5,477 m3/sec. The surface currents in the basin are somewhat wind driven;
however, even with the prevailing winds out of the southwest (Figure 2), the
dominant currents are driven by the inflow of the Detroit River (Figure 3).
Much of the Detroit River water flows into the central basin through the
Pelee Passage (Schelske and Roth, 1973). However, a portion of it curves
back around creating a large slow-moving eddy south of Stony Point (Figure 3).
These slow currents bring Maumee Bay/River water north Off the Michigan
shoreline. Other tributaries to the basin and their average discharges
include the Maumee River (135.8 m3/sec), Raisin River (20.2 m3/sec), Huron

River (16 m3/sec) and Swan Creek (0.28 m3/sec) (FWPCA, 1968).

The Maumee River is the largest tributary wholly within the lake
basin and its silt loads are pushed north by the basin currents. There are

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River, and the southern influenced by the Maumee River (Waybrant, 1976). The
basin is the shallowest with sediments dominated by clays and muds in the

flat areas and sand and gravel in the rising slopes. The western shore is
cOmprised of sand with a thin layer of erosional silt. The only rock out-
croppings are along the islands to the east and restricted areas around

Stoney Point. The water is more turbid in the western basin as a result of
large silt loads and wind driven mixing. Water temperatures are generally
uniform within the water column only rarely stratifying during periods of calm
weather. During these periods of calm, conditions near the bottom quickly

go anaerobic from the high BOD loads which in turn affect the bottom fauna.

The lake's chemical characteristics are greatly influenced by its
industrial watershed and morphology (Schelske and Roth, 1973). In addition
agriculture has played a major role in change of the lake's water quality.

The results of these activities have increased chemicals, nutrients, and silt
loads in the lake. Nutrients and other chemical constituents that settle

out are quickly resuspended by the continual mixing. The Detroit River has

high water quality, but some of the most polluted sediments are in its plume
(Waybrant, 1976). In the south, water quality is characterized by high BOD,
conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total nitrogen, and chlorophyll

a, but has a more diverse bottom fauna (Waybrant, 1976).

Lake Erie is a bicarbonate lake with an average pH of 8.3. Being
the smallest and the most southern of the Great Lakes, it is the most
biologically productive (Waybrant, 1976). Diatoms comprise 75 percent of

the phytoplankton. Blue-green algae experience massive blooms in August,

10

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green algae, and the filamentous green algae Cladqphora sp. is becoming a

 

nuisance (GLBCa, 1975). Copepods and rotifers make up the bulk of the zoo-
plankton and oligochaetes and chironomids dominate the benthic community

(FWPCA, 1968; Waybrant, 1976).

METHODS

Data Collection

 

An array of sampling stations was established in the far western
end of the western basin of Lake Erie (Figure 4) during 1975 and 1976. The
study area was subdivided by depth into five zones. Each zone was bounded
by a depth contour. The zones are, going lakeward: 0-l.8 m, 1.8-3.7 m,
3.7-5.5m, 5.5—7.3m and 7.3-9.1 m. The study area was also artifically sub-
divided into five geographic areas from north to south (Figure 4). The

20 sampling stations were placed in the resultant cells.

In 1975, sampling began on June 2 and continued through September
15 on a biweekly schedule. In 1976, sampling began on April 13 and continued
through August 25 on a biweekly schedule. In total, eight sampling iterations

were completed in 1975 and 10 sampling iterations were completed in 1976.

Beach Zone

 

Stations 18, 19 and 20 were established to sample the 0-1.8 m
depth zone. Samples were collected using 363 u, 9.1 m bag seine fitted with
a 1.8 liter collection bucket. Collections were made in 0.9 meters of water
against any discernible beach currents. Filtered volumes were calculated
by keeping the mouth of the seine at a constant Opening (3.1 m) and seining
over premeasured distances which were 52.4 m at Station 18, 73.2 m at Station

19 and 68.3 m at Station 20. Collected samples were washed into the collection

11

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bucket, and the sample slurry was diluted to approximately one liter and
preserved with 10 percent buffered formalin. Rose bengal dye was added to
facilitate laboratory sorting. One sample was collected per station per

sample iteration.

Open Lake

Stations 1 through 17 were established to sample the remaining
depth zones. Samples were collected using a 571 u, one meter, 5:1 simple
conical plankton net fitted with a 1.9 liter collection bucket towed behind
a boat as depicted in Figure 5. Two discrete tows were made at 5.5 km/hr.
for four minutes. A surface tow was made by releasing enough towline to just
submerge the plankton net totally in the water. The boat traveled in an arc
to keep the net out of the propeller wash. Bottom samples were collected
one meter off the bottom. Correct net deployment was ensured by following the
methods displayed in Figure 5. Neither net was equipped with a closing device;
consequently, bottom nets were deployed for a somewhat longer period but
filtered water for four minutes one meter from the bottom. Each net was out-
fitted with a Kahl "pigmy-type" flowmeter. Each meter was calibrated prior
to use and was mounted at the two-thirds/one-third point on the single-point
bridle. Total volumes filtered were calculated by multiplying total revolutions
of the flowmeter by the meter constant established during calibration. Total
captured larvae were divided by total cubic meters filtered and multiplied
by 100 to standarize all data to individuals/100 m3. Filtering efficiencies

were not calculated for any of the nets. Collected samples were handled and

preserved in the same methods as those for the beach stations.

l4

 

 

 

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15

In addition, air temperature and transparency depths were recorded
at each station. Water temperatures were monitored every meter in depth at

each open lake station in an effort to document any thermal stratification.

Laboratory

 

Upon return to the laboratory each sample was washed and sorted
with the aid of a 4x sorting lens. Random samples were resorted to
calculate sorting efficiencies. When extremely large samples were returned
for sorting, a 50 or 25 percent subsample was sorted. Each sample retained
its own identity by being sorted into individual vials in five percent

buffered formalin.

Larval identification followed the classification system set up
by May and Gasaway (1967). For the purpose of this study the early three
post-hatching stages were lumped into the heading larvae. Juveniles were
not examined. As a result Of extremely large numbers of captured larvae
and the taxonomic complexities of several taxa, several groups were only
identified to the generic or family level. These included the gizzard shad

(Dorosoma cepedianum)-alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) complex reported as

 

clupeids; common carp (Cyprinus carpio)-goldfish (Carassius auratus) complex

 

reported as a common carp; the Shiners (Notropis spp.) primarily the emerald
shiner (Notropis atherinoides) and the spottail shiner (Notropis hudsonius)
reported as Shiners; the Centrarchidae genus (Lepomis) reported as

sunfish; the Centrarchidae genus Pomoxis reported as crappies, and the

Percidae genus Etheostoma reported as darters. The primary works consulted

 

during the taxonomic portion of the project included Fish (1932), Mansuetti

and Hardy (1967), May and Gasaway (1967), Lippson and Moran (1974) and Nelson

l6

and Cole (1975). Common and scientific names follow those discussed in
Robins, et a1. (1980). Identifications were confirmed by Mr. Donald Nelson
of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. All data are reported as

individuals per 100 m3 unless otherwise stated.

Mathematical And Statistical Computations

 

With Stations 1 through 17 the data from the surface samples were
combined with the appropriate data from the bottom samples and divided by the
total amount of filtered water to arrive at pooled densities for that station
(Appendix A). Simple means for these pooled densities were calculated over
time for each depth zone and each geographic zone. Differences in means
were revealed using the Kruskal-Wallis distribution-free test as discussed
in Hollander and Wolfe (1973). In addition, zone wide/period wide tests
were also conducted. Appendix C lists the appropriate values for the test

statistics (H') and their significance.

Abundance estimates were calculated by multiplying pooled densities
by volumes. Total larval production was estimated by summing up the
abundance estimates. However, to accomplish this several assumptions had to
be made. They include: (1) it was assumed that the sampling frequency was
such that only one larval cohort was sampled, all others being such that they
could avoid capture; (2) each sampling iteration sampled a different larval
cohort; (3) larval densities remained constant from approximately one-half
a sampling period before a sampling date to one-half the following sampling
period from the same sampling date; (4) densities changed linearly between

stations to equalize the densities throughout the cells.

17

Volumes were calculated by first calculating the area of each
individual cube with a planimeter and multiplying the area by the average
depth. Appendix D contains the surface area and total volumes for each cube.
Plainmeter readings were taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration's Chart No. 39, LAKE ERIE, West End of the Lake Including
the Islands 1971. Finally by summing up apprOpriate volume from apprOpriate

cubes, volumes for the depth zones were calculated.

Not all cubes contained sampling stations. In such cases the
volume was added to the cell immediately next to it within the same depth
zone. Such was the case with the cell in the 3.7-5.5 m depth zone in the far
northern geographic zone; it was added to the one immediately below it (Figure
4). Again, the cell in the 5.5-7.3 m depth zone in the northern geographic
zone has no sampling station so half the volume was added to the cells on
either side within the same depth zone. The volume of the cube that contains
Stations 14 and 17 was divided in half and multiplied by the appropriate
pooled densities. Densities at Station 18 were used for the 0-1.8 m depth
zones in the far north and north cells. Station 19 densities were used for
the 0-1.8 m depth zone for the central and south geographic zones. Station
20 densities were used for the 0-l.8 m depth zone in the far southern geo-

graphic zone.

SOURCES OF VARIABILITY

Common to all ichthyoplankton studies are a number of sources of
sample variability which if not fully understood may be interpreted as natural
'variation inherent to population dynamics. Sample variability may reduce the
soundness of the data set, lead to incorrect mathematical or statistical
comparisons and foster a spurous discussion of the observed results. As a
result, any program that looks at the natural system must be aware of the
problems associated with the interactions between wild populations, sampling
schemes and variability. Beers, et al. (1967) suggest that the patchy
distribution of plankton and inefficiency of sampling gear are often cited as
the two major sources of sample variability in field studies. To these Mizera,

(1981) adds avoidance of the sampling gear by the target organism.

To reduce sample variability, ideally, distribution of larval fish
should be normally and randomly distributed through the study area, but they
are not. The close congregation of newly hatched larvae of some species and
the schooling tendencies of others produce patchy or clump distributions
which violate some of the basic assumptions of statistics. Increase in
replications and increase of tow times both increase the chances of sampling
these clumps. Cole (1978a) places a direct relationship between variability
and sampling intensity. However, he goes on to eXplain that a six to ten
time increase in sampling intensity would be required to maintain the same

permissible error between two stations, and an increase of over 100 fold to

18

1.9

reduce the permissible error from 50 percent to 10 percent with a 95 percent

confidence interval.

As more and more ichthyoplankton studies are undertaken more and
more sampling gear is introduced or refined, each to try to overcome a
particular problem. However, it remains that each type still retains a
certain amount of bias, and no one net or mesh size can effectively sample
all larvae (Bowles, et al., 1978). Two critical considerations of a sample
net are diameter of the mouth and mesh size. The larger the net the more
water that can be filtered. Bowles, et al. (1978) state that larger nets

tend to capture more larvae per filtered liter of water than smaller ones.

Cole (1978a) and Bowles, et al. (1978) have found that the larger
mesh sizes may underestimate the smaller life stages. One apparent problem
with the smaller mesh sizes is net clogging. As water is filtered through
the net fabric small pieces of inorganic material, algae, zooplankton, and
larvae become lodged in or across the mesh openings clogging the net and
reducing the net's filtering efficiency. Increasing the ratio of the net
mouth diameter to bag length ratio places the sides of the net nearer to
parallel with the flow through the net increasing the net's ability to remain

unclogged. Faber (1968) suggests a 6:1 ratio to induce this self cleaning.

Extrusion of larvae through the net fabric can take place with any
mesh size in any size net. It is compounded by the compressibility of the
larva, rigidity of the net fabric and tow speed. Minor changes in boat speed

can have a significant effect in the actual net speed in the water (Nobel,

20

1970) . The most effective net material is one with uniform aperture, stiffness

to resist bending, but flexible enough to self-clean (Heron, 1968).

Net avoidance by the target organisms can either be active or
passive. Fish are very sensitive to the pressure waves and turbulences set
up by nets moving through the water. Small vibrations sent out by the bridle
or flow meter are sensed by larvae with limited swimming ability, often in
time to swim a short distance to escape the net. Clogging in a net will build
up a pressure wave that will sweep larvae away from the mouth of the net.
Larger nets and slower towing speeds will decrease the pressure wave by
enabling the net to remain clean longer and forcing the larvae to swim farther
to escape the net. Visual stimuli also aid the larvae in avoiding the net
as Cole (1978a) reports greater success during night samplings, but this may
also be influenced by diurnal changes in the larval distributions. However,

Bowles et al. (1978) report several studies that suggest visual stimuli may

indeed aid in net avoidance.

Different measures of ichthyoplankton densities, distribution, or
occurrennces can best be provided with the employment of different types of
towing techniques. It would provide little information, for instance, to
sample Vtith a pump in a system where large volumes for water have to be
filtered to establish reliable data. Bowles, et a1. (1978) state that
stratified and oblique tows are suited for abundance surveys. They also
state that the type of net deployment should depend upon the expected dis-
tributions, life histories, and geomorphology of the sample area. Cole (1978a)

has found that the metered net is as effective as the pump and high speed

21

sampler, and oblique tows yield approximately the same results as stratified
tows. However, he goes on to discuss that daytime sampling on the bottom

without the aid of some bottom device may lead to high yields in nearshore

areas.

In summary, the sampling techniques as described in the last
section have been proven to reduce sampling variation in certain situations.
The metered one meter net with a 5:1 net mouth to bag ratio, along with the
571 u mesh net serve to reduce the net avoidance and clogging problems. The
slow towing speed and long deployment increase the chance of sampling the
clump distributions most species exhibit. The pooled surface and bottom tows
serve as a modified stratified-step tow which are common for abundance

studies.

RESULTS

Open Lake

During 1975 sampling commenced on June 4th and continued through
September 5th. A total of seven sampling iterations were completed
making 221 tows yielding lll pooled samples. During 1976 sampling commenced
on April 27th and continued through August 25th. Foul weather and
major equipment failure resulted in uncollected samples. Table 1 displays
the sampling schedules and collection success for 1975 and 1976. Still, field
efforts for 1976 resulted in a fairly complete data set with samples being
collected at least once a month. From the six executed sampling iterations

194 tows were made yielding 97 pooled samples.

Efforts during 1975 produced 58,016 larvae representing 14 taxa
of which five (clupeids, rainbow smelt, shiners, white bass and freshwater
drum) comprised nearly 97 percent of the catch. In turn, 1976 produced
19,770 larvae representing 16 taxa of which the aboved named taxa comprised
nearly 97 percent of the catch. Table 2 lists the catches for 1975 and 1976

and the associated relative abundances.

As a result of the June 4 commencement of the 1975 sampling season
several species were already present in the samples (Appendix A and B).
Water temperatures ranged from 14.7OC at Station 2 to 17.30C at Station 4.

Temperatures ranged in the mid-twenties throughout the summer and there was

22

 

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25

no evidence of thermal stratification. In 1976 sampling began several weeks
earlier on April 27th. Again larval fish were taken in the samples. Water
temperatures in April of 1976 ranged 8.50C to 9.30C at the northern three
stations. Temperatures ranged in the teens in May and June, low twenties

in July and the mid twenties in August. Again, no evidence of thermal

stratification was found.

In 1975 densities were highest in the 1.8-3.7m depth zone and
generally decreased as with depth (Figure 6). Peak densities were reached in
the June 18-20 sampling period except in the 5.5-7.3m depth zone which peaked
during the June 4-14 sampling period. Although sampling was incomplete in
the first sampling period (June 4-14, 1975), there were higher densities in
the southern two geographic zones of the study area (Figure 7). However,
significant differences (p 1 0.05) in the depth zone means were found only
during the September sampling period. Then the mean densities in the 1.8—3.7m
depth zone were higher. Appendix C has tabulated the test statistics values

and their significance.

During 1976, densities peaked during the June 8 sampling period
for the 1.8-3.7m, 3.7m-5.5m and 5.5m-7.3m depth zones and fell off rapidly
after that (Figure 6). In the 7.3-9.1m depth zone, densities peaked during
the July 20-28 sampling period and quickly dropped off in August. No depth
zone emerged as having consistently higher densities, although densities in
the 1.8-3.7m depth zone were significantly higher (p 6 .05) during the April
sampling period. Even though there were no significant differences in the

pooled means for the geographic zones, the far southern geographic zone had

26

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DENSITIES
lndwiduals/ 1 00m°

 

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LA

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DENSITIES
lndwiduals/ 1 00m'

 

 

FIGURE 6
MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR ALL SPECIES BY DEPTH ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976

 

 

 

27

 

 

 

  
   

 

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FIGURE 7
MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR ALL SPECIES BY GEOGRAPHIC ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976

 

 

 

28

higher densities through June and the near northern and northern geographic

zones had higher densities during the rest of 1976.

Total larval production for 1975 is estimated at 7.59x10ll fish
(Table 3), with larval abundances peaking during June l8-20 and June 30-
July 3 sampling periods. Although no clear cut trend was evident, larval
abundances were higher in the deepest two zones through much of the sampling
year. Total larval production for 1976 is estimated at 4.56x1011 fish
(Table 3). These estimates may be on the conservative side as a result of the
long periods between sampling. Peak abundancies in 1976 also occurred during
the early June to early July time frame at l.8lx1011 to 1.34x1011 larvae
(Table 3). Cooper, et al. (1981b) estimated total larval production at
2.325x109 larvae for the work they did on the western basin. However, their
study area was only from Stony Point south along the Michigan shoreline. In
addition the difference in sampling net (.75m diameter, 760 u mesh vs. 1.0
m diameter, 571 u for this study) may have led to underestimates as discussed
by Cole (19783). COOper, et al. report similar relative abundances with clupeids
the dominate species. Mizera, et al. (1981) found in their work that Maumee
Bay (Figure l) was a very important larval production area. Their relative
abundances agreed with this study's. High larval densities in the far
southern geographic zone may be a result of larvae being swept north out of
Maumee Bay along the Michigan shoreline by prevailing water currents. Water

currents may also play a part in the high densities in the far northern zone

as larvae may be swept into the study area from the Detroit River.

29’

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30

Clupeids

Clupeids were the most abundant taxa of larval fish captured in
1975 and 1976 comprising nearly 84 and 87 percent of the catch respectively.
Clupeids were already in moderately high densities when sampling commenced in
1975 (Figures 8 and 9). Densities peaked in the June l8-20 and the June 30—
July 3 time frame and rapidly dropped off after that but were still present
into September. During 1976, densities also peaked in the early June—
early July time frame except for the 7.3-9.1m depth zone which peaked in
the July 20-28 sampling period. Although no differences were found between
the pooled means between the depth zones (Appendix C) for either 1975 or
1976, in 1975 densities were higher in the 1.8—3.7 meter zone and decreased
in a deep water direction. In 1976 densities peaked in the 1.8-3.7m, 3.7-
5.5m, and 5.5-7.3m zones during the June 8 sampling period but not until the
July 20-28 sampling period for the 7.3-9.1 m zone. This may very well
represent an influx from the Detroit River as there are high densities in

the far northern geographic zone during this period also (Figure 9).

Densities by geographic zones seemed to be high in the northern
and southern extremities of the study area with the lowest densities estab—
lished in the central zone (Figure 9). The only significant (p 5 0.05)
difference in means occurred during July 9, 1976, sampling period when the
northern and far northern depth zones had higher pooled mean densities

(Appendix C).

During 1975, the far southern geographic zone had densities of
over 6OO/m3 during the June 18—20 through the June 30-July 3 sampling

periods. Mizera (1981) reports a high of 9OO/m3 basin-wide for this

31

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Indivnduals/1 00m°

 

 

FIGURE 8
MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR CLUPEIDS BY DEPTH ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976

 

 

 

 

32

 

 

 

 

\\\A
\\XLL\A

 

 

 

0° ’ ,
6 1
:- I

 

DENSITIES
lndwlduals/ 1 00m’

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a“
0.00: ‘ J j
0 A a
"E 6604 I I j
to 0 3° ,
g o d . I
t S a i;~ j
‘0 'g 531; x
z .
g E
g ...... 50°
6‘
p.91 $569
6 3"
FIGURE 9

MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR CLUPEIDS BY GEOGRAPHIC ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976

 

 

 

33

work in the western basin during 1977. These high densities may be a result
of large numbers of clupeid larvae being swept north by the prevailing currents
in that portion of the basin. Mizera et al. 1981 found that the Maumee Bay

ichthyoplankton fauna was dominated by clupeids.

During 1976, sampling started earlier than 1975 (April 27) and
larval clupeids were present in these early samples. However, their first
appearance was in the southern two—thirds of the study area. Spawning
no doubt took place earlier in the warmer water of Maumee Bay and closely
associated areas of Lake Erie, and it appears that the northern and far
northern geographic zones exhibited this lag time in densities throughout

1976.

Larval clupeid production for 1975 and 1976 sampling periods is
estimated at 6.19x1011 and 3.50x1011 respectively (Table 4). During
1975 abundances again peaked during the June 18-20 and June 30-July 3
sampling periods dropping a thousand fold by September. Except for the June
18-20 sampling period, larval abundances were generally higher in the 5.5-
7.3m and 7.3-9.1m depth zones. During 1976 larval abundances were low in
April and quickly increased by 104 by the first part of June. No depth zones
stood out consistently as producing the most larvae, however, the 5.5-7.3m
depth zone had a high number of larval clupeids during the time of peak
production. COOper et al. (1981a) estimated the larval clupeid production to
be 1.03x109 fish in their work in the southern portion of the basin, and

Mizera (1981) estimates 1.03x1010

fish from Stony Point south. Again, their
estimates do not include those larvae entering the system from the north

via spawning or immigration from the Detroit River.

34

.vm~asmm uo: macaumum wow u Nanak mom “mama wcfimmwe sad: um vm>wuum usam mucmmmudmu mum: *

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

iaoaxoqmn.a oaoaxaama.s “HoaxONoo.H Hao_xamem.a vacaxmmmo.a acaxmoao.o a<eoe
x . x . x . IIIImIIIIIuII .1.
«Nos mama N ado“ cogs a oaoa o_on a wad mamN a a m m a
x . x . x . x . x . . - .
mom amen m caca Hwaa n oacH mosa m oHoH Rama m sea mmam H m a m m
moaxkaa~.¢ meaxmome.e aoaxaman.a cacaxeeam.n «ooaxqomm.~ aonmaam.m m.mua.m
«moaxanan.~ moaxmoma.~ moaxmmoa.a oaoaxaea~.m aoaxNMQa.~ hoaxowmo.o “.m-m.~
m~\m m~\auom\a m\~ m\o o~\m-m~\m m~\q-a~\q Aevmzow
05am . zsmma
x . x . x . X . x . X . x .
mo~ mmao m sea memo c ao~ aNom a oaoa wads o Mica sama a aaoa Moos N «oaoa «aka a a<eoe
nuunwnlulwa. ullmwnnsnwul lelnwnaxuqux .Illsmnuxlqul. . .111111111411 . -..
mos oamm m sea amma N cac~ ammo a oaoa make a cacaxmsma q «ooaxooas N a a n a
x . x . x . x . x . x . x . . - .
mos «Nam m mod sacs a sea oaoo o aca mass m odes finch c oaoa awmm o «oaoa mmHN e m a m m
x I x O x C O x O x I x 0 0'.
mod amwo m moa mmNo N mad mama m aoaxcmqa a oHoH mmsu m oHoH amSN m amoH amok m m m a n
x . x . x . . . x . x . . u .
mos cams a ma“ «mom a mod ooNo a acaxaaoa m oHonamoo a oioa Name a «com oANS a a m m a
m\m-M\a ma\maaa\m oM\~-m~\~ e~\~-ma\~ «\nqu\e o~\euma\c qH\o-a\e Aev szN
«Nod zeamo

oumfi oz< mm¢~ UZwman Nana mzowe<em
.mHmm mx<4 zmmbmmz rcrm mmuz<az=m<r awmmsgo A<>m<4

¢ mam<a

35

Shiners
Total Shiners (presumably the majority of them emerald Shiners

(Notropis atherinoides) and spottail Shiners (Notropis hudsonius)), represented

 

4.12 percent of the catch in 1975 and 4.15 percent of the catch in 1976.
Larval Shiners were already in the lake when sampling commenced June 4, 1975;
however, they did not appear in 1976 until the May 25-26 sampling period

when the waters had warmed to around 150C in the southern portion of the
study area. During 1975 the 1.8-3.7m, 3.7-5.5m, and the 5.5-7.3m depth

zones all had peak densities during the June 30—July 3 sampling period.

The 7.3—9.1m depth zone had peak densities during the July 15-16 sampling
period (Figure 10). Mean pooled densities showed no significant differences
during 1975 except during the September 3-5 sampling period when the 1.8-

3.7m depth zone had significantly (p 5 0.05) higher densities (Appendix C).

During 1976 no depth zone emerged as having significantly higher
densities. The 1976 catch was several times smaller than in 1975 and
showed no high densities among depth zones. The highest densities appeared

to be spread over a several month period (Figure 10).

No geographic zone had significantly different pooled means during
1975, although, the far southern and southern geographic zones appeared to
have higher densities through July 3, 1975 (Figure 11). In 1976 the far
southern geographic zone had peak densities during the June 8 sampling again
during the July 20-28 sampling period and the northern and far northern
geographic zones peaked during the July 9 and July 20-28 sampling periods

reSPECtively. None of the five sampling iterations revealed any significant

36

 

 

\

 

 

 

 

DENSITIES
lnduvnduals/ 1 00m

 

 

 

DENSITIES
IndwlduaIs/1 00m1|

 

 

 

FIGURE 10
MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR SHINERS BY DEPTH ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976

 

 

 

 

37

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DENSITIES
Indwuduals/ 1 00m3

 

       

 

 

 

 

 

I
I
I
I
I I A
«33’ I ,
8’ A ’
n 1 l I I
35. 6’ ,
F E 5’ ,
75§ r
z : :-:-:-:- .....
Ill 3 3’
a 1:3 2‘ .;. '-"---:-:-
v "
J
«2.9
1 . M 596 ...;.;:;:,:;::f
hwéfi’b ' O
.1\:\‘L‘° Va 6‘ 0?.
19° $0800
FIGURE 1 1

MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR SHINERS BY GEOGRAPHIC ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976

 

 

 

38

differences between pooled means; however, the annual pooled means were
significant (p 5 0.05) with the far southern and near northern averaging
higher densities (Appendix C). Mizera (1981) reported larval shiners in

the southern portion of the western basin at 100 per 100 m3 (mostly emerald)
during 1977. This may be a result of more intensive sampling efforts or

some derivation of the population distribution.

Total larval shiner production for 1975 and 1976 is estimated at
8.82x1010 and 4.41x1010 respectively (Table 5). This compares with a
production of 5.29x108 as reported by Cooper, et al. (19813) and Mizera
(1981). During 1975 abundances peaked during the June 18-20 and the June
30-July 3 sampling periods. The 5.5-7.3m and 7.3—9.lm depth zones con—
sistently had higher abundancies throughout 1975. Although shiners were
only present during four sampling periods in 1976, abundances rose to a peak
during the June 8 sampling trip and remained constant until they disappeared
from the samples in August. Again, larval shiner production was highest in

the 5.5-7.3m and the 7.3-9.1m depth zones.

White Bass

 

During 1975, 3,010 white bass larvae were captured which represented
5.19 percent of the total catch, and in 1976 only 321 white bass were taken
representing only 1.62 percent of the catch. White bass larvae were already
present in the lake when sampling started in 1975. Larval densities peaked
during the June 18-20 sampling period (Figure 12), and there was no signifi-
cant difference in pooled mean densities (Appendix C). First larval white

bass showed up during the May 25-28 sampling period during 1976. Densities

w

m
N

onNNNw.m

onNNmo.m
onmq¢N.N

m\alm\a

 

 

mN\w

x .
on Nomo N

x .
moH mHmm H

NonHNmN.N

NcqueHo.N

x .
oHoH mHmo H

@
aconNcN.m

ocwawmo.H

x .
wcH mmom c

onNNNm.n

 

wN\HuaN\N

onuaHo.H

onHoNH.m

onNGMH.m
onmNmm.H
cHxnmmo.N

QQQQO‘

 

 

MH\QIHH\w

OM\NIaN\N

onemmo.H

CH

IIIIMWIIIJII.
oHcH nose H

monNaHa.m

x .
moH oOmH N

Ncmecmo.n
m\m

x .
oHoH «HHa H

chch.H

oao

x .
aoH HNnN m

x O
@oH mmNo c

monwemm.w

x .
oHoH NNHo H

onnNmN.H

DH
moncoHo.N
aonNQNN.H

ononH.m

w
m\o

x .
oHoH ooac m

&

 

x .
on mOmH m

x .
on mHNN N

H.GHxH.VOm.m

NonNamn.m

 

.pmHaEmm mo: mcoHumum you H mHscb mom “mama wchmHE :uHs um vm>Huum mazm mucmmmuaou mum:

H<PCH

i

 

H.a|m.n
m.Nnm.m
m.m|N.m
N.m1m.H

 

 

 

 

 

oH\NImH\N

mNaH

x .
oHoH mHoH H

x .
cHoH «Nam H

¢onommm.m

ooneNoa.m

M\NION\o

cNoH az< mm¢H UZHMDG NHIH monH<hw

0H
m
OH
0
a

cN\mlmN\m

onmmmH.m

oncho.H

ononqe.N
onOMHN.N
cHxNOON.H

 

mHmm mx<H zmmhmm3 20mm mmoz<nz=m¢V mmszm H<>¢<H

m MHm<b

oN\onH\o

mN\qINN\q

oH.~qmo.a

Ilmmmmmqumu
oax~ooo.a
c_xqomm.a
oaxmnea.a

¢H\olc\o

Nevmzcw
zemma

H<POP

 

H.®IM.N
n.51m.m
n.nn~.m
N.mnm.H

 

Hsv mzow

:Hmmo

40

 

 

 

 

 

DENSITIES
lndivuduals/ 1 00m8

 

 

 

 

 

DENSITIES
Indwiduals/ 1 00m3

 

FIGURE 12
MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR WHITE BASS BY DEPTH ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976

 

 

 

=

41

rose and peaked during the June 8 sampling period and had disappeared from
the samples by August. No significant differences were found between any
of the pooled means. The 1.8-3.7m depth zone appeared to have the highest

densities through most of 1975, but no pattern emerged during 1976.

During both 1975 and 1976 the southern and far southern geographic
zones had the highest densities (Figure 13). Tests showed that the two
southern geographic zones had significantly (p 5 0.05) higher pooled means,
and the annual densities were highly significant (p 5 0.01) (Appendix C)

across all sampling periods.

Larval white bass production of 1975 and 1976 is estimated at
2.79x1010 and 6.91x109 respectively (Table 6). Although larval production
varied by a factor of four between the two years, basically abundances
peaked at the same time, around June 1, and disappeared from the samples
at the same time, around the last of July. Cooper, et a1. (1981) placed
larval white bass production for 1977 at 2.65x108 in the portion of
the western basin they studied. Cooper, et al. also reported that Maumee Bay

produced 60 percent of their catch and their lowest catch was off Stony

Point.

Yellow Perch

 

Yellow perch comprised 0.34 and 2.11 percent of the catch for
1975 and 1976 respectively (Table 2). Comparing the two years data as
graphed in Figures 14 and 15, it is apparent that by the June 4 start-up

date in 1975 the yellow perch densities had passed their peak. In light of

42

 

 

  
 
 

 

    

 

 

 

I
I I
: , 3
a I
A A ’ I
‘00( I j A a
90’ d a A a
. 30’ A i ’ J
(0 CE) 10’ I ’ ,
:-‘-.‘ 2 so“ » ’ ’
(71 g 50% a 1 I)
z '8 //
Ill E 5,03 A J I
D E 30’ I z
I

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

DENSITIES
IndeuaIs/ 1 00m°

1;
0:12.

 

FIGURE 13
MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR WHITE BASS BY GEOGRAPHIC ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976

 

 

 

 

433

 

 

 

.uoHaaom uc: mcoHumum hem H mHnah mom “sump mchmHa zqu um vm>Huua mean mucommuaou wanna

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.mem mx<a zxmemm: roam mmuz<cz=m< mm<a nymzz a<>x<q

 

 

Honmomm.a aoaxmacm.a acaxses~.n
meaxwamo.~ acaxmamn.~
monemqm.o aofixoama.~

“Oaxammm.m moH.ma_o.H HonNHsm.a

Hoaxaemn.a meaxsca~.~ moaxnsea.o

m\m w~\~.o~\a a\a m\o
ska“
acaxamoo.m acaxaamm.s mosxmmmo.m aoaxaaam.H
«caxemam.n
moaanmm.m woaxoamq.~
“caxmoa~.~ monHNHN.H
oax~q~5.~ Oaxaana.s oaxaaao.a oflxmmow.a
a a a . m
.numummuumw. na\mlaa\m om\a-a~\a uamHHHanHHI MHHIoMHo
maafi

oNaH az< mNoH oszza NHIH monH<Hm

e MHm<H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mofixaame.m a<ecy
H.onm.~
monNooo.H n.~-n.m
m.m-a.m
monaomo.~ H.n1m.a
o~\m-nu\m m~\c-H~\q Hey mzom
zpmma
33.59;. N amonHomc .H 5:8. .
Honsnomm.~ «monammm.H H.m-m.H
aonqncq.~ «monHoqm.~ m.~-n.n
monmmmo.m «monoooo.H «.m-a.m
oHonnqnn.H «monmmam.m H.nnm.H
oNHoumHHo «HHoue\e Hey mzoN
magma

44

 

 

 

.\\“

 

 

DENSITIES
lnduvnduals/1 00m8

6" '

53.
)

  

 

DENSITIES
Individuals/ 1 00m3
) r0 G P 0‘

FIGURE 14
MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR YELLOW PERCH BY DEPTH ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976

 

 

 

45

 

 

 

 

 

 

DENSITIES

 

 

 

 

DENSITIES

 

FIGURE 15
MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR YELLOW PERCH BY GEOGRAPHIC ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976

 

 

 

46

this fact very little specifics can be drawn from the 1975 data. However,
yellow perch were present more than just occasionally in the June 4—14 and
June 18-20 sampling periods. Although there was no significant difference

in the pooled means and no clear pattern existed for densities within the
depth zone. For the geographic zones, weak evidence exists that the densities
were higher in the far north southern and far southern geographic zones

(Figure 15).

A clearer picture emerges from the 1976 data as sampling began
April 27th. Larval yellow perch were already in the lake. However, data
presented by other researchers indicate that this period may not have been
the first of the larval yellow perch occurrences (Cole, 1978b; MacMillian,
1976). Still, it appears to be before the peaks in densities. Densities in
the depth zones increased in the May 25-26 sampling period before starting to
decline. No clear trend is established as to which depth zone consistently
had the highest densities although during the April 27-29 sampling period the
1.8-3.7m depth had significantly higher (p 5 0.05) pooled densities than the
deeper zones. Densities appear to be higher further off shore later in the
year (Figure 14), which may indicate off shore movement by the older larvae
either under their own locomotion or with the aid of the dominant water

currents of the basin.

Densities in the geographic zones shift from highest in the far
southern geographic zone in April to high densities in the northern and
far northern geographic zones (Figure 15). This may represent larval

Yellow perch from the Detroit River entering the study area several weeks

47

behind in development. Mean pooled densities were significantly different
only during the July 9 sampling period (Appendix C), with the far northern

and northern geographic zones with higher densities.

Larval yellow perch production for 1975 and 1976 is estimated
at 3.00x109 and 1.86x1010 respectively (Table 7). As discussed above,
much of the larval yellow perch production in 1975 was missed as a result
of the June 4, 1975 start up date. From the data collected, it can be seen
that the highest abundances were in the 5.5-7.3m depth zone except for the
June 18-20 sample period. The data suggests very little regarding trends
in larval yellow perch abundances in the depth zones. During 1976 larval
yellow perch production peaked during the May 25-26 sampling period and
declined until they disappeared in August. Again, the 5.5-7.3m depth zones
had the highest abundances of larval yellow perch throughout much of 1976.
For Cooper et 31. (1981) and Mizera (1981) the yellow perch was the second
most abundant taxa captured during 1977. They reported their highest
densities along the southern Michigan shoreline (most fish were in the
prolarvae stage of development) and their lowest densities along the
southern Michigan shoreline from Stony Point to the mouth of the Raisin River.
9

Cooper et 31. (19813) estimated larval yellow perch production at 1.35x10

fish for the southern portion of the western basin during 1976.

Rainbow Smelt

 

Rainbow smelt exhibited much the same temporal density patterns
as yellow perch. As 3 result of the June 4-14 start-up date in 1975 much of

the rainbow smelt early activity had passed. However, Mizera (1981) found

.vaasom uoc mcoHumum you H oHnmh wow “camp wchmHa :UHI um vm>Huuu msam mucommunmu wanna

 

 

 

 

 

acax_mow.~ meax0a3~.H soaxuomu.a .cao_xaaam._ moaxmaw~.a aaaoe
ocaxaoao.o moaxaoae.m moaxmamo.c acaxmsna.o 1.3-m.a
mofixmaas.m moaxmaah.~ moax-e~.a acaxasmo.o Hoaxamfia.¢ a.a-m.m
Hoflxmaaa.a Hoaxaaaa.e Honmmas.o .moaxqam~.H monomao.o m.n-n.m
Hoaxcnm~.~ acaxaaq~.a “canaaoo.n «caxanao.~ oesxwmmh.m a.n-m.~
.unmmmflnnuu. ulmmwmummwm. a\~ .unnmmmwuuul. IImMHmummwm. ulmmwmummwmn Hes mzou
oaaa zpama
monHHmo.H Hoaxsaoa.n acaxmaaa.a scaxonmm.m moaxam~m.a .ooHXCmao.q aaeoa .
N2:833 Hoaxasqn.m wasxommn.a mofixoaso.~ H.m-m.a
Reagannq.a acaxa¢a~.a acaxnnnm.a .moaxonan.~ m.a-m.m
moaxscwa.a .moaqunm.H m.m-a.m
oo~x3~m3.n oosxmsoa.c Hoaxaasa.n eononmn.n mcaxnaao.~ «scaxasss.a a.n-m.~
lllwqwnmmmu na\muaa\w ulumHHHHNMHHI ulmemumeM: IIIHHHnmmHmI. .urmmumnmwumu «H\o-¢\o Haulmmmmmnnl.
mNoH shame

onH 92¢ mNmH UszDC NHIH mchh<Hw
.mHmm mx<H zxmbmms tomb mmuz<az=m< zuxmm 3QHHm> H<>¢<H

N mHmdh

 

 

49

that larval rainbow smelt densities were their highest during early June
during 1977. In the present study larval rainbow smelt comprised 1.57 and
3.55 percent of the catch for 1975 and 1976 respectively (Table 2). Rain-
bow smelt were present in the first samples collected in June 4-14 sampling
period. They were generally gone from the samples by the end of June.
Although highest densities were recorded for the June 4-14 sampling period,
it is unknown if these were peak densities for rainbow smelt in 1975. The
3.7-5.5m and 5.5-7.3m depth zones had the highest densities (Figure 16);
however, there were no significant differences among the pooled means of the
depth zones. No definite density patterns exist for the rainbow smelt
distribution within the depth zones. Rainbow smelt were in higher densities
in the northern and central geographic zones during the June 4-14 sampling
period and highest in the southern and far southern geographic zones during
the June 18-20 sampling period (Figure 17). No significant differences in

pooled means were found in 1975.

With earlier sampling in 1976 and earlier picture emerges of larval
rainbow smelt densities in the study area. Although no differences were
measured between the mean pooled densities in the geographic zones, the June
8 sampling period's pooled mean by depth zones were significantly (p 5 0.05)
different with the 7.3—9.1m depth zone higher. In addition, the annual
densities were highly significantly different (p 5 0.01) with the 1.8-3.7m
depth zone densities much lower than the other three. It appears from Figures
16 and 17 that rainbow smelt densities peaked during the May 25-26 sampling
period and disappeared from the samples by the end of July. Densities in
the three deeper depth zones appeared to be higher through 1976; inconclusive

density patterns existed in the geographic zones.

 

50

 

 

  
 
  
 

 

"is 10
3 8 «6
I- 1: Q, A
._ U, x
'2 73 6 5;;
III E A
a ‘6 :3:

.E

6““

\A' ,6\

6 ‘9
6\ \60
6 $5 9
‘1 1\

 

 

 

DENSITIES
Indwnduals/ 1 00m3

 

FIGURE 16
MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR RAINBOW SMELT BY DEPTH ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976

 

 

51

 

DENSITIES

 

      

 

 

\0 ’
g z
6 I
1 z
6 z
6 I
A a
'l
\
9
' 6
Margo %
1\?« \‘29 (”“6“

FIGURE 17
MEAN POOLED DENSITIES FOR RAINBOW SMELT BY GEOGRAPHIC ZONES
COLLECTED FROM THE OPEN LAKE STATIONS DURING 1975 AND 1976

\

 

 

52

Larval rainbow smelt production for 1975 and 1976 is estimated at

10 0

2.86x10 and 2.19x101 fish respectively (Table 8). Larval abundances

were there highest during the June 4-14 sampling period, during 1975 and
during the May 25-26 and June 6 sampling periods during 1976. Generally,
the deeper three depth zones had consistently higher abundances. Cooper
et al. (1981a) estimated larval rainbow smelt production for the southern
portion of the western basin during 1977 at 6.34x107 fish. They recorded
their highest densities in deep water (off shore) in Maumee Bay and the

areas around Stony Point and the Raisin River.

Beach Zones

 

In 1975 sampling of the beach zones commenced June 3 and
continued through September 2. During this period eight sampling iterations
were completed collecting 22 samples from the three beach zone stations
(Appendix B). During 1976 sampling began on April 13 and continued through
August 23. During the 1976 sampling season 10 sampling iterations were
completed collecting 30 samples from the beach zone (Appendix B). Table 1
displays the sampling success for 1975 and 1976. In 1975 a total of 10,508
larval fish were captured representing 16 taxa of which four taxa (clupeids,
shiner, white bass, and yellow perch) comprised over 98 percent of the catch.
Table 2 lists the catch of larval fish by taxonomic groupings and the relative
abundances for the beach zone during 1975 and 1976. During 1976 a total of
23,672 larval fish representing 12 taxa were captured. Over 98 percent of

the catch were clupeids.

53

.voHaswm no: mcoHumum haw

H oHame mom "sump wchmHa :uHa um vm>Huum maam mucmmmuaou name «

 

 

 

 

m MHm<H

onaH nz< mNaH Uszsa mHlH monH<Hm
.mHzm mx<H 2xMHmm3 zomm mmuz<azam< PHmrm 3omzH<¢ H<>1<H

 

 

Nonm©mm.H oonOmmm.m aonncmN.m «ooncNmN.a oonHmca.N
aoncmoo.m oonNme.H monOmoN.H
aoHXmocm.N acHanNm.m onxoan.N
acmeNo§.H «monOOMH.m onwaoo.N

Ncwaomm.H eonommm.n onxNNnH.N monmoNH.n NonocmN.m

n\m wN\NIoN\N a\m w\o oN\mImN\m wN\q1NN\q
cNaH
moncNoo.H NonMNNN.m oonooNq.¢ «oHcHxamoq.N
moHXGNco.H monaowN.N «onxowwH.a
x . x .
moH «HoH H «oHoH OMNm H
NonMNNN.m mcmeHaN.n «mona0ma.m
. wcHxnc¢m.N «monmqqm.o
n\¢IM\a NH\wIHH\w CM\NImN\N oH\NImH\N M\NIOM\o 0N\OIwH\o qH\olc\o
mNoH

H<HOH

H.onm.n

m.~|m.m
m.m-a.n
N.muw.H
Hav mzow
seams

 

H<HOH

H.onm.m

m.NIm.m
m.mt~.m
N.mlw.H

Hay mzoN

shame

54

As 3 result of the June 3 start-up date in 1975 several species
of fish were already present in the samples (Appendix B). Water temperatures
at that time ranged from 18.900 at Station 18 (Figure 4) to 22.200 at
Station 20. Water temperatures generally increased throughout the summer and
peaked during the August 25 sampling period with a water temperature of
29.00C recorded at Station 20. Water temperatures were coolest throughout
1975 at Station 18, warmed in a southern direction and were warmest at
Station 20 for a given sampling period (Appendix B). The only exception
to this trend was during the August 13 sampling period when Station 18
experienced a water temperature of 26.800. For 1976 sampling began early
enough (April 13) that only one unknown larval fish was captured. This

specimen may have been a lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), an early

 

spawner, that COOper et al. (19813) reported capturing along the Michigan
and Ohio shoreline. Water temperatures during the April 13 sampling period
ranged from 9.50C at Station 18 to 10.200 at Station 20. Water temperatures
during the April 26 sampling period were cooler with a 8.00C, 9.100, and
7.000 reading at Stations 18, 19, and 20 respectively. Water temperatures
rose from the June 7 sampling period to the end of the sampling in late
August. Generally, Station 18 would have the coolest water temperatures and

Station 20 the warmest for any given sampling period.

No density trends emerged from the data for 1975 although it appears
that the densities were highest from the June sampling period through the
July 7 sampling period (Figure 18). The peak densities may have occurred
during the June 19 sampling period. During 1976 larval fish were more than

occasional during the April 26 sampling period. Samples densities were

55

 

 

 

 

 

 

DENSITIES
Individuals/1 00m:|

 

    

 

 

I
I
(00 14,5828 ’
90‘ 92-2:
. 60‘
E A
a) O
g 8 10. ;2:::I:I:'
I: g 6 y 53:53::
In a 50 33313111 :2.
z 8 a
“1 1'2’ “0
D E 50‘ ,gigigigigi.
1o“
\01 gig; ........
5 J 2 gszféiiiiiii?
a.“ 6 '-'-=:::s:s:s:s::
a)?“
6‘
::::§;E;§§§§§g; 6
1‘ \ 91
99¢: (s “
FIGURE 18

LARVAL FISH DENSITIES FOR ALL SPECIES OF FISH
COLLECTED FROM STATIONS 18, 19 AND 20 DURING 1975 AND 1976

 

 

 

56

dominated by the extremely high density at Station 18 during the June 29
sampling period which may have represented the capture of a large clump of
larval fish (Figure 18). Peak densities appeared to occur during the late

May-June sampling periods.

The Kruskal-Wallis distribution-free tests uncovered no significant
differences between station densities during 1975 or 1976 for all species
captured. The same results were arrived at for the clupeids, shiners

white bass, yellow perch and rainbow smelt.

Total larval production for the 0—l.8m beach zone for 1975 and
1976 is estimated at 1.02x10ll and 2.4lx1011 fish respectively (Table 9).
In 1975 abundances peaked during the June 19 sampling period. During 1976
abundances peaked during the June 29-July 6 sampling periods. No trends

emerged as to which station consistently had higher densities.

Clupeids

Clupeids were the most abundant taxa captured during the 1975
and 1976 sampling seasons, comprising 89.5 and 98.7 percent of the beach-
zone catch respectively (Table 2). Clupeids were present in the first samples
collected during 1975 and their densities peaked at all stations during the

June 19 sampling period (Figure 19).

During the period of high densities, June 3 through July 7, 1975,
Station 19 was generally less dense than Stations 18 or 20. During this

time Station 20 had the highest densities. Larval clupeids were first

57

pwuomHHoo uo: moHnEmm«

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

monwaoa.a mo_xpcmm.3 Heaxfimmm.a aoaxmmaa.~ Haonwqcn.~ sm.~-o
moaxasam.a coaxmaoa.m coaxmaoa.o Hoaxoo~m.m moaxqmwa.~ om
meaxoqqm.n mon_Hma.~ Hoaxaama.q Honmoa~.o acaxomuo.o as
HoaonoH.e monomco.n thxaHNa.H ao_x~mmo.~ Hacaxamqm.~ a"
- »~\x .. m\x oa\a o\a o~\c ceaumum
mofixamaa.a moaxaomm.m Hoaxmmon.a moaxoaan.m hoaxommo.~ aw.~-o
InImdaauawn4¢nnlllmuanada34n « oonmaca.m ON
moaxn-a.m acaxommm.q aonnaoo.a coaxuaao.n ma
moaxoaao.m coaxmamo.a Hoaxma~3.H Honommo.~ as
“He e~\m «HHm o~\¢ n\c :oaaaum
cams
Hoaxmamn.m aoaxaqa~.~ onxAOHH.e monqoaH.H oonNHHn.a oaoaxmaaa.a o~o~xaoaa.~ acflxmmon.m sm.aio
InHonmHNm.m oonmMNm.H onxmsqe.H meaxaaea.m monmCmm.q oOmemnm.H oHonoamc.~ ooaxqamm.m ON
« monaaao.~ moax~mon.H moaxcom~.o moaxmmaa.~ acaxnaao.a oHonoMH~.H woaxawnm.H am
. moaxmamo.a moaxmann.n ma~xu-a.~ moaxoosm.o moaxmmmo.a oao_xmoem.a aonnwnc.H ma
N\o m~\m «HHQ m~\H «H\a NHH ma\e M\e coaumum
maaa

onH az< msaH quxan oNlmH monH<Hm
.mHmm mx<H zxwhmm3 roan mmoz<azzm< zmHm H<>¢<H

a mHn<H

58

 

 

 

DENSITIES
Individuals/1 00ma

DENSITIES
lndivuduals/ 1 00m3

\XJ

x
L \

 

 

 

 

14,567]

L;\\\\\

 

 

 

 

FIGURE 19
LARVAL CLUPEID DENSITIES COLLECTED FROM
STATIONS 18, 19 AND 20 DURING 1975 AND 1976

 

 

59

captured at the beach-zone station in 1976 during the June 7 sampling period.
Densities remained low compared to 1975 except for Station 18 during the

June 29 sampling period. Clupeid densities appeared to peak during the June

29 sampling period, although the true densities may be masked by the exceedingly

large catch at Station 18.

Production of larval clupeids during 1975 and 1976 in the 0-1.8m
depth zone is estimated at 9.44x1010 and 2.38x1011 fish respectively
(Table 10). Larval abundances peaked in 1975 during the June 19 to July
7 sampling periods. In addition Station 19 appears to be less productive
than either Stations 18 or 19. During 1976, abundances peaked during the
June 29 sampling period. No clear trends can be established for consistency
of larval production between stations. Cooper, et al. (19813) in 1977 found

that highest densities of clupeids were found along the southern portion of

the Michigan shoreline closely corresponding to this study's Station 20.

Shiners

Shiners were the next most abundant taxa of larval fish collected
at the beach-zone stations during 1975 and 1976, comprising 4.78 and 0.54
percent of the catch respectively (Table 2). Larval shiners were taken from
the first samples collected during the June 3, 1975, sampling period (Figure
20), and they were generally present in the remaining sampling periods.
Larval shiner densities appeared to peak later in the year during the August
sampling periods with Station 20 having the highest densities through most of
the year. During 1976, larval shiners first appeared in the samples from the

May 24 sampling period and were present at least at one station through the

60

N\o

nonNNmm.m

Hoaxenua.o
Nonocoo.H

 

mN\w

 

 

 

wcmeoea.H monmNoq.m oonmwco.~ HHonmmem.~
monHqu.H eonmHoH.w Honoomc.m Honoome.m
monecqm.m Nonmoom.q nonmoo~.o Honqmoc.m
monomoH.o monhmmw.~ aonmoeo.H HHcHxamam.~
.1 m~\m I M\s.nr. - AHHHI o\a a~\o
monmmHH.H
monoomH.m «
onxnmNe.e
~\e c~\m ¢H\n cm\c m\q
oHoH
onHNoc.N onHno~.~ .Imequmo.o oHonmeo.H oHcmecam.H oonnmuo.H
mwaaizlllll. .mnalltlllll 11:11:11: 11111111111. IIIIIIIIIIII
monqmmH.H moncnmm.H oonocHo.o oHonoumo.~ monHNHo.o
oonoocH.H Hon~o-.~ mconH~¢.H monmooa.H oHoncMH~.H HonHmmw.m
Honooco.H Nconooo.H monoNHc.m monmscn.H oHonooen.q wcchnoo.o
HH\m QNHH «H\H H\H aH\o n\o

ean oz< mmaH quaso oleH monH<Pw
.mHmm mx<H zzmhmuz zcxh mmoz<azsm< QHMQDHU H<>x<H

OH MHm<k

 

 

 

 

.vmuomHHoo uo: meaEmm «

Ew.Huo
ON
aH
wH
coHumum

 

 

Ew.Hlo
ON
wH
wH
coHumum

 

 

Em.Hlo
ON
mH
mH

 

coHumum

61

 

 

 

DENSITIES
Individuals/1 OOm’

DENSITIES
lndivnduals/ 1 00m3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FIGURE 20
LARVAL SHINER DENSITIES COLLECTED FROM
STATIONS 18, 19 AND 20 DURING 1975 AND 1976

 

 

62

August 3 sampling period (Figure 20). Data for 1976 is sparse and no clear
cut peak in densities can be seen. In addition, it appears that in 1976

Station 20 maintained the lowest densities.

Production of larval shiners during 1975 and 1976 in the 0-1.8m
depth zone is estimated at 4.39x109 and 6.84x108 fish respectively
(Table 11). Larval abundances peaked in 1975 during the July 7 sampling
period and again during the August 25 sampling period. No station emerged
as having the highest abundances of larval shiners during 1975. During
1976 abundances again peaked in the late June early July (June 29) sampling
period and again in August (Table 11). No trend was observed indicating
one station producing more larval shiners. Station 20 appears to have
produced less larvae than the other two stations except during the June 29

sampling period.

White Bass

 

White bass represented 2.99 and 0.08 percent of the catch in the
0-1.8m depth-zone for 1975 and 1976 respectively (Table 2). Larval white
bass were present in the first samples collected June 3, 1975 and were
present until the July 14 sampling period (Figure 21). Densities at Stations
18 and 19 peaked during the June 19 sampling period and quickly declined in
the following weeks. Station 20 densities were highest during the June 3
sampling period but may have peaked prior to commencement of sampling in
1975. In addition, Station 20 maintained the highest densities while white
bass were present in the 0-1.8m zone. During 1976 very few white bass were

recovered in the beach-zone areas (Table 2). They first appeared during

63

HonNNwN.c

Non-ma.e
fl

i.

N;

pauomHHoo use mpHQEmm«

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

:1. - mc_xemaa.~ “sigmamm.o “caxmwma.~ meaxmecM.~ em.~-o
coaxmaoa.o Seaxmaofi.m Hoaxaoa..s cm
moax-es.~ ~o~x33~a.s HoaxMCNm.a as
111:. .mmwmmmmmmm. oozxmamo.a “saxomwo.~ moaxamn~.a w_
m~\m m\w .IIIINHHM: .IIIIIMHMII. aNHo coasmum
Honmosm.a ocaxnano.m em.a-o
acaxmoao.~ . oN
acaxaa-.s a.
eonmmmo.a ma
a\e «NHm ca\n o~\¢ M\q acaumum
Sass
moaxamqw.a moaxsrsa.a coaxeasn.m moaxoa_o.a moaxaamo.a koaxaamm.a (ymoaxomna.~ em.a-o
moax~amn.a moaxaasa.m Ho_xmcae.~ mconHa~.a Hoax~ama.s oonchH.m oN
moax_mm~.H Hoaxanas.~ monNamH.s Hoaxesom.~ Hoaxmoom.q Hoaxmcao.n acaxemsa.a as
moaxnnnn.a moaxmsmm.s Hoaxonos.o HonHHaH.m moaxmmoa.~ HoaxsoN~.a as
IIINMHMIII unummmmlnu .nutmmwwnl. .wamwwmnu. .IIIIMNMII. .IIINHHMIII "\o coaumum

on¢H az< mNaH OszDQ oNlmH monH<Hm
.mHmm mudd zzMPmmz roam mmoz<azsm< xmszm H<>m<H

HH MHm<B

64

 

 

DENSITIES
Indeuals/ 1 00ma

 

 

 

 

DENSITIES
IndNIduaIs/ 1 00m'

 

FIGURE 21
LARVAL WHITE BASS DENSITIES COLLECTED FROM
STATIONS 18, 19 AND 20 DURING 1975 AND 1976

 

 

 

65

the June 7 sampling period and were in low densities until the August 3
sampling period (Figure 21). Stations 18 and 20 maintained higher densities
than Station 19 during June and early July; no fish were captured during the

July 19 sampling period at Stations 18 and 20.

Production of larval white bass during 1975 and 1976 in the 0-1.8m
beach zones is estimated at 2.69x109 3nd 1.67x108 fish respectively
(Table 12). Abundances of white bass during 1975 were highest during
the June 19 sampling period with station 20, generally, having the highest
values. In 1976 abundances peaked during the June 29 sampling period
with Stations 18 and 20 having the highest abundances through much of the

sampling year.

Yellow Perch

 

During 1975 and 1976 yellow perch comprised 0.98 and 0.44 percent
of the catch respectively in the 0-l.8m depth zone (Table 2). As 3 result
of the late start-up date in 1975, the first sampling period was the only
period that larval yellow perch were present in the beach-zones (Figure 22).
By comparing the temporal occurrence of yellow perch larvae in 1976, it
becomes apparent that the majority of the yellow perch larvae were not
sampled in 1975. However, from what data is present larval yellow perch may
have been more dense at Station 20. During 1976 yellow perch larvae first
appeared at Station 19 on April 26, and remained in the samples until the
June 29 sampling period (Figure 22). Densities were low to moderate through-
out 1976 with only Station 18 having a moderately high density on May 24.

Although Station 19 was the most consistent station for larvae densities,

66

.cmuooHHoo uo: mmHQEmm«

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

. oo_xomas.m aonNmaa.o acaxmnn_.a sm.auo
ocaxmaoa.m Hoaxaesc.n ow
coaxomss.m a_
HonOmoH.s aonommo.~ ma
mm\w m\w oa\a o\a o~\o ceasmum
x .
Hos macs _ sm.a-o
Rosamoqh.a « cm
as
as
H\e «NHA QHHm o~\q «\q copamsm
o~o_
“causes“.a “Oaxaca“.H oonHHQQ.H oonHmHH.H Em.a-o
onmeoH.m Hoaxmosa.a mosxnwao.¢ aonmaNH.H aN
coaxamee.a mosxossm.m soaxamee.m 3H
oonHcoa.a Hoaxnoac.e as
m~\m ma\m w~\a a~\a 1:. H\H SHHS. - n\e coasmsm

eNoH Dz< nn¢H oszDQ oNlmH monh<Hm
.mHmm mx<H ZKMPmmz tbzh mmoz<az=m< mm<m MFHIB H<>¢<H

NH m4m<fi

67

 

 

 

 

\Lx\\.\

 

 

 

 

    

4 /
a 60 //

fié #03 /
L' : 6°
3‘1 I“
m a
a

‘9

5‘0“

5“ ‘91!)
I
2
«n 13
218
L11"
3%
m 3 1°
9 a
(9
. “\O“
9“ ‘916

FIGURE 22
LARVAL YELLOW PERCH DENSITIES COLLECTED FROM
STATIONS 18, 19 AND 20 DURING 1975 AND 1976

 

 

 

68

Stations 18 and 20 had higher densities over the periods when larvae were

present at two or more stations.

Production for 1975 and 1976 of larval yellow perch is estimated
at 7.63x108 and 9.90x108 fish respectively for the 0-l.8m depth zone
(Table 13). As discussed above, the majority of the yellow perch production
for 1975 was undoubtedly much higher in the beach-zone areas. In 1976
abundances peaked during the May 24 sampling period and except for the May

14 sampling period Station 19 had the lowest abundances.

Rainbow smelt

 

Very few rainbow smelt were taken in the beach-zones during 1975
and 1976. The rainbow smelt represented only 0.16 and less than 0.01
percent of the total catch for the two years (Table 2). Figure 23 illustrates
the rarity of rainbow smelt occurrences in the beach-zone areas. What
occurrences there were, were early in the year. Table 14 lists the estimated

larval rainbow smelt abundances for 1975 and 1976 in the 0-1.8m depth zone.

69

 

 

 

N\o

mm\m «\o 3H\Ms e\H
mo~x-oo.~ moaxaoan.m acaxmsco.a
Hoaxnamo.H Honoomc.n a
Honmoon.~ Honcoo~.n Hoaxmoao.n
moaxqaeo.a oonmamo.a
a\o c~\m q~\m o~\q
sham
m~\w mH\m wN\H «H\H H\a aH\o

onaH 92¢ mNoH UZHMDG oleH monH<Hm
.mHmm mx<H ZKmHmmz tomb mmuz<az=m< zummm 3CHHM> H<>¢<H

MH MHm<H

pwuomHHOU uo: mmHQEmm«

Nonanw.H Ew.Hlo

 

co_xm_oaam. cm
as
coaxmamo.a ma

 

mN\o :oHumum

Em.Hlo

 

 

ON
oH
mH

 

axe coHumum

onmemo.N Em.Hlo

 

 

monmmmm.a oN
as

oo~xnano.a ma

 

 

MHQ coaamsm

70

 

 

 

 

 

DENSITIES
Individuals/1 cow

 

 

\s\\¥\\

 

D£N§1U§i
Individuals/1 OOm'

 

FIGURE 23
LARVAL RAINBOW SMELT DENSITIES COLLECTED FROM
STATIONS 18, 19 AND 20 DURING 1975 AND 1976

 

 

71

N\m

mN\m

 

 

 

 

 

pouumHHoo no: mmHaEwm«

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

omoH oz< nNmH oszso ONIQH mZOHP<hm
.mHmm mx<J ZMMHmmz Soak mmuz<az=m< FHMZm BomzH<¢ H<>¢<H

cH MHm<H

 

53.3-0
cm
as
ma
:5 m~\m awn oa\a o\H o~\o ceazfim
acaxmams.a sw.a-o
« .11: em
as
moaxmamo.o ma
“Ho s~\n ¢H\m SNHS M\s coaumum
mass
scaxoamo.a mc_xHe~n.~ em.a-o
om
Hoaxmaoo.n as
coaxeanc.a Hoaxomaa.a ma
m~\m wmmp s~\a ~\H aa\o n\o coasmam

DISCUSSION

Any attempt to conserve and manage the fisheries resources of
the western basin of Lake Erie requires a knowledge of the ichthyoplankton
of the region. Knowledge of the use of the area as a spawning and nursery
facility coupled with the spatial and temporal distribution within the
basin enable a fuller understanding of the resource. A cursory look at the
data reveals that the dynamics of the ichthyoplankton along the western end
of the western basin is not easily interpreted. Natural variability,
sampling error, and physical factors all contribute to cloud the picture.
Graphical depictions, tabular summaries, as well as verbal descriptions have
been presented to provide a look at the composition, distribution and
abundances of several of the more dominant taxonomic groupings of ichthyo-
plankton in the western end of Lake Erie. A discussion of the major findings

follows.

The two year study collected 19 taxa of larval fish from the study
area, 18 during 1975 and 16 during 1976. Sampling was conducted during
portions of six months and seasonal fluctuations were observed in densities.
Rainbow smelt larvae were first to be taken and they remained part of the
larval assemblage through July. White bass were first taken in May and were
taken through July. Yellow perch was part of the ichthyOplankton from May
through August. Larval clupeids and shiners were first taken in June and

remained in the samples into September. Overall larval densities were low

72

73

in April and early May and then increased, peaking in late May, June and
early July and tapering off during the remainder of the season. Abundances
of larval fish which closely reflect reported densities where their highest

during June and July.

Open Lake

Larval clupeids, predominantly gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum),

 

were the dominate fish collected during the two years, comprising over 88
percent of the catch. This virtually agrees with every other ichthyoplankton
study conducted in the western basin, (Cooper, et al., 19813 and b; Mizera
1981; Cole, 1978 a and b; MacMillan, 1976; and Waybrant and Shauver, 1979).
This is undoubtedly due to the favorable environmental conditions which have
allowed the clupeid populations to explode in the western basin since the
late fifties (Scott and Crossman, 1973). Bodola (1966) in his intensive
study of the gizzard shad in the western basin of Lake Erie from 1952 through
1955 found only one spawning site for gizzard shad, a 61m sand-bar covered
with 0.6-1.22m of water. However, Mizera (1981), Cooper et al., (1981)

and Cole (1978b) all cite Maumee Bay as a major spawning and nursery ground
for the gizzard shad. The high densities and abundances in the southern and
far southern geographic zones of the study are undoubtedly a product of
larval immigration from Maumee Bay driven by the local currents that sweep

northward from the Bay to off the southern Michigan shoreline (Figure 3).

High densities of clupeids may also be influenced by their ease of
capture relative to the other species present. Cole (1978a) and MacMillan

(1976) both feel that the larval assemblages are concentrated near the bottom

74

during daylight hours. However, shad may not exhibit such behavior and
become more vulnerable to capture during daytime sampling. In addition,

the morphology of the larval clupeid, very long and slender at nearly all
stages of prejuvenile development, may allow them to be selectively captured

by plankton nets.

Water currents with the western basin appear to play a major role
in the distribution of larval fish. Maumee Bay as cited above has been
documented as an important spawning and nursery area for several species of
Lake Erie fishes among them gizzard, white bass, and yellow perch. In
addition to this study, Cooper et al. (19813), found yellow perch to be the
most dense between Woodtick Peninsula and the Raisin River, and Mizera (1981)
found the highest densities off Otter Creek (Figure 4). They theorized that
the eddy currents from the Detroit and Maumee Rivers transported the larvae
north out of Maumee Bay. This is substantiated by the lack of spawning
facilities for yellow perch along this portion of the Michigan shoreline.
Peak densities and abundances in the stations in the northern and far
northern geographic zones which lagged in time behind those of the southern
and far southern geographic zones suggest that the Detroit River may transport
larvae from up-river environs into the study area. This was most evident

with clupeids, yellow perch, and to some extent rainbow smelt.

In a general overview larval densities were highest in the 1.8-
3.7m and the 3.7-5.5m depth zones. However, rainbow smelt and the shiners
did not exhibit this general distribution. Smelt were more dense in the

deeper waters, very closely agreeing with C00per's et al. (19813) results.

75

This may be a result of the rainbow smelt's pelagic behavior and limited
spawning in the western basin. Again the currents may play an important
role in transporting larval rainbow smelt into the study area. The shiners
showed no real preference for depth-zone or geographic-zone. Waybrant and
Shauver (1979) feel it is due to the lumping of the spottail shiner, which
prefers near-shore habitats, with the emerald shiner, which is found more in
open lake situations. However, Mizera, (1981) found that over 97 percent

of the shiners he collected in the western basin were emerald shiners.

This lack of fairly evident distribution of the shiners may be influenced

by their spawning behavior, location, and developmental times.

Even though the shallowest depth—zones had the highest densities,
the 5.5-7.3m depth zone produced the most fish. This phenomenon is
influenced by the larval fish densities and the large volume of water in
this depth zone. This depth zone contains the largest volume of water in
the study area, over 1.374x109 m3 (Appendix D). This is over 103 times
greater than the 0-1.8 m depth-zone, the smallest depth-zone for volume.
Waybrant and Shauver (1979) feel that the 0-3.7m depth—zone is the most
important area for daytime abundances of larval fish. These conclusions
apparently were based on densities only, as the 5.5-7.3m depth zone generally

produced more larval fish over the two years.

Geographically, the central geographic zone generally exhibited
a paucity of larvae throughout the study. Inputs from Maumee Bay and the

Detroit River heavily influenced the abundances and densities in the other

76

four geographic zones. Localized spawning no doubt took place in the river
mouths and back waters of this area, but the general lack of spawning
facilities compared to outside the study area was undoubtedly a contributing
factor to this reduced larval fish production. The large volume of cooling
water taken out of the Raisin River and Lake Erie by the electrical gener-
ating station at Monroe may contribute to the real reason for these depressed
numbers. However, Cole (1978b) concluded that 80 percent of the clupeid larvae
appeared dead or dying before they were entrained by the station. So

it appears this paucity of larval fish in the central geographic zone

may be a natural phenomenon and the placement of the Monroe Power Plant's
intake at the mouth of the Raisin River may have been a fortuitious event

for the Lake Erie ichthyoplankton.

Near Shore

 

As a result of the different sampling techniques used in the
near shore areas very little can be said comparing the near shore with the
open lake. It was expected that the beach zone area would have very high
densities as suggested by Waybrant and Shauver (1979), but the data does not
support this theory. Only 15 percent of the total catch was taken in the
near shore areas in 1975, and only two percent in 1976 (disregarding the
23,358 larvae taken in one sample as a statistical outlier). Although it
was not as intensively sampled as the open lake area (three stations to 17
stations), filtered volumes per sample were similar in size. As a result
the beach areas appear to be underutilized in light of a more efficient

sampling technique. It may be that the strong wave action and cross currents

77

make this area treacherous for larval fish. In addition, the shallow
littoral-like conditions in the western basin may enable larvae to survive
outside of the beach zone area. However, these may be spurious conclusions
as the sampling technique could have missed clumped larvae such as those

represented at Station 18 on June 29, 1976.

Generally it appears that the central geographic zone is not
as intensively used as the other four geographic zones, undoubtedly for the
same reasons discussed above. Rainbow smelt were almost nonexistent in
the near shore areas. This is not suprising as Mizera (1981) reports that
the majority of smelt spawning tafivy place further to the east outside

the study area.

Larval production was n.; :5 high in the 0-1.8 depth-zone as it
was for the deeper depth-zones (individually). This is apparently due to
the reduced volume of water in this depth zone compared to the others
(Appendix D). However, when it comes to water use, it is the density of
larval fish that becomes important. With higher densities of larval fish,
such as those that exist in the shallower depth zones, more individuals will
be exposed to environmental stress than if the same volume of water was drawn
from the deeper depth zones where the densities are lower. As a result, to
entrain the same number of larval fish. an intake located in the deeper depth
zones would withdraw larger volumes of water than if it were located in the
shallow depth zones. Therefore, in the future it may be advantageous for

prospective consumers to look into offshore intakes.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

In response to a predicted increase in non-consumptive use of water
in Lake Erie, a two year study was initiated in 1975 to investigate larval
fish dynamics in the western basin. The ichthyoplankton community was
investigated by taking 111 pooled samples from open lake stations and
22 samples from beach zone stations during 1975, and an additional 97
pooled samples from open lake stations and 30 samples from beach zone
stations during 1976. From the data, densities, abundances and yearly
larval production from the study area were calculated. Depth zone and geo-
graphical means were tested over time to establish any areas or time frames
which were significantly noteworthy. Abundances were calculated using estim—
ated volumes within the study area, and production was estimated by summing
apprOpriate abundances for the year. The following are the more important

conclusions.

1. During 1975, 58,016 larvae were taken from the open lake stations
representing 14 taxa of which clupeids, rainbow smelt, shiners, white bass
and freshwater drum comprised nearly 97 percent of the catch. During 1976,
19,770 larvae were taken representing 16 taxa of which the above taxa comprised

nearly 97 percent.

2. Densities of all larval fish peaked in June and appeared to have

higher values in the northern and southern extremities of the study area.

78

79

Larval densities peaked in the northern portion of the study area at a later

date than those from the southern portion.

3. Total larval fish production for the study area appeared to be
between 4.56x10ll and 7.59x10ll fish per year. Peak abundances occurred
during the same period as the highest densities with the deeper depth zones

having the highest abundances.

4. The prevailing water currents in the western basin appear to have
an affect on the distribution of larval fish in western Lake Erie. The Detroit
River powers a clockwise eddy of water in the basin which sweeps larvae out
of Maumee Bay north into the southern portions of the study area. In addition,
the Detroit River provides an avenue of immigration for larvae from more

northern environs into the northern and deep water portions of the study area.

5. Clupeid larvae exhibited the same dynamics as those discussed above.
Larval clupeid production for the study area was approximately 6.19x1011 and

3.50x10ll fish for 1975 and 1976.

6. Shiners established no pattern either in depth zones or geographic

zones as to peak densities.

7. White bass appeared to be spawned in Maumee Bay and swept north into

the study area. Significantly higher mean pooled densities were found in

80

the southern and far southern geographic zones during several sampling periods.
Annual mean pooled densities for larval white bass were highly significant

for 1975 and 1976.

8. During 1976 yellow perch densities peaked during the April sampling
period in the southern geographic zone and peaked again in May in the northern
portions of the study area. These density peaks may be from two seperate
stocks, one that spawns in Maumee Bay and another that spawns where the
larvae are picked up and transported into the northern portion of the

study area.

9. Larval rainbow smelt appeared not to use the near shore areas for
spawning and nursery activities. They were most common early in the year in
deeper water. Smelt undoubtedly were spawned outside the study area and were

transported in by the prevailing water currents.

10. The deeper depth zones (primarily the 5.5-7.1m depth zone) consistently
had higher abundances than the shallower zones. This is probably due to an

interaction of densities with the large water volumes in these zones.

11. Larval densities and abundances were not as high as anticipated in
the 0—1.8m depth zone. This may be an indication of under utilization of
this zone as spawning and nursery activities or the data may reflect the

patchiness of larval distributions.

12. Larval rainbow smelt apparently do not use the 0—1.8m depth as a

spawning or nursery area as very few larvae were captured in this depth zone.

LITERATURE CITED

LITERATURE CITED

Baldwin, N.S., R.S. Saalfeld, M.A. Ross, and H.J. Buettner. 1979.
Commercial fish production in the Great Lakes 1867-1977, technical
report no. 3. Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, Ann Arbor,
Michigan.

Beers, J.R., G.L. Stewart, J.D.H. Strickland. 1967. A pumping system
for sampling small plankton. Journal Fisheries Research Board
of Canada. 24(8) 1811-1819.

Bodola, A. 1966. Life history of the gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum
(LeSueur) in western Lake Erie. United States Fish and Wildlife
Service. Fisheries Bulletin 65(2):391-425.

Bowles, R.R., J.V. Merriner, and G.C. Grant. 1978. Factors associated with
accuracy in sampling fish eggs and larvae. United States Fish and
Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS - 78/83. Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Cole, R.A. 19783. Entrainment at a once—through cooling system on western
Lake Erie, Volume 1. United States Environmental Protection Agency,
EPA-600/3-78-070, Duluth, Minnesota.

Cole, R.A. 1978b. Larval fish distribution in southwestern Lake Erie
near the Monroe Power Plant. United States Environmental Protection
Agency, EPA-600/3-78—069, Duluth, Minnesota.

Cooper, G.L., J.J. Mizera, C.E. Herdendorf. 19813. Distribution, abundance
and entrainment studies of larval fishes in the western and central
basins of Lake Erie. Center for Lake Erie Area Research, CLEAR
Technical Report No. 222. Columbus, Ohio.

Cooper, G.L., M.R. Heniken and C.E. Herdendorf. 1981b. Limnetic larval fish
in the Ohio portion of the western basin of Lake Erie, 1975—1976.
Journal of Great Lakes Research 7(3) 326-329.

Faber, D.J. 1968. A net for catching limnetic fry. Transactions of the
American Fisheries Society 97:61-68.

Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. 1968. Lake Erie report,
a plan for water pollution control. United States Department of the
Interior, Washington, D.C.

Fish, M.P. 1932. Contributions to the early life histories of sixty-two

species of fishes from Lake Erie and its tributary waters. United
States Bureau of Fisheries, Bulletin No. 10 Volume 47. Washington, D.C.

81

82

Great Lakes Basin Commission. 19753. Great Lakes basin framework study,
Appendix 7, limnology. Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Great Lakes Basin Commission. 1975b. Great Lakes Basin framework study,
Appendix 8, fish. Great Lakes Basin Commission, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Heron, A.C. 1968. Plankton gauze. Pages 19-25 in_D.J. Tranter, editor.
Zooplankton sampling. UNESCO Press. Paris, France.

Hollander, M. and D.A. Wolf. 1973. Nonparametric statistical methods.
John Wiley & Sons. New York, New York.

Lippson, A.J. and R.L. Moran. 1974. Manual for identification of early
develOpmental stages of fishes of the Potomac River Estuary. Martin
Marietta Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland.

iMacMillan, J.R. 1976. Larval fish sampling and population distributions
relevant to estimating power plant entrainment in western Lake Erie.
Master's Thesis. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.

iMansuetti, A.J. and J.D. Hardy, Jr. 1967. An atlas of egg, larval, and
juvenile stages, part 1. Port City Press, Baltimore, Maryland.

iMay E.B. and C.R. Gasaway. 1967. A preliminary key to the identification
of larval fishes of Oklahoma, with particular reference to Canton
Reservoir, including a selected bibliography. Contribution No. 164.
Oklahoma Fishery Research Laboratory. Bulletin No. 5. Norman, Oklahoma.

iMizera, J.J. 1981. Distribution and entrainment of larval fishes in western
and central Lake Erie. Center for Lake Erie Area Research, CLEAR
Technical Report No. 215. Columbus, Ohio.

Mizera, J.J., G.L. Cooper, and C.E. Herdendorf. 1981. Limnetic larval fish
in the near shore zone of the western basin of Lake Erie. Journal of
Great Lakes Research 7(1):62-64.

Nelson, D. and R.A. Cole. 1975. The distribution and abundance of larval
fishes along the western shore of Lake Erie at Monroe, Michigan.
Institute of Water Research Technical Report No. 32.4, East Lansing,
Michigan.

Noble, R.L. 1970. Evaluation of the Miller high-speed sampler for yellow
perch and walleye fry. Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
27(6):1033-1045.

Patterson, R.L. n.d. Production, mortality, and condensor cooling water
entrainment of larval perch in Michigan-Ohio waters of the western
basin of Lake Erie in 1975. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan.

83

Patterson, R.L. and K.D. Smith. 1982. Impact of power plant entrainment of
ichthyoplankton on juvenile recruitment of four fishes in western
Lake Erie in 1975-77. Journal of Great Lakes Research 8(3):558-569.

Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea,
and W.B. Scott. 1980. A List of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes
From the United States and Canada, 4th Edition. American Fisheries
Society Special Publication No. 12. Bethesda, Maryland.

Schelske, C.L. and J.C. Roth. 1973. Limnological survey of Lakes
Michigan, Superior, Huron and Erie. Great Lakes Research Division.
Publication 17. Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Fisheries
Research Board of Canada. Bulletin. Ottawa, Canada.

Waybrant, R.C. 1976. Limnological survey of the Michigan waters of Lake
Erie. Michigan Water Resources Commission. Lansing, Michigan.

Waybrant, R.C. and J.M. Shauver. 1979. Survey of larval fish in the Michigan
waters of Lake Erie, 1975 3nd 1976. United States Environmental
Protection Agency, EPA-600/3-79-095. Duluth, Minnesota.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

POOLED DENSITIES FROM STATIONS 1-17 DURING 1975 AND 1976

mquHmu ucosaHsvo ou vouooHHoo no: moHEEQmH

HmuoH

chocxc:

Eauv Laun3£mocm
axe—Hz:

Lopmcucg

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muoupco

moHaecuu

momma; xume
mozmeczm

amen ouH£3
nonHmpo>HHm xocum
anHHHHHJ povccm
zmHHumu HoCcnzu
muoxoam QUsz
muocHsm

nuoo cOEEou
UHwEm Joncme
oxHa chmzmucz
mvHQazHU

Apes attains. tuna: <x<m
H50 guawo seesaw
Au 0 .nEmH swan:
0
H20 zuaoa

 

 

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.0 :3ccxc2
0 asap nounszmauu
sacHHmz
goumcuoq

suuoa )oHHor
muoupma
moHnnauu

acumen Xuch
0.0 nozmHucam

m.H 0.N 0.H N.0 H.H anon UUsz
nopHnuu>HHa xooum
:mHHHHHHx vovcom
:nHuuau chcm50
ouuxuau ouHsz
unocHLm

nuuu COEEOU

unEu Ionchm
ome :uwcuuoz
m.~a avaoaaao

ow q.~ao H 20 notaaaaa tuna: <x<a

N 0
0 m m
m.H 0.0 H50 cameo Hcooom
N S
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0.0cH 0.No H.00 H.N 0.0H H.mH ,NHN N.N

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0.0 0.0 m.0 0.H
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.IIIII. IIIIII. .Ibmmr. IIIIII. IIIIII IIIIII. IIIIII IIIIII IMHMII. H50 suave
0 0 N 0 m e m N H

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H < uHm<H

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< xHQZwLN<

 

85

 

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0.0 03003::
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ohoHHQJ
N 0 nouoamOH
n.o n.n a.” souua :oHHoN
.uouuan

nouanuuu

oouuaa Joann

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00H 0.0 0.N0 N.NnN 0.n H.nn n.0H N.0 can» ouuga
novHauo>HHo Joann

nuuuwHHHx vowed:

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q 0.H
0.0 0.0 0. 0.0

 

 

 

 

 

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n.0 0.0 N.0N 0.H H.N 0.0 N.H uHoau aonchx
yawn cuonuuoz
N.ScoH N.0 e.an 0.0mHH n.n 0.00H H.0H o.mH uvHoasHo
0.00m 0.000 0.00n 0.0mm «.m0m N.SNm s.mcm 0.000 Hmav vapoUHHu puns: <x<h
N.0 0.0 n.0 N.0 N.H 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hsv Eamon «zooom
n.HN H.0N c.0N n.HN N.0N H.0N 0.HN 0.0N H000 .aauh noun:
9.0 mg an fin as .1... in a.» 05 538
NH 0H 0H 0H NH NH HH 0H
monh<hm
N.0 N.n N.N n.Hm 0.n H.0N 0.Nm H.00H 0.000H Huuop
H.0 cicada:
N.0 N.0 N.0 azuv usunasaoum
ONoHsz
n.0 m.0 Auuoawoa
N.0 m.0 N.0 n.0 «.0 0.0 auuon :oHHo»
ououunn
N.0 N.0 aoHan-uu
noon-A xu-Hn
eon-Huaam
N.0 N.0 H.N noun ouusn
novHuuu>HHn locum
zuuuHHHHx vovcnn
suuuuau Hoaaugo
shades. onus:
c.N N.0 N.0 «.0 N.0 0.m 0.0 m.H ouocwsm
N.0 N.0 H.0 au-u solace
0.0 m.0 «.0 0.0H uHUlu rescued
08H; cuonuuoz
0.n 0.N N.N c.0m m.H H.NN N.n0 0.0NH n.000H uvHoasHu
Town 3.93 :3 9:3 eson «53 To? 9:3 R.S.. #3 v8.53 3:5 52a
N.H H.H H.H m.H n.H n.0 n.H n.H 0.0 HIV suave «cocoa
N.HN 0.HN N.HN n.0H n.0H N.NN n.0H N.oH N.0N Huov .alsh noun:
o.N H.0 N.n 0.0 N.0 0.0 0.0 0.N N.n HIV gamma
0 0 N 0 m a n N H
monH<Hm

mNmH .0N wznh Oh 0H mzan teak mHmm mx¢g ho sz<d admhmm3 nah 2H 2M¥<H
monHUmHHoo :mHm H<>M<H no chhHmomroo nz< amEOOmeH<=oH>anHv muHhHmzmn ZOHH<Hm aflHoom

N < mHn<H

0.00

86

0.0NNH

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N.0

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I

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nsoaxcb

asuv saunas-out
UNUHHnm

convened

souoa :oHHo»
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aUHQQnuu

cocoon xu-Hn
nosnuucsm

cusp cuHsa
novHouo>HHo sooun
snuuuHHHd vuvcwn
:nHquo Hoccwnu
census. ouH03
ouuuHsm

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uHoau JoncHnu
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avaoaaau

 

 

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H50 £0000

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suuonwoa

suave aoHHo»
nuauuwo

nowaaauo

canons Joan
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noon oqun
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:oHuaHHHx vacuum
:oHuuao Hoccenu
nausea. sauna
ouucHsm

nunu :onaou
uHoaI roacund
oan cuusuuoz
saunasHu

 

 

Hmav vapou_au noun: <x<a
“:0 auaua Hauuom
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H50 canon

monPUmHHCU :mHm H<>K<H no chhHmomZoo Dz< 00E00H\0H<DGH>HDZHV mePszmn onH<hw QMHOOm

87

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cicada:

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canon :oHHur
savanna

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coo-up sucHn
cos-H0030

:3 03.5
novHouo>HHo xooun
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soHuu-u Hucsqzu
unusua- uuHsa
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uHuau aonchz
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canon :oHHor
nuouuan

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non-ca suaHn
nosuHucam

nous 00H53
uuvHuuo>HHa soon»
saHuuHHHx 000cc:
zuuuuou Hoccuzu
unusuao UUH53
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auqu coaaoo
uHoau abachu
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Hwav vouuuHau noun: <x<a
H50 sumac «auuom
H000 .aaoh noun:

H30 saga:

88

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IIIIII n)b=x:=
sane Louganuwuh
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~.o nuuoa :oHHu»
0.0 whoop-0

noHnauuu

uooonn JoaHn

0.0 non-H0030

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nuvHouo>HHu sooun

anuHHHHJ vuvcan

0-H0unu Hoocwzo

uuoxusu uUsz

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N . 0 0:0 solaoo

uHoai sonanu

oxHa suozuuoz

s.o .vaoasao

mm m.~oo H,sv vapouaau noun: ¢u<u

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cocoon HuaHn

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uHoau nonsHaz
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N.0 0.0H N.0 0.0 N.0 H.0H H.009

 

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gouoauoa

~.o sauna soaaor

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nouaanuo

coco-A xuaHn

noanucam

noun oana

novHouo>HHo soon:

aoHuHHHHx vovcan

:nHuuqu Hosnazu

unusuao oquz

N.0 N.0 N.0 0.0 nuocH:m
undo coalou
uHolu sonchm
oan aposuuoz
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:0 nomwuaau noun: <x<a
n Hay canoe «spoon
N Huov .aaus noun:

3 538

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0.N 0.0 N.0 N.0 0.H 0.N HquH
arouse:

abut nounanuouh

uhoHH-a

N.0 nuuoawoa

«.3 sauna :oHHou

0.0 uuouuoa

00Haanuu

cocoa: xuan

nos-Hunam

no.0 eana

novHouo>HHu Hoops

suHuHHHHx vacuum

anuuao Hosanna

uuoxoan ouHA:

N.0 uuoaHsm

0.0 undo noalou

uHoau aonanu
oxen uuonuuoz
uvdoaaHo

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

H a vouuuaau nous:
n H50 sumac «sauna
N Hoov .a-oa noun:

HIV suns:

<K<H

 

 

 

0NOH .0H HmDUD< OP HH HwDUD< rout mHmm mx<H ho sz<n zmuhmus Nah 2H zmM<H
monhUMHHOU zmHm H<>¢<H m0 onhHmomzco 02¢ H0EOOmeH<=DH>anHV mmHhszmn ZOHH<H0 nuHoom

0 < mHn<H

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swosxcn

sauv youwazmosu
QNUHHQI
zuuoawoa

suuoa asHHor
uuuuuan
uoHnaauo

cocoon xouHm
nus-H0630

N.0 N.0 waln— UUHEJ
novHouu>HHo sooum

zuHuHHHHx vovcun

:oHuuao Hoccmsu

anodes. qusz

N.N 0.0 N.0 uuochm
nuou coulou

uHuau zonchz

uan chosuuoz

N.0 auauasau

 

 

 

 

90

0N0 n.qcm 0.300 H030 venoquu noun: <x<a
.o m.o N.H Ass canon «suuom .
mm H.- 0.0N Huey .aaus toga:
N 0.0 H.0 Hay suaoa

H HH 0H

0.0H N.0 0.0 HouOH
naocxcp

aauv nouqszuoum

ONUHHuz

nuuonmoa

Hosea :oHHor

uuouuoo

ooHaauuu

acumen xu-Hn

noonucam

onus oann

ouvHuuo>HHo Joann

:uHNHHHHx voucan

zuHuuqu Hoccosu

ouoxoau oqun

H.H N.0 unocHEm
auoo aoalou
uHoau :oncaqu
0300 suozuuoz
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N

ms HIav copuuaau has»: <x<a
a any sagas «guuom
N H000 .nIUH noun:
H50 Eamon

0NOH .0 xmmzmhmmm OH 0 mMOIMhamm tomb mem m¥<d mo sz<0 zmmhmm3 mxh zH zmx<H
monHUmHHOU :th H<>¢<H 00 onhHmomZOU Dz< a0l00H\mH<:0H>H02Hv mmeHmzmn ZOHH<hm anoom

N < NHn<h

 

 

 

.ouaHku ucueaHsvu 00 0Hzovu a an :vxcu 00: ohm) anaBan kuquE on some uuonoua 0:0 ouconmunuu oasHo> voHOUHHm

 

wquHuu acmeaHave on ~30 vauouHHou uoc coHuuoa ouwuusm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 N.H
0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 N.0 N.0 H.0
N.0 0.0 N.0 0.0 N.0
N.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.H
N.0 0.0 N.0
0.000 0.0N0 0.000 0.000 0 00 N.00c 0.000 0.N00
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 N N.H 0.0 0.0
:2 x2 «2 x2 :2 x: :2 «2
“z 02 :2 x2 m2 m2 :2 02
NH 0H 0H 0H 0H NH HH 0H
0.H 0.N 0.N 0.H 0.0 0.N 0.0 0.0 N.H
11 N.H
n!
0.0 H.N 0.H 0.0
N.0 0.0
N.0
N.H N.H N.0 N.H 0.0 N.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
N.0 N.0
0.N00 0.N00 0.N00 N.00N 0.N00 0.N00 0.N00 0.N00 0.N00
N.H 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 H.H 0.0 :2
02 a: 02 x2 02 x: 0.0 0.0 0.0
x: a: :2 «z x: m: 0.0 N.0 0.0
H0 0 N 0 H0 H0 H0 HN H

0NOH .0N HH¢L< OH NN HH¢m< town mHMN Nx<4 mo sz<m zdmhmm: NIH 2H zmx<H
mchHUmHHoo 20H» H<>¢<H ho onthomeU Dz< N0300H\0H<=0H>HDZHV mmHHHmzmo 20H8<Hm

0 < man<h

powwoowu 002 "020

N
H

Hauoa
naocxca

asuv nouuasuuun
UNUHsz

:uuuawoa

souon aoHHo»
uuouuun

uoHnauuu

coo-an HoaHn
nonuH0cam

can: uuHsz
novHou0>HHo zoo»:
saHuHHHHx 000cc0
cauuuuu Hoccn£u
gunman. ouHsn
uuocHnm

nunu coaloo

uHolu sonchu
01H: nuonuuoz
uvHoaaHu

H 30 canvass“ nous: <x<a
n Hav canon asuuom
H000 .aaoa noun:

HIV sumac

 

 

H-BOH

naocxca

Baku nouazzuoum
ohoHHaz

zuuoawoa

suuon aoHHor
cheap-0

ooHaanuu

sounds auaHn
nonnHucam

coup «UHga
novHuuo>HHn sooun
:aHOHHHHu 000310
anuuno Hues-:0
cusses. OuHA:
nuocHsm

nunu nonlou
uHolu aoncHnu
01H: syncope:
.uaoasHo

50 sotuuaau .osa: <x<s
Ana some: «suuwm
Huov .aaua .uua:
HIV guano

 

 

Hw

GNHOOm

 

 

 

ousHHm0 ucoanHavo cu 0:0 wouooHHou nozH

annoy

 

saocxcs
aauv nouuacmoum
uaoHHas

nonunwoa

nuuun IoHHor
uuouucn

aoHaaouu

gunman xqum
nosoHucsm

noun aans
aovHuuo>HHu soc»:
anuHHHHx vovcun
:nHuuau Hoaaqnu
unusuao ouHsa
nuocHnm

nuou coaaou

uHuau Ionchx
03H; nuosuuoz
avaoaaso

 

 

 

 

92

H a0 nououaaw tuna: <x<s
n A50 guaoo «suuom
Aro .AIUH yuan:

Hav sumac

0H

0.0 HauOH

csocxca
Baku unuuaznoum

ohoHHaz

:uuoawoa

0.0 auuon :oHHo»
uuuuuaa

QOHQAqu

uuouup HuoHn

oosuHucam

noun uuHsa

novHuuu>HHn xoo»0

:nHwHHHHs vovcmn

anuuao Hoscazu

uuoxuau oquz

uuucHsm

muau coasou

uHoau ionsHux

oan cuoguuoz

avaoaaau

 

 

 

H0H H0H H0H HNH
0.00
0.HH
0.0N
N.H00 0.000
H.H N.H
0.NH N.NH
0.0 0.0
HN H0 H0 0 0

 

on Hmev cutouaaa noun: <x<a
Hay suaun Hauoom
H C 0 .98... .82.:
0
Hey Eamon

0NOH .wH >¢z OH NH >¢Z :Dmh mHmm mx¢H mo sz¢m zxmhmma HIP 2H zmx¢H
monNUMHHOU ImHh H<>¢<H ho onhHwomroo 02¢ H0EOOHNwH¢=0H>H02Hv muHPHMZND onh¢Hm owHOOL

0 ¢ HHQ¢H

 

N.0

N.0

N.0

N.0
N.0
0.0

0.0N

0.0H

0.0H

0.0

 

0.0

0.0

 

N.0

.ouaHHnu ucuanavo 00 0:0 venouHHou uoc mHname

N.0 sauce
ssocxca

Hana you-pzoouh

ohoHHaa

nonunmoq

Boson JOHHur

auouuan

uUHnnauu

00.0.0 sooHn

oosoHucam

noun uaHzn

novHuuo>HHo sooun

suwuHHHHx votes:

saHuuuu Hoccazu

nexus. aaHs:

uuucHsm

nuuu coaaou

N.0 uHoao sonchx
ome auoguuoz

uvHoazHo

 

 

 

 

 

 

923

0.N

 

N.0

 

N.N

 

0.000
0.0
0.0H

N.0

0H

H
o
O

 

ca
0

°€

0.N00
0.H
0.0H
0.N
0H

 

HO

0.HHO
0.H
H.0H
0.0

 

NH

0.0

H.0

0.N

a.oom AHAV aaaaaaaa aaaa: <x<a
0.N H.0 saaan asaaam
0.0H Huey .aaaa sauna

0.0 H30 Eamon

0.H Hooch
n30:x:=

aauv unuauznoum

oNoHHus

guacamoa

H.H sauaa :aHHaN
nuouuaa

aoHnnuuo

woo-up suaHn

N.0 oozuHuasm
noon «uuza

uuvHouu>HHo soonn

anuHHHHx vans-n

HnHuuuu Hossaao

uuoxuao ouH£3

auucHsm

nunu 605300

0.0 UHosb aoachm
uan auonuuoz

ovHonaHU

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0H ¢ mHn<H

a H HmaM.aaaaaHau h3a: <x<p
n a Hay :aaaa asaaam
o.~H Huov asap noun:
a n 2:0 sumac

0NOH .0N >¢I OH 0N r¢z 2022 mem mx¢4 mo 2Hw¢n zmmhmmz mzh 2H 2m¥¢H
monHUMHHOU szm H¢>2¢H ho onHHmOAZDU 02¢ A0a00HNmH¢=0H>Hn2H0 mmHHHmzmn 20HH¢hm 024000

 

vacuouox uoz I m:

 

 

 

 

94

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Imm<~¢ 0.5mm ewMWII ~.¢mn r.c~ m.Om N.0o auuoa
N.0 N.0 N.0 ~.o paocxca
n.- o.« ~.e w.m~ ~.n anuv nouutnouum

N.0 ozuauqa

suuoamoa

~.o a.o ~.o m.o sauna aoHHu»

uuouuaa

N.0 ovuannuo

ounaan xuoan

IUSDdu—uflm

m.o a.o n.o ~.nH ~.~ o.o ~.n anus onus:

uuv«ouu>~«u soaps

zauuuaaux vavcan

SOMMHGU MOEGQSU

«.0 nuoxuao «ads:

o.nH o.n N.0 N.o m.~ n.~ guacasm

au-u can-coo

n.o 0.0 «.0 a.¢ n.~ uuoau soncqqx

ox«a nuosuhoz

o.nmm a.~q~ ~.«o~ c.n0n a.¢ n.0q n.5m n n ovaunasu

n.nmq m.m0m c.0cc n.ooc n.5we ~.ccq w.m~4 n m Anav vuumuawu yuan: <x<H
0.0 o.~ fizz o.c o.~ m.a 0.9 o a Aav canon «nuuom
n.n~ n.- m.- o.¢~ n.o~ n.- e.- o o Auov .QIUH uouns
~.n N.0 n.m N.N a.~ H.0 e.~ m.x any suave

sa 0H mg «a ma NH HH ofi

H.Hn «.mq w.n~ m.om e.nmn «.me ~.q~ ¢.o quack

o.~ cheese:

N.0 aauv you-annoum

n.o c.o ~.o N.o oaoaaaz

~.o ~.o :uuuamoa

«.9 ~.o «.0 q.o nuuon abaau»

uuouuuo

nwuanuuu

ounces xuoan

00£ouucam

m.o ~.o ~.~ m.n 0.H noon muds:

novuouo>~un mocha

suuuuadux vovcnn

snuuuuo doccosu

«.0 causes: onus:

e.~ s.~ o.~ w.o «.6 auocunm
nuao uoaaou

n.n 5.0 c.» e.a m.o ~.m n.n o.~ uaoao abacuax

exam cuusuuoz

N.Ne m.e¢ a." ~.o~ o.Ho~ o.oc o.- o.~ noauaadu

«.mon ¢.oo¢ w.w0¢ w.q~c e.-¢ ~.o- o.~m¢ n.o~n Anav vouuuaau noun: .unnunuluuuqmqm

0.N m.o m.~ N.~ «.0 a.~ a.~ ~.~ Aav suave «:uuom

~.- n.o~ o.o~ m.o~ o.o~ o.m~ m.mn n.o~ Auov .nluh noun:

m.m o.n a.“ m.m o.« n.» q.o o.m Any suave
m N o m c n N w

Oman .m MZDH zo mama HM<A ho sz<d ZMMHmMI HIP Zn zmx<h
wzcwhumaaoo smut 4<>x<u no zonbnwOAtOo az< Anaco~\w4<=n~>an~v mmmhumzmo onH<Hm QmAOOL

flu < m4n<H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

~._ 0.5m o.H c.c~ ¢.o o.~ ~.H 0.N
~.o N.0 ~.o n.o h.o
«.0 «.0
o.o
~.o
o.q m.o ~.o o.o A.“
H.H o.H ~.e o.o
~.o N.Hm a.” a.» m.e ¢.H ~.~ e.o
o.o~e ¢.nmq ¢.omm o.mH¢ m.n~¢ 0.N4n N.Hme n.0m
n.~ n.~ ¢.~ H.0 o.a 0.N o.~ w.~
o.q~ o.n~ o.<~ o.o~ m.n~ o.n~ c.m~ 0.NN
~.n d.o o.¢ ¢.~ N.0 o.« «.N 0.5
5H ca ma §H m~ NH am o“
a.~ n.m 0.H n.-~ m.m~ «.5H m.xm N.m~ 0.HN
:4 o.o n.o
n:
n.o ~.o m.o N.o ~.o ~.o n.o N.0
N.0
n.~ ~.~ ~.o
O.“ ~.o «.0
fi.~ w.o~ n.m ~.c N.N o.o m.c
m.c ¢.o ~.a ~.o a.”
~.c
o.o ¢.n ~.o n.a¢~ g.n h." m.mn o.¢o m.aH
c.5ne N.Nwm a.o~q o.cH¢ o.~no o.mwa o.noc w.o~q m.mc<
o.~ h.~ ~.~ ~.# ~.# e.H c.~ a.o a.o
o.- n.H~ n.- n.o~ m.- o.- c.H~ c.o~ m.n~
g.o a.e o.” m.“ ~.m c.m N.0 ~.c N.N
o a N e m a n N H

Na < NAD<H

 

 

osaa .o rash zo muzu mx¢d Lo z~m<u zumammz mzh zH zm¥<h
mzo~HumAAoo :mwh A<>¢<A ho zomhwmomxbu nz< Anaco~xma<=DH>anHv mmmhnmzmo ZOHH<Hm

Auuch

azocxca

Iauv nouaazuouu
vacuuan

suuuawoa

canon soadu»
nuouuun

nounmouo

cocoon xuaan
nosouucam

noun ouusn
uov«nuo>~«n accum
scuuuuaux vacuum
zuuuunu Hoccusu
nuoxoao ouusn
uuoawnm

auou coaaoo
udoau aoncuux
alum suozuuoz
.v«on=~u

A av vouuuauu “can: <x<w
m Any canon «:uuum
Away .aaflh hugs:
As. sumac

 

 

HduOh

n)o=x:=

abut you-Izooum
o%o-w3

:uuunmqg

suuon 3b-or
nuouuaa

unmanauu

Ion-an sumac
nus-«uaam

coup onus:
novunuo>aun Joann
snuuuaddx vovcon
nuuuuuu Hoccnnu
causes. onus:
caucusm

auno coalou
adv-I abacuqx
exam auunuuoz
.vuoaadu

~mav vohuuafiu yoga: <x<a
Aav sumac «sauna
noov .anuh yous:
A-v canon

 

nmqoom

 

N.0

H

w.mN

N.0

m.<

m.me

a.nn

H.H

 

N.0

N.0

N
o

M

 

~.¢

 

vowuouwm uoz I mz~

o.c dope»
atocxc:
~.o abuv hauaazaoum
ohuauaz

suuonwoa

suuun Dagger

.uouuu:

nounnnuu

nouns: sedan

nuaowuaam

.onn suds:

novuouo>nuo Joann

auwuunuux vovnun

zuuuuuu noccaso

.uoxusu anus:

.— . N .HOCfi-am
undo uoaaou
yawn: ’oncaqu
oxua cuunuuoz
uvwoasuu

 

 

 

n.«\

EE

 

96

 

m.o

\O
H

0.H

~.o

m.o

ON
GO

C.Rfin
N.~

 

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«.0

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Efifl"

 

O"
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m.o

~.H~

N.0

5% vuuouafiu yoga: <x<a
n Asv canon «suuom
~ AUOV .nsoh bogus
Any suave

he A

 

w.NH dauOH

crease:

N.H anuv haunts-nun
ozoaaoa

£95.53

5.0 sauna today»
.uouuon

nuanauuu

accuse xuoum

nosuuunnm

m.o noon onus:
novfinuu>auo locum
nuuuuddux woven:
anuuuuo moan-AU
uuuxuao ouun3

n H uuoauzm
N.H Au-u calico
u o ado-u abacus:
oxun :uosuuoz
ovaonaau

 

 

 

 

 

 

o

.oo« «flaw cohoUHfiu yous: <x<a
c Alv canon «Sooom

.- Auov .naua noun:

m any canon

anon .wm >436 Ch ON rADH tout Mann mx<a mo z~m<¢ zzmhmwz mxh z~ zmx<H
mzomhumqgou smut A<>¢<A ho zo~hmmomzou 92¢ AnaOcH\wA<=nH>anHv muuhumzmn zo~P<Pm QmAOOm

ma < mqm<H

 

0m0uouux uoz I «Zn

N
H

uuanau ucosnmavo cu ~00 0ouuuHHou uo: «Haaan mo couuuoa Bouuom
ousHHuu unoanHavu ca 030 0uu00HHoo uoc oHaeum

0.0 N.0 m.0 0.0 N.0 HquH
stocxc:

l=u0 nounusaouh
ohoHHuz

suuonwoa

nuuon :oHHo»
savanna

uoHnnauu

cocoon xuoHn
nos-H0000

coca ouHsa
uo0«nu0>HHn xooun
nuuuHHHHx 0000.0
nowuuuo Hocuqnu
unusuau ouHsz
nuoanm

undo calico

uHOII aonauqx
03H: anonuuoz

cvuoaaHu

 

 

 

N.0 m.0

 

 

 

 

 

97

em Anav vapouflgu noun: <x<a
Hay canon «zuuwm
N A000 .aaua noun:
HIV guano

N.0on 0m 0.00m N.0nn

«2 N 0.n~ 0.m~
m.n m.n
H nH NH HH

V‘QQ‘O N
QMHW O

 

 

 

mH

O
H

0.0 e.m HauOH
niouxca

a5u0 you-annoum
chuHqu

nouoamoa

nous; :bHHo>
nuouuan

uoHnnnuu

nouns; xuan
cos-H0050

noun uanz
.00Houo>HHo sooun
noHuHHHHx 000:1:
noHuuau Hana-:0
ouoxusn ouHaa
nuanazm

Anna calico

uHoaI aoncan
oan cuonuuoz
ovuoasdu

 

 

 

ac .Hnau vouoUHdu “can: <x<a
Hay suave «guuom
N 800 .98.“ .8;

HIV sauna

 

osofi .mN pmaua< zo mum» mx<a mo z~m<¢ zmmpmm: amp zH zmx<a
388348 5: .222.— uo 22285.8 82 AnaaoCmiEHZA—z: $5.523 28.25 5.82

0H < m40<fl

APPENDIX B

DENSITIES FROM STATIONS 18-20 DURING 1975 AND 1976

0.0N

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0.Nn 0.HH

 

 

 

0.H

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n.0n 0.n00 N.0HH 0.00H

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H.0HN

N.n0NN

 

 

 

an»:
HOP.

n.H

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0.n
0.H

0 0
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moN 0.0HN 0 N
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a.n

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0.m0~
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N 0H 0H

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0.0M

n.0

 

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mma<0 onHUmHHOU

0N

 

mNoH oszba mem mx<4 m0 sz<0 szHwHI mzh ho
mxoxm ZKMHmH3 NEH 0204< mmZON =U<Mn NIH 2H mmHFHmzma zmHh H<>m<q

H0 mAn<H

ohafi oz< mNo. 020030 o~-00 mzo00<am :omu mmnwhmzua

0 xunzwm:

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0:00:00

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00000 00A

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noun ouHsa
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noxuac cuHsz
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hula aofllou

uHOID aonchx
oJHn Buosuuoz
00H000Hu
<N<H

 

  

a 0ouuuHHu uouqs
m nay suave «suuom
Au 0 much 00003
H90 canon
couuaum

0

Hanna

0300100

l=u0 now-axouuh
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00000 000

nuuon )oHHur
nuouunn

ooHannuo

cocoa» auan
nos-H0000

0.00 onus:
uo0H-009HH- sooun
:uHuHHHHu 000000
anHuunu Hoccagu
.uoxuo. ouHsn
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nuau coaaou
uHol. abannx
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00H000H0

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Ev vouUUHHu yuan:
Aav sumac «nuuom
A000 anus yuan:

3 £95
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n

N.0 0.0m

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9000‘?

h 0000

U"
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0600:!)
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0.NNH 0.0

H.0 0.N0m0H

 

 

 

n.H

 

m.H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

o.~ o.~ 0.0m n.e c.o m.o mad «.0

o~ «can

n.H

 

 

 

m.0

04o

 

 

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0NOH oz~¢00 ”Ham uu<4 ho sz¢m 2xMme3 02H ho
umosm zxwhmmz uxh uzoq< waON =U<un HIP 2H mmHhHmzma szh A<>¢<H

N0 an<h

HauOP

0:00:00

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0000 00H03
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suHuHHHHx 000000
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0010:. oqun
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0000 000000
0H000 3000H0¢
0xH0 00000002
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<x<h

 

H 00 00000HH0 00003
H00 00000 «auuom
H000 nauh 00u03
Hav 50000

coHuuum

n

HQuOH

0:00:00

0000 ~00000uoum
ohuHHna

00000004

00000 abHHor
0000000

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000-00 xuoHn
0.0-«00:0

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000H000>HH0 x0000
sowuHHHHx 0000-0
suHuucu H0000£U
000100. 00H03
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0000 000.00
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<K<H

 

 

H 00 0000uHHu 00003
m H-0 sumac «:uuum
Ho 0 anus 000.3

H30 00000
coduuum

O

APPENDIX C

KRUSKAL-WALLIS TEST RESULTS

 

 

1C")

 

c~.o~.c~.0m 0:...Nc .0:
000.0 0_a===<0 .=
0.0.0.0 n.q.0.c 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 ~.~.~.n 0c...~c .0:
«000.c0 .No.p .mm.c pc0.0 «00.0 000.0 000.0 .=
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GN0©NOON0OM JCoooNc 0.":
306 2.2.05: .0.
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 ~.N.~.n 0:...0: .0:
000.0 000.0 000.0 0.0.. 000.0 000.0 000.. .=
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0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 n.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0:...0: .0:
«000.0 000.0 000.0 «00.m 000.0 000.0 000.0 .=
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m\o-0\o n0\an00\o on\0um~\0 00\~-n0\0 M\~-on\0 o~\0-m0\c 00\c

mz<mz mzcs =hmmn mow mm=4<> .3
nua—

o~¢~ nz< msod cz—xsa
mzcuh<bm mx<J zmmo mzb zoxm mzcmz o~=m<¢ocmo
nz< =Pmmn kc Pmmh w~a;<3v4<xm=¢x NIP 2cm A.=v mm=A<> U—Pm~h<bm hmMH

filo m4m<h

mhqzmmx Emma m—AJ<3IA<¥mex
U x—Gmem<

11‘1

0m.c0.0~.~m._~

0c...0: .0

 

 

 

 

000.0 000000<0 .0
0.0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0.0 0c...0= .0:
000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 «000.0 .0
ou0umam 00¢
0000: 00000 0000<00000 000 000000 .0
Wu‘o‘o“ ‘Pu-ooNCo—P—
000.0 00000000 .0
Ma€a§oo XCoooN: QAC
000.0 .0
00020 3000000
0.0.0.0 . 0:...00 .0:
00¢.N Audac=<v .=
0.0.0.0 0:...0: .00
000.0 .0
:uuoh 300mm»
0.00.00.00 0:...0: .0:
000.0 00000000 .0
”IQ-Q00 MaoNooVoo JGocoN—b 0d:
000.0 000.0 .0
0000 0000:
000-000 0-0000 0000-0000 0000-0000 000-0000 0000-0000

0.0.00000 0 00000

1(32

 

 

 

 

c.r.~.c.c xc...~=.~=
¢q¢.c A~u===<V .2
O I O O O O x noIN 0.“.
a p e m n n a m c c c
~o_.o mm~.~ .=
:uuom 30-m>
wQ°O-0°O¢ JCQCuNCO~c

.‘Nho.n~ A~a===<v .z
{on-0.H.” {am-con.” R.M.M x5...NB om:
.Noo.o~ «amh.~_ «n_a.m .=

can: uuuza
QNOQ~ONNO‘NO~N ¥=IOIN= 0‘:

can.n ..a==c<. .=
«.m.q.n.n e.n.q.n.m e.m.e.m.n e.n.c.n.n e.n.¢.n.n e.n.e.n.m m.n xc...~: .~=
¢-.n omo.o ”no.“ oc~.e oam.~ om¢.n «No.n .=

ouucuzm
QNQQdCNNOHNOMN 8:00.“: 0—6

m~o.n A~a==c<v .=
c.n.¢.n.n e.m.c.n.n q.n.¢.n.n c.m.¢.m.m ¢.n.e.n.n c.n.e.n.n m.n.n x:...~= .~=
~mo.~ ~o~.o mqa.» nmo.o can.“ «ma.n “on.“ .=

nounoauo
m\o-n\o o--\m cM\h-o~\~ w~\~-m~\~ ~\~.On\o o~\o-m_\o q~\o

.Av.ucoov ~10 mam<~

 

 

1'13

 

 

 

c~.n~.n~.mm x:...~=._:
~¢_.o A_a===<v .2
n.¢.c.o n.c.e.o n.c.e.o n.q.n.o m.q.¢.o
cwm.m nm~.~ n-.o o_o.c moo.e
avmvaz—U
o~.n~.nN.mm xc...~=._=
nnn.. Adaacc<v .=
n.e.q.o n.e.q.o n.c.e.o m.e.n.o m.q.c.e
”an.n moo.n «No.a o-.o «o~n.a
no.0oam -<
o~\~-c~\~ o\~ «\o o~\m-n~\m a~\¢--\o
mz<ux uzoN zpmma mom mm=a<> .z
o~a~
e.n.~.e.o xc...N= .fic
ohm.“ Aduscccv .z
q.n.¢.n.m n.m.n
oam.o coo.n
adoEm Joncuwx
om\~-¢~\~ o~\fiumd\~ n\~-on\c o~\e-c_\o q~\o

A.u.c=o9v o mgm<e

 

1134

 

 

 

 

o.~_.__.x_ g:...~=._z
{coom.o~ Aucacc<v .:
MOQOQIO MO§OMOO "DOVOQIO JCOOONCOdc
.¢-.o emq.o cmm.e .=
uuoEm sons—mm
m~.o~.a~.on s:...~=._=
ana._ Adaacc<v .2
n.e.¢.c m.q.¢.c m.c.e.o m.q.n.a n.¢.¢.o x:...~=._=
nee.e scm._ oa~.~ o-.n ..me~.c~ .=
scum; 3o—~o>
OOQOQONF xF-O o ONCQHc
moo.o A_u===<v .=
now. {he nfl¢a¢0o ‘COOON:O~=
Nmn.c aoo.o .=
noun ou.;:
-.c_.n..a~ a:...~=.~c
aen.o A~u===<v .z
. . ... .d
MQQQQVO° HO§0§06 Macinac m «choc 4: N: c
¢a~.~ ~a¢.e ~m¢.¢ o¢o.~ .=
uuu:«;m
n~\o m~\h-o~\~ a\~ a\o o~\m-m~\n o~\¢--\¢

.Au.uccuv .-u mgm<s

1(15

 

 

 

 

Cocomococ 3:. . .NP—adr—
mam.“ A_a===<v .=
... a O 0 a o 0 v—coooNP—bd:
c r q p m e m ¢ m m
“Na.c cma.~ .=
name mu.;3
~_.a.-.a.¢ x:...~:.#c
«.eee.cH A_a===<. .=
a a o a a v— oooN o#
a.m.e.n.n q.n.e.n n e n c m n c c c
~nc.a aam.n om¢.~ .=
uuwcuzm
o~.m~.o~.n~.- s:...~=.~=
Nqn.n Afiaacc<v .=
¢.n.¢.~.c q.m.¢.n.n g.m.¢.m.n ¢.n.e.n.n e.n.e.~.n xc...~=._=
cam.o «No.9 .Nac.__ ~o~.o .nc.o .=
uvuwas—U
¢~.m~.q~.o~.m~ xc...~c.~=
«ma.e Agascc<v .=
e.n.e.~.o c.m.c.n.n q.n.e.m.n a.m.q.n.m c.m.q.~.n q.n.¢.m.m x:...~=._=
con.c mfim.a Hoo.m ~m~.m mmo.m nao.n .=
nuuumam -<
n~\o m~\h-c~\h o\h a\o e~\n-m~\m o~\¢-hm\q

mz<m2 mzcu Unzmcdoomo mom mm=A<> .2

.Au.ccou. nun mgmgp

1116

32: 8.: neo 92 um Hangman—mum «a.
~a>- mo.o ..o as“ “a acmufiuflcmfim«

 

 

 

N‘OO-ON~O¢-a gOIONfl-Od:
-a.n A~a=c=<v .=
QQMOQDnIH QOnOQOMOM «Onoo‘fimln xcoooNP—Od:
«mo.o me¢.~ omm.q .=
u~05w 3cscum¢
o~.-.c~.-.~_ a:...~c.~=
nom.~ A~a===<v .=
comhefim-fl cfinflgflnom clnl¢fl~0n QOMOQOMQM x=000N=0~C
«ma~.- nqc.o ”mo.“ _mo.~ .=
:uuwm 30~_w>
n~\m m~\~-o~\h a\~ m\o e~\m-m~\n a~\q--\¢

mzfimx NZON Uuzgoomo «cm mm:.—<> .2

.Au.u=oov ~uu man<~

107

 

Ion uHmEm zoncfimm

 

 

 

qmc.o supma soHHo»

NHh.m mmmn muw£3

owm.H meCALm

mwm.o mcfimQSHU

-q.m mmfiumam HH<

.: mxmy

McMaMQMomQMQMQNaM vwcoooNCQH:
chad

H¢m.~ ufimsm soacfimm

Ion comma zoaamw

owo.H mama wags;

Hw~.o mumcficm

-~.o mcfimaafio

“mm.o mwfiomam HH<

.m mwa.

Hafiofioflaflafloflam JacooNCOHc
mm¢fi

 

ommH oz< man qumbo
monH<Hm mzow mu<mm mze 20mm mz<mz me<m ozHAmz<m mo
Emma mHAA<3nA§msmx m5 mom FE mm3<> 0:39.45 Emma

N10 mum<H

APPENDIX D

AREA AND VOLUME ESTIMATES OF WESTERN LAKE ERIE

1138

.wuum mama cuwumm3 cm

«mun xvaum way «0 :o«u0«awv go“ o opsmwu mum

 

m

dwx.hoc.o_o.~ me¢.~hq.~_m meo.o_n.e~n.~ m-.¢oh.m~m adc.mcc.~o_ c~h.com.om ms

m.cem n.aa ~.e_~ m.-~ «.mm ~.mm we; m4<~oh
. . . I'll. .Illdllldlll lillq'llull' Ill!

mmwumMm4mmmx. mmmqmmmu«mmu. ofim mmmqmww. end ace do Noe nee NE me zmm=F=Cm

o.~c m.o_ _.m~ n.- o.a~ wax «(u

ccm.oma.~mm ooa.~mc.m_ nuo.-a.qam q~m.com.m¢ cdm.mhn.~n seo.nqn.- ms z¢m=FDOm

~.~H~ ~.~ ~.~o e.- ~.n~ o.- «a:

Nam.con.fimn a~¢.noo.on~ on~.ema.qcm can.a~m.oa com.~es.o~ ~n~.mcm.m «5

c.oo~ a.m~ o.nm o.“— ~.~ o.n ~53 4<¢ezmu

oa~.ma_.~ma na~.ac~.~on e-.-n.o_m ~mo.o¢o.o- ~nn.~cm.¢_ com.~qc.m «2 zamzexcz

o.ea~ a.co c.o¢ m.m~ c.m n.n max

oaa.¢.m.¢~m n~n.ce~.hc— «ha.eno.n- nea.~m~.wc~ a~o.~oo.- cam.-c.n~ «2 zxmzemoz

~.~o~ n.c~ q.nn R.MN o.o~ ~.e~ ~ex ¢<u

mJ<poa ~.a-m.~ n.~-m.m «.m's.m ~.n-o.~ n.d-o 92m: mmch

Aav mmzou spawn -mx=m<mz o.=m<xuomo

mmzm mx¢4 zmmhmuz ho mmh<t~hmm urbao> 92¢ <mx<

use mam<b

a x~czmmm<

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