MSU

LIBRARIES
—_—-

 

 

RETURNING MATERIALS:
P1ace in book drop to
remove this checkout from
your record. FINES w111
be charged if book is
returned after the date
stamped beIow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE POWER DISK - A PTO DRIVEN DISK TILLER.

by

Solomon Tembo

A THESIS

Subuitted to the
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIEMIE

Department of Agricultural Engineering

1986 .

PERFOFMANCEEVAUMICNOFIHEPOQERDISK-APTODRIVENDISKTIIIER

Solomon Tanbo

Date: ; .a’ but? [2 (2‘5;
(35%“ flW

 

Approved:
m-major Professor

 

Oo-najor Professor

/ ' x/ '
/'/ ‘1
.-. -/,' _ r / | , ;' r, ‘ ," [ A
A; V b ; ' I t’ f: I Z

©1986

SOLOMON TEMBO

All Rights Reserved

£4, a" . ',“‘.,,

ABSTRACT

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE POWER DISK— A PTO DRIVEN DISK TILLER

By
Solomon Tembo

Quantitative performance evaluation of a Japanese-made PTO-driven disk
tiller was carried out using a microconputer-based data acquisition
system. A tractor was instrumented to measure PTO speed, PTO torque,
vertical and horizontal forces on the three-point-hitch, ground speed
and drive wheel speed. Soil moisture and tillage depth were measured
separately.

Field tests were conducted in the Fall 1985 to determine the drawbar
power, PI'O power and total power requirements of the implanent. Results
indicate that approximately 10% of total power requirenent was obtained
through traction to the implement and 50% of total power requirenent to
the implement was transferred through the PTO drive shaft. Significant
saving (30%) in energy utilization was attained at a peripheral disk
velocity to ground speed (pdv/gs) ratio of 2.5. No energy savings were
attained at higher peripheral disk velocities as total specific power
increased with increases in peripheral disk velocity.

The effect of PTO powering on the quality of work was evident in soil
conditions close to field capacity. An acceptable level of soil
pulverization and mulch incorporation was observed at a pvd/gs ratio of
2.5. The implement's tillage performance was severly handicapped in dry

soil conditions.

To the late Taruziva Fambai Ovarazimba Dube and Absalan F.G. Dube.

You are a source of unparalleled inspiration.

ii

ACKNWLEIXSEMENTS

The author expresses his sincerest appreciation to the following
persons and organizations for their contribution to this study:

To Dr. Thomas H. Burkhardt, research leader and co-major advisor,
for his professional guidance and support throughout this study. His
attention to research detail was positively educative and will serve me
well in my future research work.

To Dr. Robert H. Wilkinson, academic advisor and co-major research
advisor, for his guidance and optimism throughout the course of my '
studies.

To Dr. JOhn B. Gerrish for his time and positive criticism as
cannittee manber. His expertise in measuranent theory and application
was indeed invaluable.

To the technical personnel in the research laboratory, for the
help rendered in putting the project hardware together.

To Tbyosha company of Japan, for their technical and financial
support of this study.

To Dr. Makoti Hoki and the Agricultural Machinery Laboratory of
Mie university in Japan, for the supply of the torquemeter.

To Mr. Milton Mah, a fellow graduate student under the guidance of
Dr. Burkhardt, for his computing expertise, companionShip, helpful
criticism, and those long discussion sessions which made this study a

worth-whi 1e experience .

iii

To my fellow graduate students, whose advice both socially and
acadenically served me well throughout my study here.

To the people and Government of Zimbabwe, for the opportunity
offered to persue further studies in the hope for a better, future
Zimbabwe.

Finally to my mother Fungai, family and friends for their

unfailing love, encouragenent and confidance in my quest for knowledge.

iv

'IABIECFCQHENI‘S

PAGE

WW8 ..... . ....... .. ......... iii

LISI'G'TABLES. ...... .. ....... ..... .. vii

mmnm ....... 00...... ......OOViii
M

1. mm .. .............. l

1.1 ThePowerDisk ................ . . 2

2.I.I'IERA'1UREREVIDV.... ...............6

2.1 Basic Disk DesignandGeanetry ........... 6

2.2PowerDrive'xDisks.......... ..... ...10

2.3 Instrmentatim ................. . 14

2.4 Summary ..................... . 17

3. CEJECI‘IVES ....... . ............. .. 18

4. T‘HEEUJIPMENI‘ ...................... 20

4.1 Introduction to the Instmmentation Systan ..... 20

4.2mstnmentationarxi8ensors............23

4.2.1 TheDickey jotherfornancemnitor. . . . . 23

4.2.2 RadarGramdSpeedMeasur-ezent 23

4.2.3BTgineSpeedMeasuranent..........24

4.2.4 FrmtandRearWheel IbtationalSpeed.. . . 25

4.2.5 PTOTbrqueMeasurermt . 27

4.2.6 Measurement of Inplenent Reactive Forces . 29

4.3 The Data Acquisition Hardware ........... 35

4.4 TheDataOollectim Software. . . . ........ 39

4.4.1 Theoretical mnsiderations ......... 39

4.4.2 TheDataAoquisitimProgram . . . . . . . 41

10.

5.1 The Test Site
5.2 Field Variables

RESULTS AND DISCIJSSICN

6.1 The Equipment
6.2
6.3 The Results

WImS O O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0

APPENDIX C:
APPENDIX D:
APPENDIX E:

APPENDIX F: Soil Data

5.3 Method of Data Processing .

AccuracyinMeasurenents. . . . .

vi

GromdSpeed:DraftandPowerRequirena1ts.
PI'OSpeed: DrawbarPowerandPTOPower
Requiranaits
Powercxmpcna'xts:
SpecificPowerlbquirenents. . . . . . . . .

DrawbarPoweLPI‘O

Implenent Performance Equations . . . . . .
Calibration Data and Specifications . . . .
DatapcquisitionProgramIisting. . . . . .
StatisticalAnalysisResults. . . . . . . .

m mm Hmt mt O O O O O O O O O O O O 0

PAGE
47
47
48
51
53
53
53
S9
59
67

73
75

9O
92
94
97
107

1.1

6.2.1
6.3.1
6.3.2

IIS'I‘CFTABIES

SpecificationsofthePwerDisk . . . . . . . . .

Calibration Response Equations and R-Squared Values

Summary of the PTO Drivei Disk Tiller Performance .

Specific Power Requiranents of the PTO Drive: Disk

Tiller

PPGE

57

6O

61

FIGJRE
1.1
4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4a

4.41)

4.5

4.6

4.7
4.8
5.1

6.2.1

6.2.2

6.2.3

6.3.1
6.3.2

LIST (F FIGURES

Paver'l‘rainofthePanerDisk

Block Diagram of the Data Acquisition Systen

W6 0 O O I I O O O O O O O O O O O O .....

SlipRithircuitofthePIOTbrquereter . . . .

Wheatstone Bridge Circuit of the 3-Point-Hitch
Dynanrmeter .......... . . . . . . .

Calibration loading Setup: Similatihg the

Horizontal Forces . . . ...... . . . .....

Calibratim loading Setup: Sinulating the
Verticalfbrces

Schanatic Block Diagram of the Analog-to-Digital
mm C I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0

Global Flow Chart of the Data Acq1fisitim Systen
$fwe O O O O O I O O O O O O O O O C O O 0

Data Oollecticn Program FlowChart . . . .......

DataPmcessithrogranFlowdiart. . . . ......

FieldTestProcedureat760RPM . . . . . . .....

Tbrquemeter Calibratim Response Curve (Before
Field Tm) I O O O O O I O O O O O O I O O O

Tbrquaneter Calibraticn Response Curve (After
Field TestS) I O O I O O O O O O O O I O O O O

Hysterisis Effect in the Torquaneter Response

Ming alibratj-m O O O O I O O O O O O O O O O

EffectofGroxmdSpeedonDraft . . . . . . . .

Effect of Ground Speed on Tillage Depth . ......

viii

PAGE

22
28

31

33

33

36

.43
44
45
50

54

58
63

FIGURE

6.3.3

6.3.4

6.3.5

6.3.6

6.3.7

6.3.8

6.3.9

6.3.10

6.3.11

6.3.12

6.3.13

6.3.14

6.3.15

6.3.16

6.3.17

6.3.18

6.3.19

Inplenent Vertical Reaction on the 3-Point-Hitch
m Gmmld W . . O . O O . . . C . O O O O O O O

TheeffectofGrommdSpeedonP'IOTbrqueofthe
P10 Mimi DiSk Tina O I O O O O 0 O O ......

Effect of PIO Speed (Peripheral Disk Velocity)
onPIO'Ibrque

Effect of PIO Speed (Peripheral Disk Velocity)
mDrawbarPowerRequirenents . .....

Drawbar Power Requirenent as a Function of
Peripheral Disk Velocity to Ground Speed
(NV/98) Ratio 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o .....

EffectofPrOSpeedandGrmmdSpeedontheP'IO
Power Requirenents of the PTO Driven Disk
Til-la O O O O O O O O O O O O O O .........

EffectofP'IOSpeedandGroundSpeemeotal
Power Requirenents of the PTO Driven Disk
Till-a O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O .....

Drawbaerer,PTOPowerandTota1Power
Requirermts as Functims of the Peripheral Disk
VelocitytoGroundSpeedRatio...........

Effect of Ground Speedon Specific Drawbar Power
Requirements ..... ”...”...W

Specific Drawbar Power Requirareit as a Function
PeripheralDiskVelocity....... .. .. .. .

Effect of Ground Speedon Specific PTOPower

TbtalSpecificPaverasaF‘tmctionofP'IOSpeed . . .

Specific Drawbar Power, Specific PTO Power and
Specific Total Power as Functions of Ground Speed .

Specific Power Components in the Powered State vs
theUnpoweredState (PTODisengaged) . . . . . . . .

PTO Driven Disk Tiller Perfonnance in Dry Soil
Omditims;PenetrationImpared . . . .. . . .. .

Excessive Pulverization with Cbn'plete Inversion at
lOOORPMIdealforSpringPlanting. . . . . . . . .

P'IO Driven Disk Tiller Performance in Friable Soil
mmtims O O I O O O O O O O . O O O O O O O O O 0

ix

PAGE

65

66

68

69

7O

71

72

74

76

77

79
80

81

83

86

88

89

CHAPI'ERI

INTRODUCTION

The need for field performance data of farm traCtors and
implements has becone an absolute necessity. The high cost of owning
and operating the :machinery used in production agriculture makes it
imperative that the tractor-implement system be properly matched with
respect to implement width and tractor power and mass. 202 (1972) noted
that often the matching of tractors and implements for field operations
has simply been based upon prior experience instead of a thorough
knowledge of the performance factors involved. The predictable result
has been less than optimal performance. Garner, Wblf and Davis (1980)
observed that the most beneficial role that engineering research can
perform. in the tillage/energy area, is to assist in selecting tillage
systems for effective energy use. This research must be of an applied
nature dealing with actual field conditions which a farmer may
encounter in a given area. Reynolds, Miles and Garner (1982) contended
engineering research torwards the increased application of.
computer-based data acquisition systems for collecting and processing
data related to energy requirements in field operations. They argued
that actual field evaluation as opposed to laboratory assessments are
more indicative of performance and efficiency of tractor-implement
match-up and therefore more beneficial to the farmer.

This is the research approach that the Department of Agricultural
Engineering at Michigan State University adopted. In a joint research

effort with Mie University of Japan, which was funded by Toyosha
l

Company Ltd, the department undertook field performance evaluation of
the Power Disk under Michigan conditions. The ultimate goal of this
research was to make field performance data available to the Michigan
farmers. Tests peformed by Toyosha Company have show a significant
reduction in draft and power requirements. Independent enperical data
was to be collected and analyzed for typical Michigan field conditions.
The overall objective of the research effort was to investigate
drawbar power and PTO power requirenents of the Power Disk, with the

aid of an in-field microcomputer data acquisition system.

1.1 The Power Disk

The *Power Disk came to the Department of Agricultural
Engineering at Michigan State University, from the Toyosha Company of
Japan, as part of a collaborative research effort with the Department
of Agricultural Engineering at Mie University, Japan. The Power Disk is
a PTO driven disk tiller developed by T'oyosha Company, Ltd of Japan. It
was introduced into the Japanese market in'April, 1983. It is currently
being marketed in the United States by the Bush Hog Company.

Power is transferred from the PTO shaft to the disk blades through
a centrally located gear box, followed by a roller chain drive which is
enclosed in an oil bath (Figure 1.1) . The peripheral disk velocity
(pdv) at a PTO speed of 540rpn is 13.4 Km/h and is 25 Km/h at a PTO
speed of 1000 rm. These velocities are 3 to 5 times greater than
normal operating ground speed (gs). The disk blades rotate in the same
direction as that of the tractor wheels, thus creating a forward
thrust, which adds to the forward thrust of the tractor and reduces

*Use of trade names in no way constitutes an endorsement
of any particular manufacturer or product.

implenent draft.

Direct transfer of available power from the tractor engine to the
implement is more efficient as compared to the conventional tractive
‘method. The implement manufacturers claim that this direct transfer of
power permits the use of 30% smaller tractor sizes than would used when
the conventional tractive method is enployed. The general

specifications of the Power Disk are shown in Table 1.1.

..mE Logos 9: mo 58;. .838 H4 953“. /

 

MODEL

DIMENSIONS:

OVERALL LENGTH

OVERALL WIDTH

OVERALL HEIGHT

MASS (WEIGHT)

NUMBER OF DISK BLADES

DRIVING SYSTEM

DISK BLADE DIAMETER
EFFECTIVE WIDTH

PDOWING DEPTH (MAX)
DISK ANGLE SETTING

WORKING SPEED

APPLICABLE TRACTOR (PTO HP)

MOUNTING HITCH

OPTIONAL PARTS

BEVEL

F 800

2170 mm ( 85 in.)

2100 mm.( 82 in.)

1050 mm ( 41 in )

485 Kg ( 180 lbs )

8

GEAR AND ROLLER CHAIN

633 um ( 25 in.)
2000 um (79 in.)
300 mu (12 in.)
27 AND 31 DEGREES

3-SKm/h(2-3mPh)

15 - 25 Kw (20 - 30 HP)

3 POINT HITCH

WEIGHTS: 15 Kg * 8 PIECES

:(33 lbs * 8 PIECES)

SOURCE: TOYOSHA TECHNICAL LITERATURE

Table 1.1 Specification of the Power Disk

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Basic Disk Design and Geometry

Early research on soil-disk plow relationShips was directed at
developing a sound scientific basis for implenent design and use. This
research focused on problems involving draft, forward speed, soil
throw, residue coverage and penetration, as they related to size, disk
concavity (radius of curvature), weight, hitches, gang angles and other
questions of materials and adjustment. While this information was
essential for good design, empirical in-field data are required to
improve implement operating efficiency. Such applied data were first
generated in the 1970's as an outgrowth of the energy crisis and the
technological breakthrough brought about by in-field microcanputer data
acquisition systems.

While the Objective of this study was not to redesign the Power
Disk, a review' of the literature on basic design is essential to a
complete understanding of the operation of the implenent. me of the.
first reports dealing with the dynamics of the modern disk harrow was
made by Mckibben (1926). By general analysis of soil forces acting on
the offset harrow, he showed how, with proper arrangenent of gangs, it
"was possible to design a disk harrow'which tills a strip, the center
of which is offset from the center of the tractor and which at the same
time operates without side draft upon either the harrow' of the
tractor." By changes in the hitching arrangement, the offset harrow

could operate on either side of the tractor and throw soil to and from
6

the citrus trees it was. being used to cultivate. Sjogren (1936),
outlined the evolution of the offset harrow and listed the broad
requirenents for the design of complete implements.

Measurement of soil forces acting on disks was undertaken by Clyde
(1939) under semi-controlled field conditions. The effect of disk
angle, angle of inclination, disk diameter and moisture content of the
soil were observed and provided an analytical guide for the design of
implements and proper hitching procedures. Disk angle refers to the
angle in the soil surface plane, between the central axis of the disk
and a line perpendicular to the direction of travel. However, the
instrunentation available at the time imposed severe limitations on his
ability to collect data for a wide range of conditions.

Gordon (1941) contributed most significantly by analyzing a single
blade disk plow at the Tillage Machinery Laboratory TML (USDA), using
two finmly packed soils (a Decatur clay and a Davidson loam) in a soil
bin. The instrumentation employed was based on the principle of the
dynamoneter developed earlier by Clyde. The disk was held in a
framework through which the reaction of the soil on the disk was
imparted to six hydraulic cells. The cells, in turn, actuated Bourdon
tube type elenents to which pens were attached. Fran this record of
pressures, the soil reactions on the disk were resolved into three
directional components : the force required to pull the disk forward
(the draft force); the vertical reaction upward or downward on the
disk; and the side thrust. Over a range of moisture conditions
considered optimum for tillage, attention was paid to the draft,
vertical and side forces as well as to the thrust perpendicular to the
plane of the disk. Gordon observed that soil types and soil conditions

produced the most pronounced differences in soil reactions on the disk.

Specifically, he found that:

l. Upward thrust on the disk decreased as the disk angle was
increased, thus improving soil penetration;

2. Minimum draft was attainable at a disk angle of about 45
degrees, and that draft increased rather sharply for disk
settings above 45 degrees; .

3. Draft requirements increased with increases in speed ( a 67%
increase in draft was Observed with an increase of speed from
2.5 to 5mph for the sandy loam );

4. The draft and upward thrust of the soil increased with increases
in disk concavity (decreases in radius of curvature); and

5. The increase in soil reaction on the disk as the speed
increased was caused by the soil being thrown a great distance
forward and to the right at higher speeds, with a net reduction
in tillage depth.

McCreery and Nichols (1956) studied the effects of disk geometry
on soil factors at the TML (USDA). They found that at small disk angles
the back or the convex side of the disk blade will exert pressure on
the soil, causing the soil to compact. This part of the disk is the
bearing area, and is similar to that part of a wheel which contacts the
ground. Like the wheel, the bearing area of a disk resists penetration,
however, if it does penetrate then the draft is large. To minimize the
draft and assist penetration, therefore, the bearing area Should be
zero. The concave side of the disk which contacts the soil, is the
pressure area. The application of pressure causes the soil to rupture
and pulverize. The pressure area is analogous to the share and
moldboard of the moldboard plow.

The bearing and pressure areas depend on the disk diameter,
tillage depth and disk angle. The bearing area is reduced with a
decrease in diameter, a decrease in tillage depth, and with an increase
in the disk angle. At some critical angle the bearing area is Zero.
Mccreery and Nichols determined this angle graphically and found that

it is attained when the tangent to the disk surface, at the leading

edge of the intersection of the disk and the soil surface, is parallel
to the direction of travel. Harrison and Thivavarnvongs (1975) in their
study of soil reacting forces from laboratory measurenents with disks
developed a functional relationship between the minimun disk angle for
zero bearing area, radius of curvature, the disk diameter, and tillage
depth. They' concluded that the 'minimum critical disk angle was
significant in denoting the presence or absence of the disk bearing
area because the bearing area significantly affected the soil reacting
forces and the screw axis and, thus the performance of disk implenents.

In the most recent studies on the influence of disk curvature on
soil penetration, Gill et a1. (1982) concluded that increasing the
radius of curvature of disks while selecting proper disk angle and _
mass, had a profound effect on penetration. They argued that the change
in penetration depth is a function of the forces acting on the back and
front surface of disks, as indicated in ealier studies by Mccreery et
al. (1956). They found that reducing the force on the back surface of
the disks by increasing the radius of curvature or by increasing the
disk angle in a range of 0.20 radians to 0.35 radians, or both, caused
a reduction in the magnitude of draft and vertical forces.

The increase in disk penetration is important because of the
possibility of developing lighter disk plows that will penetrate to
desired depths without ballasting. The lighter tillers are of
particular interest from the standpoint of the developnent of powered
disk tillers, improvement of fuel economy, reduction in soil coupaction

and control of tillage depth.

10

2.2 Power Driven Disks.

Early findings on free rolling disks by Mckibben (1926), Gordon
(1939) and McCreery and Nichols (1956) have remained unchallenged and
have provided the theoretical basis for the studies on the dynamics of
powered disks initiated by Getzlaff (1953) and Getzlaff and Sohne
(1959). The studies of Getzlaff et a1. were carried out on an
experimental single disk blade plow connected to a frame fitted with
six transducers, much like Gordon's (1941) instumentation package. The
disk was driven by a 3.2Kw' direct current 'motor, powered from.a
generator fitted on a 55 HP Hanamog tractor. Power from the motor to
the disk blade was transmitted via four v-belts to a worm.Shaft; the
worm wheel was mounted on the hub shaft of the plow disk. They varied
peripheral disk velocity over a wide range by regulating the engine
speed and interchanging the belt drives. Disk geometric parameters
(disk dianeter,radius of curvature and disk angle) were kept constant.
The tests were performed on hard clayey-soils.

Getzlaff and Sohne (1959), investigated the three canponent soil
forces; the longitudinal(L), vertica1(V) and lateral (S) forces.
Longitudinal forces increased rapidly with increasing tillage depth but
were observed to decrease with inreasing peripheral disk velocity. A
maximun reduction of 30 % was observed when compared with an unpowered
disk at a peripheral disk velocity to ground speed (pdv/gs) ratio of
1.3. Lateral and vertical forces were influenced unfavorably by the
drive. With increasing peripheral speed the lateral forces and the
vertical forces became larger.

Disk drive power requirements inceased sharply with peripheral

disk velocity . Total power expenditure (drawbar + slip loss + disk

11

drive power) rose with increasing peripheral velocity and was greater
than that of free rolling disks. The extra power expenditure was
approximately 13 % to 25 % with the pvd/gs ratio of 1.3 and over 50 %
with a pvd/gs ratio of 2.5. Power expenditure was thus a function of
the pdv/gs ratio, and a ratio of 1.3 indicated an acceptable level of
energy utilization.

At higher peripheral disk velocity, the soil was thrown further
and the furrow’ width 'made wider. They observed greater clod break up
and greater residue incorporation with the powered disk than with the
free rolling disks. At a peripheral disk velocity equal to 2.5 times
the ground speed, Getzlaff et a1. Observed greater disk slip against
soil particles flowing off the disk ‘without considerable energy
impulses being imparted to them. This, they argued, confirmed that the
pdv/gs ratio was not to exceed 1.3 for efficient disk operation. In
conclusion to their studies, Getzlaff et a1. stated that the driven
disk did not bring any significant benefits in energy utilization.
Moreover, both the lateral and vertical forces were influenced
unfavorably; making the design more complex and costly.

Sohne (1963), in a comparative study of the quality of work
between the conventional disk plow and the powered disk, Observed that'
with a powered disk soil pulverization resulted, whereas use of a free
rolling disk plow caused large clods. While acknowledging the single
pass advantage of the powered disk, he warned of possible destruction
of soil structure by rigorous action of the powered disk. With respect

to power consumption Sohne observed that :

1. Increasing the pdv/gs ratio from 1.3 to 1.5 reduced drawbar pull
by 30% and increased power consumption by 120%;

2. Doubling the disk peripheral velocity reduced drawbar pull to

12

half, but then the total power requirement increased to 170%,

3. With increased disk peripheral velocity the side and vertical
forces became larger; and

4. Compared to the free rolling disk, the high power requirenent,
the relatively low reduction in draft, the difficulties
involved in design and high costs, the development of the power
driven disk could not be justified.

Abernathy (1976) also concluded, from laboratory tests on a
self-powered disk, that draft requirenents could be reduced by 20%, but
the total power required was 3 to 6 tines greater than the total power
required for free rolling disks.

Young (1975) conducted a power disk (DynaTil) field evaluation.
The DynaTil was a fabricated implerent, intended to test the concept of
powering disks. The tandem disk used was powered hydraulically. Power
was provided from a tractor's 1000 rpm PTO drive shaft via two
variable-displacement, pressure-compensated hydraulic punps mounted on
the DynaT‘il. Peripheral disk velocity was contolled by a punp flow rate
control at the operator's platform.

Over a wide range of field conditions, Young found the effect of
powering to be most evident in wet soil conditions where penetration
was good. Greater control of the degree of pulverization and mulch
incorporation was also achievable under wet soil condition, however
poor traction was observed under the wet conditions and that tended to
increase slip significantly. Even so, slip for the DynaTil was
significantly less than that of a free rolling disk plow, approximately
70% less the slip of the free rolling disk in all field conditions.

With increased pdv/gs ratio, Young, reported significant increases
in horsepower requirements for the DynaTil. Estimated drawbar power
(PIO power equivalent) for the DynaTil was generally lower than that of

a free rolling disk at lower ground speeds (4 mph) and significantly

13

larger above 7.5 ‘mph. The DynaTil had no tillage depth control
nechanism and was limited to a maximun depth of 15 cm by its physical
structure.

In conclusion YOung recommended the use of a mechanical drive to
transfer power from the tractor to the implement. He cited the lower
power requirements for mechanical drives and the lomeachine cost (when
compared to hydraulic drive systems) as justification to encourage
production of such power implement. Furthermore he argued that the
greater fanmer productivity and on-the-go controllability in soil
pulverization and mulch incorporation, outweighed the expected
increased cost due to the powering of the disk blades.

Young's positive energy and field productivity appraisal of the
powered disk (despite the earlier negative cost-benefit analysis by
Getzlaff et a1.) probably encouraged the TOyosha Company to develop the
Power Disk. Tbyosha claims the Power Disk assures lower costs (both
fuel consumption and wheel tire pressure on soil are reduced by 50% )
through high performance therefore increasing the potential for higher

profits.

14

2.3 Instrumentation

Energy limitations have directed agricultural engineering
researchers to study and improve the efficiency of field machines
through the conduct of field data studies as opposed to laboratory data
experimentation. During the 1970's microcomputers were increasingly
utilized in the acquisition and processing of impletent-tractor
performance data. The data acquisition systems varied in complexity
from the measuring of one or two parameters, as is common in
performance monitors, to the monitoring of many parameters
simultaneously. The construction, capacity and versatility of these
instrmentation packages varied according to individual data collection
constraints.

Harter and Kaufman (1979), Lin et al.(l980), Bedri et al.(l981),
Hendrick et al.(l982), Smith et al.(l981), Stangeeta1.(l982) and
others described systems that monitored, collected and stored data .
Although similar in function, each system was specifically tailOred to
individual data collection reeds. Luth et al.(l978), for example
assembled a sophisticated microcomputer teletetry system capable of
receiving 31 channels of data, sampling at a rate of up to 50,000
samples per second. Their system could process data in the field,
delivering either video displays, hard copy prints of tabular data
summaries or graphs of various functional relationships. Lin et
al.(l980) developed a microcomputer-based data acquisition system for
measuring in-field tractor performance. Their system could collect data
from 16 differential input channels. They measured engine speed, ground
speed, fuel flow, fuel temperature, axle torque, axle weight and draft.

The system featured selected gains and memory storage of data, with a

15

data dump cassette for use when the experiments were completed.
Grevis-James et a1. (1983) reported on a data acquisition and
processing system, using two Rockwell Aim 65 microcomputers. The system
measured drawbar pull and power, ground speed, wheel slip, fuel flow
and engine speed. One ‘microcomputer was installed on the tractor to
collect, display and store the data on magnetic tape. The system
provided an immediate hard copy output, which provided the operator
with a check on system functioning and data quality. The second
microcomputer was operated from.the laboratory and was used to process
and transfer data stored on magnetic tape to an IBM 370 mainframe
computer for analysis.

Carnegie et al.(l983) reported on the use of an APPLE II personal
microcomputer (similar to the one employed on this project) for data
collection and analysis. The personal microcomputer was versatile, yet
inexpensive, and performed well under adverse field conditions.

Tompkins and Wilhelm (1982) developed a versatile system which
featured sampling rates variable from 0.1~ second to 4.5 minutes. A
portion of the sampling period could be 'measured and observed to
1/120seconds. The system had 24 program options which included
calibration routines, examination of previously recorded data, data
acquisition , start and stop, among other special purpose options.The
system measured drawbar force, fuel consumption and engine speed. In a
subsequent study Freeland, welhelm. et al.(l984) developed
instrumentation for in-field measuretent of PTO driven agricultural
implements. In addition to the description of the sensors and hardware
required for the measure of PTO driven implerents, they emphasized the
special considerations involved in measuring torque. They recommended >

that analog signals be sampled at consistant frequencies equal to or

16

greater than twice the frequency component of the highest frequency
component of interest (the Nyquist frequency) and that low-pass filters
having cutoff frequencies of 1/2 or less than the sampling frequency

should be used, if the required sampling rate is not practical.

17

2.4 Summary

The evolution and the design of concave spherical disks has been
reviewed extensively; The geometric parameters of these disks have been
shown to be significant with respect to their efficient operation. Few
studies were found which investigated the design and the performance of
the powered disks. The few studies carried out on the powered disks,
have been inconclusive in their findings. Some’researchers (Getzlaff
and Sohne (1959)) argue that the small reduction in draft, against the
significant increase in total power requirements (to be had in the
powered disk when compared to the free-rolling disk ) does not justify
the cost of developing such an implement, yet others (Young (1975))
cite the potential increase in farmer productivity as being worth the
research effort and cost .

Microprocessor-based data acquisition systems have emerged as
relatively inexpensive alternative to instrumentation-type
tape-recorder or strip chart systems. The microprocessor systems have
enabled collection of field data. These data facilitate efficient
tractor-implement match-up, thus reducing energy waste at the fanm
level. Performance parameters reviewed included draft, velocity, torque

and fuel consumption.

CHAPTER III

OBJECTIVES

For decades the question of how'the efficiency in transmission of power
from the engine to the drawbar of a tractor might be improved has
remained unresolved. The losses that occur at the soil contact surface
of the tractor drive wheels have increased in significance due to
escalating energy costs.

Newly designed agricultural tires have improved the tractive ability of
agricultural tractors under ideal conditions. As energy costs escalate
researchers need to direct their efforts at efficient energy transfer
from the engine to the implement under the adverse conditions typical
of most farm operations. This could potentially reduce energy costs and
timeliness penalties at the farm level.

The literature reviewed suggested that the large increases in total
power iexpenditure far outweigh the small savings in drawbar power
requirerents to be had by transmitting engine power through the PTO to
the implerent. On the other hand Toyosha Company tests claim that the
PTO driven disk tiller; the Power Disk, will save farmers as much as
30% in total power requirements, thus reducing overall ‘machinery
operating costs at farm level. These two divergent positions raised the
question: How efficient is this particular technological innovation
(the Power Disk) at transmitting engine power to the disk blades?

The objective of the study, therefore, was to investigate the draft and
power requirements of the Power Disk with the aid of an in-field

microcomputer data acquisition system. More specifically the objective
18

19

was to measure:

1. Draft requirements

2. Pro torque

3. PTO speed

4. Ground speed

5. Drive wheel speed

6. Drawbar power requirements

7. Pro power requirements

8. Total power requirements

9. Tillage depth

l0.Quality of the tillage operation (i.e. mulch incorporation, soil
pulverization and surface roughness)

CHAPTER IV

THE EQUIPMENT

4.1 Introduction to the Instrutentation System.

In this chapter, components of the instrutentation system will be
presented. The data aquisition hardware and software will be described
and discussed in detail.

A decision was made to instrument one tractor and use that tractor
to operate the PTO driven disk tiller over the desired range of field
and operating conditions. mile this approach effectively eliminated
the possibility of evaluating the effect of using different tractors;
various implerents and operating conditions could be compared
quantitatively based on that one tractor. Furthermore, this decision
minimized the possibility of any structural damage to the data
acquisition hardware due to handling.

The design objectives that guided the develoment of the data
acquisition system were:

1. System - flexibility; the microcomputer was to be readily
adaptable to various fuctions and be flexible in operation.

2. System documentation; the system was to be fully docurented to
allow subsequent use by any reseachers in the department.

3. High volure and high speed data storage; large RAM
(RAmOM—ACCESS-MEMORY) capacity for whatever sampling rates
were to be used in tillage studies.

4. Durable and compact; required to withstand the adverse field
conditions and be small enough to fit in a tractor cab.
The microcomputer chosen was the Apple IIe system. An A113 Analog

to Digital (A/D) converter (Interactive Inc.) was chosen to interface
20

21

each analog signal to the microcomputer. An M1000 series (Data Capture
Technology) signal conditioner provided the required conditioning of
all signals from. the transducers to the A/D converter. The tractor
utilized for this research project was a Ferd 7610, 68.84Kw (86.9Shp),
front-wheel assist, diesel, with a standard enclosed operator's

platform. Manual functions associated with the data acquisition were
strategically' placed to facilitate effective unassisted operator
control. Figure 4.1 shows how' the transducers were connected to the
data acquisition system. The following section describes each

transducer in detail and its location in relation to the whole system
package.

22

a
53ij

mg EEG 8.3.3.“; mama Q3 no 23030 gm H6 “...?on

—aa=m
u<> ou—
o»
ua> Nu

Aauouuan more a—aaamv
Lougo>=~ Luzon

 

>

3gb” 38.: a: S

 

 

 

 

72...... 22.1 a

 
 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

>\u aaxu_a ovuoema:
A V In— IA q 32...... Fume: 33.x: .33. m
aaxu—a usuocma:
suuco>cou >\m
Aa~<v _|||~l«m uooam ucaoco sauna n

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

8E3... m .338 . . E “33.7 as. 235 o
a\< _ on . Laue:
8:2 8 =2.

22 «.93. a 1.5... a: m

. .33 «38 5.9.3
.QEA — O no.5..— pauwuL0> “$0..— c
.a momma epacum
- p .

.l\\)lly

   

       

 

 

 

 

 

0)

van
xmwoooao op

.1/I(\\w «urea _auwu_cu> use.“ n
momma =_acum.

A YI...I.:=~ nuuaounuon :3 N

 

 

 

 

 

cause-ouocu.x eopmto>eou mom cwacum
0: .32 .333 3 8.2: N13 2 es: a
mouse cpogum
zuhm>m zouh~m~2a< <h<o ocwcopuvveou amusement» o—nawc~> Lon-:2

.233. .255

23

4.2 Instrutentation and Sensors.

4.2.1 The Dickey john Tractor Performance Monitor II (DjTPMII)

During the preliminary evaluation of the PTO driven disk tiller, a
comercially available Dickey john Tractor Performance Monitor II
(DjTPMII) was used. The DjTPMII is a computerized console which mounts
inside the tractor cab and displays information such as engine speed,
ground speed, percent drive wheel slip, distance travelled and area
covered per hour. Information is supplied to the console by four
sensors:

1. An implement status switch which relates position of an

impletent on the three point hitch,

2. an engine rpm sensor used for determining eigine speed,

3. a single beam Doppler radar unit for determining true ground
speed and

4. a magnetic pick up sensor used in conjunction with the radar
unit to determine percent drive wheel slip.

Although the DjTPMII was not an integral part of the final
instrumentation package, output signals from the Doppler radar unit and
the engine rpm sensor were simultaneously routed to the data
acquisition system. The Doppler radar unit was used to verify the front

wheel rotational speed sensor.

4.2.2 Radar Ground Speed Measurement.

Radar ground speed measuretent was obtained by using the frequency
generated from the DjTPMII radar unit. The radar unit and mounting
bracket were installed so the face of the unit projected into an

unobstructed view of the ground (earth's surface) when angled towards

24

the rear of the tractor. The sensor operated by directing a beam of
microwave energy at the ground and comparing the frequency of the
energy reflected back from the ground with that sent out. If there was
moverent of the sensor relative to the ground, the reflected frequency
would be different from the transmitted frequency (Doppler effect). The
difference between the transmitted and received ' (reflected)
frequencies was proportional to the vehicle speed. The value of the

Doppler frequency shift Ed was given by:

Ed = 2Vg/mos e-

where:

Vg is the magnitude of the velocity vector (44.7om/sec.=1MPH)
h is the wavelength of the transmitted signal (1.243om for
24.125612.)

e- is the angle between the velocity vector and the center of
the antenna beam (nominally 35 degrees)

The nominal angle setting of the radar unit which determined the
accuracy speed measuretent, was set and checked with a calibrated face
plate and plumb bob. The frequency output from the radar unit was
channelled through a Frequency to Voltage(F/V) converter, so the A113
Analog to Digital (A/D) converter could read it. The F/V converter
applied was an Ml080 l0KHz converter. Specifications on the radar unit

performance are outlined in Appendix 8.1.

4.2.3 Engine Speed Measurement.

Engine speed was obtained using the frequency signal generated by
the DjTPMII engine rpm sensor. The engine rpm sensor fit between the
existing mechanical drive sender and the tachoteter cable leading to
the operatOr's console. The sensor contained a separate keyed drive pin

that inserted into the tachometer drive sender. As the sender rotated,

25

the sensor generated a frequency proportional to engine speed. The
frequency signal from the sensor was routed through an Ml080, 10I<Hz F/v
converter, so it could be read by the A113 A/D converter.
Specifications are in Appendix 8.2. Calibration of the engine rpm
sensor was verified by comparing its output values to corresponding
output values on the DjTPMII display and the tachoreter dial readings

located on the operator's console.

4.2.4 Front and Rear Neel Rotational Speeds.

Ground speed, percent slip of the drive wheels and the peripheral
disk velocity to ground speed (pdv/gs) ratio are the parameters
computed using measured wheel speed rotational speeds. The pdv/gs ratio
is a parameter related to hitch forces, power requirerent, soil
physical condition and the quality of work produced by the passage of
the power disk tiller. The pdv/gs ratio as it relates to the quality of
work, hitch forces, and power requirerent is discussed in greater
detail later in the report.

To measure the front and rear wteel rotational speeds, magnetic
pickups supplied by Wabash Inc., Huntington, Indiana were used. In
tachometry applications, such as this, magnetic pickups produced an
output frequency from an actuating sprocket in direct proportion to

the rotational speed. The signal produced in this mode was given by;
Frequency (Hz) = Number of sprocket teeth * wheel rpm/60
The frequency produced was then converted directly to wheel rpm by

means of a frequency-to-voltage converter (Ml080) .

The front wheel rotational speed sensor in the 2WD mode of the

26

tractor used for the tests served as the ground speed measuring
sensor. The front wheel rotational speed sensor consisted of a 60 tooth
sprocket mounted on the inner hub of the front wheel and a cylindrical
pole piece ‘magnetic pickup (model 60-0198"G"-2.5 in. threaded reach)
was mounted perpendicular to the sprocket teeth. The sprocket was
accurately’ machined to fit the external diameter of the hub, and a
metal-to-metal bonding material was applied to hold the sprocket in
place.

Magretic pickups are normally mounted with their centerline
parallel to the sprocket‘s plane, however due to space limitations the
sensors (front and rear wheel) were mounted perpendicular to the
sprocket's plane, without detectable loss in measuretent accuracy. Tie
magnetic pickup was held in position by a "vibration—free" holder
bolted on the front wheel axle beam. Air gap adjustment was achieved by
turning the sensor on its threads and holding it in place by a lock
nut. The sensor was set for maximum sensitivity at the lowest expected
operational ground speed.

The rear wheel rotational speed measurerent was used primarily for
determining the drive wheel slip, in the 2WD mode. The rear wheel
rotational speed sensor consisted of an 80 tooth sprocket mounted on'
the inner hub of the rear wheel and a wabash Inc. cylindrical pole
piece ‘magnetic pickup (model 60—0198"G"-2.5 in. threaded reach),
mounted in the same manner as the front wheel speed sensor.

The 'magnetic pickups were chosen for their wide air gap tolerances
, high output signal with coarse sprocket teeth and their insensitivity
to orientation. Output signals from both the front and rear wheel
rotational speed sensors were each channelled through an M1080 l0KHz,

F/V converter. Calibration information for both the front and the rear

27

wheel rotational speeds is outlined in Appendix 8.3. Front and rear
wheel rotational speeds were verified against the radar speed sensor on

a flat asphalt surface.

4.2.5 PTO Torque Measurement.

A torqueleter similar to the ones commercially employed to measure
torque in shafts, was built and supplied by Dr. Hoki and the farm
machinery laboratory personnel at Mie University, Japan.

This torquemeter, measures torque by using strain gages and a
slip ring collector. The PTO torque transducer consisted of a four-arm,
120-Ohm, active meatstone bridge which required an excitation level of
2 volts.(Figure 4.2) Strain gages were mounted on either side of the
thinner dimensions of the PTO shaft universal joint arms. Signals from
the strain gages were transferred to thesignal conditioner through the
slip ring collector mounted on the shaft by two tapered sleeves. The
PTO torque sensor circuit was arranged to detect torque in both
clockwise (+) and counter-clockwise (-) directions. Self-temperature
compensating type gages were employed and all bending strains were to
be cancelled by this gage arrangetent on universal joint arms.

To enable the AI13 A/D converter to read the low level output
signal from the strain gages, a strain gage signal conditioner was
employed. An M1000 series (signal conditioning module, model M1060,
Data Capture Technology, Tulsa, Oklahoma.) was employed. The M1060
consists of a high quality difference amplifier with a variable stage
gain (range: 0 to 5 000), adjustable transducer excitation voltage
(range: 3 to 12 Volts) and provision to lower tie excitation voltage
(to a value less than 3 Volts), by adding the appropriate resistance to

the module as was done for the 2 Volts excitation required for the

28

gmuzcmcare escrow ope new mo uwzucwu mesa awpm N.e mcamwu

ASmPS=o mpasmuv fierce eucazm _a=aermp uaaur_u
Louuoccou nape aspm mcwm awpm mama sacrum

r..- -

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

29

torqueteter Meatstone bridge. Performance specifications of the M1060
are listed in Appendix 8.6.

By applying the M1060 strain gage signal conditioner, the low
level millivolt strain gage signal was amplified to the standard
voltages (-5 to +5 Volts), detectable by the AI13 A/D converter.

Specifications and calibration information on the torquereter is
presented in Appendix 8.4. The torquemeter was subjected to motent
loading during calibration. The PTO shaft was held in position by a
vice and a meter long beam was inserted into the shaft arms
(perpendicular to the shaft length) and loaded statically. The results

of this procedure are shown in Figures 6.2.1 and 6.2.2.

4.2.6 Measurement of the Impletent Reactive Forces.

The most important part of this phase of evaluation of the power
driven disk tiller was to quantify the direction and magnitude of the
longitudinal (L) and vertical (V) reactive hitch forces. The component
forces measured were: two longitudinal forces (one on each Of the
lower links), two forces perpendicular to the links in the vertical
plane (on each of the lower links) and the compressive/tensile force in
the top link, a total of five component forces. Quantification Of the
longitudinal forces was used to compute the draft and power
requiretents of the implement and thus provided a basis for energy
efficiency performance evaluation. The lift forces gave an indication
of the implement's effect on dynamic wheel load and on the tractor's
tractive ability. Measurement of the side force was considered
infeasible with the three point hitch dynamometer used. The power disk
was adjusted such that the lower link chains remained slack during

operation

3O

Quantification of these forces was achieved by applying strain
gages on a three point hitch dynamoneter. A dynamoteter similar to that
described by Luth (1978) was used. The original lower hinged-end draft
links were machined to unifonm thickness and width at the hitch points
to facilitate the application of strain gages and remove possible
strain concentration points brought about by non-uniformity. Strain
gages were cemented on the machined surfaces. The top link was cleaned
at mid-position and strain gages were configured to respond to
compressive and tensile forces only. Great care was taken on installing
these transducers to minimize possible damage and to maximize
sensitivity, direction and location of gages.

The Wheatstone bridge circuit for each of the component forces
measured was made up of four active strain gages (Micro measuretent
EA-xx-125PC-350) with 350 Ohm resistance and a l0-VOlt excitation level
(Figure 4.3) . The M—coat protective coating system (F—Kit Micro
‘measurement) was used for mechanical protection and water proofing the
strain gage bridge circuits. A ‘ five—conductor shielded cable
transferred the low voltage signal from the transducer to the M1060
high performance signal conditioning amplifier, described previously.

Calibration of the force transducers deserves detailed
description, because measurement of reactive forces formed the main
thrust of this project and because of the cross sensitivity response of
the strain gages brought about by the nonuniform geotetr ic nature of
the hinged end links.

The calibration of the three point hitch dynamometer required the
application of pure longitudinal or vertical forces on the five
transducers individually, while monitoring response of the other gages

in either axis. The non-uniform geometric configuration of the

31

38.6
388

>6

..3—

858558 53.1-2.8..-” .2: a 23.5 83.5 2.838....

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“Q

 

 

 

Lo=c_»_c=cu —u:omm
cu asp;

2.:
~38

 

m.v canoes

 

 

rfeo\
G I

 

 

 

we 9.

 

 

 

 

o—oau cu
«opuac uoxuom

coupes ocoumuaocz
as<ugacu

 

32

hinged-end lower links introduced areas of strain concentration that
made it impossible to simulate pure longitudinal or vertical forces
without response in either axis(cross sensitivity).

Even under ideal conditions, with uniformly-configured beams and
gages accurately-placed about the neutral axes in both the longitudinal
and vertical planes, most researchers have only been able to limit the
vertical to longitudinal sensitivity ("cross sensitivity ratio") to
10%. In our work, with the hinged-end lower links the ratio was as high
as 25%. To correct for this cross sensitivity, the calibration response
equations for either the horizontal or vertical forces contained both
the horizontal and the vertical axis response voltages. Preliminary
field tests on the PTO driven disk tiller indicated that the lower
links were held in a consistant position once in operation because of
constant tillage depth during each test run. Thus it was not necessary
to measure the dynamoteter hitch angular position.

The maximum allowable tensile load on each of the links determined
from, the geometry and material of the lower hinged-end links was 20
000 N. The loading mechanism was set up as shown in Figure 4.4a. The
force was applied by retracting a double acting hydraulic cylinder with
a load capacity of 45 000 N.

Each lower link was loaded to 16 000 N (3 500 lbs) (tension) in
each loading direction in steps of approximately 2 000 N (500 lbs). A
Chatillon hydraulic tensiometer type HLC (John Chatillon and Sons), of
maximum load, 44 500 N (10 000 lbs) was used to measure the forces.The
tensioteter was connected in line, between the link and tie loading
hydraulic unit.

Since the transducers were essentially linear in their response,

strain gage response under compressive loading was assumed to be as

33

moocou _ou_ugm> new mcwuu_=sww ne.v
moose; Pcu=ON_Lo: we» mzvumpsewm m¢.e .naaoom scanned :o_uaga_~mu v.e or:m_u

ss.s aL=a_l

 

 

 

 

 

o—aom 3.68..

u—mum m:_uoob - op

m:_a;u meum o=_uuob -
m=o_uum==ou one: u_~:cgex: -
amusements x:_o guano -
LwHOEOEacxo ow_=aguxz .
Luecwpzu u_F:mLca= m=_cmoL .

 

v—QNMQLD‘D

me.v or=m_o

 

34

linear as in tensile loading, thus the top link was loaded in tension
only. It was loaded in a similar fashion to the lower links, except the
magnitude of the maximun load was reduced to maximun expected field
force on that link 8 900 N (2 06G lbs).

Fbr the vertical loading, a metal loading bay'imbedded in the
laboratory floor was used as shown in figure 4.4b. With the Chatillon
hydraulic tensiometer in between the floor support and the links, the
vertical load was simulated by actuating the draft control lever
(inside_ the tractor) upwards, insteps of 2 000 N (506 lbs) to 8 900 N
(2 660 lbs).

The calibration process was controlled by a program, in the data
acquisition system, called "CALIBRATION PROGRAM" ( Appendix C). The
program recorded the output response voltage at each loading and .
carried a standard regression analysis. The load recorded was related
thus:

Load (lbs) = a + m * voltage

where:

a is the intercept

m is the slope of the response curve.

Fbr the lower links the calibration equation was of the fbrm:
voltage = (a~+ mk*Horizonta1 load)+(a'+ mb*vertical load)
where: i

atand mtare the intercept and slope in the horizontal axis
and a,and myare the intercept and slope in the vertical axis.

Data related to calibration of the force transducers are provided

in Appendix 8.5. The calibration equations are listed in Table 6.2.1.

35

4.3 The Data Acquisition Hardware

The data acquisition system was capable of operating at high
speeds, collecting up to 16 channels of data sequentially and storing
the data into RANDOM-AOCESS-MEWORY (RAM) space in the microcanputer.
The system consisted of an A113 Analog to Digital (A/D) converter
(Interactive Structures Inc.) and a 65CG2 microprocessor based
microccmputer (Apple IIe, Apple Computer Co.).

The analogue to digital conversion was at the heart of the data
acquisition system. It was the interface between the analog and digital
danains. Analog signals were sampled, quantized and encoded into
digital format. The quality of an A/D converter is specified by :

1. Acquisition time, which is the time required to select a
particular analog channel, convert the signal to its
corresponding digital value and present the digital value to
the computer. Acquisition time reflects the maximun speed of
the hardware and it is software controlled.

2. Resolution, which is the smallest analog change- that the
hardware can detect. For an n bit converter it is given by one
half to the power n. The quantizing error associated with the
resolution isrl/Z the least significant bit (L58).

3. The relative accuracy, which is a function of the linearity of

the converter, and is less than: 1/2 1.83.

Performance specifications on the A113 A/D converter are outlined
in Amendix 8.7.

The 16 channel 12-bit A113 A/D converter provided software-scal ing
of signals to any of the 8 full-scale ranges with 0.024% resolution.
Each channel was read in 20 micro-seconds with a sample-hold circuit.
Figure 4.5 shows the schenatic diagram of the A/D converter. The
channel nuuber, order, sampling frequency and gain level for each

channel were software controlled.

36

gougo>cou —ouwmpo oh mopm=< on» we sogmmpn soopm ovumeogom m.e ogsmwm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

f
Forecou —. - “Mmege
<3
_ T2
1 o
mommgoucfi copumepxogaq< mguaeou u—oz uc< Louompom gouompom

commoooga o>wmmmooam oPQEmm omega Hausa

37

The system was designed to use two computers, one for collecting
data (on-board the tractor, Apple He) and the other for data
processing (in the office, Apple 111) . The data—collecting canputer had
to withstand the the harsh field conditions, be canpact and
inexpensive. Most important, the data collecting canputer had to have a
large block of Random-Access-Memory (RAM) to hold the data collected
during the test runs and have the ability to dump the collected data
onto the disk between test runs. The Apple IIe with its record of
functioning well under extremely adverse conditions, (Carnergie,
Grinnell and Richardson (1983)) , its 64 Kilobytes of RAM, 16K of R04,
plus its peripherals (keyboard, dual disk drive and the 40/80 coluun
screen) provided the versatility required to execute the "RUN"
cmmands. The peripherals allowed the operator to record the collected
data on the disk and to check the operational status of the transducers ‘
at the end of each test run.

The Apple He and the dual disk drive were housed in a fully
fowl-padded wooden box, with full access to input/output ports to the
computer and adequate ventilation. The monitor was placed on top of the
wooden box and held in position by elastic bands. The whole unit was
securely strapped onto the left side of the tractor window platform by
some heavy-duty elastic bands. The tractor cab was sealed shut and kept
as dust free as possible.

All the electronic hardware was powered from a lZVDC-120VAC, 601-12,
500 Watt sinusoidal voltage converter (model 20-500, Venner
Corporation, Ohio). No-load voltage was 123.8 VAC with voltage spike at
points of maxima and minima (and 120.2VAC at full load) in the waveform
when tested in the laboratory. Frequency was constant at 60112 with or

without load. The unit measures 22x24x20cm and has a mass of 7K9. The

38

unit was thus a reliable power inverter and conveniently small for use
in the tractor.

The power source for the inverter was a lZVDC (free-floating
ground) battery, housed inside the tractor,behind the operator's seat.
For recharging, the battery was connected to the tractor through a
double pole, double throw' switch. During the data acquisition the
battery inside the tractor cab was isolated from the tractor chassis by
:means of the switch. This was done to ensure purity of the power
supplied to the hardware and to effectively prevent any current leakage
from the transducers directly attached to the tractor ground potential

and isolate any interferrence from the engine rpm fluctuation.

39

4.4 The Data Collection Software

4 . 4 . 1 Theoretical considerations .

Sampling is defined as the act of measuring a continuous function
at discrete time intervals (Vandoren, A. (1982)) . Sampling soil
reactive forces is extremely canplex exercise to accanplish, given the
random varying nature of the soil. Dynamic soil tillage response
signals are of a random type, highly unpredictable at any future time;
the signals are best analyzed using statistics and probability
concepts.

Average values, instead of instantaneously varying values,
represent the desirable research information. The question to be .
addressed on sampling randanly varying signals is how frequently should
these analog signals be sampled to obtain the true average values?
Most researchers believe that sampling should be done as frequently as
the data acquisition system permits. This can still result in sampling
frequencies which are too high or too low. High speed sampling rates
load the system and often generate more data than researchers need. Do
the other end of the scale, inadequate sampling rates can create
inaccurate average values for the signals; these inaccuracies are
referred to as "ALIASING".

The sampling rate chosen (10 Hz) was controlled by the storage
menory of the data acquisition system.The hardware was capable of
sampling at higher frequencies than 10 Hz, but sampling any higher
would significantly reduce the length of the test runs ( i.e. fill the
available renory much faster), and in the process generate too large a

data set over a statistically insignificantly short test run. Sampling

40

at 10 Hz, also meant that there was minimun time difference in the
sequential interrogation of the transducers (as shown in the surmary

below), thus eliminating any dynamic error in the sampling process.

The A113 A/D Converter

 

Selection and sampling time/channel ............6 microseconds
Hold and conversion time/channel...................l4 microseconds
Total time/channel.................................20 microseconds
Program running t1me..30 microseconds
Time taken to read one channel.....................50 microseconds
Time period to complete 10 channels...............500 microseconds
Delay time (canputer reading time)...............99.5 milliseconds

Total Acquisition Time (99.5 + 0.5) ms......l00mi11iseconds (0.18)

The limitation in the system was the RAM. Available storage manory
(less the operating system menory) was approximately 34K (RAM), capable
of addressing and storing a maximun 7 727 data sets. Operating 10
channels (for the ten variables monitored) allowed 772, truncated to
700 data points per channel and sampling at 101-12 filled the memory in
70 seconds. At the lowest expected ground speed of 2 Km/h (0.56 m/s) ,
the data acquisition systen interrogated the sensors every 5.6 cm of
forward distance displaced (i.e. 0.56 m/s multiplied by the sampling
time of 0.1 s) for a test run 39 m long, which is equal to the time
required to fill available manory (70 s) multiplied by the ground speed
(0.56 m/s) , in every channel. For the other two forward speeds
considered ; 4 Km/h and 6 [<th , the distance sampling intervals were

11.2 an and 16.67 cm for 78.4 m and 116.7 m test runs respectively.

41

4.4.2 The Data Acquisition Progran.

The progran was written in a series of subroutines to retain the
flexibility required for a general purpose data acquisition progran of
this nature.

The data collecting portion of the progran was in two parts, each
written in a different programing language. Subroutine GE'PA113.DELAY
(Interactive Structures Inc.) was in machine language. Its main
function was to control the conversion of the analog data to their
corresponding digital form in the A/D converter. GETA113.DELAY read and
buffered the data in ASCII code. Subroutine AIl3.l written by bah,
M. (Ph. D. candidate, Agricultural mgineering Department, Michigan
State University) was in BASIC and served as the interface between the
operator and the hardware during the field test runs. Its main fuctions
were to provide paraneters required by GETAIl3.DELAY and to transfer
the collected data in RAM to files created in the diskettes. The data
transfer operation was executed with the tractor stationary, to avoid
data loss on the flimsy diskettes due to vibration.

Subroutine AIl3.T'EMBO (Mah, M., Michigan State University) was the
data processing progran, written in BASIC and executed on the Apple 111
in the office. Data processing was carried out after all field“
operations had been canpleted. Its main function was to retrieve the
data stored in the diskettes in ASCII code, convert these data into
nunerical values, execute the required arithnetic operations
(conversion of English units to batric units) and store the data in
files for subsequent statistical analysis.

The progran was "user friendly", and was designed with great
application flexibility. Figure 4.6 shows the global data acquisition

program flow chart and Figures 4.7 and 4.8 show the detailed data

42

collection and data processing program flow charts. The program listing

is in Appendix C.

‘43

( SONG? on )

..__1-_---.1_ ..... '

Preparation of the Data Aquisition
System: Allocation of Storage
Space in RAM

-..--, - ...—.....-

 

 

Data Collection Begins;

 

 

Data Stored in RAM Field Operation
Data Collection;
Apple lIe
End of rRhn' ' 1\
Dump Data into Diskette

Check Transducers' Response

 

 

  

Collection
Required?

 
   

 

 

Disk Format Conversion;
DOS 3.3 to SOSTRAN
Data Processing: DOtG 9'0 essing
Conversion of Digital Data into Apple III
Numerical Values.
Calculation of Physical Values.
3] A
Data Analysis
Descriptive Statistical Analysis

END - STOP

Figure 4.6 Global Flow Chart of the Data Aquistion System Software

 

 

 

 

 

‘44

(1); 1

Call mm
Ga

 

      
     
 
    
 

 

Diskette
Full?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Change Diskette

 

 

Initialization Task;

 

INPUT: I of Variables
# of Data Points
Channel P and A113 Gain
code associated with the
Variable.

on Screen? Yes

 

 

._L__.

Select
Channel
For
Checking

 

 

 

Lock Data File A
To Prevent Data
Loss:

 

 

 

 

Input Sampling
Frequency

Allocation of Data
Bank in RAM.

J

Invoke AIl3.DELAV
To Collect Data when
Tractor assumes Steady
State Speed.

I

Stop Tractor when
RAM is Full.

 

 

 

Completed?

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 4.7 Data Collection Program Flow Chart.

115

 

 

SOSTRAN:
Convert Data File Format
From DOS 3.3 to $05

 

 

 

 

RtTnSUbroutine All3.TEMBO '1

 

   
 

Data
Retrieval

 
  
   

  
     

'etrie
Previously
Calculate

 

 

 

Convert Digital Data

Stop ‘\\1 into Voltages

 

 

 

 

 

Calculate Real Physical Values
using Calibration Results

 

(call Calibration Program)

 

 

..J

  
 

Options

Yes

 

 

 

 

 

Save 7 Select Variables to
Results 8e Printed

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Print out
Hard Copy

  
   

Figure 4.8 Data Processing Program Flow Chart

 

 

    

    

Results on
Screen

 

‘46

9

Run ANALYZE.TEHBO I

 

 

 

 

 

Calculate:
- PTO RPM
- Disk Peripheral Velocity (Km/h)
- Disk Peripheral Velocity/Ground Speed Ratio
- Drive Wheel Slip 1
- Net Pull Force (N)
- Net Vertical Force (N)
- Drawbar Power (Kw)
- PTO Power (Kw)
- Total Power (KP)

 

 

 

Statistical Analysis:

- Maximum

Minimum

Average

Standard Deviation
Coefficient of Variation

ll Print Statistical Values /

T |
Save Statistical
Values
( Stop )

 

 

...... ---. .. .-...- .-....__..._J.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 4.8 (cont.) Data Processing Program Flow Chart

CHAPTER V

EXPERIMENTAL mm

5.1 The last Site.

The field used for field testing the PTOidriven disk tiller was
adjacent to the Swine Research Facility on the Michigan State
University farm; located approximately SKm South of the main University
Campus. The field had been harvested for corn silage and the corn
stalks had been cut off at about 30cm above ground. The harvesting
operation had involved sane field trafficing and sane level of
compaction was observed, however no soil compaction values were
recorded. Furthermore the field was moldboard plowed every fall or
spring time, to a depth of approximately 25.4an (10 inches); deeper
than the PTO driven disk tiller was expected to operate. The field was
in continuous corn rotation.

The soil was a sandy loam with moisture content of approximately
16% (dry' basis), at the time of field testing. The tests were carried
out on 16 and 17 October 1985, one week after a long period of rainfall
but the field was trafficable. Sixteen percent soil moisture represents
an average of 54 soil samples collected randomly over the test area.
This soil moisture level was close to field capacity as the engineering

and scientific soil properties of the soil indicate in Appendix F.

48

5.2 Field Variables.

In addition to the ten variables monitored by the data acquisition
system, the quality of tillage (residue coverage, soil pulverization
and surface roughness) was evaluated qualitatively, and the tillage
depth was measured using a steel measuring tape and a straight edge.

The quality of the tillage operation was considered the principal
criterion by which farmers judged implement performance. Farmers are
mostly concerned about how well an implanent accanplishes a desired
tillage operation. Their ratio of performance evaluation would be the
canparison of actual tillage quality canpared to the desired quality.
An ideal implement would produce the desired soil surface roughness,
surface residue coverage and soil pulverization and have a performace
ratio of ONE. Qualitative evaluation of implanent performance as
outlined above may be considered unscientific, but it must not be
ignored as it represents the most practical basis of evaluation at farm
level. Indeed the quality of the tillage can be scientifically
quantified, however that concept was considered to be beyond the scope
of this project.

Tillage depth was not a controlled variable as such, it varied
with whatever variable canbination was under investigation. Tillage
depth measurements were made at the furrow wall (next to the untilled
area) with a straight-edge and metric rigid tape. Five measurements
were taken over the test run length and averaged.

Quantification of the ten variables monitored by the data
acquisition system, provided the basis for scientific implement
evaluation that would (facilitate an educated selection of energy

efficient implement-tractor systems. The field tests were designed to

49

measure the effect of varying ground speed and Pro speed on the Pro
driven disk tiller's draft and power requirements and overall field

performance. The variables were varied in the following order:

1. The ground speeds (2 Kin/h, 4 Kin/h and 6 Km/h) at constant pto
speeds and soil operating conditions.

2. PTO speeds (540 rpn, 760 ran and 1000 rpn) at constant ground

speeds.

Ground speed selection was guided by the ASAE Agricultural
Machinery Managenent Data (ASAE D230.4) recaunendations. PI'O speed
selection was based on standard PTO shafts ( 540 rpn and 1000 rpn) and
760 rpn was chosen to replicate similar test procedures used earlier by
researchers at Mie University, Japan.

Keeping ground speed constant was achieved through appropriate
gear selection and PTO speed through the use of standard PTO shafts(
the six spline shaft for S40 run at 1900 engine ran and the twenty-one
spline shaft for 1000 ran at 2060 engine rpn) . For 760 rpn PTO speed
two tractors were used in tandem. The implement powering tractor at
1565 engine ran and in "neutral" drive gear position was pulled by
another tractor at the preselected constant ground speeds as shown in
Figure 5.1. Keeping both PTO and ground speeds at exactly the
preselected magnitudes during the test runs was extremely difficult.
The results, therefore do not show the exact preselected speeds but
approximate values that the operator managed to keep constant.

Each variable canbination test run was replicated; for a total of
18 (3 * 3 * 2) test runs, plus one test run at l000-to-0 PTO speed at a
constant ground speed; simulated the powered versus the unpowered disk
tiller canparison (a total of 19 runs). The disk blade geanetric
paraneters were kept constant; disk angle was set at 31 degrees and

only one set of spherical disks evaluated.

50

uaaam aha 2am one on atsuauora swap u_awa H.m aasaaa

 

 

monmpm xmwo
Looaumcmre Fpsa Lmnzcto
Looaucmge ozagoe can .

 

Eoumam :o_uwmm=a< coma -

m
e
m
N
a

cameo a=___=a - Aa>_aa Fergus: cue
Louomgh Lououge

m=_tazoa aha m=_P_=a

51

5.3 Method of Data Processing.

Data were processed on the Apple 111 in the department office.
Subroutine A113.TEMBO retrieved the data (in ASCII code) collected in
the field, converted the data into nunerical values, executed the
required aritl'metic operations (conversion of the collected digital
data into real physical values) and finally stored the data into output
files, ready for statistical analysis.

A “specific statistical analysis subroutine, ANALYZE.TEMBO
(specific to both the data format and the required statistical
analysis) was used. Subroutine ANALYZE.TEMBO provided sunnary
statistics of the nine primary variable measurenents plus the

calculated variables. The canputed performance values were:

1. PTO shaft rpn

2. Net horizontal forces in each lower link (draft)
3. Net vertical forces in each lower link (lift)

4. Net force in the top link

5. Drive wheel slip

6. Drawbar power requirements

7. PTO power requirements

8. Total power requirements

9. Peripheral disk velocity and

10 Peripheral disk velocity to ground speed ratio.

Performance equations for calculating the above variables are
given in Appendix A, in the form which is used in the progran.

Sannary statistics of both the measured and derived paraneters

52

included maximun, minimun, average, standard deviation and coefficient
of variation values. True average values have provided the most
acceptable research data and meaningful basis for canparative
perfonmance evaluation in tillage studies in the past; thus average
values were used for the graphical analysis in the evaluation of the

Pro driven disk tiller.

CHAPTER VI

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

6.1 The Equipnent

The data acquisition system which was described in Chapter Four
functioned well. The Apple He worked reliably in the mild weather
conditions; anbient temperatures were between 4 and 21 degrees Celsius,
hunidity at approximately 60 % and the air was not dusty. Fran
observations made by Carnergie et al.(l983) on similar equipnent,
functional problems could be anticipated in the hot, hanid and dusty
weather conditions. Measures are being taken to ensure that the data
acquisition system does not fail when operating under these more
adverse envirorrnental conditions.

The transducers were able to monitor their respective paraneters
and the output signals were successfully processed by the data

acquisition systan.

6.2 Accuracy in the masurements

The objective of the research was to measure with acceptable
accuracy, the draft and power requiranents of the PTO driven disk
tiller. The accuracy, repeatability and reliability of the measuranents
becane critical factors in the study. No reliability problens were
experienced with the overall data acquisition system. Accuracy and
repeatability of measurements were determined through thorough

laboratory calibration procedures. Figures 6.2.1 and 6.2.2 show the
53

54

Anamop e—o.a economy o>c=u omeoamoa copuagaw—au suave «scoop _.~.o or:a.a

956mg»

.— 'u a. .n i U . H
1 4

11

+ 4 1
Cd

.4

use._ ..taarm a

89.83.— am
gala—2..— ...o

..u
...
xa.a.»
I...

Id—

.4“

 

 

 

 

....

(A) minimum

55

33.4.3 Bo: 1.31.5 2:3 3:83: 539528 teams 25...:

:8. theme

glad IJ
~8I§4 Io

xewon»

~.~.o 0.5a:

 

 

i8

 

 

Id

.4

Id—

.4—

00 DVL‘DA

56

typical calibration response curves, before and after the field test
respectively. Figure 6.2.3 shows the hysteresis effect from strain gage
response due to repeated static loading and unloading. Hysteresis was
considered to be insignificant in all the calibration measurements
made. Table 6.2.1 lists the calibration response equations and the
coefficient of determination (R—SQUARED) values of each of the measured
parameters. Also in Table 6.2.1, the forces and the torque (in the
second colunn) are are represented in lbs and Kg-m respectively,
because_ these are units in which the calibration was carried out. The
graphical presentation of calibration process was also in these (lbs
and Kg-m) units. However these units were converted to standard Metric
units in the processing software, thus Tables 6.3.1 and 6.3.2 and the

graphs are all presented in Metric units. I

Since our transducers were essentially linear, the specification
of nonlinearity was therefore an equivalent specification of overall
inaccuracy. The accuracy of the measurements made was thus based on the
calibration procedures used and/or the transducer manufacturers' quoted
accuracies whenever these values were provided. Calibration procedures
used were guided by the recaunendation of using calibration equignent
theoretically ten times more accurate than the transducer being
calibrated. As a result the overall system. error for the data
acquisition system was less than 0.05 %.

The first row of Table 6.3.1 shows the relative percent error
between the measured and the derived calibration parameters. Derived
calibration values were calculated using a standard mathematical
procedure (Deoblin 1984). Calibration data and manufacturers

specifications for the transducers are given in Appendix B.

557

C0 otzmaoe a ma moapu>

.xu—goocwa

Na ace m:o_uc=cm oncoamma co>uaga_—ou

_.~.o o—noe

>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

more; u=oeoaeou —uowugo> - a
oogoa neocoQEou pauco~>goz . 2a
fi
aao.o mo_o> . mk.am~ + amo.>. u 5: As-axv ascta> ca
aam.o mopo> . >oamm.m~ + ~m¢e.o- u N: Atg\e¥e _aagz score a
aaa.o mo_o> . aaoa.a~ + mmom.o- n ~z Atg\e¥v Paws: team a
moa.o mo_o> . o~a~.ao + awmo_.~ u a: >r=\sxv Lassa >
aam.o mo_a> . moom.mm + mmom.a « a: Aeaev aalaau a
ooa.c mo>o> . amen + «m._~ u an. Ama>v agree .:_a ao> m
moa.o ama.o >a m~>.o + wm>.- + :a >~o.o - was..- a >2 “ma—v «area a
.au_ata> seas
mma.e maem.c >a m__.s - e>a.cm + 1a moa.o - ~m>.~ n >5 .aa.v «area m
>ao.ota> u=e_¢
eaa.c >am.o .law o-.c - «m.~_ +.aa aao.c - ea..>~- u >E Ama_v >>>a N
>ao=o~>toz boas
oma.o aaa.o so ama.o - m.o- +lmm.em_.o + ~_e.aa- u >2 Ann. __=a _
.aoao~ero= a; .a tame
«uoouem «motuMwm Auoouum :.ax«~m cowuoaau omcoawoa copuocawpou apnoptm> . .occagu

58

5.32..on 2.23 0383.. 5398583 .8 “out“ flatware: m.~.o 953...

 

 

(A) WIDAM

4N.

9.33.! 3:: ..lil.
933.. u—bfihlllll .4 v—

 

 

 

59

6.3 The Results

Table 6.3.1 shows the average values of the data fran the overall
statistical analysis of 19 test runs extracted fran Appendix D.
Appendix A lists all the performance equations used in the calculation
of the paraneters listed in Appendix D. Appendix E lists a canplete
printout of data fran one typical test run (700 data points per
channel, 7 000 data points total).

Detailed canparisons were based on average values as shown in
Tables 6.3.1 and 6.3.2. Maximun and minimun values of individual
variables occurred at different times during the test run, therefore
canparisons and/or calculations based on the maximun or minimun values
would be incorrect. Consequently the graphical analysis provided in
this section was based on the average values listed in Tables 6.3.1 and

6.3.2.

6.3.1 Ground Speed: Draft and Power Requirements
Increasing ground speed at constant PTO speed:

1. Reduced draft significantly; a 200 % increase in ground speed
(at 1000 rpm PTO) reduced draft by 75 % (Figure 6.3.1) .

2. Reduced tillage depth; a 100 % increase in ground speed (at 1000
rpn PTO) resulted in tillage depth reduction of 33 % (Figure
6. 3.2) o
3. Increased the lift effect of the implenent on the three point
hitch, i.e. the lift forces changed their orientation fran
vertically downwards (+325 N at 2 Kin/h) to vertically upwards
(- 311 N at 5.6 Kin/h) at 540 rpn pto speed ( Figure 6.3.3).
The dynanic reorientation of the implenent lift forces on the
three point hitch was a factor contributing to the reduction of both
tillage depth and draft as ground speed increased. The literature

reviewed suggested that side draft (a paraneter not measured in this

6C)

355:: 3:: as 53.5 o: a 3223 a: ~23

o>ua¢ woman veaocu ou »u_uo_o> xm_o .acoga_gma m_ ovum; mw\>oa
. 3332, .33 235.com ">2
.exou 32535 9.2.9.3 2 :32 a? .a: 3.853., :32 .638... .3225. 2 29835733.. :3 3 .

.zou_= Layout» co ppaa pause—as. m. o>+ “suave couuucu as» :o .o=_nm:a. m. ocean—ae_ nuance as i w
633.23.. 9:. .95? a :96 :< x

10.0

 

  

m.—— o m.- o.m~ an m.nu o o . ~o~_u Hfimo~ ~.m ~a.n .m~
c.5m «.mm m.~ 5.. @.N N.°N ¢w5 .mwv m5vu ~moa 5.- ~m.5 .m—
m.mn 5.0m —.— n.m m.~ N.°~ ~w5 awe 5~¢| mmm 5.N~ n5.5 .5~
o.mn °.¢n H.v N.m m.n v.o~ «Q5 "do wmmu 5mmN 5.N_ o5.m .m~
_.5m m.mM n.m. ~.m m.n ~.O~ mw5 N~¢ moc- cmON o.m~ o5.m .m—
_.om m.~n w.v v.0 n.5 ~.O~ ~m5 man «we: m5mm ~.o_ m5.~ .eu
.m—
v.¢m o.~m e.~ ~.m ~.v m.w~ 5nc~ 05v mmmw omn— m.5— ~m.o .N~
c.0m 5.mo m.o m.m~ e.v m.o~ omc— «we ~au «N5N m.5~ -.o .-
c.mv ~.mm m.m m.~— 5.6 5.m~ mam o5m 5am: oncm c.- 5a.n .o~
n.0m 5.N¢ 9.5 m.- N.m N.oN odo~ ~c¢ no" m5¢o c.- ~N.¢ .a
e.~m m.m¢ ".0 o.m N.m~ n.o~ ado“ mac 5cm m5ov~ m.on mo._ .m
o.~m m.mv N.m 0.N~ 5.m~ m.o~ 9N9" mac omm comma 5.0N mm.~ .5
a.m~ o.n~ —.v m.~u m.~ ¢.¢~ mmm "uv Nun: 55mNu 5.- v5.m .e
N.QN o.v~ N.¢ v.- o.~ v.v~ mmm -o N~nn cn5~a o.v— ~o.m .m
c.mm m.m~ m.a m.o~ c.n v.¢~ 5mm mnv n5 09am ~.o~ 5o.m .v
m.m~ a.- o.u 5.- 5.n ¢.¢~ mmm ~mm mm: ommm ~.m~ mm.n .m
~.~n N.mN o~.o m.a m.5 m.v~ New awe mo~u Gamma o.- we." .~ \
~.vn 5.5~ m.o ~.m 5.5 n.v~ mmm w5v m~m+ cmmwu w.- mm.~ .~
a.m« NH m.mw co.m- -.~« ~.c. ~.o« Nu mu mu mm.~+ -.~fi
1. fl LOLLmoPC
3&3on Assign. $5538 AS "...—a his. :3: A5: 2: 3...: E 33539 Tie—£33m

.33 PE 3255 .353 ..5 339V. ”on coma... or. 0:33. :3 bozo :95 ooze ~32: 2586
a a .

61

 

Corrected

'Run' Ground Ti11age PTO Drive Wheel SP.DBP SP.PTOP SP. Total Power
Speed (Km/hr) Deoth(cm) Speed (Rpm) Siip (3) (Kw/cm) (Kw/cm) (Kw/cm)
I. 1.86 21.6 555 2.8 0.30 1.28 1.58
2. 1.82 21.6 562 4.1 0.28 1.17 1.45
. 3.89 19.1 558 6.4 0.31 1.20 1.51
4. 3.97 19.1 559 5.2 0.52 1.34 1.86
5. 5.62 14.0 558 6.1 ' 0.30 1.72 2.02
6. 5.74 12.7 558 6.5 -0.32 1.88 1.56
. 1.93 26.7 1026 7.5 . 0.31 1.64 1.95
8. 1.99 30.5 1019 4.2 0.27 1.42 1.68
9. 4.21 21.6 1017 6.9 0.35 1.98 2.33
10. 3.87 21.6 995 12.5 0.27 1.81 2.08
11. 6.12 17.8 1030 8.1 0.26 2.57 2.83
12. 6.31 17.8 1037 3.8 0.15 2.92 3.05

13.

14. 2.78 19.1 782 0 0.24 1.65 1.90
15. 5.76 15.2 785 0 0.22 2.22 2.43
16. 5.40 12.7 789 0 0.23 2.68 2.99
17. 7.73 12.7 782 0 0.09 2.74 2.83
18. 7.52 12.7 784 0 -0.12 3.02 2.91
19. 3.91 5.1 0 0 2.34 0 2.34

 

SP . Specific

Tab1e 6.3.2 Specific Power(Kw/cm) Requirements for the PTO
Driven Disk Tiiier

62

research) increased with ground speed and was a significant factor in
the reduction of tillage depth and the poor performance of driven disks
at higher ground speeds. Perhaps this finding should now be seriously
considered in future research in order to gain a clearer understanding
of force reactions with respect to tillage depth. The reorientation of
the lift forces from positively upward acting to negatively downward
acting forces was also thought to be a significant factor in the
increase of drive wheel slip with increasing ground speed, by reducing
traction (as the vertical lift forces increased negatively).

Figure 6.3.3 Shows the lift force at 760 rpm was constantly
pushing up on the three point hitch with an average force of -417 N.
This confirms the Observation that tillage depth variation was
significantly influenced by the lift force. As the lift force remained
constant so did the tillage depth. It is however not clear as to what
caused this condition (negative lift force reaction); the test
procedure employed at 760 rpm PTO speed or the 760 rpn PTO speed
itself.

Increasing ground speed had no significant effect on PTO torque
requirenents as shown in Figure 6.3.4. The high torque value of 476 N-m
at 540 rpm. could have been due to a clay type soil strip encountered

for the length of that particular test run.

stars go sauna negate to “gate“ _.m.e og=a_c

SE23
V
1

a N I
J 4

 

‘63

 

 

 

._
A!
.!
.II
....m
w
all.
2.!!! o
is.
It! 1
3.83 a ...:
I.

64

seam: oaoppph :o tooam acaogw mo uuouuu

Saunas-(g

~.n.o mgampm

 

 

 

 

... « JN .-

4n

4:

49

...!I! .7...
aux-2.

. in...
.53...

I

 

0‘) H1430 39mm.

65

Ba... .2595 3
£35352.-.” 2: .a .3389. .8322, 2953.. «.3 23:

 

 

.
on m un'm

 

.58.: o -
8.5.35 4.
.53 a .A ...-m

 

66

50:: are 53.5 a: as...

 

 

 

*o usagah oh; co gouam acaogu .o gumg$u _¢.m.o ogaa.u
Saunas-Eu

.- v N u

‘ 1 d a
an».-. o

8&8» ¢ La
35.3 a .4-
In
11. 4|.
4!
In

 

 

mmou

67

6.3.2 FPO Speed: Drawbar Power and PTO Power Requirements

Increasing PTO speed:

1.

2.

Had little effect on PTO torque; torque remained nearly constant
at approximately 420 N-m as PTO speed increased (Figure 6.3.5) .

Decreased drawbar power requirement sharply by 73% (from 4.24 Kw
at 555 rpn to 1.13 Kw at 783 rpn) , then increased as sharply
and by the same magnitude from 783 rm to 1024 rpn at constant
ground speed of approximately 7.75 Km/h, as shown in Figure
7.3.6. This defined the point of minimun drawbar power at 783
rpm (a peripheral disk velocity of 20.2 Km/h) and ground speed
of 7.75 Km/h; a peripheral disk velocity to ground speed
(pdv/gs) ratio of approximately 2.5 (Figure 6.3.7).

Increased PTO power requiranents proportionately; doubling PI‘O
speed, doubled PI‘O power, as shown in Figure 6.3.8. This was
logically expected as PTO torque had ranained fairly constant
with increasing PTO speed.

Increased the total power requirements almost proportionately,
see Figure 6.3.9.

Total power was defined as the sun of the drawbar power

requirements and the PTO power requirements. Increasing ground speed

had little effect on total power requirements.

68

2.7.3 2... co
A»8_uo_o> x..a ..roga.r~av emoam ch; as squat“ m.m.o ut=a_a

g nummm DE
8..."— in i 3 av

— # J. 1 d

4.!

3 P53 in: 1.5—”ESE.—

 

3 a «N _ m— I— n
+ . fi 1

d

(I: .6 a mdillill
5 m6 9.. ndll..flnfl
(I: Id 2. m."

 

.1

I!
(90 mo; Old

1

 

 

 

 

 

69

3:28:33 .838 Lax-:95 :0
A3530.) 8.2: 2.8.3783 3QO PE be ”Batu odd 8.6.:

230 P5849, 3m:— gum”.

 

 

«m a «N m— In W
q J1 4 J] d J.
g g Obn—

s- an a a g
d 1 d H J

 

 

..3. a... 2 as --l--....
:3. n4 2 halal... L2
..3. as 2 r...

 

 

 

~—

("D W 8mm

70

swung .mo\>vav
woman ucaogw on u».uo.o> guy: .msmga.g~a 5o

 

cowuucau a «a magmaog_:ao¢ Luzon scares: “.m.o or:a.u
.unhaau mnyx>nru
v— Nu I“ a o v N I
d 8 4 d 4 J
L
4
. l
I\|||\x1
ol..\l\l.|u!| I! o r
2.335 <
.4
3.203.. a

 

 

 

 

 

_-—

Na

(‘30 name WM

71

tu__.h x._a.
53.5 a: 2: no 3:95:33. .339. a:

:0 team 332$ new 25% EA. $0 333 Q66 953...

gamma—wot

 

 

 

 

S .6 a ad
5 n4 3 mdllill.

 

SIN 2. n4 x

 

 

(‘30 W Old

72

t~__.p ¥m_= =~>.Lo aha «so to mucusat.=aa¢

razoa page» go soaam assets cc. sauna aha co “outta

 

 

    

.\A“““uo
...\.\

{Ix Id 2. ad 3'3].
5 m4 2. mdl.|ll
3 IN E. méllllnl

L

 

 

a.n.m ur:m_a

.—

03) 83W ‘IVLOJ.

73

6.3.3 Power Components: Drawbar Power, Pro Power and Total Power.
Figure 6.3.10 shows the available power canponents as they were
transferred to the PTO driven disk tiller from the engine. Increasing
ground speed at constant PTO speed , i.e. lowering the pdv/gs ratio:
1. Decreased drawbar power requirauents; the lowest value of
drawbar power of 1.13 Kw occurred at a pdv/gs ratio of 2.5,

2. Increased the PTO power requiranents to a maximun value of 34.8
Kw at the same pdv/gs ratio of 2.5; total power was 35.9 Kw.

These changes are only significant in relating drawbar power to
PTO power with respect to the pdv/gs ratio. The pdv/gs ratio of 2.5 is
a divergent point; drawbar power drops to its minimun value while PTO
power increases to its maximun value.

Equally important, shown in Figure 6.3.10 was the split into the
respective forms of the total available power to the PTO driven disk
tiller; 97% of the total power was transferred through the PTO and 3%
was drawbar power. Power was proportioned nearly the same at 540 rpn

and 1000 rpm.

74

23.
82.... 25.5 3 5.8:; .....E SEES; 2: .3 .8383.

 

 

 

mu mucasog_=ao¢ Lorna page» vac Luzon aha .guxoa snares: o_.n.c mesa.“
o~h<¢ mux>am
a a v u u
4 q 1 I
|\
4 2
..N
J a
+ltl:lll.llll.
all] '17].
T . :U
‘ ..Iv
5.5.. .52 --l..l
muzr_obmnl.llll
mu:r.¢5l2¢anlllll.
lam
.ra_n¢u_amrmwobm

 

 

 

(‘M2 Halfld

75

6.3.4 Specific Power Requirements

Tillage depth was an uncontrolled paraneter in the field tests and
it influenced the power requirements of the PTOdriven disk tiller.
Relating ground speed and PTO speed to specific power (Kw/on)
effectively eliminates the variability of these parameters brought
about by the variation in depth. Specific power is defined as the power
required to manipulate the soil per unit depth. Normally, specific
power is expressed as power required per unit area, however in this
study, specific power was expressed in Kw/cm form because the effective
width of the PTO disk tiller was kept constant at 200 cm during the
tests.

Figure 6.3.11 relates ground speed to specific drawbar power. As
the ground speed increased specific drawbar power decreased. This may
have occurred because less energy was required to break and invert the
loose top soil than it was to till soil at the firm lower layers. Thus,
at lower ground speed (where the implement was deep in the soil), there
was greater demand of energy per centimeter of soil depth

Figure 6.3.12 shows that the most efficient drawbar power
requirement point occurred at a pdv/gs ratio of 2.5. Any deviation from
this point either way increased the specific drawbar power
requirements. Increasing the peripheral disk velocity from 20.2 Kmyh to
26.6 Rm/h (a 23% increase), increased the specific drawbar power
requirements 150%. Decreasing the peripheral disk velocity by 29%
increased specific drawbar power requirements by 200% at 7.75 Kth
ground speed.

The increases in specific drawbar power (from the flexion point)

were gentler at lower ground speeds (2 to 4 Km/h) than they were at the

76

mucueogvacmz

 

 

 

taro; Loazuga u_»_ooam co vooam vcaogo to gummy“ .-.n.m og=o_e
215935255

0 v N I

J 41 d In.

i.

4N.

In.
...!!— o

ant-ob < 1’.
3.8.3 o

 

 

(“x-:0 83!“ mm 31.41336

xa.uc_m> ¥m_a .atoga.taa
*0 5.525... a ma Haw—5:33: 528.. 53395 3:83 256 953“.

cxxiae. err—unwdu>.vaw~n_.4<emu+m—~npu

 

77

 

 

('°/‘X) lEAOd HVBIVHD OIdIJSdS

 

aw - m— In m
4 a.
4 N.
..m.
peza._-Jo as.mu¢n.iglzialu 4.v.
.58I8 m.v.as.muawlla:llau.
peajx ..4w a:.mm.~.lllllllll
m.

 

78

higher ground speeds (S to 8 Kmyh). The gentle gradient in specific
drawbar power at the lower speeds may be related to the minimal
variation in the vertical forces reactive push downward(+), with a
larger magnitude on the 3-point—hitch dynamometer.

Specific PTO power increased with both PTO speed and ground speed,
as shown in Figure 6.3.13. The pattern of increase varied at different
PTO speeds. The general trend was upward.

Increases in both ground speed and PTO speed meant more soil
(volune) was manipulated in one form or another per unit time, thus
greater power was required per unit tillage depth.

Total specific power is defined as the sum of the specific drawbar
power and specific PTO power in this discussion. Tbtal specific power
increased with both the ground speed and PTO speed (see Figure 6.3.14).
Increasing PTO speed increased total specific power Sharply to a peak
value at 783 rpn, then decreased gently with increasing Pro speed.

There was greater pulverization of the soil with increasing ground
speed, hence the increase in total specific power.

As ground speed was increased, a larger percentage of the soil
being tilled was the loose top soil, thus specific drawbar power tended
to decrease with increasing ground speed. However, the total volume of'
the soil manipulated per unit time at a given PTO speed increased with
ground speed, thus increasing specific PTO power. Specific PTO power
increased at a higher rate than the decrease in specific drawbar,
resulting in an overall increase in specific total power with
increasing ground speed as shown in Figure 6.3.15. At 5.75 Nm/h, where
specific drawbar power decreased steeply and specific PTO power
increased sharply; specific drawbar power constituted only 9% of the

total specific power and specific PTO power constituted 91% of the

79

3:29.33: 3.6.. or. 8:6on .5 Exam 2595 mo 3th

m~.n.a araa.a

 

 

J
I!
o

4
I

0

fl

#1
I
ed

.1
'3
«Io/w sauna ma signals

no
cd

 

 

_-.m

80

aooam a»; to ca.uu==1 a .a Lego; u.t.uoam ..uOh .~.n.a ataaaa

0&5 Bun—mot
'u I I
l1 1 -

 

 

{3.6 E. ad!!!
5 m6 2. mdlil
$Id8h.— -

 

1r
4

1

I'D
'“

 

 

.
O
on

I In
«I u:
(“x-)0 m 31.113365 'IVLOJ.

Id

81

30% 3.6.5 so 20325... as .86.. p33.
2:83 a... 33.. 8.. 8:32.... £26.. .33.... 8:325 2a.... 2......

 

 

o
«a
Jon
I

4
J.

j
C
0
CI.

e 4

I n

«I .3
(“I'XD m 31513363

\
E
9;
LI
to
«I

 

 

Id

total specific power.

Thus with the PTO driven disk tiller, a large percentage of the
available power is transferred to the implenent through the
power-take-off drive shaft. The Pro drive shaft is a more efficient
energy route than the traction route.

What does this mean to implenent design engineers and to the
farmers? Figure 6.3.16 shows the specific power canponents in the
powered (1000 rm) and unpowered state (PTO disengaged) of the power
driven disk tiller. airing the field tests the tractor Pro shaft was
disengaged midxey through a test run to simulate a free rolling disk
plow of the same size and mass. From this test:

1. Tillage depth decreased from 21.6 on to 5.1 an at constant

ground speed; a decrease in tillage depth of 76 %.

2. Specific drawbar power increased from 0.35 Kw/an to 2.34 Kw/cm;
an increase of 569 %.

3. Specific PTO power dropped from 1.98 Kw/cm to 0.

4. Total specific power increased from 2.33 to 2.34 Kw/cm; a 0.43%
increase of total power utilized per cm of tillage depth.

From these results it appears as if the energy savings made by
transferring the available power from the engine to the implenent
through the PTO drive’shaft are insignificant; total specific power was
the same in the powered state as it was in the unpowered state.

Figure 6.3.16 is based on Table 6.3.2 which lists the calculated
specific power requirements of the power disk. From this table, total
specific power was 15 % greater for the powered state at 760 rpn than
it was for the unpowered (0 rpm). A sizable reduction (32%) in total
specific power was attainable at 540 rpn when canpared to the unpowered
state; the reduction may even be greater than 32% (if one corrects for

the effect of tillage depth). ’Ihus, 540 rpn offered the greatest

83

. Aeoeeeeem.e eke. eeeem
3538:: «5 2 33m 2:28.. 05 E 35:88“. 528.. 3:33 366 0.53...

In: 83 u In: PE o n 2%. PE

3 E18 843:.
mu In
d d

a
+3-

 

I.I

/

#L #1
hi
(“I‘m m 31513348

f...

1
O
o
I!

flaw--.»

I
«3

r

h--

 

WM!

g 45.2. .....m I 4
cute 9.... .8 O
mus...— ¢<II<~B ...m +

n
(G

 

 

 

Id

84

savings in energy utilization. However, the questions still remain;

1. Are these energy savings significantly large to warrant
implement production of the current design or are design
modifications likely to yield even greater energy savings?

2. Is the quality of the tillage operation under the reported
conditions, likely to meet the farmers' desired tillage
performance criteria?

From an engineering perspective, there appears to be no
significant savings in total energy utilization brought about by
transferring power from the engine to the implement through the PTO
shaft at the higher PPO speeds; i.e. 760 rpm and l 000 rm. Savings
made in specific drawbar power at the higher PTO speeds are essentially
insignificant when canpared with increases in total specific power
brought about by increases in specific PTO power (PTO speed). However
at 540 rpn the savings attainable in specific drawbar power were
considered significant; a factor farmers would capitalize on. The Pro
driven disk tiller is a power implanent and should be evaluated on the
basis of the total specific power used. On that basis alone, perhaps
more data covering a wider spectrun of envirormental, operational and
economic factors must be collected before any conclusive statements can
be made. Getzlaff et al. (1959), when faced with similar findings,
concluded that the 30% reduction in drawbar power brought about by
"powering" was insignificant when canpared with an almost 120% increase
in total power requirenents. The concept of a powered disk was then
shelved for both technical and economic reasons at that time. A decade
and a half later Young (1975) in his field study of a hydraulically
powered disk plow, the DynaTil, came up with similar results (to
Getzlaff et al.) but ignored the technical considerations in favor of

greater on-the-go controllability of the tillage operation. In his

85

conclusion, he argued that a low cost, efficient mechanical drive
(which he recmmended) , and the better tillage operation produced by
the passage of a powered disk tiller when compared with free rolling
disk tiller, made the powered disk plow a better implenent for the
farmer.

From the farmers' perspective, this innovation has its benefits,
especially when compared with the unpowered state of the same
implement. The cutting ability of powered disk (without ballast) in wet
soil conditions means that the farmers might use smaller size tractors
(capitalizing on the 32% total specific power savings attainable only
at 540 rpn) . Penetration becanes a problem in very dry soil conditions.
Data from our preliminary tests in the sunner of 1984 highlight this
problan (Figure 6.3.17). In this situation the costs of the powered
disk outweigh the benefits as:

l. Ballasting to aid the cutting ability might be counter

productive, increasing drawbar requiranents sharply and

2. Increasing PI‘O speed to aid the cutting ability would increase

, total power requiranents significantly, as the results
indicate.

In general, the implenent performs very well in friable soil
conditions. The purpose of a tillage implanent is to modify an
undesired soil condition into a condition that best serves the farmer's
intended use of the soil. Residue coverage, surface roughness and soil
pulverization improved with increases in PTO speed over the 3 to 5 Km/h
ground speed range. Soil throw increased with increases in ground
speed. At lower ground speeds the power disk merely slices the soil
layer with minimun inversion.

When plowing at a ground speed of 3 to 5 [<ch and at 1000 rpn PI‘O

speed, tilth considered ideal for Spring planting was attainable. That

 

(liure 5.3.17 PTO Driven Disk Tiller Performance in Dry Soil

Conditions; Penetration Impared

87

tilth, however, would not be suitable for Fall tillage as excessive
soil pulverization leaves the soil clods smaller than necessary (Figure
6.3.18) . Michigan farmers rely on the weathering effect of the winter
season with freezing and thawing to reduce soil clod size. Within the
same ground speed range, 540 rpn PTO speed, produced the type of clod
size that would be most ideal for Fall tillage.

Disking at 3 to 5 Km/h and at a PTO speed of 760 rpn, produced the
most ideal tilth for any season. The tillage depth was approximately 16
an, the soil pulverization was adequate (not excessive), and the mulch
incorporation was appropriate. Under this process, however, a second
pass with a backward inclined tine would be needed before
planting.(Figure 6.3.19)

Extensive comparative performance evaluation of the are driven
disk tiller over a wide range of physical conditions needs to be
conducted. The shortcanings of this phase of investigation is perhaps

the lack of emphasis on the qualitative performance.

88

 

‘h

L

ete Hui

Compi

zation Hith

Excessive Soil Puiveri

0).

)‘e

2’3.

9

Fiqur

Inversion at 1000 RPM

 

Fi’zunu (3.2.1? PD) Driven Disk Tiller Performance in Friahle

901'] Conditions

CHAPTER VII

COWLUS ION

Field performance of the PTO driven disk tiller was empirically
evaluated using a microcomputer-based data acquisition system. Based on
the findings of this study the following statanents can be made in

conclusion:

1. Total power to the PTO driven disk tiller is split into two
components; approximately 7 to 10 % was transferred to the implement
through the drive wheels and 90 to 93 % through the PTO shaft.

2. Drawbar power requirement decreased with increasing ground speed
due to loss in tillage depth. The reduction was up to 36 % at a
peripheral disk velocity to ground speed (pdv/gs) ratio of 2.5. Total
power requirement remained constant with increasing ground speed at
constant disk peripheral velocity. Total power, however, increased in

direct proportion to increases in disk peripheral velocity (PTO speed).

3. In answer to the question; was there any significant saving in
power utilization by transferring engine power to the implement through
the Pro shaft?, the following observations were made:

- 36 % reduction in total specific power (Kw/cm) was attainable at the
low PTO speed (540 rpn) when compared to a free rolling disk tiller of
the same size and mass. That was considered significant.

-there were no significant savings in power at higher PTO speeds (760

90

91

rpn and 1000 rm) where“ the desirable quality might be attained. In
fact total specific power requirements increased with increasing

peripheral disk velocity.

4. The effect of PTO powering was most evident in wet soil conditions.
The quality of work was much improved; the power driven disk tiller
provided acceptable cutting ability, soil pulverization and 'mulch
incorporation at a pdv/gs ratio range of 2.5 to 3 under these soil

conditions.

5. The PTO driven disk tiller's performance was greatly handicapped
in dry soil conditions. The cutting ability was significantly reduced

in such conditions and mulch was not incorporated.

CHAPTER VIII

Reconnendations for Future Work

1. Further field testing of the PTO driven disk tiller is needed in a
wider range of soils and operating conditions typical of the Michigan

agricultural year.

2. Tillage depth variation was found to significantly affect drawbar
power requiranent. Tillage 'depth therefore needs to be controlled and
monitored by some form of instrunentation as integral part of the data

acquisition system .

3. Side force should be monitored to determine its magnitude and its

effect on tractor steerability, especially at higher ground speeds.

4. For consistency in the overall field evaluation; two tractors in
tandem (as was done at 760 rpn) should be used. This will allow greater
control of both the peripheral disk velocity (PTO speed) and ground
speed and conclusively indentify the pdv/gs ratio of optimun energy

utilization and desirable tillage condition.

5. There is need for qualitative evaluation (photographically) for all

test runs which have nunerical data.

6. Measure power disk impact on soil compaction compared with free

rolling disk.
92

93

7. Following the high disk blade wear rate experienced in these tests,
material composition analysis of the disk blades will provide a basis

for proper selection of the blades required in powered applications

such as this.

8. The PTO driven disk tiller's performance has been evaluated
independently. To put its performance in perspective, comparative

evaluation to other comnon use tillers should be carried out.

9. Systems studies are required to compare the total tillage system
for the Power Disk with the system for other implements. The Power Disk

may be able to replace primary tillage plus one or more secondary '

tillage operations.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

94

APPENDIX A

Appendix A outlines the Implenent Performance Equations used and disk
geanetry in the subrutine ANALYZE.TEMBO (Appendix C). The data were

analyzed statistically and printed in tabular form (Appendix D).

RLV

3

F9

PI

PDV
PDV/GS

95

APPENDIX A. IMPLEMENT PERFORMAICE EQUATIONS.

(Calculations were Based on Mean Values)

SYMHDLS USED IN THE PERFOWE EQUATIONS

Rear Right Horizontal Force
Rear Left Horizontal Force
Rear Right Vertical Force
Rear Left Vertical Force
Canponent Horizontal Force
Canponent Vertical Force

Rear Wheel Peripheral Velocity
Front Wheel Peripheral Velocity (Ground Speed)
3.14159654

Engine RPM

PTO Torque

Peripheral Disk Velocity

Peripheral Disk Velocity to Ground Speed Ratio

1. PFC SHAFT ROPATION (RPM):

PTO RPM =- (Measured engine RPM/Rated engine RPM) *ST'D Pro
RPM
STD PI‘O RPM 8 540, 1000 RPM

2.1MPLD‘IENT DRAFT REQUIREMENNN):

DRAFT

3 NET HORI ZONTAL FOICES

96

3. DRIVE WHEEL SLIP (%) :

SLIP (Rr — Rf)/Rr *100

4 .DRAWBAR PWER (KW)

DRAmAR (KW)

[mm + mm] * Rf

(N * Km/M/BGOO (KW)

5.PI‘O POWER (KW):

PTO PWER (KW) (2*PI*P1‘O RPM * T)/60 OOO (KW)

(2*PI*N*T)/60 000 (KW)
6.TOTAL POWER (KW):

TOTAL POWER

DRAWBARPOWER-i-PI‘OPOWER

[RRH(I)+RLH(I)]*Rf + (2*PI*N*T)/6O 000 (KW)

7. THE DISK:

DISK ANGLE = 31
DISK BLADE DIA. (D) = 633 mn
RADIUS OF CURVITURE = 602 um

\DISK SPEED REDUCTION FROM THE SHAFT;
= GEAR RWION RATIO*CHAIN DRIVE WION
= (10/33)*(10/l4)
= 0.21645
PERIPHERAL DISK VELOCITY (PDV) (Kin/h):
PDV (Km/h) = PTO RPM* O.21645*(PI*D/rev) *SQnin/Hrflon/lOOOm

PERIPHERAL DISK VELGZITY TO GROUND SP- RATIO (PDV/Q):

PDV/GS RATIO = PDV/Rf

APPENDIX B

97

APPENDIX B

Appendix B shows the performance specifications of the transducers and
sane of the instrunentation used. A suunary of the calibration
procedures enployed for each transducer is outlined. Table 6.2.1 lists

the calibration response equations for the transducers used.

98

APPENDIX B: CALIBRATION DATA AND SPECIFICATIONS

Appendix B.l. Radar ground speed sensor

Sensor Origin: Dickey john Corporation.
Velocity Range: 0 t0 BOKm/h
Accuracy (Typical): +/-l% at 35 degrees mounting angle

Recmmerided Mounting Angle: Bean center to plane of earth

should be 35 degrees +/-2 degrees.

Supply Voltage: Unregulated battery voltage, 11 to 18 VDC
Supply Current: 300 mA
Output Signal: Output frequency lOOHz/m/sec (44.7Hz/mph)

Output voltage anplitude maximun

low level 6 Volts, minimun high7 Volts.

Appendix 3.2. Engine RPM senscg

Sensor Origin: Dickey john Corporation
Specifications: 30 to 4000 Hz
3VP-P

4 pulses per engine revolution
Calibration procedure:
1. Determine maxiinun rotational engine speed: 2100 rpn (35rps)
2. Determine frequency at maximun engine rps: 140 Hz (35*4)
3. Load a Frequency to Voltage Converter (F/V) with known frequency.

The accurracy of the engine speed measurement becanes a function of the

99

accuracy of the frequency generator used (wavetek, Model 182A, 4MHz

frequency generator).

Response Calibration equation:

Hz a 1.3038 + 33.5904 * voltage

Output voltage: 0 to 5 VOlts

The M1080 F/V converter had an R‘2 value of 0.9998; error source would

be in reading the frequency generator dial gauge (parallax error).
:Appendix B. 3. Front and Rear Wheel Rotational Speed

Sensor Origin: wabash Inc.

Type and Model: Magnetic pick up(cylinderical pole
piece 60-0198"G", 2.5 inches reach

Specification: l4 V'p-p at 30 indhes/second,

0.050" air gap.

Calibration Procedure:
1. Establish desired resolution: 2 xm/h (First Gear-Low One)
2. Determine front and rear wheel rolling radii:

-front wheel rolling radius, Rf = 0.55 m

-rear wheel rolling radius, Rr 3 0.70 m

3. Gear/Sprocket size:

-front wheel sprocket 60 teeth

-rear wheel sprocket 80 teeth

4. Determine wheel rotational circunference = 1 rev = PI*D

100

‘-front wheel circumference = 1.10 m /rev
-rear wheel circunference = 1.40 m /rev
velocity, v = D*N
Wheel rotation speed, N = v/PI*D
Front wheel rotational speed, Nf = v/PI*Df

2.0 * 1000/3600

 

1.1*PI

0.162 revs/sec

Frequency output = t of teeth * N/60

Frequency output signal for the front wheel:
=60 * 0.162 revs/sec

=9.72 Hz
Frequency output signal for the rear wheel:

=80 * 0.127

=10.18 Hz

‘4. Check if output signal is within detectable range of M1080 F/V
converter on an oscilloscope by rotating wheel at the defined
speed. Check effect of vibration on output signal .

5. Detenmine operational range: 0 to 10 Kth (0 to 80 Hz)

6. Load F/V converter with known frequency, over defined range.

101

7. Response Calibration Equation:
Front wheel load (Hz)

-0.64516 + 25.334 * voltage

Rear wheel load (Hz) - 0.59581 + 24.9019* voltage

Output signal range: front wheel signal 0 to 5 volts

\rear wheel signal 0 to 5 volts

Accuracy: +/- 1.11%
éppendix B. 4. PTO Torqueneter

Sensor Origin: Mie University, Japan.

Specification: Slip ring on shaft instrumented with
four anm, 120 Ohm full

bridge assanbly.

Calibration Procedure:

1. Determine calibration range from maximun tractor rated PI‘O power.

For a 100 HP tractor with the standard 540rpm shaft:

 

2*PI*N*T
PTO Power a
75*60
N is PTO rpm = 540
75 * 60 * 100

 

T is PTO Torque = 4e:

2 *PI*540

102
132 . 6288 Kg-m

Torque

Torque in N—m 132.6288 * 9.80665

1 300 . 644 N-m

Torque Range 0 to 1300 N—m

2. Subject the Torquaneter to step loading over the defined range.

3. Calibration response equation:

Torque (N—m) = -17.088 + 789.73 * voltage

Excitation voltage: 2 Volts
Output range: 0 to 5 Volts
Accuracy: +/- 2%

Appendix B. 5. Horizontal and Vertical Force Measurenents

Sensor Origin: Micromeasuranents Inc.
Specifications: Four arm 350 011:: full bridge assembly,
bonded onto the three point hitch

dynananeter .

Calibration Range (Static loading):

RRH: 0 to 4 SOOlbs
RLH: 0 to 4 SOOlbs
RRV: O to 2 SOOlbs

RLV: 0 tO 2 SOOlbs

Top Link:

103

0 to 2 5001bs

Calibration Response Equation:

RRH=IYIV=l

RLH a mN’=

RRV - mN’=

RLV'I'mv =

Top Link

Conversion

Excitation

-46.412 + 0.156 Fh + 179.5 - 0.47 Fv
-27.496 - 0.066 Fh + 112.84 - 0.220 Fv
2.757 - 0.103 Fh + 30.374 - 1.113 Fv
-4.068 - 0.021 Fh + 21.158 + 0.725 Fv

lbs = 3.7104 + 3481 * voltage

of lbs to N multiply by [ 0.45350924 * 9.80665] .

voltage: 10 Vblts

Output voltage;

RRH: -l to
RLH: -1 to
RRV: -5 to

RLV: -5 to

+1 volts
+1 Vblts
+5 Vblts

+5 Vblts

Top Link: -1 to +1 Vblts

The accuracy of the forcevmeasurements is a function of;

-the accuracy of the M1060 signal conditioning amplifier

-the positioning of the strain gages about the XPY axis

-the "directional purity" of the loading forces and

-the accuracy of the dynananeter (scale readability and frictional

forces)

Accuracy: +/- 5%

104

fiandix B. 6. Strain Gage Anplifiar

Origin:

Specifications:
Input configuration:
(Input Impedance:
Input Mode:

Input Range:
Maximun Input:
CMR:

Noise:
Drift:
Bandwidth:

Gain:

Output (voltage) :

Data Capture Technology Inc.

High Gain Differential
l Megaohn Diffrantial

Resistive bridge in 1,2 or 4 arm connection

with internal bridge completion

Up to 500mv

30v DC

90dB (DC to 60Hz)

Less than 5 microvolts r.m.s. (r.t.i.)
at max gain

Less than 2 microvolts/ C (r.t.i.)

at max gain

DC - lOKHz

20 - 5000 (in switched steps with

interpolate control.

Upto+/-2VDC

Output Impedance (voltage) : 0 . 5 Ohns

Output (current) :

+/-10mA into 120 Ohns

Output Impendenca (current) : 250 Ohns

105

:Appandix B. 7. A113 Analog TO Digital Converts;

Origin: Interactive Structures Inc.
Analog Specifications

Input Full Scale Ranges Available (millivolts):

0 to 5000 0 to 500 -5000 to +5000 -500 to +500
0 to 1000 0 to 100 -1000 to +1000 -100 to +100
Input Impedance: 10 MegaOhns

Crosstalk fran unselected channel: -95dB

Conversion Specifications

Resolution : 12 Bits, 4096 steps
Coding: Binary, 0 to 4095 full scale.
Ovarrange Processing: Values greater than max. will

appear as 4095 .

Values less than min.
will appear as 0.
Deviation fran ideal step size: 0.024% max.

Deviation fran the ideal straight line : 0.024% typical

Conversion Timing:

Selection and Sanpling: 6 microseconds
Hold and Conversion: 13 microseconds
Total Conversion Time: 20 microseconds

Sampling Aperture: 125 nanoseconds

106
Settling time delays;

Channel switch, 5V or lV’scalas: none
Range switch, 5V or lV’scalas: none
Channel switch, .5V or .1V scales: 45 microseconds
Range switch, .5v or .lv scales : 45 microseconds

Electrical Requirements:

Internal Power: Drawn fran Apple Supply,
5V at 45mA, 12V at 19mA,
-12V at 16mA

External Power: None required.

External Trigger: Positive or Negative Edge TT'L.

APPENDIX C

107

APPENDIX C : DATA PRCXZESSIM; PRCX'SRAM

‘AIl3.MASTER is a general purpose data processing program. AIl3.TEMBO
was a. modified version of AI13.MASTER with specific transducer
characteristic inputs fran the calibration subroutine. ANALYZE.TFMBO is
a statistical subroutine in AI13.TEMBO and the results of its operation
are shown in tabular form in Appendix D. Renarks are anbedded in the
program. to allow the reader to follow through the whole operation with
ease. Flow charts that explain the whole data acquisition process are

detailed in Chapter Four.

108

REM PROGRAM A113 MASTER

REM This program consists two parts : 1) calculate the results from data
REM file produced by APPLE IIe AI13.1 or A113.2, 2) read file created by
REM part 1 0! this program. The program is menu driven.

REM The data tile should contain the {allowing informations in sequence:
REM 1) Number oi channels 2) Number of data per channel 3) channel

REM number and AI13 gain code in pair 4) digital data in block of

REM sampling set.

REM The result file contains the following informations : 1) number of
REM channels 2) number of data per channel 3) channel number 4) result.
REM —— — -- -

REM Because each transducer has its own characteristic, it is impossible
REM to write a general subroutine for all transducers. Thus each user
REM has to write his own subroutine {or calculation. The area reserved
REM {or this subroutine is from Line 10000 to Line 19999. The voltages
RBI measured true transducers are stored in the array UOLT(I,J), where
REM I is the Ith channel in the group of channels, not the channel

REM number. J is the data point number. The result should be put into
REM array FORCE(I,J).

REM - - — ===
REM However, if all of your transducers have the linear characteristics,
REM here is the subroutine that you can type in and use as it.

REM 10000 REM

R9! 10010 REM ———=

REM 10020 REM .

REM 10030 REM SUBROUTINE FOR LINEAR CALCULATION

REM 10040 FOR I-1 TO CHANZ

REM 10050 FOR J-l TO SETZ

REM 10060 RESU<I,J)-PARA(0,I)+PARA<1,I)!UOLT(I,J)

REM 10070 NEXT

REM 10080 NEXT

REM 10090 RETURN

REM where the parameters RARA(n,I) can be typed in each time you run the
R91 progrle, or the program will provide you the option to save these
REM parameters for iurther use. Also, the program provides you the

Rat option to edit them.

REM ——— - - — - - =————
REM The main variables in this program are 3

REM 1) CHANM - number of channels

REM ' 2) SETZ - number of data set

REM 3) COOEZ(1,0HAMM) - column 0 is channel number, column 1 is

 

 

 

 

 

REM A113 gain code.

REM 4) RARA(1,CHANZ) - array for transducers parameters, column
REM 0 is intersection, column 1 is slop.

REM 5) UOLT<CHANZ,SET%) - inicially tor digit data, after cal-
REM culation, it storers actual voltage.

REM 6) FORCE<CW,SET‘/.) - for storing results.
REM 7) INFILEO - data file name

REM 8) RAFILEC - parameters tile name

REM 9) RSFILEO - result file name

 

REM

REM INITIALIZE PROGRAM

HOME

BOICHRO(7)

PRINT Osi'Please select an option :'

PRINT' 1 - Oet data tile and parameters for calculation'
PRINT' 2 - Oet result file for verification'

PRINT' 3 - Creating or editino parameter file only'

1070
1080
1090
1100
1110
1120
1130
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070

2080
2090
2100
2110
2120
2130
2140

2150
2160
2170
2180
2190
2200
2210
2215
2220
2230

2240
2250
2260
2270
2280
2290
2300
2302
2304
2306
2310
2320
2330
2340
2350
2410
2415
2420
2430
2440
2450
2460
2470
2480
2490
2500
2510
2520

- e

PRINT' 4 - Ouit the program'
PRINT'Your option is I';:GET OPT

IF OPT-1 THEN 2000

IF OPT-2 THEN 4230

IF OPT-3 THEN 7730

IF OPT-4 THEN END

PRINT OPTIPRINT'Please select option by its number'IOOTO 1030

REM . .

REM = -=----------- ——————= ---------

 

 

REM MAIN ROUTINE TO SET DATA AND PARAMETERS
0N ERR OOTO 2070
HOME
PRINT BOI'PUT DATA DISK IN DISK DRIvE'
INPUT'OIvE ME THE DATA FILE NAME PRECEDED BY DRIvE e z';INFILEs
UNLOCK INFILEs
OOTO 2100:REM FILE EXISTS
PRINT sszINPUT'SORRY, I COULDN’T FIND THE FILE. DO YOU HANT TO TRY AGAI
N?(Y/N)';ANSU$
IF ANsus-'N' THEN END
OOTO 2020
OFF ERR
OPENHI AS INPUT,INFILEs
0N ERR OOTO 2230
INPUTRI;CHANX,SETX
DIM CODEX<1,CHANx),vOLTICHANx,SET2),FORCEICHANX,SET2),RARAII,CHANz>,S<C
HANM)
FOR I-I T0 CHANZ

INPUTaI;CODE2(0,I),CODEX(I,I)

NEXT
FDR I-I TO SEszFOR J-I TO CHANx

INPUTeingLTIJ,I)
NEXT

NEXT
CLOSEeI
SOTO 229OIREM SUCCESSFUL DATA INPUT
IF ERR-4 THEN PRINT assPRINT'SORRY, YOUR DATA FILE HAS FEHER DATA THAN
EXPECTED':OOT0 2250
PRINT aserINT'ERROR a '; ERR;' DETECTED IN YOUR DATA FILE
CLOSERIISTOP
REM
REM ----------------------------------------------------------------- .
REM
REM SET PARAMETERS
HOME
PRINT sexINPUT'DO YOU NEED PARAMETERS 2(Y/N)';ANsue
IF ANsus--N- THEN 2640
IF ANSHs<>-Y- THEN 2302
PRINT asIINPUT'DO YOU HAvE TRANSDUCERS PARAMETER FILE 2(Y/N)-;ANSUe
IF ANsus--Y' THEN 2450
IF ANSHs<>-N' THEN 2310
COUNT-0
00508 8690
IF COUNT<CHANx THEN 2350
OPENaI,'.CONSOLE'
SOSUS SOSO:REM SHOH PARAHETERS
OOSUB 813OIREM EDITINO OR PRINTINS PARAMETERS
SOTO 264OIREM 00 TO CALCULATION
OOSUB 88003REM SET PARAMETER FILE
IF OPT-3 THEN 2340
IF ux<>CHANx THEN CLOSEea:00TO 9060
ON ERR OOTO 2550
COUNT-0
FLAG-0
READe3;X,Y,2
FOR I-I TO'CHANZ

109

2530

2540
2550
2560
2570
2580
2590
2600
2610
2620
2630
2640
2650
2655
2658
2659
2660
2670
2680
2690
2700
2710
2720
2730
2740
2750
2760
' 2770
2780
2790
2800
2810
2820
2830
2840
2850
2860
2870
2880
2890
2900
2910
2912
2914

2916
2913
2920
2930
2940
2950
2960
2970
2930
2990
3000
30:0
3020
.3030
3040
3050
3052

3055
3060

IF XICODEZ(0,I) THEN PARA(0,I)=Y:PARA(1,I)=Z:FLAG=I:COUNTICOUNT+1:I=C
HANK .

NEXT

IF FLAG-0 THBI OFF ERRICLOSEH3:GOTO 9060

IF COUNT<CHANZ THEN 2500

OFF ERR:CLOSE03

OPENHI,'.CONSOLE'

GOSUB 8030

00808 8130

 

REM BEGIN CALCULATIONS

HOME

PRINT'I AM CALCULATING RESULTS, IT WILL TAKE ABOUT 5 MINUTES.‘

PRINT'YOU CAN GO FOR A COFFEE BREAK !!!'

PRINT'BUT DON’T BRING COFFEE TO HERE, I DON’T LIKE IT !!!!!'

FOR III TO CHANZ
OEX$ODEZ(I,I)+1 GOSUB 11000,11100,11200,II300,11400,11500,11600,11700
N

GOSUB 10000

 

REM OPTIONS FOR SAVING,CHECKING OR PRINTING RESULTS

FLAG-0

HOME

PRINT BOI'PLEASE SELECT AN OPTION :'

PRINT' 1 - SAVE THE RESULTS'

PRINT' 2 - CHECK THE RESULTS'

PRINT' 3 - PRINT THE RESULTS'

PRINT' 4 - OUIT THE PROGRAM'

PRINT'YOUR OPTION IS I'IIGET OPT

IF OPT-1 THEN 2900

IF OPT=2 THEN 3270

IF OPT-3 THEN 3730

IF OPT-4 THEN 4530

PRINT OPTIPRINT'PLEASE SELECT OPTION BY ITS NUMBER'IGOTO 2760

REM

REM --- ————— - --
REM

REM SAVING RESULTS

HOME

IF FLAG-0 THEN 2920

PRINT BSIINPUT'YOU HAVE ALREADY SAVED THE RESULT. DO YOU WANT TO SAVE A
GAIN ?(Y/N)';ANSU$

IF ANSUOI'Y' THEN 2920

GOTO 2750

ON ERR GOTO 3010

PRINT BSIPRINT'MAKE SURE YOU HAVE DISK UITH ENOUGH ROOM IN DISK DRIVE.’
INPUT'GIVE ME A FILE RATHNAME PRECEDED BY DISK DRIVE H :‘3REFILES
UNLOCK REFILES

PRINT 88:1NPUT'FILE ALREADY EXISTS, OVERURITE IT ANYUAY ?(Y/N)';ANSUO
IF ANSHOC'N' THEN 2940

IF MWO'Y' THEN PRINT'PLEASE MSJER Y OR N'sGOTO 2960

DELETE REFILES

GOTO 3030

IF ERR-32 THEN PRINT'VOLLI'N NOT FOWD'IGOTO 2930

IF ERR<>30 THEN PRINT'ERROR I '; ERR;' DETECTED. TRY AGAIN.':GOTO 2930
OFF ERR

ON ERR GOTO 3170

OPENH3 AS OUTPUT,REFILEO

PRINT'I AM SAVING DATA, IT HILL TAKE ABOUT 4 MINUTES. DON’T DISTURB ME.

 

PRINT'YOU CAN GO TO FINISH YOUR COFFEE NON.’
HRITEHBICHANZ

110

3070
3080
3110
3120
-3130
3140
3150
3160
3170
3180
3190
3200
3210
3220
3230
3240
3250
3260
3270
3280
3290
3300
3310
3320
3330
3340
3350
3355
3360

3370
3375

3380
3390

3400
3410

3420
3430
3440
3460
3470
3480
3490
3500
3510
3520

3530
3540
3550
3560
3570
3580
3590
3600
3610
3620
3630
3640
3650

3660

FOR I-I TO CHANX
HRITEe3;COOEx<0,I>
FOR J-I T0 SETx
URITE433FORCE(I,J)
NEXT
NEXT
CLOSEISIOFF ERRIHOME
PRINT'SAVE SUCCESSFUL !!!':FLAO-1:OOTO 2760
CLOSE03:OFF ERR
IF ERR-34 THEN PRINT'OISK FULL I'IGOTO 2920
PRINT'ERROR e '; ERR;' OETECTEO.‘
INPUT'OO YOU UANT TO TRY ASAIN 7(Y/N)';ANSNO
IF ANsws--Y- THEN 2920
IF mw-N-Tsmzno
PRINT asIPRINT-PLEASE ANSUER Y OR N'IGOTO 3200

 

REM CHECK THE RESULTS

HOME

PRINT BSI'PLEASE SELECT ONE OPTION :'

PRINT' 1 - CHECK PARTIAL RESULT OF ME CWEL'

PRINT' 2 - CHECK PARTIAL RESULT OF FIVE CWEL'
PRINT' 3 2 CHECK ALL RESULT OF ONE CHANNEL'
PRINT' 4 - CHECK ALL RESULT OF FIVE CHANNEL'
PRINT' 5 - OUIT CHECKING'

PRINT'YOUR OPTION IS I';IOET OPT
PRINT OPT '
IF OPT<I OR OPT)5 THEN PRINT:PRINT'PLEASE SELECT OPTION BY ITS NUMSER-z
SOTO 3290
IF OPT-s THEN 2750
IFIOPT-z OR OPT-4) AND CHAN/XS THEN PRINT'YOU HAUE LESS THAN 5 CHAMELS
, PLEASE SELECT 1 OR 3'IOOTO 3290
IF OPT-3 OR OPT-4 THEN BEGIN-IILAST-SE'I‘AIOOTO 3420
PRINTIPRINT'OIVE ME THE BEGIN AND ENDINS POINT (SETUEEN 1 AND -;SETx;-)
,SERARATED BY COMMA'
INPUT SESIN,LAST
IF LAST<SESIN THEN PRINT'ENOINO POINT MUST BE SREATER THAN BEGIN POINT'
:OOTO 3390
IF OPT-2 OR OPT-4 THEN NUMB-S:OOTO 3440
NUMBII
HOME
COUNT-0
CHECK-0
INPUT'PLEASE 01% NE (NE CWEL NLMSER YOU HANT :-;X
FOR I-I TO CHANR
IF x-CODEx<0,I) THEN S<COUNT+I>-I:CHECK-I:I-CHANXICOUNT-COUNToi
NEXT
IF CHECK-0 THEN PRINT OsIPRINT-YOU SIvE ME URONS CHANNEL NUMBER, TRY AS
AIN'IOOTO 3430
IF COUNT<NUNS THEN 3470
HOME
IF NUM8-5 THEN 3620
PRINT 8!;‘THE RESULT OF CHANNEL ';S(1);' ARE :-
FOR I-SESIN TO LAST
PRINT FORCE(S(1),I),
NEXT
INPUT'PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE-gANsus
SOTO 3230
PRINT USINS 3630;'CH.',S<1),'CH.',S(2),'CH.',S(3),'CH.',S(4),'CH.',S<5)
IMASE SX,4A,2e,SX
FOR I-SESIN TO LAST
PRINT USINS 3670;FORCE(S(1),I),FORCE(S(2),I),FORCE(S(3),I),FORCE(S(4)
,I),FORCE(S(5),I)
NEXT

111

3670
3680
3690
3700
3710
3720
3730
3740
3750
3760
3770
3780
3790
3800
3810
3820
3830

3840
3850
3860

3870
3880

3890
3900
3910
3920

3930
3940
3950
3960
3970
3980
3990

4000
4010
4020
4030
4040
4050

4060
4070
4080
4090
4100
4110
4115
4120
4130
4140
4150

4160
4170
4180
4200
4210
4220
4230
4240
4250

IMAGE 3X,6H.3R,3X

INPUT'PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE';ANSUS

GOTO 3280

REM

REM --------------------------------------------
REM

REM PRINTING RESULTS

HOME '

PRINT BS;'PLEASE SELECT ONE OPTION :'

 

PRINT' I - PRINT PARTIAL RESULT OF SOME CHANNEL'
PRINT' 2 - PRINT PARTIAL RESULT OF ALL CWELS'
PRINT' 3 - PRINT ALL RESULT OF SOME CHANNEL'
PRINT' 4 - PRINT ALL RESULT OF ALL CHANNELS“

PRINT' 5 - OUIT PRINTINO'
PRINT'YOUR OPTION IS :';:OET OPT
PRINT OPT
IF OPT<I OR OPT)5 THEN PRINTIPRINT'PLEASE SELECT OPTION BY ITS NUMBER':
SOTO 3750
IF OPT-S THEN 2750
IF OPT-3 OR OPT-4 THEN BEGIN-IILASTISETZIOOTO 3390
PRINTIPRINT'OIVE ME THE BEOIN AND ENDINS POINT (SETUEEN 1 AND -;SETx;->
, SEPARATEO BY COMMA'
INPUT SESIN,LAST
IF LAST<SESIN THEN PRINT'ENOINO POINT HOST OE GREATER THAN BEGIN POINT'
:OOTO 3860
IF OPT-2 OR OPT-4 THEN NUMOICHANMIGOTO 4020
HOME
INPUT'HON MANY CHANNEL 00 YOU UANT TO PRINT ?';NUMB
IF NUMB)CHANZ THEN PRINT asIPRINT-YOU HAVE ONLY ';CHAN%;' CHANNELS'IOOT
O 3910
COUNT-o
CHECK-0
INPUT-PLEASE SIvE HE ONE OWEL NIMSER YOU mm :';X
FOR I-I TO CHANH
IF XaCOOEx<0,1> THEN SICOUNT+II=I:CHECK-I:I-CHANXICOUNT-COUNT+I
NEXT
IF CHECK-0 THEN PRINT BOIPRINT'YOU 01% NE URONS CHANEL NIMSER, TRY AS
AIN'IGOTO 3950
IF COUNT<NUM8 THEN 3940
SOTO 4030
FOR I-I TO CHANx
S(I)-I
NEXT
PRINT OsIPRINT-PLEASE SIvE ME THE HEADER FOR THIS PRINT OUT (MAX 30 CHA
RACTERS)‘
INPUT HEADERs
OPEN04,'.PRINTER'
PRINTI4;CHR4(27)+CHR4(88)+CHRO(27)+CHRO(33)
PRINT“ IHEAOERO
FRINTe4;CHRs(27>+CHRs<34)+CHRs<27)+CHRs<66>
PRINTue
N00ICHR$(27)+CHR$(89)
IF NIMS<9 OR Nina-I6 THEN PRINTI4;CHR$(27)+CHR$(69):OOTO 4150
IF NUM8(11 THEN PRINTR4;CHRs<27)+CHRs<I13):SOTO 4130
PRINTe4;CHRs<27>+CHRs<SI>
ON NUMB SOSUS 5000.5100.5200,5300,5400,5500,5600,5700,5800,5900,6000,61
00,6200,6300,6400,6500
PRINTe4;CHRs<I2)+CHRs(27>+CHRs<99)
CLOSEne
SOTO 3740

 

REM PROGRAM FOR GETTING RESULT FILE
ON ERR GOTO 4300
HOME

112

4260
4270
4280
4290
4300

4310
4320
4330
4340
4350
4360
4370
4380
4390
4400
4410
4420
4430
4440
4450
4500
4510
4520
4530
4540
4550
4560
4570
4580
4590
4600
4960
4970
4980
4990
5000
5010
5020
5030
5040
5050
5080
5090
5100
5110
5120
5130
5140
5150
5160
5170
5180
5190
5200
5210
5220
5230
5240
5250
5280
5290
5300
5310
5320
5330

PRINT B$;'PUT RESULT DISK IN DRIVE‘
INPUT'GIUE ME THE RESULT FILE PATl-NN'IE PRECEDED BY DRIVE 11 :" ;REFILES
LOCK REFILES
GOTO 4330
PRINT BSIINPUT'SORRY, I COULDN’T FIND THE FILE. DO YOU UANT TO TRY AGAI
N ?(Y/N)';AN8HS
IF ANSHSI'N' THEN END
GOTO 4250
OFF ERR
OPENH5 AS INPUT,REFILES
READI5;CHANZ,SETZ
DIM CODEZ(1,CHANZ),FORCE(CHAN%,SETZ),S(CHAN%)
FOR 181 TO CHANZ

READH53CODEZ(0,I)

FOR J'I T0 SETZ

READIS;FORCE(I,J)
NEXT

NEXT
CLOSEI5
FLAG-1
GOTO 2750

 

REM ENDING THE PROGRAM

IF FLAOII THEN 4600

HOME

PRINT BSIINPUT'YOU DIM’T SAVE THE RESULTS, OUIT WY ?(Y/N)';MSJS
IF ANSH‘I'Y' THEN 4600

IF ANSH’I'N' THEN 2900

PRINTIPRINT'PLEASE ANSHER Y OR N'IGOTO 4560

 

REM SUBROUTINE FOR PRINTING RESULTS OF ONE CHANNEL
PRINTU43'RESULT OF CHANNEL '3CODEZ(0,S(I))
PRINTU43NOS
FOR I-8EGIN TO LAST
PRINTI4;FORCE(S(1),I),
NEXT
RETURN
REM
REM SUBROUTINE FOR PRINTING RESULTS OF THO CHANNELS
PRINTU4 USING 5160;'CH.',S(1),‘CH.',S(2)
PRINTI4INOS
FOR I-BEGIN TO LAST
PRINTI4 USING 5170;FORCE(S(1),I),FORCE(S(2),I)
NEXT
RETURN
IMAGE 3X,4A,28,3X
IMAGE 1X,6I.2R,2X
REM
REM SUBROUTINE FOR PRINTING RESULTS OF THREE CHANNELS
PRINT84 USING 5160;'CH.',S(1),‘CH.',S(2),'CH.',S(3)
PRINTI43NOS
FOR IIGEGIN T0 LAST
PRINT84 USING 5170;FORCE(S(1),I),FORCE(S(2),I),FORCE(S(3),I)
NEXT
RETURN
REM
REM SUBROUTINE FOR PRINTING RESULTS OF FOUR CHANNELS
PRINTH4 USING 5160;'CH.',S(1),‘CH.',S(2),'CH.',S(3),‘CH.',S(4)
PRINTI43NO$
FOR IIBEGIN TO LAST
PRINT84 USING 5170;FORCE(S(1).I).FORCE(S(2).I).FORCE(S(3).I).FORCE(S(

113

5340
5350
5380
5390
5400

5410
5420
5430

5440
5450
5480
5490
5500

5510
5520
5530

5540
5550
5580
5590
5600

5610
5620
5630

5640
5650
5680
5690
5700

5710
5720
5730

5740
5750
5780
5790
5800

5810
5820
5830

5840
5850
5880
5890
5900

5910
5920
5930

5940
5950
5980

4),I)
NEXT
RETURN
REM
REM SU8ROUTINE FOR PRINTING RESULTS OF FIVE CHANNELS
PRINTU4 USING 51603'CH.',S(1),‘CH.',S(2),'CH.',S(3),‘CH.',S(4),'CH.',S(
5)
PRINT843NOS
FOR I'BEGIN TO LAST
PRINTH4 USING 5170;FORCE(S(1),I),FORCE(S(2),I),FORCE(S(3),I),FORCE(S(
4),I),FORCE(S(5),I)

REM SU8ROUTINE FOR PRINTING RESULTS OF SIX CHANNELS
PRINTH4 USING 5160;'CH.',S(I),'CH.',S(2),'CH.',S(3),'CH.',S(4),'CH.',S(
5),“CH.',S(6)
PRINTH43NOS
FOR IIBEGIN TO LAST
PRINTI4 USING 5170;FORCE(S(1),I),FORCE(S(2),I),FORCE(S(3),I),FORCE(S(
4),I),FORCE(S(5),I),FORCE(S(6),I)

REM SUSROUTINE FOR PRINTINS RESULTS OF SEVEN CWELS

PRINTH4 USINS SI60;'CH.',S(1),‘CH.',S(2),'CH.',S(3),‘CH.',S(4),'CH.',S(

5),“CH.',S(6),'CH.',8(7)

PRINTI4IN0$

FOR I-SESIN TO LAST
PRINTH4 USINS 5I7O;FORCE(S(I),I),FORCE<S<2I,I).FORCE(S<3>,I),FORCE(S(
4),I),FORCE(S(5),1),FORCE(S(6),1),FORCE(S(7),I)
NEXT

RETURN

REM

REM SUSROUTINE FOR PRINTINS RESULTS OF EISHT CHANNELS

PRINTH4 USINS 51603'CH.',8(1),'CH.',8(2),‘CH.',S<3),‘CH.',S(4),'CH.',S(

5),'CH.',S(6),'CH.',S(7),'CH.',S(8)

PRINTHA;NOS

FOR I-SESIN TO LAST
PRINTH4 USINS 5I7O;FORCE<S(I),I),FORCE<S<2),I),FORCE<S<3),I),FORCE<S<
4),1),FORCE(S(S),I),FORCE<S(6),1),FORCE(S<7),1),FORCE(S(8),1) ,
NEXT

RETURN

REM

REM SUSROUTINE FOR PRINTINS RESULTS OF MINE CHANNELS

PRINTH4 USINS SI60;'CH.',8(1),‘CH.’,8(2),'CH.',8(3),'CH.',8(4),'CH.',S(

S),'CH.',S(6),'CH.',S(7),‘CH.',S(8),'CH.',S(9)

PRINT04IN0$

FOR I-SESIN TO LAST
PRINTI4 USINS 51703F0RCE(8(1),I),F0RCE(S<2),1),F0R0E(S(3),I),F0RCE(S(
4),I),FORCE(S(S),1),FORCE(S(6),1),FORCE(S(7),I),FOROE(S(8),1),FORCE(S
(9),I)
NEXT

RETURN

REM

REM SUSROUTINE FOR PRINTINS RESULTS OF TEN CHAINELS

PRINTH4 USINS SI60;'CH.',S(1),‘CH.',S(2),'CH.',S(3),'CH.',S(4),'CH.',S(

5),'CH.',S(6),'CH.',S(7),'CH.',S(8),'CH.',S(9),'CH.',S(10)

PRINTI43N0$

FOR IaSESIN TO LAST
PRINTI4 USINS 51703F0RCE(S(1),1),F0RCE(3(2),I),FORCE(S(3),I),F0RCE(8(
4),1),FORCE(S(S),1),FORCE(S(6),1),FORCE<S<7),1),FORCE(S(8),I),FORCE(S
(9),I),FORCE(S(10),I)
NEXT -

RETURN

REM

114

5990
6000

6010
6020
6030

6040
6050
6060
6070
6080
6090
6100

6110
6120
6130

6140
6150
6180
6190
6200

6210
6220
6230

6240
6250
6280
6290
6300

6310
6320
6330

6340

6380
6390
6400

6410
6420
6430

6440
6450
6480
6490
6500
6510

REM SUSROUTINE FOR PRINTING RESULTS OF ELEVEN CWELS
PRINTH4 USING 6060;'CH.',S(1),‘CH.',S(2),‘CH.',S(3),'CH.',S(4),'CH.',S(
5),'CH.',S(6),'CH.',S(7),‘CH.',S(8),'CH.',S(9),'CH.‘,S(10),'CH.',S(11)
PRINTO43NOS
FOR IIBEGIN T0 LAST
PRINTI4 USING 6070;FORCE(S(1),I),FORCE(S(2),I),FORCE(S(3),I),FORCE(S(
4),1),FORCE(S(5),I),FORCE(S(6),I),FORCE(S(7),I),FORCE<S(8),I),FORCE(S
(9),I),FORCE(S(10),I),FORCE(S(II),I)
NEXT
RETURN
IMAGE 1X,4A,2H,2X
IMAGE 50.20.1X
REM
REM SU8ROUTINE FOR PRINTING RESULTS OF TUELUE CWELS
PRINTU4 USING 6060;'CH.',S(1),‘CH.',S(2),‘CH.',S(3),'CH.',S(4),'CH.',S(
5),'CH.',S(6),‘CH.',S(7),'CH.',S(8),'CH.',S(9),‘CH.’,S(10),'CH.',S(11),
'CH.',S(12)
PRINTfi43NOS
FOR I-BEGIN T0 LAST
PRINTU4 USING 6070;FORCE(S(1),I),FORCE(S(2),I),FORCE(S(3),I),FORCE(S(
4),I),FORCE<S<5),I),FORCE(S(6),I),FORCE(S(7),I),FORCE(S(8),I),FORCE(S
(9),I),FORCE(S(10),I),FORCE(S(11),I),FORCE(S(12),I)
NEXT

RETURN

REM

REM SUSROUTINE FOR PRINTINS RESULTS OF THIRTEEN CHANNELS

PRINTR4 USINS 6060;'CH.',S(1),'CH.',S(2),‘CH.',S(3),‘CH.',S(4),'CH.',S(

5),'CH.',S(6),‘CH.’,S(7),'CH.',8(8),'CH.',8(9),'CH.',S(10),'0H.',S(11),

'CH.',S(12),'CH.',S(13)

PRINTmNOS

FOR I-SESIN TO LAST
PRINTO4 USINS 6070;FORCE(S(1),1),FORCE<S(2),1),FORCE<S(3),I),FORCE(S(
4),!),FORCE<8(S),1),FORCE(8(6),1),FORCE(S(7),1),FORCE(S(8),1),FORCE(S
(9),1),FORCE(8(10),1),FORCE(S(11),1),FOROE(3(12),1),FORCE(S(13),I)
NEXT

RETURN

REM

REM SUSROUTINE FOR PRINTINS RESULTS OF FOURTEEN CHANNELS

PRINTHA USINS 6060I'CH.',S(1),'CH.',S(2),'CH.',S(3),‘CH.',S(4),'CH.',S(

5),'CH.',S(6),'CH.',S(7),'CH.',S(0),'CH.',S(9),'CH.',S(10),'CH.',S(11),

'CH.‘,s<12),‘CH.',S(13),'CH.',S(14)

PR1NTI43NOO

FOR I-SESIN TO LAST -
PR1NTI4 USINS 6070;FORCE(S(1),I),FORCE(S(2),1),FORCE(S(3),I),FORCE(S(
4>,I>,FORCE<S<5),I),FORCE(S<6),I),FORCE<S<7),I>,FORCE<S<SI,I).FORCE<S
(9),1),FORCE(S(10),I),FORCE(S(11),1),FORCE(S(12),1),FORCE(S(13),I),F0
RCE(S(14),I)
NEXT

RETURN

REM

REM SUSROUTINE FOR PRINTINS RESULTS OF FIFTEEN CHAMELS

PRINTR4 USINS 6060;'CH.',S(1),'CH.',8(2),‘CH.',8(3),‘CH.',8(4),'CH.',S(

5),'CH.',8(6),‘CH.’,S(7),'CH.',S(8),'CH.',S(9),'CH.',S(10),'CH.',S(11),

'CH.',S(12),‘CH.’,S(13),'CH.',8(14),'CH.',S(IS)

PRINTmNOS

FOR I-SESIN TO LAST
PRINTI4 USINS 6070;FORCE(S(1),1),FORCE(S(2),I),FORCE(S(3),1),FORCE(8(
4),1),FORCE(8(5),1),FORCE(S<6),1),FORCE<S(7),I),FORCE(S(8),1),FORCE(S
(9),1),FORCE(8(10),1),FORCE(S<11),I),FORCE(S(12).1),FORCE(S(13),1),F0
RCE(S<14),I),FORCE(S(IS),1)

REM SUSROUTINE FOR PRINTING RESULTS OF SIXTEEN CHANNELS
GOSUB 5700
PRINT84ICHR$(12)0CHRS(27)+CHR$(88)

115

6520 FOR I-I 'TO -8
6530 S( I )-S( I +9)

 

6540 NEXT

6550 GOSUG 5700

6560 RETURN

7700 R84

7710 R84 ———— — — _== — _ — — _-
7720 R84

7730 R84 ROUTINE FOR CREATING OR EDITING PARR4ETERS CNLY

7740 HME

7750 PRINT BSIINPUT'DO YOU WE PAWETER FILE ?(Y/N)';N43fl
7760 IF ANSIfll'Y' TH84 7870

7770 IF MSUSO'N' TH84 7850

7780 INPUT 'Hfld WY CWELS DO YOU WE ?';CW

7790 DIM CODEX“ ,CW) ,PARA(1 ,CI-Wfl.)

7800 FOR I-I TO CW

7810 INPUT'GIVE ME THE Cl-WNEL NU‘IBER, INTERSECTICN MD SLOP, SEPARATED BY
.CU‘I’A I';CODE‘/.(0,I),PARA(0,I),PARA(1,I)
7820 ND‘T

7830 OP8481 , ' .CMSOLE'

7840 GOSU8 80 30

7850 GOSU8 8130

7860 840

7870 GOSU8 8800

7875 IF OPTII3 TH84 7780

7880 CENT/.3017.

7890 DIN CODEZ(1,CW),PARA(1,CW)
7900 FOR III TO CW

7910 READl33CODE‘/.(0,I),PARA(O,I),PAM(1,I)
7920 NEXT

7930 CLOSE83

7940 0P8!“ , ' .CINSOLE'

7950 GOSU8 8030

7960 GOSU8 8130

 

7970 840
8000 R84
801 0 R84 ---------------- - —— ................................
80 20 R81

8030 R84 SU8ROUTINE TO SHW PARN‘IETERS

8040 HMEIPRINTRII'THE CWEL NLHBER, INTERSECTICN N40 SLOP ARE :'
8050 PRINTUIIPRINTHII'CMNEL', 'INTERSECTIM', l'SLOP'

8060 FOR III TO CW

8070 PRINT'I;CODE'/.<0, I), PAMW, I), PARA(1, I)

8080 NEXT

8085 CLOSERI

8090 PRINTIPRINT'PRESS RETUM TO CWINUE'

8100 GET AN”

 

8110 RETURN

8115 R84

8120 R84 —— —- .....................
8125 R84

8130 R84 SUSROUTINE FOR EDITING PARMETERS

8140 HO‘IE

8150 PRINTIPRINT'PLEASE SELECT ONE OPTION 8'

8160 PRINT' 1 - EDITING PARAMETERSI

8170 PRINT' 2 - SAVING PARAMETERS'

8180 PRINT' 3 - PRINTING PARAMETERS'

8190 PRINT' 4 - OUIT PARAMETER SECTION'

8200 PRINT'YOUR OPTION IS 3';:GET OPT

8210 IF OPT-4 THEN RETURN

8220 IF OPT-3 THEN 8610

8230 IF OPT-2 THEN 8320

8240 IF OPT()1 THEN PRINT BSIPRINT'PLEASE SELECT OPTION BY ITS NUMBER'IGOTO
8150

8250 COUNT-CHANZ-I

8260 GOSU8 8690:REM GO TO EDIT PARAMETERS

116

8265
8270
8280
8290
8300
8310
8320
8330
8340
8350

8360
8370
8380
8390
8400
8410
8420
8430
8440
8450
8460
8470
8480
8490
8500
8510
8520
8530
8540
8550
8560
8570

8590
8600
8610
8620
8630
8640
8650
8660
8670
8680
8690
8700
8710

8720
8730

8740
8750

8760
8770
8780
8790
8800
8810
8820
8830

8840
8850
8860

'OPENHI,-.CONSOLE-

GOSU8 8030
GOTO 8140
REM
R84 ‘ ——— = === ------------------
REM
REM SU8ROUTINE FOR SAVING RARAMETERS
ON ERR GOTO 8420
HOME
PRINT GSIINPUT'GIVE ME THE FILE PATHNAME PRECEDED 8Y DISK DRIVE 8 :‘3PA
FILES
UNLOCK RAFILES
PRINT BSIINPUT'FILE ALREADY EXISTS, OVERHRITE IT ANYUAY ?(Y/N)';ANSUS
IF ANSUSI'N' THEN 8350
IF ANSUS()'Y' THEN 8370
DELETE OAFILES
GOTO 8480
IF ERR-32 TH84 PRINTIPRINT'VOLLIN NOT FOIND'IGOTO 8350
IF ERR-30 THEN 8480
PRINTIPRINT'ERROR I '; ERR3' DETECTED.‘
INPUT'DO YOU HANT TO TRY AGAIN ?(Y/N)';ANSU8
IF ANSTBI'N'TEI-NS560
GOTO 8350
OPENIZ AS OUTPUT,RAFILES
HRITEH2;CHANZ
FOR III TO CHANZ
URITEH2;CODEZ(0,I)
HRITEIZ;PARA(0,I)
URITEIZ;PARA(I,I)
NEXT
CLOSEH2
OFF ERR
GOTO 8140

 

REM SU8ROUTINE FOR PRINTING PARAMETERS
OPEN81,'.PRINTER'
PRINT BSIINPUT'TURN m PRINTER, TH84 PRESS RETUM'IMS”
GOSU8 8030
GOTO 8140
REM
REM _ - — -—— -—— -----
REM
R84 SU8ROUTINE FOR EDITING PAM‘IETERS
FLAG-0
PRINT BSIINPUT'GIVE ME THE CHANNEL NUMBER, INTERSECTION AND SLOP, SERAR
ATED 8Y COMMA I';X,Y,Z
FOR III TO CHANZ
IF XICODEZ(0,I) THEN PARA(0,I)IYIPARA(1,I)IZIFLAGI1ICOUNTICOUNT+IIIIC
HANZ
NEXT
IF FLAG-0 THEN PRINTIPRINT'YOU GIVE ME URONG CHANNEL NUMBER, TRY AGAIN.
':GOTO 8710
RETURN

 

 

REM — — —-- -- —— -----------

R84 SUSROUTINE TO GET PAM‘IET ER FILE

HOME

ON ERR GOTO 8880

PRINT GSIINPUT'GIVE ME THE PAMETER FILE PATIIM‘IE PRECEDED 8'Y DRIVE 8
:‘3PAFILES

UNLOCK PAFILES

OPENK3,PAFILES

READI33UZ

117

8870
8880
8890
8900
8910

8930
8940
8950
8960
8965
8970

8985
8990
9000
9010

9022

9030
9040
9050
9060
9070

9080

9090

9100

9110

9120

9130

9140

9150

9970

9980

9990

10000
10010
10015
10020
10030
10040
10050
10060
10070
10080
10090
10100
10110
10120
10130
10140
10150
10160
10170
10180
10190
10200
10210
10220
10230
10240
10250
10260
10270

OFF ERRIRETURN
PRINT OSIPRINT'ERROR I '; ERR;' DETECTED. PLEASE SELECT OPTION :'

PRINT' 1 - TRY AGAIN'

PRINT' 2 - CATALOG TO CHECK FILE NAME'
PRINT' 3 - GO TO CREATE NEH PARAMETER FILE'
PRINT' 4 - OUIT THE PROGW'

PRINT'YOUR OPTION IS I';IGET OPTIPRINT OPT

IF OPTI4 TH84 STOP ’

IF OPTI3 THEN 8870

IF OPTII THEN 8830

ON ERR GOTO 9022

INPUT'PLEASE TYPE .01 OR .02 FOR CATALOG VANS”
CATALOG ANSHS

OFF ERR

INPUT'CATALOG AGAIN ?(Y/N)';ANSH8

IF man-'Y' T1484 8970

IF ANSHBI'N' THEN 8820

GOTO 8990

PRINT GSIPRINT'VOLLI'N NOT FOlND. PLEASE PUT DISK INTO DRIVE.":OFF ERRIG
0T0 8970

REM ‘-

 

REM RESCUE THE PARAMETER FILE ERROR
PRINT GSIPRINT'SORRY, YOUR PARAMETER FILE DOESN’T MATCH DATA FILE. HHAT
DO YOU HANT ?'

PRINT' 1 - TRY ANOTHER PARAMETER FILE'
PRINT' 2 - CREATE NEH PARAMETER FILE'
PRINT' 3 - OUIT PROGRAM'

PRINT'YOUR OPTION IS I';IGET OPTIPRINT OPT

IF OPTI3 THEN STOP

IF 0PTI2 THEN 2340

IF OPTII THEN 2450

PRINTIPRINT'PLEASE SELECT OPTION BY ITS NUMBER'IGOTO 9070

R84 SU8ROUTINE FOR CALCULATIM
DIM A(10),M(10),8(4),N(4)
SII4.448222
A(I)I-46.412
M(1)IO.156
8(1)I179.5
N(1)I-O.437
A(2)I-27.496
M(2)I0.066
8(2)II2.841
N(2)I-0.220
A(3)I30.374
M(3)II.113
8(3)I2.757
N(3)I-0.103
A(4)I21.158
M(4)I0.725
8(4)I-4.068
N(4)I-0.021
A(5)I11.82
M(5)I3455
A(6)I19.56
M(6)I503.85
A(7)I0.03989
M(7)I3.575
A(8)I-O.1348
M(8)I5.632
A(9)I-0.I3377
M(9)I5.2529

118

10280
10290
10300
10310
10320
10330
10340
10350
10360
10370
10380
10390
10400
10405
10410
10420
10430
10440
10450
10960
10970
10980
10990
11000
11010
11020
11030
11100
11110
11120
11130
11200
11210
11220
11230
11300
11310
11320
11330
11400
11410
11420
11430
11500
11510
11520
11530
11600
11610
11620
11630
11700
11710
11720
11730

A(10)I17.088

M(10)I789.73
DETIIM(1)iM(3)-N(1)IN(3)

DETZIM<2)IM(4)-N(2)HN(4)
TAILIIA(3)IN(1)+8(3)IN(1)-A(1)iM(3)-8(1)1IM(3)
TAIL2-At4)nN<2I+S(4)I-N<2)-A<2)aM<4)-S<2>mm
TAILS-MI)aN<S>+S<I>nN<3)+<3>aH<I)-O<3)-M(I>
TA1L4-A(2)lN(4)+8(2)IN(4)-A(4)lM(2)-8(4)HM(2)
FOR I-I TO SETX
FORCE<I ,1)I(1000!M(3)lVOLT(1,1)-10001IN(1)RVOLT(3,I)+TAIL1)/DET1§SI
F0RCE(3,1)I(1000i!“1)IIVOLT(3,1)-1000lN(3)IV0LT(1,1)+TA1L3)/DETI*SI
FORCE(2,I)I(1000HM(4)!V0LT(2,11-10001N(2)!V0LT(4,I)+TA1L2)/DET2!SI
FORCE(4,I)-(IOOOaMt2IwOLTu,I)-IOOOIN(4IHUOLT<2,I)+TAIL4)/DETzSSI
FORCE(5,I)-<A<3)+M(S)wOLT<S,IIIRSI
FOR J86 TO IO
F0RCE(J,I)IA(J)+M(J)!V0LT(J,I)

 

REM SU8ROUTINE FOR CONVERTING VOLTAGE CODE TO REAL VOLTAGE

FOR JII TO SETZ
VOLT(I,J)IVOLT(I,J)§S/4096
NEXT

RETURN

FOR JII TO SETZ
VOLT(I,J)IVOLT(I,J)/4096
NEXT

RETURN

FOR JII TO SETZ
VOLT(I,J)IVOLT(I,J)§5/40960
NEXT

RETURN

FOR JII TO SETZ
VOLT(I,J)IVOLT(I,J)/4096O
NEXT

RETURN

FOR JII TO SET%
VOLT(I,J)I(VOLT(I,J)-2O48)*5/2048
NEXT

RETURN

FOR JII TO SETZ
VOLT(I,J)I(VOLT(I,J)-2048)/2048
NEXT

RETURN

FOR JII TO SETZ
VOLT(I,J)I(VOLT(I,J)-2048)!S/20480
NEXT

RETURN

FOR JII TO SETZ
VOLT(I,J)I(VOLT(I,J)-2048)/20480
NEXT

RETURN

119

100 REM PROGRAM ANALYZER

110 HOMEIGSICHR$(7)

120 ON ERR GOTO 200

130 PRINT BSI'PLEASE GIVE ME THE DATA FILE PATHNAME PRECEDED BY DISK DRIVE I

:I

140 INPUT REFILES

150 PRINT GSIINPUT'HHAT IS THE PTO RPM ?';RPM

160 IF RPM<6OO TH84 PTOI27/95IGOTO 180

170 PTOI1/2.06

180 LOCK REFILES

190 OFF ERR:GOTO 210

200 PRINT BSI'ERROR H '3 ERRz' DETECTED'IEND

210 OPENII AS INPUT,REFILES

220 READHIICHANM,SETZ

230 DIM CODE(CHANM),FORCE(18,SETZ),MAX(18),MIN(18),AVERAGE(18),TITLS(18),DEV
(18),CV(18)

240 FOR III TO CHANZ

250 READKI;CODE(I)

260 FOR JII TO SETZ

270 READ.1:FORCE(I,J)
280 .NEXT

290 NEXT

300 CLOSEHI

310 HRI3600

320 DISKIS.14159*O.633!PTO*6/462

330 RATI2i3.14159iPTO/60000

335 C84I100

340 TITLS(1)I'RIGHT DRAFT (N)'

350 TITLS(2)I'LEFT DRAFT (N)'

360 TITL$(3)I'RIGHT LIFT (N)'

370 TITLS(4)I'LEFT LIFT (N)'

380 TITLS(5)I'T0P TENSION (N)'

390 TITLS(6)I'ENGINE RPM'

395 TITLS(7)I'PTO RPM'

400 TITL$(8)I'HHEEL SPEED (Kn/h)’

410 TITLS(9)I'GROUND SPEED (Kn/h)‘

420 TITLS<10)I'TOROUE (N-M)‘I

430 TITL$(11)I'NET DRAFT (N)'

440 TITLS(12)I'NET LIFT (N)'

450 TITLS(I3)I'SLIPPAGE (Z)'

460 TITLS(I4)I'DRAH POHER (Hu)'

470 TITLS(15)I'PTO POHER (Ku)'

480 TITLS(16)I'T0TAL POHER (Ku)'

485 TITLS(I7)I'DISK SPEED (Kn/h)‘

487 TITLS<I8)I'PDV/GS RATIO'

490 HOMEIPRINT BSI'I AM CALCULATING NET FORCES AND POHERS'
500 FOR III TO SETZ

510 FORCE(10,I)I0:REM PTO IS DISENGAGED

520 FORCE(II,I)IFORCE(I,I)+FORCE<2,I):REM NET PULL

530 FORCE<12,I)IFORCE(3,I)+FORCE(4,I):REM NET VERTICAL
540 FORCE(13,1)I(FORCE(8,I)-FORCE(9,I))iCEM/FORCE(8,I)IREM SLIPRAGE
550 FORCE(14,I)IFORCE(11,I)*FORCE(9,I)/HRIREM PULL KH
555 FORCE(7,I)IFORCE(6,I)iPTOIREM PTO RPM

560 FORCE(I5,I)IFORCE(10,I)lFORCE(6,I)lRATIREM PTO KH
570 FORCE(16,1)IFORCE(14,1)4FORCE(15,I):REM NET KH

580 FORCE(I7,I>3015K§F0RCE(6,1)IRE" DISK SPEED

585 FORCE(18,I)IFORCE(17,I)/FORCE(9,I)IREM PDV/GS RATIO
590 NEXT

790 FOR III TO 18

800 PRINT'I AM SORTING CHANNEL '31

810 SUM-0'

815 SSIO

120

820
830
840
850

870
875
880
890
892
894
900
1000
1010
1020
1030

1040
1050
1060
1070
1080

1090
1110
1120
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
1200
1210

MAX(I)I-99999
MIN(I)I99999
FOR JII-TO SETX
IF FORCE<1,J)>MAX(1) THEN MAX(1)IF0RCE(1,J)
IF FORCE(I,J)<MIN(1) THEN MIN(1)IF0RCE(1,J)
SLH-SLmFORCEI I ,J)
SSISS+F0RCE(1,J)‘2
NEXT
AVERAGE(I)ISUM/SET%
DEV<I)ISOR((SS-SUMHSUM/SETZ)/(SETZ-I))
CV(1)I100RDEV(1)/AVERAGE(I)
NEXT
HOME
PRINT StrPLEASE GIVE ME A FILE PATINME FOR OUTPUT :-
INPUT OUTS
PRINT SSIPRINT'TURN ON THE PRINTER. GIVE ME A HEADER FOR THIS PRINT OUT
:8
INPUT HEADS
OPENH2,'.PRINTER-
OPENH3,OUTS
PRINO02;HEAOSIPRINTH2
PRINTnz USINS 11603'MAX1MUM',‘MINIMUM','AVERAGE',‘STD. DEV.','COEF. VAR
FOR I-I TO 18
PRINTH2 USINS II7O;TITLS<I),MAX(I),MIN<I),AUERASE(II,DEU(I>,CU(I)
HRITEHS;MAX<I),MIN<I>,AUERASE<I),DEU<I),CU<I)
NEXT
IMASE 22X,Izc,12c,Izc,12C,I2C
IMAGE 20A,90.20,90.2H,9H.20,9H.2H,90.2H
PRINTH2;CHRS<IO),CHRS(IO),CHRS<IO>
CLOSEH2
CLOSER:
END

121

APPENDIX D

122

APPENDIX D : STATISTICAL ANALYSIS REULTS

Subroutine ANALYZE.TEMBO was a specific statistical program in the
processing program AI13.TEMBO (Appendix C) which suunarized the 700
data points recorded per variable into:

Maximun values

Minimun values

Average values

Standard deviation and

Coefficient of Variation (% basis).

All calculations were based on average values. Maximun and minimun
values occured at different times, therefore calculations and/or
comparisons based on the maximum and minimun values would be
incorrect. For example in the first table (Test Run 1), Net Draft (12
547.1 N) is the sun of theaverage Right Draft and Left Draft (2 $41.66
N + 10 005.4 N). Calculations of all derived variables are outlined in
Appendix A.

The head line at each table lists: the test nuuber, drive gear

selected, test site, average soil moisture content of field tested,

average tillage depth and date of field testing, in that order.

T3.L03.SHINE BARN FIELD.SOIL M C II6Z.TILLAGE DEPTH I19.05CM.10/16/85.

RIGHT DRAFT (N)
LEFT DRAFT (N)
RIGHT LIFT (N)
LEFT LIFT (N)

TOP TENSION (N)
ENGINE RPM

PTO RPM

HHEEL SPEED (Km/h)
GROUND SPEED (Kn/h)
TOROUE (N-M)

NET DRAFT (N)

NET LIFT (N)
SLIPPAGE (Z)

DRAH POHER (Kw)
PTO POHER (Kw)
TOTAL POHER (Kw)
DISK SPEED (Km/h)
PDV/GS RATIO

MAXIMUM
14155.90
14099.80
4608.66
33.93
'247.59
1991.41
565.98
4.54
4.16
518.91
20748.00
2164.04
19.51
21.64
30.41
45.11
14.62
4.00

T4.LO3.SHINE BARN FIELO.SOIL M C

RISHT DRAFT (N)
LEFT DRAFT (N)
RISHT LIFT (N)
LEFT LIFT (N)

TOP TENSION (N)
ENSINE RPM

PTO RPM _
HHEEL SPEED (Km/h)
SROUND SPEED (Km/h)
TOROUE (N-M)

NET DRAFT (N)

NET LIFT (N)
SLIPPAGE (X)

DRAH PWER (Kw)
PTO POHER (Kw)
TOTAL POHER (Kw)
DISK SPEED (Km/h)
PDV/GS RATIO

MAXIMUM
17593.60
22004.20
5393.07
3738.06
-29.97
1995.72
567.21
4.60
4.19
584.46
27103.70
3083.94
15.67
29.70
34.43
56.33
14.65
3.84

123

MINIMUM
-5132.73
-14367.60
-240.26
-6711.13
'8081.98
1934.83
549.90
4.27
3.55
254.77
-14594.60
-2325.86
4.84
-15.26
14.80
0.83
14.20
3.46

MINIMUM
-6384.79
-5060.19
-3843.08
-3996.23
-5230.38
1934.83
549.90
4.27
3.75
195.00
-8125.41
'2112.88
5.12
-8.99
11.40
12.80
14.20
3.46

AVERAGE
710.92
4844.40
1765.79
-1817.40
-I796.21
1964.59
558.36
4.41
3.89
391.21
5555.32
-51.60
11.72
5.95
22.87
28.82
14.42
3.71

AVERAGE
2380.45
6579.44
2086.62

-2014.06

-1748.33
1965.38

558.58
4.44
3.97

435.05

8959.89
72.55
10.59
9.91
25.45
35.36
14.43
3.63

STD. DEV.
3319.99
3008.40

873.01
694.44
800.75
10.81
2.96
0.05
0.12
42.19
4706.31
661.56
2.62
5.01
2.44
5.43
0.08
0.10

I16%.TILLAGE DEPTH =19.05CM.ID/16/85.

STD. DEV.
3544.53
3714.72

867.41
701.91
796.68
11.68
3.42
0.06
0.09
59.63
5637.63
775.02
2.00
6.27
3.48
6.58
0.09
0.07

COEF. VAR.
467.00
62.10
49.44
-38.21
-44.58
0.55
0.53
1.24
3.02
10.78
84.72
-1281.99
22.39
84.16
10.68
18.83
0.55
2.75

COEF. VAR.
148.90
56.46
41.57
-34.85
-45.57
0.59
0.61
1.38
2.14
13.71
62.92
1068.19
18.83
63.24
13.69
18.61
0.65
2.02

T5.LO4.SHINE BARN FIELD.SOIL M C II6Z.TILLAGE DEPTH II3.97CM.10/16/85.

RIGHT DRAFT (N)
LEFT DRAFT (N)
RIGHT LIFT (N)
LEFT LIFT (N)

TOP TENSION (N)
ENGINE RPM

PTO RPM

HHEEL SPEED (Km/h)
GROUND SPEED (Km/h)
TOROUE (N-M)

NET DRAFT (N)

NET LIFT (N)
SLIPPAGE (Z)

DRAH POHER (Kw)
PTO POHER (Kw)
TOTAL POHER (Kw)
DISK SPEED (Km/h)
PDV/GS RATIO

MAXIMUM
11678.00
9805.31
6636.83
-301.59
-367.66
2022.78
574.90
6.62
6.00
596.03
12488.00
1870.84
20.86
19.29
35.64
46.32
14.85
2.86

T6.LO4.SHINE BARN FIELD.SOIL M C

RIGHT DRAFT (N)
LEFT DRAFT (N)
RIGHT LIFT (N)
LEFT LIFT (N)

TOP TENSION (N)
ENGINE RPM

PTO RPM

WHEEL SPEED (Km/h)
GROUND SPEED (Kn/h)
TOROUE (N-M)

NET DRAFT (N)

NET LIFT (N)
SLIPPAGE (Z)

DRAH POHER (Kw)
PTO POHER (Kw)
TOTAL PWER (Kw)
DISK SPEED (Km/h)
PDV/GS RATIO

MAXIMUM
7490.72
16114.50
4365.48
1665.10
-225.08
1971.12
560.21
6.70
5.95
601.82
17035.00
1607.28
16.30
26.92

34.89.

43.00
14.47
2.63

124

MINIMUM
-4035.87
~16692.60
-114.09
-6370.33
-7984.42
1827.81
519.48
5.81
5.03
114.02
-11898.20
-2526.83
6.05
-18.84
6.62
-0.48
13.42
2.43

MINIMUM
-8558.03
-I9731.00
-2237.84
-6817.84
-6483.58
1944.06
552.52
6.33
5.46
77.39
-28289.00
-2678.18
8.44
-44.30
4.49
-26.96
14.27
2.42

AVERAGE
1869.37
854.54
2280.41
'2592.28
-2813.06
1961.75
557.55
6.34
5.62
411.12
2723.91
-311.88
11.42
4.24
24.00
28.24
14.40
2.56

AVERAGE
-835.97
-1742.52
2343.01
-2714.59
-2410.81
1955.89
555.88
6.51
5.74
411.17
-2578.49
-371.58
11.83
-4.13
23.93
19.81
14.36
2.50

STD. DEV.
2307.95
3167.48

921.82
588.18
816.18
42.93
12817
0.15
0.21
54.50
3798.62
763.78
2.78
5.93
3.17
6.86
0.32
0.08

I16Z.TILLAGE DEPTH I12.7CM.10/16/85.

STD. DEV.
2030.16
3433.62

855.87
667.52
896.00
4.77
1.58
0.06
0.09
54.79
4239.93
741.65
1.41
6.76
3.17
7.16
0.04
0.04

COEF. VAR.
123.46
370.67

40.42
-22 I 69
“29.01

2.19
2.18
2.41
3.80

13.26

139.46
'244.90

24.39
139.90

13.20

24.29

2.19
3.13

COEF. VAR.
-242.85
-197.05

36.53
-24.59
-37.17

0.24
0.28
0.87
1.59
13.33
-164.44
-199.60
11.94
-163.77
13.26
36.16
0.27
1.49

125

T7.L01.SHINE BARN FIELD.SOIL M C I167..TILLAGE DEPTH I26.67CM.10/16/85.

MAXIMUM MINIMUM AVERAGE STD. DEV. COEF. VAR.
RIGHT DRAFT (N) 23298.80 -2683.49 2692.34 2875.28 106.80
LEFT DRAFT (N) 18156.90 3263.74 12545.90 2524.77 20.12
RIGHT LIFT (N) 3136.06 -162.85 869.15 541.25 62.27
LEFT LIFT (N) 480.99 -2871.35 -713.05 534.11 -74.90
TOP TENSION (N) 1035.63 -4134.77 -1028.23 596.48 -58.01
ENGINE RPM 2128.57 2101.51 2113.79 4.78 0.23
PTO RPM 1033.29 1020.15 1026.11 2.53 0.25
HHEEL SPEED (Km/h) 2.34 2.11 2.22 0.05 2.36
GROUND SPEED (Km/h) 2.04 1.82 1.93 0.05 2.50
TOROUE (N-M) 507.34 281.76 407.46 36.96 9.07
NET DRAFT (N) 37578.20 1550.92 15238.30 4347.98 28.53
NET LIFT (N) 2680.87 -1611.35 156.10 488.68 313.06
SLIPPAGE (X) 19.79 5.91 12.91 2.82 21.86
DRAH POHER (Kw) 20.50 0.80 8.17 2.33 28.49
PTO POHER (Kw) 54.64 30.29 43.78 3.96 9.05
TOTAL POHER (Kw) 67.92 36.98 51.95 4.64 8.92
DISK SPEED (Kn/h) 26.69 26.35 26.50 0.06 0.23
PDV/GS RATIO 14.59 12.96 13.73 0.34 2.47

T8.LOI.SHINE BARN FIELD.SOIL M C

MXIMLM MINIMLM AVERAGE STD. DEV. COEF. VAR.
RIGHT DRAFT (N) 17059.20 -2667.26 2860.30 2836.07 99.15
LEFT DRAFT (N) 16750.10 2570.39 11814.80 2457.11 . 20.80
RIGHT LIFT (N) 3345.12 1.62 1044.68 699.90 67.00
LEFT LIFT (N) 769.78 -2929.53 -737.95 610.71 -82.76
TOP TENSION (N) 517.84 -4877.68 -1138.31 713.72 -62.70
ENGINE RPM 2110.12 2083.06 2098.26 5.33 0.25
PTO RPM ‘ 1024.33 1011.19 1018.57 2.87 0.28
HHEEL SPEED (Kn/h) 2.33 2.09 . 2.20 0.05 2.36
GROUND SPEED (Km/h) 2.12 1.87 1.99 0.05 2.70
TOROUE (N-M) 561.33 293.33 405.66 42.62 10.51
NET DRAFT (N) 33031.80 1209.32 14675.10 3888.64 26.50
NET LIFT (N) 2215.35 -1206.98 306.73 545.08 177.71
SLIPPAGE (X) 16.74 1.35 9.56 2.90 30.34
DRAH POHER (Kw) 18.01 0.70 8.12 2.15 26.47
PTO POHER (Kw) 59.97 31.24 43.27 4.50 10.40
TOTAL POHER (Kw) 68.08 36.71 51.38 4.86 9.46
DISK SPEED (Km/h) 26.45 26.12 26.31 0.07 0.28
PDV/GS RATIO 14.07 12.42 13.21 0.36 2.69

=16Z.TILLAGE DEPTH I30.48CM.10/16/85.

‘T9.LO3.SHINE BARN FIELD.SOIL M C I16Z.TILLAGE DEPTH I21.59CM.10/16/85.

RIGHT DRAFT (N)
LEFT DRAFT (N)
RIGHT LIFT (N)
LEFT LIFT (N)

TOP TENSION (N)
ENGINE RPM

PTO RPM

HHEEL SPEED (Km/h)
GROUND SPEED (Kn/h)
TOROUE (N-M)

NET DRAFT (N)

NET LIFT (N)
SLIPPAGE (X)

DRAH PNER (Kw)
PTO POHER (Kw)
TOTAL PNER (Kw)
DISK SPEED (Kn/h)
PDV/GS RATIO

T10.L03.SHINE BARN FIELD.SOIL M C I167..TILLAGE DEPTH I21.59CM.10/16/85

RIGHT DRAFT (N)
LEFT DRAFT (N)
RIGHT LIFT (N)
LEFT LIFT (N)

TOP TENSION (N)
ENGINE RPM

PTO RPM

HHEEL SPEED (Km/h)
GROUND SPEED (Km/h)
TOROUE (N-M)

NET DRAFT (N)

NET LIFT (N)
SLIPPAGE (Z)

DRAH POHER (Kw)
PTO POHER (Kw)
TOTAL POHER (Kw)
DISK SPEED (Km/h)
PDV/GS RATIO

MAXIMUM
9777.14
20136.40
5562.23
1158.20
1283.27
2127.34
1032.69
4.98
4.39
603.75
19999.40
2276.44
17.72
23.82
63.91
77.34
26.67
6.50

MAXIMUM
5948.40
15453.80
3432.33
419.64
878.04
2124.88
1031.50
4.95
4.34
549.76
18543.10
1736.40
38.31
21.44
55.74
65.77
26.64
8.81

126

MINIMUM
“6517.17
-12930.70
-873.19
-6456.10
-7871.86
2065.22
1002.53
4.62
4.05
129.44
-18237.50
-3069.35
7.17
-20.50
13.62
10.21
25.89
5.92

MINIMUM
‘6878.64
‘5199.61
‘600.73
“3416.08
‘3504.41
1835.81
891.17
4.11
2.73
218.13
'9031.19
'1868.75
8.35
-10052
22.83
26.04
23.02
6.07

AVERAGE
874.11
5604.40
1945.54
-1782.97
-1172.12
2092.07
1015.57
4.80
4.21
401.65
6478.51
162.57
12.26
7.58-
42.70
50.28
26.23
6.23

AVERAGE
-1349.87
6786.12
1012.79
-1230.10
-1049.19
2049.43
994.87
4.70
3.87
376.25
5436.25
-217.31
17.82
5.84
39.11
44.95
25.69
6.71

STD. DEV.
2992.64
4087.00

994.30
856.08
902.09
18.68
8.89
0.07
0.07
56.42
5167.21
795.68
1.65
6.05
5.93
8.86
0.23
0.11

STD. DEV.
2387.43
3622.77

829.99
763.25
728.95
80.01
38.86
0.20
0.43
60.03
4080.05
586.10
6.97
4.47
5.84
6.76
1.00
0.64

COEF. VAR.
342.36
72.92
51.11
~48.01
-76.96
0.89
0.88
1.50
1.58
14.05
79.76
489.44
13.49
79.78
13.89
17.61
0.89
1.72

COEF. VAR.
-176.86
53.39
81.95
-62.05
-69.48
3.90
3.91
4.21
11.04
15.96
75.05
-269.71
39.13
76.58
14.93
15.04
3.91
9.53

- 127

T11.LO4.SHINE BARN FIELD.SOIL M C II6Z.TILLAGE DEPTH I17.78CM.10/16/85.

MAXIMUM MINIMUM AVERAGE STD. DEV. COEF. VAR.
RIGHT DRAFT (N) 13125.30 '-6600.87 965.30 3506.80 363.29
LEFT DRAFT (N) 12422.90 -16131.10 1758.22 4244.10 241.39
RIGHT LIFT (N) 7034.22 -497.28 2254.77 1296.43 57.50
LEFT LIFT (N) 609.71 -6355.86 -2345.55 912.28 -38.89
TOP TENSION (N) 315.23 -8209.55 -1558.71 1073.47 “68.87
ENGINE RPM' 2162.40 2003.10 2122.68 30.59 1.44
PTO RPM 1049.71 972.38 1030.42 14.86 1.44
HHEEL SPEED (Km/h) 7.25 6.63 7.07 0.11 1.53
GROUND SPEED (Kn/h) 6.47 5.60 6.12 0.18 2.89
TOROUE (N-M) 628.81 187.29 423.91 62.70 14.79
NET DRAFT (N) 14242.40 -13406.60 2723.52 4401.13 161.60
NET LIFT (N) 2658.68 -2738.73 -90.78 895.15 -986.07
SLIPPAGE (X) 21.27 9.55 13.47 2.33 17.29
DRAH POHER (Kw) 25.04 '23.21 4.64 7.46 160.86
PTO POHER (Kw) 68.93 20.40 45.71 6.55 14.34
TOTAL POHER (Kw) 87.84 19.11 50.35 10.43 20.72
DISK SPEED (Km/h) 27.11 25.11 26.61 0.38 1.44
PDV/GS RATIO 4.76 4.15 4.35 0.11 2.62
T1.LO4.SHINE BARN FIELD.SOIL M C =16Z.TILLAGE DEPTH II7.78CM.10/17/85.

MXIMLH MINIMLH AVERAGE STD. DEV. COEF. VAR.
RIGHT DRAFT (N) 9908.52 -6464.35 1645.16 2996.18 182.12
LEFT DRAFT (N) 11730.90 -11272.70 -279.60 3484.47 -1246.22
RIGHT LIFT (N) 5054.65 -1057.97 2599.65 993.78 38.23
LEFT LIFT (N) -64.65 -5089.90 -2952.71 689.15 -23.34
TOP TENSION (N) 1395.83 -5350.45 -1154.74 915.89 -79.32
ENGINE RPM 2178.39 1916.38 2136.05 52.28 2.45
PTO RPM 1057.47 930.28 1036.92 25.36 2.45
HHEEL SPEED (Kn/h) 7.18 6.16 6.95 0.18 2.61
GROUND SPEED (Kn/h) 6.65 5.61 6.31 0.20 3.23
TOROUE (N-M) 671.23 247.06 479.17 73.57 15.35
NET DRAFT (N) 12883.00 -10747.80 1365.55 3920.60 287.11
NET LIFT (N) 1744.07 -2945.30 -353.06 815.92 -231.10
SLIPPAGE (2) 15.10 5.10 9.12 1.89 20.76
DRAH POHER (Kw) 23.57 -19.26 2.43 6.90 284.48
PTO POHER (Kw) 72.96 27.02 51.95 7.54 14.52
TOTAL POHER (Kw) 81.80 21.19 54.38 10.16 18.68
DISK SPEED (Km/h) 27.31 24.03 26.78 0.66 2.45
PDV/GS RATIO 4.46 4.07 4.24 0.08 1.92

128

T3.LOI.(TH10).SHINE BARN FIELD.SOIL M CBI6Z.DEPTH I19.05CM.10/16/85.

RIGHT DRAFT (N)
LEFT DRAFT (N)
RIGHT LIFT (N)
LEFT LIFT (N)

TOP TENSION (N)
ENGINE RPM

PTO RPM

HHEEL SPEED (Kn/h)
GROUND SPEED (Km/h)
TOROUE (N-M)

NET DRAFT (N)

NET LIFT (N)
SLIPPAGE (Z)

0W PWER (Kw)
PTO POHER (Kw)
TOTAL PWER (Kw)
DISK SPEED (Kn/h)
PDV/GS RATIO

MAXIMUM
13553.40
14701.40
4560.10
152.10
938.07
1624.84
788.76
3.17
2.94
509.27
21398.00
1779.41
11.87
16.02
42.02
53.44
20.37
7.67

MINIMUM
-7180.66

-498.36
'5825.30
-6761.24

1595.32

774.43
2.81
2.65

164.15

-8875.01
-2546.11
0.77
'6.93
13.48
9.77
20.00
6.85

AVERAGE
1034.35
4940.90
1471.98

-1896.05
-566.52
1610.21

781.65
2.97
2.78

385.03

5975.25
-424.07
6.35
4.60
31.51
36.12
20.19
7.27

STD. DEV.

3855.96
3304.33
796.66
644.87
741.48
5.54
2.79
0.06
0.06
46.00
5768.69
820.15
2.09
4.44
3.73
6.06
0.07
0.14

COEF. VAR.

372.79
66.88
54.12

-34.01

-130.88
0.34
0.36
2.09
1.99

11.95
96.54
-193.40
32.98
96.55
11.84
16.78
0.34
1.95

129

T4.LO3(TH10).SHINE EARN FIELD.SOIL M CI16Z.DEPTH I15.24CM.10/17/85.

MAXIMUM MINIMUM AVERAGE STD. DEV. COEF. VAR.

RIGHT DRAFT (N) 13547.50 -7816.24 2259.39 3540.24 156.69
LEFT DRAFT (N) 8404.80 -19918.20 -205.91 3701.55 -1797.67
RIGHT LIFT (N) 8010.00 -898.69 2336.48 1015.30 43.45
LEFT LIFT (N) -432.58 -8246.29 -2744.29 698.15 '25.44
TOP TENSION (N) 727.96 -7106.43 -1018.38 818.62 -80.38
ENGINE RPM 1769.38 1535.05 1616.84 61.68 3.81
PTO RPM 858.92 745.17 784.87 29.99 3.82
HHEEL SPEED (Kn/h) 6.24 5.85 6.07 0.06 1.02
GROUND SPEED (Kn/h) 5.89 .5.61 5.76. 0.05 0.95
TOROUE (N-M) 584.46 193.07 411.52 54.85 13.33
NET DRAFT (N) 12980.50 -14718.50 2053.48 4564.54 222.28
NET LIFT (N) 1876.30 -2912.59 -407.81 887.53 '217.63
SLIPPAGE (X) 8.10 2.01 5.09 1.01 19.80
DRAH POHER (Kw) 20.63 ~23.81 3.28 7.31 222.70
PTO POHER (Kw) 47.73 17.17 33.77' 4.30 12.74
TOTAL POHER (Kw) 58.47 3.48 37.05 8.42 22.71
DISK SPEED (Km/h) 22.18 19.24 20.27 0.77 3.82
PDV/GS RATIO . 3.89 3.32 3.52 0.14 3.90

T5.L03.(TH10).SHINE BARN FIELD.SOIL M CII6Z.TILLAGE DEPTH I12.70CM.10/17/85.

MAXIMLH MINIMLH AVERAGE STD. DEV. COEF. VAR.

RIGHT DRAFT (N) 13604.50 -6661.90 3851.77 3574.67 92.81
LEFT DRAFT (N) 14935.10 -13316.30 -1295.31 4527.05 -349.50
RIGHT LIFT (N) 5701.07 -905.07 2759.96 1064.52 38.57
LEFT LIFT (N) 867.00 -5673.37 -3112.49 830.09 -26.67
TOP TENSION (N) -14.96 -4457.45 -1251.77 758.35 -60.58
ENGINE RPM 1653.14 1602.09 1625.07 9.79 0.60
PTO RPM 802.49 777.71 788.87 4.74 0.60
HHEEL SPEED (Km/h) 6.34 5.72 6.11 0.14 2.28
GROUND SPEED (Kn/h) 6.01 5.41 5.79 0.14 2.42
TOROUE (N-M) 655.80 100.52 411.35 65.55 15.94
NET DRAFT (N) 20882.60 -15435.00 2556.46 5693.47 222.71
.NET LIFT (N) 2609.45 -3670.68 '352.53 996.40 '282.64
SLIPPAGE (Z) 8.08 2.44 5.24 1.02 19.41
DRAH POHER (Kw) 32.85 -25.63 4.06 9.12 224.50
PTO POHER (Kw) 54.29 8.34 33.97 5.34 15.73
TOTAL POHER (Kw) 74.18 6.13 38.03 9.76 25.67
DISK SPEED (Kn/h) 20.73 20.09 20.37 0.13 0.63

PDV/GS RATIO 3.81 3.37 3.52 0.10 2.81

130
T6.LO4(TH10).SHINE BARN FIELD.SOIL M C II6Z.DEPTH I12.7CM.10/17/85.

MAXIMUM MINIMUM AVERAGE STD. DEV. COEF. VAR.

RIGHT DRAFT (N) 15739.30 -6040.95 4032.42 3856.30 95.63
LEFT DRAFT (N) 15818.10 -38641.00 -3496.83 4914.92 '140.55
RIGHT LIFT (N) 9289.61 -458.91 3123.66 1203.80 38.54
LEFT LIFT (N) 667.89 -12698.20 -3541.02 1014.46 '28.65
TOP TENSION (N) 1388.33 -13455.00 '1824.48 1093.65 -59.94
ENGINE RPM 1638.99 1592.25 1611.36 9.39 0.58
PTO RPM 795.63 772.94 782.21 4.64 0.59
HHEEL SPEED (Km/h) 8.59 7.48 8.15 0.22 2.68
GROUND SPEED (Kn/h) 8.09 7.07 7.73 0.20 2.60
TOROUE (N-M) 586.39 17.62 424.44 60.66 14.29
NET DRAFT (N) 22571.30 -29612.10 535.59 5012.06 935.80
NET LIFT (N) 1993.26 -3503.99 -417.36 984.84 -235.97
SLIPPAGE (Z) 7.40 2.82 5.25 0.75 14.25
DRAH POHER (Kw) 49.54 -65.15 1.13 10.77 950.88
PTO POHER (Kw) 47.98 1.44 34.76 4.91 14.13
TOTAL POHER (Kw) 77.89 -42.31 35.89 11.18 31.15
DISK SPEED (Km/h) 20.55 19.96 20.20 0.12 0.61
PDV/GS RATIO 2.83 2.50 2.62 0.07 2.75

T7.LO4.(TH10).SHINE BARN FIELD.SOIL M CI16Z.DEPTH I12.7CM.10/I7/85

MAXIMU‘I MINIMU‘I AVERAGE STD. DEV. COEF. VAR.

RIGHT DRAFT (N) 19420.50 -5319.60 4411.06 4128.46 93.59
LEFT DRAFT (N) 9257.67 -20126.70 -5062.72 5158.50 -101.89
RIGHT LIFT (N) 7899.76 -1022.00 3268.23 1300.92 39.81
LEFT LIFT (N) 387.99 ~7143.87 -3747.43 879.61 -23.47
TOP TENSION (N) 1966.15 -4720.10 -1339.09 1046.85 ~78.18
ENGINE RPM 1673.43 1563.34 1614.50 31.48 1.95
PTO RPM 812.35 758.90 .783.74 15.32 1.95
HHEEL SPEED (Km/h) 8.35 7.40 7.90 0.23 2.96
GROUND SPEED (Km/h) 8.02 6.98 7.52 0.24 3.22
TOROUE (N-M) 725.21 218.13 467.70 83.08 17.76
NET DRAFT (N) ' 21531.80 -14639.50 -651.65 6308.76 -968.12
NET LIFT (N) 4000.88 -3839.34 -479.19 1265.85 -264.16
SLIPPAGE (Z) 7.84 2.55 4.91 0.87 17.72
0W PNER (Kw) 42.38 -31.28 -1.46 13.19 -903.02
PTO PNER (Kw) 59.94 18.04 38.41 7.00 18.22
TOTAL POHER (Kw) 85.53 -6.32 36.95 13.79 37.33
DISK SPEED (Kn/h) 20.98 19.60 20.24 0.39 1.95

PDV/GS RATIO 2.96 2.50 2.70 0.12 4.29

T1.LOI.SHINE BARN FIELD.SOIL M C =16Z.TILLAGE DEPTHI21.59CM.10/16/85.

RIGHT DRAFT (N)
LEFT DRAFT (N)
RIGHT LIFT (N)
LEFT LIFT (N)

TOP TENSION (N)
ENGINE RPM

PTO RPM

HHEEL SPEED (Km/h)
GROUND SPEED (Km/h)
TOROUE (N-M)

NET DRAFT (N)

NET LIFT (N)
SLIPPAGE (Z)

DRAH POHER (Kw)
PTO POHER (Kw)
TOTAL PNER (Kw)
DISK SPEED (Km/h)
PDV/GS RATIO

MAXIMUM
20810.30
14676.30
3886.85
46.29
953.08
1976.04
561.61
2.14
1.98
592.18
33725.60
2436.08
16.82
17.61
34.00
47.62
14.50
8.24

T2.LOI.SHINE BARN FIELD.SOIL M C

RIGHT DRAFT (N)
LEFT DRAFT (N)
RIGHT LIFT (N)

LEFT LIFT (N)

_TOP TENSION (N)
ENSINE RPM

PTO RPM

HHEEL SPEED (Km/h)
SROUND SPEED (Km/h)
TOROUE (N-M)

NET DRAFT (N)

NET LIFT (N)
SLIPPASE (X)

DRAH POHER (Kw)

PTO POHER (Kw)
TOTAL POHER (Kw)
DISK SPEED (Km/h)
PDV/GS RATIO

MAXIMUM
14580.20
18146.80
3780.74
385.12
555.36
2011.10
571.58
2.16
1.96
613.39
23848.30
2054.93
17.57
11.68
35.57
43.81
14.76
8.62

131

MINIMUM
-7507.49
3084.12
-388.39
-2515.78
-4007.20
1926.22
547.45
1.83
1.72
339.60
'2611.32
-1487.42
-0.40
-1.31
19.83
20.53
14.14
7.28

MINIMUM
-5170.03
4297.48
-365.54
-2282.76
-2956.61
1937.90
550.77
1.87
1.67
291.40
1415.99
-1153.39
0.47
0.73
17.23
22.23
14.22
7.47

AVERAGE
2541.66
10005.40
1432.15
-1106.98
'395.97
1952.71
554.98
2.02
1.86
476.31
12547.10
325.18
8.15
6.47
27.68
34.15
14.33
7.73

AVERAGE
-112.90
12056.20
634.38
-799.78
-1158.89
1977.17
561.93
2.01
1.82
427.78
11943.30
-165.40
9.51
6.03
25.16
31.19
14.51
7.99

STD. DEV.
5051.23
2291.48

841.74
547.31
497.18
11.30
3.15
0.05
0.05
39.95
5638.15
668.25
3.12
2.92
2.29
3.70
0.08
0.21

=16Z.TILLAGE DEPTH I21.59CM.10/16/85.

STD. DEV.
3404.66
2700.88

871.65
556.76
586.52
14.69
4.12
0.05
0.05
54.24
3513.07
519.43
3.18
1.78
3.07
3.75
0.11
0.23

COEF. VAR.

198.74
22.90
58.77

-49.44

-125.56
0.58
0.57
2.61
2.84
8.39

44.94

205.50
38.23
45.15

8.29
10.83
0.58
2.71

COEF. VAR.

-3015.67
22.40
137.40
-69.61
-50.61
0.74
0.73
2.72
3.01
12.68
29.41
-314.05
33.43
29.50
12.18
12.02
0.72
2.93

132

L03.(TH10).PTO DISENGAGED.SHINE BARN FIELD.M CII6Z.DEPTH I5.08CM.10/17/85.

RIGHT DRAFT (N)
LEFT DRAFT (N)
RIGHT LIFT (N)
LEFT LIFT (N)

TOP TENSION (N)
ENGINE RPM

PTO RPM

HHEEL SPEED (Km/h)
GROUND SPEED (Km/h)
TOROUE (N-M)

NET DRAFT (N)

NET LIFT (N)
SLIPPAGE (X)

DRAH POHER (Kw)
PTO PNER (Kw)
TOTAL POHER (Kw)
DISK SPEED (Km/h)
PDV/GS RATIO

MAXIMUM
8475.38
16758.90
2064.95
1681.68
-7841.84
2212.22
0.00
5.09
4.28
0.00
16796.60
80.25
23.10
19.36
0.00
19.36
4.28
1.00

MINIMUM
-4704.90
' 873.45
T2048.79
-2176.64
12554.50
2075.68
0.00
4.72
3.68
0.00
1134.19
-2562.05
11.91
1.26
0.00
1.26
3.68
1.00

AVERAGE
464.82
10446.50
-874.24
'227.18
-9765.09
2139.10
0.00
4.86
3.91
0.00
10911.30
-1101.42
19.55
11.88
0.00
11.88
3.91
1.00

STD. DEV.
2210.55
2624.52

554.31
549.26
793.13
46.04
0.00
0.10
0.12
0.00
2842.87
552.99
1.77
3.19
0.00
3.19
0.12
0.00

COEF. VAR.
475.57
25.12
-63.41
-241.77
-8.12
2.15
0.00
2810
3.07
0.00
26.05
-50.21
9.05
26.84
0.00
26.84
3.07
0.00

APPENDIX E

133

APPENDIX E : RAW DATA PRINTOUT

The printout shows the anerical values of the parameters instrunented.

These values were collected in ASCII code, then converted into Voltages
and finally into the present form using the calibration response

equat ions .

The negative horizontal force values indicate that the implenent was
pushing the tractor 3-point-hitch in the direction of travel and the

positive values indicate that the implanent was pulling on the
3—point-hitch; in the opposite direction to forward travel.

Negative vertical forces indicate that the implanent was pushing the '
tractor 3-point-hitch vertically upwards and positive vertical forces
indicate that the tractor 3-point-hitch was pushing the implement
vertically downwards; aiding penetration.

Negative Pro torque indicates that the torqueneter was loaded in the
opposite operating rotational direction during calibration. The

negative sign is software corrected and should be ignored.

134

In the printout:
Channel 1 was Right Horizontal Force (N)
Channel 2 was Left Horizontal Force (N)
Channel 3 was Right VErtical Force (N)
Channel 4 was Left vertical Force (N)

Channel 5 was Top Link Force (N)
Engine Speed (RPM)
Rear Wheel Speed (Km/h)

Rront Wheel (Ground) Speed (Km/h)

Channel 6 was
Channel 8 was

Channel 9 was

%%%%%%%%%

Channel 10 was PTO Torque (Nm)

There were 19 sudh printouts for the field tests carried out and

Appendix D lists the analytical summary of these tests.

 

ELE

 

flLo§5 ELJ___ELJ___EL:

4

 

an umuuuuw .«mnnmnnnuwnng 23 qunnau ounsannn an «nnsvmuumunnunmmmnzmaunusnnu»

55 I9 731 mmw wmmmmm mmmwmm mmmmS zqu mwmmqnu44mwwmuum mmmmm4mmm4mm4

msaflfl . 3% “$5.
N:M””W9Nflflflfl”fln”11Mflwnnnn8nfl8W9”nnfl87wnflnnfiuv9”HH”M“§W”NN”QW”9”9HM5§W%

000000000000000000 0000000a...IIOOOOOOODOOOOIOOOOCOO000.0.no. 0.00.0.0...
1151554.“..18155155815553.8.155.11153.18.8....1515555551551555515515551'.Chin-15814855153

2505'”
SIS
SIS

404

469

M” MMMWWMMNWMMMWMuuuflnflflwvflufluflnnwnuflnMMWMMMNNMMMWWMNNWMMMWHN6wnnflwwunnfin

211.222222461-1.222222461.22222211122222111222222I.11222222111222221L122222211¢12

Mfiu2MQMunflflwnnflflfinflnflflfla” MMMMHRSNZZ «M6Rn4flunw M$n7nnuflnnwflflflmnunmuflfln7$$m

mmm mmwmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

515m51515111151558.511085115115110818.5151555551fi85151115!55510.815511515111551

WM”? 7:nvflnnnn ownflvfl6uflnnu1 fifl “N533Nfiflnflflflfl0 fifl9 .nnnuflnflnflnn

.nvnusmnnmm a
SWISS...“ ASSESS IIIIIIIIIIIISIII ISISIISISIIIISSS

4m... 0.... ..5 .

a”? m:”fl u4mfl 6fiusmnunuUVHNNNM9 3w M3599$w3Ma6n2 ZnMaflamn398 30% W62 Zawuuwwsnn

3
on
mmmImmIIIIWIMI www.mmmmmmmIIImmmII IAMImmmImmmm mmmmm mmmIImmm mmmmmmmmmmmI

115215515511511151115Sal-1.51.34.61.54... 543454.45 45414844455450.5411.

MEWW8M3 msmufi BMMMRSM6 ”NMMQMHMH .muw2 “M583 9n2fieufln6m 956$735Mwn$6Mvfiwn3$WWm

mmm% mmm mmmmmfi Psmwm mISmmmmmmummm IImmmmmmwmm mmm% mmmmmmmmmwmmm mmmmmmM

”18811! :11!!!

SMMM4 “$36 7unflflnummuu7 ”MNB9 “Mumflflnnmnwamflnufl“NWMONHMHfiaNMNNMIUNNM1 ““1 MNMHHM

mmwmmmmmmmmmmmmg 25mmmm mmmam7qsmmwmmmoIImqunmsavm mmmummmmmmg mmw

0“! 90°09 name-5002215001.. 500” 554800” 200 0582iom05
48881 11‘. 1085 5.511188588555188 1188 4.818855 55111153515551.8111!

WMNN7HNN2NI 3w$fl2flwn252 2m neuwnflflflQNNBWflaman9 fifl2 omaflflflflwnoamaflmwfi0§MMMN30

wmm mmnmnnmammmnm :mm :mwm m% mmmoImmmuuum mmmmmm 2mm MMMIIII II AmmeImw

135

 

.4” omvzmnumnuuu an .Snm7unumunvuunnumnuuw « u unmnsuunumuwmauunauu a n
9

”SIM; I ”5 8 7 ("$.6me nIflflIM 6 6 ItonnmlI nmmmm ”I8mmgmm
mImm IIIImmmmIIIIIIImIIw IIIIIIIIIM IIII IIMIIIIIIIIIIIIImmeMM IIIIIIIIIWIIIIIIIIIInmfi

wnnewvnnM m:flw Inn6 ”MWWMMMMMOMMW9”MMMMWWMMM6MMMMW9M6 6nflflwwnn9 Mun? 7n9M6 MRMWWMMMMMMMW$9M9MM

.25 9 6 8 4 77 2 4 2 5 6 3 26571.26 658 I66 1.566176
.00M0u9M0M0M00ufinfl”MMWMHUNMHOMfl”“MNWMMMMWHOWNMOMOM“M9 MMMMWMIMNNOOOOII9NWMOIOUI99 .JJIOII9

mmmnmm.fl...aamMJmmnummnmmammamamaamum..Mmmmm..aammmmmummsas ...mm.ammmmmxmmmxnmmmmmmmmm..
"mmmmmvwmmmmmnnmmmmmmmnmmmwmmmmvmmummnmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmnmmmu“waMMHM99mmammmmmm mm mmmm

51855111111151.5151 11115551515115115151115551155155118.151518511115155.15115.5511115515511111.

..mmmnmmandmInnemmmMmewmmnmm.m.mmmmmmmmmmmmmu.mmanaammwnmmuwammmzmmm.mmmmmmmmnmmmm.nmummI
.S44m mmmwm4 ammm.aammwmmmmwmm «MMM4awm44m M4MMI 44% «4m.4«4« 4 4M4 4ww444w4 « «wmww4.44wmmm

 

 

 

 

 

”ddmamu4mmmmmnmmafimam.ummmmnmmnmmmmuma.“mauammnamsmmammmmmmamww.mm.MMJJmmmmummm7vIMJnma
IImmIIMWHIWIIIIIIIIIIWIIIWWIIIIIIIWWIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIWMIIIWII.IIIIWIIIIIIIIIII mmIIIIII

all... 11m1651815844 . 1.64-4.84".
. . .

.I.IIIIIII.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII..IIII..I.IIIIIIIIIII..IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIIII
“mmmmmmmmwm ”III”;ImImIMMImIIImImImummmm mmIIIIm mmmmm mmmmmmmI IIIImmmmmm xm mmmmmmmIImm II

.1111... 222 8.2.1.4.... 161661.11. 1.11.1.6...” 1.8.8... 2 9.1.8...“ 146114686818 81.1.2 1.1.1...

.wuflflnaflflnMMDZflSNMM wannwwwannuflfl ":9Nflaflflfiflflfiu mawwasunnvma W7 M:n2 4”“33fifl9a828u “Nflflflmnmo

hum WWMImmmmmmmImImmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmrm... mmmmmmm mmmwmwmmmmmm Iwmm Immmmammmmmmmmm

mummummmmmamammmam.xnmmm.am4m4&m.. ..mammeu...m..mmaa..smmJ.nmnwamanmunmnnmmmfimmuaunma.fi
. may 577 I II7 IIu7 n wmnn7 nun" «I azuu «unuu n annuuo7um In
2wmasmunm mmmwzmMM7mfi %m nnmmn IIInzmmmImamIIveuI mucuMMSwwwmmmmmmwwwfimammmmmmmqmama an

136

E!

a a an 9
44444144 mmmwmnm.m «mmnmmmmummmmmwmmammwmnwmmmmmmmw4mmfl mmmmnmmm .44 44mmwwmmmmm 444444444

"mufiflnuflflflflmmnflnnflww”fluflnmwwm9flnnfiflmmflNflflflwwwnnfluflWWflflN6&uwwflnnfl Iflflwvfl Mfiflnflflwflflflfluflflvflfinfi

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC ...IIICOOCIOICCCCUOO......CCCCUCOI.......CCICI...
.114446114611‘1‘1411 114.04."!!!4611114‘4-“1‘1‘61111414611111664‘11‘41411411466114.6461411411111111114-I

_«m2uunn2vunnnuaununaunnnnn .9amaanuanm. .mmunmummmumnw nu annvznvnunaaunannumnamnmnnwumanm

04492627 235589362496 48 273 2496 49 6 579
.WOOOflOWO9 MOflOWUflflfi00000019WM0MONIN9”“nowlflflflfin0fl0”I””“IMOWOB9MMM0“OUMMWflN“0”HM9”"MOOO%9

.Ia 22222224112229.2224]: 29.22222146222222214622222244]41222222II1.2222222422222222112222221141222224.:cl

.Suflu7 4””4flufiunwfiw39"flflflwuflmnflv4 2:53 :fl ”Nflz flownwmwsnannflwswz mmusnsmnznsnnflflunfiflNflflflfl”nus

.mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmm 9mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm9999mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

.II. {1461411111116'5‘1 1111441114614611111111‘11111114‘11111411111 4114141611‘61‘11111141111114.!!!

mu.mmnmmmmmmmmnmum
44444.$ $4 4444

“40454.11

namu1
444444444444444444444444444444444 “4.4.44 4444 44444444444444.4444 4444

'277161

 

 

 

 

 

”44444444..4444444444....44444444441444444444.444.4444444444.4444444444444444444444444414
,1”Hmz1mmmmmWMM1mmummmmmnm m111m1144mmmummmmmmmmmmmmmmwmwmmmmm1wum111mmmmm1..111mmmzzmmm

muwnuanuv onuvnznunma9wuuuunan

mnu .mu
.444444 4444mm 444 4mmm mmmm 11444.44” W444 $44444441mmmmmmmmufim1m1444114mmmmmmm 44444 4444

I‘m‘allZIlilmcllu‘l'IMI-o '64-. wz44114411111411mu12 n46“26!‘4241mm2¢ln“1

unmwuu Nfim«Nfinefln9fl6N5505365MMfl6nSflnunflanmnu an

wmuz zmwanmaavuuunwmaanununum 1mnmnmn ...
CI 1232 8‘71 42 93 ‘2 3
4mm411m14444mmm mmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmm% 4444444444

man
m1mmm1m1mmmmm mmmmmm mmmnmmm mmmmmmmm

.46

.6 6fiflaflu4nwuw$7vnn2wfl9$§ng RZHMMuwflfievuw6ufluz OMW$8M6Q7 4:Wfim MNfiu$$fln7u2n5K5Mwfi7 u

4444
.mmmmmma41zya1mzmm11114mm4wmm 4%MM44414M1.4141wmmafimmmmummmumn1.1mgm1mwmmmmmmwmmmmmm

.1.11

137

.u .m wmmmmmu.mmmmamnmummnasnmamuamuunnmmmmmmmmmnmaunmmmwmmamauMJaumx. .Ammmammnmummmmmmmmm
fiwm mwfi .444 WM44mmnmm mmmwafi 4mwmmwmammm44mmmammNM4mmaaaam4wmmmwm mamM4 mmw4M4 mmamfl 4mwwmfl

3
III
C
. 3
all
5
c

”m

awWflflfiflflflmflvn9fiunflwvflflumwflflwnflnuflflw fl:nmflwwfl fl”fifl7flfiflfinnmwvvnflnmflueflnflnwflmv6NHflflmflnwmnw7m

0000000000 00000000000 OOOIOOIIOOIOOOOOI IIIII 900000.000 000000000000 000 00000000000000000
.L‘111‘11‘1!II‘8‘!!!IllI‘ll-Ill]...ll.1‘11‘l1111!!l1!51111.008185201116185‘511L‘1‘151111511‘11111LL11111‘11‘

. 56° 2267 ‘6 427, 2‘, 7‘ 28 -17 06 6 5 7166 3‘
”mmo8lunnn585nunu89””000“0”% 8”0”8”””"“““8”9”””8M0 " ”5n8"0””%”W0“-”fl%9”fl“°"””9n"“8”!”9 on."
C C . . . . . ..... . . . . O C . .................. . . . C . . . . ' l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......
2.6222222111222222...11222222152222211122222III. L222n‘o22122222222112222211111222266051In2222201666522,

“11.111111..1.114111..1111111damnnmmmnmpam.11.1111..211111.J1411n1111 1111111111111111111

_mmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmNM4 mumnmmmmnnmmmmnmmmamnmmumommmvmmmmnmnmmmw

111mm5:1111111111111185111‘1Iii-“IIIin.“18.-II.”1110-III1M!511111115151‘115111111118-08515.8]IllII1“!11111‘

.mflnz “M 3N2 mum.uufln3fiufiInwfln“293V“H“Mflflfiflfifl“flflflflflnfl$7finnfl“BNHBEnunnnuflufln7nfiflflu

. .unmw a
.111111111mm1mm11111111111 11111111 1111 1111111% 111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111

. 2.1 c - alga-Ill. . Ill nun-4616.54.41 . III-all . .

myuwmmamma&mmmzmsm..u..Man.mnuummm&m&mnwnnuammmama.mmmmmaxmnnnmam..mmmum..amumaamm....mu
nmmqm1111mmmmm WM1ummmmmmfi mmmmmqm :nmwmmvmmm mmmfl m:mmmm :mm mummmmmmmmmammmmmmm3mmmmmmwww

mill.- Cllloll . . anal-limo - 8.65.- . din-00.518.61.01! 4.8.66". . q - cuddled-lama!

~14
-11s

Zflanwnnanvnuau mnwfifl 2mxan3fl06nM5u6 “Nanflwuuflaowsu7numnna7flwm“3&8M7fiuulm n36 Mflmwuuwz BBQ um

mmmmmmmmmmm m1”mmmmmmmwmmmmwmmmmmmmmmmmmm1mmmmmmmm1ammmmnmmzmnmm mmmummnnmnwmm111m mmmn

«Illa-In mzz1fi 116.1116.- CIIIIIII 111 16511 211555215521n1m 2122

anuvo zavnnwnun :wnan was«unmaanmsnuoanwonoanumnunma2mdmmmm..ma..mamammmmwmmaAJm..a..v

mmmmmmuu1mmmmmmmuwm mmmm mms% mmmmmmmm mnmz11mmmmmmmm1no1mm mmmouunmm11211mmmmmmm

GIG-Ill 111 118-....

111111111mmmm3111111111% 11mmmnmumnmmmamammm1aa11..1111111111

mezwwmmvwmmmmnaa :mmmwmmwmmmm m:wm mm owwwfl .mmmmmmm mmmmmm1mmmmmmmmmmwmmmmmm wnmmmmmmm

79187
7'34
98
79
99
32
J59
59
13
28
9Q
68
77
89
362
117
6878
61
39
56

 

In . 334‘51muun “émclal

138

M” ”9 nn9mnflaflnwn!””flflH3N0fluflflnnflfl9nQWHMM “fin.

M n”
444444444 44 44 444 $4 444444444444444444 44444444 :44 .4444444 4444444444444

n:unwanwnnIMW9”n“M6539”HMMNWN9NNENWUN&flnflwvflN nuuawnnnan67 9nnuflMWW9HNMMSW9flNMfl6N9 ”unwwm

onto-000000000000 0000000 0000.00000000000coo-000.000Clo.-o03000000000000.0000000000000.
L1%‘!‘l¢llllllll10‘!11“1!1!1!11!111'51'0‘“11111“111|l“0111“1ll!“1l‘!‘11111!!1‘1l1‘11!1‘!1

.muu zuvmuunnummanmam..

I.

6 6 22‘, 6 7 235 2 “7 II -55 0. l ‘ 7 3‘ ‘557- 3. -2257 ,6 -2“
.
234..I.012222211‘2222241454822222211122222n‘o‘o 1222222211412222211122222221512222222462222222241302222

w1706uflflfl7flflfluufl2nsnz SNHMMN6NRMNMW3M4WN$93$M$n$66mMNMMM$NSWufl$3no flflfl§5a2mNfl$5$v§5W2nfiflun

mmmmmmmmmmmmmm m:mmmmmmmm mmnmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmnmnmmmmmmmmmmmmnmmwnmummmmmmmmmmummmmv9m

I}!1“!11‘11I"111‘1‘1‘II'I1‘011111.51(III-I1!!!11111111111111.01111‘1‘!1111!11‘!1!1111!‘111‘111‘

444444.44444..4444444444444444444444444444444444444. 94444444444444444444444444»...4444
a 07 N7 7w 7w u 27 «777507 a s a u9ww
.4444444444 44444444444MMM444444444mm4m.4444444 444444444444444-444444444mm444444444444mm

44474...94maxm..mmaammnmmm.mm3Ja ..mmmuammmmaa..mmmmmmammammm.a..mmmmmmmummmmmwummmmmmau
4 -4---44444444444444444444444-44444-444.-4-..444444,4444444444444444444444444444444444

nuflawnufl4v3 4““5H5anwflnnMaaMuu M ”a9flfi535fl6 MflMMmM$&n6 «$5M834n6 3muu” .uwuflnu

4 4 4 44. 4
444444 444444444 4444 444444mmmmmmm mmmmmmmmm. .444444444444 444444434,4.444444444744m444mmmmmm

2481.1 III-ll II ”a... 124846222

4444444444444444444..44444...444444444444944444444444444444444444444444444..4444....444
44.444444444444444 -Mummm---mm-.444 -4 mmmmmm4 “mmmmmmm444-444-4444M4444 3444-..-..4444444
4444444..44444444..4444444442444... 444444..44424444444..44.4444444444444.444..444444444

M6 “mum M7m” u 6n 211 l6”3 2 3 on 1 W 14
3.4.4444 4444.4... ...4 4444444444944 4444444444. 44.44.444.44.4 4444444444.... 4.444444444444444 mum... mmmmmm444

139

 

Mannvflfluuflmm .flmflflflnnnmvww Mvflnmflflfiflsuufiummmmmm M

um. nuammn nammunm man as
444444444444444444444 44 4% 4444444444444444444 444444443 $444444444444444 «m M44444

9nufieflflnnfluflflmwm”83mmOWflnflnflwv9fiflflfiflfln6nnfluflnflnsflmWWMnumflfl”9fiflflflw flflh"&fl$flhfiflflflflfl6fiflflfiflfifi

6 9 7 22 8 3 65 .l 6 -45 893 2 57. 3- I. 4.57 126 -‘45793 11
91 9 Mflflwounflflnfluflfl“MNMWMMWWM9 MOOWOHIHRWMMOWIM9NOOOMOO1W n0M00u11 OM00-”110”0000|01%WM10

mmmmmmmmmmmmmm 44W44444444444441114444444444444414444444444444444444444441144444444444444

1l1‘1‘!1.0.11.11w11111!"!!!‘0l‘Clo1.50-51111.51‘1111111!i1!‘11110-51.51.511‘1‘11111111111 ‘i‘l‘t‘llil‘

5%6unnn2vwmwwwnuwnflaflnwnan“7NZMWmRN9WMH6$MNMHflM$MflfiMfl4fl7 523% n:wflfln2uumw7 “956&&9n&unm

41444144414 44444444444 444444444. 44:444 44444444144444441444444 44444444 .444444444144444m

in asawuwmeflnuwunsnum9 fl:fluv$fl 2“finuum“NW9a”lwnawanmnwnufluflnflflaflwafl ”9“ :m 84 4flfifimmw3mwm

4:444 44444111144444 4444444444444mm44444444444444444444wfi 34 444m4M4441.1111.41

614.144.1614... 11445411114614]! . .4.

~8642
-743
-108990
178
9660
:750
'892
-834
:8“

42““418“%m0finnunnwwflWflswnv9NNflfl44:w“fl aflwwawwfluflfln7fiu9 4n7flflnflflnwfl2 fluwavuflMJNNMHHNMMflfl

mmm44444444114fimmmmmmmm411mm1w1441144444411444144444144444444444444444144444414444444m4

1614...!!! ““24... 111... 4.02

M:“an 65$n8n6 4&fl7flflflg 4mflmmmmfiflflflwmflwflmmnaNfl9 NR3flflfl”flMNfl««flflNflflwwfiflM WNNflmflflaflNm$2 7%MWM

44444444444441mmmm14444444411144444144411411mm1uu4441 mmmmmmm1m144gm mmmmmmmmmmmmm1mmm

1.09 46‘ 6%.:9004101! 001 4110012 10012 21.21 9114]
14.. 1.64611416141116111111111 46141164]1.4111414114114114!telltalmu‘lclilllol 411'
swan .mmmmmmaxmmmuw unnuwnuammma mwuusnuo azus nummnmnmauvmano «nunz unonwmnanmxmn aammw

. nwa
4m4mmmm mu4oummmmmmmmmmmmm 44444m4n14m4 mmmam4mmmfi :mm mm

21112111 . 3 4.1 ”0124.5 . .M
411116-61

-2705
'3335
-26344
'26915
'2693
-2$12
-2991
-33601
-1649
'36242
'28210
'2250
'1612
'5404
'325
-1 945
- 4
2393
-144
12600
2452
7
2172

140

Mmnanusnnwwzuumuummnnanno any”
71

«qqflmmwwnmmmwm mwsmm :mm

anam a 2m uuwazuu a am «nun»

JJJJ J JJJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJ . JJ JJ.
4.. 2,4- 31.]... I. ’14 ’6‘ a... ‘ :0 7 ‘ In a, 6
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ .JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ

ell. i1‘!‘11“111‘11111!11‘!1!111111-IIIIIIIIIIII-O11IIII'IIIIII11‘11!1!1111I!!!0111!...11‘11'I11'O11111‘1111111

.3312‘ 5892 2“6-2‘”2|¢‘67°“”°2“I¢ 257‘ 6-24‘72‘ 111276 12‘?! 66-24600

.JJJJJJmmz JJJJJmMMJJJJJJJ.JJJJJJJJ..JJJJMMMMJJJJ.JJJJJJJJMMJJJJJm.mJJJJJmanJJJJMJJJJJJJJ

.2£2114L2222211.2222222411222222 4.1122222411122221122222214122221141422227.454111222221140229.2952

0-58,

aBfluuflfl3ua3$NWWMSNNN6N2NNNH33382 Mflfluuflfl7WNNNHMvn2finuna3 flwv9flaflfl nvflvnnfla2flmuflufi2 2nuaun

mmammmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmuanmmmmnm«mmmmmmmmmmnmmnmmmmnmmmmmmmmmnmmmmnmmmmmmmmmnmmmmmmm

.1it!!‘l‘!‘11!!11!'IC‘II'IIIII-l'l11111‘O‘l‘6111‘111‘111111!!1!!I11!1111‘1l1l!111‘011‘1‘11!1111‘1Ill

.JJJJJ.J JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ.JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ....JJJJJJ..JJJJJJJJ..JJJ.JJJJJJJJJJJ.JJJJJ...
NJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJomJJJJJJJJJJJ ... JJJ7JJ355JJJJJJJJ .JJJJJJJJJJJfi J. JJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJ

4Lnfifi unwfl"flan”MfiflneumwmnWRSflMZwnflwflnflflmuw ”$5347

73
«lo
.......................... . . O C . . C U C . C I . . C O C . C C C
1
6
.

JJmmszJJJJJJJJJJJJJ .JJJJHJJJJJJ--JJJJJ.J- J

”awn Zflmuvfl flnfl6329$mw ”wwwnflm

......J... ......JJJJJJJJJJ. ..

121
I6
109
982
43
74
14
29
12
72

14.04... ..Ilal. .4... .1.

.3mfiflflfiflamflflflfivnaflflnwflfi WM“ vfln3$7nflvflw9$w3$awfiflufi4flflwnflfl0flfinnsufinflnufluvflnmnflfl$W6Mfiflfl“a

J..-JJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJHJJJ.....JstJJJJ9JJHJJJJJms---JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ..

‘4‘”!!! ‘0 1111 111 1 111 1111 I‘ll...

.wnflaa7M5fiNfifl9 85fl7flofififlfluwflNINNN“an”manmuuwunnaauomoumflflflaflflflsufi afiflflmflflfiufl wawnmmuwnu&wnw

......JJJJJJJ .JJJJJJJJJLJ J... LJJJJJ... ....JJJJJJ... J. ...J..JJJJJ.J ......J J.

.1}... 1‘I‘C‘O‘I'I‘a‘oum‘lllIII-l‘1!!!1111‘1111!!11111111! Ill-ll 1‘11m1‘ ‘14-...- 1‘01

:flflfi :9 mnauwnauvswnnflflumnufi7 ”m3w4 :nufl ”3M5flumwv9ua2fl6flWMum0wwnun3 mmwmw98 3 flswu2 «Mwm4 u“

.JJJJJJ.JJJJJJMJJJJJJ.JJJJ .. J... J. ......J... .-JJMJJJJJ ...... J...

'2!2
-210

NH

flnflwuflnflflfi3 M529933306nnufiflfifl2flumnuW3an ZImmMm

wwwm.wm«mmm. wwmwwmmwmmm.w4m M4 wmmmmmmmwmmmm9

NMMWW9finnIINfl nnnfluwmfl fiIIflIW9fiIuflwwflflfl“IIW9nvnnI6IflnflIH7awnflInIW9n7 ”III16NIm6UflBNNfiMNMAmm

..... o00000090000.no09000000000000000000000000000000000...0.0000000000000000...on.
11111‘1!‘111114l-11111141111111!!!‘I‘ll-01130410....01I‘11'l111III-01!!!!!‘111111!!!11‘11‘I‘1111!!!!111‘1'

.476 9:2,
'47. . 7!
4QJ'
476.4,
'4”

'5” o 0‘

gmmvmnnuauuammun
an .7 m 999 a4 94usw9nmaumm94
mmm. mm mwmémm »% «7 .mwmw444wq44444«mw

nwwnnuuvnuflMflflfluunfluflMflww uuflnnflnn6nfinflflufl6WWHNHu uuflmnuNN%WWMWWWflfl%MMMMfl%6NMMflflnflnunuw

inalzzzzzzlola3222222I.4.5222222112222221!46462222341461.2222III-41412222313222233112.4522}!Inclz2224141122224:

anu2fivn3flvng 36 .36MmMNNIHI6 “Nuauufl6 6Nu6uunaauuuflflfivamI2 7MB£7N3 BN9fl6nqufiMw36 vvflv6v4 flflwvs

m mmmmmmmmmmM4 mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmm9mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

1111!!"!11I‘1In...II!III'III'IIIIIICIIIQIIIO.‘1!:11111‘1‘11111!1‘11‘11i‘11111111111‘l1111‘11111‘!i1111111‘

9.999999999999999999..9999994999999999994999.9999999999999999999949999949999999999999999
mummmmmmm9 mam mm9mm99mn9$ mmmwmamu99999m9mm9m 9m9m9mmmmm9mumw9mwumammm m9999mmmmm mmmmm 999
..9994999999999999999994999949999999999949999999.9994999994949999499944.4499999999999999
mWM9WWWM99nmm99mmm99m9.9“ mmnmmmwwmmwwmmeW9mmmM4wm mmmwmmn44wwnmmmummm mmm.mmwmmnmmmmmmm

99w999m mmmwmmmmmm mmmmummwmmm maw9e9mmmm mmwmmmmmmmmmmmmmmw mm 2mmwmmmummmmmmmm mmmmmm mmmmmmm9m m

11111m1!12 1164-. IIIJ IIIIIIIIIIIII-oa 223 IIIIIIII 4114114111

mmmn namunnnw ”547n7nnuumnaannznnmwmnuwo unnfiunnnnuuuu7 9:nmw snuvsaumnnauumnnwm7 7anammm..ann
:8

m“ m6flnnw7 .flMflEM3flu .Sfin3fl3flflflfluflflflflwflflfiflflflflflmmflmwwnmaflwmwflnwmINMNIIIIINNNIIWINImaflnflfllflmfi

mmmmmmmmmmmmm mamm999mmmmnnzmmmmm9MMMMMWM9mmHzmmmammmmmmmmmmmmm m99mm9 9MMMWM9mmmMMMM999m

111 11111111111‘1111‘11111!11111...!1111111111‘b1 111.1!1‘111111111111!‘

mmuunflSflhfiufi7fi5W3nwn6wwsfluQIa7 9flfl739WW$IN3flaflnmunu%W6 OISQMI2RNNMMNI I:«a 6fl$uuflfln6u2n

fimsm 999mm mm9mmwmmmmmm mzmmmmmmm .mmmmmmm ummmmm mm% mMMMWM9m wwumn9999 M9mmm.. mmmmmmmum

11‘! I‘m

142

Sflflwfiflflufiflz

«mg mg

ngnflflflumw

, 11‘11‘1‘11‘0

.flgflmuflflflufl

41152221112

4aavvnnauuu

mnnmmmmmmmm

ngwuumufl

mmmmmfi mmmm

.MWNMWNWMENN

n‘7omu

ummmmm$

—m i1‘11‘1‘l

_mmwm mamnmmm

143

APPENDIX F

144

APPENDIX E. SOIL DATA

SOURCE : Soil Survey of Ingham County, Michigan.

SOIL NAME : Riddles (Fine loamy, mixed Mesic Typic Hapludefs)

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

‘Depth : 0 to 22 inches
Pemiability : 20 to 60 in/hr

Available water capacity: 0.13in/in

EWINEERIM; PROPERTIES:

USA Texture : Sandy loam

Liquid limit% : 20 to 30

Plasticity Index : 2 to 10

BIBLIWRAPHY

BIBLICERAPHY

Abernathy, G. H. 1976. Draft requirements of self-powered disk. ASAE Paper
NO. 76-1021. ASAE' St. Jam, "I 490850

Affeldt, H.A. Jr. 1984. Digital Analysis of the Dynamic Response within
Trunk Shaker Systems. Unpublished M.S. Thesis. Michigan State
University. '

American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1984. American Society of

Agricultural Engineers' Year Book of Standards. Thirty-first
Edition. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.

Anderson, C., E. Rowe, H. Spencer. 1974. A tractor rear wheel torque meter.
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 19: 365-369.

Bedri, A. A., S. J. Marley, W.F. Buchele and T. A. Shay. 1981. Tractor
‘ performance monitor based on a single-chip microcanputer. ASAE
Paper No 81-7184. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.

Camp, R. C., T.A. Stay and C.J. Triska. 1979. Microcanputer Systens
Engineering. Matrix Publishers, Inc. Beverton, Oregon.

Carnergie, S.J., E.R. Grinnell and N.A. Richardson. 1983. Personal computer
for measuring tractor performance. ASAE Paper No. 83-1065. ASAE,
St. Joseph, MI 49085.

Carter, L.M. 1981. Instrunentation for Measuring Average Draft. Transaction
of the ASAE 24(1): 23-25, 30.

wamlofiétewmpstcmmaaavmmegmsesfi,mcséasgerfomme

Chung, Y.G., S.J. Marley and W.F. Buchele. 1983. A data acquisition systen
for tractor field performance. ASAE Paper No. 83-120. ASAE, St.
Joseph, MI 49085.

Cline, B.E. 1983. An Introduction to Autanated Data Acquisition. Petrocelli
Books Inc.

Clyde, A.W. 1936. Measuranent of forces on soil tillage tools. Agricultural
‘ Engineering, 17(1): 5-9.

Clyde, A.W. 1937. Load studies on tillage tools. Agricultural Engineering,
18(3): 117-121.

Clyde, A.W. 1944. Technical features of tillage tools. Pennsylvania
Agricultural Station Bulletin 465. Part II.

145

146

Clyde, A.W. 1961. Force measurements applied to tillage tools. Transactions
of the ASAE, 4(2): 153-154, 157.

Colvin, T.S., D.C. Erbach, W.E. Buchele and R.M. Cruse. 1984. Tillage

index based on created soil conditions. Transactions of the ASAE,
27(2): 370-371.

Currance, H.D. and W.D. Lovely. 1970. The analysis of soil surface
roughness. Transactions of the ASAE, 13 (6):710-7l4.

Doeblin, 3.0. 1983. Measuranent Sytens: Application and Design. Third
Edition. McGraw Hill Inc. New York. pp 58-61.

Freeland, R.S., F.D. Tanpkins, L.R. Wilhelm, W.E. Hart and J.B. Wilkerson.
1984. Instrunentation for in-field energy measunents of pto driven
agricultural implanents. ASAE Paper No. 84-1630. ASAE, St. Joseph,
MI 49085.

Garner, T.H., D. Wolf and J. W. Davis. 1980. Tillage energy instrunentation
and field results. Proceedings of the 1980 Beltwide Cotton
Production Research Conference. pp:1l7-120.

Getzlaff, G. 1953. The forces acting on a power driven plow disc.
‘Grundlagen de Landtechnik, 3 (5): 36-41 (N.I.A.E. Translation 6).

Getzlaff, G. and W. Sohne. 1959. Forces and power requiranents of freely '
rotating and driven plow discs on hard, dry and clayey loam.
Grandlagen de Landtechnik, 9 (11): 40-52 (N.I.A.E. Translation
106).

Gill W.R. and G.E. Vanden Berg. 1967. Soil dynanics in tillage and
traction. USDA Agricultural Handbook No. 316.

Gill W.R., C.A. Reaves and A.C. Bailey. 1980a. The effect of geanetric

paraneters on disk forces. Transactions of the ASAE, 23 (2):
260-269.

Gill W.R. et al. 1980b. The influence of velocity and disk angle on
kinematic parameter 2:. of disks. Transactions of the ASAE, 23 (6):
1344-1348.

Gill W.R. et a1. 1981. The influence of harrow disk curvature on forces.
Transactions of ASAE, 24 (3): 579-583.

Gordon, 13.0. 1941. Physical reaction of soil on plow disks. Agricultural
Engineering, 22 (6): 205-208.

Green, M.K. 1983. An Instrunentation Package for Monitoring Tractor
Performance. Unpublished M.S. Thesis. Texas A and M University.

Green, M.I(., B.A. Stout and S.W. Searcy. 1983. Instrunentation package for
monitoring tractor performance. ASAE Paper No.83-1562. ASAE, St.
,Joseph, MI 49085.

147

Grevis-Janes I.W., D.R. DeVoe, D.C. Batchelder, P.D. Bloome and B.W.

Lambert. 1982. A tractor power monitor. Transactions of the ASAE,
‘25 (3): 595-597.

Grevis-Janes, I.W., D.R.. DeVoe, D.G. Batchelder, P.D. Bloane and B.W.
Lanbert. 1983. Microcanputer based data acquisition for tractors.
Transactions of the ASAE, 26(3): 692-695.

,Gunderson, D.G., T.G. Kirk, J.N. Wilson and F.B. Dych. 1981. Draft, speed
‘ and depth characteristics of cultivators and dicers and their
effect on fuel consumption. ASAE Paper No. 81-1603. ASAE, St.
Joseph, MI 49085.

Harrison, H.P. 1977. Soil reacting forces for disks from field
measuranents. Transactions of the ASAE, 20 (5): 836-838.

Harrison, H.P. and T. Thivavarnvongs. 1976. $01 reacting forces from
laboratory measurenents with disks. Canadian Journal of
Agricultural Engineering, 18 (1): 49-53.

Harter, D.D. and K.R. Kaufman. 1979. A microcanputer based data acquisition
‘ systan for tractor tillage measurements. ASAE Paper No. 79-5026.
ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.

Johnston, R.C.R. arnd R. Birtwistle. 1963. Wheatland investigations, II;
Disk forces. Agricultural Engineering Research, 41(11): 312-326.

Kaunbutho, P.G. 1985. Development and Performance of a Three Point Hitch

Dynananeter for use in Tillage Energy Research. Unpublished M.S.
Thesis. Michigan State University.

Kendall, C.K., C.L. Nachtigal and J.H. Droley. 1984. Three—point hitch
dynananeter data acquisition system ASAE Paper No. 84-1596. ASAE,
St. Joseph, MI 49085.

Kepner, R.A., R. Bainer and 13.1.. Barger. 1978. Principles of farm
machinery. Third edition. Avi Publishing Canpany Inc. Westport.
Connecticut.

Kushwaha R.L., A.S. Vaishnav and G.C. Zoerb. 1983. Performance of powered
disk coulters under zero—tillage practices. ASAE Paper No.

Kydd, H.D., G.E. Frehlich and A.R. Boyden. 1984. Tillage power requirements
in Western Canada. ASAE Paper No.84-1027. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI
49085.

Lal, R. 1959. Measurements of forces on mounted implements. Transactions of
the ASAE, 2 (1): 109-111.

Lin, T., R.L. Clark and A.R. Adsit. 1980. A microprocessor based data
acquisition system to measure performance of a mall
four-wheeldrive tractor. ASAE Paper 80-5525. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI
49085.

148

Luth, H.J., V.G. Floyd and R.P. Heise. 1978. Evaluating energy requirenents
of machines in the field. ASAE Paper No. 78-1588. ASAE, St.
Joseph, MI 49085.

Marshall 0., D.J. Buckley and K. Kahler, 1984. Design, developnnent and
testing of a magnetic bubble-based tractor data acquisition
systen. ASAE Paper No. 84-1628. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.

McCreery, W.F. and M.I.. Nichols. 1956. The geometry of disks and soil
relationships. Agricultural Engineering, 37(12): 808-812, 820.

Mckibben, E.G. 1926. A study of the dynamics of disk harrow. Transactions
of the ASAE, 20(1): 113-126.

Nartov, P.S. 1984. Disk soil-working implements. Voronezh University Press.

USDA arnd National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. and knerind
Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd. New Dehli.

Nicholson R.I., L.L. Bashford and L.N. Mielke. 1984. Energy requirenents
' fran a reference implenent. ASAE Paper No. 84-1028. ASAE, St.
Joseph, MI 49085.

Perunpral J.V., L.C. Chance, S.W. Woeste and 6.8. Desai. 1979. A matrix
method for force and manent analysis on a tillage tool using a
dynananeter. Transactions of the ASAE, 23 (5): 1072-1075.

Reynolds, W.R., G.E. Miles and T.H. Garner. 1982. Microccmputer systen for
data acquisition and processing in the field. ASAE Paper No.

Shelton, D.R. and 13.1.. Bashford. 1977. Tractor instrumentation for
practical denostration and data acquisition. ASAE Paper No.
77-1523. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.

Shropshire, C.J., G.R. Woerman and L.L. Bashford. 1983. A microprocessor
based instrumentation systen for tractor studies. ASAE Paper No.
'83-1048. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.

Singh, J., P. Gunguly and K.N. Singh. 1978. Effect of soil and implenent,

parameters on depth of penetration of a disk harrow. Transactions
of the ASAE, 21 (4): 620-622, 627.

Sjogren, O.W. 1936. Developnent of offset disk harrows. Agricultural
Engineering 17(12): SOB-505.

Snith, A. 1985. A fifth wheel transducer for ground speed measurenent on
agricultural equipnent. ASAE Paper No. 85-1083. ASAE, St. Joseph,
MI 49085.

Smith, E.M. and G. Bernoch. 1977. Power tillage canpared to conventional
tools for grassland rennovation. ASAE Paper No. 77-1002. ASAE, St.
Joseph, MI 49085.

149

Snith, B.A., G.L. Baker arnd R.P. Colwich. 1981. Instrunentation used to
' monitor energy requirennents for agricultural field operations.
ASAE Paper No. 81—1043. ASAE, St, Joseph, MI 49085.

Soehne, W.H. 1963. Aspects of tillage. Canadian Journal of Agricultural
Engineering 5(1) : 2-3, 8.

Sokol, D.G. 1985. Radar II ; A Microprocessor Based True Speed Sensor. ASAE
Paper No. 85-1081. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.

Sumner, M.S., S.H. Chen and J.F. Bierl. 1983. Disk blade performance. ASAE
Paper No. 83-1537. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.

Starnge, K., L.L. Christenson, B. Thoreson, R. Alcock and B. Vick. 1982. A
Portable Instrumentation Package for Measuring Tractor Work. ASAE
‘Paper No. 82-5516. AAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.

Sinners, J.D., A. Khililian and D.G. Batchelder. 1984. Draft relationships
for primary tilage in Oklahoma soils. ASAE Paper No. 84-1024.
ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.

Taylor, P.A. 1967. Field measurenents of forces and manents on wheatland
plow disks. Transactions of the ASAE, 10 (6): 762-768, 770.

Thanpkins, P.D. and L.R. Wilhelm. 1981. Instrumentation for measuring
383% Hpflfiaasfor implennents. ASAE Paper No. 81-1575. ASAE, St.
'

ThanpkinSCEhBAfiso‘t‘isE‘of “tfigétoz’é'StomS‘SSéaadeBflrekfit tghmqflés.12§28

Paper NO. 85-1082. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.

Upadhayaya, S.K., L.J. Kenble and N.E. Collins. 1983. Draft prediction of
mounted implenents from strain gauge readings. ASAE Paper No.
83-1037. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.

Vanden Berg, G.E. 1966. Analysis of forces on tillage tools. Journal of
Agricultural Engineering Research, 11(3): 201-205.

Vandoren, A.H. 1982. Data Acquisition Sytens. Reston Publishing Co. Inc.

Wiedman, H.T. and B.T.- Cross. 1982. Data Acquisition using a portable
microprocessors with menory chip. ASAE Paper No. 84—1024. ASAE,
St. Joseph, MI 49085.

Young, D.F. 1968. Similitude of soil machine systens. Transactions of the
ASAE, 11 (5):653-656.

Young, P. 1976. A machine to increase productivity of tillage operations.
Transactions of the ASAE, 19 (6): 1055-1061.

202, F.M. 1970. Predicting field performance. Transactions of the ASAE
Paper No. 70-118. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.