’ ‘. PRODUCTION FACTORS AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF FATTENING CALVES INFLUENCED BY RATE OF GRAIN FEEDING Thesis for the Dogma oI Ph. D. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITYI Leslie Graham Young 1960 fl." $.13! ‘2 This is to certify that the thesis entitled Production Factors and Carcass Characteristics of Fattening Calves Influenced by Rate of Grain Feeding presented by Leslie Graham Ybung has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for __Ph.D. ..._ degree inwsbandry W Major professor Date 1 6 I 0 0-169 LIBRARY Michigan State University PRODUCTION FACTORS AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF FATTENING CALVES INFLUENCED BY RATE OF GRAIN FEEDING BY LESLIE GRAHAM YOUNG AN ABSTRACT Submitted to the School for Advanced Graduate Studies of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Animal Husbandry 1960 «7/,- -;—:; Q Approved D‘f£€%h4-7¢1>v242/vpdaé¢p// L.G. Young ABSTRACT Data are relatively scarce regarding the effect of feeding of a similar total amount of grain to weanling beef calves at varying rates, and the effect on the carcasses produced. Previously unpublished data from two experiments conducted at Michigan State University in 1940-42 were sum- marized. An additional experiment was conducted in 1957-58 to secure additional information. Twenty-two steer and twenty-one heifer calves of known breeding, age and previous treatment were divided into four lots, two lots of steers and two lots of heifers. One lot of each sex was fed a "Limited" ration of one and a quarter pounds of ground shelled corn per 100 pounds body weight, adjusted bi-weekly, plus corn silage, hay and soybean meal. The other two lots ("Delayed Full-fed") were fed corn silage, hay and soybean meal for 98 days after which ground shelled corn, full-fed, was added to the ration. The cattle were removed individu- ally from the experiment as they reached choice live grade. The steer lots were fed for approximately the same total feeding period (average 278 days), and consumed similar total amounts of concentrates (average 2756 pounds). The final weights, slaughter dates, carcass grades and carcass analyses did not differ significantly between treat- ments. Comparative results with heifers were similar to L.G. Young those of the steers except "Limited-fed" heifers were finished a month earlier than "Delayed Full-fed" heifers. Heifers finished an average of 53 days sooner than steers, at 122 pounds lighter weight and on less total feed. Steers and heifers consumed approximately the same amounts of estimated total digestible nutrients for each 100 pounds gain. There were no significant differences due to treat- ment or sex in slaughter grade, final carcass grade, area of rib-eye muscle, percent ether extract of the longissimus dgrgi (rib-eye) muscle, analysis of the 9-10-11 rib cut or specific gravity measurements. Unribbed quality, ribbed quality and final carcass grades were highly significantly correlated with each other. Final live grade and carcass conformation grade were not correlated significantly with unribbed quality, ribbed quality or final carcass grades or with each other in this experiment involving rather uniform cattle. Specific gravity of the 7-rib wholesale cut was correlated .95 with the Specific gravity of the 9-10-11 rib cut. The following estimates of fatness were in good agree- ment: specific gravity of the 9-10-11 rib cut, ether extract of the boneless 9-10-11 rib cut. Prediction of ether extract of the longissimus dgrsi muscle by the use of specific gravity was not as accurate, relatively, as predicting L.G. Young fatness of the 9-10-11 rib cut by Specific gravity. Fat thickness over the rib-eye muscle in this study was not :related to the percent ether extract of the boneless <9-10-11 rib cut. Areas of the tracings of the longissimus SZQEEE muscle, obtained before and after squaring the loin «end of the 7-rib wholesale out, were highly significantly ccorrelated (.88). The area of the tracing obtained after ssquaring was .01 to 2.04 square inches smaller than the zarea of the tracing obtained before squaring. PRODUCTION FACTORS AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF FATTENING CALVES INFLUENCED BY RATE OF GRAIN FEEDING By LESLIE GRAHAM YOUNG A THESIS £3ubmitted to the School for Advanced Graduate Studies of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Animal Husbandry 1960 g/gq/efi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author wishes to express his sincere apprecia- ‘tion to Dr. G.A. Branaman, Professor of Animal Husbandry, .for his guidance, counsel and constructive criticisms ‘throughout this study. Appreciation is extended to Dr. R.J. Deans of the LDepartment of Animal Husbandry who aided considerably in the collection of slaughter and carcass data and also made 'valuable suggestions and constructive criticisms regarding the preparation of this thesis. Thanks is expressed to Dr. W.T. Magee and Dr. W.D. Baten for their advice regard- ing statistical analysis of the data. The author wishes to extend his appreciation to Dr. D.E. Ullrey, Dr. A.M. .Pearson and Professor L.J. Bratzler, all of the Department of Animal Husbandry, for their suggestions and assistance. Gratitude is expressed to Dr. R.H. Nelson, Head of the Department of Animal Husbandry, and also to Michigan IState University for the provision of facilities to carry (Nit this study and for the financial aid in the form of 811 assistantship. To the National Research Council of Canada the audihor is indebted for their financial assistance in the form of a scholarship. Appreciation is expressed to Mr. Fred Howe for hisi feeding and care of the experimental cattle. To his wife, Lois, the author extends his sincere personal appreciation for her patience, understanding and encouragement throughout this study, also for her excellent typing of this thesis. To his parents, for their inspiration, the author is deeply greatful. Leslie Graham Young candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Etilaal examination, May 10, 1960, 2:00 P.M., room 101 Anthony Hall Itisssertation: Production Factors and Carcass Characteristics of Fattening Calves Influenced by Rate of Grain Feeding Outline of Studies: Major Subject : Animal Husbandry Minor Subjects: Biochemistry and Physiology Biographical Items: Born, March 29, 1932, Cochrane, Ontario, Canada Undergraduate Studies, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, 1951-1955 Graduate Studies, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, 1955-1956 Michigan State University, 1957-1960 Experience: Assistant to the Manager, Ontario Stockyards, Toronto, 1956-1957 Graduate Assistant, Michigan State University, 1957-1960 Membexr: Canadian Society of Animal Production American Society of Animal Production The Society of the Sigma Xi TABLE OF CONTENTS IE1§TRODUCTION................................... IRIEVIEW OF LITERATURE........................... Effect of Delayed Versus Limited Feeding on Gains and Feed Efficiency .................. Effect of Delayed Versus Limited Feeding on Grades and Carcasses........................ Specific Gravity............................ IJINPUBLISHED RESEARCH AT MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY 1940-42.00.0000000000COOOOOCOOOOOOOC OBJECTIVES..................................... iEIXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE......................... Source of Cattle............................ Treatment of Live Animals................... Live Animal Measurements.................... Slaughter and Carcass Data.................. Specific Gravity............................ LPreparation and Chemical Analysis........... RF-SULTS........................................ ZFeeding Period.............................. ESlaughter and Carcass Data.................. §3pecific Gravity............................ Idye Animal Measurements.................... Relationship of Certain Live Animal and Carcass Attributes.......................... Live Animal Measurements with Live Weight. Page 14 18 24 25 25 25 27 29 30 53 35 35 41 45 45 45 Page Factors Related to the Area of Eye Muscle.. 48 Specific Gravity Relationships............. 48 Grade Relationships........................ 50 Relationship of Various Measures of Fatness 52 DISCUSSION...................-.................. 55 Carcass and Slaughter Data................... 58 Specific Gravity............................. 59 Relationship of Certain Live Animal and Carcass Attributes........................... 71 Live Animal Measurements and Live Weight{.. 71 Live Animal MeaSurements and Rib-eye Area.. 71 Relationship of Factors to Rib-eye Area.... 75 Live Animal Measurements and Grades........ 74 Grade Relationships....1......2............ 74 Relationship of Various Measures of Fatness 77 £30MMARY......................................... 80 CONCLUSIONS..................................... 82 IREVIEW 0F LITERATURE............................ 84 APTTNDIX........................................ 92 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9. lCh 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. LIST OF TABLES Weights Gains and Feed Consumption of Calves in 1940-41 and 1941-42 Experiments... Dressing Percentage Grades and 9-10-11 Rib Cut. Analyses of Experiments 1940-41 and 1941.42.00.00.00000000000000000000'O0.0‘IOOOOO Average Live Weights, Gains and Days on-w- ExperimentOOOOOO0.00.00...0......00.0.0.0... Rations and Feed Consumption................ Estimated Total Digestible Nutrient Consumptionooooooooosooooooooooosooooooowaow Slaughter Data and Carcass Grades........... Area of Rib-eye and Carcass Fat Measurements Average Specific Gravity Determinations..... Average Live Animal Measurements......~~.... Simple Correlations of Live Animal Measure- ments with Live Weight, Rib-eye Area and Final Carcass Grade......................... Simple Correlations of Carcass Factors with Rib-eye Areaoooooooosooooooosoosooooooooooeo Correlations between Specific Gravities..... Correlation of specific Gravity with Moisture, Fat, Bone and Lean.......................... Correlation of Grades....................... Correlation of Ribbed Quality Grade with Certain Carcass Measurements................ Correlation Between Certain Measures of FatHGSSooooooooooooooooocooooooooooooooooooo Summary of Experimental Feeding Period...... Mean and Range for Various Indices of Grades Page 20 22 56 58 40 42 45 46 47 49 49 50 51 52 55 57 76 V I n r u 0 . r‘ v f ’ o s r o O ' I O O O s II III IV VI VII (80 (b) (C) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES Weights, Gains and Feed Per Hundred Pounds Gain 1940420000000...OOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOCQOOOOOI. Slaughter Data and Carcass Grades................. Analyses Of 9-10-11 Rib cutoooooooooqssooooooooo00 Weights and Gains 0f Steers 1957-58000000000000000 Weights and Gains of Heifers l957-58.............. Slaughter Data and Grades of Steers l957-58....... Slaughter Data and Grades of Heifers l957-58...... Carcass Data and Specific Gravity. Steers. 1957-58 Carcass Data and Specific 1957-58....... Gravity. Heifers. Analysis of 9-10-11 Rib Cut. Heifers. l957-58..... Live Animal Measurements. Steers. 1957-58......... Live Animal Measurements. Heifers. 1957-58........ Total Feed Consumption. 1957-58................... Page 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 105 104 105 1. 2. 5. 10. 11. LIST OF FIGURES Method of Squaring 7-rib Wholesale Cut........... Apparatus for the Determination of Specific GraVityOOOOOOOO0.0.0.0.0....OCOOOOOOOOOOO'OOOO0.0. Distribution of Specific Gravity of the 9-10-11 Rib Cut (Bone in) and Corresponding Fat Percent- ages of the Boneless 9-10-11 Rib Cut............. Regression Percent Fat (Ether Extract) on SpeCific GraVity of 9-10-11 Rib cutosooooooosooso Distribution of Specific Gravity and Correspond— ing Moisture Percentages of the 9-10-11 Rib Cut.. Regression Percent Moisture on Specific Gravity 0f the 9-10-11 Rib Cutooooooooooooooooooooooosooo Regression Percent Lean on Specific Gravity of the 9-10-11 Rib Gutooooooooooosoooooooooooosossoo Regression of Specific Gravity of 7-rib Wholesale Cut on Specific Gravity of 9-10-11 Rib Cut....... Distribution of Specific Gravity and CorreSpond— ing Fat (Ether Extract) Percentages of the longissimus dorsi Muscle......................... Regression of Percent Fat (Ether Extract) on Specific Gravity of longissimus dorsi Muscle..... Regression Percent Moisture on Specific Gravity of longissimus dorsi Muscle...................... Page 51 52 60 61 65 64 65 67 69 70 72 INTRODUCTION Quality in meat has promoted discussionflsince the beginning of the packing industry and research studies have been in progress for four decades or more, yet there are many problems remaining to be solved. The advent of syste- matic carcass grading, both Federal and private; has em- phasized the need for more accurate information regarding actual quality and also the yield of edible meat. At the same time economic factors in production exert a major in- fluence on feeding methods and the grade of beef produced. There is still a lack of data regarding the effect of different feeding treatments on carcasses 'of beef cattle. Numerous experiments have been conducted in which rate and efficiency of gain have been recorded, and in most cases Stating the selling price of finished cattle, but in many of these experiments the detailed differences in. carcasses Were omitted. A There is also an important problem existing in re- lating desirable carcass traits to the live animal. One is uliable to determine accurately the area of eye muscle or am(Hint of marbling from visual appraisal of the live animal. Certain subjective evaluations of the beef carcass are used by the grader to arrive at a final grade. In some cases the carcass is quartered and then the size of rib-eye, the amount of marbling and other indications of quality may in.I‘luence the grader's opinion as to final grade. _ 2 _ The following is a review of the literature per— taining to some of these aspects of beef production and (giiality of the carcass. REVIEW OF LITERATURE EFFECT OF DELAYED VERSUS LIMITED FEEDING ON GAINS AND FEED EFFICIENCY Mumford gt El. (1917) in feeding clover hay and ground corn, observed that two—year-old steers which had been kept on a low plane of nutrition (maintenance) for 51 weeks and then allowed a full-fed grain ration for six weeks made more economical gain than steers which had been full-fed for 57 weeks. Similar steers receiving more than a maintenance but less than a full-fed ration for 51 weeks made no more economical gains when put on a full feed for six weeks than steers which had already been on full feed for 57 weeks. Skinner and King (1916) in comparing a limited feed of corn with a full feed of corn, concluded that two-year-old steers fed a limited feed of grain (5.80 Pounds shelled corn per day) with corn silage, protein supplement and hay, made more economical gains than full- fed steers (9.81 pounds shelled corn per day) plus corn Bilage, protein supplement and hay. In the same series 01‘ experiments with two—year—old steers, these authors (1921) found that more rapid gains could be made on the Same total quantity of corn if no corn was fed during the eaLI‘ly part of the feeding period but fed according to the appetite during the latter part of the period, than if a Small quantity of corn was fed during the entire period. In a summary of their work Skinner and King (1922) con- - 4 _ cluded that: a full feed of corn was most profitable, full feeding during the latter part of the period second in point of profit, no corn third and a half feed of corn during the entire period least profitable of the four feeding methods tried. Trowbridge and Fox (1924), utiliz- ing two-year-old feeder steers, observed that in a 100 day feeding period, steers started on corn silage, legume hay and linseed meal with a full feed of corn during the last 40 days made greater average daily gains and required less corn per 100 pounds gain than steers fed similarly except they were fed a half ration of corn throughout the 100 day feeding period. In studying the effect of rapid versus moderate rates of gain on feed efficiency of cattle fed rolled milo, cottonseed meal, dehydrated alfalfa pellets and cottonseed hulls, Pope 33 31. (1958) reported that steer calves fed to gain 565 pounds and gaining moderately throughout the feed- ing period required the least amount of total digestible nutrients per 100 pounds gain, whereas the lot fed to gain rapidly throughout the feeding period required the largest amount of total digestible nutrients per 100 pounds gain. In a continuation of the above studies Hendrickson 23 £1. (1959a) reported that, on the basis of either pounds of feed or total digestible nutrients per pound of gain, steer calves fed to gain 200 pounds at a moderate rate then 200 pounds at a fast rate were slightly more efficient than steers fed to gain at a continuous fast rate. Those fed to gain at a -5... moderate rate throughout were the least efficient. Summariz- ing three experiments Hendrickson (1959b) states that calves fed to gain moderately throughout the experiment required about 60 days longer to reach final weight and were no more efficient than full-fed calves due to a longer feeding period. Johnson 22 El. (1958) fed yearling steers corn silage, alfalfa hay and varying quantities of a concentrate mixture composed of barley, oats and dried molasses beet pulp. They reported that feeding the concentrate mixture during the last half of a 154 day feeding period resulted in less feed being required per 100 pounds gain and larger average daily gains as compared to steers fed the same total quantity of concentrate throughout the feeding period. There is a close relation between the amount of net energy consumed and the maintenance requirement Hogan 23 a1. (1922). Periods of high energy intake were periods of high maintenance cost, while periods of low energy intake were accompanied by a lowered maintenance requirement. These researchers also observed no definite relation between the age of animals and their maintenance requirement. Moulton 22 31. (1921) experimenting with calves and feeding for vary- ing rates of growth for varying periods up to four years of age, found that as the level of feeding decreased the pounds of dry matter per pound of gain decreased. The scantily fed animals grew less rapidly in all respects but reached the same height at the withers in four years as the full-fed group. - 5 - Guilbert g3 El. (1944), experimenting with weanling calves fed for 14 months, reported that from the standpoint of total feed required to produce a unit of product, great- est efficiency is obtained from a high plane of nutrition with continuous growth and development. Matsushima 93 31. (1957) fed three levels of protein and energy to yearling steers for 211 days, the medium level being calculated to meet the recommendations of the National Research Council, the high and low levels of protein varying 18 percent and high and low levels of energy varying lOper- cent from these standards. The efficiency of feed utiliza- tion increased as the level of energy and protein ration in- creased. The largest average daily gain was made by the group fed the high protein medium energy ration, while the lowest gain was made by the low protein-high energy fed steers. Fibre digestibility was decreased and ether extract digestibility was increased as the level of energy in the ration increased. Langford 23 a1. (1954) reported that wintering beef calves at a higher plane of nutrition (25 pounds corn silage, 4 pounds hay plus 2 pounds oats daily versus 20 pounds corn silage, 4 pounds hay) followed by summer grazing, resulted in 41 pounds greater gain at the end of the grazing period for the higher winter ration, but at a considerably increased feed cost. A number of experiments have been performed (Winchester 1951, 1955, Winchester and Howe 1955, Winchester and Ellis _ 7 _ 1956, Winchester 35 31. 1957) using identical twin calves to study the effect of energy restriction for periods varying from six months to twelve months of age followed by a lib- eral ration until slaughter. Liberal-fed control and ex- perimental animals required about the same cumulative energy intake from the beginning until slaughter at about 1,000 pounds body weight or when low prime. Weight gains of re- tarded calves either equaled or exceeded those of controls for some time after restricted feeding ended. An experiment was conducted utilizing rats to de- termine the effect of feed restriction (anonymous 1957). There was little difference in weight when all rats had con- sumed the same total of energy foods, although rats in the restricted groups required 6 to 15 days longer to reach their goal. In the same report identical twin beef calves were compared similarly by restricting corn to one of each pair. All the calves reached 1,000 pounds live weight on about the same amount of feed energy, but the calves on the re- stricted rations required 10 to 20 weeks longer to reach that weight. Branaman (1956) in comparing self feeding versus limiting the grain ration of fattening beef calves, observed that calves fed the limited grain ration ate twice as much corn silage and one half more hay but one third less grain, as compared with the calves self-fed grain. In another series of trials reported in the same publication the author concluded that calves fed largely on silage and legume hay _ g _ so as to gain 1.2 to 1.4 pounds per day during the first third of the feeding period, and full-fed shelled corn to the finish required less grain per 100 pounds gain and more corn silage and hay than those fed more liberally on shelled corn and gaining 1.9 pounds or more per day. Branaman 33 31. (1940), in five experiments, com- pared individual full feeding and limited feeding of heifer and steer calves from birth. The limited-fed calves ate less corn and more alfalfa hay and corn silage per 100 pounds finished weight and required approximately 100 days longer to reach choice slaughter grade. Limited-fed heifers reached choice grade at an average of 97 days later and 61 pounds heavier than full-fed heifers, while limited-fed steers at 114 days later were 152 pounds heavier than full-fed steers. EFFECT OF DELAYED VERSUS LIMITED FEEDING 0N GRADES AND CARCASSES Considerable, detailed, studies have been conducted by McMeeken (1940a, 1940b, 1940c, and 1941) concerning growth and develOpment of the pig. He stated that after birth the head muscles grow proportionately least, and those of the loin and pelvis region proportionately most, with the neck and thoracic muscles falling into an intermediate position. The order of development of fat is the same as that for muscle and bone. Fat is not stored between the muscle, to any extent, until the later stages of growth, while it may be deposited subcutaneously in large amounts before this stage. A gradient from head to tail occurs in the percentage - 9 - of fat in both inner and outer layers of subcutaneous fat, the percentage fat falls as one passes backwards along the body. A similar gradient to that in fat along the backline is exhibited in the growth of intramuscular fat. The per- centage of intramuscular fat in the psoas and longissimus 33331 shows a general increase with age. In another ex— periment of this series it was stated that the relative effect of nutrition upon the intramuscular fat is high. Pigs fed on a high plane of nutrition from birth to 16 weeks have considerably larger muscle fibres and more mar- bling in the longissimus dorsi muscle than pigs on a low plane of nutrition. The feeding of a low level of nutrition to pigs followed by a high level resulted in more fat, both subcutaneous and intramuscular, than in pigs fed a high level throughout. The former had less bone and muscle than the latter. Loin muscles from "Low-High" pigs were heavier than the "High-High" pigs. When a high level of nutrition fol- lowed an initially inadequate level as in the case of a "Low—High" group, the growth of fat in the late developing regions, as also with total fat, was tremendously increased. Pomeroy (1941) in difference to McMeekan, states that subcutaneous fat is later developing than intermuscular fat in the pig. Restricted feeding of pigs from 110 to 200 pounds live weight increased the size of the loin eye muscle (Crampton 33 31. 1954), but part of this difference may be due to the restricted pigs being on feed approximately two weeks longer. Brunstad 33 31. (1959) fed pigs on four - 10 _ combinations of full and limited feeding. Pigs on a limited feed followed by a full feed had the smallest loin eye area and the greatest back fat thickness. Work reported by Lucas and Calder (1956) indicated that pigs fed a low energy-high fibre ration throughout the growing-finishing period had a significantly larger eye muscle than a high energy-low fibre ration throughout. In a second experiment, plane of feeding had no significant effect on area of eye muscle. In sheep Palsson (1952) concluded that limited nutri- tive supply at any age causes greatest inhibiting effects on the tissues or those parts of any one tissue, which have the highest growth intensity at that age. Muscle was better deve10ped in groups fed a "High-Low" or a "Low-Low" plane of nutrition than groups fed "Low-High" or "High-High", while fat, especially the subcutaneous fat, was better develOped in the two latter groups. The percentage of marbling fat in the longissimus 33331 muscle appeared to be more dependent on the age of the animal than on the plane of nutrition or the state of fatness of the animal. However, the plane of nutrition or the degree of fatness of the animal has a con- siderable influence on the marbling fat content of muscle at constant age but different carcass weight. Also ewes had more marbling fat than wethers. Black 33 31. (1940) fed concentrates to two-year-old steers on grass for varying periods and concluded after three tests that it made little if any difference in carcass grades whether the cattle received a supplemental concentrate ration - 11 _ during the entire 155 day grazing period, or for only the last 79 days. The fattest cattle were those grazed for 155 days followed by feeding concentrate in drylot for 56 days. The differences in intramuscular fat content of the carcasses were not great and apparently were not closely related to the rations fed to the cattle. In an experiment with cattle reported previously (Guilbert 33 31. 1944), evidence was obtained that high planes of nutrition Speed up the development of thickness growth generally, eSpecially in later maturing parts such as the loin and hindquarters. Thus a high plane of nutri- tion early in life followed by a lower plane results in carcasses higher in lean and lower in fat than when the reverse occurs, even though the same final weight at the same age is obtained. Hedrick 33 31. (1954) and anonymous (1955) wintered yearling steers on three levels of nutrition followed by summer grazing and finished in dry lot to the choice grade. Carcasses from cattle on the low plane of winter nutrition (-0.4 pound daily gain) had more separable fat, less separ- able lean and less fat in the rib-eye than carcasses from the lots on a higher plane of winter nutrition (1.0 or 1.5 pounds daily gain). Research at Missouri (anonymous 1952—55) indicated steers gaining more during the winter had more marbling in the rib-eye. Winchester and Howe (1955), in their experiments with identical twin calves, fed one of the pair a liberal - 12 - ration whereas the other calf was limited to 50 to 75 percent of the energy in the liberal ration from six to twelve months of age, followed by a liberal ration to slaughter at about 1,000 pounds body weight. In five of six pairs the eye of the rib cut was fatter in the animal that was fed the limited ration, and in four of the six pairs the remainder of the edible portion of the 9-10-11 rib cut was fatter. Part of the difference may be account- ed for by the fact that the limited-fed calves were slaughtered 10 to 20 weeks later than the controls. In another similar experiment (Winchester and Ellis 1956), no evidence was observed that carcass grades, meat quality, or pr0portion of lean meat to fat were lowered by a delay in growth (submaintenance). The effect of feeding steers a full or restricted feed of concentrates on pasture or in dry lot was studied by Palmer 33 31. (1957). Limited feeding lowered carcass grade, marbling, area and ether extract of the longissimus 33331 muscle. According to Callow (1949), rapid fattening of beef cattle leads to the same level of fatness being reached at lower carcass weights than is the case with fat- tening at a slower rate. In addition with carcasses con- taining more than 28 percent of the fatty tissue, rapid fattening may be expected at the same level of fatness, to produce carcasses with a slightly smaller percentage of muscular tissue and a slightly greater percentage of bone than is the case with carcasses which have been fattened - 15 - more slowly. Robertson and Baker (1955) studied the histological differences in the muscles of full, half and roughage-fed steers. Muscle fibres of the full-fed animals were larger in diameter than those of the half-fed animals. Joubert (1956) stated that the level of nutrition in sheep influ- enced muscle fibre diameter appreciably at all ages, higher levels of nutrition resulting in larger muscle fibres. The effect of levels of nutrition on performance and carcass characteristics of yearling steers slaughtered after making an average gain of 550 pounds was studied by Dilley 33 31. (1959), who observed a greater area of fat in the rib-eye of cattle fed 60 percent of a full feed as com- pared to a full feed. Also the area of the eye muscle was larger and the rind thickness less in the 60 percent of full- fed group as compared to the full-fed group. Part of these differences may be due to the two month longer feeding period of the limited-fed group. In three experiments on steer calves fed to gain a total of 565 or 400 pounds conducted at Oklahoma State University, referred to previously (Pope 33 31. 1958, Hendrickson 33 31. 1959a, 1959b), steers fed to gain rapidly throughout the feeding period had higher carcass grades than those fed to gain moderately or combination of feeding for high and moderate gain. Moderate gaining calves had less external fat and marbling, but contained about six percent more lean (based on 9-10-11 rib cut physical separation) _ 14 _ than fast gaining calves. Altering the rate of gain during the last half of the feeding period gave results similar to calves fed for the same rate of gain throughout. SPECIFIC GRAVITY Yapp (1925) determined the specific gravity of the body, as a whole, of cattle. Rathbun and Pace (1945) obtained the specific gravity of the eviscerated bodies of 50 normal guinea pigs and derived an equation which would express the percent of fat in the carcass based on Specific gravity. In rats, Da Costa and Clayton (1950) determined the specific gravity of the total carcasses. Their results showed an inverse relationship between carcass fat (ether extract) and Specific gravity, and a direct relationship between carcass water and Specific gravity. They concluded that specific gravity was as good an index of the water content of the whole animal as it was of the fat content. Numerous researchers have used specific gravity in pork carcasses (Brown 33 31. 1951, Whiteman 33 31. 1955, Pearson 33 31. 1956 and Price 33 31. 1957), in an effort to determine carcass leanness or fatness. Garrett 33 31. (1959) found a high negative cor- relation between the Specific gravity of the dressed sheep carcass and percent chemical carcass fat. Using Specific gravity they develOped an equation for the estimation of percent carcass fat. According to Knight 33 31. (1959), the specific gravity of the pork shoulder furnished a good - 15 - estimate of whole carcass Specific gravity. Also, a highly significant correlation between chemically determined fat and Specific gravity of the 12W rib was obtained. The specific gravity of veal carcasses, produced by different feeding methods, did not vary significantly (Bray 33 31. 1959). These authors suggested that specific gravity as a measure of fatness may not be critical enough for measuring very low quantities of fat in veal carcasses. In thirty steers and heifers with a wide range in weight and fatness, Kraybill 33 31. (1951-52) observed a highly significant correlation between the specific gravity of the 9-10-11 rib cut and the Specific gravity of the carcass. An equation was given for the estimation of separable fat of the 9-10-11 rib cut from the Specific gravity of the cut. Lofgreen and Garrett (1954) developed an equation for the estimation of proportion of separable fat in a out if the specific gravity of the whole cut is known. They obtained a high correlation between separable fat determined by mechanical separation and as calculated from the equation. Using 24 steers ranging in carcass grade from high good to low prime, Breidenstein 33 31. (1955) observed little relationship between subjective evaluation of mar— bling and Specific gravity of the rib-eye, but the following indices of carcass fatness were in excellent agreement; Specific gravity of the wholesale rib cut, physical Separa- tion of the wholesale rib, determination of ether extract _ 15 - of separable lean and fat of the wholesale rib. Results of a study by Cole 33 31. (1957) of the eye muscle from 9-10-11 rib section of beef ribs ranging in grade from prime to commercial cow, indicated that Specific gravity may be correlated to quality factors in beef of similar age. Kelly 33 31. (1959) determined the specific gravity of 10 wholesale cuts of steers from different levels of nutrition. They observed that from their data it appeared that Specific gravity for the estimation of fat, moisture and protein in meat was not reliable in cuts of beef with very low fat content. Godbey 33 31. (1959) observed a difference in Specific gravity of the 9-10-11 rib out due to the level of nutrition fed fattening steers. In cor- relating Specific gravity of the 9-10-11 rib cut of beef cattle with its components, Kropf (1959) obtained the highest correlation between specific gravity of the 9-10—11 rib cut and percent bone and a lesser relationship between specific gravity of the 9-10-11 rib cut and percent fat. Orme 33 31. (1957) and Orme (1958) determined the specific gravity of the longissimus dorsi muscle from the 9-10-11 rib cut of 51 ribs, ranging in grade from good to low prime. They found highly significant correlations between specific gravity and percent fat and percent water of the longissimus 33331 muscle. The effect of chilling time on specific gravity of hog carcasses was determined by Kline 33 31. (1955). The specific gravity of the carcasses increased from zero to 72 _ 17 _ hours of chilling time. The correlations between Specific gravity and live probe, back-fat and lean cuts were maximal at 24 hours and then decreased to values at 72 hours approximating those at zero hours. UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH AT MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY 1940-1942 Certain research was undertaken at Michigan State University in cooPeration with the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture in 1940-42 from which there were not considered to be sufficient data to warrant conclusions and publication. Those results will be analyzed here in conjunction with a further experiment conducted by the author along the same general plan. Two experiments were conducted during the years 1940-41 and 1941-42 under the supervision of G.A. Branaman, O.G. Hankins, G.A. Brown and R.L. Hiner, in which limited grain feeding was compared with delayed full feeding. Five pairs of weanling steer calves approximately six months old were fed to choice live grade in each experiment. They were fed individually twice daily, one calf of each pair receiv- ing a "Limited ration" of three-quarters of a pound of cracked corn and one-quarter of a pound of linseed meal per 100 pounds live weight daily, plus a full feed of mixed alfalfa, hay and of corn silage. The other calf of the pair was fed a "Delayed Full- fed ration" consisting of a full feed of both corn silage and alfalfa mixed hay for the first 120 days followed by a full feed of cracked corn, corn silage, alfalfa mixed hay plus one-quarter pound of linseed meal per 100 pounds live weight. The calves were slaughtered when they individually reached choice live grade. _ 19 - The second experiment was designed similarly except the "Limited-fed" calves received slightly more corn, being fed one pound of cracked corn per 100 pounds live weight daily and soybean meal replaced linseed meal. During the last 56 days of the experiment these calves received approximately one and a half pounds of cracked corn per 100 pounds live weight daily. The "Delayed Full-fed" calves received one pound of soybean meal daily with silage and hay for the first 112 days and corn was full-fed thereafter. Each set of calves was group fed during the last 85 days of the experiment to try to induce greater feed consumption. Corn silage and mixed hay were full-fed all calves. The calves were slaughtered at the end of a 552 day feeding period. Table 1 gives a summary of the two experiments in- cluding feed data. Analysis of variance of total gain and average daily gain revealed no significant differences due to treatment, but there was a significant interaction between treatment and year for total gain. This interaction indicates that the two treatments didn't respond the same between ex- periments, as can be seen from the Table 1. In the first experiment the "Limited-fed" calves made the largest total gain (579.00 pounds vs. 527.25 pounds) while in the second experiment the results were reversed and the "Delayed Full-fed" calves made the largest total gain (542.4 pounds vs. 572.4 pounds). This occurred deepite the - 20 _ TABLE 1. WEIGHTS GAINS AND FEED CONSUMPTION 0F CALVES IN 1940-41 AND 1941-42 EXPERIMENTS 1940-41 Limited- Delayed 1941-42 Limited- Delayed fed Full-fed fed Full-fed Av. initial wt. 565.80 571.75 598.85 568.20 Av. final wt. 942.80 899.00 941.20 940.60 Av. total gain 579.00 527.25 542.40 572.40 Av. days on feed 555 528 552 552 Av. daily gain 1.74 1.61 1.54 1.65 Av. daily gain on full feedl 1.81 2.11 1.72 2.06 Av. feed per head Cracked corn 1484.6 1985.5 2511.0 2456.8 Protein supplement 541.8 579.5 565.6 549.0 Corn silage 4545.6 5120.8 5595.4 3051.4 Hay 1054.2 1125.0 904.2 905.0 Av. feed consumption per cwt. gain Cracked corn 256.7 576.2 425.9 425.8 Protein supplement 90.2 72.1 105.8 95.8 Corn silage 750.4 590.0 625.6 555.1 Hay 179.1 215.4 166.7 158.1 Estimated T.D.N. con— sumption per cwt. gain Cracked corn 205.62 501.54 541.15 541.07 Protein supplement 68.10 54.44 81.07 74.82 Corn Silage 128.17 107.97 114.48 97.56 Hay 90.09 107.54 85.85 79.52 Total 491.98 571.09 620.55 592.97 1. Average daily gain during the period that the "Delayed full—fed" calves were on full feed. 2. Morrison, Frank B. Feeds and Feeding, 22nd Edition, Morrison Publishing Co. 1956. ' Corn #2 80.1 Corn Silage (recent analysis) 18.5 Soybean meal (all analysis) 78.1 Hay 50.5 - 21 _ fact that in the second experiment the "Limited-fed" calves received more corn per 100 pounds live weight than in the first experiment. In each experiment the two lots were fed a similar number of days. When the "Delayed Full-fed" calves were put on'a full feed, they gained approximately .50 pounds more per day than did the "Limited-fed" calves. For each 100 pounds of gain in live weight in the first experiment the "Delayed Full-fed" calves consumed an average of 119.5 pounds of corn more than did the "Limited- fed" calves, but consumed approximately 260 pounds less of corn silage. In the second experiment the calves on the two treatments consumed approximately the same amounts of corn and hay but the "Limited-fed? calves consumed slightly more protein supplement and corn Silage per 100 pounds gain. 0n the basis of estimated total digestible nutrients consumed per 100 pounds of gain the lots varied inversely as compared to average total gain. That is, in the first experiment the "Limited-fed" calves which made the largest total gain required less total digestible nutrients per 100 pounds gain as compared to the "Delayed Full-fed" calves. In the second experiment the "Delayed Full-fed" calves made the largest average total gain and required the least amount of total digestible nutrients per 100 pounds gain. In Table 2 the summary of carcass data is reported. There was little difference in dressing percentage due to treatment in the first experiment, in the second experiment _ 22 _ THAIILE 2. DRESSING PERCENTAGE GRADES AND 9-10-11 RIB CUT ANALYSES 0F EXPERIMENTS 1940-41 AND 1941-42 1940-41 1941-42 Limited- Delayed Limited- Delayed fed Full-fed fed Full-fed Cold dressing percent 59.48 60.11 59.89 58.76 Slaughter gradel’2 9.2 8.0 10.0 11.2 Carcass gradel’2 9.2 10.0 10.0 8.8 Ifibysical separation right 9-10-11 rib Fat percent 50.27 51.59 51.52 54.19 Total edible percent 82.97 85.41 79.64 81.58 Bone percent 17.05 16.59 20.56 18.42 Chemical analysis of ‘botal edible portion right 9-10-11 rib Water percent 42.91 48.44 47.04 45.45 Fat percent 55.56 56.84 57.88 59.85 IRib eye from 9-10-11 rib Water percent 72.86 75.86 75.25 75.58 Fat percent 4.70 4.06 5.58 2.80 1. High choice = 9 Av. choice . 10 2. Graded by Animal Husbandry staff. Low choice = 11 the "Limited-fed'calves dressed approximately one percent higher than the "Delayed Full-fed" calves. In both years the slaughter grades of the "Limited-fed" calves averaged the same as their average carcass grades. With respect to the "Delayed Full-fed" calves in the first experiment their average slaughter grade was two thirds of a grade above the carcass grade whereas in the second year this was reversed. Grading was done by the Animal Husbandry Department staff using Federal grading system in effect prior to 1950. There was no consistent difference in grade due to -23.. treatment for the two years, as grade tended to vary directly with total gain. The "Delayed Full-fed" calves had more separable fat and total separable lean in the 9-10-11 rib out than the "Limited-fed" calves. As would be expected, the per- cent bone varied inversely with the above two. The percent fat by chemical analysis of the total edible portion varied in a similar manner as that obtained by physical separation. The percent water of the total edible portion varied in- versely as the percent chemical fat of the same tissues. With respect to percent fat in the longissimus dorsi (rib-eye) muscle, the "Limited-fed" calves had an average of .71 percent more fat (4.14% vs. 5.45%) than the "Delayed Full-fed" calves although this difference was not statis- tically significant. The calves in the first experiment had a statistically significant larger amount of fat in the rib- eye than those from the second experiment. - 24 - OBJECTIVES Considering the review of literature and the previous experiments at Michigan State University, the following objectives were established: 31. To evaluate the effects of time and rate of grain feeding on production efficiency of steer and heifer calves. 22. To evaluate the effect of time and rate of grain feeding on Federal carcass grades, muscle develOpment and fat deposition in the carcass. 35.. To study the relationship of live animal grades, carcass grades and certain objective measurements. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 1957-1958 SOURCE OF CATTLE Twenty-four steers and twenty-two heifers of Angus, IHereford and Angus X Hereford breeding were obtained from the University experimental herd. The calves were sired by four Hereford bulls and two Angus bulls and out of choice and fancy grade cows. TREATMENT OF LIVE ANIMALS After weaning, these calves were fed corn silage, supplement and alfalfa mixed hay until the start of this experiment. They were not creep fed at any time. The calves ‘were then divided as equally as possible into four lots, two lots of steers and two lots of heifers, on the basis of loreeding, age, weight and feeder grade. The cattle were fed in an Open barn with concrete :yamds. They were group fed and had free access to automatic wvaterers and a mixture of trace mineral salt and dicalcium Pfliosphate. All cattle were fed twice daily, receiving soy- lmean.meal at the rate of one-fourth pound per 100 pounds ‘bCMiy weight, and hay at the rate of two pounds per head ditily. During the last month of the experiment when only tfinu animals remained on test, the feeding of corn Silage was discontinued and replaced by hay. One lot of steers (Lot 1) arm: one lot of heifers (Lot 5) received a "Limited-fed" I-‘€3L‘I:ion of ground shelled corn at the rate of 1.25 pounds per -26- 100 pounds body weight, plus corn silage full—fed through- out the experiment. The estimated lot weight of the cattle was obtained by adding one half of the previous two week's gain to the present live weight. This estimated lot weight was the basis for calculating the amount of corn daily to feed per 100 pounds body weight for the next two week period. The remaining lot of steers (Lot 2) and of heifers (Lot 4) C "Delayed Full-fed lots") received corn silage full-fed for the first 98 days in addition to protein supplement and hay as fed in Lots 1 and 5. Thereafter they were brought up gradually to a full feed of ground Shelled corn with Silage being fed according to appetite, this ration continuing until time of slaughter. The supplement, corn and corn silage, were mixed together in the manger at each feeding for each lot. All cattle were individually weighed starting at one o 'clock on three consecutive days, December 17, 18 and 19, 1957. The average of these three weights was taken as the initial weight. The cattle were individually weighed every tW0 weeks during the experiment. A panel of six members of the Animal Husbandry Department graded the live animals individually at approx- imately monthly intervals commencing in June of 1958. Those cI'fi'L‘Ii-‘Isle grading Low choice or higher were selected for Slaughter after each grading. The first group was slaughter- ed on July 22, 1958. -27- Final feed-lot weights were obtained by averaging individual weights obtained on three consecutive days previous to the day of slaughter. Cattle to be slaughtered were removed from the experiment following the last weighing and prior to the evening feed. They were then trucked to the adjacent University Meat Laboratory where they had access to water but no feed up until time of slaughter the following morn- ing. Slaughter weights, to the nearest pound, were obtained immediately prior to slaughter. LIVE ANIMAL MEASUREMENTS Two days prior to the day of slaughter all animals were measured as they Stood naturally on a level concrete iILoor. All linear measurements were obtained by the use of nuetal calipers. The height measurement was taken using the 180 centimeter bar to the nearest centimeter, while the Mnidth.measurements were taken to the nearest centimeter us- 111g the 100 centimeter bar. Circumference measurements were taken using a steel tape graduated in centimeters. A£L1.circumference measurements were taken to the nearest ceentimeter except the circumference of the cannon bone which ‘fi61s taken to the nearest fourth of a centimeter. Each measurement was taken twice and the average of the two measurements was used in the data. H. eig3t Measurement Heiggt 33 Withers: This was the distance from the -28- floor to the highest point of the shoulder Width Measurements Width 33 Shoulder: Width of the shoulder was taken at the widest point of the shoulder. In order that the width measurements would be obtained the same distance from the tOpline of each animal, a wooden "T" was Slipped on the caliper when obtaining the crop and loin measurements. Thus the measurements were taken eight inches down from the toPline. Width 33 CrOps: This measurement was taken over the crepe region. Width 33 Loin: Width of loin measurement was Obtained midway between the 15th rib and the tuber coxae (hooks). The arms of the calipers were pressed firmly against the loin in obtaining this measurement. Width through Thighs: Width through thigh measure- ment was obtained through the thigh area with the calipers held vertically. 9.3-..Ecumference Measurements Heart Girth: This circumference was measured by encircling the steel tape around the animal immediately behind the elbow. Circumference 33 Middle: This was the greatest distance around the barrel of the animal at a point just anterior to the pizzle or navel. - 29 _ Circumference 33 Hind Flank: The distance encircl- ing the body of the animal at the highest point of the hind flank and immediately posterior to the tuber coxae. Circumference 33 Cannon Bone 33 Fore Leg: This was the smallest circumference of the metacarpal bone taken approximately half way between the knee and the pastern joint. SLAUGHTER AND CARCASS DATA Slaughter Procedure The slaughter procedure recommended by Deans (1951) was followed. Slaughter weights immediately before Slaughter were obtained. Weights of the full and empty stomach, full intestines and caul fat were recorded. The Spinous processes were not "scored" on the right Side of the carcasses. All carcasses were weighed, Shrouded and placed in a chilling room for 48 hours after which the Shrouds were removed and chilled weights to the nearest one-half pound were obtained. Carcass 3333 Carcasses were graded to the nearest third U.S.D.A. grade by a Federal meat grader, who evaluated each carcass with regards to (1) conformation grade (2) unribbed quality grade (5) ribbed quality grade and (4) final overall carcass grade. The right Side of the carcasses was divided between _ 3o _ the 12m and 15th rib. The wholesale 7-rib cut was removed £1<>cording to the procedure of Hankins 33 31. (1946) and a 1:1?acing was obtained of the rib cut at the point of separa- tion from the loin. The same end of the rib cut was then £3<3uared according to Figure l. A second tracing of the eye Inuiscle was then obtained. The 9-lO-ll rib cut was removed from the wholesale 75-rib out according to Hankins 33 31. (1946), the JJJngissimus 33331 (rib-eye) muscle was excised, the remain- tier was separated into fat, lean and bone and weighed to the Iiearest gram. Samples of the fat and lean together minus ‘the longissimus dorsi were obtained for chemical analysis as described later. SPECIFIC GRAVITY All Specific gravity determinations were made four days after slaughter, except that the Specific gravity determinations of the first five and next 14 carcasses were :made 15 days and seven days, respectively, after slaughter, ‘using the apparatus in Figure 2. The specific gravity of each of three cuts was de- termined prior to removal of any portion for subsequent Specific gravity determination. The 7-rib wholesale cut, after squaring, and the 9-10-11 rib out were weighed to the nearest gram in air and the nearest 0.1 gram in water. The eye muscle from the 9-10-11 rib cut, with superficial facia removed, was weighed to the nearest 0.1 gram in air and the - 51 - FIGURE 1. METHOD OF SQUARING 7-RIB WHOLESALE CUT I?erspective view of twelfth rib end AB central axis of longissimus dorsi muscle CD projection of central axis of longissimus dorsi muscle on surface of rib cut EF line perpendicular to CD along which the cut was made // / . I/ I/ I/ I I I I I I I Outside surface view FIGURE 2. _ 32 _ APPARATUS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY A. B. C. D. Scale weighs to .01 gram Scale weighs to .1 gram Scale weighs to 1 gram Barrel containing distilled water _53_ nearest 0.01 gram in water. The meat was kept in a 50-56° F. cooler prior to the specific gravity determinations. Distilled water at 56-40° F. temperature was used for the determinations. The Specific gravity determinations were made in a cold (56—40° F.) corridor, thus the temperatures were nearly equal during the determinations. Specific gravity was calculated according to the formula given by Brown 33 31. (1951). Preparation 333 Chemical Analysis After weighing in water, the longissimus 33331 muscle was blotted to remove excess moisture and ground five times through a 5/64 inch grinder plate. Approximately 40 gram aliquot was placed in a glass jar, sealed and frozen for subsequent analysis. The other separable fat and lean from the 9-10-11 rib cut was treated similarly. In preparation for analysis the sample was thawed in a jar, with the lid on, mixed thoroughly and a three to five gram sample was placed in a dry tared disposable aluminum moisture dish and weighed. The sample was then placed in an oven at 75° C. and 28 to 50 inches of vacuum for 24 hours, removed, cooled in a desiccator and weighed. The percentage moisture was calculated from the loss in weight of the sample. The samples along with the disposable aluminum dishes were placed in an alundum cup and extracted for four -54... hours with anhydrous ethyl ether in a Goldfisch extraction apparatus. The ether extract was collected in a tared beaker, the excess ether evaporated and the beaker and extract dried for one hour at 100° C. in a forced draft oven. The beakers plus extract were then placed in a desiccator to cool for one hour after which they were weighed. The per- cent ether extract was calculated on the basis of increased weight of the beaker and the original moist weight of the sample. RESULTS The results are presented in five general sections. The first section dealing with the feeding period, the second section dealing with slaughter and carcass data, the third section dealing with specific gravity, the fourth section dealing with live animal measurements, and the fifth section with relationships of live animal and carcass attributes. FEEDING PERIOD An analysis of variance of starting weights of the steers and heifers showed there was no statistically sig- nificant difference between the average starting weights among the four lots. Data regarding days on experiment, initial weights and average gains are presented in Table 5. Examination of this table reveals that for the en- tire trial, the "Delayed Full-fed" lots were fed a longer period of time than the "Limited-fed" lots (271 days and 255 days respectively for steer and heifer lots combined) (P.05). Heifers were fed for an average of 55 days leSs than steers (P.01). The "Limited-lot" of steers gained an average of 69 pounds per head more during the first 98 days of the experiment than the "Delayed-lot" of steers receiving no corn. From the 98“ day until the end of the experiment the trend was reversed and the "Delayed-lot" of steers which _ 56 _ TABLE 5. AVERAGE LIVE WEIGHTS, GAINS AND DAYS ON EXPERIMENT Steer Calves Heifer Calves Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 5 Lot 4 Limited- Delayed Limited- Delayed fed corn Full-fed fed corn Full-fed Corn Corn No. per lotl 11 11 11 10 Av. days on experiment 275 282 251 260 Av. initial wt., lbs. (Dec. 19) 405 596 582 581 Av. wt., lbs.2 March 27 (98 days) 612 554 565 510 Av. final wt. lbs. 1015 980 864 887 Av. gain per head lbs. First 98 days 207 158 181 129 98 days to slaughter 401 446 501 577 Total period 608 584 482 506 Av. daily gain per head lbs. First 98 days 2.11 1.41 1.85 1.52 98 days to slaughter 2.27 2.42 2.26 2.55 Total period 2.21 2.07 2.09 1.95 1. One animal in each of Lots 1, 2 and 4 died. Weight and feed removed from data. 2. "Delayed Full-fed" lots started on ground corn. were then full-fed exceeded the "Limited-lot" by 45 pounds per head. Similar figures for heifers were 52 pounds per head for the first 98 days and 76 pounds per head from the 98“ day until the end of the experiment. The difference in gain during the first 98 days was highly Significant between treatments and Significant between sexes. There was a highly significant difference in total gain for the experiment due -57.. to sex but no difference due to treatment. Analysis of variance of the average daily gains showed similar results as were obtained for average total gain throughout the experiment, except there was no significant difference due to treatment or sex for average daily gain at the time of slaughter. Feed data could not be treated statistically due to lot feeding. "Limited-fed" steer calves consumed an average of 220 pounds more corn per head than "Delayed-fed" steer calves (Table 4). This trend was reversed in the heifers, in that the "Delayed-lot" consumed 55 pounds more corn per head than the "Limited-lot". Steers consumed an average of 510 pounds more corn than heifers. "Delayed-lots", both steers and heifers, consumed slightly more corn silage per head during the experiment than the "Limited-lots", the greatest difference being 255 pounds between the heifer lots. There was no consistent trend in soybean meal consumption due to treatment, the "Limited-lot" of steers consumed an average of 14 pounds more per head than the "Delayed-lot". The "Delayed-lot" of heifers consumed an average of 45 pounds more than the "Limited-lot", due principally to thezlonger average feeding period. The steers ate considerably more soybean meal than heifers due to longer feeding period and greater average weight. Hay was fed at a definite daily rate, thus the total amount consumed varied with the length of time on feed. - 58 - TABLE 4. RATIONS AND FEED CONSUMPTION Heifer Calves Lot 5 Lot 4 Limited- Delayed fed corn Full-fed Steer Calves Lot 1 Lot 2 Limited- Delayed fed corn Full—fed Corn Corn Av. total feed per head Gr. shelled corn 2592 2172 1745 1800 Soybean meal 481 467 552 597 Corn silage 4145 4248 5752 5975 Hay 575 628 459 545 Av. daily rations Gr. shelled corn lst phase 98 days 5.7 0 5.5 0 2nd phase (98-day end) 10.4 11.8 9.0 11.1 Total period 8.7 7.5 7.5 6.9 Soybean meal - total period 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.5 Corn silage lst phase 17.4 25. 16.8 25.6 2nd phase 15.8 9. 15.6 10.2 Total period 15.1 15. 16.1 15.5 Hay - total period 2.1 2. 2.0 2.1 Feed per cwt. gain Gr. shelled corn - total period 595 572 562 555 Soybean meal — total period 79 80 75 78 Corn silage - total period 681 728 775 785 Hay - total period 95 108 95 108 _ 39 - When calculated on the basis of average daily ration over the total feeding period, the "Limited-lots" consumed more corn and corn silage than the "Delayed-lots". Approxi- mately the same amount of soybean meal and hay were consumed by the two treatments within sex. "Delayed-lots" consumed less corn per 100 pounds gain (steers 21 pounds, heifers 7 pounds) than "Limited-lots", but ate slightly more corn silage (steers 47 pounds, heifers 10 pounds.) Hay consumption per 100 pounds gain was identical within treatment but the "Delayed-lot" of heifers consumed five pounds more soybean meal per 100 pounds gain than did the "Limited-lot" of heifers. The heifers consumed an aver- age of 24 pounds less corn but 76.5 pounds more corn silage per 100 pounds gain than did the steers. When the average amount of corn and soybean meal per 100 pounds gain were added together the "Limited-lot" of steers required 20 pounds more than the "Delayed-lot" whereas in the case of heifers this difference was three pounds. Steers ate an average of 28 pounds more total concentrate per 100 pounds gain than heifers. The estimated total digestible nutrients (T.D.N.) were calculated and are presented in Table 5. 0n the basis of T.D.N. consumption per head at the termination of the experiment there was no consistent trend due to treatment. In the case of steers the "Limited-lot" consumed 142 pounds more T.D.N. per head than the "Delayed-lot" whereas the _ 40 _ TABLE 5. ESTIMATED TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENT CONSUMPTION' Steer Calves Heifer Calves Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 5 Lot 4 Limited- Delayed Limited- Delayed fed corn Full-fed fed corn Full-fed Corn Corn Av. total T.D.N. per head Gr. shelled corn 1916 1740 1598 1442 Soybean meal 576 565 275 510 Corn silage 759 777 685 727 Bay 289 516 251 274 Av. total 5540 5198 2587 2755 T.D.N. per cwt. gain Gr. shelled corn - total period 515 298 290 284 Soybean meal - total period 62 62 57 61 Corn silage - total period 125 155 142 144 Hay - total period 48 54 48 54 Av. total 550 547 557 545 ’Morrison, Frank B. Feeds and Feeding, 22nd Edit. Morrison Publishing Co. 1956. Corn #2 80.1 Corn silage (recent analysis) 18.5 Soybean meal (all analysis) 78.1 Hay 50.5 "Delayed-lot" of heifers consumed 166 pounds more T.D.N. per head than the "Limited-lot" of heifers. The average dif- ference due to treatment amounted to only 12 pounds T.D.N. per head in favor of the Delayed-lots". Heifers ate an average of 599 pounds less T.D.N. per head than steers. Calculation of T.D.N. per 100 pounds gain revealed only small differences due to treatment within sex (steers 5 pounds, heifers 6 pounds). Heifers required an average of 8.5 pounds less T.D.N. per 100 pounds gain than steers. _ 41 _ SLAUGHTER AND CARCASS DATA Slaughter and carcass data are presented in Table 6. There was no statistically significant difference in slaughter weights due to treatment but there was a highly significant difference due to sex, the steers averaging 122 pounds heavier than the heifers. There was a range of 1.4 percent in average dressing percent between lots, the "Limited-lot" of steers having the highest dressing percent- age and "Delayed-lot" of steers the lowest dressing percent- age (62.5 percent and 61.1 percent respectively), but there was no significant difference due to treatment or sex. There was a significant interaction between treatment and sex on dressing percentage. Steer carcasses graded significantly higher (P.05) in conformation than did heifers. No statistically signifi- cant difference due to treatment or sex was observed in the following items in grading: slaughter grade, unribbed quality, ribbed quality and final carcass grade. Although the difference was not significant the "Delayed Full-fed" heifers tended to grade highest of all lots in the ribbed quality and final carcass grade. A Heifers had significantly less average weight of caul fat (greater omentum) (P.01) than steers (20.7 pounds and 25.4 pounds respectively) but there was no significant difference due to treatment. When the weight of caul fat was expressed as a percent of chilled carcass, there was no - 42 _ TABLE 6. SLAUGHTER DATA AND CARCASS GRADES Steer Calves Heifer Calves Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 5 Lot 4 Limited- Delayed Limited- Delayed fed corn Full-fed fed corn Full-fed Corn Corn Av. Slaughter wt. 985 946 829 858 Av. dressing percent 62.5 61.1 61.5 61.8 Av. slaughter gradel 19.6 19.2 19.5 19.5 Av. carcass gradel’2 Conformation 21.2 21.1 19.7 19.8 Unribbed quality 19.5 19.4 18.6 19.5 Ribbed quality 19.0 18.9 19.0 19.5 Final grade 19.0 18.9 19.1 19.4 Av. wt. of caul fat 25.4 25.5 20.5 20.8 Av. percent caul fat of chilled carcass 4.18 4.54 4.02 5.95 1. High choice = 21, Av. choice = 20, Low choice = 19, High good = 18. 2. Federal grades significant difference due to treatment or sex. The area of longissimus ggrgi’(rib-eye) muscle was approximately .62 square inches larger in steers than heifers (11.02 square inches and 10.40 square inches re- spectively) (Table 7), but this difference was not statisti- cally significant. There was no significant difference in rib-eye area due to treatment. The average thickness of fat over the rib-eye muscle was significantly less (P.05) for heifers than it was for steers (19.6 mm. and 22.4 mm. reapectively). There was _ 43 _ TABLE 7. AREA OF RIB-EYE AND CARCASS FAT MEASUREMENTS Steer Calves Heifer Calves Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 5 Lot 4 Limited- Delayed Limited- Delayed fed corn Full-fed fed corn Full-fed Corn Corn Av. area of rib-eye (sq. inches) 10.96 11.08 10.41 10.58 Av. fat thickness over rib-eye , muscle (mm.) 24.2 20.5 19.6 19.5 Av. percent ether extract in rib- eye muscle 5.84 6.19 6.55 6.94 Av. percent ether extract if composite 57.51 56.24 58.25 57.16 Av. percent ether extract in 9-10-11 rib cut (boneless) 41.64 40.15 41.44 41.04 Physical analysis av. percent fat 9-10-11 rib cut (bone in) 45.67 41.60 42.68 42.02 Av. percent fat 9-10-11 rib cut (boneless) 49.52 47.56 48.09 47.55 Av. percent moisture 9—10-11 rib cut (boneless) 55.56 55.94 55.42 56.15 l. Separable fat and lean minus longissimus dorsi muscle of 9-10-11 rib combined. _ 44 - no statistically significant difference due to treatment or sex in percent ether extract of the rib-eye muscle, but the two "Delayed-lots" averaged 0.56 percent higher than "Limited-lots" and the heifers averaged 0.72 percent higher than the steers. Physical and chemical analyses of the 9—10—11 rib cut, with or without the bone or rib-eye, revealed no significant difference in percent bone, moisture, separable fat or ether extract due to treatment or sex. SPECIFIC GRAVITY The average specific gravities of the 7-rib whole- sale cut, 9-10-11 rib cut and the longissimus dgggi (rib- eye) muscle from the 9~10-11 rib out are presented in Table 8. TABLE 8. AVERAGE SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS Steer Calves Heifer Calves Range Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 5 Lot 4 Limited- Delayed Limited- Delayed fed corn Full-fed fed corn Full-fed > Corn Corn Av. Av. Av. Av. 7-rib 1.0472 1.0485 1.0487 1.0490 1.0586-1.0615 cut 9-10-11 rib cut 1.0412 1.0458 1.0454 1.0441 1.0285-1.0545 Rib eye 1.0650 1.0658 1.0625 1.0618 1.0565-1.0684 - 45 - The ranges in specific gravity of the various cuts were: 7-rib wholesale cut 1.0586 to 1.0615; 9-10-11 rib cut 1.0285 to 1.0545 and rib-eye from 9-10-11 rib cut 1.0565 to 1.0684. There was no statistically significant difference due to treatment or sex in the specific gravity measurements. The rib-eye of the heifers tended to have a lower Specific gravity whereas the rib cuts of heifers tended to have a higher specific gravity than corresponding cuts from the steers. LIVE ANIMAL MEASUREMENTS The average live animal measurements are presented in Table 9. In no case was there a statistically significant difference due to treatment. The following live measurements differed significantly (P.01) between sexes: height at withers, heart girth, circumferences of belly, hind flank and cannon bone, and the width of shoulders and width through the thigh region. In all of the above mentioned cases the heifer measurement was smaller than the steer measurement. RELATIONSHIP OF CERTAIN LIVE ANIMAL AND CARCASS ATTRIBUTES Live Animal Measurements 229 Lizg Weight Correlation coefficients between live weight and ten live animal measurements were calculated and shown in Table 10.- All the correlations were highly significant (P.01) except the correlation between live weight and width _ 46 - TABLE 9. AVERAGE LIVE ANIMAL MEASUREMENTSl Steer Calves Heifer Calves Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 5 Lot 4 Limited- Delayed Limited- Delayed fed corn Full-fed fed corn Full-fed Corn Corn Av. height at withers 115 112 108 110 Av. circumference Heart girth 190 187 177 180 Belly 218 218 206 208 Hind flank 187 185 178 180 Cannon bone 19.50 19.25 17.50 18.00 Av. width Shoulders 54 54 51 51 Crops 41 59 40 59 Loin 54 53 52 35 Rocks 45 45 44 44 Thighs 53 55 52 51 1. Measurements are in centimeters. - 47 _ TABLE 10. SIMPLE CORRELATIONS OF LIVE ANIMAL MEASUREMENTS WITH LIVE WEIGHT, RIB-EYE AREA AND FINAL CARCASS GRADE ' Live Rib-Eye Final Weight Areal $323288 r r r Height at withers .84" .27 -.16 Heart girth .84" .45H .29 Circumference of belly .75" .27 .15 Circumference of hind flank .85“ .59’ .01 Circumference of cannon bone .67" .55* .25 Width of shoulders .61“ .52‘ .24 Width of crOps .09 -.04 .55‘ Width of loin .61** .56‘ .01 Width of hooks .84“ .16 .05 Width of thighs .54" .50 .17 Live weight --- .44" .09 ‘ significant at P = .05 “ significant at P = .01 1. Nd:adjusted for live weight of cr0ps, which was non-significant. Height at the withers, heart girth, circumference of hind flank and width of hooks had the highest correlations with live weight of .84, .84, ~85 and .84 respectively. Longissimus dgggi muscle area unadjusted for live weight was highly significantly correlated (P.01) with live weight and heart girth (.44 and .45 respectively) and - 48 - significantly correlated (P.05) with circumference of hind flank (.59), circumference of cannon bone (.55), width of loin (.56) and width of shoulders (.52). The only live animal measurement obtained which was significantly correlated with the final carcass grade was the width of crops which had a correlation of .55 (P.05). Factors Related 22 A323 g; Eye Muscle The coefficient of correlation between the areas obtained from the first tracing of the rib-eye made before squaring the 7-rib wholesale cut and the second tracing of the rib-eye made after squaring the 7-rib wholesale cut was .88, which was highly significant (P.01) (Table 11). There was a highly significant negative correlation (P.01) of -.59 between the area of the rib-eye and percent ether extract in the boneless 9-10-11 rib cut. Weight of the rib-eye muscle and percent lean of the 9-10-11 rib out were also highly significantly correlated (P.01) with area of the rib-eye muscle (.41 and .42 respectively). Fat thick- ness over the rib-eye muScle, percent ether extract of rib- eye muscle and final grade were not significantly correlated with area of the rib-eye muscle. Specific Gravity Relationships A highly significant correlation of .95 (P.01) was obtained between specific gravity of the 7-rib wholesale cut and that of the 9-10—11 rib cut (Table 12). There was no - 49 _ TABLE 11. SIMPLE CORRELATIONS OF CARCASS FACTORS WITH RIB-EYE AREAl r Rib-eye area tracing 2 .88“ Percent ether extract of 9-10-11 rib (boneless) -.59*‘ Percent ether extract of rib-eye muscle -.05 Percent lean of 9-10-11 rib .42“ Fat thickness over rib-eye muscle .11 Weight of rib-eye muscle .41" Final grade .15 1. Rib-eye area obtained from tracing one, not adjusted for liveweight ’* significant at P = .01 TABLE 12. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SPECIFIC GRAVITIES 7-rib cut 9-10-11 rib cut 7-rib cut ----- .95’*' Rib-eye muscle -.02 .29 ‘* Significant at P = .01 _ 5o _ significant correlation between the Specific gravity of the rib-eye muscle and either the 7-rib wholesale cut or the 9-10-11 rib cut. Specific gravity of the 9-10-11 rib cut was cor- related (P.01) with percent ether extract (-.84), percent fat physical analysis (-.79), percent moisture (.78), per- cent lean (.71) and percent bone (.44) of the 9-10-11 rib cut. (Table 15). The specific gravity of the rib-eye was correlated (P.01)with percent ether extract (-.65) and per- cent moisture (.55) of the rib-eye. TABLE 15. CORRELATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY WITH MOISTURE, FAT, BONE AND LEAN Fat Moisture Lean Bone Ether Physical Extract Separation 9-10-11 rib cut -.84" -.79*’ .78" .71.. .44.. Rib-eye -,65“ .55.: “ Significant at P = .01 Qggdg Relationship Correlation coefficients between various items in grading were calculated and are presented in Table 14. Neither final live grade or carcass conformation grade were significantly correlated with the other carcass grades or with each other. The unribbed quality grade was signifi- cantly correlated (P.01) with ribbed quality grade and final carcass grade (.58 and .62 respectively). Ribbed - 51 - TABLE 14. CORRELATION OF GRADES Carcass Unribbed Ribbed Final Conformation Quality Quality Carcass Grade Grade Grade Grade Final live grade .25 .26 .15 .18 Carcass conforma- tion grade .11 .21 .25 Unribbed quality grade .58H .62" Ribbed quality grade .98“ ” Significant at P = .01 quality grade had a very high correlation with the final carcass grade of .98 (P.01). The ribbed quality grade had a correlation of .75 with the percent ether extract of rib-eye (Table 15), this correlation was significant at P.01. However, no signifi— cant correlation was found between fat thickness over the rib-eye or area of the rib-eye muscle and ribbed quality grade, in fact the values for the correlations are nearly zero. All specific gravity measurements taken were sig- nificantly correlated (P.01) with the ribbed quality grade. The specific gravity of the rib-eye having the highest cor- relation (-.59) followed by the specific gravity of the 7—rib wholesale cut (-.57) and Specific gravity of the 9-10-11 rib cut (-.46). - 52 _ TABLE 15. CORRELATION OF RIBBED QUALITY GRADE WITH CERTAIN CARCASS MEASUREMENTS r Percent ether extract of rib-eye .75*‘ Fat thickness over rib—eye .00 Area of rib-eye muscle .05 Specific gravity of 9-10-11 rib cut -.46" Specific gravity of the 7-rib wholesale cut -.57” Specific gravity of rib-eye muscle -.59" :: Significant at P = .01 Relationship 2; Various Measures 2: Fatness Specific gravity of the 9-10-11 rib cut was cor- related -.84 (P.01) with percent ether extract of the bone- less 9-10-11 rib cut (Table 16). The correlation between the Specific gravity of the 9-10-11 rib cut and percent fat, determined by physical separation and including the bone, was -.79. The percent ether extract of the rib-eye was correlated -.65 (P.01) with Specific gravity of the rib-eye. There were non significant correlations of .20 and -.10 between fat thickness over the rib-eye and percent ether extract in the 9-10-11 rib cut and percent ether extract in the rib—eye respectively. A highly significant correlation of .88 (P.01) was obtained between the percent fat in the 9-10-11 rib cut (bone included) determined by Physical separation and the percent fat in the 9-10-11 rib -55.. Ho. . m pa pqsofimaqwsm .. mo. . m p. pqsoseaqmflm . sum. Aoflon fipfisv nah HHIOHIm pownpxm Hmnpm pamonom ..mm. meson manav mamhamnw Hmcamhnm QHH Hanoalm pmm pqmowom ..mm. Amman hpszv mamsamq. Hwoamhnm nan Hanoalm pwu pnmonmm oa.l om. A.SOV maomds ohoInHH Ho>o mmquoanp pwm ..mo.l maomss ohmlpan mo hpabmnw oawfioomm ..mm.l ..dw.n QHH Haloacm no th>me oauaommm Add ononv Ammmamnonv ohm ham we mamhawsa Headmmsm new Hauoaum pownpxm Henna nfim Hanoalm pownpwm nonpm pqmonmm yam pqoosom pqmonem mmmZBdh mo mmMDm4m2 ZHdamMO zmmzamm 20H849mmmoo .mH m9m4e - 54 - cut (excluding the bone) determined by ether extraction. A similar correlation of .86 was obtained when the percent fat determined by physical analysis was calculated exclud- ing the bone. A significant correlation of .57 was observed between percent ether extract in the boneless 9-10-11 rib cut and percent ether extract in the rib-eye muscle. DISCUSSION The experiment was designed such that the two treat- ments within sex, using similar total amounts of grain, would result in cattle of similar finish and grade at approximately the same weight and market date. That three of these condi- tions were approached is shown by analysis of variance of total gain, slaughter grade and fatness measures which reveal- ed no significant difference due to treatment. Although there was a significant difference in length of total feeding period due to treatment, the difference between steer lots in average days on experiment was only seven days whereas it was 50 days between heifer lots. Although there was no statistically significant dif- ference in average daily gain due to treatment, the "Limited- lots" made slightly greater average daily gain (steers 2.21, heifers 2.09) than did the "Delayed-lots" (steers 2.07, heifers 1.95)- The "Limited—lot" of steers consumed approximately 10 percent more total ground shelled corn per head when compared with the "Delayed-lot" whereas the correSponding figure be- tween the heifer lots was approximately three percent. The heifers consumed considerably less corn per head than the Steers, part of which is due to the shorter length of feeding period for the heifers and part to a lighter final and average On-feed weight. On the basis of feed per 100 pounds gain, the "Limited-lots" used slightly more concentrate and slightly less - 56 _ roughage. The heifers ate less concentrate and more corn silage per 100 pounds of gain. The heifers ate considerably less total digestible nutrients (T.D.N.) per head than steers due to the shorter feeding period and lighter weights. When the estimated T.D.N. per 100 pounds average body weight during the feeding experi- ment was calculated, there was very little difference due to treatment. 'The heifers did consume slightly less T.D.N. per 100 pounds of gain in weight than did the steers. The "Delayed-lots", when they were on full feed toward the end of the experiment, were consuming approximately the same daily corn ration as the "Limited-lots", thus one and a quarter pounds of corn plus a quarter of a pound of soybean meal per 100 pounds body weight was nearly a full feed for the "Limited—lots". Snapp and Neumann (1960) define a full feed of concentrates as 1.5 to 2.0 pounds per hundred pounds body weight, including any grain that may be contained in corn silage. Although monetary values placed on a feeding experi- ment are valuable only for the conditions under which the experiment was conducted, they will give an indication of the economic results. The "Limited-lot" of steers returned slightly more per head above calf and feed cost ($2.70) than the "Delayed-lot" (Table 17) whereas the reverse was true for the heifers ($1.68). Heifers returned considerably less per head than steers due mainly to the lower total gain of -57... TABLE 17. SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL FEEDING PERIOD Steer Calves Heifer Calves Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 5 Lot 4 Limited- Delayed Limited- Delayed fed corn Full-fed fed corn Full-fed Corn Corn No. per lot 11 ll 11 10 Av. days on experiment 275 282 251 260 Av. initial wt., (pounds) 405 596 582 581 Av. final wt., (pounds) 1015 980 864 887 Av. total gain per head 608 584 482 506 Av. daily gain per head 2.21 2.07 2.09 1.95 Av. total feed per head Gr. shelled corn 2592 2172 1745 1800 Corn silage 4145 4248 5752 3975 Feed per 100 pounds gain (1bs.) Gr. shelled corn 595 572 562 555 Corn silage 681 728 775 785 Estimated T.D.N. per 100 pounds gain 550 547 557 545 Av. return above cost of feed and calfl’2’3 3 60.49 3 57.79 3 46.81 9 48.49 Feed cost per 100 pounds gain 8 15.69 3 15.97 3 15.75 3 15.85 Slaughter gradel 19.6 19.2 19.5 19.3 1. Low choice a 19 Av. choice = 20 2. Feed costs 5. Prices per 100 pounds Shelled corn 3 2.00;cwt. Feeder Eat 1 Soybean meal 3 5.60 cwt. Cattle att e Hay $20.00/ton Steers 350.00 527.00 Corn silage 310.00/ton Heifers $28.00 $26.00 - 58 _ the heifers and lesser amounts of feed per head consumed by the heifers. 0n the basis of feed cost per 100 pounds gain, the "Limited-lots" were slightly more efficient than the "Delayed-lots" but there was no difference between steers and heifers. - Skinner and King (1922) concluded that with two-year- old cattle fed corn silage it was a better practice to full feed corn during the latter part of the feeding period than to feed a half corn ration during the entire period. Johnson £3 31. (1958), with yearling steers, observed similar results to Skinner and King in that the feeding of a given amount of concentrate during the last part of the feeding period was more economical than feeding a similar total amount throughout the feeding period. The results of the above authors were not borne out in this experiment or the 1940-42 experiments at Michigan State University, in which all cattle received more than a half feed of corn. SLAUGHTER AND CARCASS DATA The reason for the statistically significant inter- action between treatment and sex on dressing percentage is unknown. One factor which may be involved is that heifers tend to fatten at lighter weights and more readily on less concentrate as shown in this experiment and also by other authors (Hankins 1952, Foster and Miller 1955, Gramlich and Thalman 1950, Trowbridge and Moffat 1952, Branaman 32 31. 1956, Branaman £3 31. 1940, Dyer and Weaver 1955). - 59 - In this experiment there was a higher percent ether extract in the rib-eye of the "Delayed-lots" as compared to the "Limited-lots", although the difference was not signifi- cant. This is the reverse of the 1940-42 experiments at Michigan State University. Hendrickson £3 al. (1959a) ob- served no difference in ether extract of the rib-eye from steers fed to gain at a high then a moderate rate or the reverse, but the moderate-high lot had a lower marbling score. In a similar experiment conducted by the same research- ers (POpe gt 21. 1958), the moderate-high lots had less mar— bling and ether extract in the rib-eye than high moderate lot. SPECIFIC GRAVITY The high correlations between ether extract (-.84) or physical separation {-.79) and specific gravity of the 9-10-11 rib cut indicate the usefulness in using Specific gravity as an estimation of fat in this cut. In Figure 5, the average percentage of ether extract (fat) in the boneless 9-10-11 rib cut is plotted against correSponding intervals of Specific gravity of the 9-10-ll rib cut (bone in), along with the number of samples in each interval, it will be seen that there is a steady decline in fat percentage with increasing Specific gravity except for one instance. It is possible to expect that with a greater number of samples this irregularity might be altered. In Figure 4 the percent ether extract of the boneless 9-10-11 rib out has been plotted against Specific gravity of 60 $16 46%? 8114.9 ’10:! 0/0 m Jaqwm/ far. 1L;>¢mm OHmHommfl mo zn‘HBDmHmeHQ .m mmDGHm 3 HBBWDN mm N4 64 on 1N3383d lflVd >t>._._>Fx>.:>.—._>¢m0 OHmHommm mo ZOHBDmHmemHQ 450/ ~9$o°/ .m amps; 0. .LNBDHHd '9 HBBWHN 1V3 >SL>00; moo; mmO; mmO; O n/ . n4)mps Homoa .nsamsHszoq as SHH>dmo oHaHomwn 20 Aa,4maxn mamemv 94m annomma me ono3 momm .oH mmsuam 383d IVJ .1N3 -71.. water in the longissimus 9.21133; (rib-eye) muscle is illustrated in Figure 11. The regression equation is Y = 225.57X - 165.90 with a standard error of estimate of 1.15. Thus each change of .0001 unit in specific gravity was accompanied by a change of .02 in percentage moisture of the rib-eye. RELATIONSHIP OF CERTAIN LIVE ATIIMAL AND CARCASS ATTRIBUTES £31.12 Animal Measurements gl_lc_1_ _L_119_ Weight Four live animal measurements had approximately the saune high correlation with live weight, these were height at withers (.84), heart girth (.84), circumference of hind flank (.85) and width of hooks (.84). Lush (1928), Kidwell (1955) and Orme (1958) observed that heart girth was the best single estimate of body weight. Other live animal measurements which had high relationships to live weight as reported by Orme (1958) and supported by this study, were shoulder width, cir- cumference of rear flank, height at withers, and circumference 01' middle. EH9. Animal Measurements and Rib-eye _A_r_e_§_ Correlations between live animal measurement and rib- eye area were generally low but heart girth and live weight were highly significantly correlated with rib-eye area. Other measures which were significantly correlated with rib-eye area were; circumference of hind flank, circumference of cannon bone and width of loin. Orme (1958) observed that heart girth, Circumference of middle and circumference of hind flank were -72.. 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