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This is to certify that the

thesis entitled
A Wind Erosion Model to Predict Average Soil Loss For
Single Events.

presented by
William Presson

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

 

 

M. S . degree in Agricultural Engineering

m

/ . \
filajor professor

Date aw ///L/Zj/6

0-7639 MSU is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution

 

 

 

RETURNING MATERIALS:
1V1531_J Place in book drop to
LlBRARlES remove this checkout from

w your record. FINES will

 

 

 

V be charged if book is
returned after the date
stamped below.

 

 

 

A Hind Erosion Hod-l To Prodict Avorago Boil

Laas For Sinql. Evnnts

By

“1111a. A. Proason

A THESIS

Sub-ittod to
Michigan Stat. Univ-raity
in partial fulfillaont 0* th- rnquirnonts

ior tho dugrol of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Dopartnont 04 Agricultural Enginucring

1986

(/03 74023,?

ABSTRACT

A HIND EROSION MODEL TO PREDICT AVERAGE SOIL

L088 FOR SINGLE EVENTS.
By
Nilliao A. Prosson

A oodol to prodict avorago soil loss tor singlo ovonts
was dovolopod. Tho oodol is basod upon Brogory's oquation
for soil flux across an oroding fiold. Input data nocossary
for uso of tho oquation aro oodolod through a Michigan wind
orosion soason (Docoobor - Juno).

Rosiduo docooposition is oodolod using a rosiduo docay
oquation with tho appropriato paraootors. Crop covor is
lioitod to corn. Tho CERES oodol #or corn dovolopoont and
corn growth data froo Michigan aro usod to oodol canopy
dovolopoont. Data froo Bay City, Michigan for tho 1984-55
wind orosion soason is usod for nodol vorification. Rosulto

aro favorablo but not conclusivo, duo to insufficiont data.

Wm. flay/5 Mm

Major Profossor

Approvod: W54 l‘a’é/z’z/a/QQ/

Dopartoont Chairoan

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would liko to thank my major profossor Dr. Boorgo Morva
for his oncouragomont, oxportiso, and friondship throughout
my graduato studios. His dodication to tho profossion is an

inspiration to all who havo had tho privilogo to work with~

him.

I would liko to thank Dr. Tod Loudon for his council and
oxportiso on my rosoarch committoo and crodit him for
inspiring my intorost in graduato studios. I would also
liko to oxtond rocognition to Dr. Fran Piorco {or his rolo

as a mombor of my rosoarch committoo.

In addition, I would liko to oxpross my graditudo to tho
oxomplary cooporation oxtondod by Lynn Sampson and Jim

Cianok who ondurod tho woathor to colloct data for this

projoct.

Thanks can not oxpross onough tho support and pationco my
family has givon ovor tho yoars to mako this rosoarch oifort
possiblo. I ospocially want to thank my wifo who strugglod

as hard as I havo to achiovo this goal.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. Litoraturo Roviow
A. Summary of wind orosion rosoarch
1. Tho procoss of wind orosion .
a. Intiation of soil movomont
b. Soil transport . . . . . .
c. Sorting and doposition . .

2. Factors affocting wind orosion

3. Hind orosion control . . . . .

B. Tho wind volocity profilo . . . .

C. Modoling soil orosion by wind
1. Tho wind orosion oquation . .

2. Srogory's wind orosion oquation

D. Modoling rosiduo lossos

1. Modoling rosiduo docay . . .

2. Rosiduo mass to rosiduo covor rolationship

3. Rosiduo lossos duo to tillago

III. Modol Dovolopmont
1. Rosiduo broakdown . . . . . .
2. Fiold oriontation and Layout

3. Crop dovolopoont (corn) . . .

iii

‘1 0‘ uauu

12

13

17

21

#8

IV.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

4.

Avorago mass movomont por unit

aroa por ovont calculation

”.1 8m.itiv1ty I I I I I I I I I

Data Colloction . . . . . . . . . .

Exporimontal Vorification Rosults . .

Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . .

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rocommondations . . . . . . . . . . .

APPENDICES

Data Usod For Modol Vorification

II
2.
3.
4I
5.
6.
7.

Sito doscription . . . . . . .
Soil movomont data . . . . . .
Dry siovo analysis of samplos
Tomporaturo data . . . .

Rain data . . . . . .
Hoathor data . . . . .
Samplor ofticioncy . .

Procooduros For Fitting Tho Hind
Volocity Protilo . . . . . . . . .

Documontation And Sourco Codo of

I.
2.
SI
4.

List of Litoraturo Citod . . . . .

Subroutinos . . . . . . . . .
Variablo list . . . . . . . .
Input ‘11.. I I I I I I I I I

Hind orosion program sourco codo

Indox of Authors . . . . . . . .

iv

Avorago mass loss por unit aroa.

Modol

30

51

61

76

77

3383823

'0
\l

100
101

104

114

119

2.

3.

4.

10.

11.

12.

13.

LIST OF TABLES

Particlo sizo rango vorsos typo of transport

Soil orodibility valuos ior various toxtural
classos o4 dry, baro soil

Fraction of covor producod by various amounts
of crop rosiduos

Rocommondod valuos ¥or u/R for uso in . . .
Brogory's rosiduo docay oquation

Rocommondod carbon nitrogon ratios for . . .
Srogory's rosiduo docay oquation

Rocommondod valuos for Am constant in . . .
Srogory's rosiduo mass to covor convorsion
oquation

Typical porcontagos of rosiduo loit for . .
various tillago soquoncos tor corn in
Michligan

Intializod paramotors #or sonsitivity tosts .
Intializod paramotors for fiold runs . . . .
Colloctor and modol ostimato data . . . . .

Comparison of noutral vorsos hoat flux
fittod volocity distributions . . . . . . . .

Particlo ofticioncy 04 tho Modifiod Bagnold
M1" I I I I I.I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Fittod wind volocity profilos . . . . . . . .

15

16

20

20

22

24

67

96

1.

2.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

LIST OF FIGURES

Input and output paramotors . . . .

“.1 d“. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Modol paramotors through an orosion soason

Erosion modoling flow chart . . . .
Data input and calculation . . . .

Sonsitivity o+ avorago mass movomont
rosiduo covor . . . . . . . . . . .

Sonsitivity of avorago mass movomont
carbon nitrogon ratio of corn . . .

Sonsitivity o§ avorago mass movomont
wind diroction . . . . . . . . . .

Sonsitivity o§ avorago mass movomont
rosiduo hoight . . . . . . . . . .

Sonsitivity ot avorago mass movomont
windbroak hoight . . . . . . . . . .

Sonsitivity oi avorago mass movomont
.th dur.t1 m I I I I I I I I I I

Sonsitivity o4 avorago mass movomont
volocity difforonco . . . . . . . .

Sonsitivity of avorago mass movomont
days sinco omorgonco . . . . . . . .

Sonsitivity of avorago mass movomont
non-orodiblo fraction . . . . . . .

Sonsitivity o‘ avorago mass movomont
tho crusting ‘actor . . . . . . . .

Sonsitivity of avorago mass movomont
rosiduo roduction duo to tillago . .

vi

to fall

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

31

3‘38}

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

47

48

49

17. Sonsitivity of avorago mass movomont to
#iold roughnoss . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18. Colloctod mass vorsos ostimatod mass tor
original modol . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19. Colloctod mass vorsos ostimatod mass for
roducod orodibility modol . . . . . . . .

20. Colloctod mass vorsos ostimatod mass for
orginal modol run with samplor corroctions

21. Colloctod mass vorsos ostimatod mass for
roducod orodibility modol with samplo
cwrnti m. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

22. Roughnoss paramotor vorsos
throshold volocity . . . . . . . . . . .

23. Hind volocity during 5/31/85
"1 nd "mt I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

24. Hind diroction during 5/31/85
"1 "d .vmt I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

25. *tt" pl at I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
26I 31 "k p1 at I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
27 I at kmi .k pl at I I I I I I I I I I I I I

28o KlprIIIII" plat o o o o o o o o o o o o o

vii

I. Introduction

Tho modoling of wind orosion, duo to its immonso
comploxity, is still in an infancy stago. Until rocontly,
tho only tool availablo to prodict wind orosion to any
oxtont was tho Hind Erosion Equation dovolopod at tho USDA,
ARS wind orosion laboratory at Manhattan Kansas. Tho Hind
Erosion Equation (HEE) prodicts potontial soil loss on an
annual basis. Potontial soil loss on an annual basis is
usod to provido critoria for tho implomontation of practicos
to roduco annual soil lossos. Howovor, tho HEE doos nothing
to prodict soil loss ovor a particular wind ovont. To modol
soil loss ovor tho duration of a wind ovont an ouprossion
for mass flow por unit timo must bo incorporatod. Two
approachos havo boon proposod, Colo (1984) and Srogory
(1984a). Colo and Brogory both agroo that a mass flux can
bo incorporatod in a wind orosion prodiction oquation.
Brogory‘s prodiction oquation was choson for modoling uso
duo to its simplicity and bocauso it has boon vorifiod with
oxporimontal data (Brogory, 1984a; Pfost, McCarty, and
Srogory, 1985).

Prodicting soil movomont with any mass flux oquation is
only tho start of a wind orosion modol. Various othor
contributing factors must bo accountod for and quantifiod.
Somo of thoso factors includo: 1) moisturo conditions; 2)

wind volocity profilos; 3) covor (both organic rosiduo and

2

groon plant); and 4) fiold foaturos and oriontation. Each
of thoso factors prosont a uniquo difficulty in modoling.
Additional modols and oquations must bo usod to prodict
unknown factors. Somo of thoso modols aro:
1) CERES modol for corn dovolopmont (Jonos, 1985)
2) Swinbanks oquation for prodicting wind volocity
profilos (Swinbank, 1964)
3) Srogory's oquation for rosiduo docay (Srogory
ot al., 1985)
4) Srogory's oquation for rosiduo mass to covor
convorsion (Brogory, 1982)
5) Colo's oxprossion for fiold longth on a roctangular

fiold (Colo, Lylo, and Hagan, 1983)

Ono advantago of an ovont prodiction modal is tho
possiblo addition of wind storm probability to obtain a
yoarly potontial soil .loss modol. In Michigan, tho Hind
Erosion Equation has not provon to bo adoquato ( Sampson,
1984; Duissonborry, 1935)*. In tho futuro, 1+ ovont
modoling can bo mado roliablo, this approach may provido an
altornativo to tho HEE for aroas with climato variability
and vogotation similar to that oxporioncod in Michigan.

Tho objoctivo of this study is to dovolop an ovont
basod modol that incorporatos and modols tho ossontial
factors nocossary to ostimato soil movomont causod by a

singlo wind orosion ovont.

* - porsonal communication

II. Litoraturo Roviow

A. Summary of wind orosion rosoarch

1. Tho Procoss of Hind Erosion

Tho procoss by which soil movos is charactorizod by
throo stops: a) Initiation of soil movomont; b) Soil
transport; c) Sorting and doposition (Malina, 1941 as

roforoncod by Chopil, 1945b).
'a. Intiation of 9°11 Movomont

Particlo movomont will occur whon tho prossuro of tho
wind oxcoods tho gravitational and/or cohosivo forcos
holding tho particlo in placo (Chopil, 1959). Tho wind
spood roquirod to oxcood tho gravitational forco and
initiato soil particlo movomont is callod tho throshold
volocity. Tho throshold volocity varios according to soil,
crop and onvironmontal conditions (Chopil, 1945b; Sillotto,
1978).

A fluid, o.g. wind in motion, ouorts throo typos of
prossuros on a particlo (Chopil, 1959; Chopil and Hoodruff,

1963). Thoso prossuros aro as follows:

1) Volocity or impact prossuro - a positivo prossuro
oxortod on tho windward sido of tho particlo, a

function of wind spood.

4

2) Viscosity prossuro - a nogativo prossuro on tho
looward sido of tho particlo, a function of air

donsity, volocity, and viscosity.

3) Static, isotopic, or intornal prossuro - a nogativo
prossuro on tho top of tho particlo, a function
of tho volocity difforoncos botwoon tho top and

bottom surfacos.

Tho static prossuro can bo ouplainod by tho Sornoulli
offoct which causos an upward lift on tho particlo (Chopil,
1945a). Tho sum of tho impact and viscosity prossuros aro
callod drag. Thus, tho forcos acting on a particlo during
initial particlo movomont aro lift, drag, and gravity. Tho
throshold drag and lift roquirod to initiato particlo
movomont aro functions of particlo diamotor, shapo, donsity,
closonoss of packing and tho anglo of ropooo of tho particlo
with rospoct to tho avorago drag of tho wind (Chopil, 1959;

Chopil and Hoodruff, 1963).
b. Soil transport

Aftor tho initiation of particlo movomont, tho particlo
is transportod in ono of throo typos of soil transportation.

Thoy aro as follows (Chopil, 1945a; Lylos, 1977):

1) Saltation - soil particlos movo in a sorios of short
Jumps. Approximatoly 50-80 porcont of soil movomont
is transportod this way (Chopil and Milno, 1939 as

roforoncod by Stono, 1980; Lylos, 1977).

2) Susponsion - soil particlos bocomo airborno aftor
movomont is initiatod by saltating particlos (Hsioh
and Hildung, 1969; Sillotto and Halkor, 1977; Lylos,
1977).

3) Surfaco Croop - soil particlos roll or slido across tho
surfaco (Potorson, 1986).
Tho typo of transport is Iargoly a function of particlo

sizo. A gonoral guidlino can bo soon in tablo 1.

TABLE 1

Particlo Sizo Rango vorsos Typo Of Transport

(Chopil, 1945.).

 

 

 

.Eaciislo_siaoe Txno_ni_lrananncs______
< 0.1 mm Susponsion
0.5 - 1.0 mm Surfaco croop

c. Sorting and doposition

Sorting and doposition is tho final procoss of wind

orosion (Malina, 1941). Tho varying mobility of particlos

6

rosults in tho sorting of soil particlos across a fiold
(Chopil and Hoodruff, 1963). Doposition of soil particlos
takos placo whon tho gravitational forco oxcoods tho wind's
forco on tho particlo (Chopil and Milno, 1941b as roforoncod
by Stono, 1980). This so callod “fanning mill" procoss
causos tho fiold to bocooo progrossivoly coarsor in toxturo
with timo (Chopil, 1946; Zingg and Chopil, 1950), a
phonomonon which can mako tho romaing soil moro orodiblo

(Zingg and Chopil, 1950).

2. Factors affocting wind orosion

Tho primary factors affocting wind orosion for a givon
fiold aro: soil cloddinoss, surfaco roughnoss, wind, soil
moisturo, fiold longth, and vogotativo covor (Hoodruff ot
al., 1977). Of tho abovo, Hoodruff and Chopil (1956)
attributod up to 75 porcont of wind orosion variability to
soil cloddinoss, surfaco roughnoss, and vogotativo covor
with soil cloddinoss boing tho most significant of tho
throo factors. Soil cloddinoss absorbs tho wind's drag thus
sholtoring moro orodablo particlos (Chopil and Hoodruff,
1963; Hoodruff ot a1, 1977) and thoroforo, it can bo
considorod as covor (Fryroar, 1983; Srogory, 1984b).
Surfaco roughnoss also roducos wind orosion by absorbing
drag (Lylos, 1977). Howovor, thoro is an optimum ridgo
hoight boyond which surfaco roughnoss loosos its'
offoctivonoss bocauso groator orosion can occur off tho

crosts (Chopil and Milno 1941a). Tho optimum ridgo hoight

7

is from 3 to 7.5 cm (2 to 5 inchos) (Hoodruff ot al, 1977).

Vogotation and vogotativo rosiduo havo two offocts on
wind orosion 1) absorbing wind drag (Zingg, 1951; Lylos,
1977; Skidmoro and Hagan, 1977) and 2) ontrapping soil
particlos (Chopil, 1944 as roforoncod by Stono, 1980).

Tho intonsity of wind orosion varios by tho cubo of
wind volocity and invorsoly by tho squaro of offoctivo
procipitation (Chopil, Siddoway, and Armbrust, 1963).
Moisturo has a two fold offoct on wind orosion. Moisturo in
tho air roducos its donsity and thoroforo roducos tho wind's
orosivo forco (Chopil, 1945c). Moisturo in tho soil
producos wator films that croato cohosivo forcos which
rosist orosivo winds (Chopil, 1956).

Tho last primary affoct is fiold longth. Incroasing
fiold longth allows incroasod soil particlo intoraction

which producos moro particlo movomont.

c. Hind orosion control

Hoodruff and Siddoway (1973 as roforoncod by Stono,
1980) stato that wind orosion is causod by “... a strong
turbulont wind blowing across an unprotoctod soil surfaco
that is smooth, baro, dry, and finoly granulatod“. Tho
control thoroforo is tho manipulation of tho factors
discussod in tho provious soction. Thoso manipualtions aro
(Hoodruff ot al., 1977):

1) Promoting a cloddy soil surfaco.

2) Ridging tho soil surfaco porpondicular to tho

diroction of tho provailing wind.

3) Roducing fiold longth with barriors or crop strips
oriontod porpondicualr to tho diroction of tho

provailing wind.

4) Establishing and maintaining a covor of vogotation or

vogotativo rosiduo.

Soil clods aro formod during tillago and aro a function
of soil toxturo, donsity, and moisturo (Lylos and Hoodruff,
1961). Sonorally if tho soil surfaco is covorod with at
loast two-thirds of particlos and clods groator than 0.84 mm
in diamotor, adoquato covor is providod for most winds
(Hoodruff and Siddoway, 1973 as roforoncod by Stono, 1980).
Ridging tho soil surfaco can provido protoction from wind
orosion if tho soil toxturo is suitablo to rosist abrasion
(Chopil and Hoodruff, 1963).

Sarriors or crop strips can bo constructod at right
anglos to tho provailing winds (Chopil and Hoodruff, 1963).
Tho barriors or crop strips oxort a drag and roduco tho
orosivo forco of tho wind. Tho offoctivo distanco from tho
barrior for wind orosion protoction is about 10 timos its
hoight (Hoodruff, 1956). Tho barrior or crop strip also
roducos avalanching by ontraping saltating particlos (Chopil
and Milno, 1941b as roforoncod by Stono, 1980). Crops and
crop rosiduos raiso tho zoro volocity lovol of tho wind

(Chopil and Hoodruff, 1963), docroaso wind volocity at tho

9

surfaco, and ontrap oroding particlos (Chopil, 1944 as
roforoncod by Stono, 1980). Minimum tillago practicos that
maintain crop rosiduo whilo incroasing wator infiltration
and storago can roduco wind orosion (Fonstor and Hicks,
1977).

For an indopth roviow of litoraturo on Hind Erosion

Rosoarch soo Stono (1980).

B. Tho wind volocity profilo

Tho wind volocity profilo first usod in wind orosion
rosoarch was adaptod from Von Karman's ouprossion for fluid

flow in pipos. Tho oquation is as follows:

u 1 z
-—I--ln-+C (1)
u* K0 K

whoro:

u I volocity at hoight z

u*- (t/pl1/2

z I hoight obovo a surfaco

C I constant

KOI constant, Von Karman constant
K I hoight of surfaco roughnoss

t I shoar stross at tho boundary

p I fluid donsity

Prandtl suggostod that oquation (2) could bo oxtondod

to tho atmosphoro (Brunt, 1944 as roforoncod by Zingg and

10

Chopil, 1950). Nikuradso conductod oxporimonts and
dotorminod tho constants to bo K0I0.4 and CI8.5 (Zingg and
Chopil, 1950). Substituting thoso constants and convorting

oquation (2) to logarithmic baso 10 yiolds tho following

oquation.
U 2
u. K

To simplify tho oquation furthor, sotting kIK/30 will
satisfy tho oquation so that tho constant 8.5 can bo
oliminatod (Zingg and Chopil, 1950). Tho oquation thon has

tho following form:

x
u I 5.75 uo log - (3)
k
This oquation with sovoral modifications was usod by
Bagnold and Chopil (Zingg and Chopil, 1950). Tho oquation

usod for moro rocont wind orosion work today is tho

following:
u! :-d
u(z) I - In [--J (4)
K 20
Hhoro:

u(z)I volocity as a function of hoight (2)
K I Von Karman constant, 0.4
d I offoctivo surfaco roughnoss hoight

so I roughnoss paramotor

11

Equation (4) (Schwab ot al., 1981) assumos noutral
atmosphoric conditions. This assumption is probabaly not
tho caso for most wind orosion ovonts. Harrington (1965)
concludos that tho most appropriato oxprossion for tho wind
profilo noar tho ground is Swinbank's oxprossion (Swinbank,

1964). Tho oquation is as follows:

 

 

uo oxp((z-d)/L) - 1
u(z) I -- Int J (5)
K oxp(z°/L) - 1
Hhoro:
-u§3
L I ,m (6)
(kgH/pcp)

g I accoloration of gravity, m s-2

2 -1

H I sonsiblo surfaco hoat flux, J m- s

p I ambiont air donsity, g .—3

CPI spocific hoat of air, J 9'1 ”K-1

Tho offoctivo surfaco roughnoss hoight (d) and tho
roughnoss paramotor (so) can bo rolatod to crop hoight (h)
by tho following oquations whoro tho units aro in motors.

log d I log h - 0.15 (Stanhill, 1969) (7)

log 20- log h - 0.09 (Tannor and Polton, 1960) (8)

For a moro indopth roviow of litoraturo rogarding wind

volocity profilos soo Harrington (1965).

12

C. Modoling soil orosion by wind

1. Tho wind orosion oquation

Tho HEE was dovolopod from work porformod and data
takon in tho Sroat Plains (Chopil and Hoodruff, 1954; 1959;
Chopil, 1960). Tho HEE ostimatos potontial soil loss on an
annual basis for a givon agricultural fiold. Tho oquation

is as follows (Hoodruff and Siddoway, 1965):

EI f( I , K , c , L , v ) (9)

whoro:

E I potontial avorago soil loss, Tons acro"1 71*

I - soil orodibility indox, Tons acro" y..r‘1*
I soil ridgo roughnoss factor,

climatic factor,

I" O K
I

I fiold longth along tho provailing wind diroction,
foot
V I oquivolont of quantity of vogatativo covor,
lbs acro'1*
Uso of tho HEE, duo to it's comploxity, (Chopil and
Hoodruff, 1963) roquiros look up charts and tablos and
graphical solution tochniquos. A computor program was

dovolopod by Skidmoro, Fishor, and Hoodruff (1970) to solvo

* noto tho HEE is not usod with SI units

13

tho HEE. Tho computor program was of littlo holp howovor
for uso in tho fiold. Tho Soil Consorvation Sorvico, tho
Agricultural Rosoarch Sorvico and tho Graphics Calculator
Company dovolopod a slido rulo to improvo oaso of uso of tho
HEE (Possolius, 1983). Possolius dovolopod a program for
uso on a Howlott Packard 41 CV handhold calculator. For
furthor background rogarding tho HEE soo Stono (1980). For
furthor information rogarding tho oquation's uso in Michigan

rofor to Duisonborry (1984).
2. Srogory's wind orosion oquation

An altornativo to tho Hind orosion Equation's yoarly
avorago soil loss is Srogory's wind orosion oquation for
singlo ovonts (Brogory, 1984a). Pfost, McCarty, and
Srogory (1985) appliod tho oquation with furthor

modifications. Tho oquation is as follows:

2-
"s‘c 9 V ‘V Vc3)ri-oxp(-z A L K/V)J (10)

whoro:

I -1

MSI mass flux por unit width of blowing soil, Kgm' s

c - 0.0000244 Kg s2 n“

S I Rolativo soil dotachmont factor ( a function of
crop canopy, rosiduo, and soil roughnoss),
calculatod by oquation (13)

v - Hind volocity, m s-1 (at 15.2 motors abovo tho

surfaco)

14

VcI critical throshold volocity roquirod to initiato
orosion of dry soil, assumod to bo 13.0 m/s 0
15.2 m hoight (oquivolont to 6.7 m/s 0 0.15 m
hoight (Fryroar and Downos, 1975))
2 - 0.003 ha t-1 s‘1
A I a dimonsionloss soil abrasion adjustmont factor
I 0.77 t1-oxp(-0.072 oxp(4.67 Z L K/V))] f 0.23 (11)
L I unprotoctod longth of fiold in diroction of wind, m
I L; - (17(Vc)/VI H (12)
L‘I longth of fiold in diroction of wind, m
H I hoigth of windbroak (on windward sido of fiold), m

K - soil orodibility, t/ha (from tablo 2)

Tho rolativo soil dotachmont factor (8) was dovolopod
by Brogory (1984b) for wator orosion as woll as wind
orosion. For uso in tho abovo oquation (S) can bo

calculatod from tho following oquation:

(1-Fc) (1-Fr)

 

(13)
Feb: Frhr
+ (1-Fc)

 

 

+ (1-Fc) (1-Fr)32
h

s
whoro:
S I rolativo soil dotachmont (SI1 for a smooth, baro
soil)
FcI fraction of canopy covor duo to a growing crop
FrI fraction of covor duo to rosiduo or stablo soil

clods (can bo prodictod by oquation 19, or

soo Tablo 3 for typical valuos)

15

th hoight of canopy, mm ( or samo units as h. or hr)
h'I hoight of soil roughnoss, mm

hrI hoight of rosiduo, mm

Tablo 2
Soil Erodibility valuos For Various Toxtural
Classos Df Dry, Saro Soil

(Chopil , 1957).

 

Soil Class Soil Erodibility
M M
Sand 370 165
Loamy Sand 220 98
Sandy Loam , 40 18
Loam 16 7
Silt Loam 13 6
Clay Loam 11 5
Silty Clay Loam 9 4
Silty Clay 27 12

Clay (subjoct to

granulation) 52 23

 

*K - 2.24 timos I.

16

 

no.0
05.0
0h.0
00.0
00.0
«0.0

00.0 00.0 0h.0 ”0.0 ”0.0 D”.0
”0.0 00.0 00.0 ””.0 0N.0 0n.0
”0.0 ”0.0 00.0 ””.0 0N.0 0u.0
50.0 ¢o.0 00.0 05.0 00.0 00.0
0”.0 ””.0 0N.0 0«.0 ¢«.0 0«.0
00.0 00.0 05.0 00.0 n¢.0 ””.0

0N.0
«u.0
u«.0
¢”.0
00.0
«0.0

0u.0
#0.0
#0.0
”q.0
No.0
00.0

 

 

.azxux. senate cauauoc

 

h¢mI3
003040230
mtmhm 2000>00
z¢mm>00
mtmhm ZOPFDU
2000

mama

 

.nmo. >Lounco ac. .>ucaou: .u-owm.

” Innflb

ooaoaoom QOLU *0 ouc304¢ odoaLo> >0 nonsuOLm Lo>ou 40 coauUILu

17

D. Modoling rosiduo lossos

1. -Modoling rosiduo docay

Prodicting rosiduo covor is ossontial to tho modoling of
wind orosion ovonts. At any timo during tho wind orosion
soason, rosiduo covor must bo known or prodictod within
roasonablo tolorancos. Tho first attompts at modoling
rosiduo docay assumod that docay follows a first ordor
roaction with timo. Tho oquations that woro dovolopod thon
havo oxponontial forms (Parnas, 1975; Hunt, 1977; Silmour,
1977; Roddy, Khalool, and Ovorcash, 1980).

Silmour, Broadbont, and Bock (1977) and Hunt (1977) usod
first ordor kinotics to doscribo rosiduo docay in two to
throo difforont stagos doponding on oaso of docomposition.

Tho oquation is as follows:

-dC,/dtI kic, (14)
whoro: C I organic carbon substrato
kiI first ordor rato constant at phaso (i)
i I phasos I,II, and III

and by intograting oquation (14).
whoro: Ct-I romaining organic substrato at timo (t), at

I.

phaso (i)

c.

1 I initial organic substrato at phaso (i)

18

k-

1 I first ordor rato constant at phaso (i)

t I timo

Throo difficultios ariso from thoso oquations: 1) two or
throo phasos of docomposition must bo considorod; 2) tho
first ordor rato constant varios ovor timo; and 3) an
oxponontial rolationship roquiros infinito timo to roach
total docay. Roddy, Khalool, and Dvorrcash (1980) dovolopod
procoduros to modify oquation (15), but thoso modifications
roquiro data not oasily moasurod or ostimatod. Srogory
ot.al. (1985) dorivod a simplifiod modol that could bo usod
with oasily moasurod or ostimatod data. Tho modol is dorivod

from fivo basic concopts. Thoy aro as follows:

1) A simplo modol should modol tho intogratod offocts of
all microorganisms at work in rosiduo docomposition.

2) As tomporaturo incroasos abovo zoro dogroos colcius,
rosiduo docay incroasos also.

3) Tho rosiduo docay rato is invorsoly proportional to
tho carbon to nitrogon ratio (CIN) of tho undocayod
part of tho rosiduo at harvost timo.

4) Rosiduo moisturo lovol affocts tho rato of rosiduo
docay.

5) Docay occurs on tho surfaco of tho rosiduo and

thoroforo doponds on tho surfaco aroa of tho rosiduo.
Tho modol is as follows:

n- M°(1-ut/Ro)2 (16)

19

whoro: M I Mass at timo (t), Kg

Mo I Mass at timo (tIO), Kg

u I constant

R0 I radius of ono stom, mm

t I a woightod timo variablo adjustod for
tomporaturo, moisturo, and intial C/N ratio.

I TtA./(C/N) (17)

T I tomporaturo, (dogroos Colcius abovo zoro)

t I timo, days

C/NI intial C/N ratio

A‘. I moisturo indox, mm
summation of (Ii/i) for iI1-5 ‘ (18)

I I dopth of a rainfall on a givon day,mm

i I tho numborod day, with tho prosont day boing
1, tho provious day 2, oct.

All of tho abovo paramotors can bo oasily moasurod or
ostimatod oxcopt for tho valuos u and R0. Thoso valuos woro
dotorminod oxporimontally as ono variablo u/Ro for various
crops (Srogory ot al., 1985; Shidoy ot al., 1985).
Rocommondod valuos aro listod in tablo 4. Tho C/N ratio can
bo ostimatod with data, roportod by Shidoy ot al.(1985),
tablo 5. Tho moisturo indox is not allowod to oxcood tho
indox basod on tho avorago potontial ovaporation rato.
Thoroforo A. is not allowod to oxcood 10 mm (soo Brogory

ot.al. (1985) for a moro indopth oxplanation).

20

Tablo 4
Rocommondod valuos for u/Ro for uso in Srogory's
rosiduo docay oquation

(Srogory ot al., 1985).

 

Crop u/Ro
whoat 0.00210
corn 0.00118

sunflowor 0.00119

soyboans 0.00137

Tablo 5
Rocommondod Carbon Nitrogon ratios for Srogory's
rosiduo docay oquation

(Shidoy ot al., 1985).

 

Crop C/N
whoat 108
corn 57
sunflowors 40

8

soyboans

21

2. Rosiduo mass to covor rolationship

Modoling rosiduo docay has boon porformod in torms of
mass. Mass of rosiduo howovor is not tho input paramotor
noodod for Srogory's wind orosion oquation. A rosiduo covor
i.o. docimal fraction of covor, input is nocossary. Slonokor
and Moldonhauor (1977) and Hischmoior and Smith (1978)
rolatod tho fraction of tho surfaco covorod to tho mass of
dry matorial on tho surfaco. Srogory (1982) dorivod an
oquation to diroctly prodict soil covor from tho mass of dry
matorial on tho surfaco. Tho oquation was vorifiod using
roportod data of Srogory (1982) as woll as Slonokor and
Moldonhauor (1977) and Hischmoior and Smith (1978). Tho

oqution has tho following form:

Fan—(M (19)

Hhoro: FcIfraction of soil covorod, docimal
AmIcrop dopondant constant, ha/Kg

M IMass of rosiduo por unit aroa, Kg/ha

Rocommondod valuos for Am aro listod in Tablo 6.

22

Tablo 6
Rocommondod valuos for Am constant in Srogory's
rosiduo mass to covor convorsion oquation

(Brogory, 1982).

 

Rosiduo Am(ha/Kg)
Soyboan 0.0004-0.0007
whoat 0.0005

corn 0.0004
sunflowor 0.0002
soyboan stoms 0.0002

cotton stoms 0.0001

3. Rosiduo lossos duo to tillago

Fonstor at al. (1965) obsorvod rosiduo roduction from
individual passos of implomonts ovor stubblo mulch systoms.
Fonstor ot al. (1965) moasurod roductions of up to 45% of
rosiduo mass with primary tillago and gains of up to 4X
rosiduo mass with socondary tillago. Rosoarchors sinco thon
o.g. Andorson (1968), Sloanokor and Moldonhauor (1977) and
Colvin, Laflon, and Erbach (1980), havo roportod rosiduo
roductions from tillago, but nono havo triad to modol rosiduo
roduction causod by tillago. Srogory ot al. (1982) dorivod
an oquation to prodict rosiduo roduction by tillago. This

oquation is as follows:

23

-(1-F5+F8HB/HT)(MUIMT)(SD)Kd
t-(1- -) o (20)

“n
Hhoro: t Iratio of tho now fraction of covor to tho old
fraction of covor,
HB/HDIratio of tool width to width disturbod,
HB/HTIratio 04 tool width to width tillod,
MU/MTIratio of mass of soil movod abovo untillod
top of soil to total (HT) movod by tho tool,
d Ioffoctivo or avorago dopth of tillago, cm
F8 Ifraction of stablo rosiduo covor,
SD Idry bulk donsity, g cm""3

K Iclod sizo coofficiont,(aroa/mass)

Koohostani and Srogory (1985) furthor dovolopod tho
input paramotors for tho abovo oquation. Rosiduo roduction
by tillago is quantifiod in tablo 7 for uso in Michigan for

corn (Ouisonborry, 1981).

24

Tablo 7

Typical porcontagos of rosiduo loft for various

tillago soquoncos for corn in Michigan

(Duisonborry, 1981).

 

Systom

Rosiduo romaining

 

moldboard plow-offsot disk-plantor
offsot disk-plantor

chisol plow (twistod shovol)-plantor
chisol plow (straight shovol)-plantor
till plantor with cultivator

no till plantor with cultivator

0%

100%

III. Modol Dovolopmont

Tho modol is dosignod to follow as roasonably as
possiblo tho dovolopmont of tho conditions procooding a wind
orosion ovont. Tho modol thon ovaluatos tho avorago mass
loss during tho ovont. Tho assumptions usod for tho modol
aro as follows: 1) Evont basis analysis ; 2) Dry soil
conditions; 3) Short duration wind ovonts; 4) Roctangular
fiolds;5) Homogonoous soil touturo for tho fiold; and 6) Ho
soil particlo input from outsido tho fiold boundry. Tho
input and output variablos aro outlinod in figuros 1 and 2
(pagos 31-32). Basic modol flow is illustratod in figuro 3
(pago 33). Thoso woro tho basic aroas rocognizod as boing
important in a wind orosion modol. Tho actual flow of tho
modol is illustratod in figuros 4 and 5 (pp.34-35). Tho

main foaturos accountod for in tho modol aro as follows:

1) Rosiduo broakdown

2) Fiold oriontation and layout

3) Crop dovolopmont (corn)

4) Avorago mass movomont por unit aroa dotormination

5) Avorago mass loss por unit aroa dotormination

1. Rosiduo broakdown

Rosiduo covor is a major variablo of intorost in

’Srogory's Hind Erosion Equation and thoroforo must bo known

25

26

within a roasonablo toloronco. In Michigan, on tho plots
usod for data colloction, tho usual tillago soquonco is fall
plow (chisol or moldboard), spring socondary tillago
(disking or combination implomont) and planting. Initial
rosiduo input into tho modol is aftor fall tillago and is
inputtod as a docimal fraction of covor. Rosiduo docay is
thon modolod throughout tho fall up until tho dosirod wind
ovont calculation. Equation (16) soction D, is usod to
ovaluato rosiduo docay in fivo day incromonts (Srogory
ot.al., 1985). Avorago monthly tomporaturos and rain
amounts aro usod through tho docay poriod. Tho rosiduo
docay oquation roquiros .an input of mass por unit aroa.
Thoroforo oquation (19) is usod to mako this convorsion.
This convorsion is roquirod intially, as woll as for tho
rosiduo covor input paramotor in Srogory's Hind Erosion
Equation (10). If an ovont occurs aftor planting, rosiduo
loss duo to tillago is dotorminod by a factor takon from

tablo 7.

2. Fiold oriontation and layout

Fiold oriontation is important to dotormino tho
unprotoctod fiold longth in tho diroction of tho wind. Tho
modol is sot up to handlo a roctangular fiold that has all
sidos oithor parallol or porpondicular to tho compass
diroctions, i.o., ‘north, south, oast and wost. Hindbroak

hoights aro inputtod for oach sido of tho fiold. To

27

calculato tho offoctivo longth of fiold in tho diroction of
tho wind, Colo, Lylo, and Hagan (1983) proposod an
axprossion usod in tho modal. Tho oquation is as follows:

I w

w/cos B/fl/sin Bl

 

Hhoro:
L; I offoctivo fiold longth, m

l I longth of fiold, m

width of fiold, m
B I anglo botwoon wind diroction and oast-wost axis

of tho fiold, dogroos

Tho offoctivo fiold longth (L‘) is substitutod for tho
fiold longth (Lg) input paramotor for oquation (12). Tho
offoctivo fiold longth is also usod to convort mass flux par

‘unit width to avorago mass rato par unit aroa.

3. Crop dovolopmont

Corn is tho only crop for which tho modal is dosignod
at this stago of dovolopmont. For corn, two crop paramotors
aro noccosary if an ovont occurs aftor plant omorgonco.
Tho two paramotors aro crop canopy covor and crop canopy
hoight. Both of thoso paramotors oxhibit a linaar
rolationship with sum of dogroo days (8°C baso for dogroo

,day). To prodict crop canopy covor, tho Coros corn growth

2S

modal (Jonas, 1985) was usod to prodict loaf aroa indox
dovolopmont. Tho loaf aroa indox than was convortod to crop
canopy covor using sorghum data from Richio and Burnott
(1971). Tho difforoncos botwoon tho loaf aroa indox vorsos
tho canopy covor rolationship botwoon corn and sorghum woro
considorod nogligablo for this typo of ostimato (Richio,
1985)’. Crop canopy hoight is ostimatod with corn growth
data takon from southorn Michigan during tho samo poriod and

rolatod to tho sum of dogroo days.

4. Avorago mass movomont par unit aroa por ovont

calculation

Srogory's Hind Erosion oquation prodicts a mass flux
par unit width par socond (pg. 13, oq. 10). To obtain tho
mass movomont par socond ovor tho fiold, tho following

oquation can ba usod.

L4
f
MiI g Ms(L) H dL (22)
J
O
whoro:
Mi - mass movomont por socond ovor tho fiold, Kg s-1
M. - mass flux par unit width, Kg ”-1.-1

L‘ - longth of fiold in tho diroction of tho wind, m

o Porsonal Communication

29

dL - difforontial longth along tho fiold, m

H - fiold width, m

Tho modal approximatas oquation (22) by avaluating tho
mass flux par unit width at incromonts of 3 motors along tho
windward sido of tha fiold until tha mass flux raachos its'
maximum. Tho mass fluxas aro than avaragad ovor tho rogion
and woightod with tho romaining maximum flux across tho rast
of tho fiold. Tho rosulting woightod mass flux por unit
aroa width M.“ is than substitutod back into oquation (22).
Evaluating oquation 22 and dividing by tho aroa, tho mass
flux par unit araa is found. To find tho mass movomont par
unit aroa par ovont, intogration ovor tha duration of tho
avant can ba porformod. Equation (23) is tha rosulting

oquation.

f
(H Hsu)dL]/ Lf H] dt (23)

3
I
O Hum-s M'
n
n
0 \mu-n I"

whoro:

M - total mass movomont par unit aroa, Kg m-2

M - woightod mass flux ovor tho fiold, Kg s""m"'1

dt - difforontial timo incromont, s

3O

5. Avorago soil loss par unit aroa

Total soil movomont doos not by itsalf datarmina soil
loss from a fiold. A soil particlo is not considard lost
until is passos across tha fiold boundry. Thoroforo, givon
a sat of paramotors that will produca wind orosion and
assumimg tho fiold is sufficiantly largo so that tho maximum
mass flux is raachod, tho amount of orosion is a function
of tha fiold looward boundary oxposura for short duration
wind ovonts. Tha oquation usod to calculato avorago soil

loss por unit araa is as follows:

MaI n.4d/L, (24)

M - avorago soil loss par unit aroa, Kg a"2

n - mass flux at distanco Lf, Kg s“.‘1
L; - longth of fiold in tha diroction of tho wind, m

d - duration of tho ovont, s

:51

Input and Output Paramatars

1 covor

 

rain data

 

taco data Rosiduo

Ell ratio

 

vvvv

(soo figuro 2)

wind diroction

 

fiold siz:

 

windbroak: Oriontation of Fiold

 

V V V v
aoaoooaauaouo

oriontation

 

cultivar info.

 

uaathar

 

fiold cond. > Coros

data
roughnoss

Hass Hovad

. Snows
)' Erosion --)

 

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Figurl 5

IV. Modol Sonsitivity

A oodol sonsitivity analysis was porforood for tho
oajor paraootors which dotornino avorago soil loss ratos por
unit aroa. Figuros 6 - 17 show tho offoct of individual
paraootors on avorago soil loss por unit aroa for a givon
sot of paraootors. Tablo 8 givos a dotailod list of tho
data sot usod to dovolop tho sonsitivity rolationships.
Tooporaturo and rainfall data that woro usod aro tho samo as
in Appondix A.

Sono major foaturos that can bo cloarly soon in thoso
plots aro as follows:

1) Figuros 6 and 16 show a flat portion on thoir
curvos. Tho flat portion rosults froo tho fact that a baro
soil's covor is oqual to tho porcont of non-orodiblo
particlos in tho soil. A non-orodiblo particlo is dofinod
as any particlo that will not pass through a 0.84 on scroon.
Thoroforo, it is unlikoly that a soil is ovor cooplotoly
void of any covor. Tho soil's non-orodiblo fraction doos
not allow tho curvos to approch thoir limits and a flat
portion on tho curvo rosults.

2) Figuro 14 appoars to havo a chango of slopo in tho
oid rogion of tho curvo. Tho curvo shown is actually
cooposod of two soparato curvos. Tho right sido of tho
curvo is a function of tho non-orodiblo fraction. Tho loft
sido of tho curvo is a function of rosiduo covor sinco tho

'oodol doos not considor tho non-orodiblo fraction as covor

36

37

unloss it is groator than rosiduo covor.

3) Figuro B nay appoar intially to bo opposito of that
oxpoctod. Howovor, soil loss is a function of tho looward
fiold oxposuro (pg. 30, soction 5) and, thoroforo, tho
rolationship shown is corroct. A largo fiold will havo ooro
soil oovonont than a snail fiold, but tho loss of soil nay
bo groator on tho soallor fiold. Soil loss has not takon
placo until tho soil actually passos across tho fiold's odgo
which, for short duration wind ovonts is a function of tho
looward fiold oxposuro.

A) Figuro 17 indicatos that as fiold roughnoss
incroasos, so doos avorago oass loss por hoctaro. Two
rolationships aro oxpoctod froo publishod litoraturo on
fiold roughnoss vorsos soil novooont. Tho first occurs whon
tho fiold surfaco roughnoss doviatos froo a soooth surfaco.
Tho incroaso in soil roughnoss imparts groator drag on tho
wind, thus roducing tho wind volocity and in turn roducing
soil oovooont. Tho socond rolationship, was obsorvod by
Chopil and Milno (1941a). Boil novooont will incroaso if
soil roughnoss bocooos to groat. Erosion will occur off tho
crosts of tho ridgos. Thoroforo, tho curvo should consist
of a nogativo slopo until tho optiouo ridgo hoight is
roachod and thon a positivo slopo should occur thoraftor.
Tho curvo in figuro 17 lacks tho intial nogativo slopo and

prosonts an unrosolvod probloo within tho oodol.

38

Tablo 8

Intializod Paraootors For Sonsitivity Tost

 

January Tooporaturo (c)
Fobruary Tonporaturo (c)
March Tooporaturo (c)
April Tonporaturo (c)
flay Tonporaturo (c)

Juno Tooporaturo (c)
July Tooporaturo (c)
August Tooporaturo (c)
Soptoobor Tonporaturo (c)
Dctobor Tonporaturo (c)
Novoobor Tooporaturo (c)
Doconbor Tooporaturo (c)
Fall rosiduo Covor (docioal)
Rosiduo lncrooont (days)
u/rO Ratio

CIN Ratio

Intial Tillago Dato
Evont Dato

Evont Hour

North Fiold Longth (o)
East Fiold Longth (o)
Hind Diroction (dog)
Rosiduo Hoight (co)
Rosiduo Constant
Hindbroak North (o)
Hindbroak East (o)
Hindbroak South (o)
Hindbroak Host (o)

Evont Duration (oin)
Critical Volocity (o/s)
Hind Volocity (o/s)
Volocity Hoight (o)
Planting Dato

Eoorgonco Dato
Non-orodiblo Fraction(%)
Crusting Factor

Factor Spring Tillago (rosiduo)
Spring Tillago Dato
Fiold Roughnoss (cn)
Days to Borninato (days)

-8.4
-5.5

2.7
11.4
16.1
11.0
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19.0
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12.0

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0.38

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V. Data Colloction

Data colloction was conductod for this study fron
Docoobor, 1984 to July 1985 and was fundod by tho Soil
Consorvation Sorvico. Tho study was intiatod to cooparo
various tillago practicos and tall whoatgrass strips for
offoctivo control of wind orosion. Data was colloctod in
Bay County, Hichigan whoro a divorso varioty of agricultural
crops aro producod. "any of thoso crops produco littlo
rosiduo for wind orosion control. Thoso crops includo dry
boans, sugar boots, and vogatablo crops as woll as tho naJor
stato crops, corn, soyboans, and whoat. Tho county Soil
Consorvationist diroctod tho suporvision of a tochnician to
oaintain tho saoplors and woathor station. Four sitos woro
choson for thoir tillago practico and/or tho prosonco of
tall whoatgrass strips, as woll as thoir likoly
sucoptibility to wind orosion. Tho four sitos aro as

follows:

1. Satkowiak plot - crop (sugar boots)
Holdboard plowod, loaoy sand

2. Kipfoillor plot - crop (tooatoos)

Holdboard plowod, tall whoatgrass strips, sand
3. Block plot - crop (half corn, half soyboans)
Chisol plowod, sand

4. Hottors plot - crop (sugar boots)

51

52

Chisol plowod, tall whoatgrass strips,

sandy loao (ridgos - loaoy sand)

Hodifiod Bagnold sanplors (Morva and Potorson, 1983)
woro usod for on sito soil colloction. Thirtoon saoplors
woro installod on tho four sitos. Two ovonts woro rocordod
during tho saopling poriod. Duo to a woathor station
oalfunction tho ono ovont was not usod for nodol
vorification.

Tho woathor station was not oroctod on any of tho
saoplor sitos (approximatoly 3 oilos froo tho plots) sinco
tho woathor station was not portablo onough to allow
oovooont during spring tillago. AC powor is also roquirod
during froozing woathor to boat tho instruoont box and this
was not availablo on any of tho saoplo sitos. Tho woathor
station is instruoontod with two anoooootors, a wind
diroction indicator, a tomporaturo probo, a huoidity sonsor
and a pyrononotor. Data is loggod on a Caopboll Sciontific
CR-21 data loggor and storod on cassotto tapos. Tho tapo is
road through an intorprotor box and storod on floppy disks.
Two anooonotors aro roquirod sinco throshold volocitios aro
dofinod at low hoights (30 co or loss). Tho two volocitios
at difforont hoights allow a lognoroal distribution to bo
fittod and oxtrapolatod down to tho dofinod throshold
volocity hoight. Rofor to appondix A for furthor
inforoation rogarding tho woathor station. Appondix A also
contains tho data for tho sanplor sitos and data usod to

"vorify tho modol.

VI. Exporioontal Vorification Rosults

Tho oodol was adjustod to ostioato tho oass flux at a
point. Tho saoplor sanplos a 6.4 on width of fiold. This,
whon conparod to tho width of tho fiold can bo considorod a
point ostioato. Thoroforo, a point ostioato is usod to
sinulato tho oodifiod Bagnold saoplor as it is usod in tho
fiold. Tho data in Tablo 9 was usod along with all tho
appropriato input data nocossary for tho oodol to sioulato
tho wind ovont (all non-corn plots woro baro oucopt ono,
i.o. sugar boots, tho crop covor was considord to bo that of
corn). Tablo 10 lists tho saoplor colloctod oass, corroctod
oass, original oodol ostioatos, and tho roducod K oodol
ostimatos. Tablo 9 lists tho input paraootors that woro
changod from tablo 8 to run tho oodol for oach saoplor. Tho
oodol was oodifiod to run through tho ovont in 5 oinuto
incrooonts bocauso tho data was takon at that tioo
incrooont. A oodification (variablo offoctivo fiold longth,
constant wind diroction) is also nocossary to sioultato tho
fiold as soon by tho oodifiod Bagnold saoplor.

Tho roducod K oodol ostioatos woro conductod bocauso
tho soil orodibility valuos usod woro basod upon an annual
basis, whilo this nodol is basod on an ovont. Thoroforo, a
oodol run for all tho colloctors was nado with tho K valuo
roducod by 90 porcont. Figuro 18 givos a graphical plot of

(

tho colloctod mass to tho ostimatod mass. Figuro 19 givos a

53

54

graphical plot of tho colloctod oass to tho roducod oass
froo tho roduction of tho K valuos. A particlo sizo
analysis was porformod on tho plot soils and colloctod
saoplor nassos. A sanplor officioncy was ostioatod froo
this data (appondix A). Tho officioncy was dotoroinod to bo
approximatoly 80 porcont. Thoroforo, Figuros 20 and 21 show
tho rosults of both oodol runs with tho corroctod saoplor
oassos. Tho data prosontod aro only for tho May 31, 1985

wind orosion ovont.

55

 

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VII. Discussion

In tho dovolopooont of an ovont basod oodol, ono oust

considor tho actual nood and advantago o§ this rosoarch.
Tho Hind Erosion Equation (HEE) has accouplishod tho nood
€or an indicator of potontial soil loss by wind for a
agriculturally cultivatod fiiold. Tho HEE has supportod tho
obvious fact that soil covor must bo incroasod to docroaso
soil oovooont. Tho concorn that has boon raisod with tho
IIEE is, tho oquation is accurato quantitativoly only in
Kansas whoro it was dovolopod. A moro far roaching probloo
is that tho NEE doos not givo any inforoation as to tho
occuronco of a singlo wind orosion ovont. Evont basod
oodoling providos tho ability to ostioato tho soil oovooont
off a particular fiold with a particular covor ovor a short
duration of tioo, i.o. singlo wind ovont. Tho analysis
howovor is ouch ooro cooplox and roquiros substantial
cooputor uso. Tho ovontual advantago of this typo of
oodoling will bo tho ability to includo probablistic woathor
gonorators (wind spood, wind diroction, tooporaturo, and
ooisturo). .Hoathor gonorators will givo tho ability to
ostimato potontial annual soil loss which tho HEE has
providod in tho past whilo boing ablo to prodict soil

novooont {or a singlo orosion ovont.

61

62

Tho assuoptions that tho oodol has boon basod upon aro

again listod bolou.

l. Evont basod IIIodol

2. Dry soil conditions

3. Roctangular fiold

4. Short duration wind ovonts
5. Hooogonoous soil toxturo

6. No particlo ‘lux onto tho §iold

Tho first ossuoption has boon discussod proviously and
assuoption two will bo discussod in dopth lator. Tho
assuoption oi a roctangular fiold is ioportant bocauso of
tho lioitation oi tho qooootry boing considord in tho oodol.
'Tho quostion that is raisod horo is, what is tho longth of
tho fiold as soon by tho wind? In tho ovont that tho wind
intorsocts tho fiold at anglos parallol or porpondicular to
tho windward fiold boundry thon tho offoctivo fiold longth
is straight forward (i.o. tho longth or width of tho iiold).
A problon oxists whon tho wind intorsocts tho #iold boundry
at any anglo groator than zoro or loss than 90 dogroos. It
is possiblo that any two linos aro drawn across tho fiold in
tho diroction of tho wind will bo of difforing longths. Tho
subsoquont probloo bocooos, what is tho offoctivo fiold
width at difforing wind diroctions? In tho oodol, a olipso
was fittod in tho intorior o4 tho fiold and usod as a
boundry for dotoroination of offoctivo longth of fiold

(Colo, Lylos, and Haqon, i983). Sinco tho aroa of tho fiold

63

is constant rogardloss of wind diroction, tho offoctivo
fiold width is ‘ound by dividing tho fiold aroa by tho
o§§octivo fiold longth. Thoro is no thoorotical basis for
using an olipso to doiino offoctivo #iold longth but for a
lack o4 a bottor approach this mothod is usod in tho nodol.

Assuoption four, short duration wind ovonts, aro
important bocauso if a wind ovont occurs long onough, tho
windward sido o0 tho fiold can bocooo baro of orodiblo
particlos. This donuding oi orodiblo particlos would chango
tho charactoristic oass flux along tho longth of tho fiold.
In Michigan, wind ovonts usually occur ovor timo poriods of
loss than 4 hours and of wind volocitios slightly groator
than tho particlo throshold volocity. Thoro‘oro, short
duration wind ovonts aro considorod a roasonablo assumption
for wind ovont modoling in tho huoid statos such as
Michigan.

Assuoption iivo will bo discussod in dopth lator in tho
discussion soction. Assumption six, no particlo flux onto
tho iiold is assuood so that tho oass flux at tho looward
boundry can bo sot oqual to zoro. Undor actual fiold
conditions this boundry condition is not always accoptablo.
A significant probloo oxists whon two crops aro grown on tho
saoo fiold or whon ionco rows do not provido onough covor to
stop particlo novooont. Tho oodol howovor assuoos ono crop
por fiold and that fonco rows produco onough offoctivo covor

to oliminato particlo flux onto tho fiold.

64

Many iactors contributo to tho lack oi cooplotonoss oi

this nodol. Tho iollowing is a partial list:

i. Inability to oodol variablo toxtural changos in a

fiold.

2. Unroliability oi soil orodibility valuos.
3. Probloos in dotoroing tho wind proiilo ior an ovont

stoooing iroo an inability to:
a) ostioato tho roughnoss paraootor (to)
b) ostioato tho roughnoss hoight (d)
c) ostioato tho duration oi an ovont
d) dotoroino tho oiioct oi hoat ilux on tho
volocity proiilo
4. Uncortainty oi tho throshold volocity ior a
givon soil toxturo and typo.
5. Lack oi a oodol to account ior ooisturo and its
oiioct on soil oovonont at tho soil suriaco.
6. Lack oi ability to quantiiy tho oiioct oi suriaco
crusting on soil oovooont.

Anothor uncortainty is tho data itsoli. Tho iollowing
is a list oi sooo oi tho aroas oi concorn whon considoring
saopling data.

1. Saoplor oiiicioncy ior saltation is not 100%

2. Low oiiicioncy in saopling croop
3. No susponsion saopling
Soil orodibility valuos woro takon iron Chopil (1957)
. and Skidmoro and floodruii (1968). Soil orodibility is

doiinod as tho potontial soil loss in tons por acro por

65

annuo iroo a wido, unsholtorod, isolatod iiold with a baro,
soooth, noncrustod suriaco (Hoodruii and Siddoway, i965).
Tho valuos woro originally dotoroinod on an annual basis
and, thoroioro, aro not applicablo to ovont basod oodoling
in thoir prosont ioro. High soil orodibility valuos soon to
bo tho caso whon considoring tho original oodol rosults in
tablo 10 (pogo 56). Tho Kipinillor plot, saoplors 5 and 6,
havo vory siniliar rosults. Tho Kipioillor plot can bo
considorod toxturaly hooogonoous. Howovor, saoplor 6 is
down wind oi saoplor 5 and has approxioatoly twico tho
unprotoctod iiold longth. Both saoplors would bo oupoctod
to bo collocting at a rato ouch loss than tho oaxiouo ilux
rato ior tho iiold. This is voriiiod by tho saoplo rosults
prosontod in tablo 10. Baoplor 6 colloctod approximatoly 3
tioos ooro oass than saoplor 5. In tablo 10, tho iourth
coluon givos tho rosults ior tho oodol whon tho soil
orodibility valuos woro docroasod by a iactor oi ton.
Baoplor 5 is approxioatoly ono third loss. This is ooro in
lino with what is oxpoctod whon tho avalanching aiioct is
considord. Ono oi tho bost ioaturos oi Grogory's oquation
is tho ability to ostioato tho incroaso oi soil oovooont as
ono oovos downwind in an oroding iiold.

Much oi tho variability in tho iiold data takon can bo
oxplainod by tho non-hooogonoous toxtural naturo oi tho
saoplod plots. This prosonts a particularly diiiicult
probloo ior modoling wind orosion in such statos as Michigan

~ whoro two or moro toxtural groups aro quito coonon in

66

agricultural iiolds. Tho bost oxaoplo oi this can bo soon
in tho Nottor plot. Sanplors 7-12 in tablo 10 (pago 56) aro
on tho Hottor plot. Saoplors 7, 9, 10, and 12 aro on a
sandy loao whilo B and 11 aro on loamy sand. Froo tablo 10,
saaplos colloctod in 8 and 11 aro iron 5 to 50 tioos largor
than tho othor sanplors. whilo this is not all duo to soil
toxtural diiioroncos, a largo aoount oi tho diiioronco can
bo attributod to toxtural non-hooogonoity.

Corroctly modoling tho volocity proiilo appoars to bo
tho oost ioportant variablo in a wind orosion oodol. Soil
oovooont is a iunction oi tho cubo oi tho wind volocity.
Tho volocity dotoroinou anothor ioportant paramotor
noccosary in ovont modoling soil novooont, i.o. tho duration
oi tho orosion ovont. Sovoral probloos oxist in tho
oodoling oi wind volocity proiilos. In tho past as woll as
prosontly, volocity proiilos aro oodolod assuoing noutral
atnosphoric conditons ior wind orosion work (Hogan, 1986;
Brogory, 1986)’. Tho assuoption is that tho turbulonco is
woll onough ostablishod at winds high onough to causo wind
orosion to nogato tho iniluonco causod by hoat ilux iron tho
soil suriaco. Nogating tho oiioct oi hoat ilux was
quostionod in this study and an altornativo nothod ior
dotoroining tho wind volocity proiilo, Swinbank (1964), was
usod to cooparo with tho noutral volocity proiilo oquation.
Roiorring to Tablo 11 (pago 67), it doos appoar that at tho

0 Porsonal cooounication

Tablo 11

67

Cooparison oi Noutral vorsos Hoot ilux

Fittod Volocity Distributions

 

 

 

Hoight (o)

Tioo Data typo 0.15 2.3 6.7 15.2
1635 NS ... 7.58 13.58 ...

' HBH ... 7.56 13.47 17.87

' HBN ... 6.26 13.58 18.67
1720 HS ... 8.30 16.72 ...

“ "8H ... 8.30 16.71 23.14

" USN ... 7.70 16.73 22.98
1920 88 ... 7.06 12.64 ...

" "SH ... 7.05 12.61 16.82

“ USN ... 5.82 12.65 17.38
88 - woathor station data

MSH - woathor station data iit accounting ior hoat ilux

USN - woathor station data iit using noutral conditions

 

68

lowor olovation (2.6a) hoat ilux doos oiioct tho proiilo.
For that roason, hoat ilux oiiocts woro usod to dotoroino
tho wind volocity proiilo ior input into tho oodol. Tho
lowor olovation wind volocity is critical sinco throshold
volocitios aro doiinod at hoights oi 30 cm or loss.

Anothor diiiiculty arisos in ostioating tho roughnoss
paraootor (2°) and roughnoss hoight (d). Thoso valuos havo
boon dotorminod oopirically ior woll ostablishod crop covors
(pago 9) howovor, thoy aro not woll doiinod ior baro soil
suriacos or nowly ostablishod vogotativo covors. Tho
ioportanco oi thoso paraootors can bo shown by tho chango in
throshold volocitios (Figuro 22).

Dotoroining tho volocity proiilo diroctly dotoroinos
tho duration oi tho ovont. Tho ovont duration is tho amount
oi tioo tho wind oxcoods tho throshold volocity. Thoroioro,
tho volocity distribtion providos an ostimato oi tho
boginning and tho ond oi tho ovont. Roiorring Figuro 23,
tho oxtont oi this probloo boconos noro ovidont. Figuro 23
shows that tho wind volocity is not stoady stato and that
tho wind oxhibits spikos oi highor intonsitios. Figuro 24
indicatos iurthor tho unstoady wind volocity conditions by
tracing tho wind diroction during a wind ovont. In this
study it was dotorninod that orosion occurs on tho uppor
portion oi thoso spikos. Tho problom oi dotoroining tho
ovont duration thon bocooos quito apparont. Tho ostimatod
duration oi tho storm is much loss, ii small incromont timo

' noasurononts oi tho wind volocity aro usod, vorsos, using a

69

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72

largor ostioatod tioo incrooont avorago (Figuro 27 data was
takon at 10 socond intorvals and avoragod ovor 5 oinuto
incromonts for plotting).

Uind data roportod across tho Unitod Btatos doos not
includo wind volocity at two difforont hoights. Thoroforo,
for gonoral uso of tho oodol a gonoralizod volocity profilo
oust bo dovolopod for uso in ovont basod oodoling. Tho
gonoralizod volocity profilo would havo to utilzo tho
standard 6.7a (22 ft) hoight wind volocity, ostioatod
paramotors 2° and d, and sooo how account for tho high
intonsity spikos roforrod to abovo. Tho duration thon could
also bo roasonably ostioatod for a givon‘hind storo.

Throshold volocitios woro considord to bo constant for
tho soils considord in this study. Thoro is no dofinitivo
data availablo for dotoroining tho throshold volocity for a
givon soil toxturo and typo. Valuos that aro availblo aro
ovor wido rangos and tako only soil toxturo into account.
Dthor factors such as organic oattor and aoisturo contont
aro not considorod. Thoso oissing factors causo largo gaps
in oodoling wind blown soil oovooont. ln oany casos, a wind
ovont will bo procoodod by a rain storm in humid statos such
as Michigan. Tho influonco of moisturo upon soil oovooont
has boon notod by tho soil lconsorvationist and tho
tochnician working on tho data gathoring proJoct. Duo to
tho lack of information on soil moisturo at tho surfaco, no
attoopt was mado in this oodol to account for tho ooisturo

offoct on soil movomont by wind and thoroforo dry soil

73

conditions woro assuood. Somo data is availablo on soil
oovooont vorsos ooisturo contont rolativo to a liaitod
nuabor of soil toxturos. Howovor, littlo work has boon dono
to oodol soil aoisturo at tho soil surfaco (approxioatoly 1
co dopth). Boil ooisturo profilos havo boon obsorvod in tho
litoraturo but oodoling attoopts havo not boon succossful.

During tho spring oonths, in huoid rogions such as
Michigan, oany tioos a low prossuro front will bo followod
by a high prossuro front. Tho low prossuro front will
produco rain and tho largo prossuro gradiont botwoon tho
fronts causo a wind ovont. with a high probability of rain
storos procooding wind ovonts, crusting bocooos incroasingly
ooro important as an input paraootor for oodoling wind
orosion ovonts in huaid rogions. Tho biggost probloo occurs
whon a soil has boon finoly tillod for sood bod proparation
and thon rocoivos an intonso rainfall that soals tho ground
surfaco. How to quantify a particular crust's offoct on
orodibility has not boon addrossod adoquatoly. Skid-aro and
Hoodruff (i968), stato that for a fully crustod soil, tho
soil orodibility valuos should bo roducod to ono-sixth of
tho tablo valuo rogardloss of soil toxturo. This is tho
only guidolino at this point to ostioato tho offoct of a
crust on soil orodibility.

Obsorvations ovor tho courso of tho proJoct tond to
indicato that crusting may croato tho bost covor for
orosion. Tho crusting obsorvod to givo tho bost covor is

not that rosulting froo a singlo rain storm on a rocontly

74

tillod fiold, but rathor from crust dovolopmont ovor tho
courso of tho wintor. This typo of crusting sooas to bo
oarkodly bottor in roducing orosion. Tho foroation of this
crust sooos to bo rosponsiblo for tho soall aoount of
orosion occuring boforo spring tillago. Tho poriod boforo
spring tillago tonds to bo quito windy in Nichigan but soil
oovooont tonds to bo rolativoly ainor whon cooparod to aftor
tillago ovonts ovon on tho oost orodiblo and barost of
fiolds.

To validato tho oodol, adoquato data oust bo availablo.
Tho oodol is justifiod with only ono docuoontod wind ovont.
This is not uncoooon in wind orosion work sinco data is
difficult and oxponsivo to obtain. Duo to tho
non-hooogonoous 'soil conditions, noisy data is to bo
oxpoctod. Howovor, noisy data croatos poor rogrossion fits
with oodol prodiction ostioatos. Noisy data will occur
until non-hooogonoous conditions can bo roasonably oodolod.
Roforring to Figuros 18 and 19 (pagos 57 and 58), tho
corrolation coofficiont valuo is vory low duo to tho noiso
causod by non-hooogonoous soil conditions. Many ovonts aro
noodod to adoquatoly validato tho wind orosion oodol until
non-hooogonoous soil conditions can bo accountod for.

Uncortainty of tho data also oxists in tho ovorall
officioncy of tho sanplor usod to colloct data. Tho sanplor
is not dosignod to colloct suspondod particlos and its
officioncy for collocting croop is low . Tho total ovorall

officioncy was dotorminod to bo approximatoly 80 porcont

75

(actual particlo sizo groupings can bo soon in appondix A).
For thoso roasons, it is cortain that fiold oassos colloctod
aro lowor than tho actual amount saving in tho fiold.
Figuros 20 and 21 (pagos 59 and 60) show that accounting for

tho officioncy doos improvo colloctod vorsos ostioatod oodol

rosults.

VIII. Conclusions

A wind orosion oodol to prodict soil oovooont on an

ovont basis has boon dovolopod. Many facots of wind orosion

oochanics rooain untouchod for uso in huoid rogions. howovor

conclusions can bo oado froo this oodol dovolopoont.

1) No wind orosion oodol will bo accurato until tho

volocity profilo can bo adoquatoly aodolod.

2) Hotorogonoous soil conditions must bo includod in a
wind orosion oodol to roduco data vorsos oodol standard

orror.

3) Surfaco soil ooisturo was obsorvod to roduco soil
novooont, but no attonpt was aado in this oodol to account

for it.

4) Soil orodibility as dofinod and usod in tho Hind
Erosion Equation is not adoquato for ovont basod wind

orosion modoling.

5) Tho crusting affoct on soil orodibility is not

dofinod woll onough for ovont basod wind orosion aodoling.

6) Tho assumption of hooogonoous soil conditions
roquiro a largo data baso to vorify ovont basod oodol

dovolopmont on hotorogonoous soils.

76

IX. Rocoooondations

1) Hind volocity profilo paraootors nood to bo bottor

dofinod for baro and spring fiold conditions.

2) Tho offoct of hoat flux off tho soil surfaco should bo

furthor dovolopod.

3) Tho addition of tho offoct of changing soil orodibility
across tho fiold noods to includod in futuro ovont oodoling

attoopts.

4) Modoling surfaco ooisturo and its affoct on soil
oovooont is badly noodod for huoid rogion wind orosion

sodoling.

5) Tho data baso is vory liaitod for propor oodol
vorification. In tho futuro, ooro and bottor quality fiold

data will bo roquirod.

6) Tho dovolopoont of a woathor gonorator would provido tho

link to oako cooparisons with tho wind Erosion Equation.

77

APPEND I X A

A. Data Usod For Hodol Vorification

1. Sito doscription

Tho sitos will bo roforrod to by tho ownors naoo, thoy
aro as follows:

1) Hottor

2) Block

3) 8atkowiak
4) Kipfoillor

Hottor plots

Tillago practico - chisol plowod
Crop provious yoar - soy boans
Drop prosont yoar - sugar boots
Soil typo - Tappan, Ridgos - Hixoo
Erosion structuros - tall whoat grass strips
Rosiduo provious yoar - 17 Z
Rosiduo prosont yoar - nono
Acroago - 30
Samplors - singlo strip: 3 saoplors 7,8,9
- doublo strip; 3 sanplors 10.11.12
windbroak north sido - 10.7 n
windbroak south sido - 0.0
windbroak oast sido - 12.2 o
windbroak wost sido - 0.0
lntial tillago dato - 12/1/84
Rosiduo hoigth - 0.0
Non-orodiblo fraction - ridgosl 1.42 low groundi23.1%

Block plot:

Tillago practico - chisol plowod
Crop provious yoar - corn(oast sido),boans(wost sido)
Crop prosont yoar - saao
Soil typo - Hixoo
Erosion structuros - nono
Rosiduo provious yoar - corn 38 X, boans 28 X
Rosiduo prosont yoar - corn 22 X, boans 0 X
Acroago - 80
Samplors - corn rosiduo: 2 sanplors 4,13

- boan rosiduo: 1 sanplor 3
Nindbroak north sido - 0.0

78

79

Hindbroak south sido - oast ondl 9.1 o wost ond80.0o
Hindbroak oast sido - north ondi3.0o south ond|9.la
windbroak wost sido - 0.0

lntial tillago dato - 11/20/84

Non-orodiblo fraction - 2.95%

Satkowiak plots

Tillago practico - ooldboard plowod
Crop provious yoar - corn

Crop prosont yoar - sugar boots

Boil typo - Posyvillo

Erosion structuros - nono

Rosiduo provious yoar - nono
Rosiduo prosont yoar - nono

Acroago -65

Baoplors - 2 saoplorss 1,2

flindbroak north sido - 0.0 o
windbroak south sido - 0.0 o
Hindbroak oast sido - north ondl 0.0. south ondl 6 a
Hindbroak wost sido - 0.0 o

lntial tillago dato - 11/20/84
Rosiduo hoigth - 0.0

Non-orodiblo fraction - 8.1%

Kipfnillor plots

Tillago practicos - ooldboard plowod
Crop provious yoar - tooatoos

Crop prosont yoar - tooatoos

Boil typo - Posyvillo

Erosion structuros - tall whoat grass strips
Rosiduo provious yoar - nono
Rosiduo prosont yoar - nono

Acroago - 40 acros

Samplors - 2 sanplorsi 5,6

Hindbroak north sido - 0.0 a
windbroak south sido - 7.6 o
Hindbroak oast sido - 0.0 a
Hindbroak wost sido - 0.0 n

lntial tillago dato - 11/20/84
Rosiduo hoigth - 0.0

Non-orodiblo fraction - 4.64%

noto - fall rosiduo noasurooont nado 12/1/84
- spring rosiduo ooasurooont mado 5/23/85

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84

2. Soil movomont data

Colloctor

OOVO‘IIJHNI"

Colloctor

ODVOG¥UNfl

5/18/85 - 5/20/85

 

Mass colloctod Soil
oovonont
(dry woight,g) Hg/Ha(tlac)
224.30 1.06 (0.39)
54.85 0.27 (0.10)
6.86 0.03 (0.01)
12.59 0.08 (0.03)
192.92 0.71 (0.26)
194.20 0.87 (0.32)
traco
19.83 0.11 (0.04)
17.25 0.05 (0.02)
5.15 0.11 (0.04)
9.05 0.05 (0.02)
24.30 0.11 (0.04)
19.37 0.11 (0.04)
5/31/85
Mass colloctod Soil
(dry woight,g) oovooont
Hg/Ha(t/ac)
1536.90 16.48 (6.05)
278.19 3.19 (1.17)
953.51 11.44 (4.20)
167.88 2.04 (0.75)
850.87 22.80 (8.37)
2465.12 33.48 (12.29)
12.60 0.52 (0.19)
566.73 4.66 (1.71)
27.53 0.26 (0.09)
45.78 1.93 (0.71)
214.29 2.91 (1.07)
90.71 0.79 (0.29)
333.24 4.09 (1.50)

3.

(Porcont by sizo)

Samplo (0.053

OGVOU#HNH

2.34
5.19
0.88
0.99
1.55
2.58

O
1.03
3.68

O
6.25
2.12
0.93

>0.053

48.64
48.33
37.30
30.37
9.47
9.54
O
23.59
28.66
0
32.55
22.41
39.92

noto - saoplor 47 did

Samplo (0.053

0000:1301»..-

0.79
1.61
1.61
3.25
2.33
0.95

8.67-

1.18
1.14
1.77
2.25
1.96
1.66

- saoplo 010 was
tosting lab

>0.053

27.03
27.95
38.87
40.48
11.68

3.75
41.49
16.74
28.47
21.95
29.17
17.02
31.49

>O.147

47.64
44.34
59.38
66.33
88.43
86.39

0
73.82
65.80

0
56.54
62.90
57.79

>0.147

71.51
68.44
59.12
55.06
85.16
93.48
42.54
72.16
68. 49
59.89
64.45
80.34
66.08

Siovo sizo

Dry siovo analysis of sanplos

May 19th blow
(on)‘

>O.589

0.53
1.29
0.88
1.49
0.23
0.71

83808580

0'00
.0-

Hay 31st Blow
Siovo sizo (on)

>O.589

0.40
0.94
0.30
0.26
0.46
1.34
3.72
3.01
1.25
5.94
1.95
0.47
0.34

>0.84O

0.22
0.80
0.05
0.36
0.29
0.41
2.83
3.36
0.44
6.21
1.43
0.15
0.30

0.15
0.07
0.22
0.09
0.02
0.13

0
0.05

O

O
0.87
0.85
0.11

not colloct a ooasurablo saoplo
nisplacod at tho phosphorus

>1.168

0.02
0.23
0.02
0.57
0.05
0.02
0.48
0.84
0.03
1.96
0.48
0.03
0.10

>1.168 >1.141

0.30
0.40
0.88
0.39

noto - particlos >0.84 an aro not suscoptiblo to saltation,

8011

Unfit/INF.

I‘

- largost fraction consists largaly of clods

(0.053

1.51
5.32
4.14
2.95
3.62

>0.053

28.97
18.24
30.18
27.34

6.96

Plot Soils

>0.147 >0.589 >0.840 >1.168 >1.141

66.23
46.09
54.52
65.49
81.57

1.84
7.26
2.97
1.24
3.17

0.74
6.68
2.77
0.60
1.63

as - larqost fraction consists of gravol

“$00M“

Boil

- Block plot

Kipioillor

Soil Typo

Hottor plot (light)
- Hottor plot (dark)
Batkowiak plot

NNNHN

0.16
1.90
0.71
0.17
0.36

wind Erosion Group

0.51%
14.48.
4.66%
2.18%
2.65**

4. Tsoporaturo data

Avorago sonthly taspsraturss:

m

Doc-obsr
January
Fobruary
March
April
My
Juno

Daily avorago taspsraturss for crop dovolopmont

W

an:

051285
051385
051485
051585
051685
051785
051896
051985
052085
052185
052285
052385
052485
052585
052685
052785
052885
052985
053085
053185
060185
060285
060385
060485
060585
060685
060785
060885
060985
061085
061185
061285

87

for rosiduo docay

W

-1.5
-8.4
-5.5

2.7
11.4
16.1
11.0

21.67
19.72
16.11
21.92
15.00
13.61
10.28
15.00
14.72
13.06
13. M
15.28
18.61
21.39
20.56
14.44
11.39
13.61
19.44
20.83
18.89
20.00
16.11
15.28
19.17
15.28
18.06
22.78
21.11
16.39
12.78
10.00

061385
061485
061585
061685
061785
061885
061985
062085
062185
062285
062385
062485
062585
062685
062785
062885
062985

Rain data

m:

120284
120384
120684
121284
121484
121984
122184
122384
122484
122684
122884
122984
123184
010185
010785
011085
011185
011489
011685
011785
011885
011985
012085
012185
012485
013185
020585

12.50
14.72
16.39
14.44
17.78
15.00
15.56
15.56
18.61
20.56
21.39
17.78
18.33
17.50
17.78
18.06
19.17
20.83

7.4
1.3
0.8
15.7
2.5

020685
020785
021085
021185
021285
021385
021485
021585
021685
021785
022285
022385
022485
030185
030485
031185
031285
031685
032385
032485
032785
032885
032985
040285
040385
040485
040585
040785
041085
041485
041785
041985
042485
042885
050585
051285
051585
051655
052085
052685
052885
053185
060985
061185
061285
061385
061585
061685
061785
062285

-** - rain data through 7/1/85

M»

“(I
uflNOUVONF‘flNOOO-‘OOOGHHOONU‘

uu-uaamomubuuopouuuuuumuuu

O
n

O
l

H»
mooouoonmnhuuunuu

”NgflflflthNQEOOVH.“

90

 

 

 

6. woathor data
5/19/85 Blow
991m mm mm
1 tin. Military
2 volocity (6.1 n) n/s
3 avorago diroction dogroos
4 tomporaturo colcius
5 rolativo humidity porcont
._l 4 § 4 L.
1450 10.29 250 26.7 34
1550 12.86 240 26.7 30
1653 12.35 250 26.1 29
1750 11.32 250 26.1 31
1854 10.29 250 25.6 32
9* - national woathor station data
5131/85 Blow
$9.11!: W mu:
1 tins Hilitary
2 volocity (6.7 s) 01s
3 avorago diroction dogroos
4 standard doviation of 3 dogroos
5 volocity (2.3 o) n/s
6 maximum diroction dogroos
7 tomporaturo colcius
8 rolativo humidity porcont
9 solar radiation watts/a2
..L___2____§ 4 J—__.§ 7 B '2
0855 5.89 237.4 3.333 2.28 244.0 25.15 77.44 0.225
0900 7.01 234.5 2.586 3.16 241.0 24.78 77.45 0.132
0905 7.56 228.9 19.09 4.13 342.9 24.00 77.23 0.218
0910 8.79 223.9 3.945 5.02 236.4 23.20 72.13 0.329
‘ 0915 8.44 224.1 17.54 3.96 324.5 23.13 69.77 0.569
0920 8.46 222.7 3.609 4.19 230.7 23.48 68.76 0.583

1145

8.43
7.04
7.26
9.12
8.46
7.20
7.04
6.72
5.99
7.12
7.07
6.56
8.00
7.77
8.46
7.54
7.45
7.76
8.96
9.45
9.86
9.12
10.3
9.94
9.61
10.3
12.0
9.70
11.1
10.4
10.9
11.1
11.6
10.6
9.29
11.3
12.2
12.0
12.2
11.0
8.46
10.1
10.4
10.7
11.6

'10.3

12.4
12.1
12.0
13.0
14.3
12.7
11.3

224.2
224.4
224.3
222.6
224.1
226.5
225.5
226.1
226.8
226.4
228.3
228.8
230.1
231.1
233.5
231.6
233.7
231.8
234.0
232.5
232.7
233.1
232.2
231.9
231.5
231.5
232.5
231.7
232.3
233.0
230.5
231.2
231.3
232.1
231.3
230.1
230.5
231.0
230.8
229.9
232.9
235.1
235.6
233.0
233.5
232.1
232.8
230.2
230.3
232.6
232.8
232.8
230.8

91

252.3
230.5
232.3
228.1
230.7
231.3
234.7
231.9
234.3
235.8
237.6
236.8
240.6
240.0
246.9
238.6
241.6
238.6
242.8
239.4
239.2
238.2
239.0
241.0
241.6
238.4
240.0
241.4
242.0
238.8
238.2
237.4
239.6
239.8
343.7
240.0
235.8
242.0
241.4
238.0
239.4
241.2
242.2
241.4
240.4
243.0
239.4
236.4
235.8
243.2
239.0
242.6
238.6

2
23.72
24.05
24.32
24.26
24.18
23.97
24.02
24.47
24.89

25.36
25.61
25.70
25.78
25.71
25.81
26.04
26.25
26.21
25.89
25.87
26.07
25.76
25.51
25.22
25.41
25.49
25.67
25.91
25.91
25.78
25.54
25.40
25.26
25.39
25.35
25.04
24.82
24.65
24.58
24.62
24.77
24.77
24.8!
24.72
24.72
24.51
24.36
24.13
24.03
23.86
23.86
23.89

B
66.45

65.44
63.69
61.23
60.12
59.36
59.85
60.27
59.46
58.61
56.75
57.74
57.46
57.35
56.88
57.94
58.71
59.37
60.32
61.49
62.89
62.87
60.55
60.25
59.67
59.72
58.55
59.54
58.16
56.50
52.32
48.53
45.01
43.46
44.02
41.61
39.32
39.79
38.26
38.98
39.75
39.15
38.75
37.79
36.50
37.38
36.10
36.68
36.42
36.22
35.01
35.57
36.42

9
0.593
0.615
0.580
0.565
0.528
0.463
0.645
0.672
0.659
0.701
0.707
0.710
0.718
0.736
0.742
0.751
0.756
0.704
0.703
0.618
0.781
0.611
0.614
0.532
0.675
0.810
0.792
0.799
0.819
0.783
0.773
0.784
0.760
0.732
0.683
0.736
0.685
0.653
0.735
0.686
0.671
0.700
0.761
0.769
0.730
0.583
0.580
0.475
0.499
0.468
0.533
0.499
0.428

1350
1355
1400
1405
1410
1415
1420
1425
1430

1440
1445
1450
1455
1500
1505
1510
1515
1520
1525
1530
1535
1540
1545
1550
1555
1600
1605
1610
1615
1620
1625
1630
1635
1640
1645
1650
1655
1700
1705
1710
1715
1720
1725
1730
1735
1740
1745
1750
1755
1800
‘1805
1810

13.0
11.5
13.6
13.7
13.4
13.7
15.8
16.5
15.9
14.9
14.1
14.7
14.1
16.5
14.4
16.2
15.3
15.7
15.2
12.7
13.8
16.4
15.4
14.5
14.7
14.1
16.1
16.5
13.8
15.3
16.4
17.4
15.4
13.6
14.6
13.6
16.9
16.1
13.6
14.6
14.3
16.8
16.7
13.6
14.7
13.2
12.8
16.1
13.4
12.9
13.8
14.4
12.7

230.0
232.9
233.4
231.1
229.6
252.3
171.4
164.2
108.3
112.1
110.9
149.1
163.3
165.4
165.6
170.8
184.7
198.0
199.7
200.3
203.1
191.5

92.9

93.2

92.5

“.8
104.8
129.7
138.0
137.3
135.6
189.0
183.2
189.9
157.6
159.0
155.5
189.5
166.4
172.8
159.1
200.2
213.1
246.1
246.0
233.5
229.2
234.3
253.4
233.5
240.1
242.8
242.1

4
4.247
4.073
14.69
19.12
6.400
41.87
49.11
17.59
7.070
8.900
16.02
17.89
17.90
4.712
4.452
30.66
21.66
15.80
6.245
4.960
16.81
17.84
31.94
6.024
17.32
24.16
46.51
31.34
24.90
39.68
56.15
34.58
8.740
22.23
46.47
34.20
55.48
41.27
50.68
33.71
29.63
40.11
19.49
9.670
11.48
13.96
19.67
21.85
34.67
31.26
27.78
34.06
34.77

0
N

«mommmqouqoq
8888385838d8

7.72

[

§§§§§S

“a?“
N 0
8 ......5.‘ ......‘8

§§§E§§§§§§

338
a?“
NOFOF‘ONVNVVDVO-FNVUOUNwONO

N0

:‘rfé.

(«Hal

7
23.93
23.80
23.70
23.70
23.74
23.67
23.67
23.78
23.79
23.77

23.48

22.93

883838
338388

.9
36.14

35.98
35.67
36.14
36.69
36.08
35.60
35.01
35.29
35.41
36.16
36. 13
36.59
36.01
36.48
36.27
36.49
36.60
36.92
37.69
38.51
38.69
38.73
39.15
39.60
40.61
41.01
41.23
41.95
42.58
43.36
43.90
44.64
45.55
46.42
47.92
49.29
52.85
54.64
54.83
55.02
a.“
70.89
78.59
80.80
80.20
78.78
76.23
75.01
74.40
72.56
70.32
69.65

9
0.500
0.322
0.405
0.385
0.383
0.359
0.354
0.450
0.398
0.377
0.335
0.232
0.187
0.176
0.177
0.190
0.194
0.268
0.257
0.233
0.190
0.151
0.216
0.251
0.237
0.196
0.258
0.336
0.298
0.255
0.196
0.188
0.232
0.252
0.217
0.134
0.092
0.164
0.192
0.201
0.119
0.047
0.064
0.060
0.095
0.156
0.092
0.123
0.155
0.118
0.174
0.204
0.114

1815
1820
1825
1830
1835
1840
1845
1850
1855
1900
1905
1910
1915
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
1955

2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
2055
2100
2105
2110
2115
2120
2125
2130
2135
2140
2145
2150
2155
2200
2205
2210
2215

2225
2230
2235

14.1
13.8
15.9
14.8
13.4
11.9
13.7
14.9
14.9
14.9
14.2
13.8
14.1
12.6
10.0
9.78
11.8
9.70
9.20
8.96
9.61
9.70
9.20
9.94
9.94
9.61
9.45
7.63
8.55
8.46
8.44
8.79
8.63
9.04
8.55
7.73
7.80
8.13
8.14
9.04
8.34
9.12
9.45
8.96
9.61
9.86
9.53
9.53
10.6
9.29
8.63
8.79
8.32

'0
(A

 

 

4 j___é 7 9 9
242.7 27.19 7.57 310.4 17.06 68.76 0.180
243.6 31.72 7.60 329.2 17.16 67.35 0.182
233.7 29.37 7.85 305.9 16.85 65.10 0.079
220.5 29.08 7.68 299.2 16.58 65.33 0.060
229.2 35.38 7.34 289.7 16.41 65.44 0.047
228.6 43.27 6.89 318.3 16.24 65.50 0.039
204.0 24.93 7.56 290.6 16.08 65.59 0.035
245.3 35.76 7.93 320.9 15.96 65.49 0.031
230.6 36.11 8.08 306.9 15.83 65.42 0.023
246.8 38.15 7.66 314.6 15.70 65.78 0.014
255.7 38.99 7.46 315.4 15.55 66.02 0.010
235.8 37.91 7.64 323.7 15.39 66.08 0.007
248.7 25.83 7.44 282.5 15.28 66.27 0.029
282.0 34.55 7.06 325.1 15.34 66.07 0.076
308.5 14.45 6.30 329.0 15.23 65.67 0.047
308.3 26.96 5.91 329.4 15.04 65.53 0.036
288.8 37.90 7.32 320.5 14.85 65.13 0.031
310.0 28.75 5.82 333.2 14.69 65.23 0.022
313.2 23.21 5.59 328.4 14.56 65.79 0.015
308.8 29.71 5.23 329.0 14.54 65.86 0.010
312.2 14.90 5.62 330.6 14.55 65.60 0.007
287.9 41.05 5.73 325.5 14.55 65.62 0.004
289.3 43.53 5.53 332.0 14.54 65.88 0.003
284.0 37.00 5.85 327.4 14.55 65.86 0.001
244.1 35.68 5.82 325.7 14.53 66.09 0.001
242.3 36.42 5.85 314.6 14.47 66.36 0.001
252.8 35.21 5.63 321.7 14.49 66.39 0
250.6 34.88 4.03 316.4 14.45 66.95 0
243.7 48.75 4.62 327.0 14.42 67.25 0
228.0 36.60 4.95 308.8 14.45 67.04 0
229.9 33.10 4.76 317.6 14.45 67.29 0
243.8 38.29 4.87 319.7 14.50 67.26 0
268.2 46.44 5.05 331.0 14.54 67.35 0
263.8 48.42 5.69 330.2 14.59 67.20 0
269.0 35.04 4.83 323.5 14.61 67.30 0
248.0 32.86 4.49 327.4 14.63 67.42 0
246.0 35.41 4.47 326.5 14.62 67.60 0
253.0 35.75 4.38 324.3 14.63 67.62 0
248.3 42.06 4.64 316.6 14.66 67.68 0
253.4 38.05 5.11 320.1 14.69 67.57 0
243.0 41.51 4.64 311.0 14.76 67.50 0
264.9 40.45 5.49 337.3 14.78 67.57 0
249.9 41.06 5.20 333.0 14.87 67.19 0
271.8 40.50 5.48 328.2 14.89 67.36 0
276.4 37.21 5.44 334.6 14.94 67.27 0
274.6 31.64 5.67 342.1 14.97 67.21 0
297.9 35.72 5.69 340.5 14.99 67.24 0
313.3 33.49 5.68 346.2 14.99 67.18 0
317.0 30.11 6.68 339.3 15.04 66.81 0
309.1 35.67 5.52 341.3 15.05 66.68 0
321.4 23.50 5.68 343.9 15.04 66.17 0
316.8 23.89 5.47 338.7 15.01 65.97 0
313.4 22.03 5.10 332.8 14.94 66.02 0

2240
2245

2305
2310
2315
2320
2325
2330
2335
2340
2345
2350
2355
2400

0010
0015
0020
0025
0030
0035
0040
0045
0050
0055
0100
0105
0110
0115
0120
0125
0130

8.79
8.36
8.71
8.55
8.71
8.08
9.20
8.71
8.96
8.79
10.2
9.04
8.96
9.70
9.04
9.29
9.70
9.12
8.63
8.23
8.71
9.04
8.55
8.46
8.19
7.45
7.67
9.12
9.12
8.18
7.86
8.41
7.54
9.04
9.45

 

 

4 fi§______§ ‘Z 41, 11
318.9 25.39 5.12 340.9 14.93 65.45 0
315.9 29.79 4.92 335.2 14.91 65.32 0
323.8 20.15 5.34 341.7 14.87 65.30 0
318.6 21.94 5.44 335.0 14.82 65.28 0
322.5 30.30 5.51 341.9 14.78 65.36 0
312.1 27.80 5.09 343.9 14.76 65.49 0
326.4 19.55 5.50 334.8 14.67 65.50 0
325.3 10.33 5.29 337.1 14.68 65.23 0
323.9 20.33 5.20 342.9 14.65 65.37 0
328.9 16.84 5.52 340.1 14.66 64.89 0
331.8 4.425 6.30 339.1 14.68 64.36 0
330.9 10.84 5.82 346.4 14.62 64.34 0
334.6 12.84 6.12 343.3 14.59 64.28 0
337.2 9.760 6.11 346.8 14.61 63.92 0
324.6 29.95 5.55 345.1 14.55 64.08 0
335.3 19.54 5.86 347.8 14.49 63.82 0
338.8 18.74 5.80 349.2 14.37 63.92 0
342.6 7.542 5.94 351.0 14.32 63.97 0
341.7 5.179 5.14 349.2 14.32 63.98 0
335.2 24.42 4.70 346.8 14.21 64.22 0
342.8 14.98 5.21 351.4 14.06 64.22 0
343.6 25.44 5.30 353.0 13.96 64.15 0
341.4 16.07 5.40 349.8 13.86 64.28 0
340.9 17.96 5.11 349.4 13.81 64.19 0
332.9 25.15 4.44 347.2 13.68 64.59 0
342.3 10.77 4.01 348.6 13.55 64.88 0
340.6 15.63 4.20 350.0 13.44 65.13 0
343.1 10.66 5.53 349.0 13.46 64.80 0
347.3 3.718 5.52 353.2 13.54 64.40 0
347.0 3.599 5.02 354.9 13.48 64.68 0
345.2 3.804 4.50 352.4 13.42 64.93 0
344.8 13.23 5.19 351.0 13.44 64.88 0
346.6 3.108 4.28 351.2 13.41 65.20 0
345.1 5.192 5.63 351.2 13.53 64.84 0
344.5 3.347 5.54 350.0 13.66 64.40 0

95

7. Sanplor Efficioncy

Tablo 12 shows tho rosults of fiold particlo sizo
vorsos sanplor colloctod particlo sizo officioncy. .All tho
valuos soon rosonablo oxcopt for tho groator than 0.589 on
particlo sizo rango. This particlo sizo is in tho top rango
for saltating particlo sizos and this may indicato a sorting
action occuring at tho inlot of tho saoplor. Howovor,
ovorall, tho officioncy can bo ostimatod in tho following
oannor. Estioato tho total orosion mass to bo distributod
as 10% susponsion, 80% saltation, and 102 croop. Tho
particlo sizo groups will bo brokon into (0.053
(susponsion), >0.053-(0.840 (saltation), and >0.840 (croop).
Tho following oquation is usod to ostimato tho ovorall

of4icioncy o4 tho Hodifiod Bagnold sanplor.
EFF- ax + bY + c2 (26)

whoro:
a - fraction of soil movomont in susponsion,
b 8 fraction of soil movomont in saltation,
c - fraction of soil movomont in croop,
X 8 o+focioncy of colloctor +or susponsion,
Y 8 officioncy of colloctor for saltation,

2 I oificioncy o4 colloctor for croop,

Using tho abovo oquation rosults in an ovorall

-officioncy of 80 porcont for tho samplor.

96

.unouw on» aIOLus Iuwo onufluLaa cw oaucoLawwau uauLm any *0 aunmuun Dam:

yo: so: must uo—u Luann: on» can .pan: 0L0: nucu>o DOULOUUL cuon I auoc *

0 n0 mm h” «on mflu cm 440 N

 

mou.«A «¢«.«A, o¢m.oA omn.oA h¢«.oA n00.0A nno.0v es. Iago
InumaLso

Lonoeom unocoom oogwnooz 03¢ 40 >uco«u.$$o onunuLaa

Nu Bunch

APPEND I X B

B. Procoduros for Fitting Tho Hind Volocity Profilo

Tho 'usual lognormal profilo (it was not usod in tho
oodol bocauso tho hoat ilux o‘foct on tho wind profilo was
considorod substantial. Somo solar radiation data was takon
to ostimato tho hoat flux of‘ tho tost fiolds. Tho major
unknown in any pro‘ilo ostimation for this study is tho
roughnoss paramotor (2°) and tho roughnoss hoight (D). A
major problom in tho study was tho lack of wind volocity
data on tho #iold tost sitos. This did not allow (20+D) to
bo intorpolatod from tho data for oach tost plot. To
ostimato thoso paramotors an oquation dovolopod by Brogory

(41986) was usod. Tho oquation is as follows:
20. 0.13(H—D) (25)

whoro:
2° - roughnoss paramotor, m
H - maximum fiold olomont hoight, m
D - roughnoss hoight, m
D-I 0.7 H - for most crops (26)

D- 0.5 H — for fiold roughnoss (27)

Tho following procoduro was usod to iit tho volocity

distribution (or modol uso.

* - Porsonal communication

97

98

1) lntorpolato 2° (assuming D-O) from tho volocity data.

2) Estimato tho hoat {lux by multipling tho total radiation
by tho albodo for tho sur£aco conditions.

3) Substituto in tho abovo valuos and tho volocity at 2.3
motors in oquation (5) and solvo for tho shoar volocity
(U.).

4) Using tho ostimatod U, solvo for tho volocity profilo at
tho critical hoights of 0.15, 2.3, 6.7, and 15.2 motors.

5) Estimato 20 and D with oquations (25) - (27) (or a tost
plot.

6) Add 20 and D to got tho y - intorcopt for tho tost plot.
7) Tako tho volocity at 15.2 m (ound in stop 4 and volocity
oqual to zoro at tho y - intorcopt. Substituto thoso into
oquation (4) and solvo for U*lk.

8) Using tho data {rom stops 6 and 7 solvo oquation (4) at
various hoights to obtain tho volocity distribution for tho

fiold plot.

Somo profilo fits from tho May 31, 1985 wind ovont aro

shown in tablo 13.

99

 

 

 

Tablo 13
Fittod Uind Volocity Proiilos (m/s)
(20- 0.002, D-O)
Hoight (m)

Timo Data typo 0.15 2.3 6.7 15.2
1635 w ... 7.$ 13.” ...

“ USH ... 7.56 13.47 17.87

“ USN ... 6.26 13.58 18.67

' F 8.63 14.09 16.23 17.87
1720 US ... 8.30 16.72 ...

” USH ... 8.30 16.71 23.14

” USN ... 7.70 16.73 22.98

“ F 11.18 18.25 21.02 23.14
1920 US ... 7.06 12.64 ...

“ USH ... 7.05 12.61 16.82

“ USN ... 5.82 12.65 17.38

“ F 8.12 13.26 15.27 16.82
US woathor station data
USH woathor station data fit accounting for hoat flux
USN woathor station data (it using noutral conditions
F volocity profilo {or a fiold having tho proscribod

data, tho provious fits aro not a function of tho 30

and d valuos listod obovo.

 

APPEND I X C

C. Documontation And Sourco Codo Of Hodol

1. Subroutinos

Nonu -
Rosot monu -
Print out -

lntializo timo -

Extract timo -
Accumulato day -
Rain data -
Rosiduo countor-
Rain dato match-
Rosiduo convor -
Timo stop -

Oriontation -

Erosion Eq -
Uind diroction -
Erod factor -
Volocity dist -
Canopy t-mp -
Sum dogroo day -
Canopy covor -

Crop hoight -

Output -

displays prosot variablos
rosots any variblo from tho monu
variablos from tho monu aro printod out

intializos numbor of days in oach month,
oxtracts tillago dato

oxtracts wind ovont timo

accumulatos timo in days

roads in rain data from anothor filo
contains tho rosiduo oquation

matchos rain ovonts with rosiduo oquation
convorts rosiduo covor to mass basis
matchos wind ovont day to tho clock

dotorminos fiold longth, givon wind
diroction

actual uso of Brogory's oquation
dotorminos tho sido for wind broak inputs
roads in an array for orodibility

sots a volocity variablo

roads in tomporaturo data to bo ontorod
matchos tho day and sums dogroo days
dotorminos LA! and crop covor

dotorminos crop hoigth by sum of dogroo
days

intializod array varialblos

100

Output2

101

- program output

Extract tillago- oxtracts tillago datos

Tillago dato

Avorago mass

Fiold Longth

Longth offoct

- chocks clock for tillago datos

- usod to find woightod mass flux
Flux

- dotorminod fiold longth in tho diroction
of tho wind

- dotorminos longth of fiold to approach
maximum flux rato

2. Variablo 11st

‘AE
ALPHA

A18
A1"

BETA

CHECK
CTDAT3
DIR

D1
D13
D2
D3
D33

D63

D7
d73

D93

‘ FC
FR

longth of half of tho north sido

- Soil abrasion adjustmont factor

anglo botwoon north and northoast cornor

- rain indox coifficiont for rosiduo oquation

valuo chock for AE

- intormodiato valuo for AM

lonth of half tho oast sido

- anglo botwoon oast and northoast cornor

constant

- flag for loop with EVDAT3

cultivation dato

- wind diroction in radians

flag to ond program

- dato days (intial tillago dato)

string d1

- dato sot I to d1 usod for flag

dato days (wind ovont)

- string d3

dato days (rain datos)

- string d5

dato day for tomporaturo, crop canopy

- dato(string) day for tomporaturo, crop

canopy

- pro-planting tillago dato, day

string D7

- planting dato, day

string D8

- cultivation dato, day

string D9

- countor

canopy covor

- rosiduo or clod covor

ms
PADAT3
PEDAT3
PNUMBER

pp
- PTDAT3
n

102

1-FC

1-FR

FRGHR/HS

FCoHC/HS

countor

crop hoigth

hour of day

soil roughnoss hoighth (cm)

wind broak hoighth (m)

countor

string of V(17)

soil orodibility (Mg/ha)

loaf aroa indox

unprotoctod fiold longth, (m)

longth of fiold at tho proscribod wind
diroction

longth of fiold, diroction of wind (m)
longth of fiold to roach A-1
intormodiato valuo of L1F

longth of fiold that is at A-1
non-loop countor

total soil movomont, Kg/ha/ovont
mass/aroa movod (Mg/ha)

oxp(MlS)

mass of rosiduo, intorval valuo (Mg/Ha)
valuo chock on MS

array of days in oach month

woightod mass flux

mass of rosiduo, intormodiato valuo
mass flux I unit width of blowing
soil(Kg/m.s)

sum of fluxos across tho fiold to L
whoro A-i

dato month (intial tillago dato)
string M1

dato month (wind ovont)

string M3

dato month (rain datos)

string M5

dato month for tomporaturo, crop canopy
dato(string) month for tomporaturo, crop
canopy

pro-planting tillago dato, month
string M7

planting dato, month

string M8

cultivation dato, month

string M9

planting dato string

omorgonco dato string

numbor for variablo changos in tho monu
roal numbor for SEPS

pro-planting tillago dato

non-loop countor

RAIN(I)
RD
REEHEI
883(1)
RN(I)

S

SDD
SEPS
SIDE
TAU
TD3(x)
THETA
TH(X)
VE
V3(I)
V(l)
U

X
YEAR
YEAR3
Y3
Y33
Y5
Y53
Y6
Y63

Y7
Y73
vs
Y83
Y9
y93
2
IE

3. Input filos

Tomp data
Rain data2

103

array of amounts of rain (mm)

half of LF

rosiduo roduction duo to tillago

array dato of rain ovonts

array of amounts of rain, usod for
comparison

rolativo soil dotachmont (dim)

sum of dogroo days

numbor of 3 motor stops to A-1

variablo for A or B for final calculation
intormodiat valuo in tho rosiduo oquation
datos for tomporaturos, crop covor

wind diroction transformod,first quadrant
avorago tomporaturo for tho day, crop canopy
wind volocity at 15.2 m (m/s)

array of all monu variablo discriptions
array of all monu valuos

countor, sub canopy tomp

countor, sub sum dogroo days

dato yoar (intial tillago dato)

string yoar

dato yoar (wind ovont dato)

string dato

dato yoar (rain datos)

string yoar

dato yoar for tomporaturo. crop canopy
dato(string) yoar for tomporaturo, crop
canopy

pro-planting tillago dato, yoar

string Y7

planting dato, yoar

string Y8

cultivation dato, yoar

string Y9

countor in tho main program

constant (ha/Mg.s)

- data: dato, tomp avorago(c)
- data: dato, rain(mm)

4.

104

Uind orosion program sourco codo

100 Ran ***** PROGRAM - MODEL UIND EROSION *********
105 REM 4/26/86
110 M-1:SDD-0:X-1:RESRED-1

120 DIM RE$(80) ,RA1N(80) ,M5(80) ,D5(80) ,Y5(80) ,RN(80) ,
KE(80),TH(55),TL(55)
DIM TD$(55) ,06(55) ,M6(55) ,Y6(55)
440:REM SUB MENU

130
140
150
170
180
190
200
205
210
220
230
240
250
255
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
370
380
390
400
405
410
415
416
418
420
430
440

490

SOSUB
SOSUB
BOSUB
BOSUB
OOSUB
BOSUB
BOSUB
SOSUB
BOSUB
BOSUB
CISUB
BOSUB
SOSUB

3010:REM
2870:REM
1380:REM
2220:REM
2770:REM
5000:REM
15503REM
4100:REM
1740:REM
23403REM
2710:REM
7000:REM

FOR 281 TO 5

SOSUB
BOSUB
SOSUB
BOSUB
BOSUB

1640:REM
3170:REM
43308REM
2310:REM
19208REM

SUB
SUB
SUB

CANOPY COVER TEMP INPUT
VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION
INTIALIZE TIME

SUB RESIDUE COVER TO MASS CONVERSION

SUB

EXTRACT TIME,

SUB
SUB
SUB
SUB
SUB
SUB

SUB
SUB

ERODIBILITY FACTOR
IMMERSENCE

EXTRACT TIME, UINDEVENT
RESIDUE REDUCTION DATE CHECK
RAIN DATA INPUT

ORIENTATION

UIND DIRECTION

FIELD LENBTH

ACCUMULATE TIME (DAYS)
SUM OF DEBREE DAYS

TILLABE RESIDUE CHECK

SUB
SUB

STOP TIME
RESIDUE COUNTER

IF 285 THEN BOSUB 1990:REM SUB RESIDUE
IF DOI1 THEN EITO 380

NEXT 2

PRINT M1,D1,YEAR
SOTO 260
ensue 3250:REM sun CANOPY COVER:PRINT“BOSUB 3010-
SOSUB 33203REM sun CANOPY HEIOHT

BOSUB 2280:REM sun RESIDUE CONVERSION MASS TO COVER
oosua 6500:REM sun LENGTH EFFECT FOR ABRASION
SOSUB 66OOIREM sun AVERAGE MASS FLUX

CLOSE4

OPEN15,8,15:OLOSE15
OPEN4,

4

BOSUB 3880:REM SUB OUTPUT 2

RE" oooo-l-m SUB "Em *“*“**I'***“*****§*****”§”"**
nomoofimo A
450 PRINT““

460 DIM v<50>,vstso)
47o DATA -8.4,-5.5,2.7,11.4,16.1,11.0,17.0,19.0,16.0,
12.0,a.o,-1.5
480 V(13)-0.38:V(15)-0.0018:V(14)-5:V(16)-57

FOR

I-1 TO 12:READ V(I):NEXT
‘ 500 PRINT”"

510 PRINT"******** RESIDUE INFORMATIONoooooooooo"

105

520 PRINT” AVERAGE I'DNTl-I.Y TEMPERATURE (CELCIUS) "
530 PRINT”1. JANUARY ”;V(1):V3(1)I"JAN TEI‘IP'I
540 PRINT"2. FEBRUARY ":V(2):V3(2)-”FEB TEN’"

550 PRINT'3. MARCH “:V(3):V3(3)-“MAR TEMP"
560 PRINT“4. APRIL ”;V(4):V3(4)-”APR TEI'P"
570 PRINT'5. MAY ”:V(5):V3(5)-"MAY TEMP“
580 PRINT'6. JIJNE “:V(6):V3(6)-"JUN TEMP"
590 PRINT”7. JLLY “:V(7):V3(7)-“Jl.l. TEI'P"

610 PRINT"8. AUGUST ”:V(8):V3(8)-“AUB TEMP“
620 PRINT'9. SEPTEMBER “;V(9):V3(9)-“SEP TEMP“

630 PRINT'10. OCTOBER ”:V(10):V3(10)="OCT TEMP“

e40 PRINT“11. NOVEMBER “;V(11):V3(11)=“NOV TEMP“

550 PRINT”12. DECEMBER ":V(12):V3(12)-“DEC TEMP“

660 PRINT'13. COVER RESIDUE ”:V(13):V3(13)-”RES COVER”
670 PRINT“14. INCREMENT (DAYS) - '3V(14):V3(14)-"RES INC“
680 PRINT'15. U/RO CONSTANT - “:V(15):V3(15)-“U/R0 CONST'
590 PRINT“16. INTIAL C/N RATIO - “;V(16):V3(16)-“C/N
RATIO-

700 PRINT- u

710 INPUT'ENTER PARAMETER NUMBER TO BE CHANGED (0 TO
CONTINUE) “:PNUMBER

720 IF PNUMBER-o THEN GOTO 740

730 GOSUB 1270:OOTO500

740 PRINT'"

750 V(17)I111584:V(18)-051685:V(19)-14:V(20)-795.5:
V(21)-346.2:V( 22)-197.1

760 V(25)-10:V(26)I5:V(27)-5:V(28)-15:V(30)-13.0:
V(29)-150:V(31)- 17:V(32)-15.2

77o 9(23)I5:V(24)-0.000451685:V(19)-14:V(20)-795.5:
V(21)-346.2:V( 22)-197.1

780 PRINT"17. INTIAL TILLAGE DATE“:V(17):V3(17)-'INTIAL
TILLASE“

79o PRINT'18. DATE OF EVENT “:V(18):V3(18)-“EVENT DATE“

800 PRINT“ (MONTH,DAY,YEAR) ~

810 PRINT- -

920 PRINT-i9. HOUR OF EVENT ';V(19):V3(19)-"EVENT HOUR”

830 PRINT“20. FIELD LENGTH NORTH SIDE (M) “:V(20):V3(20)-"
NORTH FIELD LENGTH-

840 PRINT"21. FIELD LENGTH EAST SIDE (M)
”:V(21):V3(21)=“EAST FIELD LENGTH“

850 PRINT“22. DIRECTION OF UIND (DEG) ":V(22):V3(22)-”UIND
DIRECTION“

860 PRINT'23. COVER HEIGHT (CM) - “:V(23):V3(23)-"RES
HEIGHT”

870 PRINT'24. RESIDUE CONVERSION CONSTANT(AM)
“;V(24):V3(24)-"RESIDUE CONSTANT“

880 PRINT“25. HEIGHT UINDBREAK NORTH SIDE(M)":V(25):V3(25)-“
UINDBREAK NORTH-

890 PRINT”26. HEIGHT UINDBREAK EAST SIDE(M)”:V(26):V3(26)-"
UINDBREAK EAST"

900 PRINT“27. HEIGHT UINDBREAK SOUTH SIDE(M)”:V(27):V3(27)-“
UINDBREAK SOUTH“

910 PRINT“ 29. HEIGHT UINDBREAK UEST SIDE(M)':V(28):V3(28)-“
UINDBREAK UEST'

920 PRINT'29.

106

DURATION OF EVENT (MIN)“;V(29):V3(29)-”EVENT

DURATION (MIN)'

930 PRINT'30.

CRITICAL UIND VELOCITY (M/S)”;V(30):V3(30)-'

CRITICAL VELOCITY“

940 PRINT'31.

UIND VELOCITY (M/S)”;V(31):V3(31)-“UIND

VELOCITY“

950 PRINT'32. HEIGHT UIND VELOCITY TAKEN(M)":V(32):V3(32)-"
VELOCITY HEIGHT“

960 INPUT“ENTER PARAMETER NUMBER TO BE CHANGED (0 TO

CONTINUE)

~;PNUMBER

970 IF PNUMBER-O THEN GOTO 990

980 GOSUB

1270:GOTO 780

990 PRINT“”

1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060

V(33)-50585:V(34)-51685:V(35)88
V(36)-0.17:V(37)30.3:V(38)-51085:V(39)-2:V(40)-10

PR I NT w "*"**“***** COVER PMNETERS ***m*

PRINT” '

PRINT‘33 PLANTING DATE “;V(33):V3(33)-“PLANTIN8 DATE “
PRINT”34 IMERGENCE DATE“3V(34):V3(34)-”EMER8ENCE DATE '
PRINT'35. NON-ERODIBLE FRACTION (X) “:V(35):V3(35)-“

NON-ERODIBLE FRACTION”

1070

PRINT"36. FACTOR FOR CRUSTING (0.17-1)“;V(36):V3(36)-“

FACTOR FOR CRUSTING“

1080

PRINT”37. FACTOR SPRING

TILLAGE(RESIDUE)”:V(37):V3(37)-“ FACTOR SPRING TIL”

1100

PRINT"38 SPRING TILLAGE DATE “;V(38):V3(38)8'SPRING

TILLAGE DATE '

1110

PRINT“39 FIELD ROUGHNESS¢CM)';V(39):V3(39)-”FIELD

ROUGHNESG ~

1120

PRINT'40 DAYS TO GERMINATE '3V(40):V3(40)-'DAYS TO

GERMINATE '

1130
1140

CONTINUE)

1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
1200

PRINT“ -
INPUT'ENTER PARAMETER NUMBER TO BE CHANGED (0 TO
"gPNUMBER

IF PNUMBER-o THEN GOTO 1180

PRINT“'

GOSUB 1270:5GTO 1020

PRINT"

PRINT'TO PRINT OUT THE INPUT ARRAY ENTER (2)-

INPUT”TO PRINT OUT VARIABLE LIST ENTER (1), TO CONTINUE

ENTER (0).“:PNUMBER

1210
1220
1230
1250
1260
1270
1280
1290
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340

IF PNUMBER=1 THEN GOSUB 3420

IF PNUMBER-z THEN GOSUB 1310
PRINT”'

RETURN

REM a... RESET MENU - CF MENU ....
PRINT V3(PNUMBER)“ I ”:V(PNUMBER):”
INPUT“ 7 “;V(PNUMBER)

PRINT”“

RETURN -

REM .... SUB TO PRINT OUT VARIABLE ARRAYI— CF MENUE***
OPEN4,4

FOR I-i TO so

PRINT04,I,V3(I),V(I)

J“

1350
1360
1370
1380
1390
1400
1410
1420
1430
1440
1450
1460
1470
1480
1490
1500
1510
1520
1530
1540
1550
1560
1570
1580
1590
1600
1610
1620
1630
1640
1650
1660
1670
1680
1690
1700
1710
1720
1730
1740
1750
1760
1780
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1890
1900
1910

107

NEXT I

CLOSE4

RETURN

REM ******* INTIALIZE TIME .......

REM - -- SET MONTH

DIM MO(12)

DATA 31.29.31,30,31,30,31,31,3o,31,so,31
FOR 1-1 TO 12

READ MO(I)

NEXT I

REM ---—- EXTRACT TIME - TILLAGE DATE---
ITDAT3-STR3(V(17))

M13-LEFT3(ITDATE3,3)

M1-VAL(M13)

D13-MID3(ITDATE3,4,2)

Di-VAL(D13)

D2-Di

YEAR3-RIGHT3(ITDATE3,2)

YEAR-VAL(YEAR3)

RETURN

REM *GUG SUB EXTRACT TIME - UIND EVENT a...
EVDATSISTR3(V(18))
M33-LEFT3(EVDAT3,2)
M3-VAL(M33)
D33-MID3(EVDAT3,3,2)
D3-VAL(D33)
Y33-RIBHT3(EVDAT3,2)
Y3-VAL(Y33)

RETURN

REM ...... ACCUMULATE TIME (DAYS)
IF Dl-MO(M1) THEN M1-M1+1:D1-0
IF M1-13 THEN Mi-isYEAR-YEAR+1
D1-D1+1

RETURN

REM «a. ACCUMULATE TIME
IF D1>D2 THEN HOUR-1
HOUR-HOUR+1

D2-Di

RETURN

REM {*‘I'i'l'fl'fl'l'l SUB RAIN DATA (DID-DI".-
OPEN 2,8,2,"O:RAIN DATA2,S,R“
FOR F-i TO 30
INPUTX2,RE:(F),RAIN(F)
CHECK=VAL(RE3(F))

IF CHECK--i THEN GOTO 1900
M53-LEFT3(RE3(F),2)
D53-MID3(RE3(F),3,2)
Y53-RIGHT3(RE3(F),2)
M5(F)-VAL(M53)

D5(F)=VAL(D53)

Y5(F)-VAL(Y53)

NEXT F

CLOSE2

RETURN

 

{IMMUNE}!

(HOURS) 5*

1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2090
2100
2110
2150
2160
2170
2180
2190
2200
2210
2220
2230
2240
2250
2260
2270
2280
2290
2300
2310
2320
2330
2340
2350
2360
2370
2380
2390
2410
2420
2430

108

REM ******** SUB RESIDUE COUNTER ****

O-6-M

RN(O)-0

GOSUB 2170

M-M+1

IF M-6 THEN M-I

RETURN .

REM ***** SUB RESIDUE ****

AM-O

FOR O-V(14) TO 1 STEP -1

A1M-RN(O)/O

AM-A1M+AM

REM PRINT“*§*AM- ”3AM

IF AM>10 THEN AM-io

NEXT 8

TAO-V (M1 ) *V ( 14) *AM/V ( 16)

IF V(M1)(0 THEN TAO-0
MF-((1-(V(15)oTAU))3)*MR*RESRED

MR-MF

RESRED-i

RETURN

REM *o** SUB RAIN DATE MATCH - CF RESIDUE COUNTER ***
FOR 8-1 TO 80

IF D5(8)-D1 AND M5(8)=M1 THEN RN(O)-RAIN(8)
NEXT 8

RETURN

REM aaooo SUB RESIDUE COVER TO MASS CONVERSION oaoo
MR=LO8(1-V(13))I(-V(24))

GOSUB 41003REM SUB EXTRACT TIME, TILLLASE

REM MR- MSIHA

REM TON/ACIO.4462*MB/HA

RETURN

REM *§§*** SUB RESIDUE CONVERSION MASS TO COVER
V(13)-1-(EXP(-V(24)*MR))

RETURN

REM ***** SUB TIME STOP ****§***

IF D1>nD3 AND M1-M3 THEN DOai

RETURN

REM ****** SUB ORIENTATION *******
A-V(20)/2:REM PRINT'A- “3A

B-V(21)/2:REM PRINT”B- “:B

DIR =V(22)*/180:REM PRINT DIR
ALPHA-ATN(A/B):REM PRINT'ALPHA- “:ALPHA
BETA-lz-ALPHAIREM PRINT BETA

IF DIR>-(/2+BETA) AND DIR(- THEN THETAI-DIRISIDE-B
IF DIR<-(+ALPHA) AND DIR>- THEN THETA-DIR-:SIDE-B
IF DIR<=2R AND DIR->((3*ALPHA)+(4*BETA)) THEN

THETA-2fi-DIRISIDE-B

2440
2450
2460
2470

’ 2485

IF DIR>=ALPHA AND DIR-(l2 THEN THETA-l2-DIRISIDE-A

IF DIR=<I2+ALPHA AND DIR>II2 THEN THETA-DIR-I2ISIDE'A
IF DIR>=+ALPHA AND DIR-(1.5% THEN THETA=1.5§-DIR:SIDE-A
IF DIR->1.5* AND DIR-<2i-ALPHA THEN DIR-1.5!:SIDE-A
LF8(V(20)*V(21))/((V(21)*ABS(COS(THETA)))+(V(20)*

ABS(SIN(THET A))))

2500
2510
2520
2525
2530
2532
2535
2536
2540
2545
2550
2555
2560
2570
2580
2590
2610
2615
2630
2640
2650

109

RETURN

REM ******* SUB EROSION EQUATION ******
ZE'0.003:REM HA/T.S

HSIV(39)

CI0.0000244:REM KG/SJ/Ma

IF J)1 THEN GOTO 2610
V(23)-V(23)+V(39)

HCIHC+V(39)

F1-1-FC

VP-V(35)/100

IF V(13)>-VP THEN FR=V(13)

IF V(13)(VP THEN FR-VP

F2-1-FR

F3-FR*V(23)/HS

F4-FC*HC/HS:REM PRINT“F4I “;F4
S-(F1GF2)/((F4+(F1§F3)+(F1*F2))3)
LE-L2F-(17*V(30)IVE)*HU*BDIR

IF LE(0 THEN LEIO
A1E=4.67*ZE*KE(V(35))GLE/VE

IF A1E>LOG(1.7E38) THEN AE'1:GOTO2660
AE-0.77*(1-EXP(-0.072*EXP(4.67*ZE*LE*KE(V(35))IVE)))

+0.23

2660
2670
2675
2680
2700
2710
2720

MISI-ZENAENKE(V(35))RLE/VE

IF MIS<LO8(1.7E-38) THEN MESIO:SOT02680
MESsEXP(MIS)
HS'C*S*VE*(VE3-V(30)3)*(1-HE3)

RETURN

REM ******* UIND DIRECTION *****

IF DIR(-ALPHA OR DIR>-(3§/2+BETA) THEN

HU-V(25):BDIR-C@§(BETA):GOTO 2760

2730
GOTO
2740
2750
2760
2770
2780
2790
2800
2810
2820

IF DIR(-(/2+BETA) THEN HUCV(26):BDIR-COS(ALPHA):
2760

IF DIR<-(+ALPHA) THEN HH-V(27):BDIR-COS(BETA):GOTO 2760
IF DIR<-(3*/2+BETA) THEN HUIV¢28):BDIR-COS(ALPHA)
RETURN

REM 4444* SUB ERODIBILITY FACTOR ***********

FOR I231 TO 80

READ KE ( I2)

KE(I2)-KE(I2)*2.24*V(36)

NEXT I2

DATA

310,250,220,195,180,170,160,150,140,134,131,128,125,
121,117,1 13,109

2830

DATA

106,102,98,95,92,90,88,86,83,81,79,76,74,72,71,69,67,
65,63,62 ,oo,sa

2840

DATA

56,54,52,51,50,48,47,45,43,41,38,36,33,31,29,27,25,24,
23,22,2 1.20.19

2850
2860
2870
2880

DATA 18,17,16,16,15,14,13,12,11,10,8,7,6,4,3,3,2,2
RETURN

REM oooooo SUB VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION ************
VE-V(31):REM *(LOS(15.2)/L®8(V(32)))

110

2960 IF VE(V(30) THEN PRINT“UIND VELOCITY TOO SMALL“:SOTO
430

2970 RETURN

3010 REM #444 SUB CANOPY COVER TEMP INPUT**

3020 OPEN6,8,6,"O:TEMP DATA,S,R“

3030 FOR U81 TO 55

3040 REM PRINT"TEMP DATA”

3050 IDPUT“,TD3(U) ,TH(U)

3060 IF TH(U)--1 THEN SOTO 3150

3070 M63=LEFT3(TD3(U),2)

3080 D63-MID3(TD3(U),3,2)

3090 Y63=RISHT3(TD3(U),2)

3100 M6(U)-VAL(M63)

3110 D6(U)-VAL(D63)

3120 Y6(U)-VAL(Y63)

3140 NEXT U

3150 CLOSE6

3160 RETURN -
3170 REM 4444444 SUB - SUM OF DESREE DAYS **********
3180 IF D1-(D8+1) AND M1-M8 THEN SOTO 3200

3185 IF X>1 THEN SOTO 3200

3190 SOTO3240

3200 SDD-SDD+(TH(X)-8):REM PRINTU4,”DI- ”:DI,“M1- “:M1,“DS-
“:D8,"M8- “:MB

3210 X-X+1

3240 RETURN

3250 REM 44444435 SUB CANOPY COVER ***§******

3260 LAIa(0.00346*SDD)+(-0.225)

3270 FCI(33.252*LAI)+0.5078

3280 FC-FC/IOO

3290 IF LAI(0 THEN FCIO

3310 RETURN

3320 REM ******* SUB CROP HEISHT 444*

3330 HCI(0.0340*(SDD))+(-0.908):C0-HC

3340 RETURN

3420 REM 4435544 SUB OUTPUT4944454454444445944594oi
3430 OPEN4,4

3440 PRINTQ4,“ INTIALIZED PARAMETERS"
3450 PRINTU4,“ “

3460 PRINT#4,“ "

3470 PRINT44,-i. JANUARY TEMP (C) “:V(1)
3480 PRINT44,~2. FEBRUARY TEMP (C) “:V(2)
3490 PRINT44,-3. MARCH TEMP (C) “:V(3)
3500 PRINT44,~4. APRIL TEMP (C) “:V(4)
3510 PRINT44,~5. MAY TEMP (C) “:V(5)
3520 PRINTX4,"A. JUNE TEMP (C) “:V(6)
3530 PRINT44,~7. JULY TEMP (C) ";V(7)
3540 PRINT44,"B. AUGUST TEMP (C) “:V(8)
3550 PRINT44,'9. SEPTEMBER TEMP (C) ";V(9)
3560 PRINT44,"10. OCTOBER TEMP (C) ”:V(10)
3570 PRINT44,~11. NOVEMBER TEMP (C) “:V(11)
3580 PRINT04,”12. DECEMBER TEMP (C) ":V(12)
3590 PRINT44,~13. RESIDUE COVER (X) ”:V(13)

3500 PRINT44,"14. RESIDUE INCREMENT(DAYS) ";V(14)

111

3610 PRINT04,"15. U/RO RATIO “:V(15)
3620 PRINT44,'16. C/N RATIO '3V(16)
3630 PRINT44,“17. INTIAL TILLAGE DATE “;V(17)
3640 PRINT44,"18. EVENT DATE DATE “;V(18)
3650 PRINTU4,“19. EVENT HOUR “:V(19)
3660 PRINTU4,'20. NORTH FIELD LENSTH (M) “;V(20)
3670 PRINT44,"21. EAST FIELD LENGTH (M) “;V(21)
3680 PRINT44,‘22. UIND DIRECTION (DES) ”:V(22)
3690 PRINT44,"23. RESIDUE HEISHT (CM) “:V(23)
3700 PRINT44,“24. RESIDUE CONSTANT ”:V(24)
3710 PRINT44,"25. UINDBREAK NORTH (M) “:V(25)
3720 PRINT44,”26. UINDBREAK EAST (M) ”:V(26)
3730 PRINT44,“27. UINDBREAK SOUTH (M) “:V(27)
3740 PRINTQ4,"28. UINDBREAK UEST (M) “;V(28)
3750 PRINT44,'29. EVENT DURATION (MIN) “:V(29)
3760 PRINT44,'30. CRITICAL VELOCITY (M/S) “:V(30)
3770 PRINT44,“31. UIND VELOCITY (M/S) ”:V(31)
3780 PRINT44,“32. VELOCITY HEIGHT (M) ';V(32)
3790 PRINT44,“33. PLANTINS DATE “;V(33)
3800 PRINT44,“34. EMERSENCE DATE ”:V(34)
3810 PRINT44,“35. NON-ERODIBLE FRACTION(%) “:V(35)
3820 PRINT44,“36. CRUSTINS FACTOR “;V(36)
3830 PRINT44,"37. FACTOR SPRING TILLAGE ”:V(37)
3840 PRINT44,”38. SPRING TILLAGE DATE “:V(38)

3842 PRINT44,'39. FIELD ROUSHNESS “:V(39)

3844 PRINT44,“40. DAYS TO GERMINATE “:V(40)

3850 PRINTU4,'-'

3870 RETURN

3880 REM 54544344 BUB OUTPUT 2 {4554444944554
3900 PRINTU4,” OUTPUT PARAMETERS“
3910 PRINT04,' '

3920 PRINT44,“ ”

3930 PRINTO4,“13. RESIDUE COVER ”:V(13)
3940 PRINTU4,”RESIDUE MASS (KS) ”:MRg"
(“:MRR2.205;' )“

3950 PRINT$4,'UIND FIELD LENGTH (M) ”:LF:“
(“:LF43.28:“ )“

3960 PRINT44,'CROP COVER ”:FC
3970 PRINT04,'CROP HEIGHT (CM) “:CO:"
(“ISO/2.54:“ )“

3980 PRINT04,”LEAF AREA INDEX ”:LAI
3990 PRINT44,“SUM OF DEGREE DAYS “:SDng“
('ySDD*1.8+32;“ )“

4000 PRINT44,“RELATIVE SOIL DETACHMENT (S) “:S
4010 PRINT04,“UNPROTECTED LENSTH (M) "LE3"
(“:LE43.281:“ )“

4015 PRINT44,'UIND BREAK HEIGHT (M) ”:HUs”
("3HU*3.281:“ )“

4020 PRINT84,”VELOCITY AT 15.2 M “:VE:“
(”:VEN2.237;“ )'

4030 PRINTQ4,“VELOCITY DIFFERENCE (M/S) ”:VE-V(30)

4040 PRINTU4,“SOIL ERODIBILITY (MG/HA)
(”yKE(V(35))/2.24:” )“
4045 PRINTU4,“SOIL ERODIBLE FRACTION

":KE(V(35)):”

”:V(35)

4050
4052
4055
4058

(~gMP4.o72;"

4060

112

PRINTU4,“SOIL ABRASION ADJUST FACTOR
PRINTO4,'LENGTH OF UIND EVENT (MIN)
PRINT44,“MIS

PRINTU4,“UEIGHTED MASS FLUX (KG/M.S)
)"IREM LB/FT.S

PRINT04,“MASS FLUX (KG/M.S)

a,“

“:V(29)

":MIS
“IN?"

(”:MS4.672:" )“:REM LB/FT.S

4065

PRINT34,'MA88 MOVEMENT PER EVENT (MG/HA) ":MAy'

(“:MA/2.2416;“ )~

4070

PRINT44,~MASS LOSS PER EVENT (MG/HA) ”aMEa'

(“:ME/2.2416:' )~

4090
4100

RETURN
REM 4444 SUB EXTRACT TIME - TILLAGE RESIDUE REDUCTION

”*flf'l'

4110
4140
4170
4200
4230
4260
4290
4320
4330
4340
4370
5000
5110
5115
5140
5170
5200
5230
5260
5290
5295
5300
6000
DATE
6110
6140
6170
6200
6230
6260
6290
6295
6296
6297
6320
6500
6510
6520
6530
6540

PTDAT3-STR3(V(38))

M73-LEFT3(PTDAT3,2)

M7-VAL(M73)

D73-MIDt(PTDAT3,3,2)

D7-VAL(D73)

Y73-RISHT3(PTDAT3,2)

Y7-VAL(Y73)

RETURN

REM 4444444 SUB TILLAGE DATE CHECK 444444
IF DI-D7 AND M1-M7 THEN RESRED-i-V(37)
RETURN

REM 4444444SUB EXTRACT TIME - EMERSENCE DATE
PEDATt-STR3(V(34))

IF V(34)-0 THEN GOTO 6000
M83-LEFT3(PEDAT3,2)

MG-VAL (M83)

DBt-MID3(PEDAT3,3,2)

D8-VAL(D83)

Y83-RIGHT3(PEDAT3,2)

Y8-VAL(Y83)

PRINT“EMERSENCE DATE":MG:D8:Y8

GOTO 6320

REM PLANTINS DATE TO TRIGGER PLANT DATE IF EMERSENCE
NOT KNOUN

PADATSISTR3(V(33))

M83-LEFT3(PADAT3,2)

M8-VAL(M88)

D83-MIDt(PADAT3,3,2)

DB-VAL(D83)

Y83-RIGHT$(PADAT3,2)

Y8-VAL(Y83)

D8-D8+V(40)

IF D8>MO(M8) THEN M83M8+1

IF D8>MO(M8) THEN D8-DS-MO(MB-1)

RETURN

REM 444444 LENGTH EFFECT FOR ABRASION 4444
LE-3524VE/KE(V(35))
L1F=LE+<174V(30)/VE4HU):REM LF AT A-1
PP-LIF/3:SEPSIINT(PP)

RETURN

6600
6630
6650
6660
6670
6680
6690
6700
6710
6720
6730
6740
6742
6750
6780
7000
7010
7020
7030
7040
7050
7060
7070

113

REM 444444444 AVERAGE MASS FLUX 4444444444
MTSIO

FOR J-1 TO SEPS

L2F=34J

GOSUB 2510

MTS=MS+MTS

NEXT J

MTSuMTS/SEPS

L2F-LF

GOSUB 2510

L3F-LF-L1F
MA-((MTS4L1F)+(MS4L3F))lLF:MP-MA
MA-MA46004V(29)

ME-MS/LF4104V(29)460:REM MS/HA.EVENT
RETURN

REM 4444444 FIELD LENSTH 44444444
A-V(20)/2:REM PRINT'V(20)- “:V(20),A
B-V(21)/2:REM PRINT“V(21)- “:V(21),B
DIR-((-V(22))4/180)+/2:REM PRINT“DIR- ":DIR
RD-SOR(((A3)4(B3))/((A34(SIN(DIR)3))+(BJ4(CG8(DIR)3))))
LF-24RD

REM PRINT'LF- “:LF

RETURN

.

APPEND I X D

D. List of Litoraturo Citod

Andorson, D.T. 1968. Somo Oualitativo offocts of tillago
machinos on plant rosiduos usod for orosion control.
Canada Agric. Eng. 10:53-56.

Chopil, U.S. 1944. Utilization of crop rosiduos for wind
orosion control. Sci. Agri. 21:488-507.

Chopil, U.S. 1945a. Dynamics of wind orosion: I. Tho
naturo of movomont of soil by wind. Soil Sci.
60:305-320.

Chopil, U.S. 1945b. Dynamics of wind orosion: II.
Intiation of soil movomont. Soil Sci. 60:397-411.

Chopil, U.S. 1945c. Dynamics of wind orosion: III.
Transport capacity of tho wind. Soil Sci. 60:475-480.

Chopil, U.S. 1946. Dynamics of wind orosion: VI. Sorting
of soil matorial by tho wind. Soil Sci. 61:331-340.

Chopil, U.S. 1956. Influonco of moisturo on orodibility of
soil by wind. Soil Sci. Soc. Amor. Proc. 20:-288-292.

4Chopil, U.S. 1957. Uidth of fiold strips to control wind
orosion. Kansas Agr. Exp. Station Toch. Bul. 92.

Chopil, U.S. 1959. Equilibrium of soil grains at tho
throshold of movomont by wind. Soil Sci. Soc. Amor.
Proc. 23:422-428.

Chopil, U.S. 1960. Convorsion of rolativo fiold
orodibility to annual soil loss by wind. Soil Sci.
Amor. Proc. 24(2):143-145.

Chopil, U.S. and N.P. Uoodruff. 1954. Estimations of wind
orodibility of farm fiolds. Jour. Soil and Uator
Consorv. 9:257-266.

4Chopil, U.S. and N.P. Uoodruff. 1959. Estimations of wind
orodibility of farm fiolds. Prod. Ros. Ropt. No. 25,
USDA.

Chopil, U.S. and N.P. Uoodruff. 1963. Tho physics of wind
orosion and its control. Adv. Agron. 15:211-302.

114

115

Chopil, U.S. and R.A. Milno. 1939. Comparativo study of
soil drifting in tho fiold and in a wind tunnol. Sci.
Agri. 19:249-257.

Chopil, U.S. and R.A. Milno. 1941a. Uind orosion of soil
in rolation to roughnoss of surfaco. Soil Sci.
52:417-431.

Chopil, U.S. and R.A. Milno. 1941b. Uind orosion of soil
in rolation to sizo and naturo of oxposod aroa. Sci.
Agric. 21:479-487.

Chopil, U.S., F.H. Siddoway, and D.V. Armbrust. 1963.
Climatic indox of wind orosion conditions in tho Groat
Plains. Soil Sci. Soc. Amor. Proc. 27:449-452.

Colo, Goorgo U. 1984. A mothod for dotormining fiold wind
orosion ratos from wind-tunnol-dorivod functions. Trans.
ASAE 27(1):110-116.

Colo, Goorgo U., Loon Lylos, and Laworonco Hagan. 1983. A
simulation modol of daily wind orosion loss. Trans. ASAE
26(6):1758-1765.

4Colvin, T.S., J.M. Laflon and D.C. Erbach. 1980. A rovoiw
of rosiduo roduction by individual tillago implomonts.
Crop production with consorvation for tho 1980's. ASAE
Conforonco. Chicago, II, pp. 102-110.

Fonstor, C.R. and S.A. Uicks. 1977. Minimum tillago fallow
systoms for roducing wind orosion. Trans. ASAE
20:906-910.

Fonstor, C.R., N.P. Uoodruff, U.S. Chopil and F.H. Siddoway
. 1965. Porformanco of tillago implomonts in a
stubblo mulch systom: III. Effocts of tillago
soquoncos on rosiduos, soil cloddinoss, wood control and
whoat yiold. Agron. Jour. 57:52-55.

4Fryroar, D.U. 1983. Ridgos-Clods and wind orosion. ASAE

Fryroar, D.U. and J. D. Downos. 1975. Estimating soodling
survival from wind orosion paramotors. Trans. ASAE.
18(5):888-891.

Shidoy, Fossohaio, J. M. Srogory, T. R. McCarty, and E. E.
Alborts. 1985. Rosiduo docay ovaluation and
prodiction. Trans. Amor. Soc. Agr. Engin.
28(1):102-105.

Sillotto, D.A. 1978. Tosts with a portablo wind tunnol for
dotorming wind orosion throshold volocitios. Atm. Env.
12:2309-2313.

116

Gillotto, D.A. and T.R. Ualkor. 1977. Charactoristics of
airborno particlos producod by wind orosion of sandy
soil, high plains of Uost Toxas. Soil Sci. 123:97-110.

Gilmoro, C.M., E.F. Broadbont and S.M. Bock. 1977.
Effocts of wasto application on soil carbon and nitrogon
cyclos. IN. L.F. Elliot and F.J. Stovonson (od.) Soils
for managomont of organic wasto and wasto wators. Soil
Sci. Soc. of Amor., Madison UI. pg.173-194.

Srogory, Jamos M. 1982. Soil covor prodiction with
various amounts ans typos of crop rosiduo. Trans. Amor.
Soc. Agri. Engin. 25(5):1333-1337.

4Srogory, J. M. 1984a. Analysis of longth offoct for soil
orosion by wind. ASAE Papor No. 84-2540.

Srogory, J. M. 1984b. Prodiction of soil orosion by wator
and wind for various fractions of covor. Trans. Amor.
Soc. Agri. Engin. 27(5):1345-1350.

Srogory, J. M., McCarty, T. R., Shidoy, F. and Alborts, E.E.
. 1985. Dorivation and ovaluation of a rosiduo docay
oquation. Trans. Amor. Soc. Agr. Engin. 28(1):98-101,
105.

iGrogory, J.M., T.M. McCarty, F. Shidoy, and D.L. Pfost.
1982. Tillago oquation for rosiduo managomont. ASAE
Papor No. 82-1513. ASAE, ST. Josoph, MI.

Hsioh J.J.C. and R.E. Uildhung. 1969. Bontonito
stabilization of soil to rosist wind orosion. Soil Sci.
Soc. Amor. Proc. 33:637-638.

4Harrington, J.B., Jr. 1965. Final roport atmosphoric
pollution by Aoroallorgons: Motoorological phaso (1
March 1962 to 2G Fobruary 1965) Vol. II. Atmosphoric
diffusion of ragwood pollon in Urban Aroas: Tost ORA
projoct 06342, Univorsity of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Hunt, H.U. 1977. A simulation modol for docomposition in
grasslands. Ecology 58:469-484.

4Koohostani, M., and J. M. Grogory. 1985. Moasuromont of
tilllago paramotors that affoct rosiduo covor.
Prosontation 1985 summmor mooting, Michigan Stato
Univorsity. Papor Numbor 85-2045.

Jonos, C.A. (oditor). 1985. CERES-Maizo: A simulation
modol of maizo growth and dovolopmont. In pross.

Lylos, L. 1977. Uind orosion: procossos and offoct on soil
prductivity. Trans. ASAE. 20:880-884.

117

Lylos, L. and N.P. Uoodruff. 1961. Surfaco soil cloddinoss
in rolation to soil moisturo at timo of tillago. Soil
Sci. 91:178-182.

Malina, F.J. 1941. Rocont dovolopmonts in tho dynamics of
wind orosion. Trans. Am. Soophys. Union. 1941:262-284.

*Morva, Goorgo, E. and Gary Potorson. 1983. Uind orosion
sampling in tho North Contral Rogion. ASAE Papor No.
83-2133, ASAE, 8T. Josoph, MI.

Parnas, Hanna. 1975. Modol for docomposition of organic
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7:161-169.

Potorson, Ivars. 1986. Rolling rocks and tumbling dico.
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4Pfost, D.L., T.R. McCarty, and J.M. Grogory. 1985. Uind
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4Possolius, John H. 1983. Tho availability of crop rosiduo
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Ouisonborry, Dwight. 1984. Uind orosion control.
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118

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4 - donotos unroforood roforonco or porsonal communication

APPEND I X E

E. Indox of Authors

A
Andorson, 1968, 22

C

Chopil, 1945a, 4, 5

Chopil, 1945b, 3

Chopil, 1945c, 7

Chopil , 1946, 6

Chopil, 1956, 7

Chopil, 1957, 15, 64

Chopil, 1959, 3,4

Chopil, 1960, 12

Chopil and Uoodruff, 1954, 12

Chopil and Uoodruff, 1959, 12

Chopil and Uoodruff, 1963, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12
Chopil and Milno, 1939, 4

Chopil and Milno, 1941a, 6, 37

Chopil, Siddoway, and Armbrust, 1963, 7
Colo 1984, 1

Colo Lylos, and Hagan, 1983, 2, 26, 62
Colvin, Laflon and Erbach, 1980, 22

F
Fonstor and Uicks, 1977, 9
Fonstor, ot al 1965, 22
Fryroar, 1983, 6

Fryroar and Downos, 1975, 14

G

Shidoy, ot al., 1985, 19, 20
Gillotto, 1978, 3

Gillotto and Ualkor, 1977, 5

Gilmoro, Broadbont and Bock, 1977, 17
Srogory, 1982, 2, 21, 22

Srogory, 1984a 1, 13

Grogory. 1984b 6, 14

Srogory, ot al., 1985, 2, 18, 19, 20
Srogory, ot al. 1982, 22

H

Hsioh and Uildhung, 1969, 5
Harrrington, 1965, 11

Hunt, 1977, 17

K
Koohostani and Srogory, 1985, 23

119

120

J
Jonos, 1985, 2, 27

L
Lylos, 1977, 4, 5, 6, 7
Lylos, and Uoodruff, 1961, 8

M
Malina, 1941, 3, 5
Morva and Potorson, 1983, 51

p

Parnas, 1975, 17

Potorson, 1986, 5

Pfost, McCarty, and Srogory, 1985, 1, 13, 16
Possolius, 1983, 13

O
Ouisonborry, 1981, 24
Ouisonborry, 1984, 13

R
Roddy, Khalool and Ovorcash, 1980, 17, 18
Richio and Burnott, 1971, 27

S

Schwab, ot al., 1981, 10

Skidmoro and Uoodruff,1968, 59, 64, 73
Skidmoro and Hagan, 1977, 7

Skidmoro, Fishor, and Uoodruff, 1970, 12
Slonokor and Moldonhauor, 1977, 21, 22
Stanhill, 1969, 11

Stono, 1980, 5, 6, 7, G, 9, 13

Swinbank, 1964, 2, 11

T
Tannor and Polton, 1960, 11

U

Uischmoior and Smith, 1978, 21
Uoodruff 1956, 8

Uoodruff and Siddoway, 1965, 12, 65
Uoodruff and Chopil, 1956, 6 ’
Uoodruff, ot al., 1977, 6, 7

Z
Zingg, 1951, 7
Zingg and Chopil, 1950, 6, 9, 10

75 5923

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