POST WORLD WAR II POPULATION
MIGRATION TO MO I RAM. NORWAY:
A STUDY OF THE SPATIAL IMPACT
ON THE MIGRATION PROCESS OF
VARYING LABOR DEMANDS

Thesis for the Degree of Ph. D.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
ELDOR C. QUANDT
v1971

  
      

  

IHP§;§

LI B R A R Y
Michigan State
3 University

 

This is to certify that the
thesis entitled
POST WORLD WAR II POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA, NORWAY:

A STUDY OF THE SPATIAL IMPACT ON THE MIGRATION
PROCESS OF VARYING LABOR DEMANDS

presented by

Eldor C. Quandt

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

Ph . D . degree in Geography

ifLL/UJM AK grim/yum

Major professor

Date July 30, 1971

 

 
 
   
   
   

  

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ABSTRACT

POST WORLD WAR II POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA, NORWAY:
A STUDY OF THE SPATIAL IMPACT ON THE MIGRATION
PROCESS OF VARYING LABOR DEMANDS

by Eldor C. Quandt

After World War II the Norwegian government implemented an
economic development program which was to raise the standard of living
of North Norway by increasing employment opportunities. Several locations
were chosen as growth centers, and industry was encouraged to develop.
Due to available hydroelectric power and nearby iron ore, Mo i Rana,
was selected as the site for an iron and steel industry.

As a result of the introduction of industry the population of Mo 1
Rana increased from 1,279 in 1946 to nearly 10,000 in 1963, and the city
and surrounding hinterland had a p0pulation of over 26,000 in 1970. A
former fishing village was transformed to a thriving urban community
which provides professional services, varied retail establishments, a
secondary school, and various recreation and entertainment facilities.

Since 1946 a significant number of people have migrated to Mo i
Rana. The "pull" forces have been guaranteed employment a higher
Standard of living and amenties of urban living; whereas, the "push"
factors were a low standard of living and lack of employment oppor-
tunities.

This study analyzed the changing spatial patterns of selected

CharaCteristics of population migration resulting from varying labor

Eldor C. Quandt

demands in an industrial growth situation. A regional growth center
based on the Norwegian Ironworks, Mo i Rana, Norway, was selected as an
example of an urban area whose population was significantly affected by
migration tendencies during three periods of development.

A large part of the information for this study was collected at
the Populatitni Register in M0 i Rana. Personal file cards were
examined for 7,283 migrants who arrived in M0 i Rana between July 1,
1946 and June 30, 1968. In addition, published and unpublished census
data were obtained at the Central Bureau of Statistics in Oslo.

Three stages of industrial development were delineated to facili—
tate the analysis of the varying patterns of origin, volume, distance,
occupation, age and marital status of population migration to M0 i Rana.
The first stage, construction, included the excavation and initial
phase of construction at the Norwegian Ironworks. The growth stage was
evidenced by a full scale operation of the plant, plus additional con—
struction. The third stage, stabilization, was characterized by a
Substantial increase in finished steel production at the Ironworks, and
the inhabitants of Mo i Rana demanded numerous services.

The analysis of' population Inigration data compiled according to
frequency distributions (in tables and cartographic presentations, an
analysis and a description were made of population migration to M0 i
Rana during the three stages of industrial development), showed that
during the construction stage a large share of the movement came from
fishing and agricultural areas near Mo i Rana. The principal reasons

for this type of migration were: (1) the short distance involved;

Eldor C. Quandt

(2) labor surpluses in the predominantly fishing and agriculture
regions; and (3) a demand for unskilled construction labor at the Iron-
works.

In the growth stage areas near Mo i Rana maintained their impor-
tance as major suppliers of migrant labor, but due to increased demands
for workers by the Ironworks, greater numbers of people came from longer
distances than in the previous period. As in the construction period,

a large proportion of the migrants, during the growth stage, were
married. This was due to the short distance of travel for a family
with household furnishings, guaranteed employment at the Ironworks and
the many benefits offered by an urban center. During the construction
and early part of the growth period the largest number of migrants were
in the 25—29 age group, but as the supply of labor from this group
decreased during the latter part of the growth period, the 20-24 age
group became an important source of migrants.

During the stabilization period much of the labor demanded by
the Ironworks was met with a local labor supply, and a large number of
migrants came to serve the needs of a rapidly growing population in Mo
1 Rana. In this industrial stage a larger proportion of the migration
came from longer distances than in the previous two periods.

In summary, then, this study analyzed and described the similarities
and differences of origin, volume and selected demographic charac-
teristics in population migration for three periods of industrial devel-
Opment. The results from this study may be applicable to the investi-
gaticnl of other underdeveloped regions experiencing industrial growth

and Population migration.

POST WORLD WAR II POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA, NORWAY:

A STUDY OF THE SPATIAL IMPACT ON THE MIGRATION

PROCESS OF VARYING LABOR DEMANDS

BY I
Eldor Cr Quandt

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Department of Geography

1971

y I

,_ I) A

(C) Copyright by
ELDOR CLEMENS QUANDT
1971

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was made possible with the help of a number of
individuals. Several people in Norway aided in the collection of data.
Mr. Helge Skaug, a consultant at the Central Bureau of Statistics in
Oslo, made unpublished census data accessible. He was also instru-
mental in obtaining permission to use personal file cards at the Popu-
lation Register in Mo i Rana. Mr. Jorgensen, Director, Population
Register, provided unlimited use of his office as well as additional
office hour time for data collection. Mr. Per Storvik and Mr. Aksel
Saevik, Computer Center Consultants, Mr. S. Strand, Public Relations
Director and Mr. Hans R0, Payroll Division, gave their time for several
confkrrences and provided important data on the Norwegian Ironworks.

I especially appreciated advice given by my colleagues at
Western Michigan University while writing my dissertation. I am
gratefial to Dr. Albert Jackman, Chairman, Department of Geography,
Westerui Michigan University for granting me part-time teaching duties
ihlcnnder to complete this dissertation and Mr. Hans Stolle, Staff
cartographer for his professional cartographic assistance.

I am particularly indebted to Dr. Lawrence M. Sommers, Chairman,
DePaIWHnent of Geography, Michigan State University. Throughout the
periCKi of problem formulation, data collection and analysis, and writing,

hls StiJmJlation and professional guidance as my dissertation adviser

iii

made this study possible. I deeply appreciated his continual concern
for my research and. the learning experience obtained from our numerous
conferences.

Finally, a special thanks go to Miss Carol Manske, whose encour—
agement and typing assistance were invaluable, Mrs. Dawn Thelen, who
typed the final copy of this dissertation, and Mrs. Ann Cauley for her

editing advice.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Viii
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . l
The Migration Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Population Migration . . . 7
Geographic Points of View . . . . . . . 8
Population Migration and Economic Aspects of an
Industrial Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Labor Supply and Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Space and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l3
Areal Significance of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l4
Periods of Industrial Development . . . . . . . . . . . 15
The Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
II. EVOLUTION OF MO I RANA AS A GROWTH POINT CENTER . . . . . 18
Progress in Urban and Industrial Development in
North Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Site and Situation of Mo 1 Rana . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
History of Population Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . 22
The "Pull" Factors of Mo 1 Rana . . . . . . . . 26
Physical Resources for Industrial Development . . . . . 28
Employment at the Norwegian Ironworks (1955-1967) . . . 30
III. POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA: THE CONSTRUCTION
PERIOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Population Migration to Mo 1 Rana from Selected
Counties . . ' . . . . 33
Volume of Migration and Type of Labor Supplied
by Nordland County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Table of Contents (Continued)

CHAPTER Page
Origin of Migration to M0 i Rana from Nordland
County by Townships . . . . . . . . 37
Population Migration from Nord- Tr¢ndelag, S¢r
Trpndelag, Troms and Finnamrk Counties to Mo i Rana . 44
Population Migration to Mo 1 Rana from South Norway . . 53
Age of Migrants Arriving in Mo 1 Rana . . . . . . . . . 55
Marital Status of Migrants in Mo 1 Rana . . . . . . . . 58
IV. POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA: THE GROWTH PERIOD . . 62
Population Migration to Mo 1 Rana from North Norway . . 63
Population Migration to M0 i Rana from Nordland
County by Townships . . . . . . 65

Origin and Volume of Population Migration to M0 i
Rana from Troms, Nord— —Tr¢ndelag, spr- -Tr¢ndelag

and Iinnmark Counties . . . . . 70
Population Migration to Mo i Rana from South Norway . . 7S
Migration of Foreign Nationals and Type of Labor

Utilized at the Norwegian Ironworks . . . . . . . . . 77
Age of Migrants in M0 i Rana . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Marital Status of Migrants in M0 i Rana . . . . . . . . 79

V. POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA: THE STABILIZATION

PERIOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Population Migration to Mo i Rana from North Norway . . 89
Volume of Migration to Mo 1 Rana from Nordland

County by Townships . . . . . 90

Population Migration to Mo 1 Rana by Townships from
Troms, Nord- -Tr¢ndelag, S¢r- —Tr¢ndelag and Finnmark

Counties . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Population Migration from South Norway . . . . 96
The Volume and Origin of Ioreign Migration to Mo 1
Rana . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Occupations of Migrants in Mo 1 Rana . . . . . . . . . 98
Ages of Migrants in Mo 1 Rana . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Marital Status of Migrants in Mo 1 Rana . . . . . . . . 101

VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
The Construction Period (1946-1955) . . . . . . . . . . 108
The Growth Period (1955-1965) . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
The Stabilization Period (1966- 1968) . . . . . . . . . llO
Evaluation of Hypothesized Statements . . . . . . . . . 111
The Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

vi

Table of Contents (Continued)

CHAPTER Page
APPENDIX A - DEFINITIONS OF OCCUPATIONS . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . 118
APPENDIX B — SUPPLEMENTARY DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

Mo 1 Rana and Surrounding Area .
Mo i Rana: Urban and Industrial Setting .

Annual Migration To Mo i Rana by Selected Origins
(1946-1968) . . . .

Annual Population Migration To Mo 1 Rana From
North Norway (1946-1968)

Annual Migration To Mo 1 Rana by Occupation
(1946-1968)

Nordland County: Classification of Townships by
Employment Categories (1946-1968)

Nordland County: Volume of Population Migration To
Ado i Rana by Periods (1946—1968)

Tdrnns County: Volume of Population Migration To
Mo i Rana by Periods (1946-1968)

Tdtnns County: Classification of Townships by
Ehnployment Categories (1946-1968)

Nord.TT¢ndelag County: Classification of Townships by
Employment Categories (1946-1968) . . .

Nord Tr¢ndelag County: Volume of Population Migration
To Mo 1 Rana by Periods (1946-1968)

Norway; Volume of Population Migration To Mo 1 Rana
by Periods (1946—1968)

Norway; Classification of Counties by Employment
Categories (1946-1968)

Migration to Mo i Rana by Individual Age Groups
(1946-1968)

Nordland County: Migration Change and Predominant
Employment (1946-1968)

Nerway: Migration Change (1946-1968)

viii

Page
21

27

35

36

38

4O

41

46

47

50

51

54

S6

57

104

106

TABLE

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

LIST OF TABLES

Population Growth of Mo i Rana and Hinterland .
Employment at the Norwegian Ironworks (1955—1967)

Population Migration to M0 i Rana From Nordland County
During the Construction Period (1946-1955)

Population Migration To Mo 1 Rana from Troms County
During the Construction Period (1946-1955)

Population Migration To Mo 1 Rana From Nord-Trpndelag
County During the Construction Period (1946-1955)

Population Migration To Mo i Rana From Spr-Trdndelag
County During the Construction Period .

Population Migration To Mo i Rana From Nordland County
During the Growth Period (1955-1965)

Population Migration To Mo 1 Rana From Troms County
During the Growth Period (1955—1965)

PopulationIWigratitwiTo Mo 1 Rana From Nord—Tr¢ndelag
County During the Growth Period (1955—1965)

Population Migration To Mo 1 Rana from Twenty Norwegian
Counties During the Growth Period (1955-1965)

Population Migration To Mo 1 Rana From Nordland County
During the Stabilization Period (1966-1968)

Occupations of Migrants At Mo 1 Rana For the Construction
Period (1946-1955)

Foreign Migration To Mo i Rana: The Construction
Period (1946-1968)

Population Migration To Mo 1 Rana by Age Groups During

The Construction Period by Number of Migrants
(1946-1955)

ix

Page

31

42

45

48

52

66

71

73

76

92

119

120

121

List of Table (Continued)

TABLE

15. Marital Status of Migrants At Mo i Rana During The
Construction Period of (1946-1955)

16. Occupations of Migrants At Mo 1 Rana For the Growth
Period (1955—1965)

17. Origin of Foreign Migration To Mo 1 Rana During The
Growth Period (1955-1965)

18. Population Migration To Mo 1 Rana By Age Groups During
The Growth Period (1955-1965) . . . . . . .

19. Marital Status of Migrants At Mo 1 Rana During The
Growth Period (1955-1965).

20. Occupations of Migrants at Mo 1 Rana For The
Stabilization Period (1966—1968)

21. Marital Status of Migrants at Mo i Rana During The
Stabilization Period (1966-1968) .

Page

122

123

126

127

128

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Introduction

During World War II, parts of North Norway1 suffered substantial
destruction from the German attack and occupation. The county of
Finnmark and a large section of Troms were heavily destroyed during
the German retreat in the autumn of 1944. The cities of Narvik and
Bod¢ earlier were laid in ruins during the 1940 German campaign.

Since World War II, rehabilitation and a Special development
program2 have enhanced the economic development of North Norway. A
comprehensive plan to rebuild in a eight year period the ports, houses,
schools, hospitals and public utilities led to a high level of employ-
Inent. By 1950 there was a growing concern that when the period of
reconstruction came to an end, the area would again be confronted with

the prewar problems of unemployment and low income per capita.

1North Norway includes the counties of Finnmark, Troms, Nordland,
INord-Tr¢ndelag and Sdr-Trdndelag.

2This special program is now commonly referred to as the North
Norway Plan (North Norway Development Fund).

The primary goal of the North Norway plan was to increase employ-
ment opportunities through the development of manufacturing industries.3
In general, the objective was to raise the level of income in order to
give North Norway a standard of living comparable with that of the rest
of the country.

A fundamental aim of Una postwar economic policy in North Norway
was to provide an alternative employment in regions where modernization
reduced the demand for labor in such traditional occupations as fishing,
agriculture and. forestry. Since 1952 the government has developed fish
storage and processing plants and manufacturing industries in areas
where technological change has brought about unemployment and low
income levels. Along the coast of North Norway, a chain of refrigerator
and freezing plants have been built for the fishing industry. ”Findus”
in Hammerfest is the largest individual unit. At Mosjden an artificial
silk mill employs 200 people. Another large new firm is Mosjpen
.Aluminum which has a labor force of 250 and an annual output of 21,000
tons of aluminum. Norsk Hydro produces artificial fertilizer in
Glomfjord. It employs 600 people, and a large scale expansion is under-
way to increase the output of fertilizer as well as ammonia. The most
Significant development to take place in recent years is the Norwegian

Ironworks (NOTSk Jernverk) at Mo 1 Rana. This factory began production

3Manufacturing includes all activities whereby man: ”(a)
assembles raw materials in an establishment (whether cottage, workshop,
or factory), (b) upgrades their usefulness by changing their form, and
(c) ships out these more valuable commodities to other places."

John Alexander, Economic Geography, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey, 1963, p. 288.

 

in 1955, and now employs more than 3,000 workers producing 587,000 tons
of ingot steel per year.

The Norwegian Ironworks has been a major focus of industrial
development in North Norway. It was chosen by the Norwegian government
to support Mo 1 Rana as a "growth center."4

The continued government support of the iron and steel industry
has produced one of the most economically progressive cities of North
Norway. This industry has attracted people to the city from many points
of origin. As the industry deve10ped, the areas of origin and personal
characteristics of the migrants have varied spatially.

This research is an attempt to determine the spatial relationships
between selected characteristics of population migration and developing
areas, as illustrated by Mo 1 Rana, according to stages of industrial
development.5 To accomplish this, both published and unpublished data
‘were collected.6 A large portion of the published data was obtained at
the Central Bureau of Statistics in Oslo. The primary source of the
'raw data was the Population Register in Mo 1 Rana. These data are used
to examine the spatial distribution of the origin, volume and selected
demographic characteristics7 of population migration.

¥

_ 4According to objectives outlined by the Norwegian government, Mo
1 Rana is to be both an industrial and service center with a population
between 30,000 and 40,000 people.

5The stages of industrial development are: construction, growth
and stabilization.

6Field research for this study was completed between May 20 and
August 20, 1968.

7Selected demographic characteristics include: age, marital
status and occupation.

Two techniques are used for analysis and presentation in this
dissertation. First, all migration data are evaluated according to
frequency distributions of origin, volume and demographic characteristics.
Relevant data are selected from the frequency distributions, placed in
tables and subjected to a comparative analysis. Second, tabular
compilation of frequency distributions and map analysis are used to
test the validity of the hypothesis. The results obtained through these
techniques provide an explanation of the spatial significance of selected
population migration characteristics.8 A geographic interpretation of

population migration is based on the following conceptual framework.

The Migration Process

 

The relationship of industrial development to migration is shown
in Process 1. The principal components of the diagram are: (1) the
planned industrial site; (2) the surplus of labor created by lack of
employment opportunities represents a ”push” factor of migration;

(3) the guaranteed employment and benefits of living in an urban center,
Mdiich act as attracting forces to produce migration; and (4) the

(nonstruction and operation of industry.

 

8Selected population migration characteristics include: (1)
employment of migrant at place of origin; (2) volume and distance of
mOVenmmt; and (3) occupation, marital status and age of migrant at
Place of destination .

 

 

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This diagram presents the general aspects of a migration process.
It is more applicable where a national democratic government undertakes
plans for regional development, rather than private industry. This
study will use the example of regional development in North Norway, where
the government's objectives were to raise the standard of living.
Although some of the results of a private development may be the same,
the purpose is different. In many cases, private industry is interested
in only capital gains, while a government operation will pass these
gains on to its people in order to raise income levels. In this diagram
it is further assumed that there is voluntary migration and the simul—
taneous development of an urban center and industry.

The migration process which emphasizes the supply and demands of
migrant labor is shown in Process 2 (Page 5). This diagram is similar
‘UaProcess lin that the choice of guaranteed employment and urban living
remain as significant attracting forces. Other elements of this diagram
include: (1) the labor demand, which is created by an industry and
urban center; (2) the labor supply, which is a result of the reorganiza~
tion of the traditional industries of agriculture, fishing, and forestry
and is described by origin, volume and demographic characteristics; and
(3) migration according to three periods of industrial dev010pment.

According to this diagram, the labor demands for three stages of
industrial and urban development will be met through migration. The
Patterns of change which occur for each stage can be described according

to the characteristics of labor supply.

Population Migration

 

Migration is the spatial process which results in the redistri-
bution of population.9 Population movement ”is at the heart of the
forces which influence changes in the earth—space content."10

The population geographer emphasizes the spatial process11 as it
gives rise to observed patterns of population distribution. In migration
study the spatial process is important to the analysis of international “
and internal movement.13 Geographic study of internal movement has

yielded significant results and concepts which may aid in the develop—

ment of theories.

 

9Richard L. Morrill, Migration and the Spread and Growth of Urban
Settlement, Lund Studies in Geography, Ser. 8., Human Geography, No. 26,
The Royal University of Lund, Sweden, Dept. of Geography, GWK Cleerup,
Publishers/Lund, 1965, p. 5.

 

 

10Edward A. Ackerman, Geography as a Fundamental Research Discipline,
Dept. of Geography, Research Paper No. 53, The University of Chicago,
Chicago, Illinois, 1958, p. 24.

 

ll . . .
The spatial process concerns population transfer, Wthh results
in the growth of certain towns and cities at the expense of other towns
or rural areas.

12National states and their ability to regulate immigration and
emigration makes international movement a distinct area of study.
Political and cultural factors are far more important than with internal
migration.

13Internal migration is "the change of residence from one community
or Other clearly defined geographical unit, to another within the national
boundaries. "

. Dorothy Swaine Thomas, Research Memorandum on Migration Differ-
EEE£31§3 Social Science Research Council, New York, 1938, p. 4.

 

Gepggaphic Points of View

Migration models are classified into two categories. The variety
of models which have been developed are either deterministic or proba-
bilistic, and both of these may be either static or stochastic (that
is, descriptive of the present state or a process of growth). Determin-
istic formulations express precise relationships. This method of
analysis is best suited to describing aggregate population characteris-
tics, while the probabilistic model is used in predicting the behavior
of an individual.

The deterministic model has proven to be highly useful in migration
analysis. Studies of migration to and from small areas reveal the
importance of this research approach. Examples include the studies of
Hart14 on internal migration in Indiana, a similar study of Morrill for
Washington,15 settlement change in a Kansas county by Kollmorgen and
tJenks,16 and Hart and Luebke's study of migration from a small depopu-
lating town.17 The latter indicates the importance of the migrants

I)revious contacts with relatives or friends in maintaining migration

fFlow between Specific locations.

‘

14John F. Hart, ”Migration and Population Change in Indiana,”
firoceedings Indiana Academy of Science, Indianapolis, 1957, pp. 195-203.

15Richard L. Morrill, "Regional Growth and Net Migration,”
Elpiversity_of Washington Business Review, 21, 1962, pp. 5-13.

16Walter M. Kollmorgen and George Jenks, ”A Geographic Study of
1Population and Settlement Change in Sherman County Kansas,” Transactions
51f the Kansas Academy of Science, 1951, pp. 449-494.

17John F. Hart and Benjamin Luebke, ”Migration from a Southern
Appalachian Community," Land Economics, 34, 1958, pp. 44-53.

A number of systematic studies of population distribution have
provided detailed compilations of movement, elaborate surveys of migrant
characteristics, accounts of migrant areas of population gain or loss,
and some statistical tests of observed or suggested relationships. In
the United States one such large scale study is Population Redistribution

and Economic Growth,18 a detailed investigation of population change,

 

including migration, and the relationship of this change to economic
factors. It covers the period from 1790-1950. Thornthwaite19 and
Bogue20 are examples of studies of internal movements in the United
States. Their research includes a statistical test of relationships
between migration volume and distance of movement.

Several articles concerning both small and large scale migrations

are found in the Symposium: Migration in Sweden.21 In a review of this

 

 

18American Philosophical Society, ngulation Redistribution and
Economic Growth in the United States: 1790-1950, contributions by Lee,
Brainerd, Miller, Eastertin, Kuznets and Thomas, 1957.

19C. Warren Thornthwaite, Internal Migration in the United
EStates, Bulletin 1, Study of Population Redistribution, University of
Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1934. Migration and Economic Oppor-
‘tunity, The Report of the Study of Population Redistribution, University
(of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1936.

ZODonald J. Bogue, Henry S. Shryock and Seigfried Hoerman, Streams
53f Migration Between Subregions, Scripps Foundation Studies in Popula—
‘tion Redistribution, No. 5, 1957, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio.
Adilbank Memorial Fund, Selected Studies of Migration Since World War II,
<:ontributions by Taeuber, Hamilton, Folger, Spengler and Kuznets, 1956.

21Migration in Sweden, A Symposium, Lund Studies in Geography,
ESeries B, No. 13, Lund, Sweden, 1946—1950:” Torsten Hagerstrand,
"Migration and Area;" Esse Lovgren, "Mutual Relations between Migration
Fields;" Reino Ajo, "New Aspects of Geographic and Social Patterns of
Net Migration Rate;" Sven Dahl, "The Contacts of Vasteras with the Rest
of Sweden.”

 

10

publication, special mention should be made of Wendel's survey of
Swedish mobility and Hagerstrand's thorough empirical and theoretical
study of patterns of migration around several Swedish towns.

Two other contributions have provided valuable information for

migration analysis. Sjaastad22 studies the relationship of migration

and income through the simultaneous interrelation of eight variables.

Lovgren23 analyzed the mobility of labor and showed a close relation-
ship of a decline of migration with increased distance of movement.

The most significant elementevidenced in these studies was the movement
from rural areas to urban centers, and resulting change in population

distribution. Relevant to the discussion of such movement is the

growth of manufacturing and commercial activities concentrated in towns

and cities.

Population Migration and Economic Aspects of an Industrial Center

The development of an industrial center is a growth process
.involving the location of commercial activities, which serve a local
Itinterland; transportation and manufacturing, which have a non-local

"market; and migration, which provides many of the people necessary

fIJI'a growing industry.

22Larry A. Sjaastad, ”The Relationship between Migration and
InCome in the United States," Papers and Proceedings, Regional Science
Association, 6, 1960, p. 37-64.

23Esse Lovgren, "The Geographic Mobility of Labor." Geografiska

we}; 38, 1956, Stockholm, pp. 344-494.

11

The economic aspects of industrialization have been investigated
by several geographers. Significant research has been done on the
economic factors determining industrial location,24 the agglomerations of
economic activity within an industrial city,25 and the importance of
technological change on the utilization of resources, both natural and
human. These economic characteristics of industrialization are useful
in explaining the type znul growth of an industrial center, in addition,
they play a significant role in creating spatial variations in popula-
tion migration.

The growth of manufacturing and commercial activities in an
urban center increases the demand for labor, a need met in a newly
developed site through migration. The flow of migration, then, is
produced by a surplus of population at the place of origin, and greater
employment opportunities and usually a higher standard of living at the

place of destination.

 

24Richard L. Morrill, The Spatial Organization of Society,
Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California, 1970, pp. 79-108.

2

 

5The word agglomeration as used by Alfred Weber has direct rele-
vance to the stages of industrial development as proposed in this study.
According to Weber the work covers three distinct situations. ”There
is, first the case of simple enlargements of plant, bringing into exis—
tence the advantages of large scale production. There is, second, the
local association of several plants, presumably the same industry,
which encourages the sale of a finished product. And there is, third,
the case in which the mere aggregation of manufacturing activities, of
unrelated as well as related types, leads to conditions which are on
the whole more favorable than any single plant or group of related
plants could develop for itself."

Stuart Dagget, ”The System of Alfred Weber," Readings in Economic
Geography: The Location of Economic Activity, Rand McNally and Company,
Chicago, 1968, p. 63.

 

 

12

Labor Supply and Demand

The growth of industrial cities, as a result of rural to urban
migration,26 is readily comprehended as a population response to demands
for labor. Dorothy Thomas describes such movements according to ”push"
and "pull" factors.27 The ”pull” factors, which fluctuate in accordance
with business cycles, are higher wages and better working conditions in
the towns. On the other hand, where economic accruement has fallen
below economic margin,28 ”push" factors are created. ”Push" factors are
commonly associated with nonwage earners and independent land owners
and include the creation of a supply of labor while the ”pull" factors
include demands or the lure of labor. The ”push” and ”pull” factors
become important, to geographic research and must be placed within the

context of both space and time.

Space and Time
The process of population migration has spatial as well as

temporal attributes. The movement occurs from and to a specific place

 

. 26The first important empirical investigation of migration from
rural to urban areas is found in the following study: E. G. Ravenstein,
"The Laws of Migration" Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 48,
1885, pp. 167-221.

271bid., p. 272.

. 8Economic margin refers to a balance between the standard of
11ViJTg and wages or costs of production and profits. Where production
c051:3 are more than profits and standard of living higher than wages
the economic activity is submarginal.

13

and at a particular time. In order to determine the areal extent of
labor migration, the knowledge of two locations is important. The first
involves the place of origin, and the second the place of destination.
The time at which movement takes place depends upon the economic con—
ditions creating a supply and a demand for labor. The hypothesis for

this study incorporates both time and space factors.

Data Collection

 

The location of Mo i Rana was chosen because of the availability
of detailed population records. It is also the site of the Norwegian
Ironworks where it was felt supplementary data could be obtained. The
primary source of data was personal file cards made available by the
Rana Population Register. The data was copied manually from the file
cards during July, 1968.

Each personal file card registered from July 1, 1946, through
June, 1968, was reviewed at the Register. These cards represented all
people who had moved to Mo 1 Rana during a twenty-two year period.29
The information selected from each card was: (1) date of arrival;

(2) place of birth; (3) age: (4) origin, if different from place of

birth; (5) marital status; and (6) occupation. There were approximately

29According to Norwegian law each change of residence must be
reported to a township office. Residence changes within Mo 1 Rana were
eliminated from this study.

14

300 cards which did not supply complete information, usually that
concerning occupations. After the elimination from this study of

. 30
incomplete information the number of observat1ons totaled 7,283.

Areal Significance of Data

 

The data collected for this study provided an account of population
migration to Mo 1 Rana from all regions of Norway, and from a number of
foreign countries. Three areal units, the township, county and city
were used to identify the internal origin of migrants. All migrants were
classified according to the township from which they originated.31 The
township proved to be the most useful for describing the spatial
distribution of migrants for the three counties surrounding Me i Rana,
while the use of counties expanded the regional description of migration
to the whole country. Finally, the city served as a basis for the
regional comparison of migrant origin.

Migration data was also collected for foreign nationals. Although

foreign nationals were relatively few in number, their professional

advice contributed much to the development of industry in Mo 1 Rana.

 

30This is migration to Mo 1 Rana between July 1, 1946 and June 30,
1968. Of this number, 4,385 migrants were married. The family size
could not be determined from available data.

31A special classification of townships was designed to alleviate

problems caused by consolidation between 1958 and 1964. Through consoli-
dation parts of townships, as well as entire townships were united with
other townships. A code number was given each township to account for
its type of consolidation, and to insure proper identification.

15

Periods of Industrial Develgpment

After the Norwegian Parliament approved state support to develop
industries in North Norway, Mo 1 Rana was designated as the site of the
Norwegian Ironworks. The intial development of the Ironworks was the
COHStrUCtiOH of plant facilities. Immediately after the first phase of
construction was completed, a production and growth period began. There
were several additional construction projects during this period. During
the construction and growth stages, the Norwegian government required
external professional advice, and extended employment opportunities to
both skilled and unskilled people. The local labor supply was not
adequate; hence, the need for an outside source of labor. A third
stage of industrial development, namely the stabilization period, was
included for three reasons. First, the Ironworks changed its emphasis
of production from crude iron and steel to finished steel. Second, due
to its rapidly expanding population, Mo i Rana required more retail
and professional services. Third, an empirical analysis of labor force
data showed a decline in migrant labor demand.

The time span of this study is approximately twenty-two years or
from July 1, 1946, through June 30, 1968. The construction period
runs from July 1, 1946, through March 30, 1955. The period begins with
the excavation of the industrial site, and ends with the completion of
the first phase of plant construction. The growth period begins April 1,
1955, and ends December 31, 1965. This period commences with iron and
steel production, and terminates when the plant construction is complete

and there is a declining demand for migrant labor. The time span from

16

January 1, 1966, through June 30, 1968 defines the stabilization period
which involves a greater use of a local labor supply and a decline in

. . 32
m1grat1on.

The Hypothesis

 

The hypothesis for this dissertation is based on the assumption that
a newly established industry in an underdeveloped region proceeds through
three periods of industrial development; namely construction, growth and
stabilization. The labor demand is greater than the labor supply in the
immediate area of the plant in all three periods. Thus, it is assumed
that people migrate from varying places, distance and occupations to
supply the demand. Data concerning employees of the Norwegian Ironworks
at Mo i Rana will be used to illustrate the varying population migration
characteristics during these three developmental periods.

In this study, it is hypothesized that the varying labor demands
of the industrial periods and the resulting spatial impact are determined
by the origin and volume of migrants to Mo 1 Rana and their occupation,
age and marital status. The data obtained through field and library
research are applied to the following hypothesized statements:

The spatial variations in selected characteristics of population
migration to Mo 1 Rana for the construction, growth and stabilization
periods are a primary function of:

(a) the number of laborers demanded for the construc-
tion and operation of the Norwegian Ironworks;

3 . . . . .
2The periods of 1ndustrial development described above W111 also
be referred to as migration periods.

17

(b) regions which have a surplus of labor;

(c) the origin of advisory personnel for the Iron-
works;

(d) the distance of travel for migrants from place
of origin to Mo 1 Rana;

(e) the type of labor required at the Ironworks
and city of Mo 1 Rana; and

(f) the age and marital status of migrants.

An examination of the hypothesized statements will be developed in
the: following chapters. Chapter II analyzes the physical and human
resources of the study area. Chapter's III, IV and V describe, respec-
tiveely, the construction, growth and stabilization periods of industrial
deveelopment and related spatial varations of pOpulation migration to
Mo i. Rana. The last chapter summarizes the results and presents

conclusions .

CHAPTER II

EVOLUTION OF MO I RANA AS A GROWTH POINT CENTER

Introduction

 

Since World War 11 there have been significant changes in the
population distribution of North Norway. As a result of the development
of wood processing and mining industries, a more efficient agricultural
production, and the more highly organized and centralized fishing
industry, the demand for labor declined in the primary industries.

With little room for expanded employment in the traditional industries,
it was necessary to provide for employment in other segments of the
economy.

A comprehensive postwar economic policy was developed by the
Norwegian government to alleviate the economic disparities of the North.
Some of the government's objectives included: full employment, fast
economic growth and a redistribution of income. In general, the govern-
ment wanted to create "an optimal use of labor and productive resources
for the provision of goods and services with a high welfare effect.”1

In an attempt to increase the standard of living of the North
Norway population, the government encouraged the development of manu-

facturing industries. Low cost loans and certain tax exemptions were

1Erik Brofoss, "Regional Problems in Norway,” Sosialokonomen, Oslo,
May, 1968, p. 13.

 

18

19

some of the measures used to provide incentives for the construction and
operation of new enterprises. The government emphasized the need for
the development of manufacturing oriented growth centers. Aware of

the vulnerability of a small community, which is dependent upon a single
manufacturing activity and subject to the adverse effects of economic
change, the government advocated the development of the larger manu-
facturing center which would also act as a service center for a town

and neighboring rural district.

In Norway the political decisions made to establish state-owned
enterprises were instrumental in creating growth points of regional
economic development. Mo 1 Rana was chosen as one of the growth centers,
and in order to make the city an economically viable growth point for
the surrounding region, the government developed an iron and steel

industry.

Progress in Urban and Industrial Development in North Norway

 

One of the important concerns in the government planning of growth
centers was optimal population size. It was felt that no "hard and
fast quantitative terms should be applied."2 However, it was found
that in Norway regions of 30,000 to 40,000 people with a service center
have been most progressive. Rana township with Mo 1 Rana as a service
center will soon approach 30,000 in population. It should be noted no
conclusions can be drawn at this time that such a center represents the

threshold of growth capable of absorbing economic change.

‘

21bid., p. 14.

20

Although a high financial risk has been involved in industrial
develOpment in North Norway all programs have Shown progress. As a
result of government programs financial assistance has been given to
over 3,000 industrial investors and over 50,000 jobs have been created.
Due to these expansionary policies, unemployment has in general been at
low levels throughout the postwar period, and the differences in income
levels between North and South Norway have narrowed.

One of the more successful urban and industrial developments in
North Norway is at Mo 1 Rana. It has been a major focal point of
regional economic development, and with industry has become a major

growth center.

Site and Situation of Mo 1 Rana

 

The city of Mo i Rana, 30 miles south of the Arctic Circle, is
located at the interior end of the glacially eroded Rana Fjord (Figure l).
The fjord extends 48 miles inland from the Norwegian Sea. After
glaciation the interior end of the fjord emerged. Since emergence,
erosion from the slopes has filled in portions of the fjord, and the
result is a seaward sloping plateau.

The higher elevations of the two fjord $10pes, which bound Mo i
Rana on the north and south, are snow covered throughout the year. At
a lower elevation, the city has no appreciable snowfall. The Marine
West Coast climate provides for mild winters and cool, moist summers,
While the warm North Atlantic Drift, which flows northward and parallel
to the Norwegian coast, is responsible for the year-around ice-free

conditions of the Rana Fjord.

21

Figure l.-- NO I RANA AND SURROUNDING AREA

  
   

 

10' I w

   

/‘T\rondhoin 5,,” \. /
. Ixj‘T'I “WIN”

\

run A .
In” .5 I
Q
¥

3:} .
(:0 uslu‘I

60a ,5 ‘/

 

MINES

  
 
 

 

Lfllll‘ Rnssaga .i .’d
gPonr Station
A LEGEND

   
 
 

 

+—~ IIaiIroId

<fi\ 4: !| H
A _
I

II

      
     

I, — Road
Upper Mssagai
Pnler Station yr Iron (Ira
LI
./ Ii 9 I 2 3
// I lilas

 

 

22

Mo i Rana is the administrative center for Rana Township (Kommune),
and the major trade center north of Mosjpen and south of Fauske
(Figure l). The city also attracts the trade of Sweden which is located
35 miles to the east. The hinterland3 served by the city is sparsely

populated by agricultural and fishing inhabitants.

Tran§portation

 

There are three types of transportation serving Mo i Rana. A
single track railroad line passes through the city which begins at Oslo
in the south and terminates at Bode in the north. Roads extend north
to Fauske and Bodp, east to Sweden and south to Nesna and Korgen
(Figure 1). Although minimally used, the roads carry both busses and
cars.4

Many material goods for consumer consumption arrive via the sea.
Passenger ship service is also available.

Seaplanes are chartered for special freight as well as for private

civilian use. In May, 1958, an airport was completed about 10 miles

east of Mo 1 Rana. The nearest important airport is located at Bod¢.

History of Population Settlement

 

Initial settlements within the greater Mo i Rana area were located

on offshore islands. The island of Dpnnes was the primary area of

 

3The hinterland is the area which is commercially tributary to
the city.

4The roads to the terminal locations mentioned here are unpaved,
bUt yet well constructed. Beyond these points the roads are of a lesser
quality of construction.

23

origin for settlers in M0 i Rana. Immigrants from the island first

developed coastal farm settlements during the mid-17th Century.

Settlers continued to move inland in search of agricultural land for

food production and wood for boat building so that by the latter part

of the 17th Century both agriculture and forestry were established

within the Rana Fjord. In 1680 there were about twelve farms concentrated

at the head of the fjord. Towards the end of the 17th Century Mo 1

Rana also gained importance as an outlet for products traded by the Lapps.
After the passing of almost two centuries, the number of farms at

M0 1 Rana increased to thirty-eight,5 and the origin of settlers became

more diverse. Some came "from South Norway, and others from Sweden."6

A small proportion of the nomadic Lapp pOpulation also became sedentary

farmers. Settlements began to spread outwards from Mo 1 Rana to the

interior.

 

5The organization of the Norwegian farm in this area consisted of
the multiple tun or family farm. The original farm settlement was
divided in order to provide for the sons of the family. The family
generations which succeeded the initial farm family occupied different
sized farms (bruks), which surrounded the original settlement (gArd),
The number of bruks which each gfird developed depended on the avail-
ability of land. The severe fragmentation which occurred in the past
is obvious today, as many bruks have only a few acres of land.

 

6Peter Worsley (ed. by) Svartisen Expedition 1966: Interim Report,

Reading University, Reading, England, 1966, p. 20.

24

In 1855 the Parish of Mo had a population of 3,459.7 (Table 1)-

The economic livelihood of the inhabitants was based on fishing, agri-
culture and forestry. In most cases, an individual was involved in all
three forms of employment. The number of boats, slightly over 2,500
were recorded in 1855, reflects the importance of fishing. Agriculture
was based on rye, barley and potatoes as staple food crops, and the
grazing of sheep and reindeer for meat and hides.

By 1900 the population of the Parish had risen to 4,369, but the
nature of the economic activities had changed little from the previous
fifty years. Fishing and agriculture still predominated.

The population of Mo Parish increased 38 percent between 1900-1910
to a total of 6,002. Such a significant population rise was primarily
a result of in-migration. In 1905 the British began developing the
Dunderland Valley iron deposit. The labor demand for the development
produced a migration from outlying areas, and a consequent abnormal
rise in total pOpulation. The iron ore mining operation continued
under the British until World War 11.

During the interwar years the population of Mo 1 Rana and its
surrounding area increased slowly. The region's economy also declined
substantially during the depression years of 1928-1932. In-migration
was minimal as indicated by the 224 peOple added to the city's population
between 1910-1930. From 1930-1946, on the other hand, the population of
Mo 1 Rana increased 1,389 or over 100 percent. Thus, between 1910-1946
the population of Mo i Rana increased 1,613 inhabitants, or approxi-

mately 450 per decade.

x

7 .
. The year 1855 marks the first date at which valid population
flgures could be obtained.

25

TABLE 1

POPULATION GROWTH OF MO I RANA AND HINTERLAND

 

 

 

 

Date Mo Parish Mo 1 Rana Nord-Rana S¢r Rana Total
1680 - 12 Farms - - -
1855 3,459 38 Farms - - 3,459
1900 4,369 - - - 4,369
1910 6,002 1,116 - - 6,002
1930 - 1,340 4,504 - 5,844
1946 - 1,279 6,122 2,102 10,593
1950 - 4,211 7,190 1,927 13,328
1960 - 8,368 9,357 1,628 19,353
1963 - 9,2071 10,636 1,607 21,450
1967 - - - - 25,390
1970 - - - - 26,109

1

The last official census figure for Mo 1 Rana was given in
December, 1963. The consolidation of Nord-Rana, a part of S¢r Rana, and
Mo i Rana occurred on January 1, 1964. The consolidation unit is called
Rana Township (Kommune).

Source: Based on statistics compiled from census and other
publications.

26

Since World War 11 Mo 1 Rana has experienced the most significant
population increase in North Norway. Between 1950-1963 the city's
population increased 118 percent. For the same period the Township of
Nord-Rana increased 48 percent. This increase was primarily a result
of the population expansion of Mo 1 Rana into the surrounding township
During the same period, S¢r Rana showed a population decrease of 17

percent. Out-migration to M0 i Rana is the reason for this decrease.

The "Pull" Factors of Mo 1 Rana

 

The physical setting and amenities of urban living were important
to settlement in Mo 1 Rana. The beauty of snow covered highlands, tree
studded river valleys and the many lakes made Mo i Rana in its regional
setting aesthetically attractive. The ease of accessibility to the
highlands, valleys and lakes for outdoor recreation, such as skiing,
fishing and camping encouraged living in this city. The moderate annual
temperature was also an inducement for settlement here.

The settlement of Mo i Rana began on the coast of the Rana Fjord
and has steadily developed to the interior. Evidenced on the coast are
remnants of the past when Mo 1 Rana was a fishing village (Figure 2).

At present this section of the city is dominated by a rail transportation
system and several large warehouses. Near the warehouses are located

businesses and several government offices, while houses are concentrated
farther inland and along the north and south sides of the fjord (Figure 2).

The residential area surrounds the Ironworks on both the west and north

sides.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

28

Since World War 11 Mo 1 Rana has provided employment opportunities
as well as the advantages of urban living. The Norwegian Ironworks has
been the basic source of employment, and with the growth of this
industry the population of the city increased and demanded services. As
a result, more personal services (doctors, lawyers), additional retail
businesses, which offered a wide range of consumer goods, schools and
government offices began to locate here and served as a further stimulus
for population settlement. Thus, the city provided a better standard
of living than could be gained in the more remote rural areas and

islands, and a migration process was set in motion.

Physical Resources for Industrial Development

One of the primary reasons for choosing Mo i Rana as the location
for an iron and steel industry was the supply of iron ore located a few
miles east of the city. The deposits are located within the Dunderland
River Valley (Figure 1). One of the deposits, Drtvann, was developed
as indicated previously by the British. The British began operations
in 1905, and shortly before World War II the Dunderland Company were
bought in 1946 by the Norwegian government, and added to the extensive
reserve deposits of the Dunderland Valley. The reserves of iron ore
within the Dunderland Valley are estimated to be 400 million tons. Most
of the ore is low grade with an iron content of approximately 33 percent.
The iron consists of equal quantities of hematite and magnitite, and a

high percentage of phosphorus and sulphur impurities.

29

It is necessary to concentrate the iron ore before sending it to
the blast furnace. Due to the inherent difficulties of separating the
low grade ore from the gangue, it takes about three tons of raw ore to
make one ton of concentrated ore. Despite the large reserves, the
Norwegian Ironworks imports concentrated ore from the Sydvaranger mines
in Kirkenes and from Malm on Trondheim Fjord.

A secondreason for locating the iron and steel plant at Mo i Rana
was the availability of hydroelectric power. The power is transmitted
from two Rpssaga River power sites which are located approximately 25
miles to the south of Mo i Rana (Figure 1). Water for the power sites
is provided by the Rossaga River which originates at Ross Lake. The
river flows to Stormya, and from this point a tunnel channels the
water to the lower power station which is built underground near Korgen.
The fall of the water is 800 feet, and the annual output of power at
the station is 1,400 million Kwh. A second power site, located on the
upper Rpssaga River near the outlet of Ross Lake, has an annual output
of 660 million Kwh.

As a result of the abundant and cheap hydroelectric power, the
Norwegian Ironworks uses electric pig iron furnaces. The electric
furnace achieves higher temperatures, and heat can be more closely
controlled than in other processes. The furnace also produces a higher
quality steel.

Due to the high silica content of the iron ore concentrates from

Sydvaranger and Dunderland Valley, limestone is required in the smelting

30

furnaces. Approximately 700 pounds is needed for each ton of pig iron.
A limestone quarry at Oyjord, about six miles from the iron and steel
site, provides the limestone. After a short haul from the quarry by
truck, crushed limestone is brought to receiving bins at the Ironworks
site by a four and one-half mile mono-cable ropeway. Between 50,000 and
60,000 tons of limestone are used each year in the furnaces.

Although the smelting of iron ore is done by means of electric
power, coke is still essential for building the carbon content of pig
iron. Coal from the Norwegian possession of Spitzbergen is manufactured
into coke and additional supplies are imported from Great Britain.

Imported raw materials and exported finished goods are handled at
a specially constructed quay on the Rana Fjord. Located three miles
from the iron and steel plant, the dock is 300 yards long, and is

linked to the industrial site by electric railway and road.

Emplgyment at the Norwegian Ironworks (1955-1967)

 

The rapid post World War 11 population increase for Mo i Rana
can be attributed to the development of the Norwegian Ironworks. The
construction of the Ironworks began in 1946, and the plant started
operations in 1955. Although the population of Mo 1 Rana increased
substantially during the period of construction (1946-1954), the most
significant increases occurred between 1955-1966. When the Ironworks
began operation in 1955 there were over 1,300 people employed in the
industry (Table 2). Employment at the plant increased to slightly

over 3,100 in 1966, but in the following year showed a slight decline.

31

The large increase in employment after 1963 had an impact on the growth

of population in Mo 1 Rana and the surrounding area.

TABLE 2

EMPLOYMENT AT THE NORWEGIAN IRONWORKS (1955-1967)

 

 

 

Year General Labor Administrative Total
1955 1131 225 1356
1956 1577 277 1854
1957 1663 311 1974
1958 1655 334 1989
1959 1682 312 1994
1960 1852 307 2159
1961 2052 324 2376
1962 2089 381 2470
1963 2014 394 2408
1964 2136 447 2583
1965 2322 474 2796
1966 2600 511 3111
1967 2538 539 3077

 

Source: Based on unpublished data obtained at the Norwegian Iron-
works, Mo i Rana, Norway.

A detailed account of industrial deveIOpment in Mo 1 Rana and its

impact upon selected characteristics of population migration is discussed

in the following three chapters.

CHAPTER III

POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA: THE CONSTRUCTION PERIOD

Introduction

 

On July 10, 1946, the Norwegian Parliament decided to build the
iron and steel plant at Mo 1 Rana. AS indicated previously, the avail—
ability of iron ore a few miles east of the city and of hydroelectric
power at R¢ssaga 30 miles to the south were the two main reasons for
choosing this site.

The first phase of the construction at the Ironworks, which included
the majority of the buildings, was started in 1946 and completed in 1955.
Among the structures were: (1) a pig iron plant with three electric
furnaces; (2) a rolling mill, which contained facilities for making slab
steel, beams and wire rods; (3) an administrative office building; (4)

a testing laboratory; and (5) an underground power generating station.

The labor required for the construction of the Ironworks was not
readily ayailable in M0 i Rana. However, the general economic conditions
of North Norway favored labor in-migration. As a result of the consoli-
dation and greater mechanization in the primary industries of fishing,
agriculture and forestry, and the drawing power of an urban center, a

labor surplus was available.

32

33

Through migration, all parts of Norway contributed to the population
Mo 1 Rana. In addition, a number of people came from foreign countries.
Although there was a widespread origin of migrants, certain regions were
more important as suppliers than others. Especially important were the
unskilled that came from agricultural and fishing areas near Mo i Rana.
They could be easily trained as construction employees and the relatively

short distance to M0 i Rana was an advantage.

Population Migration to Mo 1 Rana from Selected Counties

 

During the construction period of industrial development (1946-
1955), the largest volume of migration to Mo 1 Rana came from the nearest
North Norway counties. These counties include: Nordland, in which the
city of Mo i Rana is located, Troms and Finnmark to the north of Nordland
County, and Nord Trdndelag and Sdr-Trpndelag to the south. North Norway
accounted for over three-fourths of the migration for the construction
period.1 Nearly 30 percent of the migration2 to Mo i Rana (1946-1968)
came from the five counties. Slightly over one-fourth of the migration
from these counties arrived during this time.

The two most significant years of migration were 1952 and 1953

when over 200 migrants came each year. Full scale construction of plant

 

1The following are relevant migration statistics for the five North
Norway counties: (1) Migration to Mo i Rana (1946-1968) 7,283: (2) Migra-
tion from Five Counties (1946-1968) 5,771; (3) Construction Period Migra-
to Mo 1 Rana (1946-1955) 2,010; and (4) Construction Period Migration for
the Five Counties (1946-1955) 1,528.

2For the remainder of the dissertation "migration to Mo 1 Rana" is
for the period from July 1, 1946 to June 30, 1968.

34

buildings was underway during these two years. While the five northern
counties dominated as major source areas of migrants during the construc-
tion period beginning in 1946, their significance relative to the larger
fifteen southern county area and foreign additions declined after 1951
(Figure 3). With an increase in demand for labor, and a decline of the
labor supply in the immediate Mo i Rana area, larger numbers of migrants
began coming from outside North Norway. The migration of foreign
nationals also increased after 1951.

Between 1952 and 1954 a significant number of foreign migrants
arrived in M0 i Rana. It was during this period that technical advice
was required for the installation of mechanical equipment as well as for
the construction and operation of electrolytic furnaces. As Norway had
few trained personnel, help from outside the country was essential.

Most of the foreign skilled and professional aid came from West Germany

and Sweden.

Volume of Migration and Type of Labor Supplied by Nordland County

 

Nordland County was the most important contributor of migrants
during the Ironworks construction period. When examining the movement
to Mo 1 Rana from five northern Norway counties for each of the ten
years in this period, it is noted that Nordland County accounted for at
least 65 percent of the in-migration (Figure 4). The county provided

4,382 people or over 70 percent of the migration (1946-1968). Of these

35

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36

m.m~» mm mm 1» Nu

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~uom.-evo.~ ><i=oz ahzaz scum <z<¢ _ a: ah za_h<=u_: z=_h<damum a<=zz<

 

-aa.
“gnu .9;
...v ocauam

37

1,140 or 26 percent came between 1946 and 1955.3

Nordland County was
the origin for over half of the in-migration for the construction period.
There were two principal reasons for the predominance of Nordland
County as a supplier of migrants. First, it is the county in which the
city of Mo 1 Rana is located, and, as a result, it involves the shortest
distance of movement for all counties in Norway. Second, the labor
demands for building construction were met with unskilled, semi-skilled,
or vocationally trained (skilled) persons, and most of the labor of
Nordland County fell into these three classifications. The three groups
accounted for almost three-fourths of the employment during the construc—
tion period. The annual migration statistics reflect the significance
of the unskilled laborer at the beginning of the period, and of the
skilled person during the latter part (Figure 5). Unskilled laborers
were used for the excavation of the building site and the construction
of the building framework, whereas skilled artisans such as carpenters,

plumbers and others were employed to complete the building structures.

Origin of Migration to Mo 1 Rana from Nordland County bx_Townships

 

During the construction period migrants who came to Mo 1 Rana

from Nordland County originated in three principal areas, First, a

 

3The following are relevant migration statistics for Nordland
County: (1) Migration to M0 i Rana (1946-1968) 7,283; (2) Migration
from Nordland County (1946-1968) 4,832; (3) Construction Period Migra-
tion to Mo 1 Rana (1946-1955) 2,010; and (4) Construction period Migra-
tion from Nordland County (1946-1955) 1,140.

38

.><-zox .<:<: _ a,

.lu»m_um- :u:<4=Lag ux» _< aux:unn 1:9 auXuznasxz In cumin

“Human“

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

2:; 3 2 z. 2 S S 3 g 2 2 8 22
F . _ c _ . _ _ . p . p _ . _ _ _ _ _ _
/III. I \I \\/I

I \l/
Vq I ._ 2.
\I I: 2:...TE.
III] \\\ ll/
Id7ll\ /I
\i / //A J Int , z .2
\x / \\ // (\I/ _-=o_3:o; /
\ \\.\\ x \\ I\\\\W-
\\ / \\ /\ 1‘! \ an
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x x
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2
. 2
3.53.2: .52; 22:25:; .
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Esau .ua

33723» 235.539.; :— <z<= _ a: E. 25:53; ._<=zz< i.

mega:

39

significant number of laborers came from the south where fishing and
agricultural occupations predominated (Figure 6). Vega, Brpnnpy, D¢nna,
Alstahaug, Vefsn and Lierfjord were all important contributors (Figure 7
and Table 3). Second, migration was significant from agricultural and
fishing townships in the extreme northern part of Nordland County.
Vestvfigpy, Vfigan and Tysfjord predominated as source areas of migrants

in this second group (Table 3). The areas dominated by employment in
agriculture and fishing were important sources of unskilled labor. Third,
regions with urban populations and with high mixed4 and manufacturing
employment were also supply areas of migrants. Rana, Bodp, Fauske and
Narvik are representative of this group. These townships supplied skilled
and professional people.

The centers in which fishing and agricultural occupations prevail
were more significant suppliers of migrants than townships with high
manufacturing and mixed employment. These locations accounted for 659
migrants, while the mixed-manufacturing employment townships provided
481 migrants. Approximately one-third of the 481 migrants came from
Rana, only a short distance from Mo 1 Rana. During the construction
period, a large number of unskilled laborers were required at the Iron-
works for the excavation and building of the plant. Most of the labor
was supplied by agricultural and fishing regions. Due to the short
distance of movement labor surplus areas nearest Mo 1 Rana were large

suppliers of migrants.

 

4Mixed occupations include: Wholesale and retail trade, business,
communications and transportation, and personal services.

4()

 

Figure 6.-- NORDLAND COUNTY: CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNSHIPS

 
   
         
 
  
 
  
          

av EMPLOYIIENI CATEGORIESHNG-IQGO) l
/
/
/
69'- - - is; , /
IKSNES
NADSEL
vcsrvisnv
68° . “7 Insane:
d e
vum ' h.
.\ g: 57
\\ '0
‘r- \
.RIST
— I LEGEND
67" * I EIPLIIYIEIIT CATEGORIES

        

 

 

02mm SALIDAL
‘ \~. ' j E AzricuIture and Fishing
. I I.
I ../
jl/ m Ianuiacturrng
,7
fl

~ . ShiIt Iron lgricuituro and
v ‘1
fighfi Fishing to Iixad between

1950-1959

'1'

3"?" Shift from Agriculture and
1“,”! Fishing to Manufacturing
butleen 1950-1959

SOUICI: IISIU OI UNPUBLISHED UATI OI'IIIEO H "I!
POPULATION IEIISTII. I. l Illl. NOIIAV

 

 

 

41

 

Figure 7.-- NORDLAND COUNTY:
NO I RANA BY PERIODS(I§45-I950}

ANOIV

  

 

VOLUME OF POPULATION NIGRATION’TO

     
 
   
 

by 7
My: ‘
”SWAG":
\=
ego 1103""?le
VAEnIv
\\ 43¢
\
\
r \
_ . II
t
W
alsr
_\
.. 4!
07 cerzsxF>_ '
" InAnu
I," ~ — T—IIIII \
, r < \
' 53> nil.i I
\. ‘ d . _
;'{o/L"1= 132$
\\ "on, is." «7,4 I?
”Am: \ ,egllp\ ,33/ 1 s ,
. I» ‘III 7 1- /
. \6 ‘ 17.
7", "D \r ’4‘) I
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1. ii
.‘Ja “‘ I====5'
’ ;r '“l i-'
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‘4 L\ 3 .1": 7
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:=== . BRAKE ‘-) .
.— L/V ‘ , .1
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E

SOURCE: IAEEO OI UNPUBLISHED DATA OITAIIEU

 

I
/

lI-25

23-50

51-75

76-100

101-150

sIuarlru 10 Ianmnu

151-200

201-300

300 *

INDUSTRIAL PERIODS
Construction(I946-1955)

Broith(l§55-1005)

Stabilization(1088-1868)

0 20 40 00 00

 

A! THE POPULATION REEIITEI. I0 I I‘ll. NUIIAV

 

42

TABLE 3

POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA FROM NORDLAND COUNTY
DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PERIOD (1946-1955)

 

 

 

Total Migration Construction Period Employment
(1946-1968) Percent of Classification1
Total

Township Number Number (1946-1968)
Bod¢ 137 53 38 Mi
Narvik 114 31 27 Mi
Bindal 29 ll 40 ASP
Brpnnoy 167 64 38 ASP
Vega 85 32 38 ASP
Vevelstad 23 l 4 AGF
Herpy 53 16 30 ASE
Alstahaug 85 20 24 ASP
Lierfjord 129 39 30 ASP
Vefsn 286 89 31 AEF-Ma
Grane 53 12 23 AGF
Hattfjelldal 43 1 2 AGF
L¢dingen 33 10 3O AGF
D¢nna 97 27 27 AEF
Nesna 246 49 20 ASP
Hemnes 472 65 14 Ma
Rana 315 151 48 Ma
Lur¢y 66 5 8 ASP
Traena l3 3 23 AaF
R¢d¢y 69 14 20 AGF
Mel¢y 112 37 33 Ma
Gildeskol 50 14 28 AGF
Beiarn 65 12 19 AGF
Saltdal 160 36 23 Ma
Fauske 239 62 26 Ma
Skjerstad 117 33 28 ASP
Sdrfold 43 3 7 ASP
Steigen 40 5 13 ASP
Hamarpy 56 18 32 ASP
Tysfjord 130 31 24 AGE-Ma
Tjeldsund l4 3 21 AGF-Mi
Evenes 55 10 18 ASP

Ballangen , 170 28 16 Ma

TABLE

43

3--CONTINUED

 

 

 

 

Total Migration Construction Period Employment
(1946-1968) Percent of Classification1
Total
Township Number Number (1946-1968)
Ankenes 50 18 36 Mi
R¢st 3 - - AGF
Vaer¢y 13 3 23 AGF
Moskenes 10 4 40 ASP
Vestvagey 197 47 24 AGF
Hadsel 35 7 20 AGE-Mi
vagan 139 41 30 AaF-Mi
B¢ 52 12 23 AGF
Oksnes 29 3 10 ASE
Sortland 57 15 26 ASP
Andoy 31 5 16 ASP
TOTAL 4382 1140

 

1Township classification:

Mi - Mixed - Mixed includes employment
in wholesale and retail business,
communications, and personal services

AGF -Agriculture and Fishing

AGF-Mi - Transition from agriculture and
fishing to mixed

AGE-Ma - Transition from agriculture and
fishing to manufacturing

Source: Based on unpublished data obtained at the Rana Population

Register, Mo 1 Rana, Norway.

44

Population Migration from Nord-Tréndelag, S¢r~Tr¢ndelag, Troms and
Finnmark Counties to M0 i Rana

 

 

A group of four counties, two of which are to the north of Nordland
County and the other two to the south, were also important source areas
of migration during the construction period. Troms, which is adjacent
to Nordland on the north, supplied almost 100 people during this period
(Table 4). This was approximately one-fourth of the migration from
Troms County to M0 i Rana. Coastal locations in both the north and south
were primary source areas. The townships of Harstad and Malselv predomi-
nated in the south, and Tromsd in the north (Figure 8). Harstad and
Tromsp have significant urban populations and a high proportion of
their total employment in mixed occupations (Table 4). Although Malselv
has a high employment in mixed occupations, it recently achieved this
classification. Thus, the townships of Tromsd and Harstad were suppliers
of skilled and professional labor to M0 i Rana.

With the exception of Troms¢ and Harstad, all other townships in
Troms County still have a large part of their labor force in agricul-'
ture and fishing occupations (Figure 9). These townships accounted for
over half of the total migration to Mo 1 Rana during the construction
period. The two most significant years were 1952 and 1953. These were
the same two years which were earlier noted as having a high demand for
construction labor.

During the construction period, the migration to Mo 1 Rana from
Nord-Tr¢ndelag County was dominated by regions with a high employment in
fishing and agriculture. Of the 386 migrants coming from this county,

124 or 32 percent came during this time (Table 5). With the exception

45

TABLE 4

POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA FROM TROMS COUNTY
DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PERIOD (1946-1955)

 

 

 

 

Total Migration Construction Period Employment
(1946-1968) Percent of Classification1
Total

Township Number Number (1946-1968)
Harstad 64 24 39 Mi
Tromsp 40 7 17 Mi
Kvaefjord 14 4 28 ASP
Skonland 22 5 23 ASP
Bjarkdy 7 4 57 ASP
Ibestad 6 l 17 ASP
Gratangen 13 - - AGF
Salangen 50 6 12 ASE
Bardu 18 2 11 AGE-Mi
Malselv 40 ll 28 AGE-Mi
S¢rreisa 13 l 8 ASP
Dyrpy 14 3 21 ASP
Tran¢y S - - ASF
Torsken 6 2 33 ASE
Berg 9 4 44 ASP
Lenvik 18 4 22 ASP
Balsfjord 15 5 33 ASP
Karlsdy 8 4 50 ASP
Lyngen 3 - - AGF
Storfjord l - - AGF
Kofjord 7 2 28 ASE
Skjerv¢y 14 2 14 AGF
Nordreisa 4 2 50 ASE
Kvaenangen 6 3 50 ASE
TOTAL 397 97

 

1Township classification: Mi - Mixed - Mixed includes employment
in wholesale and retail business,
communications, and personal services

AGF - Agriculture and Fishing

AGF-Mi - Transition from agriculture and
fishing to mixed

Source: Based on unpublished data obtained at the Rana Population
Register Mo 1 Rana, Norway

463

 

 

 

Figure a.-- rnaus COUNTY: VOLUME or POPULATION 9T
“Gannon In no I RANA av PERIaDsuNa-Ioas) 1 1°C
f\
“/- ( \
\ “ \
8” I \\/’2
I , b\g Q ’\
Si: 1 v (I, ,1\ D \ L‘
NORWEGIAN SEA 93‘ ' s 1"" \_.\ \_ ,3
, A3 xmumsu (
._ \ 1 .
©c\} r‘»~’\ \\ I‘ @ /)
©L\\ 4’ [a /
\ ’ \ z
an x
l
411‘“. W, unnuarrsr \\
LVIIGEII \ \el/1\ \\
=:' \. rrronn i-\
I I \~ "‘
{Iii-RIM» I A / \‘\ /
/ ““" ‘we/ ‘V/tr
\T R ‘ b
\ ,\ I” ‘
“y" srunrronn {'\-J
"j LEGEND
\ /$g$
\ /%$
msnunufi ,A s‘
.\ \ Vflfl .\\ O 0-4
- \ O
lirser 5 \
"’ I O III-14
new v ,I O 15-l9
\v \\\\\ _L_ S
“’J S 3
1%) emu ./ O 20'” 3
__ ./ 5
,\ /./‘ _. arr-:19 E
Q 40-49
r \7 t/ INDUSTRIAL PERIODS
\ I, - 50o
\\ (’ E Construction(1946-l955)
u
[:3 GroIIhUOES-IBM)
[j StabilizationUGGS-IQBB)
n 20 40 so
El—I—J
”LIES SOUNCI: I‘SED ON UNPUOLISNED DA“ OIVIIIIO AT THE
POPULATION REGISTER, I0 I RANA. IOIIA'

 

 

47

Figure 9.-- TROHS COUNTY: CLASSIFICATIUN 0F
TOINSMIPS BY EMPLOYMENT CATEGORIE5(1946-I960)

“
Q B
00

e9 IVAENANGEN
%

.8ALSFJ

I
I

I

.
. \
J

.. “I? ‘\
®°.\‘}" A
0°\i(§'l‘a

L—‘-__4,(

x

l x
‘ G

\

i

1‘.

EIPLOYIEIT CATEGORIES
lgriculture and Fishing

lixed

Shiit [tom lgiicultuia Ind Fishing
to Iixed betueen l950-1959

 

 

SOUICE: I”!!! OI UI'LIULISICEI DAYI UIYIINEII ‘1 “It
PD’ULAHBI Il€li'(l. I0 I RANA, IUIIAV

48

TABLE 5

POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA FROM NORD-TRONDELAG COUNTRY
DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PERIOD (1946-1955)

 

 

 

 

Total Migration Construction Period Employment
(1946-1968) Percent of Classification1
Total
Township Number Number (1946-1968)
Steinkjer 50 15 30 Mi
Namsos 40 13 33 Mi
Meroker 9 4 44 Ma
Stjdrdal l3 2 15 Mi
Frosta 5 l 20 AGF
Leksvik 3 — AGF
Levanger 19 7 37 Mi
Verdal 18 S 28 AGF
Mosvik - — - AGF
Verran 13 3 23 AGF-Ma
Namdalseid 2 1 SO AGF
Inder¢y 13 S 38 AGF
Snasa 31 14 45 ASP
Lierne 3 - - AGF
Royrvik 3 - - AGF
Namsskogan 42 13 31 AGF-Ma
Grong 32 6 19 ASP
H¢ylandet 13 1 8 ASP
Overhalla 12 4 33 AGF
Flatanger 3 - - AGF
Vikna 11 3 27 ASP
Naerdy 44 21 49 AGF
Leka 7 6 86 ASP
TOTAL 386 124

 

1Employment Classification: Mi - Mixed - Mixed includes employment
in wholesale and retail business,
communications, and personal services

Ma - Manufacturing

AGF - Agriculture and Fishing

AGF-Ma — Transition from agriculture
and fishing to manufacturing

Source: Based on unpublished data obtained at the Rana Population
Register, Mo i Rana, Norway.

49

of the townships of Namsos and Steinkjer, which together supplied 28
migrants and have a mixed employment structure, the majority of the
migrants came from fishing and agricultural areas (Figures 10 and 11).
The largest number migrated from Naer¢y which has a great percentage of
its total labor force in agriculture and fishing. The fishing and agri—
cultural townships were surplus areas of unskilled labor, whereas Namsos
and Steinkjer supplied business and professional personnel. Unlike
Troms County, Nord-Trondelag has a fairly even distribution of migrants.
The large surplus of unskilled labor in Nord-Trdndelag County and the
continual demand in M0 i Rana produced a steady flow of migration from
this county. In Troms County, on the other hand, fluctuations in the
annual movement were caused by the varying demands for skilled and
professional labor, which in large part came from urban areas.

Located the farthest south in the tier of five northern counties,
S¢r-Trbnde1ag can be generalized according to two source regions of
migration. One prime source was the city of Trondheim; the second was
the fishing and agricultural townships which accounted for practically
all other migrants. Trondheim supplied almost 60 percent of the 125
people (Table 6). The most significant migration from Trondheim was
between the years of 1950 and 1953. As is true for the other urban
areas, Trondheim had a large out-movement towards the end of the construc-
tion period. This correlates with the demand for more skilled labor as
the construction projects were being completed in M0 i Rana. Trondheim,
next to Oslo, was the most important urban center contributing laborers

south of Mo i Rana.

50

 

Figure IO.-- NORO TRONOELAO COUNTY: CLASSIFICATION
OF TOINSNIPS BY EMPLOYMENT CATEGORIE$(I946-I9OII

   

l .
llznixsn/

1",

4

  

LIERNE

LEGENB

EIPLOYIENT CATEGORIES

Agriculture and Fishing

lanuIactuiing

Iixud

 

 

i‘:fi‘fl‘: Shift from Agiicullura to
‘3‘~3‘~ IanuIncturing(I§50-IB§9)
O {0 4P 8p 8p
Iiles
SOURCE IASCD OI IIIMIILIUIEII OAYI OIV‘II
'O'VLAVIDI REGISTER. III I III

   

,, ,, 54 0

ED 1' "I!
I, nanny

 

 

51

 

Figure lI.-- uann rnauozua cauurv: vaums or rapuunou 1""
MIGRATION ro no I mu av PERIODSHNG-IQGU

  

 
     

,2" \ /’
.’ ovznuiLLix’
I

‘1

  

 
 

a t .
x sum ; I
I; : /
.1 ___1__ '
? _/ \‘\_ /
\\\ '/ \.‘l'
\\ 0/ 7 7 r
smnmn ,-A—/‘7
/ O
VERDAL ' O 5'9
\\\ fl /
' ‘\
iu-u
. C
umm W”. ,uevh. z
k-___/_r-—/' V 1 0 15'19 g
I I ' :-
/§ (W 2.1-29 a
I)" l
I ) 31mm X ' J E
0
L\-/- x ’ IERAKER ,/ d a
\ / l" x, 30-39 E.
LEGEND \ \ V
\ .
INDUSTRIAL mums ““fl

40-49

E nonstructiun(1946-1955) m
GrouthUQfifi-ISSS)
E StabilizationUEEG-IBGB)

0 20 40 60

 

O a)

 

SOURCE: BASH] OI UNPUILISNED Dl'l OIIIIIED II "II

POPULATION IEGISIEI. IO I NANA, NOIIIV

 

 

52

TABLE 6

POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA FROM SOR-TRONDELAG

COUNTY DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PERIOD

 

 

 

 

 

Total Migration Construction Period
(1946—1968) Percent
Township Number Number of Total (1946-1968)
Trondheim 241 69 29
Hemne 6 1 l7
Snillfjord - — —
Hitra l - —
Frdya 2 - -
Orland 7 - -
Agdenes - - -
Rissa 5 2 4O
Bjugn l3 5 39
Afjord 3 - -
Roan l - -
Osen l — —
Oppdal l3 6 47
Rennebu S 2 4O
Meldal 32 6 l9
Orkdal 24 10 42
Boros 4 2 SO
Olen l l 100
Haltdalen 3 l 33
Midtre Gaudal 10 5 SO
Melhus 9 3 33
Skaun 7 - -
Klaebu l - —
Malvik l2 6 50
Selbu 12 6 50
Tydal — - —
TOTAL 413 125
Source: Based on unpublished data obtained at the Rana Population

Register, Mo i Rana, Norway.

53

Among the five counties of North Norway, Finnmark, the northern-
most county, supplied the fewest number of migrants. Nearly half of the
migrants came from S¢r—Varanger in which the city of Kirkenes is located;
and of the twenty townships in the county, only half supplied migrants.
The three principalreaSOHSfor the lack of significant migration from
Finnmark were: (1) the longer distance required to move to M0 i Rana,
plus the lack of a good transportation system; (2) the recently develOped
fish processing industry at Hammerfest which is attracting migrants;
and (3) the reconstruction of the iron mines near Kirkenes also absorbed

migrants.

Population Migration to Mo i Rana from South Norway;

 

The countiess of South Norway were not major source areas of
migration to M0 i Rana. These counties supplied 1,036 migrants or 14
percent of the migration to M0 i Rana (1946-1968).6 280 came from the
southern counties during the construction period. By far the most
important source of people was the city of Oslo (Figure 12), the
largest city in Norway and a major source of the administrative
personnel to the Ironworks in M0 i Rana. The majority of the migrants

from South Norway came from areas with a mixed employment structure,

 

5The counties are noted in Figure 12.

6The following are relevant migration statistics for the fifteen
South Norway counties: (1) Migration to M0 i Rana (1946-1968) 7,283;
(2) Migration from South Norway (1946-1968) 1,036; (3) Construction
Period Migration to M0 i Rana (1946-1955) 2,010; and (4) Construction
Period Migration from South Norway (1946-1955) 280.

54

 

Figure I2.-- NORWAY: VOLUME OF POPULATION MIGRATION
TO MO I RANA BY PERIOD$(I946-I958)

 
  
 
   
     
 

N . N
onus” SEA 0 7549
O IOU-I99
Number
I
0 200-299 _
Ingrants
GS" ,/\\
I "//) 300-399
400-499
500 +
1 ' INBUSTRIAL PERIODS by Countias
- \ ‘\ \‘~
fir DPPLAND \ \’ E Constructinn(1948-1955)
7.\ @d’usnuu _J
I \ // \\\ \_ mm GrowthUBfiS-IQBS)
IEIIGE uonmuun‘x IUSIEIUD \ \

    
 
 

[::::::] Stabilization(1965-1988)

 
 
  

" ,4 \
*\ rmuu |
a [I \ \

SOURCE. IASED OI UIPUILISILO OAIA OBTAINED AT "1‘
POPULATION IEHISVEI, MO I IAIA, MDIIAV

 

 

 

55

and most counties were suppliers of only a small number of individuals
(Figure 13). There were three principal reasons for the small migration
from the south: (1) as distance of migration from Mo i Rana increased
fewer people chose to move; (2) South Norway also had less surplus labor
than areas farther north, and thus fewer migrants; and (3) most of the
people in the south chose to move to the large urban centers of Oslo

and Bergen.

Age of Migrants Arriving in M0 i Rana

 

The younger person was dominant among those who moved to M0 i Rana
during the construction period. Almost three-fourths of the migrants
were between the ages of 20-39 (Figure 14), the largest number being in
the 25-29 year age group. This age category accounted for nearly one-
fourth of the migration to M0 i Rana in each year from 1946—1953 the
group of 25-29 year old migrants predominated. The importance of the
older age groups, on the other hand, was noticeable towards the very
end of the period (1953-1955) when the foreign and domestic advisors
moved to M0 i Rana.

There were several reasons for the migration of a large number of
young people to M0 i Rana during the construction period. The consoli-
dation, greater efficiency and more mechanization in such industries
as fishing, agriculture and forestry brought about a decrease in labor
requirements. As a result, the young family member's entrance into the
father's business or vocation was severely limited. Given employment

opportunities in M0 i Rana there was a high probability of movement.

56

Figure I3.-- NORWAY: CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTIES
BY EMPLOYMENT CATEGORIE5(I946-IOGO)

LEGEND

EMPLOYMENT CATEGORIES
Agriculture and Fishing

Ianuiaciuring

Shiii Irom Agriculture and

Fishing in Innuiacturing

scan as beilaen 1950-1959

SOURCE: IASEO OM UMPUILISNEO DATA OITAINLB AT ”I!
POPULATION liSiSTEI. I0 I IAIA. NORIAV

 

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58

Another reason for the migration of the young Norwegian was that since
World War II a better education enabled him to become more prepared for
varied employment opportunities. This is especially true for the more
remote rural areas of Norway as well as the islands. Still another
reason was that the young person was less firmly established than the

older groups, and was thus more susceptible to residence change.

Marital Status of Migrants in Mo 1 Rana

 

During the construction period the majority of the migrants arriving
in M0 i Rana were married. Almost three-fourths were of this type,
while two out of three were married for the twenty-two years (1946—1968)
of migration to M0 i Rana. The marital status of the Norwegian migrant
during the construction stage in M0 i Rana was unlike that of most past
voluntary national or international world migrations. The unusually
large number of married migrants departed from the usual preponderance
of the unmarried male as found in other voluntary migrations. The
primary reasons for the large number of married migrants were: (1) the
majority of the pe0ple were moving only short distances, thus providing
easy transportation of family and household furnishings; (2) migrants
were moving to an area which had a similar culture, and thus, the
decision to move a family was not inhibited by a consideration of

cultural adjustment; and (3) families were assured of adequate living

accomodations in M0 i Rana.

59

Summary

The previously hypothesized spatial relationships between population
movement and industrial development are valid for the construction
period. The analysis of migration during this time indicated that the
largest number of migrants came when there was full scale construction,
and that a large part of the migration originated in nearby labor surplus
areas. A significant movement occurred between 1952 and 1954 when the
buildings were being erected and a majority of these people came from
Nordland county. Within the county the primary areas of origin were
townships with a labor surplus. Most of these areas had felt the effects
of government programs to increase mechanization in agriculture, fishing
and forestry. As a consequence of these programs, a more efficient
production was achieved, and less labor was required. A low standard
of living and lack of employment represent ”push" factors of migration.

It was also hypothesized that the distance of gravel for migrants
and the type of labor demanded at the Ironworks would vary according
to the changing labor demands. During the early part of the construction
period migration was largest from short distances, but towards the end
when labor demands increased, more distant labor surplus regions became
important. In Nordland County nearby townships with high employment
in fishing and agriculture as well as the far northern and southern
parts contributed a large number of migrants. These labor surplus areas
were the primary sources of unskilled labor for the excavation and
construction of the Ironworks. Immediate employment and the Opportunity

of living in an urban area were important pull factors for migration.

60

Townships with a significant urban population in Nordland County;
namely, Bod¢, Narvik, Fauske and Vefsn had high employment in mixed
and manufacturing occupations, and these areas supplied skilled and
professional labor to the Ironworks. Although it is important to
consider migrants coming from urban centers with a large number of
people employed in mixed and manufacturing employment, it is even more
important to note that approximately 60 percent of the migrants from
Nordland County originated from regions in which agricultural and
fishing occupations predominated.

Migration from the remaining four North Norway counties of sur-
Tr¢ndelag, Nord-Tréndelag, Troms and Finnmark was principally from areas
with high employment in agriculture and fishing. A large part of the
movement from these counties was unskilled labor. The other major
suppliers were the urban centers of Trondheim, Harstad and Tromsd, and
these cities supplied skilled and professional people.

The fifteen counties of South Norway did not contribute a signif-
icant number of migrants to Me i Rana. In the case of South Norway, as
distance increased the volume of migration decreased. Less surplus
labor, the lack of good transportation to the north and the attracting
power of large cities in the south were some of the reasons for the small
scale migration from South Norway. The largest number of migrants from
South Norway originated in Oslo, Norway's largest city. It was the
principal supplier of domestic technical advisors and administrative

personnel to the Ironworks.

61

Skilled and unskilled occupations dominated among those who
came to Me i Rana during the construction period. Unskilled labor was
most evident during the early part of the period, when the excavation
and the construction of the Ironworks took place. The skilled person
predominated towards the end of the period when construction projects
were being completed. Foreign advisory personnel were also a major part
of the migrations towards the end of the period. Most of the foreign
nationals came to the Ironworks to supervise construction, install
equipment and train employees to operate the machinery.

In this study it was also expected that the age and marital status
of migrants would vary according to labor requirements of industry.
The yound married migrants (25-29 years old) predominated during
the construction period. A significant number of these were unskilled,
and came from areas with high employment in fishing and agriculture.
These migrants found few employment opportunities in these regions,
and were willing to risk a change of location for better employment
opportunities and the amenties of urban living. A large number of
individuals between 30—59 years of age came towards the end of
the period. They were primarily skilled and professional people who
originated from cities or townships with high mixed and manufacturing
employment. Some established businesses and provided professional
services in Me i Rana, while others found employment in management or in
skilled positions at the Ironworks.

In the succeeding chapter an analysis will be made of migration
during the growth stage. It will compare the differences in selected

migration characteristics with the construction period.

 

CHAPTER IV

POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA: THE GROWTH PERIOD

Introduction

 

The growth period of industrial development at Me i Rana began with
the production of iron and steel at the Norwegian Ironworks in April,
1955. The three principal parts of the Ironworks which began operation
were: (1) the pig iron plant; (2) the steel plant; and (3) the rolling
mill. Initially, the pig iron plant consisted of three electric smelting
furnaces. Single electric furnaces were installed in August, 1958,
October, 1964 and December 1965. The conversion of pig iron to crude
steel, which is performed in the steel plant, was first done with two
electric arc furances. Expansion in the steel plant took place with the
addition of the third are furnace in April, 1961. Other significant
additions to the Ironworks during the growth period were: (1) an iron
ore separating plant in October, 1964; and (2) a pelletizing plant in
September, 1964. These latter two additions permitted a more efficient
use of the Dunderlandsdal iron ore located a few miles east of Me i Rana.

During the growth period, employment at the Ironworks increased
nearly 100 percent. The most substantial gain was during the first years
Of operation when almost 500 people were added to the labor force. Only
a slight growth in employment was noted toward the end of the period. The
production of iron and steel products rose gradually up to 1960 and from
1960-1963 no increment was noted. With the addition of the pelletizing

and ore concentration plants there was a notable increase in population.

62

63

The growth period initiated a large scale migration to Me i Rana.
The expansion of industrial facilities through the addition of furnaces,
and the construction of two new plants created a large labor demand.
The labor needs changed from the construction period and thus the patterns

of volume, origin and selected demographic characteristics were different.

Population Migration to Me i Rana from North Norway

 

The North Norway counties of S¢r~Tr¢ndelag, Nord-Trpndelag, Nord-
land, Troms and Finnmark were important sources of migration to Me i Rana
during the growth period. The 3,714 migrants from these counties
represented over half the movement to M0 i Rana (1946-1968).1 Almost
two thirdsof the migration from the five counties came during the growth
stage, in addition, eight out of ten migrants came from these counties
at that time.

Annual population migration to Me i Rana from five counties
decreased between 1955—1958, although a substantial increase did take
place between 1959—1963 (Figure 3).2 The primary reason for the
continual decline of migration for the 1955-1958 time span was that
construction labor was no longer required. Despite this decrease,

employment at the Ironworks increased between 1955-1958. The principal

 

1The following are relevant migration statistics for the five North

Norway counties: (1) Migration to Me i Rana (1946-1968) 7,283; (2) Migra-
tion from the Five Counties (1946-1968) 5,771; (3) Growth Period Migration
to Me i Rana (1955-1965) 4,577; and (4) Growth Period Migration from Five
Counties (1955-1965) 3,714.

2Figures 3-14 are found in Chapter III.

64

reason was that the industrial equipment became fully operational in
1956. A large number of the migrants who came between 1955—1958 were
employed at the Ironworks. As employment at the Ironworks rose between
1955-1958, so did iron and steel production. The combined production of
these two items rose from 120,000 tons in 1955 to 440,000 tons in 1958.

Migration to Me i Rana from North Norway increased from 1959—1963
(Figure 4). Although Nordland County maintained its importance as a
major supplier of people, migration from the four other counties also
increased between 1959-1963. The pair of counties both to the north
and to the south of Nordland County started to supply larger numbers of
laborers because of a decrease in the labor surplus in Nordland County.
The substantial numbers of those who arrived in Me i Rana between 1959—
1963 were attracted by the Ironworks, which instituted several expansion
projects. As a result of the growth of industrial Operations between
1959—1963 employment at the Ironworks increased nearly 500 people, and
steel production rose from 240,000 tons at the beginning of 1959 to
350,000 tons at the end of 1963.

In the period 1964-1965, population migration to Me i Rana declined.
There were no significant construction projects during these two years,
and only the addition of two more electrolytic furnaces required extra
employment.

Due to the labor needs of full scale operation and expansion
PTOjects undertaken at the Ironworks, North Norway contributed a

1arger number of migrants during the growth period than in the previous

65

wage. During the second ten years the decrease of surplus labor in

meas near Me i Rana also produced a more even distribution of migrant

afigin than was found in the construction period.

ibpulation Migration to Me i Rana from Nordland County by Townships

Nordland County was the source area for a large proportion of the
ndgration to Me i Rana during the second period of industrial development,
as almost two-thirds moved at this time.3 The 2,846 migrants supplied

by the county was almost 40 percent of the total migration to Me i Rana

(1946—1968).
The origin of the people who moved to Me i Rana from 1955-1965

was generalized according to the following three groups First,

significant migration to Me i Rana occurred from townships which involved

a short distance of movement to the city. Hemnes, Nesna, Vefsn, Rana,

Me1¢y and Saltdal each contributed at least 100 individuals during the
[growth period (Table 7). Of these six townships only Nesna was a
Irredominantly fishing and agricultural township. The remaining five

ceurters had a predominance of either manufacturing or mixed occupations

(Figure 6) .

 

3The following are relevant migration statistics for Nordland
County: (1) Migration to M0 i Rana (1946-1968) 7,283; (2) Migration
finoni Nordland County (1946—1968) 4,382; (3) Growth Period Migration to
NH) :1 Rana (1955-1965) 4,577; and (4) Growth Period Migration from Nord-

land County (1955-1965) 2,846.

66

TABLE 7

POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA FROM NORDLAND COUNTY
DURING THE GROWTH PERIOD (1955-1965)

 

 

 

 

 

Total Migration Growth Period Employment
(1946-1968) Percent of Classification1
Total
Township Number Number (1946-1968) ii
I
Bodd 137 71 52 Mi ‘5
Narvik 114 71 62 Mi
Bindel 29 15 52 ASP
Brdnnoy 167 92 55 AGF
Vega 85 51 60 AGF
Vevelstad 23 19 83 AGE
Hereg 53 30 56 AGF
Alstahaug 85 56 66 ASP
Lierfjord 129 75 58 AGF
Vefsn 286 167 58 AGF-Ma
Crane 53 38 71 AGF
Hattfjelldal 43 38 88 AGF
L¢dingen 33 2 l 64 AGF-Mi
Dianna 97 66 67 AfiF
Nesna 246 159 65 AGF
Hermes 472 340 72 Ma
Rana 315 164 52 Ma
Lurriy 66 55 83 AGF
Traena 1 3 8 61 AGF
R¢d¢y 69 50 73 AGF
Mewy 112 61 54 Ma
Gildeskal 50 29 58 AGE
Beiarn 65 48 74 AGE
Gal tdal 160 106 66 Ma
Fauske 239 161 67 Ma
Skjerstad 117 74 63 ASP
S¢rfo1d 43 37 86 AGF
St eigen 40 29 73 AGF
Hamar¢y 56 34 60 AGF
Tys fj 0rd 130 88 68 AGF-Ma
Tjeldsund 14 10 71 AaF-Mi
Evenes 55 41 75 AGF
831 1 angen 170 135 79 Ma

 

67

TABLE 7--CONTINUED

 

 

 

 

Total Migration Growth Period Employment
(1946-1968) Percent of Classification1
Total

Township Number Number (1946-1968)
Ankenes 50 28 56 Mi
R¢st 3 3 100 AGE
Vaer¢y l3 9 69 AGF
Moskenes 10 6 60 AGF
Vestv§g¢y 197 137 69 AGF
Hadsel 35 24 69 AGE-Mi
Vagan 139 84 60 AGE-Mi
B¢ 52 38 73 AGF
Oksnes 29 20 69 AEF
Sortland 57 34 59 AGE-Mi
Andoy 31 24 77 AGF
TOTAL 4382 2846

 

1Employment Classification: Mi - Mixed - Mixed - Mixed includes
employment in wholesale and retail
business, communications, and personal
services

AEF — Agriculture and Fishing

AGF-Mi — Transition from agriculture
and fishing to mixed

AGF—Ma - Transition from agriculture
and fishing to manufacturing

_ Source: Based on unpublished data obtained at the Rana Population
RegISteT, Mo i Rana, Norway.

68

A second group of townships, which supplied a large number of
people during the growth period, was classified as having a significant
manufacturing or mixed labor force. This group includes Fauske,
Ballangen, Bodé, Narvik, Vfigan and Tysfjord which provided people who
entered into business in the city, as well as administrative personnel
and skilled laborers to the Ironworks. All of these centers are
located north of Me i Rana. Finally, a third generalized area of
origin consisted of townships classified as agriculture and fishing
centers, and the labor was primarily unskilled. Vestvagdy was the most
important supplier in this group.

The patterns of origin for Nordland County during the growth
period were different from those found at an earlier time. First,
there was a more even distribution of migrants in the growth stage
than in the previous years. Second, the townships with high agricul-
tural and fishing employment were less important as suppliers of
migrants during the second ten years than the first. During the growth
period centers with significant agricultural and fishing employment
supplied 47 percent of the migration to Me i Rana, while 58 percent
came from these areas during the first stage.

There were two reasons for the decrease in percentage of
migration, which originated in fishing and agricultural townships,
from the construction to the growth stage. First, during the
construction years there were seven townships which were classified
as agriculture and fishing areas, but by 1955 either manufacturing

or mixed occupations predominated, and they thus received a new

69

employment classification. 0f the seven former agricultural and
fishing areas, five were reclassified as mixed and two as manufacturing
townships. The change of employment classification at the beginning of
the growth period resulted in the shift of a large number of migrants
previously classified as agricultural and fishing during the construc-
tion time.

Second, the surplus Of labor from fishing and agricultural
regions declined through continued migration, while nonagricultural
townships as well as other counties started to supply large numbers Of
people. Although agricultural and fishing townships accounted for
less than half of the movement to Me i Rana during the growth period,
the 1,300 migrants from these centers represented almost a 100 percent
increase from the initial stage.

At least half of the movement from each of the 44 townships of
Nordland County came to Me i Rana during the growth period (Figure 7).
The second phase of construction, plus full scale Operation of the Iron—
works accounted for substantial migration. Some Of the townships which
provided at least 100 individuals, such as Saltdal, Fauske, Tysfjord,
VCSthg¢Y and Ballangen, showed a heavy migration during this stage.
Over two-thirds of the migrants from each of these townships came to
M0 i Rana between 1955-1965.

There is a strong relationship between the annual migration to
M0 i Rana from Nordland County and the labor demands of the Norwegian
Ironworks. For the first four years (1955-1958) of the growth period,

inigration to Me i Rana decreased. During these four years, construction

7O

labor was no longer required, the Ironworks Operation was on a small
scale, and labor demand was significant in only 1956 when the industry
was expanded. The addition of three furnaces and two iron ore
processing plants produced a demand for labor which was required for
the construction and operation of the new facilities. Although there
were a large number of people who came after 1959, employment at the
Ironworks increased at a slow rate. The two major reasons were:
(1) construction labor left after projects were completed, and only
labor for the operation of the plant was necessary; and (2) migrants
found other employment in the city Of Mo 1 Rana.
Origin and Volume of Population Migration to Me i Rana from Troms,
Nord-TrOndelag, SOr-TrOndelag and Finnmark Counties

During the growth period, the origins of population movement to
M0 i Rana from Troms County could be generalized according to two sets
of townships. First, Harstad, TromsO, Bardu and Malselv, had a domi-
nance of mixed employment and accounted for 101 laborers or 26 percent
of the migration (Table 8). A second group Of townships dominated by
fishing and agricultural employment contributed nearly two-thirds of
the migration from this county (Figure 8). These townships were labor
surplus areas and accounted for a significant number of unskilled
laborers. Found in this second group is Salangen, and it supplied the
largest number of migrants from Troms County (Figure 7). The southern
(part of the county was the most important contributor of migrants
(hiring the growth period. This area was more accessible to good

‘transportation to M0 i Rana than townships farther north.

71

TABLE 8

POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA FROM TROMS COUNTY
DURING THE GROWTH PERIOD (1955—1965)

 

 

 

Total Migration Growth Period Employment
(1946-1968) Percent of Classification
Total

Township Number Number (1946—1968)
Harstad 64 34 53 Mi
Troms¢ 40 30 75 Mi
Kvaefjord l4 9 64 ASP
Skfinland 22 16 73 AGF
BjarkOy 7 3 43 ASF
Ibestad 6 3 5O AGF
Gratangen 13 10 76 AGF
Salangen 50 36 72 ASP
Bardu 18 13 72 AGF-Mi
Malselv 40 26 65 AGE-Mi
SOrreisa 13 ll 84 AGE
Dyr¢y 14 ll 69 A8F
Tran¢y 5 3 60 ASE
Torsken 6 3 50 AGF
Berg 9 5 55 AGF
Lenvik 18 12 66 AGF
Balsfjord 15 8 S3 AGF
Karlsby 8 3 37 AGF
Lyngen 3 2 66 AGE
Storfjord l l 100 AGF
Kofjord 7 4 57 ASE
Skiervoy 14 12 86 AGF
Nordreisa 4 2 50 ASP
Kvaenangen 6 3 50 AGF
TOTAL 397 260

_¥

 

Employment Classification: Mi - Mixed — Mixed includes employment
in wholesale and retail business,
communications, and personal
services

AEF - Agriculture and Fishing

AGF-Mi - Transition from agriculture
and fishing to mixed.

hi . Source: Based on unpublished data at the Rana Population Register,
0 1 Rana, Norway.

72

The migration from Troms County to Me i Rana according to
individual years during the growth period was similar to the annual
movement from Nordland County. There was less migration during the
early part of this stage than the latter. The large number of people
towards the end of the stage was in response to the labor demands of
the Norwegian Ironworks, which was expanding industrial facilities
during the time span.

A significant proportion of those who came to Me i Rana from
Nord-TrOndelag County arrived during the growth years. The 236
migrants from this county, represented 60 percent of the migration to
the city (Table 9). The largest number of people-75 percent of the
236 migrants-originated in centers with a predominance of fishing and
agricultural occupations (Figure 10). There was a significant demand
for unskilled laborers during this period for expansion and operation
of the Ironworks, and labor surplus fishing and agricultural areas
supplied this employment. A second group of tOWIIShiPS which contributed
migrants to Me i Rana had either a manufacturing or mixed labor classi-
fication. Of these Steinkjer, Namsos and Namsskogan predominated and
each supplied at least half of their migration to MO 1 Rana during
the growth period (Figure 11). A large number of the migrants from
these townships found employment in skilled and administrative positions
in the Ironworks. The largest movement from Nord-Tr¢ndelag County
occurred between 1962-1964, the same time when plant expansion took

Ijlace at the Ironworks.

73

TABLE 9

POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA FROM NORD-TRONDELAG
COUNTY DURING THE GROWTH PERIOD (1955-1965)

 

 

 

 

Total Migration Growth Period Employment
(1946-1968) Percent of Classification1
Total

Township Number Number (1946-1968)
Steinkjer 50 31 62 Mi
Namsos 40 22 55 Mi
Merfiker 9 3 33 Ma
Stjérdal 13 10 77 Mi
Frosta 5 4 80 AGF
Leksvik 3 3 100 AGF
Levanger 19 10 53 Mi
Verdal 18 12 67 ASE
Mosvik - - - AGF
Verran l3 9 69 AGF-Ma
Namdalseid 2 - 62 AGF
Inder¢y 13 8 62 ASE
Snasa 31 15 46 ASE
Lierne 3 3 100 AGF
Royrvik 3 3 100 AGF
Namsskogan 42 23 55 AGE-Ma
Grong 32 23 72 AGF
HOylandet 13 ll 84 AGF
Overhalla 12 8 67 ASE
Flatanger 3 3 100 AGF
Vikna ll 8 73 AOF
NaerOy 44 22 50 ASE
Leka 7 1 14 ASP
TOTAL 386 232

 

1Employment Classification: Mi - Mixed - Mixed includes employment
in wholesale and retail business,
communications, and personal

services
Ma - Manufacturing

ASE - Agriculture and Fishing

AfiF-Ma - Transition from agriculture
and fishing to manufacturing

Source: Based on unpublished data obtained at the Rana Population
Register, No i Rana, Norway.

74

During the growth period, a significant part of the migration
to Me i Rana from S¢r~Tr¢ndelag County originated in townships with
urban populations. Trondheim and Meldal, largely urban, accounted for
almost 75 percent of the movement to Me i Rana from SOr-Tréndelag
County. Trondheim alone supplied nearly 60 percent of the migration.
A significant number of the individuals came from the vocational
training school and found immediate employment in the Ironworks. The
largest migrations from SOr—TrOndelag County occurred between 1962—
1964, with especially heavy movement during 1963 when the Norwegian
Ironworks began plant expansion.

Among the five North Norway counties, Finnmark supplied the
fewest number Of migrants to M0 i Rana during the second stage of
industrial develOpment. A total of 131 peOple or 68 percent of the
migration came from Finnmark. The townships of S¢r Varanger and Alta
contributed the largest number of laborers to Me i Rana (1946-1968).
In the case of Alta, almost all of its migrants arrived in M0 i Rana
during the growth period. The two principal reasons for the significant
migration from Finnmark County were: (1) the labor supply in the
counties close to Me i Rana were no longer meeting the labor demands
of the Ironworks; and (2) the migrant found desirable the new and
inexpensive housing accomodations at Me i Rana in addition to the
guaranteed annual employment at a well established and progressive
iron and steel industry. Migration from Finnmark County to Me i Rana

‘was concentrated toward the end of the growth period when the Ironworks

75

expansion projects created a heavy demand for labor. As a company

grows, it must obtain new employees at an ever increasing distance.

Population Migration to M0 i Rana from South Norway

 

Among the fifteen South Norway counties4 two counties contributed
a significant number of migrants to Me i Rana during the growth years.
As in the previous period, 0510 was the most important source of
laborers from South Norway (Table 1Q Figure 12). The second largest
supplier of people among the fifteen counties was M¢re og Romsdal
which is adjacent to SOr-Tréndelag County. Migration from MOre og
Romsdal involved the shortest distance of movement to Me i Rana from
South Norway. The most significant annual movements from South Norway
were between 1960—1964. This was due to the labor demands at the Iron-
works for the construction and operation of two new iron ore processing
plants.

A significant proportion Of those who moved to Me i Rana from
South Norway came during the growth stage. During this time 630
individuals or 60 percent of the migration from fifteen counties of
South Norway arrived in Me i Rana.S In this stage almost 9 percent of
the migration from South Norway occurred (1946-1968). With the exception

Of Oslo, the southern fifteen counties of Norway were individually less

 

4The fifteen counties are noted in Table 10

5The following are relevant migration statistics for the fifteen
South Norway counties: (1) Migration to Me i Rana (1946-1968) 7,283;
(2) Migration from South Norway (1946—1968) 1,036; (3) Growth Period
Migration to M0 i Rana (1955-1965) 4,577; and (4) Growth Period Migration
from South Norway (1955-1965) 630.

76

TABLE 10

POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA FROM TWENTY NORWEGIAN

COUNTIES DURING THE GROWTH PERIOD (1955-1965)

 

 

Total Migration

Construction

Employment

 

 

to Me i Rana Period Migration Classification1
(1946-1968) Percent
of Total
County Number Number County
Ostfold 50 28 56 Ma
Akershus 84 48 58 Mi
0510 255 161 63 Mi
Hedmark 41 18 44 AGE-Mi
Oppland 48 25 52 AGF-Mi
Buskerud 56 35 64 Mi
Vestfold 47 31 66 Mi
Telemark 68 43 63 Mi
Aust-Agder 17 7 41 Mi
Vest-Agder 22 14 63 Mi
Rogaland 50 29 58 Mi
Hordaland 61 36 59 Mi
Bergen 45 21 46 Mi
Sogn og Fjordane 68 47 69 AGE
MOre og Romsdal 124 87 72 Mi
S¢r-Tr¢ndelag 413 245 60 Mi
Nord—Tréndelag 386 232 60 AGF-Mi
Nordland 4382 2846 65 AGE-Mi
Troms 397 260 66 AGF-Mi
Finnmark 193 131 68 AGE-Mi
TOTAL 6807 4344 63

 

1Employment Classification:

Source:

Ma - Manufacturing, Mi — Mixed,

A8F-Mi-Transition from agricultural
and fishing to mixed
AGF -Agriculture and fishing.

RCgister, MO 1 Rana, Norway.

Based on unpublished data obtained at the Rana Population

77

important than the five northern counties as suppliers of migrants. A
longer distance of movement and employment opportunities accounted for
the relatively small number of peOple from South Norway.

Miggation of Foreign Nationals and Type of Labor Utilized at the
Norwegian Ironworks

 

 

The largest migrations of foreign nationals between 1955-1965
were closely related to the expansion of the industrial facilities at
the Ironworks. The most significant movement of foreigners took place
after 1960. Almost 200 foreign nationals arrived in Mo i Rana between
1960-1965. The most came in 1961 and 1964 when newly added furnaces
were made operational, as well as in 1963 when the ore separation and
pelletizing plants were built. Most of the foreigners came to the
Ironworks as advisors, and Sweden and West Germany were the major
sources.

A variety of occupations was characteristic of the migrants
arriving in MO i Rana during the decade of growth. The unskilled
occupations accounted for 41.5 percent of the total migrant employment
during this period. For each of the eleven years of migration during
the growth stage, these occupations dominated the employment structure
(Figure 5). Slightly over one—fourth of the occupations were skilled
labor, with the largest number of such migrants coming during 1963
when significant Ironworks plant additions were constructed. The
third largest set of occupations was comprised of professional
personnel. Almost 17 percent of the migrants were classified as

professional peeple. The two most significant years for the migration

78

of professional personnel were 1963 and 1964. Most of the professional
migrants came as advisors for the construction and Operation of the
pelletizing and ore concentration plants at the Ironworks; other
professionals were doctors, lawyers and educators who came to supply

services to the rapidly growing population of Me i Rana.

Age Of Migrants in Me i Rana

 

During the growth period the young migrant accounted for a
significant part of the migration to Me i Rana, as almost one-fourth
of the migration was in the 20-24 year old age group. When compared
to the construction stage, the growth period had nearly 10 percent
more migrants in this age group (Figure 14). The second largest
number of migrants were in the 25-29 year old age category. This
group predominated in the construction years. During the growth period
there was also a significant number of migrants in the age group of
15-19. The predominance of the younger age groups in both the construc—
tion and growth developmenusreveals the effects of the changing economic
conditions associated with the traditional industries of agriculture,
fishing and forestry. As a result of government aid to create a more
efficient production in these industries, through better management,
land consolidation and increased utilization of machinery, a large
number of young people were released.

The number of individuals in the annual population migrations to
Me i Rana varied considerably for certain age categories during the

growth stage. The 20-24 year olds were the largest groups between

79

1962-1965, while prior to this period the 25-29 year old group was
most significant. It was this latter age which predominated during
the construction period, and continued to be important in the early
part of the growth of industry. The significance of the younger
laborer towards the end of the growth period was a result of the
diminished supplies of the 25-29 year old migrants. The older 25-29
year old was considered to be less mobile and at the same time a
better risk as an employee at the Ironworks. However, when the demand
for labor could no longer be met by the 25-29 year Old group, the 20-24
category became important.

Quite significant in the annual migration is the high percentage
of 40-44 year olds in 1955 and between 1960-1965 (Figure 14). The
growth period began in 1955, and this group with prior experience in
industry played an active role in training employees for various
positions at the Ironworks. During the 1960-1965 period, the 40—44
group acted as advisory personnel in the expansion programs developed

at the Ironworks.

Marital Status of Migrants in Me i Rana

 

A large number of migrants who came to Me i Rana during the
growth period were married. These migrants accounted for nearly two-
thirds of the movement to M0 i Rana during this period. There were
several reasons for the large number of married migrants. First, an
urban location such as Me i Rana provided more benefits to the young
family than could be found at most migrants place of origin. Some of

these benefits included a better education for the children, a greater

80

availability of personal services and an Opportunity to obtain a

better standard of living. Second, due to a large immediate demand

for labor, the Norwegian Ironworks made living and working in Me i Rana
more attractive. The Ironworks constructed low rent apartment buildings,
and as a result of working in the industry, the migrant could obtain

such additional benefits as health insurance, a paid vacation and
retirement payments. Finally, many individuals recognized the Iron—
works as a well established organization and were willing to risk a

move.

During the growth period the proportion of those who were married
was less than the construction stage. During the second decade of
development two-thirds were married, whereas three-fourths were of
this type during the previous period. Throughout both time spans this
person was preferred because he was considered to be a better risk for
permanent employment than the unmarried. However, as the demands for
labor increased and the surplus of labor decreased during the growth
period, there was less consideration of marital status and the
unmarried migrant became an important source of labor. Thus as a
result of the increased movement of single people the proportion of

inarried migrants declined.

Summary

The labor demands during the growth period of industrial develop—
ment at Me i Rana produced spatial variations in certain selected

characteristics of population migration. It was previously hypothesized

81

that variations in the volume of migration to M0 i Rana would be
dependent on changing labor demands. During the growth stage, the
volume of movement to M0 i Rana was largest when expansion took place

at the Norwegian Ironworks. The most significant time for the construc—
tion and operation of new Ironworks facilities was between 1959-1964.
There was also a significant increase in employment at the Ironworks
during the first year of operation. This growth was closely related

to a large migration for the same year. Most of the labor demands of
the growth period were met with a supply of individuals from five North
Norway counties. The counties of Nordland, Nord-Trdndelag, SOr-Tr¢ndelag,
Troms and Finnmark supplied 81 percent of the laborers to M0 i Rana
during the growth period. These five counties accounted for 76 percent
of the construction stage movement. 0f the five counties, Nordland
contributed 2,846 people or 62 percent of the growth period migration
to M0 i Rana, whereas during the construction period 57 percent of the
migrants came from this county.

The origin of migration to Me i Rana expanded to greater distances
from the construction to the growth period. This was a primary function
of labor supply and demand. During the construction period
the primary sources of migrants were areas near Me i Rana (Figure 7).
However as the labor supply decreased in the immediate vicinity of the
city. people moved from more distant townships in Nordland County, as
well as from the more distant four counties of North Norway. Improved
transportation and continued industrial development at Me i Rana

produced a significant movement from longer distances.

82

Due to a more efficient production in the traditional industries,
fewer people were required as labor, and fishing and agricultural areas
continued to be the most significant suppliers of migrants during the
growth years. AlthoughleSS than half (47 percent) of the growth
stage migration from Nordland County came from fishing and agricultural
townships, well over half of the movement from the counties of Troms
and Nord-Trdndelag came from fishing and agricultural townships. Thus
as the labor supply decreased in fishing and agricultural areas in
Nordland County unskilled labor continued to be supplied from more
distant counties. While agricultural and fishing centers were signif-
icant during the time of industrial growth, their importance as source
areas for migrants had declined since the construction phase. The
decline was primarily due to the increase in the number of townships
with predominant manufacturing and mixed occupations.

As the demand for labor increased in Mo i Rana and nearby surplus
labor decreased, South Norway became an important supplier of people.
0510, which was the most important contributor of migrants from South
Norway during the construction period, once again supplied the largest
number of individuals during the growth stage. During the construction
period most of the administrative work for the Ironworks was done in
0510; however, towards the end of the growth years practically all of
the administration was centered in Mo i Rana. As a result, the
migration from 0510 to M0 i Rana consisted primarily of professional
and business people. The second most important county in the south

to supply migrants was Mbre og Romsdal. It is the northernmost of

83

the fifteen counties of South Norway and thus the distance of migration
to M0 i Rana was the shortest. This county was not a significant
supplier during the construction stage, and its importance in the
growth period further illustrates that migration to M0 i Rana became
important from more distant areas. Although more migrants came from
South Norway during the growth period than in the previous stage the
long distance of movement was a deterent to any large scale migration,
the exception was 0510 which supplied a select group of professional
and business people.

The selected demographic characteristics of population migration
to Me i Rana during the growth phase were related to both the develop-
ment of the Ironworks and the city of MO i Rana. Unskilled labor
occupations dominated among the migrants who came to Me i Rana during
this time. The greatest need for these occupations was at the Iron-
works. Due to the expansion projects at the Ironworks during the
growth years, the percentage of unskilled workers increased nearly 10
percent from the construction years. The second largest group of
migrants were skilled, and they, too, were quickly absorbed by a
rapidly expanding iron and steel industry.

A significant number of professional people also came to M0 i
Rana during the growth period. Some of these migrants acted as
advisors to the Ironworks, while others were administrative people
Whose offices were moved from Oslo. As the population of Me i Rana

increased considerably since the construction period, so did the

84

demand for more doctors, lawyers and educators. Thus, during the
growth stage more professional people came to the city than during
the construction period. As hypothesized the type of migrant labor
varied according to the demands of each industrial stage.

The typical migrant during the time of growth was young and
married. As a result of increased mechanization and consolidation in
the traditional industries, which in turn required less labor, the
largest number of migrants were in the 20—24 year old age group.
Although a significant number of migrants were in this group, the
25-29 year old predominated for the first six years of the growth
period. The 25-29 year old group was the largest for the construction
stage. As major expansion projects were undertaken at the Ironworks
from 1962-1965, there was a significant demand for migrant labor. Due
to the decrease in labor surplus of the preferred older migrant (25-29
years old), who was considered a better risk for permanent employment,
the younger migrant (20-24 years old) became an important source of
labor. Thus there is a significant change from an older to younger
migrant from the construction to growth stages.

While there was a slight decrease in the percentage of married
migrants from the construction to the growth period, the married
individual predominated in the latter time. This migrant found that
Mo i Rana provided various employment Opportunities and more of the
amenities of life which could not be supplied by his place of origin.
The Ironworks encouraged the married person by providing housing

accomodations and security in the form of guaranteed yearly employment.

85

When compared to the construction period, the growth period showed
the following differences: (1) an increased volume of migration;
(2) the origins of migrants become more widely distributed; (3) fishing
and agricultural regions declined in significance as labor supply areas;
(4) a larger number of business and professional people; and (5) the
average age of the migrant had decreased.

The next chapter will describe a stabilization stage of
industrial development in which there are notable variations in
selected characteristics of population migration from the previous

two periods.

CHAPTER V

POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA: THE STABILIZATION PERIOD

Introduction

 

The stabilization period at Me i Rana began when the Norwegian
Ironworks no longer attracted a large number of new migrants for either
the construction or operation of industrial facilities, and when the
people of Mo i Rana increased their demands for services. Much of the
labor needed by the Ironworks for the expansion of operations was
drawn from a local labor supply and as a result there was a decrease
in migration to the plant. This decrease in migration was in part
compensated for by migrants who came to Me i Rana to provide much
needed personal, business, educational and government services. The

stabilization period commenced on January, 1966, and, for this study,

ended in June, 1968.1

While many new construction projects were undertaken at the Iron-

works during the growth stage, there were no such projects developed

. 1The short time included in the stabilization period precludes an
Investigation similar to the previous two periods. For the construction
and growth periods an examination of migration and industrial develop-
men? was made according to 10 year periods. While data for the stabili-
zation period was examined for only a two and one-half year period, the
results 0f the analysis were considered valid for they represent current
cendltions in Me i Rana. At the time this study was made Ironworks and
C}ty Officials indicated that industrial development and population
mlgTaFlon had stabilized. Since 1968, correspondence with an Ironworks
°ff1C1al and Population Register employee has revealed that the stabili-
lation Period continues.

86

87

chuing the stabilization period. Since 1964 there had been no new
buildings constructed at the Ironworks, and the last new addition to
the industry was in April, 1965 when the sixth electric furnace was
built in the pig iron plant. As a result, construction labor, which
was so important to the previous two stages, was not needed during the
third phase of development.

At the beginning of the stabilization period, instead of expanding
facilities to create a larger pig iron and steel ingot production to
be sold on the international market, the Ironworks began to increase
the production of finished steel products (sheet steel, rods and beams),
and pelletized iron ore. Despite the low cost of iron and steel
production, due to the use of inexpensive hydroelectric power, Norway,
with its only iron and steel industry at Me i Rana was unable to compete
against iron and steel prices of such large producers as the United
States and West Germany. However, in the case of the finished steel
product, where steel is judged according to quality, the Norwegians
are able to compete more favorably with other world producers. Finished
steel products accounted for over one-fourth of the total tonnage of
products sold at the Ironworks in 1966 and 1967, and the sale of these
products increased during these two years; whereas, ingot steel and pig
iron represented less than one—fifth of the tonnage sales, and the
quantity of products sold declined from 1966 to 1967. Although the
sale of crude steel and iron decreased, the production of these rose
Inecause they were used to support the increased production of finished

steel. The sale of pelletized iron ore increased from 37,000 tons in

88

1966 to 143,000 tons in 1967. Pelletized iron ore ranked second to
finished steel in tonnage of steel products sold from the Norwegian
Ironworks in 1967.

As a result of the increased production and sales of pelletized
iron ore and finished steel, the Operation of the Ironworks was expanded
with the addition of more equipment and employment increased. Most of
the growth took place during 1966, and some of the new employees were
supplied by the city of Me i Rana, which now had a pOpulation of
nearly 25,000 and had created its own labor supply. Migrant labor
constituted the remainder of the employment at the Ironworks for 1966.

Population movement to M0 i Rana during the stabilization stage
occurred in response to the labor demands of the Ironwroks, as well as
to the demands for services in the city of Me i Rana. Population
movement to Me i Rana during this third industrial phase was sub-
stantially less than during the previous two periods; in fact, it
declined for the two and one-half years. During the growth and
construction stages, however, the Ironworks required a large number of
employees for the construction and operation of the industry, but
during the stabilization period there was no construction of industrial
facilities at the Ironworks. The result was a significant decrease in
the demand for labor at the Ironworks, however, the city of Mo i Rana
required more retail businesses, personal services and expanded
communications and transportation systems for its growing population.
In response to the needs of the Me i Rana inhabitants people came

from all parts of the country.

89

The labor demands during the stabilization years were different
from the previous two periods, and as a result there were spatial
changes in origin, volume and demographic characteristics of population
migration to Me i Rana. This chapter will describe these spatial

changes.

Population Migration to Me i Rana from North Norway

 

A significant proportion of the migration to Me i Rana during
the stabilization period came from five North Norway counties.2
Slightly over three-fourths of the migrants during this time originated
in the five counties, but less than 10 percent of the total migration
from these counties (1946-1968) arrived in MO i Rana during this third
stage.3 Well over half of the movement from North Norway took place
during the first year when 310 people migrated to M0 i Rana. For the
remainder of the stage, those who came from the five northern counties
declined, both in absolute and relative number to those from the southern

fifteen counties and foreign countries (Figure 3).4 Thus as the

 

2The five counties are: Nordland, Nord-Tr¢nde1ag, Sor-TrOndelag,
Troms and Finnmark.

3The following are relevant migration statistics for the five
North Norway counties: (1) Migration to Me i Rana (1946-1968) 7283;
(2) Migration from North Norway (1946-1968) 5771; (3) Stabilization
Period Migration to Me i Rana (1966-1968) 696; and (4) Stabilization
Period Migration from North Norway (1966—1968) 529.

4 . -
Figures 3-14 are found in Chapter III.

9O

stabilization period developed, the source areas of migration to Me i
Rana became more dispersed, larger volumes of migration came from

outside the five county area, and the numbers decreased.

Volume of Migration to M0 i Rana from Nordland County by Townships

 

A large proportion of the migration to Me i Rana during the
stabilization period came from Nordland County. Nearly 60 percent of
the migration came from this northern county and almost 10 percent of
the migration from Nordland County arrived in Me i Rana during this
industrial stage.S Among the five North Norway counties, Nordland
County supplied the largest number Of migrants for the two and one-
half years. As in the previous two periods, the number of migrants
decreased as the distance of movement to M0 i Rana increased. However,
distance was not as important towards the end of the period as it was
in the beginning, because during each year the migration from Nordland
County declined relative to that from three of the counties (Figure 4).
As a result, a more dispersed origin of migrants from North Norway was
evident. This was due to the more selective demands for migrants with
professional and business backgrounds to provide services for the city
of Mo i Rana.

The migration to Me i Rana was more equally distributed among the

townships of Nordland County during the stabilization period than

 

5 . . . . .
The following are relevant m1grat10n statistics for Nordland

County: (1) Migration to Me i Rana (1946-1968) 7283; (2) Migration
from Nordland County (1946-1968) 4382; (3) Migration to Me i Rana
(1966-1968) 696; and (4) Migration from Nordland County (1966-1968) 396.

91

during either the construction or growth stages. There were a large
number of migrants who originated near Me i Rana from Hemnes, Nesna
and Vefsn (Figure 7), while the remaining townships of Nordland County
contributed from 1 to 18 migrants. Some of the areas which provided
large migrations in the previous two periods supplied less than 10
percent of their migration during the stabilization time (Table 11).
These included BrOnnOy, Vega, Tysfjord, Ballangen and Vest§g¢y.
Br¢nn¢y, Vega, Tysfjord and Vest§g¢y were classified as having a
predominance of fishing and agricultural employment (Figure 6).

The centers in Nordland County with a high employment in fishing
and agriculture supplied 45 percent of the migration to Me i Rana
during the stabilization period, while the remainder of the migration
came from townships with a predominance of manufacturing or mixed
employment. Since the construction stage there had been a 13 percent
decline in the number of migrants who came from regions in Nordland
County where fishing and agriculture predominated. Thus, during the
stabilization period migration from Nordland County was more equally
distributed than during the previous two phases. In addition, in the
stabilization stage the areas with a predominance of their labor force
employed in mixed and manufacturing occupations supplied a higher
percentage of the migration to Me i Rana than in either of the two
other stages. Due to the varied labor demands of both the Ironworks
and the city of Mo i Rana, the migration from Nordland County was more

selective during the stabilization period than during either the

92

TABLE 11

POPULATION MIGRATION TO MO I RANA FROM NORDLAND COUNTY
DURING THE STABILIZATION PERIOD (1966-1968)

 

 

 

Total Migration Stabilization Period Employment
(1946-1968) Percent Classification
of
Total
Township Number Number (1946-1968)

Bod¢ 137 13 10 Mi
Narvik 114 12 11 Mi
Bindal 29 3 58 AGF
Br¢nn¢y 167 ll 57 AGF
Vega 85 2 2 AGF
Vevelstad 23 3 l3 AGF
Her¢y S3 7 14 ASE
Alstahaug 85 9 10 AGF
Lierfjord 129 15 12 AGF
Vefsn 286 30 ll AGE-Ma
Grane S3 3 6 AGE
Hattfjelldal 43 4 10 AGF
L¢dingen 53 2 6 AGE-Mi
DOnna 97 4 6 AGF
Nesna 246 38 15 AGE
Hemnes 472 67 14 Ma
Rana 315 — — Ma
Lur¢y 66 6 9 ASP
Traena l3 2 l6 AGE
Rodby 69 5 7 MP
Mel¢y 112 14 13 Ma
Gildeskal 50 7 14 ASP
Beiarn 65 5 7 AGE
Saltdal 160 18 11 Ma
Fauske 239 16 7 Ma
Skjerstad 117 10 9 AGF
SOrfold 43 3 7 AGF
Steigen 40 6 14 AGF
Hamar¢y 56 4 8 ASP
Tysfjord 130 ll 8 AGF-Ma
Tjeldsund l4 1 8 AGF~Mi
Evenes 55 4 7 ASP

93

TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)

 

 

 

 

Total Migration Stabilization Period Employment
(1946—1968) Percent Classification
of
Total
Township Number Number (1946-1968)
Ballangen 170 7 5 Ma
Ankenes 50 4 8 Mi
R¢st 3 - AGE
Vaeroy 13 l 8 ASE
Moskenes 10 — - AGE
Vest8g¢y 197 13 7 AGF
Hadsel 35 4 ll AGE-Mi
Vogan 139 14 10 AGE-Mi
BO 52 2 4 AGE
Oksnes 29 6 21 AGE
Sortland 57 8 15 AGE-Mi
Andoy 31 2 7 AGE
TOTAL 4382 396

 

1Employment Classification - Mi - Mixed - Mixed includes employment

Source:

in wholesale and retail business,
communications, and personal
services

AGE - Agricultural and Fishing

AGE-Mi - Transition from agriculture
and fishing to mixed

AGF-Ma - Transition from agriculture
and fishing to manufacturing

Based on unpublished data obtained at the Rana Population
Register, Me i Rana, Norway.

94

construction or growth stages. Labor at the Ironworks was required for
some additional jobs and the replacement of other employees, whereas

Me i Rana wanted business and professional services to serve the needs
of its people.

ngulation Migration to M0 i Rana by Townships from Troms, Nord-
Tr¢ndelag3 SOr-TrOndelag and Finnmark Counties

 

There were two principal regions in Troms County which supplied
laborers to Me i Rana during the stabilization period. Approximately
one-third of the migrants came from Harstad and Salangen which are
located in the far southern part of the county (Figure 6), while nearly
two-thirds of the people originated where fishing and agricultural
employment predominated (Figure 9). The majority of these migrants were
unskilled. The largest migration from Troms County occurred in 1966,
when new jobs were created at the Ironworks as a result Of the expansion
of operations to produce more finished steel products.

A large proportion of the migration from Nord-TrOndelag County to
Me i Rana originated in areas which had a predominance of their total
labor force employed in either manufacturing or mixed occupations
(Figures 10 and 11). Over half of the migrants came from Steinkjer,
Namsos and Namsskogan. Unlike the counties of Nordland and Troms,
where the largest movement occurred in 1966 to help meet some of the
demands for labor at the Ironworks, the largest migration from Nord-
TrOndelag County was in 1967 when there was a demand for services in

the city.

95

A significant part of the migration to Me i Rana from S¢r-
TrOndelag County came from the city of Trondheim, as over 60 percent
of the migration originated in the city. Due to the demand for services
in MO 1 Rana, Trondheim became a major source for people with professional
and business backgrounds. The largest movement from S¢r-Tr¢ndelag
County occurred in 1967 when nearly half Of the 43 individuals left
for Me i Rana, A significant proportion of these migrants also
provided services to the city.

The primary source area of migrants from Finnmark County were
townships with urban populations: namely Alta and SOr-Varanger. Only
seven of the twenty townships in Finnmark County supplied laborers to
Mo 1 Rana during the stabilization period. Most of the centers which
did not provide migrants to Me i Rana were dominated by agricultural
and fishing occupations, and their unskilled labor was in less demand
during the stabilization years than in the previous two periods.

A large part of the movement to Me i Rana from the counties of
Nord-TrOndelag, SOr-TrOndelag and Finnmark originated in areas with
significant urban populations, and, hence, with a high employment in
mixed or manufacturing occupations. Urban centers were the principal
sources for business and professional personnel, whose services were
important to the growing population of Me i Rana. The migration from
the fourth North Norway County, Troms, was principally from townships
which had a predominance of their labor force in fishing and agricul-

tural employment, and most of the unskilled labor from this county went

96

to the Ironworks. Thus, for three of the four counties it was primarily
the migrant from urban areas who moved to Me i Rana during the

stabilization period.

Population Migration from South Norway

 

The fifteen counties6 Of South Norway contributed a sizable
proportion of the migration7 to Me i Rana during the stabilization
stage. These counties supplied nearly one-fifth of the migration,
and contributed a larger proportion of the movement to Me i Rana during
this time than during either of the two previous periods (Figure 12).

Among the fifteen southern counties, the largest volume of
migration came from those with or near a large city and those nearest
Me i Rana. The county of 0510, which contains the city of Oslo, and
Akershus County located adjacent to 0510 County, together supplied
43 migrants (Figure 12). Hordaland County, which borders on the
municipal boundary of Bergen, was the origin for an additional 11
migrants, while the counties of Mere og Romsdal and Sogn og Fjordane,
which are located nearest to Me i Rana among the South Norway counties,
supplied 18. The annual migration from South Norway was significant
for 1966 and 1967.

Migration from the southern part of Norway came from counties

with sizable urban populations, and with a predominance of mixed and

 

6The fifteen counties are in Figure 12.

7The following are relevant migration statistics for the fifteen
South Norway counties: (1) Migration to Me i Rana (1946-1968) 7,283;
(2) Migration from South Norway (1946-1968) 1,036; (3) Stabilization
Period Migration to M0 i Rana (1966—1968) 696; and (4) Stabilization
Period Migration from South Norway (1966-1968) 126.

97

manufacturing employment (Figure 13). Also significant was that they
supplied a larger proportion of the migration to Me i Rana in the
stabilization than in either the construction or growth periods. In
addition, a greater part of the migration to Me i Rana came from longer
distances during the third industrial stage than previously. As a
result there was a more equal distribution of migrant origin for the
whole country during the final industrial stage than during either of

the first two.

The Volume and Origin of Foreign Migration to Me i Rana

 

A significant number (If foreigners migrated to Me i Rana during
the stabilization period. Migration from foreign countries was
comparable to that from each of the four northern counties of Nord-
Trdndelag, Troms, SOr-TrOndelag and Finnmark. More than half of the
foreign migration came from the two Scandinavian countries of Sweden
and Denmark. A large number of the Swedish migrants originated in
areas near Me i Rana, as the Swedish border is only a short distance
east of the city, and most of them came to work in the Ironworks.
Besides Sweden and Denmark, England also contributed migrants to Me i
Rana during the stabilization period. Most of the English people were
students who came to the Ironworks on a work—study program. During
the construction and growth periods many of the foreign migrants were
advisory personnel for the Norwegian Ironworks, and for both time spans
West Germany was the major supplier of migrants. But during the
stabilization years, the Ironworks no longer demanded advisory personnel,

and as a result, West Germany was absent as a supplier.

98

Occupations of Migrants in Me i Rana

 

A large part of the migration to Me i Rana during the stablization
period was distributed among four occupations. Unskilled occupations
predominated among the migrants during this period. Slightly over 40
percent of the 696 migrants entered unskilled positions in Me i Rana
at this time, with some of the unskilled entering employment at the
Norwegian Ironworks. Some of these people found jobs in Me i Rana in
the service, storage and transportation industries as car mechanics,
warehouse attendants or dock workers. Unskilled labor continued to
decrease relative to other occupations throughout the stabilization
eriod (Figure 5). But the percentage decrease of unskilled migrants
was countered with a similar percentage increase of professional
personnel during this period.

The second largest group of occupations in MO i Rana during the
stabilization years consisted of professional personnel. Almost
one-fourth were professional people, a substantial increase over 14.6
percent during the construction period. During the construction and
growth stages a large proportion of the professional personnel came
to the Ironworks as advisors or administrators. During the stabiliza-
tion period, however, only a few of the professional people entered
the Ironworks. Instead a large number of these individuals supplied
services to the city. Some of the professional occupations in the
city were teachers, lawyers, pharmacists and doctors. The annual

migration of professional people was significant for two and one-half

99

years (Figure 5), and in 1967 and 1968 this group accounted for nearly
one-third of the occupations.

The third group of migrants represented were those with skilled
occupations. Less than 20 percent of all labor was skilled during this
stage, the lowest percentage of these migrants represented during the
three periods. Some of the skilled entered the Ironworks to accept
vacated and newly created positions while others were employed in Mo 1
Rana. Selected skilled occupations included carpenters, electricians,
plumbers, telephone repairmen and operators of industrial, construction
or transportation equipment.

Finally, the fourth group of occupations consisted of business
personnel. Although only 9.1 percent of the migrants had business
positions, this was the largest percentage of these occupations for any
of the three periods. Some of the business personnel were secretaries,
bookkeepers, sales clerks and managers of general mechandise (food,
shoes, clothing) establishments. The annual migration of the people
in this employment increased in relative significance to all other
occupations throughout the stabilization year (Figure 5). At the time
field research for this study was undertaken (June, 1968), there was a
shortage of retail establishments; thus, it is expected that migrants
with business occupations will continue to form a significant part of
the migration to M0 i Rana.

A great portion of the migrants in Me i Rana during the stabiliza-

tion stage were people with business and professional occupations.

100

These two occupations accounted for nearly one-third of the positions.
The needs of the inhabitants of Me i Rana were only partially filled
by these two occupations during the construction and growth develop-
ments. For the professional person, such as a doctor or lawyer, the
location of Me i Rana was in a rather remote area, and only the
guarantee of a successful practice would attract such an individual.
In 1967 there were over 25,000 people in the immediate Me i Rana area,
and at this time, this region was also considered to have great
potential for future population growth. Thus, the professional people
came to Me i Rana after there was an established clientele-namely,
during the stabilization period. The assurance of having a readily
available consumer market was also important to the migrants who
entered into business in Me i Rana during this period. In addition,
skilled and unskilled occupations were well represented among migrants
who arrived in Me i Rana during the third industrial stage. Migrants
with these occupations were employed at both the Ironworks and in

secondary and tertiary industries in Me i Rana.

Ages of Migrants :hi MO i Rana

 

The young migrant predominated in the population movement to M0
i Rana during the stablization period. As in the previous stage, the
largest number of migrants were in the 20-24 year old group (Figure 19).
This group prevailed in the annual migrations between 1962-1965, while
before this time the 25-29 year old was significant. The 15-19 and

25-29 year old groups also provided a large number of migrants during

101

the stabilization period. In fact, almost two-thirds of this periods
migration was found in the three youngest age categories. These ages
consisted of a large number of unskilled and skilled migrants who
found employment at the Norwegian Ironworks. As in the previous
industrial state, the young person in North Norway had few employment
Opportunities in fishing and agricultural regions, due to the reorgani-
zation of these industries. The availability of employment in Me i
Rana and the additional amenities of an urban center, such as more
entertainment and a greater choice of consumer goods, encouraged the
young person to migrate.

The remaining one-third of the migrants who came to Me i Rana were
in the 30-54 year old age group, and were professional and business
peOple who were attracted to the city to serve the needs of a rapidly

expanding population.

Marital Status of Miggants in Me i Rana

 

During the stabilization period the percentage of married migrants
who came to M0 i Rana decreased substantially from the previous two
phases, while the proportion of unmarried migrants increased signifi-
cantly. There were nearly 25 percent less married migrants during this
stage than in either the construction or growth periods. The principal
reason for this decrease in the percentage of these migrants was that
they were not willing to risk a move to Me i Rana because of the lack
Of industrial employment. In the construction and growth periods a

large share of the migration consisted of young married peOple who were

102

guaranteed employment at the Ironworks. However, during the stabili-
zation stage the demand for migrant labor at the Ironworks had
decreased substantially. Thus, the young unmarried person who had few
family responsibilities was more likely to risk a move to seek employ-
ment than the married individual, and as a result the percentage of I
migrants who were married increasedsignificantly during the stabiliza-
tion period.

Despite the substantial decrease in the percentage of married
migrants during the stabilization period, more married than unmarried
people moved to Me i Rana during this time. A significant number of
the married people provided business and professional services in
Me i Rana, and their move did not involve the same employment risk as
the unskilled migrant. Professional and business services were highly
desired in Me i Rana, as the pOpulation had created more needs than
could be served by the existing service personnel. Thus, the indi—
viduals with business and professional backgrounds were guaranteed

employment in Mo i Rana.

Summary

During the stabilization period there were some changes from
the previous two decades of development in the patterns of volume,
origin and demographic characteristics of migration to Me i Rana.
During this period a large volume of migration came from the counties
of North Norway, and among these counties, Nordland supplied more than

two-thirds of the migrants. Due to the decline of a labor surplus in

103

townships near Mo 1 Rana and the change in labor demands, the migrants
from Nordland County were more equally distributed during the stabili-
zation years than in the previous two stages. This is evidenced by

the decrease in migration from townships near Me i Rana with high
fishing and agricultural employment from the growth to the stabilization
periods, and an increase in movement from mixed and manufacturing

areas for the same time span (Figure 15).

Less than half (45 percent) of the people from Nordland County
originated in townships with a predominance of fishing and agricultural
employment. This was two percent less than the previous stage, and
a 13 percent decline from the construction period. There were two
reasons for the decline in migration from agricultural and fishing
regions from the first to the third phases. First, these areas were
less important in the third period than in previous years as sources of
unskilled labor for the Ironworks, for the industry was now using a
local labor supply. Second, the demands for services in Me i Rana
produced an increase in migration from mixed and manufacturing areas.

Although the largest migration occurred from Nordland County, all
of the remaining counties also supplied migrants during the third stage.
During this period a large number of professional and business personnel
came to Me i Rana from counties with a predominance of mixed and

manufacturing employment and large urban pOpulations; namely, S¢r-

Tr¢ndelag (Trondheim), Akershus, Hordaland and 0510. In addition,

during this period a large proportion of the movement came from the

104

 

Figure IS.--NORDLAND COUNTY: MIGRATION CHANGE AND PREDOMINANT EMPLOYMENTUOAG-IOGO)

     
 
 

 

69'
18°
/"-A _/
NF —
I“'P/'_‘
Pious“:
+\‘ fi’lig'
x ’V.t:7'
68¢ \—..
'3’
A - Agriculture 8 Fisning
Ii - Mixed
Ia - Ianulacturing
A-Ii - Shilt from Agr. ; Fish.
'. to Iixed(l950-1959)
'4: * A-Ia -Shilt Iron Agr.4Fish.
‘. to Ianulacturing
iv )‘Fl‘ufmh I. (1950-I959)
cues )« I
67° .3; // I
~ ’ /\- ‘ LEGEND
5; i .7
if, SALTDAL / .
// 1, -. m Increase Irol construction
I to Breath and Increase Iron
Oroath to Stabilization
E Decrease from Construction
to Growth and Increase Iron
Oroath to Stabilization
r .
m Increase lor all periods
66“

Decrease for all periods

     

  

L

    

I II '
r ‘1 I\ I <
I I L I 51 I
—-/ I I LI“? ‘2' I .
‘» I) it ' Decrease iron Construction
earn: ' I 5 i to Growth and no Date Ior
r w .- .
.YL Al ,' Ii ) Growth to Stabilization
a ‘1 . . ,
\\ I ‘I rm /
I I I" 1
Craig \I u 20 in so so
65‘ ‘U‘- :IETIAL S 14L] IIIBS

 

 

12"
SOURCE. IAIEI‘I OI UNPUBLISHED OATA OO'AIIEO AT THE POPULATIOI IEGISIEI, IO | IAIA.ROR”'~

 

105

fifteen South Norway counties. As a result, main areas of migrant
origin during this industrial stage were more equally distributed
throughout the country than in the construction and growth periods.
This is shown by the number of counties of South Norway in which
migration increased as compared to the decrease in North Norway from
the growth to the stabilization phases (Figure 16).

Thus in this study it was correctly hypothesized that the volume
and origin of migration vary more significantly with the construction
and growth of industry than when operations have stablized. In the
case of the stabilization stage, no expansion of the physical facilities
took place and as a result there is a definite decrease in migration.
Besides, due to the demands for a different type of labor during the
stabilization stage; namely professional and business personnel
instead of unskilled and skilled labor, this period involved a more
selective migration. Because the supply of professional peOple and
those willing to invest in business was limited, migration of these
took on a dispersed distribution.

A large number of migrants who arrived in M0 i Rana during the
stabilization period were in the young age groups. The 20-24 year
old age group provided the largest number of individuals. This was a
continuation of the trend established towards the latter part of the
growth stage. A decrease in the supply of the 25-29 year olds, who
predominated in the construction and early part of the growth period,
led to an increased use of a younger (20-24 years old) group as a

source of labor. For the most part these migrants had either skilled

106

Figure I6.-- NORWAY: MIGRATION CIIANGEHIHG-IQGG)

LEGEND
INDUSTRIAL PERIODS

Increase lrom Construction to
Growth and Decrease Iron Growth

to Stabilization

‘ saniraiiioruc‘
, a

»,a

Decrease from Construction to

E Growth and Increase from Growth

to Stabilization
Manning

u Increase for all periods
@ Decrease lor all periods

SOURCE. IASID ON UlPUILISNED BAT! DIVIIIED AI INK
'OPULAIIOI IEGISIEI, I0 I kill. IUIIAV.

 

107

or unskilled occupations. Approximately one-third of the migrants
were in the age group of 30-54 years, and a large share of the migrants
in this group had either professional or business backgrounds.

There were almost an equal number of married and unmarried
migrants. Due to the minimal demand for migrant labor and lack of
guaranteed employment at the Ironworks at this time, there was a
smaller proportion of married migrants in this period than in the
previous two stages. The unmarried migrant with few family responsi-
bilities was more inclined to risk a move to seek employment than the
married migrant. A large number of the married migrants were either
business or professional people who were guaranteed immediate employ—
ment in Mo 1 Rana as the demand for services continued to increase
with the growing population of the city.

The most significant differences between the stabilization stage
and the previous two periods was: (1) a decrease in annual migration;
(2) a dispersed distribution of migrant origin; and (3) a large prepor-
tion of business and professional people.

The analysis of the stabilization stage also indicated that when
a ”pull" factor such as employment was not present migration declined.
If in the future, no expansion of industry takes place a local labor
supply will satisfy employment demands and the stabilization period

will continue to dominate in M0 i Rana.

CHAPTER VI

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Introduction

 

This study was based on the assumption that varying labor demands
of industrial development and the resulting spatial impact are related
to selected characteristics of population migration to M0 i Rana. It
was also established that a newly developed industry would proceed
through three periods of industrial development-namely, construction,
growth and stabilization—and that each stage would have certain
migration characteristics. The features examined in this study were
those of origin and volume, and the selected demographic aspects
studied were those of occupation, age and marital status. The following

is a summary of the research findings.

The Construction Period (1946-1955)

 

This first period of industrial development included the construc—
tion of buildings, and a large part of the migration during this stage
came from areas not too far distant from Mo i Rana. As fishing and
agricultural districts were suffering from a labor surplus, early
population movements consisted of people from these areas. In addition,
a large number of foreign migrants arrived in M0 i Rana towards the end

of the first phase.

108

109

There were noted certain demographic characteristics of the
migrant during the construction period. First of all, the migrants
who arrived during the early years were unskilled as their labor was
used in the excavation of the industrial site and in the construction
of buildings. The latter part of the period, on the otherhand,
attracted skilled migrants as well as advisory personnel who aided in
the completion of the buildings. Secondly, due to the short distance
of movement to Mo i Rana, the typical migrant was married and in a

young age group of 25-29 years.

The Growth Period (1955-1965)

 

The growth stage was distinguished by a certain set of migration
characteristics. Although migrants continued to originate within the
immediate Mo i Rana area during the early part of the growth stage,
as this period progressed the surplus of labor decreased in the the
immediate area of the industrial site, and migration occurred from
longer distances. Moreover, demands for labor to expand and operate
the Ironworks produced a heavy volume during the growth period.

During this period an especially large number of foreign migrants came
when expansion projects were undertaken at the Ironworks.

The migrants who arrived during the growth years can be described
according to the following selected demographic characteristics. For
the initial Operation of the Norwegian Ironworks, both skilled and
unskilled migrants were in demand. Since pig iron and steel ingot

products were the main output of the Ironworks, a large part of the

110

labor force was composed of unskilled workers. The supply of unskilled
migrants to Mo 1 Rana was provided for the most part by areas in which
fishing and agricultural occupations predominated. On the otherhand,
areas with a significance of employment in mixed (business, services)
and manufacturing activities were important sources of skilled,
advisory and administrative personnel.

With regards to age and marital status of migrants, there were
slight changes from the construction to the growth period. The
largest number of migrants in the growth stage was again found in the
younger age groups, although there was a greater number of married
migrants during this second stage. A slight change did occur in the
growth phase, however, from the dominant group of 25-29 year old
to the younger 20-24 category. The reason for this shift was economic
in source. The younger group was born while government plans to aid
distressed economic areas in North Norway were being implemented.
These plans involved the consolidation and increased mechanization of
some of the primary industries such as fishing, agriculture and
forestry. As a result of these changes, which made production a more
efficient process, the young 20-24 year old group was no longer

required as labor. Thus, migration to M0 i Rana occurred.

The Stabilization Period4L1966-1968)

 

The stabilization stage of industrial development at Mo i Rana
was characterized by a decrease in the demands for migrant labor at

the Ironworks, which was a result of the use of a local labor surplus,

111

and by an increase in labor demands for secondary and tertiary employ-
ment in the city. As a consequence of this decrease in demand for
migrant labor at the Ironworks, population movement necessarily
declined throughout this period. The origin of those people who did
arrive during the stabilization period was more equally dispersed, and
a larger proportion of the migration came from greater distances than
in the previous two decades of develOpment. While the unskilled
laborer predominated during the stabilization period, there was a
significant number of migrants with professional and business back-
grounds. Due to the continual growth of the population in M0 i Rana
during this third stage, the need for services increased; thus, the
businessman, lawyer and doctor were important individuals. As in the
previous period, the young 20-24 year old migrant formed a large part
of the total migration to Mo i Rana. However, the unmarried migrant
was more prevalent during the stabilization period than in the other
two stages. Because immediate employment in M0 i Rana was no longer
assured, the married migrant did not want to risk moving his family
and household furnishings; the unmarried migrant, on the otherhand,
with less personal responsibility, had a greater tendency to migrate

regardless of the lack of guaranteed employment at the Ironworks.

Evaluation of Hypothesized Statements

 

In this dissertation the data obtained through field and library
research were applied to certain hypothesized statements. An examina-

tion of the validity of these statements follows. The spatial

112

variations in selected characteristics of population migration to
M0 i Rana for the construction, growth and stabilization periods is
a primary function of:

(l) the number of laborers demanded for the construction
and operation of the Ironworks

 

 

The volume of migration to M0 i Rana showed a strong relationship
to the labor demands during the construction and growth periods, but
the same relationship is less evident for the stabilization period.
During the first two stages migrant labor was important for the construc—
tion of buildings, and in the second period for the operation of
industrial equipment. For the stabilization years however, no
construction took place, and employment for the expanded operations was
drawn from the local population. Not only did migration decline during
the third phase, but also a significant proportion of the migrants
found employment in the city of Mo 1 Rana.

(2) outlying regions which have a surplus of labor in agriculture
and fishing

 

During the construction and growth periods a large share of the
movement to M0 i Rana came from areas which had a surplus of labor-
namely, areas which had high fishing and agriculture employment. In
the stabilization years, on the otherhand, a large number of people
came from urban areas in which manufacturing and mixed occupations
predominated. Also in this period much of the employment was provided

from a local labor surplus.

113

(3) the origin of advisory and administrative personnel for
the Ironworks

 

 

During the construction and growth stages the primary origin of
advisory personnel was foreign countries. These personnel were
especially important when expansion took place. On the other hand,
few foreign advisors came to the Ironworks during the stabilization
period. In addition, most of the administrative personnel were
supplied by urban areas to the south of Mo 1 Rana.

(4) the distance of travel for migrants from place of
origin to M0 i Rana

 

 

For each succeeding stage of industrial development, the distance
from Mo i Rana of major source areas of migrants increased. This was
primarily a function of a decrease in labor surplus in areas nearest
Mo i Rana during the first two periods, and of the varied labor demands
of the last period. During the first two periods labor surplus areas
of North Norway were important; in the last stage, however, the
fifteen counties in South Norway were the major suppliers of migrants.

(5) the type of labor required at the Ironworks and city of
Mo i Rana

 

During the first two stages skilled and unskilled migrants
accounted for a large part of the total migration to M0 i Rana, and
most of this labor force found employment at the Ironworks. Foreign
advisory personnel were also important during these periods. The type
of labor in the stabilization period, however, was oriented to the needs
of the population in M0 i Rana. This was evidenced by the large propor-

tion of migrants who were professional and business people.

114

(6) the age and marital status of migrants

 

There were slight changes which occurred in the age and marital
status of migrants during the three stages of industrial development.
For the construction period the largest number of individuals was
found in the 25—29 year old group; during the growth and stabilization
periods, however, the 20-24 year old group predominated. Larger
numbers of peOple were evident in the older age groups when expansion
took place at the Ironworks during the growth period. And while
both the construction and growth phases showed a predominance of
married migrants, during the stabilization period almost half of
the migrants were unmarried.

Analysis of the hypothesized statements has shown that all state—
ments are relevant for describing spatial variations in characteristics
of population migration for the construction and growth periods.
However, for the stabilization period, when the demand for migrant
labor declined, the statements with less importance concerned:

(1) outlying regions which have a surplus of labor, and (2) the origin
of advisory and administrative personnel.

Through the analysis of 7,283 migrants who came to M0 i Rana
from July 1, 1946 to June 30, 1968 it was found that labor demands of
industrial development and the resulting spatial impact on migration
are related to selected pepulation characteristics. Four conclusions
were drawn from this study. First, construction projects demanded
the largest number of migrants during the first two stages of industrial

development, while during the third period the employment for expansion

115

was drawn from a local labor surplus. It is predicted that the third,
or stabilization phase will continue well into the future since no
significant expansion projects are planned at the Ironworks, and a
labor surplus continues to grow within the city. In fact, for both
1966 and 1967 out-migration from Mo i Rana was greater than in-migration.
Second, the origin of migrants, which was located for the most part in
the immediate area of Mo i Rana during the construction and growth
time spans, expanded considerably to other parts of the country during
the stabilization period. Although the young unmarried migrant, who
has no specific area of origin, will continue to seek the urban
attractions of Mo i Rana, a large part of the future migration will
consist of business and professional people from South Norway. Third,
industrial development at Mo i Rana attracted a large number of migrants
from areas in which government programs created a surplus of labor.
These programs, which created a more efficient process of production
in the primary industries of fishing, agriculture and forestry, released
a number of people for employment in M0 i Rana. Many of these migrated
to M0 i Rana during the growth period. Finally, the drawing power of
Mo i Rana, with its advantages of more services, better educational
opportunities, a higher standard of living and guaranteed employment,
encouraged population movement during the growth and construction
periods.

Since World War II Mo 1 Rana has become a viable growth center.
It provides employment for over 3,000 people of the Ironworks and

services are supplied to nearly 27,000 inhabitants. The introduction

116

of industry in order to provide jobs and a higher standard of living
to an underdeveloped region has proven to be a successful government
plan. The pepulation of the city and the surrounding area has almost
reached the governments intended size of 30,000 to 40,000 for growth
centers. Many of the objectives of regional economic planning have
been achieved at Mo i Rana, and it will prove to be a model for

further North Norway development

The Future

 

The future population and economic growth of Mo i Rana and
surrounding area will be dependent upon the expansion of the Norwegian
Ironworks and the development of associated light industries. If
pig iron and steel ingot productionznmato increase, additional physical
facilities will be required, and this will initiate a labor demand
and consequent growth in population.

Another possible stimulus for economic growth would be light
industries producing a high quality product. Already the Ironworks
is involved in the production of stainless steel products. The
conversion of this product into sanitary equipment, cutlery, air fuse
lages or canning equipment would provide a high quality item of which
could withstand transportation costs. It is expected that pig iron
and steel ingot production will increase moderately in the future, and
that stainless steel production will get greater attention.

A truly progressive iron and steel industry will depend upon the

buying power of the Norwegian population and the addition of diversified

117

industries. In order for a significant iron and steel production to
take place it will be necessary to create industries such as automobile
rolling stock and agricultural equipment. The prospects for this
development is unlikely in the near future.

Thus the government has achieved its objective of creating a
viable growth center at Mo i Rana based upon an iron and steel industry.
Any future population increase and industrial growth will depend upon
increased purchasing power of the Norwegian peOple and the decision to
develop additional industries based on iron and steel production.

This study has shown that selected characteristics of population
migration vary spatially according to three periods of industrial
develOpment. The results obtained in this study may be applicable in
the investigation of other industrial centers which are the focus of

regional development, whether in Norway or other countries of the world.

APPENDIX A

DEFINITIONS OF OCCUPATIONS

APPENDIX A

DEFINITIONS OF OCCUPATIONS

The occupations listed below are based on the United States Employment
Service Classification. All Norwegian migrant occupations were
classified according to definitions presented in the following book:
U. S. Department of Labor, Dictionary of Occupational Titles, U. S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 1949.

The classifications are defined as follows:

Professional:

Business:

Service:

Agriculture:

Skilled:

Semi-skilled:

Unskilled:

Mixed:

MaHUfaCturing:

Professional, Semi-professional, Managerial, and
Official Occupations

Clerical and Salespersons

Domestic, Personal, Protective, Building Service
Workers, and Porters

Agriculture, Fishing, and Forestry

This classification includes craft occupations.
Such occupations require initiative, independent
judgement, and trade knowledge. The abilities and
this knowledge are generally acquired through a
formal apprenticeship training. Representative
occupations are carpenter and photoengraver.

The semi-skilled division consists of process
occupations. These occupations are found in
manufacturing industries, or those industries
engaged in fabricating articles.

This division includes nonprocess occupations. Non-
process occupations consist of jobs in manufacturing
industries that are neither craft nor process, and
of all jobs in manufacturing industries such as
construction, amusement, recreation, and metal
mining.

This includes employment in wholesale and retail
business, communications, and personal services.

This includes all activities whereby man: "(3)
assembles raw materials in an establishment (whether
cottage, workshop, or factory), (b) upgrades their
usefulness by changing their form, and (c) ships out
these more valuable commodities to other places."

118

APPENDIX B

SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

APPENDIX B

SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

TABLE 12

OCCUPATIONS OF MIGRANTS AT MO I RANA FOR THE
CONSTRUCTION PERIOD (1946-1955)

 

 

Occupations1 Total Migration Construction Period

(1946-1968)
Percent of Percent of Total

 

 

Number Percent Number Period (1946-1968)

Professional 1231 16.9 294 14.6 23.8
Business 553 7.6 148 7.4 26.7
Service 176 2.4 49 2.4 27.7
Agriculture 61 .8 26 1.3 42.6
Skilled 1981 27.3 746 37.1 37.6
ESemi-skilled 467 6.4 116 5.8 24.8
Lhiskilled 2814 38.6 631 31.4 22.4
TEDtal 7283 100.0 2019 100.0

‘__#

Source: Based on unpublished data obtained at the Rana Population
Register, Mo i Rana, Norway

1For definitions of occupations see Appendix A.

119

120

TABLE 13

FOREIGN MIGRATION TO MO I RANA: THE
CONSTRUCTION PERIOD (1946-1968)

 

 

Foreign Country

 

 

West
Year Germany Denmark Sweden England Other Total
19461 — - - - - -
1947 l — - - 2 3
1948 - - - - 2 3
1949 - - 3 - l 4
1950 — - - - -
1951 l - - - - 1
1952 33 1 - 2 40
1953 43 3 47 2 4 99
1954 19 6 4 5 3 37
1955 2 - l l - 4
'Total 99 10 S9 8 14 190

 

Source: Based on unpublished data obtained at the Rana Population
Register, Mo i Rana, Norway.

1This period began on July 1, 1946 and ended on March 31, 1955.

121

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122

TABLE 15

MARITAL STATUS OF MIGRANTS AT MO I RANA DURING THE
CONSTRUCTION PERIOD (1946-1955)

 

 

 

 

Marital Total Migration Construction1
Status (1946-1968)
Number Percent Number Percent
Married 4835 66.4 1492 74.0
Single 1964 27.0 455 22.7
Other 484 6.6 63 3.3
Total 7283 100.0 2010 100.0

 

Source: Based on unpublished data Obtained at the Rana Publication
Register, Mo i Rana, Norway.

1This category includes divorced, separated, and widowed.

123

TABLE 16

OCCUPATIONS OF MIGRANTS AT MO I RANA FOR THE
GROWTH PERIOD (1955-1965)

 

 

Occupationsl Total Migration Construction Period
(1946-1968)
Percent Of Percent Of Total

 

 

Number Percent Number Period (1946-1968)
Professional 1231 16.9 767 16.8 62.3
Business 553 7.6 342 7.4 61.8
Service 176 2.4 112 2.4 63.6
Agriculture 61 .8 32 .8 52.5
Skilled 1981 27.3 1114 24.3 56.2
Semi-skilled 467 6.4 312 6.8 66.8
Unskilled 2814 36.9 1898 41.5 68.2
Total 7283 100.0 4577 100.0 62.7

 

Source: Based on unpublished data Obtained at the Rana Population
Register, MO i Rana, Norway.

For definitions of Occupations see Appendix A.

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124

 

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Nhucsou

 

 

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125

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H H N N m N oH N mH HN NH 0N NH NNH mmmH
H N m N N N N mH NH mm Nm NH mNH NmmH
m H N NH mH NH HN mm oN No NH NNN NmmH
H H m H m N N NH mm mm we om mN NmN ommH
H H m m HH mH oN Hm 0N me He ON omN HmmmH
+mm Nwiow mNimN NN-ON moimo Noioo mmimm Nmiom mNimN NN-ON mmimm Nmiom mNimN NN-0N mHimH Nonesz Mme»

:oHumNmHz
HmHON

 

 

mmomHimmmHv QOHmmm Ikzomo mZN oszDQ mmzomu mo< >m <z<m H 02 OH ZOHH<moHZ ZOHH<HDQOQ

wH mqm<N

126

TABLE 19

MARITAL STATUS OF MIGRANTS AT MO I RANA DURING
THE GROWTH PERIOD (1955-1965)

 

Marital Status Total Migration Growth Period
(1946-1968)
Percent Of Percent of Total

 

 

Number Percent Number Period (1946-1968)
Married 4835 66.4 2989 65.3 61.8
Unmarried 1964 27.0 1190 26.0 40.2
Other1 484 6.6 398 8.7 82.2
Total 7283 100.0 4577 100.0 62.7

 

Source: Based on unpublished data Obtained at the Rana Population
Register, MO i Rana, Norway.

1This category includes divorced, separated and widowed.

127

TABLE 20

OCCUPATIONS OF MIGRANTS AT MO I RANA FOR THE
STABILIZATION PERIOD (1966-1968)

 

 

Occupations1 Total Migration Construction Period

(1946-1968)
Percent Of Percent of Total

 

 

Number Percent Number Period (1946-1968)
Professional 1231 16.9 170 24.4 13.8
Business 553 7.6 63 9.1 11.3
Service 176 2.4 15 2.2 8.6
Agriculture 61 .8 3 .4 4.9
Skilled 1981 27.3 121 17.4 6.1
Semi-skilled 467 6.4 39 5.6 8.3
Unskilled 2814 38.6 285 40.9 10.2
Total 7283 100.0 696 100.0 9.6

 

Source: Based on unpublished data Obtained at the Rana Population
Register, MO i Rana, Norway.

1For definitions Of occupations see Appendix A.

128

TABLE 21

MARITAL STATUS OF MIGRANTS AT MO I RANA DURING THE
STABILIZATION PERIOD (1966—1968)

 

 

 

 

Marital Status Total Migration Stabilization Period
Number Percent Number Percent
Married 4835 66.4 354 50.9
Single 1964 27.0 319 45.8
Otherl 484 6.6 23 3.3
Total 7283 100.0 696 100.0

 

Source: Based on unpublishied data Obtained at the Rana Popula-
tion Register, MO i Rana, Norway.

1This category includes divorced, separated, and widowed.

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129

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131

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132

Articles and Periodicals

 

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133

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Published Maps

 

Norges Geografiske Oppmaling, Norges Kommuner: Nord-Norge i l:l,000,000,
Oslo, 1964.

 

Norges Geografiske Oppmaling, Norges Kommuner: S¢r Norge i 1:1,000,000,
Oslo, 1964.

 

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Relations, MO 1 Rana, July, 1968.

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