ABSTRACT PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF ELECTRICAL SKIN CONDUCTANCE, HEART RATE, AND RESPIRATION RATE OF ALCOHOLICS AND NON-ALCOHOLICS TO AFFECTIVE STIMULUS FILMS BY Larry Ralph Teitsma This research was an attempt to contribute to the present understanding of a known behavior group's physiol- ogical response to emotion. More specifically, the study compared the physiological responses of an alcoholic and non-alcoholic group during the presentation of affective stimulus films. The investigation attempted to determine if there were certain physiological responses that were sig- nificantly different between the groups. The major theoretical underpining of this study was that there was a relationship between physiological be- havior and social behavior. It was postulated that feelings influence behavior and that feelings were at least in large part physiological in nature. The implication of these state- ments bear on therapy in general, and alcoholics in particular. The basic questions of the study were as follows: (1) Would the alcoholic group score significantly lower than the non-alcoholic group on electrical skin conductance mea- surements during the presentation of all the affective film Larry Ralph Teitsma stimuli? (2) Would the alcoholic group score significantly higher than the non-alcoholic group for heart rate measure- ments during the presentation of all the affective film stimuli? (3) WOuld the alcoholic group score significantly different than the non-alcoholic group for respiration rate measurements during the presentation of all the affective film stimuli? Past research has demonstrated a relationship between emotion and physiology. Some of the measures often used to measure this relationship were electrical skin con- ductance, heart rate, and respiration rate. It was hypo- thesized that these measures might differentiate the physiological responses of alcoholics from non-alcoholics. Previous research has also found films a useful source for emotional stimulation. The population from which the subjects were ran- domly selected was the clients of the Lansing Office of the Michigan Division of Vocational Rehabilitation. The samples consisted of ten, white, male volunteers, thirty-five to fifty-five years of age, who were described by the agency as free from symptoms of gross emotional pathology. The experimental (alcoholic) and the control (non- alcoholic) groups received the identical treatment. Each viewed eight affective vignettes, each vignette depicting mild or blatant affection or rejection enacted by a male or female actor. While the subjects were presented with the film stimulus, the three physiological responses of electrical Larry Ralph Teitsma skin conductance, heart rate, and respiration rate were recorded using a Grass 5D Polygraph. Various dimensions of each of these three responses were measured which resulted in a total of fourteen measures recorded from each subject. After the treatment, a post-treatment check list was given. The list consisted of a collection of data which described the test setting and the physical and social status of the subject at the time of testing (see Appendix H). The data were collected and analyzed according to a repeated measures analysis of variance. Results of the repeated measures analysis of vari- ance indicated no significance on the group means at the .05 level. The electrical skin conductance measures based upon group means were all in the expected direction. All the heart measures and the respiration mean rate based upon group means were in the Opposite direction from that hypothesized, while the number and mean length of apnea were non-directional. Since there was no significance on the sources of variation, except one, M (Measures), which was not meaningful, individual analysis of each hypothesis was not performed. A post hoc analysis on a subset of the measures was performed for the purpose of hypothesis generating. A multivariate analysis of variance and univariate F tests were performed. The results of the univariate F tests suggested that on the ERR the alcoholic and non-alcoholic groups differed. Larry Ralph Teitsma It is possible the hypotheses were incorrect and that there was no difference between the alcoholic and non-alcoholic. If this was true, then it muSt be assumed that many of the ideas of what makes an alcoholic an alco- holic need re-examination (i.e., perhaps alcoholism is largely a physical and/or chemical rather than a psycho- genic disorder). It might also be possible that alcoholics and non-alcoholics have identical emotional makeup but simply find different ways of expressing it. It might, however, be possible that some of the limitations of the current design interfered and that the hypotheses still are valid. PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF ELECTRICAL SKIN CONDUCTANCE, HEART RATE, AND RESPIRATION RATE OF ALCOHOLICS AND NON-ALCOHOLICS TO AFFECTIVE STIMULUS FILMS BY Larry Ralph Teitsma A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Counseling, Personnel Services and Educational Psychology 1973 (:) 1974 LARRY RALPH TE ITSMA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright by LARRY RALPH TE ITSMA 1973 DEDICATION To Anne, my wife and my mother and father. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS At one time I felt that this page was written out of form or custom; however, after working on this study I have come to realize that often mere acknowledgment of appre- ciation for friendship, guidance, and cooperation is limited in conveying my heartfelt thanks. --To Norman Kagan, my chairman, for his efforts to guide me as a researcher and writer and by his example as a warm, honest human being who combines this with un- ceasing drive for excellent scholarship. —-To Thomas Adams, for his priceless friendship, encour— agement, excellent teaching ability, and scholarship. --To Maryellen McSweeney, for her patience and unhesi- tating cooperation. --To Sam Plyler, for his humaness, patience, and coop- eration through this entire time. --To Sue Jennings, for her willingness to help. --To Cecil Williams, for his faith in me when it meant so much. --To Jim Sterns, for his friendship and help during the earlier periods of this project. --To Marilyn Wendland, for helping me to grow as a person. iii --To Geoffrey Yager, for his expertise and unselfish c00peration. --To John Jerome, for his loyalty during the study. --To Mom and Dad, for their faith in me and support during my many years of schooling. --To my wife, Anne, who has struggled and sacrificed along with me and deserves to have her name on the cover . iv Chapter I. II. III. IV. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page THE PROBLEM . O 0 O O O O O O O O 1 General Statement . . . . . . . . 1 Specific Problem. . . . . . . . . 1 Definition of Terms. . . . . . . . 2 Delimitations. . . . . . . . . . 3 Need for Research . . . . . . . . 4 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 The Alcoholic. . . . . . . . . . 10 General Hypotheses . . . . . . . . Overview . . . . . . . . . . 13 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. . . . . . . 14 Historical Background . . . . . . . l4 Affective Stimulus Films . . . . . . 24 The Alcoholic. . . . . . . . . . 26 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . 27 METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Population. . . . . . . . . . . 28 Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Experimental Group . . . . . . . . 28 Control Group. . . . . . . . . . 29 Experimental Design. . . . . . . . 29 Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . 29 Experimental Procedure. . . . . . . 32 Equipment Preparation . . . . . . . 33 Subject Preparation. . . . . . . . 33 Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Post-Treatment Session. . . . . . . 37 Scoring Procedures . . . . . . . . 37 Analysis of Data. . . . . . . . . 39 General and Specific Hypotheses. . . . 40 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . 44 ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Analysis of the Results . . . . . . 45 Analysis for Generating Hypotheses. . . 54 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Chapter Page V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, DISCUSSION, IMPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 57 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . 59 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . 60 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Limitations. . . . . . . . . . 62 Confounding Variables . . . . . . 65 Observations and Implications. . . . 66 Implications for Future Research . . . 71 BIBLIOGRAPHY O O O O O O O O O I O O O 80 APPENDICES Appendix A. Memo to Coordinators Concerning Client Contacts on Volunteering for the Study . 85 B. Experimental Design . . . . . . . . 86 C. Video Tape Player Procedures . . . . . 89 D. Room Arrangements: Studio and Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . 91 E. Flow Chart for Data Collection. . . . . 93 F. Grass 5D Polygraph Procedures . . . . . 95 G. Contents of Treatment Vignettes . . . . 99 H. Post-Treatment Checklist. . . . . . . 102 I. Data Record . . . . . . . . . . . 103 J. Group Mean Substitution for Missing or Unscorable Data Identified According to Data Sheet Locations . . . . . . . 105 K. Scoring Procedures for Measure 1 Through Measure 14. . . . . . . . . . . 106 vi LIST OF TABLES ANOVA Table of Transformed Scores . . Transformed Scores of the Group Means for the Repeated Measures ANOVA . . . Group Means of the Range of the High and Low Point Responses of the Electrical Skin Conductance and Heart Rate During the Three Time Sequences. . . . . . Multivariate and Univariate F Tests for the Analysis of Differences between Groups on Seven Measures Judged Most Important vii Page 46 53 54 55 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 4.1. Transformed Scores for the Measures at the Three Time Sequences (MT) . . . . . . 49 4.2. Enlargement of Figure 4.1. . . . . . . 51 5.1. A Copy of an Actual Record for a Member of Group I During T3. . . . . . . . . 67 5.2. A COpy of an Actual Record for a Member of Group II During T3 . . . . . . . . 68 viii CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM General Statement This study is an attempt to contribute to the present understanding of a known behavior group's physiol- ogical responses to emotion. More specifically, the study will compare the physiological responses of an alcoholic and non-alcoholic group recorded during the presentation of affective stimulus films. The investigation will attempt to determine the physiological responses that are significant- ly different between the groups. Specific Problem This investigation consisted of measuring physiol- ogical responses of alcoholics and non-alcoholics during the presentation of affective stimulus films. The physiological responses measured are electrical skin conductance, heart rate, and respiration rate. Various dimensions of each of these three responses are measured which results in a total of fourteen measures taken for each subject. The subjects are all clients of the Lansing Office of the Michigan Division of Vocational Rehabilitation. The subjects are randomly selected for the study. They are white, thirty-five to fifty-five year old males, and volunteers who are judged to be without gross emotional pathology. The treatment is a standardized presentation of eight affective vignettes. The vignettes contain the subtle or blatant emotion of affection or rejection as portrayed on videotape by a male or female actor. Definition of Terms The special terms of this investigation are defined as follows: Alcoholic: A person accepted as a client by the Lansing Office of the Michigan Division of Vocational Reha- bilitation. The acceptance for vocational assistance was based on a decision that the person's primary disability is alcoholism. As a subject in this study, he also meets the criteria of being a white, thirty-five to fifty-five year old male, and a volunteer who is judged to be without gross emotional pathology. Non-alcoholic: A person accepted as a client by the Lansing Office of the Michigan Division of Vocational Rehabilitation. The acceptance for vocational assistance was based on a physical disability other than alcoholism. As a subject in this study, he also meets the criteria of being a white, thirty-five to fifty-five year old male, and a vol- unteer who is judged to be without gross emotional pathology. Coordinator: An employee of the Lansing Office of the Michigan Division of Vocational Rehabilitation who coordinates the program of rehabilitation services for the clients assigned to him. Vignette: A video tape segment of short duration on which is depicted the emotional stimuli used in the study. Electrical Skin Conductance (ESC): The electrical conductance of the skin at a constant voltage. It is assumed that the amount of moisture in the skin determines its elec- trical conductivity. Heart Rate (HR): The number of heart beats per minute as measured by a standard cardiotachometer. The EKG is integrated to provide a DC voltage which was proportional to heart rate. Respiration Rate (RR): The number of exhalations in a one minute time period as measured by a mercury-in- rubber strain gauge attached to the subject's chest. Delimitations Generalizations of the study are delimited by the following: 1. The subjects are all clients of the Lansing Michigan Division of Vocational Rehabilitation. They are white, thirty-five to fifty-five year old, male, and volun- teers who are judged to be absent of gross emotional pathology which is atypical for alcoholics as a group for it is recog- nized that there is a higher per cent of gross emotional pathology associated with alcoholism (Wallgren and Barry, 1970). Generalizations to older or younger subjects, to females, and to non-white pOpulations are not pr0per. 2. The vignettes are limited to subtle and blatant levels of affection or rejection and limited in number. Gen- eralizations to other levels and number of emotions are not proper. 3. Diurnal physiology variation is controlled in part by having the treatment during a specified time of day and during one month of the spring season. Generalizations to other periods of the day or year are not prOper. 4. No attempt is made to determine that the non- alcoholic group are not also heavy drinkers or include alco— holics, only that their primary disability is not alcoholism. Generalizations of alcoholism beyond the limitation of pri- mary disability is not proper, since "non-alcoholics" may also have been heavy drinkers. Need for Research The United States, as well as many nations of the world, is facing one of the greatest problems it has ever faced - that of drug abuse. According to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, the number one drug in this country continues to be alcohol. The extent of the alcohol problem, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, is demonstrated by such facts as these: high alcohol content is found in the blood of half of all traffic-accident victims, alcoholics shorten their own lives by an average of ten to twelve years, nine million out of ninety-four million drinkers are classified as alcoholics, and alcohol cost the American peOple an average of fifteen billion dollars a year in lost work, health and welfare aid, and additional property damage, (as reported in "Pot and Alcohol, some new views," Time, XCIX, p. 51, February 28, 1972). The greatest percentage of problem drinkers are thirty-five to fifty-five years old (Plaut, 1967) and male (Trice, 1966). Alcoholism is an integral part of the mental health problem. Plaut (1967) reports that in 1964 there were slightly less than seventy thousand first admission of male patients to the nearly three hundred state mental hos- pitals, twenty-two per cent were given a diagnosis of alco- holism at admission. Wallgren and Barry (1970) report that the More profound mental pathology, associated with alco- holism, is seen in the high incidence among alcoholics of other mental illnesses, in particular depression, schiZOphrenia and psychopathic personality. Cross (1968) reports that child neglect and abuse can often be traced to an alcoholic parent. He (Cross, 1968) states . . . two thirds of married alcoholics have children, and there is evidence that children of alcoholic parents are more likely than other children to suffer damaging personality effects brought on by social atmosphere which is markedly unstable and torn with dissension. Cross (1968) reports problem drinking as contributing to over twenty per cent of family breakdowns. Wallgren and Barry (1970) state that, "All studies showing that pathol- ogy of childhood environment or adult personality is related to alcoholism thereby imply the converse relationship of mental health to the absence of alcoholism." The therapeutic mental health approaches to the alcoholic have demonstrated limited effectiveness. Bowman and Jellinek (1941), and Gibbins (1953), review the range of therapeutic approaches to chronic alcoholism. Wallgren and Barry (1970) found that therapy, generally, has helped fewer than fifty per cent of alcoholics to lessen their problem or abstain from drinking while twenty per cent of all alcoholics recover without therapeutic help. In sum- mary, they state that ". . . even a small improvement in the effectiveness of therapy would contribute a great ben- efit to society" (Wallgren and Barry, 1970). The need of working toward better mental health is immense. Most authorities agree that there are probably more than twenty million people in the United States with some form of psybhological disturbances needing treatment, about one half a million peOple in mental hospitals at any moment, and about two and a half million are admitted and receiving treatment in public and private hospitals and clinics a year, (Budgetary Hearings for the National Insti- tute of Mental Health before a Subcommittee of The Committee on Appropriations, Ninety-first Congress, First Session, Washington, D. C., 1969, National Institute of Mental Health, 1970). Although alcoholism is only one portion of the mental health picture, what works effectively toward helping alco- holics achieve better mental health may also be effective towards helping others who are part of the total picture. It is hoped that physiological responses to emo- tional stimuli can be used therapeutically in accelerating client growth. It is theorized that if a certain group, the alcoholic, responds similarly in certain physiological patterns to certain emotional stimuli; then, the resulting information can be used toward accelerating client growth. First, the task is to determine if there are distinctive physiological response patterns for this group. Next, if patterns are found, interviews between a therapist and a member of the group who is wired for physiological responses could be begun. During the interview, the therapist could help explore the emotional correlates of the distinctive patterns with the group member. This is done in order to help him become aware of and explore his major conflicts and anxieties. If awareness and subsequent ways of handling the conflicts are achieved, the client would be presumed to have grown by quickly looking at the basic conflicts and limiting the time needed with a therapist. One therapeutic method, already being practiced, which might be used to implement this approach is Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR), (Kagan, gt_al., 1967). This approach uses physiol- ogical referents, video taping, and recall in an effective therapeutic encounter. Theory The major theoretical underpining of this study is that there is a relationship between physiological behavior and social behavior. It is postulated that feelings influence behavior and that feelings are at least in large part physiological in nature. The implication of these statements bear on therapy in general, and alcoholics in particular. Archer EE.§£° (1971) described the basic ther- peutic theory as follows: If one of the basic goals of counseling and psycho- therapy is to help clients to become aware of the incongruities between what they perceive and feel, on the one hand, and what they are willing or able to actually acknowledge and admit to themselves on the other, then it seemed logical and desirable to provide a client not only an opportunity to study his physical and verbal reactions to a real or sim- ulated interpersonal engagement but to literally permit him to see what his internal responses were as well. If affect is indeed bodily status, inter- nal as well as external, it seemed reasonable that provision to the client of measures of his physiol- ogical responses during the counseling session would aid him even more in the process of self-discovery and change. Many researchers report that physiological changes accompany the shift in client interview mood as well as the content which he is sharing (Alexander, 1948; Lasswell, 1935; Malmo, 22 31., 1950; and Lacey, 1959). Specifically, research shows that tension and palmar sweating are related (Mower, gt 21., 1953). Light, (as reported in Anderson, 1956) reports shifts in the interview-to-interview level of palmar perspiration as an indicator of tension in counseling subjects. Di Mascio gt 31. (1957) report that when the patient is expressing hostility and antagonism toward the therapists there is a decrease in heart rate and an increase in heart rate variability which expression the therapist sees as tension reducing. They also report that much "tension release" results in a slowed heart rate while much "tension" results in a speeding up of heart rate. Anderson (1956) reports that defensive patients reduce tension by discussing the therapeutic situation or the therapists which results in a lower, more stable heart rate. Archer 2E.2l' (1971) note that a combination of heart rate and eccrine sweat rate can indicate both emotional arousal and suppression of awareness. When eccrine sweat rate has been high and then drops, the accompanying psychol- ogical state is usually one of suppression or inhibition on the part of the subject. This is an elaboration of the work done by Kagan (1970) who observes the following relationship between heart rate and eccrine sweat rate: 1. When a person is affected by, but cannot or does not acknowledge the emotion; that is, where the emo- tion or environmental stimulus is perceived but not permitted into awareness, there is usually an increase in heart rate and a lowering or leveling off of eccrine sweat rate. It is as if, in the current vernacular, the person literally "cools it." 2. When a person is affected by an emotion or other in his environment, and acknowledges the impact or allows himself to feel, to "own-up" the impact of the stimulus, there is usually a decrease or leveling off of heart rate and always an increase in palmar eccrine sweat rate. To continue the metaphor, it is as if, in the overtly involved condition, the person allows him- self to "sweat it." 3. PeOple who more directly communicate (who are able to establish close interpersonal distance, to rely little on dual message to contact others) usually have 10 a more stable heart rate and a much more volatile, variable sweat rate than do those people who tend consistently to deny emotions. The latter tend to have a highly variable heart rate and a very stable eccrine sweat rate. 4. Most people are consistently more Open (as defined here in terms of physiological relationships) to some stimuli or emotions and consistently closed to others. 5. As a person at first denies but then learns to acknowledge a stimulus, his heart rate usually decreases, or levels, and his eccrine sweat rate invariably in- creases. 6. Acknowledgement of emotions and impact by others (stable heart rate, volatile eccrine sweat rate) is reported by the person as a more satisfying, stimula- ting state than is denying of emotions. The latter is usually described as a bland, meaningless, though safe, "I could not care less," or "that sort of thing doesn't mean much to me" -- experience. This study takes up the challenge to explore further these findings with a known behavior type, the alcoholic. The Alcoholic The subjects of this study, the alcoholics, are selected because of the immensity of the alcoholic problem (see Need for Research) and the emotional and physiological characteristics of the alcoholic as discussed here and in Chapter II. Although most theorists and researchers agree that there is no such identity as an alcoholic personality, they tend to agree on certain behavioral characteristics. The behavioral characteristics usually include loneliness or estrangement from others, dependency, depression, inner- directed hostility or aggression, problems in sexual iden- tification, large amount of free floating anxiety, and a low capacity for handling tensions (Block, 1970; Chaftez and 11 Demone, 1962; Knight, 1938; and Wood and Duffy, 1966). Wallgren and Barry (1970) summarize the personal dynamics of the alcoholic as . . . being fixated at the infantile and oral state of personality development, associate with the craving for a passive role. The conflict of the tendency with harsh reality gives rise to denial of fantasies of omnipotence, and intense anger directed especially against oneself as manifested by the self-destructive behavior of excessive drinking. Chaftez and Demone (1962) report that the alcoholic deals with anger in a very distinctive manner. He turns anger in on himself in drink. One patient states the problem suc- cinctly, according to Chaftez, when he states, "It is more socially acceptable to get stinking drunk than to murder someone." This inner tension or blocking of expression of emotion, whether caused by pathology of childhood environ- ment as shown by various studies (Wallgren and Barry, 1970) or other causes, has its concommitant physiological responses. General Hypotheses It is hypothesized that the alcoholic suppresses emotions and drives as an avoidance behavior and that this suppression is reflected in physiological behavior as evi- denced in the electrical skin conductance, heart rate, and respiration. I. The alcoholic group will score significantly lower than the non-alcoholic group for electrical skin con- ductance measurements during the presentation of all the affective film stimuli. 12 The rationale for this hypothesis is that the al- coholic appears to suppress or block emotions. This sup- pression appears generally to result in a lower level of ESC as reflected in the work by Kagan (1970) with eccrine sweat rate. It is, therefore, hypothesized that the alcoholic will respond physiologically in a similar manner. II. The alcoholic group will score significantly higher than the non-alcoholic group for heart rate measure- ments during the presentation of all the affective film stimuli. The rationale for this hypothesis is that the al- coholic tends to suppress or block emotional awareness. This suppression appears generally to result in the heart rate increasing and becoming less stable or increasing the number of peaks. This is reflected in the work by Kagan (1970) with people who were suppressing their emotional awareness. It is, therefore, hypothesized that alcoholics will respond physiologically in a similar manner. III. The alcoholic group will score significantly different than the non—alcoholic group for respiration rate measurements during the presentation of all the affective film stimuli. The rationale for this hypothesis is that the alcoholic tends to block or suppress emotional awareness. It is hypothesized that this suppression will be reflected as tenseness in such respiration responses as greater con- trol in breathing, more body movements, and more time Spent in the holding of the breath. 13 Overview In Chapter II, the review of literature is focused on the relation of physiology to emotions, affective stim- ulus films, and alcoholism. Methodology, instrumentation, procedures, analysis techniques, and research hypotheses are described in Chapter III. The results of the statistical analysis are discussed in Chapter IV. In Chapter V, the summary, conclusions, discussion, and implications for future research are considered. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE The review of the literature of the relationship between emotion and physiology in this chapter is focused on historical background, affective stimulus films, and alcoholism. Historical Background Lacey (1959) summarized the history of physiol- ogical responses to affective states by observing that: The search for differential patterns of bodily re- sponse in differently named affective states was abandoned quite early in the history of psycho- physiology, with results that were generally con- ceded to be disappointing. This experimental enterprise has been effectively renewed in recent years, with rather dramatic results, that are, moreover, of interest and importance to the prob- lems involved in the psychOphysiological study of the therapeutic interview. The early studies in this field were of gross physiological responses to emotional stimuli. According to Ax (1964), psychophysiology was developing better techniques of measure- ment in order that many of a person's somatic and psychic subsystems could be monitored and compared. The early studies attempted to define emotion as either purely physiological, a distinct entity, or something- in-between. The relationship between emotion and physiology 14 15 was examined by such noted theoreticians and researchers as James and Lange, Cannon, Eppinger and Hess, Arnold, Free- man, Wenger, Davis, Darrow, Ax, and Lacey (Lindsley, 1951; Grossman, 1967). The continuous investigations of men like Wenger did much to advance the field of psychOphysiology before, during, and after the disappointing early attempts. Wenger contributed greatly to this field of study and founded his work upon the traditional framework of the activity of the two opposing subsystems of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) and the Para- sympathetic Nervous System (PNS). He proposed that the Autonomic Nervous System serves a homeostatic function for the individual. He develOped the (A) index, the autonomic factor score, which was computed from selected physiological measurements of an individual. Using a multiple correlation, individual physiological response scores were inserted into a regression equation. The resulting scores were termed measures of autonomic balance and were shown to be distrib- uted in the pOpulation studied (Wenger, 1942b). This was an attempt to describe in a working formula the fluctuating activity of the autonomic system. Various studies by Wenger (1942a, 1942b, 1943, 1948) demonstrated the usefulness of his formulations. These studies have partially confirmed clinical impressions of disturbances of general autonomic functioning in certain dis- orders. One of his investigations reported that children 16 with apparent PNS dominance showed more emotional inhibition, less emotional excitability, a lower frequency of activity with less fatigue, and more patience and neatness than those with marked apparent SNS dominance (Wenger, 1947). He also reported definite personality correlates associated with certain psychosomatic disorders (Wenger, et_al,, 1962) and "operational battle fatigue" (Wenger, 1948). All these disorders reflected lower (A) scores or apparent SNS dom- inance. Disorders often considered as psychosomatic or having a psychosomatic component were metabolicedema, hypertension, regional enteritis, Raynaud's disease, hives, anorexia nervosa, acne, hyperthyroidism, psoriasis, asthma, eczema, constipation, colitis, backache, migrane, duodenal ulcer, and rheumatoid arthritis (Sterbach, 1966). Cutler (as reported in Gengerelli and Kerkner, 1954) described cancer patients as manifesting inability to discharge or deal apprOpriately with anger, aggressiveness or hostility covered over by a facade of pleasantness, unresolved hostile conflicts with the mother defended against by denial and unrealistic sacrifice, masochistic character structure, inhibited sexuality, and inhibited motherhood. Therefore, there was some support for the view that some emotional stress was associated with psychophysiological reactions and that the reactions are distinctive and may contribute to the deve10pment of such disorders as cancer or such drives as the need for alcohol. It was also possible that alcohol Consumption may be a defense against psychophysiological l7 discomfort. Cathell (1954) reported that the development of alcoholism accompanied relief of gastric ulcers or other digestive disturbances. It appeared to be a pathological condition substitution but the relief may have indicated an incentive for excessive drinking. The literature reviewed above concluded that there is a definite relationship between physiological reactions and general psychological conditions. Anger and fear were more specifically dealt with by other researchers. Stern- bach (1966) reported that the emotion most frequently as- sociated with psychosomatic types of responses was anger. It was at the point of the inability of the person to express anger or other feelings that somatic responses were often the alternative. According to Sternbach, this alternative was encouraged by society's attitude toward the need to repress anger. Sternbach (1966) described the dilemma of managing one's anger in his society as being that, The individual who is angered by his boss, or fright- ened by a crowd, cannot strike or flee. Such responses are incompatible with survival in the sense that our society imposes physical restraints on the person who acts that way. Consequently, although the individual may experience the emotions and have the accompanying intense physiological changes, he is unable to dis- charge the increased energy which has been mobilized by taking appropriate action. Therefore the organic changes persist and result in pathology. The relationship between anger and physiological responses has been demonstrated in the laboratory by Ax (1953). He identified autonomic patterns which he described as anger and fear. Anger and fear were basically innervated 18 by different parts of the ANS: anger by the SNS and fear by the PNS. Anger resembled the reaction to the injection of adrenaline and noradrenaline while fear resembled the injection of only adrenaline. Anger produced diastolic blood pressure increase, decrease in heart rate, increase in muscle potential, and the number of increases in skin conductance. Fear resulted in skin conductance and res- piration rate increases and a large number of muscle potential increases (Ax, 1953; Sternbach, 1966). Lacey (1959) reported that ". . . one very important line of investigation finds very significant differences among states of 'anger-directed-inwards,' 'anger-directed-outwards,' . . . ." These states were theoretically linked to a bio- chemical variable or the ratio of epinephrine to norepineph- rine. Funkenstein (1956) reported "Anger Directed Outward" was accompanied by excessive secretion of nor-epinephrine-. like substances while "Anger Directed Inward" was accompanied by excessive secretion of epinephrine-like substances. The term "like" is being used until almost all of Funkenstein's studies are replicated using direct measurements of epineph- rine and nor-epinephrine in the blood. Funkenstein (1956) stated Epinephrine may be characterized as a "metabolite" because of the widespread physiological reactions it evokes, in many different systems, such as increased oxygen consumption of the brain, increase in pulse rate and cardiac output, decreased peripheral resis- tance, relaxation of the bronchioles, decrease in the clotting time of the blood, changes in glucose metab- olism, etc. On the other hand, nor-epinephrine has 19 no such widespread system effects; its principal effect being to increase peripheral resistance throughout the body. Fear and anger showed differing amounts of integra- tion with physiological measures. Ax reported that the con- sistently larger correlations for anger than for fear demonstrated a greater physiological integration during anger than fear. Lacey (1963) reported there was a high correlation between palmar conductance and heart responses of subjects to recordings of anger expressed between peers. Conversely, when the same recorded situation was described as a son expressing anger toward his mother, the correlation between palmar conductance and heart rate responses was practically zero. The difference between the two groups was theorized as being caused by a variation in the kind of aggression. In summary, it appears from the foregoing dis- cussion that anger or hostility may have Specific physiol- ogical concomitants. If emotion and physiology were related, which were the most useful physiological variables to use if ultimate application to therapy was the long range goal of a study. Ax (1964) described the tenuous but promising outlook for the physiological differentiation of emotion by peripherally available measures. The literature emphasized the need to use more than one measure (Wenger, 1941). Sternbach (1966) and Malmo and Davis (1956) stated that due to low intercor- relation it was necessary to use more than one physiological variable when measuring the amount of activation or resting 20 autonomic balance. Sherrington (1948) reported that "Heart, blood vessels, respiration, muscles, and secretory glands take special part in the various emotions." The two physiol- ogical variables researched most consistently in the litera- ture were electrical skin conductance and heart responses. Respiration, a commonly researched physiological variable, was also used by researchers not only in order to disclose any distinctive response patterns but to measure for artifact activity caused by physical movement in the physiological records. Commenting on electrical skin conductance (ESC), Sternbach (1966) stated the following: Palmar sweat gland activity has been one of the most popular measures, for it can be easily recorded and quantified and is a sensitive responder to stimuli from both external and internal sources. It should be noted, however, that the sweat glands do not par- ticipate in the mass innervation of SNS activity caused by adrenal medullar secretions. The sweating examined above was the so-called "emotional sweating areas" such as the palms of the hands rather than a heat regulator response. The locations of the heat reg- ulator response such as the volar surface or inner part of the arm usually did not react to emotional stimulation. Lindsley (1951) stated: GSR is particularly sensitive to sensory and idea- tional stimuli, especially those associated with alertness, attention, apprehension, and arousal. The resistance level is lower, and the magnitude of response (drop in resistance) is greater to specific sensory stimuli. The GSR, perhaps more than any other indicator of bodily change (with possible exception of blood pressure and heart rate) is a sensitive index of cortical and higher- level mental functions. 21 He also noted that only sweating (GSR)* can be used ade- quately as an index of mild responsiveness. Generally, the literature supported the idea that as intensity of stimuli increased, so did ESC. McCurdy (1950) reported that the "intensity of affective experience" was correlated with the magnitude of galvometric deflection. ESC increase was usually described as excitatory (Lacey, 1959). Stennett (1957) demonstrated that palmar conduc- tance increased as motivational conditions were varied from low to very high levels. Lacey (1959) reported that palmar sweating and self-tension ratings were obviously related. As noted in Chapter I, Archer et_al. (1971) observed that when sweat rate had been high and then dropped, the accom- panying psychological state was usually one of suppression or inhibition by the subject. Heart rate was another physiological variable often found useful and practical in psychophysiological re- search. Ax (1964) described heart rate as a ". . . manage- able parameter of a major organ and clearly bears functional relationship to significant proceedings of the body." Malmo and Davis, (1956) reported that heart rate, like skin con- ductance was similarly responsive to changes in arousal conditions. Wenger (1942b) reported that heart rate was one of the most reliable measures in his seven-test battery. *The term used by Lindsley. 22 Sternbach (1966) observed that the heart rate reflected the functioning of the entire ANS. It was the single variable, in many studies, which contributed most to the autonomic factor (Wenger, 1966). As with ESC, the direction of heart rate was im- portant to consider. In reviewing the literature, Lacey (1959) reported heart rate acceleration, or highs, as basi- cally inhibitory in nature. These accelerations correspon- ded to rejection of the environment while deceleration of the heart corresponded with environmental intake. Lacey gt_§1. (1963) using neurophysiological evidence, suggested that increased heart rate served to diminish transmission along sensory pathways. This increase reduced the effec- tiveness of external stimuli while the opposite effect presumably occurred with lowered heart rate. Buckout (1966) reported that heart rate decreased when it was accompanied by attitude change. A third variable frequently referred to in the literature as relevant to psychophysiological reactions and which was also practical was respiration. Malmo and Davis (1956) stated that respiration was similarly responsive to arousal conditions, as was heart rate and ESC. Respiration, the least covert of the physiological variables (Ax, 1964), served as a monitor function (Sternbach, 1966). Changes in respiration patterns immediately resulted in changes in virtually every other physiological variable being recorded 23 (Sternbach, 1966). It has been hypothesized that the al- coholics, like Kagan's blockers, would have more difficulty handling emotional material, with the result that anxiety or tension would be reflected in respiration. As noted in the fear and anger discussion, phys- iological variables tended to have a low intercorrelation (Sternbach, 1966) which was very puzzling to many psycho- physiologists. One relatively fruitful direction of re- search has been the examination of inverse relationships. It appeared that electrical skin conductance increase was excitatory whereas increase of cardiac rate was inhibitory in the transaction of the organism with the environment. Davis (as reported in Lacey, 1959) reported the inverse relationship of electrical skin conductance and heart rate during the stimulus conditions of visual attention, empathic listening, and thinking. The inverse relationship between electrical skin conductance and heart rate appeared to be a clue to what happened within the individual (Kagan, 1970) as noted in Chapter I. In general, the relationship between apparent cause and effect for any and all psychophysical reactions may well be a very complex process. Numerous other variables can influence the amplitude of physiological responses. Roessler and others (1966) demonstrated this influence in GSR to specific stimuli. Wenger (1950) stated: . . . such terms as 'fear', 'anger', or 'jealousy' imply not only an emotion but also the external 24 stimuli situation, the perception of that stimulus, the perception of the visceral action, overt expres- sion and related ideation. Ax (1964) and Wenger (1966) like many other researchers added to the list of variables: stimulus specifications, the in- dividual specificities, the law of initial values generalized over many relevant variables, baselines, daily and seasonal factors, orientation responses, the effects of drugs, move- ment artifacts, and technical problems such as electrodes, transducers, and recorders. Affective Stimulus Films Sternbach (1966) stated that hypnotic suggestion and films have been the most popular means of inducing changes. Davis (as reported in Lacey, 1959) reported that college stu- dents who looked at affectively toned pictures showed vasio- constriction, increased palmar conductance, and cardiac deceleration on visual attention as well as emphatic listening and thinking. The stimulus for the present investigation was the affective stimulus films. This grew out of the work of Norman Kagan et a1. (1967). In using such material as stimulus films it was important to take into account prestimulus levels since other- wise there might be distortion of the accuracy of the numer- ical representation of the homeostatic process (Lacey, 1956). wenger gt_al. (1962) reported that ". . . the greatest dif- ferences in autonomic functions are demonstrable under controlled resting states." Sternbach (1966) stated that 25 if one started ". . . from a resting-yet-awake baseline, the degree of activation will be in a large part a function of the nature of the stimulation . . . ." Lazarus 22 31. (1965) found that the information given prior to the stim- uli or orientation information could affect the impact of the stimulus. The importance of a built-in orientation period was reported in the study by McDonald gt El. (1964). They stated that the orientating response (OR) was first reported by Palov ". . . who observed that his subjects showed an orientational or 'What is it?‘ response to novel stimuli." Galvanic skin response was one of the components of the OR response. Sternbach (1966) reported that the phrase "Get ready, now," would cause a resting individual to respond in a manner like activation. He stated that if the phrase was repeated at regular or irregular intervals, the responses would decrease in magnitude and eventually disappear and that adaptation was not always a smooth steady decrease. Martin (1956) observed a decrease in ESC during subsequent interviews and concluded that adaptation had taken place. Danish and Kagan (1969) reported the use of rejection and being rejected as the most successful, first film, sequences, especially with Division of Vocational Rehabilitation clients. The present investigation also used stimuli depicting the strong emotion of affection which in- corporated certain words such as kiss and love which almost 26 universally produced more response than other words such as afraid, dance, or hunger (Lacey, 1959). McCurdy (1950) believed that the differential magnitude of galvanometric deflection to words was one of the most reliable of phys- iological phenomena. The Alcoholic Alcohol made the alcoholic feel that he was coping with his "external frustrations" or "internal inhibitions" (Fenichel, 1945). Other societies than American such as Italian, Chinese, and Jewish frowned upon the choice of alcohol and did not use alcohol extensively (Trice, 1966; Wallgren and Barry, 1970). Alcohol functioned as a sedative and anxiety reducer to stressful situations as was reflected in ESC and other physiological responses (Wallgren and Barry, 1970; Gerad, 35 51., 1962). Takala gt a1. (as reported in Wallgren and Barry, 1970) found that on the Thematic Apper- ception Test (TAT) drinking alcohol affected the alcoholic by increasing the expression of inhibited material such as sexual behavior, aggression, and self-assertion. Trice (1966) reported that alcohol acts to reduce learned inhibi- tions. Witkin SE.2£- (1959) reported that in tests of ability to c0pe with the perceived environment where there are conflicting visual relationships, the alcoholics have been shown to perform these tasks more poorly than normals and non-alcoholic psychiatric patients. 27 Summary Past research has demonstrated a relationship between emotion and physiology. Measures which might be relevant to differentiate the alcoholic from the non- alcoholic and practical to use were electrical skin con- ductance, heart rate, and respiration. Films seemed to be a useful source for emotional stimulation. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Population The pOpulation for this study was the clients of the Lansing Office of the Division of Vocational Rehabili- tation. The subjects were chosen from the one thousand five hundred ninety open cases on February 19, 1971. The alcoholic population was defined as those individuals warranting voca- tional assistance because of their alcoholic problem. The control population was defined as all the clients excluding those whose primary area of assistance was alcoholism. Sample Two groups, alcoholic and non-alcoholic, were randomly selected from the defined populations. The subjects of both groups were male, white, thirty-five to fifty-five years of age, judged to be absent of gross emotional pathol- ogy, and volunteered on invitation of their coordinator. Experimental Group Fifteen clients of the alcoholic population met the criteria. In addition, they were required to be present- ly sober and in town. Ten were selected by means of a stan- dardized randomizing procedure. 28 29 Control Group The random sampling consisted of choosing every fifth client starting at the third client in the client list computer printout of February 19, 1971. Twenty-seven subjects were chosen. The coordinator with whom the client was working called the client and asked if he would be wil- ling to participate. The coordinator followed a uniform procedure for information given the client concerning the study (see Appendix A). Of the eleven volunteers, the first ten were chosen. Experimental Desigp In order to test the hypotheses stated in Chapter I, a research design was formulated that would permit a comparison between the experimental and control groups. These groups were compared on the basis of three physiol- ogical responses using a total of fourteen measures between and within these groups. The Greenhouse and Geiser method was used on a repeated measures design in which all the sub- jects in both groups received the same treatment and were measured across all fourteen measures. The design was a 2 x 3 x 8 x 10 x 14, a group by time by film by subject by measures. (See Appendix B for diagram of the experimental design). Instrumentation Various types of mechanical apparatus were used in this study. This equipment was used to present the 30 treatment and to record the physiological responses. The classification of equipment followed two divisions. I. The equipment used in presenting the stimulus was as follows: (A) A video-tape recorder-player (VTR) was used to make the continuous treatment video tape (a c0py of the original filmed vignettes). The VTR was used to play the tape through the television monitor during the treatment sessions (see Appendix C). (B) The treatment tape was presented on a twenty- three inch television monitor placed five feet from the subject (see room arrangement, Appendix D). (C) The studio room arrangement is described in Appendix D. The only light used in the studio was a sixty-watt bulb in the lamp on the table. The studio and instrumentation rooms shared central air conditioning set at 71°F. (D) A buzzer type communication system between the two rooms was used. It was activated by the subject by pressing a button causing a radio-transmitted sig- nal to buzz in the instrumentation room. II. The equipment used in recording the physiological re- sponses was as follows: (A) The Grass Model 5D Polygraph, four channel, strip chart recorder (Grass Instrument Co., Quincy, Mass.) was used for recording the three physiological responses. The machine consisted of three basic components 31 constituting a channel: (1) the transducer converted the physical energy being monitored into an electrical signal, (2) an amplifier, and (3) a recorder. The re- corder's location in the equipment organization can be noted in the flow chart in Appendix E. (B) Electrical skin conductance was measured by using bipolar electrodes. One silver silver chloride (Ag-AgCl) electrode (Beckman) was connected to the palmar surface of the right hand and the other to the volar surface of the forearm, presumed to be a non-emotional sweating skin site (Sternbach, 1966). The electrode application procedures were given under the section entitled, "Pre- paring the Subject." The electrodes were connected to an appropriate electronic bridge, Hagfors Bridge (Adams, 1971), and in turn to one channel of a strip chart re- corder (see Section II. A., above). (C) Heart rate was measured by using bipolar, precor- dial leads with one electrode (Ag-AgCl, Beckman) posi- tioned on the seventh rib below the left nipple. The other electrode (Ag-AgCl, Beckman) was positioned on the sterum on or near the attachment of the fourth rib. They were attached to a cardiotachometer (Heart Rate Monitor Model 500, Parks Electronics Laboratory) which was connected to one channel of a strip chart recorder (see Section II. A., above). The EKG was integrated to provide a DC voltage which was prOportional to heart rate. Cardiotachograms were calibrated using a Model 32 SMS Grass Stimulator connected to the cardiotachometer as shown in Appendix E. (D) Respiration rate was measured by using a mercury- in-rubber strain gauge (Ax, 1964) placed around the subject's chest, below the line of the armpits and approximately one inch above the nipples. The gauge was attached to a Plethysmograph (Model 270, Parks Electronics Laboratory) which was connected to channel three of the strip chart recorder (see Section II. A., above). (E) The materials used in the application of the skin conductance and heart rate electrodes were a solution of alcohol (ethanol) for cleaning the surface of the skin and a standard electrode paste for a conducting medium on the electrode. Experimental Procedure All the subjects in the experimental and control groups received the same treatment. The treatment sessions were carried out between May 3, 1971, and June 3, 1971. They took place in the audio-visual laboratory consisting of a studio and instrumentation room in Giltner Hall on the Cam- pus of Michigan State University in East Lansing (see Appen- dix D). Each subject received the treatment individually during the evening between 6 P.M. and 8 P.M. This time was chosen for the quietness of the hour, availability of 33 employed subjects, and the same time of the day for the treatment for each subject. Equipment Preparation The equipment (see Instrumentation) was warmed up one-half hour before the arrival of the subject. The air conditioner was turned on and set for 71°F. The Grass Model 5D Polygraph was turned on and calibrated according to set procedures for each of the physiological responses and the corresponding channels (see Appendix F). The Hagfors Bridge and the plethysmograph were used in the calibration and then turned off while the subject was being prepared. The tape was checked on the monitor in the studio (experimental room) for picture clarity and sound level. The tape was set on the video-tape player at the established starting point. The buzzer for communication between the instrumentation room and the experimental room was set up and tested. The chair, light, and angle of the monitor were arranged (see diagram of room arrangement, Appendix D). A "Stop Experi- ment in Progress Please Do Not Open the Door, if you need someone or something ask in Room 103" sign was placed on the door of the hall leading to the studio and the instru- mentation rooms. Janitors were asked not to disturb the area when the experiment was in progress. Subject Preparation The subjects either came to the experimental set- ting by their own transportation or were transported by the 34 experimenter. In the later situation, the experimenter's assistant, a graduate student, would follow the rehearsed, written-out, warm-up procedures. The experimenter invited the subject into the ex— perimental room where he was told that he would be shown a series of films. The experimenter asked the subject for permission to record his physiological reactions during the showing of the films and to share verbal reactions after the films were shown. After permission was received, the subject was asked to go across the hall and wash his hands. He was casually watched in order that he did it well. After returning to the studio, the physiological measurement devices were attached to the subject. The heart rate (HR) and electrical skin conductance (ESC) electrodes were applied (see Instrumentation) with the subject's shirt and undershirt removed. After putting on his undershirt, the strain gauge, described under Instrumentation, was put into place. The electrodes and gauge were then connected to the equipment. If the electrodes and the strain gauge were working pr0per1y as indicated on the polygraph record, the subject was asked the following: whether he was hard of hearing and whether he was comfortable. He was asked to refrain from smoking. He was told he would see a series of situations. He was to try to pretend that he was alone in the room with the person on the screen and pretend that he was talking to him directly and privately. After each 35 situation, he would be asked to relax. When told to sit back and relax, he was to relax, to sit quietly and not to move around. After a couple of minutes, he would hear a click, followed by the instructions "OK, get ready," This signaled a new situation to be presented shortly. If the monitor malfunctioned, he was to press the buzzer. He was asked, "Are you ready to begin?" After an affirmative an- swer, the experimenter left the room. Treatment When the subject was relaxing and the equipment appeared to be functioning well, the video tape player was begun and continued until the treatment was over. The con- tinuous treatment tape sequence proceeded in the following manner. The continuous treatment tape consisted of T1, T2, and T3. T1 was a rest period with a two-minute presen- tation of a soft fuzzy screen. T2 was a fifteen-second orientation period which consisted of an initial click fol- lowed by the statement "OK, get ready," recorded on the tape. T3 was a presentation of one of the affective vi- gnettes. After the first and each successive vignette, the directions "OK, sit back and relax" were presented. This was followed by the second Tl. When the eighth film was concluded, a final T1 was presented and recorded as additional data. 36 The treatment consisted of eight vignettes of affective stimulus films. The two basic emotions of affec- tion and rejection were presented on the films. They were each presented in four different forms, two by each sex. The vignette presentations were not randomized. The fol- lowing diagram describes the order in which the various film sequences were presented, e.g., F1 then F2, through F8: MALE FEMALE Subtle Fl F AFFECTION 3 Bl t t F a an 2 F4 Subtle F5 F7 REJECTION Blatant F6 F8 The actors were as follows: a male, twenty-five years of age, white, middle-class, dressed in a grey suit, "good looking," and a convincing actor; and a female, twenty-five years of age, white, "attractive," middle-class, modestly dressed, and a convincing actress. A description of the affect and verbal content of each vignette is found in Ap- pendix G. During the treatment session, the graph paper on the strip chart recorder was manually and systematically marked at the end of each time period (T and T3). If 1' T2! there were any extraneous variables such as coughing or a loud noise which might have some impact upon the record, they were also noted. There was no visual viewing of 37 subjects by the experimenter during the treatment session. All subjects received the identical treatment. Post-Treatment Session After the treatment session, the experimenter entered the studio and did a limited session of Interper- sonal Process Recall (Kagan, gp‘al., 1967). Although this was not part of the treatment procedure, it permitted an exploration of the subject's reactions to the films. The reacting to the films was the task the subjects had ini- tially agreed to do when invited to join the study (see Appendix A). Finally, a post-treatment checklist (Appendix H) was given. Scoring Procedures A total of fourteen measures was taken on the three physiological responses, electrical skin conductance (ESC), heart rate (HR), and respiration rate (RR). The scoring of these measures was done by two researchers. One researcher scored the data on a certain measure for both of the groups in order to insure consistent scoring. The data for each subject was placed on a data sheet (see Appendix I). The scoring followed certain general and physiol- ogical response grouping procedures. The following general measurement procedures were applied to all the measures. First, if body movement was encountered, as recog- nized by non-physiological changes in RR and concomitant 38 changes in HR and ESC, the period of the movement was deter- mined as the "omit period," and was omitted from the record as artifact (Ax, 1964). When movement was determined, a ten-second lag was added to the "omit period" in order to compensate for the artifact of movement (Lindsley, 1950). The number of movements was included as an individual mea- sure (M ), for it may have been affected by the treatment. 14 Secondly, if there was movement, the segments of the time sequence still scorable were averaged. Third, the data which was unscorable was replaced with the group mean (see Appendix J). Finally, entire records were rejected either be- cause responses were given in a blatantly uncooperative manner or were unscorable due to artifact problems either physiological or mechanical. Four subjects, two from each subject group, were rejected. Each physiological response used several measure- ments. The measurements consisted of six electrical skin conductance measures (M1 - M6), four heart rate measures (M ), three respiration rate measures (M - M ), ll 13 ). The six electrical skin 7"”10 and the movement measure (M14 conductance measures were: the mean rate (M1); the high point (M2); the low point (M3); the baseline lepe (M4); the conservative number of peaks (M5); and the liberal num- ber of peaks (M6). The heart rate measures were: the mean rate (M7); the highest rate (M8); the lowest rate (M9); and 39 the number of peaks (M10). The respiration rate measures were: the mean rate (M11); the number of apnea (M12); the mean length of apnea (M13); and the number of movement omits (M14). During the data collection procedures for the electrical skin conductance, no measurement was taken of the first three and a half seconds of each time sequence (T1, T2, and T3) because electrical skin conductance typically lags stress (Adams, 1971). A micromho scale was developed for collecting ESC data from the record. The procedures for the electrical skin conductance measures are described in Appendix K. Preliminary to the heart rate data collection procedures, the linearity of the heart rate was determined. This was accomplished by using the precalibration data, ob- tained during the calibration of the Grass 5D Polygraph (see procedures, channel #1, Appendix F). A graph was drawn with the heart rate as the x axis and the paper de- flection in centimeters from the lower portion of channel #1 as the y axis. The procedures for the heart rate measures are described in Appendix K. The data collection procedures for the respiration rate are described in Appendix K. Analysis of Data The data was analyzed by standardizing the scores of dependent variables. This was achieved by dividing 40 through each measured score by the standard deviation for the total time period of that respective measurement for all subjects. This was done to all the measurements to put them all on the same metric. The Greenhouse and Geiser method was used to determine the degree of freedom neces- sary for the repeated measures factor. General and Specific Hypotheses I. The alcoholic group (G1) will score significantly lower than the non-alcoholic group (G2) in electrical skin conduc- tance as measured by various methods during the presentation of all the affective film stimuli. A. The alcoholic group will score significantly lower than the non-alcoholic group in the mean electrical skin conductance (Ml) during the presentation of all the affective film stimuli. H1 = G1‘62 B. The alcoholic group will score significantly lower than the non-alcoholic group in the difference between the high (M2) and low (M3) points of the electrical skin conductance during the presentation of all the affective film stimuli. H2 = G1G2 B. The alcoholic group will score significantly higher than the non-alcoholic group in the difference between the high (M8) and low (M9) peak scores of the heart rate during the presentation of all the affective film stim- uli. H9 = G1) G2 C. The alcoholic group will score significantly higher than the non-alcoholic group in the high point scores (M8) of the heart rate during the presentation of all the affective film stimuli. H10 = G1) C'2 D. The alcoholic group will score significantly higher than the non-alcoholic group in the low point scores (M9) of the heart rate during the presentation of all the affective film stimuli. H = G12>G ll 2 E. The alcoholic group will score significantly higher than the non—alcoholic group in the amount of heart rate 43 peaks (M10) during the presentation of all the affec- tive film stimuli. H12 = G1) G2 III. The alcoholic group (G1) will score significantly different than the non-alcoholic group (G2) in their res- piration rate as measured by various methods during the presentation of all the affective vignette stimuli. A. The alcoholic group will score significantly lower than the non-alcoholic group in the mean respiration rate (M11) during the presentation of all the affec- tive film stimuli. H13 = G1< G2 B. The alcoholic group will score significantly higher than the non-alcoholic group in the number of apnea (M12) during the presentation of all the affective film stimuli. = G ;>G l4 1 2 C. The alcoholic group will score significantly higher H than the non-alcoholic group in the mean length of apnea (M13) during the presentation of all the affective film stimuli. H15 = 61) G2 D. The alcoholic group will score significantly higher than the non-alcoholic group in the number of movements (M14) during the presentation of all the affective film stimuli. 44 Summary The pOpulation from which the subjects were ran- domly selected was the clients of the Lansing Office of the Michigan Division of Vocational Rehabilitation. The samples consisted of ten, white, male volunteers, thirty-five to fifty-five years of age, and judged to be absent of gross emotional pathology. The experimental (alcoholic) and the control (non- alcoholic) groups received the identical treatment. Each viewed eight affective vignettes depicting affection or re- jection by a male or female actor. While the subjects were presented with the film stimulus, the three physiological responses of electrical skin conductance, heart, and respi- ration were recorded using a Grass 5D Polygraph. A total of fourteen measures was taken. After the treatment, a post-treatment checklist was given. The data was collected and analyzed according to an Analysis of Variance with a repeated measures design. CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS Analysis of the Results An analysis of the data is presented in this chapter. The analysis of variance results, tables, and an analysis for generating hypotheses for future research are presented. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used. Table 4.1 presents the analysis of variance table of trans- formed scores. The table includes the source of variation, reduced sum of squares, degrees of freedom mean squares, and the F-ratios. A conservative test was used with the degrees of freedom held at l and 14 and the critical F-value at .05 was 4.60, as indicated on Table 4.1. The effects which are sig- nificant on the conservative test are definitely significant. The effects which are not significant on the conservative test may possibly be significant on a liberal test. The liberal test uses the degrees of freedom of the design as given in Table 4.1. If the tests are significant on the liberal test, they are potentially significant and worthy of future study. If they are not significant on the liberal test, there is no possibility that they are significant. 45 46 Table 4.1 ANOVA Table of Transformed Scores Sources of Reduced Degrees of Mean F Variation Sum of Freedom Square Ratio Squares G [Groups] 204.206 1 204.206 4.089** S(G) [Sub- 699.258 14 49.947 jects within Groups] F [Films] 14.192 7 2.027 1.202 FG 21.118 7 3.017 1.789 FS(G) 165.244 98 1.686 T [Times] 37.496 2 18.748 3.368** TG .567 2 .284 .051 TS(G) 155.863 28 5.567 TF 45.191 14 3.228 1.744 TFG 30.848 14 2.203 1.191 TFS(G) 362.684 196 1.850 M [Measures] 27368.770 l3 2105.290 98.281* MG 326.011 13 25.078 1.171 MS(G) 3898.621 182 21.421 MF 175.573 91 1.929 l.346** MFG 157.210 91 1.728 1.206 MFS(G) 1825.648 1274 1.433 MT 481.800 26 18.531 4.526** MTG 70.996 26 2.731 .667 MTS(G) 1490.227 364 4.094 47 Table 4.1 (Continued) ANOVA Table of Transformed Scores Sources of Reduced Degrees of Mean F Variation Sum of Freedom Square Ratio Squares MTF 293.403 182 1.612 l.339** MTFG 268.472 182 1.475 l.319** MTFS(G) 3726.199 2548 1.475 TOTAL 41819.644 5375 7.780 Code: G Groups; S = Subjects; F = Treatment Measures; * = significance at .05 on * = significance at .05 on liberal test. Films; T = Time; M conservative test; it" II The repeated measures design showed no significant differences on the conservative test in groups, times, films, or any of their interactions. Additionally, there was no significance on any measure times any independent variable interaction. An examination of Table 4.1 indicates a sig- nificant difference in the M (Measures) source of variation; however, it is not meaningful to compare electrical skin conductance, heart rate, and respiration rate, even in a dimension free quantity as the standard score. Two other F-ratios, G and MT, actually approach significance; there- fore, it is of interest to look at them. The group effect, G, showed the control (non- alcoholic) group as having a higher average score than the experimental (alcoholic) group. A closer inspection of 48 the MG interaction, indicates a higher mean score on all the electrical skin conductance and heart rate measures for the control (non-alcoholic) than experimental (alcoholic) group while all the respiration rate mean scores were lower for the control (non-alcoholic) group. MT (Measures by Time) has an F-ratio which ap- proached significance when a conservative test is used with alpha at .05 but it is difficult to understand. The graph of the MT interaction is found in Figure 4.1 and an enlarge- ment of one section of that graph appears in Figure 4.2. Inspection of Figure 4.1 and 4.2 indicates that M (the 1 mean electrical skin conductance), M2 (the high point of the electrical skin conductance), M3 (the low point of the electrical skin conductance), M (the mean heart rate), 7 M8 (the high point of the heart rate), and M11 (the mean respiration rate) do not appear to be contributing very much to the measures by time interaction. They are rela- tively constant across time. However, as can be seen in Figure 4.2, which is an enlargement of the lower section; and M intersect and indicate 5 10' 14 interaction between measures and time. The interaction of of Figure 4.1, M , M6' M measures M5 and M6 Wlth measures M10 and M14 18 disordinal, implying that the relative elevation of these measures is a function of the time of observation. M and M are not 10 14 parallel and non-intersecting as are M5 and M6° One dimen- sion, M6' is consistently higher than M5. One dimension, Transformed Score Units 49 MB "’ x 4" MB M7 -* (- M7 Mil-9 / (‘Mll M10—* M2 M6 M1\\\‘ - k’1:E:fii M3 "’ “ M6 ' ‘\ M3 r414 —-) ‘— M5 M5 4 .._.Ml4 M12 4 V, ‘- M12 M13 M13 1014 “If T T 'r 1 2 3 Time Sequences Figure 4.1 Transformed Scores for the Measures at the Three Time Sequences (MT) 50 Code for Figure 4.1 and 4.2 Time 1 = Baseline Time 2 = Orientation Time 3 = Stimulus presentation Ml (KESC) = Measure one is the mean electrical skin con- ductance. M2 (HIESC) = Measure two is the high points of the elec- trical skin conductance. M3 (LOESC) = Measure three is the low points of the elec- trical skin conductance. M (SESC) = Measure four is the slope of the electrical skin conductance. Measure five is the number of conservative peaks on the electrical skin conductance. M (CPKESC) M (LPKESC) Measure six is the number of liberal peaks on the electrical skin conductance. M (KHR) = Measure seven is the mean heart rate. M8 (HIHR) = Measure eight is the high point of the heart rate. M9 (LOHR) = Measure nine is the low point of the heart rate. Mlo (PKHR) = Measure ten is the number of peaks in the heart rate. M11 (ERR) = Measure eleven is the mean of the respiration rate. M12 (NA) = Measure twelve is the number of apnea. M13 (HAL) = Measure thirteen is the mean length of apnea. M (MALL) = Measure fourteen is the number of movements. 14 Trans- formed Score Units 2.001 .90- .80- .70-4 .60‘ .504 .40‘ .304 .204 .1o~ 1.00— .90s .80- .70-4 .60" .50- .304 .20" .104 51 M10 -——————9 €-—-——-—- M6 M2 ‘,_.—-—'——_——- g M2 M3 —-) “ M1 M1 .._——-»" M3 M6 -—-? r414 —-v ‘4 ~15 M5 -—-4P ‘——— M10 (—' M14 ’//' 4e—’ M12 M13 4——-""' M13 0.00 -.1o 1 Time Sequences Figure 4.2 Enlargement of Figure 4.1 52 M is consistently higher than M The interaction of 10' M4 Wlth M12 and M13 18 disordinal. The sources of variation G, T, MF, MT, MTF, and 14' MTFG are significant on the liberal test and are worthy of future investigation. Since these sources are not signifi- cant on the conservative test, it results in an inability to draw a definitive conclusion. (When the conservative test does not reject the null hypothesis and the liberal test does reject the null hypothesis, the results are un- clear and there is difficulty in interpretation.) Table 4.2 presents the group means in transformed scores which were used in the analysis of variance. This table presents Group I (alcoholic) and Group II (non-alcoholic) mean scores on all the measures (M1 - M14) over the three time periods (Tl - baseline, T2 - orientation, and T3 - presentation of the treatment stimulus). Table 4.3 presents the total range of responses over a time sequence on the high and low point scores of the electrical skin conductance and the heart rate measures. The range (difference between the subject's high and low scores during a time sequence, e.g., T , T 1 2’ calculated. The resulting group means of this range are and T3) was presented in Table 4.3. 53 Table 4.2 Transformed Scores of the Group Means for the Repeated Measures ANOVA Group I (Experimental) Group II (Control) Measures Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Ml(iESC) .991 1.013 .996 1.247 1.297 1.336 M2(HIESC) .991 .983 .987 1.287 1.288 1.371 M3(LOESC) .988 1.027 1.003 1.240 1.286 1.322 M4(SESC) —.006 -.170 -.107 -.150 .332 -.113 MS(CPKESC) .197 .668 .189 .579 1.465 .885 M6(LPKESC) .769 1.098 .899 1.017 1.431 1.388 M7(KHR) 5.446 5.442 5.385 6.668 6.666 6.622 MS(HIHR) 5.945 5.742 5.769 7.222 6.973 7.128 M9(LOHR) 5.175 5.223 5.015 6.331 6.432 6.278 M10(PKHR) 2.194 .731 .731 3.350 .487 .244 M11(ERR) 3.806 3.821 3.816 5.547 3.462 3.728 M12(NA) .346 .000 .231 .231 .070 .231 M13(EAL) .360 .000 .255 .211 .070 .189 M14(MALL) 1.152 .123 .392 .686 .270 .392 Code: See Page 50. 54 Table 4.3 Group Means of the Range of the High and Low Point Responses of the Electrical Skin Conductance and Heart Rate During the Three Time Sequences Group I (Experimental) Group II (Control) Measures Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 ESC .614 .286 .484 1.092 .785 1.155 HR 1.846 .787 1.487 1.705 .688 1.593 Code: ESC = Electrical Skin Conductance: HR = Heart Rate. Analysis for Generating Hypotheses Additional statistical analyses were performed in order to get further insight into the pattern of the rela- tionship of a number of variables. Since they are post hoc, they must be thought of as hypothesis generating rather than hypothesis testing. A multivariate analysis of variance was performed using the variables of M1(§ESC), difference of M2(HIESC) minus M3(LOESC), MS(CPKESC), M6(LPKESC), M8(§HR), difference of M8(HIHR) minus M9(LOHR), and M10(PKHR). Group I (alco- holic) and Group II (non-alcoholic) were compared on the group means of the seven variables at T (the presentation 3 of the affective film stimuli). The results of the multivariate analyses of variance and the univariate F tests are presented in 55 Table 4.4. The multivariate F test statistic for testing the equality of mean vectors was 2.2099 with 7.000 and 8.000 degrees of freedom. This test was not significant at the .05 level indicating the groups did not differ in the multivariate case. A series of univariate F tests were performed to test the difference between Group I (alcoholic) and Group II (non-alcoholic) on the seven variables at T3 Table 4.4 Multivariate and Univariate F Tests for the Analysis of Differences between Groups on Seven Measures Judged Most Important Multivariate Test F Ratio for Multivariate Test = 2.2099 D.F. = 7, 8 p Less Than .1445 Univariate Tests Variable ‘ Hypothesis Univariate p Less Mean Square F Test Than 2880 .4614 .4120 .5314 DIFESC 1.8010 2.0188 .1773 CPKESC .9584 1.1622 .2993 LPKESC 1.9398 3.4579 .0841 288 6.1194 9.9290 .0071* DIFHR .0444 .1875 .6717 PKHR .9506 .7368 .4052 *Significant at the .05 level. 56 (Table 4.4). This procedure required that the sum of the alpha levels in the seven univariate F tests did not exceed the overall alpha level (.05). Therefore, the alpha level set for each of the F tests was .0071. The results of the univariate tests suggested that on the iHR the groups dif- fered at .0071. The EHR of the groups differed also during the initial baseline, see Table 4.2, which appears to be a difference due to the groups rather than a treatment effect. The differences of the other six variables were not near significance. Summary A repeated measure analysis of variance was used to test the difference in group means on the fourteen physiol- ogical measures between the alcoholic group and non-alcoholic group. There was no significance found between the two groups. Additional analysis was performed for the purpose of hypothesis generating. A multivariate analysis of vari- ance and univariate F tests were performed. The multivariate test was not significant but there was significance on a single univariate F test. This significance will be dis- cussed under implications for future research in Chapter V. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, DISCUSSION, IMPLICATIONS Summary This research was an attempt to contribute to the present understanding of a known behavior group's physiol- ogical response to emotion. More specifically, the study compared the physiological responses of an alcoholic and non-alcoholic group during the presentation of affective stimulus films. The investigation attempted to determine if there were certain physiological responses that were sig- nificantly different between the groups. The major theoretical underpining of this study was that there was a relationship between physiological be— havior and social behavior. It was postulated that feelings influence behavior and that feelings were at least in large part physiological in nature. The implication of these statements bear on therapy in general, and alcoholics in particular. The basic questions of the study were as follows: (1) Would the alcoholic group score significantly lower than the non-alcoholic group on electrical skin conductance measure- ments during the presentation of all the affective film 57 58 stimuli? (2) Would the alcoholic group score significantly higher than the non-alcoholic group for heart rate measure- ments during the presentation of all the affective film stimuli? (3) Would the alcoholic group score significantly different than the non-alcoholic group for respiration rate measurements during the presentation of all the affective film stimuli? Past research has demonstrated a relationship between emotion and physiology. Some of the measures often used to measure this relationship were electrical skin con- ductance, heart rate, and respiration rate. It was hypo- thesized that these measures might differentiate the physiological responses of alcoholics from non-alcoholics. Previous research has also found films a useful source for emotional stimulation. The p0pulation from which the subjects were ran- domly selected was the list of clients of the Lansing Office of the Michigan Division of Vocational Rehabilitation. The samples consisted of ten, white, male volunteers, thirty- five to fifty-five years of age, who were described by the agency as free from symptoms of gross emotional pathology. The experimental (alcoholic) and the control (non-alcoholic) groups received the identical treatment. Each viewed eight affective vignettes, each vignette depic- ting mild or blatant affection or rejection enacted by a male or female actor. While the subjects were presented 59 with the film stimulus, the three physiological responses of electrical skin conductance, heart rate, and respiration rate were recorded using a Grass 5D Polygraph. Various dimensions of each of these three responses were measured which resulted in a total of fourteen measures recorded from each subject. After the treatment, a post-treatment check list was given. The list consisted of a collection of data which described the test setting and the physical and social status of the subject at the time of testing (see Appendix H). The data were collected and analyzed according to a repeated measures analysis of variance. Results of the repeated measures analysis of vari- ance indicated no significant difference on the group means at the .05 level. Since there was no significance, individ- ual analysis of each hypothesis was not performed. A post hoc analysis on a subset of the measures was performed for the purpose of hypothesis generating. Conclusions The experimental (alcoholic) and control (non- alcoholic) groups were not found to be significantly dif- ferent as hypothesized in the study. The various physiological measures of electrical skin conductance, heart rate, and res- piration rate failed to show a significant difference (at .05) in the presence of specified emotional stimuli as was hypoth- esized. An attempt will be made in the following section h) :h i: In 1:14 60 to understand these results in relationship to the major theoretical underpining of the study. Discussion This section will attempt to describe the results in relationship to the major theoretical underpining by considering possible limitations, possible confounding vari- ables, and the investigator's non-hypothesized interpreta- tions of the study. Theory The major theoretical underpining of this study was that there was a relationship between physiological behavior and social behavior. It was postulated that feel- ings influence behavior and that feelings were at least in large part physiological in nature. This relationship between feeling and physiology of the alcoholic and non- alcoholic was hypothesized in this study. It was hypo- thesized that the alcoholic suppresses emotions as an avoidance behavior and that this suppression was reflected in physiological behavior as evidenced in the electrical skin conductance, heart rate, and respiration rate. First, the alcoholic group would have lower electrical skin con- ductance response than the non-alcoholic group because the alcoholic appeared to suppress or block emotions. This suppression appeared generally to result in a lower level of ESC as reflected in the work by Kagan (1970). Secondly, 61 the alcoholic group would have increased heart rate and a less stable heart rate than the non-alcoholic group as a concomitant of suppressing or blocking emotional awareness. This suppression appeared generally to result in the heart rate increasing and becoming less stable or increasing the number of peaks (Kagan, 1970). Finally, the alcoholic would have greater control in breathing, more body movements, and more time spent in the holding of the breath than the non- alcoholic because the alcoholic tended to suppress or block emotional awareness. This suppression was hypothesized to be reflected as tenseness in respiration, increased body movement, and increased time spent holding of the breath. Why did the findings not support these hypotheses? It is possible the hypotheses were incorrect and that there was no difference between the alcoholic and non-alcoholic. If this was true, then it might be necessary to re-examine many of the ideas of what makes an alcoholic an alcoholic (i.e., perhaps alcoholism is largely a physical and/or chemical rather than a psychogenic disorder). It might also be pos- sible that alcoholics and non-alcoholics have identical emotional makeup but simply find different ways of expres- sing it. It might , however, be possible that some of the limitations of the current design interfered and that the hypotheses still are valid. 62 Limitations Some limitations which might have contributed to the results are the socioeconomic level of the two groups, the influence of drugs upon physiological responses, the possible inclusion of alcoholics in the control group, the age factor, the act of volunteering, the laboratory setting of the experiment, and the inclusion of the orientation measure in the analysis. 1. The socioeconomic factor might have limited the results. The alcoholic group generally contained individuals who had a lower educational level than the non-alcoholics, longer periods of unemployment, more skilled employed versus unskilled, a greater number considered disadvantaged, and a median rating of severe on a disability scale of mild, moderate, and severe. The non-alcoholic group had more recent employment, more unskilled employment, a fewer num- ber considered disadvantaged, and a median rating of moderate on a disability scale. In addition, the actors on the stimulus films might have reflec- ted a different socioeconomic level than the sub- jects which might have influenced the responsiveness of all the subjects to the affective stimuli. The limitations of the possible influence of drugs upon physiological response was revealed in the post-treatment check list. The clients of the 63 Division of Vocational Rehabilitation might have been taking more medication than would have ideally been desired and expected. The physiological data from each group was confounded by the recent intake of coffee, tobacco, and/or various medications. The check list data showed that in the experimental group, seven members had coffee shortly before the sessions, eight had tobacco, and two had one or more types of medication that day. In the control group, all members had coffee shortly before the treatment session, six had tobacco, and six had one or more types of medication on that day. The results might have been limited by the inclu- sion of alcoholics in the control group. Plaut (1967) states In most instances these figures probably grossly underestimate the number of problem drinkers in contact with a particular agency. There continues to be a strong tendency not to give the diagnosis of alcoholism to pa- tients and clients. A typical population would have a certain number of alcoholics; however, the inclusion of some heavy drinkers or even alcoholics in the study may have confounded the results. For example, it was learned later that one of the subjects in Group II had two "shots" of gin one half hour before the treatment session. Other controls admitted to drinking al- cohol although the amount was not quantified and a classification of alcoholism was not made. 64 The factor of age might have been a limiting fac- tor on the physiological responses. Good physiol- oqical records are more difficult to obtain as age increases (Sternbach, 1966). The alcoholic and non-alcoholic groups had respective mean ages of forty-seven and forty-three point six. The al- coholic group had fifty per cent of its members over fifty years of age while only one of the non- alcoholic group was over fifty. The act of volunteering by subjects might have been related to rapport between coordinator and client and the coordinator's willingness to cooperate in the study. Subjectively, the higher level of coor- dinator-client rapport seemed to be in the same direction as the amount of willingness by the subject to cooperate in the study. There was a further limitation of presenting two levels of two emotions in a laboratory setting rath- er than in the normal environment. Sternbach (1966) raises the concern as to how representative the lab- oratory results are of true emotion. Would the alcoholic or control respond physiologically differ- ently if he was at home and a male or female friend were saying what the actors did? The inclusion of the orientation response, T2, as part of the analysis of the data, might have 65 introduced a large amount of measurement error which might have adversely affected the results of the study. It was more difficult to get a typical scorable response for T2 than for T1 (baseline) or T3 (stimulus presentation). The greater amount of bodily movements of the sub- jects during T resulted in records with a large 2 amount of unscorable data necessitating the sub- stitution of the group means for the missing data. In future research, efforts should be made to reduce the amount of unscorable data in T to a 2 level comparable to that in T1 and T3. ConfoundingfiVariables As Wenger and others have shown, the relationship between emotion and physiology is an exceedingly complex phe- nomenon with many parameters (see Chapter II). The issues of stimulus response specificity (an individual will react differently to different stimuli), individual response specificity (each individual has his own unique responses), law of initial values (". . . the higher the prestimulus level of functioning, the smaller the response to a function- increasing stimulus . . . ."), may be some confounding vari— ables that operated during the treatment session (Sternbach, 1966). Lacey (1959) states that the higher the pre-stimulus tensions the smaller the magnitude of responses. Lacey (1959) 66 further reports that subjects become bored with lengthy intervals between stimuli. He also (Lacey, in Sternbach, 1966) reports the limitation of films because the subject must attend to the films (an audio-visual complex) and at- tending is associated with a configuration of physiological responses of its own. Physiologically, people with a tendency toward heart problems would tend to be more reactive on heart mea- sures (Sternbach, 1966). The present study had subjects with heart problems in both groups. There is also the variable of the physiological difference in the groups due to the extent of physiological damage done by alcohol to members of the experimental group. Observations and Implications The following is a list of some of the investiga- tor's non-hypothesized observations about the investigation and possible interpretations. 1. Certain subjects in each group did reflect the hypothesized physiological responses. Figure 5.1 is a copy of an actual record and reflects the expected physiological reaction on the three phys- iological responses for a member of Group I (alco- holic): Figure 5.2 is a copy of an actual record and reflects the expected physiological reaction on the three physiological responses for a member 67 Channel 1* Heart Rate Channel 2* Respiration Rate Channel 3* Electrical Skin Conductance *Subject #4 on F8 Figure 5.1 A Copy of an Actual Record for a Member of Group I During T3. 68 Channel 1* Heart Rate Channel 2* Respiration Rate Channel 3* Electrical Skin Conductance *Subject #8 on F8. Figure 5.2 A Copy of an Actual Record for a Member of Group II During T3. 69 of Group II (non-alcoholic) suggesting that there may be several types among each group. The analyses of the data may have been biased further by substituting group mean scores based on small sample sizes for missing or unscorable data. In one instance where the heart rate was not able to be recorded, the group mean heart rate was substituted. Although the mean respiration rate for each group was not significantly different (but in the hypo— thesized direction), there was nonetheless an apparent difference in the quality of the rate. The alcoholics' breathing appeared to be very regular while the non-alcoholics' breathing had a greater variability in the inhalation and ex- halation during a time segment. There seemed to be a sense of controlling the respiration response during the time sequence by the alcoholic. The inhalations and exhalations were very uniform in size and length. If true, this may have been due to the laboratory situation and a desire to appear to respond in a certain manner to the investigator. Perhaps, the respiration rate reflects the alco- holic group members fear of disclosing what they may have been feeling. If true, this would fit the theoretical model postulated in Chapter I. Of course, this is highly speculative. 70 During the presentation of F (female, mild affec- 3 tion), the non—alcoholic group responded with increased electrical skin conductance, increased heart rate, and more irregular respiration than during F2 (male, blatant affection). On the other hand, the alcoholic group, except for two members, did not respond as the controls had done from F 2 to F3. The non-alcoholic may have been attending to more of the feeling that was being expressed and their own feelings whereas the alcoholic group may have been dealing less with the feelings being expressed and their own feelings, according to the theoretical model. All the subjects as a group on the Times by Films (TF) interaction responded with a higher group mean score of the sum of the measures, during T l (baseline), than during T2 (orientation), and T3 (stimulus presentation). There was an exception to the above statement. During the initial Tl (baseline) at F (male, mild affection) there was 1 a lower group mean score of the sum of the measures than during the initial T2 (orientation) and T3 (stimulus presentation) at Fl (male, mild affection). This may have been caused by the subjects being more completely at rest and, therefore, may have been a good baseline. 71 6. ‘The word "kiss" did cause various subjects to show ESC increase. The literature (Lacey, 1959) reported that certain words like "kiss" would result in increased reactivity. 7. The post-treatment session provided the investi« gator with the impression that certain of the non- alcoholics were also inhibitors of emotional material. Is it possible that there were more of these inhibitors in this particular non- alcoholic group than there would have been in other non-alcoholic groups or the pOpulation at large? This may have confounded the results. 8. The alcoholics, generally, were more observant of their appointments and were more cooperative than were the controls. Implications for Future Research The results of this study seemed to raise several questions which might be considered in future research. An analysis of the results of this investigation arouses spec- ulation, emphasizes a need for refinement of the design, and concludes with some additional research questions. In speculating about the results as reported in Chapter IV, the significant or near significant results will be examined. The results of the repeated measures ANOVA were presented in Table 4.1 (p.46). The one significant F-ratio at .05, Measures (M), was probably demonstrating only the 72 difference among various measures of electrical skin con- ductance, heart rate, and respiration rate. It may not be reasonable to compare such measures with each other even when they have been converted to a common metric. Although this F-ratio is significant, it is very doubtful how helpful this source of variation would be in future research, where the measures before transformation are on a variety of scales. Groups (G) and Measures by Times (MT) were near the .05 level and would have been significant at .10. G appears to function as a statement of a particular group's general physiological reactivity as measured on the three physiological responses. The higher G score or group mean for the non-alcoholic group might reflect their attending to what is happening now, in regards to the stimuli and the laboratory setting. This response may fit the theoretical model for they might be attending more to their feelings about whatis happening and, therefore, more generally reac- tive than were the alcoholic group. It should be noted that the non-alcoholic group was initially more reactive, having a higher heart rate which might be a sampling error or a function of the group members attending more to their feel- ings. If the latter consideration is true, Groups (G) might be a good statement of general physiological respon- siveness and potentially valuable for future research. Some hypotheses for future research might be that there is a 73 significant difference between the two groups in mean respon- siveness and that the non-alcoholic group is significantly more responsive on the overall mean responsiveness than the alcoholic group. Measures by Times (MT) was near significance and would have been significant at .10. Seven of the measures IMoIMIM 6 1 12 13' ation are worthy of exploration as to the possible meaning (M4, Ms, M and M14) in thlS source of vari- of their patterns of scores and interactions (see Figure 4.2). M (SESC), the slope of the electrical skin conduc— 4 tance, increases from T to T and then decreases from T l 2 2 to T3. The slope upward from T1 to T2 may reflect an acti- vation or preparation by the subject at the "get ready" signal. According to the theoretical position described in Chapter I, the downward movement from T2 to T3 may reflect less attention being paid to the feeling being expressed and thus a downward slope beyond that at T1. The interaction of M4 with M12 (NA), the number of apnea, and M (EAL), the mean length of apnea, might reflect that at 13 times of preparation there is a smaller number and length of holding one's breath, or apnea, at the same time there is greater sweating. This might also reflect the unreliability of the short T2 period and thus increase the error here. A future research hypothesis might be that as the number and mean length of apnea increase the slope of the electrical skin conductance decreases significantly. The converse hypothesis may also be important to investigate. 74 M5 (CPKESC), the number of conservative peaks on the electrical skin conductance, and M6 (LPKESC), the num- ber of liberal peaks on the electrical skin conductance are disordinate and, therefore, non-parallel and non—intersecting. M5 and M6 increase from T1 to T2 and decrease from T2 to T3. It might indicate that in "getting ready" or in preparation (like M above) peOple sweat more resulting in an increase 4 of both conservative and liberal peaks. T is a time se- 2 quence of limited usefulness for measurement here (see Limitation Number 7). A research hypothesis might be that as the sweating increases the number of conservative peaks on the electrical skin conductance increases significantly. It might also be hypothesized that as the sweating increases the number of liberal peaks on the electrical skin conductance increases significantly. M6 intersects with M1 (iESC), the mean electrical skin conductance, M (HIESC), the high points of the elec— 2 trical skin conductance, and M3 (LOESC), the low points of the electrical skin conductance (see Figure 4.2). This suggests that at T2 (orientation) there is a greater in- crease in the number of peaks while there is a very slight decrease in sweating in M and M and a slight increase in l 2 M This might suggest that although there is very little 3. difference in the amount of sweating, the type of sweating may be different (i.e., a more erratic type of sweating). As preparation ends the amount of sweating remains almost 75 constant, but the type of sweating becomes more stable. M decreases from T to T while M , M , and M increase 5 2 3 l 2 3 very slightly from T2 to T3. An investigator of a future research project might hypothesize that during times of preparation the quantity of sweating may not vary signif- icantly from resting but the quality of sweating will be significantly different. M10 (PKHR), the number of peaks in the heart rate, and M14 (MALL), the number of movements are disordinate, that is non-parallel and non-intersecting. Mlo decreases dramatically from T1 to T2 and decreases even further from T2 to T3. This might indicate a greater amount of attending to the stimuli and, therefore, following the theoretical model of a more stable rate when one is attending to feel- ings. A researcher might hypothesize that as the number of peaks in the heart rate decrease there is a significantly greater amount of attention being given to one's feelings. M (MALL) decreases from T1 to T and increases slightly 14 2 from T2 to T3. It appears that during the time of prepa- ration and attending to what is happening the subject has a fewer number of movements than when resting and not attending. M12 (NA), the number of apnea, and M13 (EAL), the mean length of apnea both drop from T1 to T2 and then rises again from T2 to T yet not as high as the original T 3’ 1' It appears, as stated above in discussion M4, that at times 76 of preparation there is a smaller number and length of hold- ing one's breath than during baseline (T1) or during the presentation of stimuli (T3). The lower T2 might also re- flect the limitations of T as a measure described under 2 Limitations. A helpful research hypothesis might be that during periods of preparation the number of apnea and the mean length decreases significantly from times of non- preparation. Some sources of variation which would also be significant at .05 on the traditional repeated measures design (liberal) test were G, T, MF, MT, MTF, and MTFG. Perhaps an investigator in a study with fewer measures and/or increased subjects could find out if there were substantial differences on these dimensions. The analysis for hypothesis generation (Table 4.4) showed the multivariate analysis did not reach the .05 level of significance. Although a difference was not discovered, it is entirely possible that with more subjects or with a more rigorous definition of the alcoholic and non-alcoholic groups (i.e., excluding drinkers in the non-alcoholic group and eliminating the medication problem) a group of distinc- tive physiological measures may be found which distinguish significantly the alcoholic group from the non-alcoholic group. A research hypothesis might be that there is a dis— tinctive group of physiological measures, when combined, are able to distinguish significantly an alcoholic group from a 77 non-alcoholic group. The analysis of the data for hypothesis generation of the univariate test (see Table 4.4) indicated that the mean heart rate showed a significant .05 difference between the two groups during the presentation of all the affective film stimuli. It appears the difference was not a function of the affective film stimuli and subject inter- action. For some reason, the controls had a higher mean heart rate, even initially in the baseline. Perhaps, they were responding more to their feelings about the testing situation. One explanation which further blurrs the response here is that although the mean age of the controls was younger, they had the higher heart rate which would not be expected and is Opposite of what one would expect to find in the age-heart rate norms. It is recommended that the same measure should be repeated in another study to test the hypothesis that the YHR of the group resulted from a biased sample. There was no other measure in the univariate test which even approached a meaningful level of significance. The refinement of the design would include increas- ing the number of subjects, decreasing the number of measures in the study, and matching the subjects on the criteria de- scribed in this chapter under Limitations as well as having control subjects who are definitely not alcoholic and per- haps also a sample of subjects who are considered self- actualizers (emotionally mature). 78 In summary, new research questions may include the following based upon the limitations and the results of the analysis: (1) Is there greater breathing control in the alcoholic group? (2) What is the relationship between more reactive baseline and lower reactivity during emotional stimuli? (3) What is the relationship between the two groups on the overall mean of responsiveness, or, what is the meaning of a difference in overall mean phys- iological responsiveness? (4) Does the slope of the elec- trical skin conductance increase or decrease in relation to the number and mean length of apnea? (5) If the amount of sweating increases does the number of conservative peaks in the electrical skin conductance increase? In like manner, if the amount of sweating increases does the number of liberal peaks in the electrical skin'conductance also in- crease? (6) Does the quantity of sweating remain the same during preparation (orientation) as during resting? -If the quantity of sweating remain the same, is there a dif- ference in quality (i.e., type and number of peaks) during preparation (orientation) than during resting (baseline)? (7) Does a decrease in the number of peaks in the heart rate signify a greater amount of attention being given to a sub- ject's feelings? (8) If a person is attending to the stim- uli or his feelings, is there significantly less bodily movement than when he is not attending? (9) Does the number 79 of apnea and the mean length during periods of preparation decrease significantly from times of non-preparation? Additional research questions might include further study of the hypotheses of this study. The electrical skin conductance measures based upon group means were all in the expected direction. All the heart measures and the respira- tion mean rate based upon group measures were in the Oppo- site direction from that hypothesized, while the number and mean length of apnea measures were non-directional. Would these trends again be observed in new samples of alcoholics and non—alcoholics? BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, T. Personal Communication. 1971. Alexander, F. Emotional Factors in Essential Hypertension. In F. K. Alexander & T. M. French (Eds.), Studies in Psychosomatic Medicine, New York: Ronald Press, 1948. Anderson, R. P. Physiological and Verbal Behavior During Client-Centered Counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1956, 174-184. 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Physiological Gradients as Indicants of "Arousal" in Mirror Tracing. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 1956, 10, 231-238. Malmo, R. B., Shagass, C., & Davis, F. H. Symptom Specificity and Bodily Reactions During Psychiatric Interview. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1950, 12, 362-376. Martin, B. Galvanic Skin Conductance as a Function of Successive Interviews. Journal of Clinical Psychol- 09!, 1956’ 12' 92-940 McCurdy, H. G. Consciousness and the Galvanometer. Psycho- logical RGVieW, 1950' 57' 322-327. McDonald, D. G., Johnson, Laverne C., & Hord, D. J. Habituation of the Orientating Response in Alert and Drowsy Subjects. Psychophysiology, 1964, 1, 163-173. _ 83 Mowrer, O. H., Light, D. H., Luria, z., & Seleny, M. P. Tension Changes During Psychotherapy. In 0. H. Mowrer (Ed.). Psychotherapy: Theory and Research.- New York: RonaldiPress, 1953, 546-640. Plaut, T. F. A. Alcohol Problems — A Report to the Nation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967. Roessler, R., Burch, N. R., & Childers, H. E. PerSonality and Arousal Correlates of Specific Galvanic Skin Response. Psychophysiology, 1966, 3, 115-130. Sherrington, C. S. The Integrative Action of the Nervous System. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1948. Stennett, R. G. The Relationship of Performance Level of Arousal. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1957, 54' 54-61. Sternbach, R. A. Principles of Psychophysiology. New York and London: Academic Press,’l966. Trice, H. Alcoholism in_America. New York, St. Louis, San FranCisco, Toronto, London, and Sydney: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1966. Wallgren, H., & Barry, H. III. Actions of Alcohol. Amsterdam, London, and New York: Elseview Pub- lishing Co., 1970. Wenger, M. A. The Measurement of Individual Differences in Autonomic Balance. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1941, 3, 427-434. Wenger, M. A. A Study of Physiological Factors: The Auto- nomic Nervous System and Skeletal Muscalature. Human Biology, 1942a, 14, 69-84. Wenger, M. A. The Stability of Measurement of Autonomic Balance. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1942b, 4, 94-95. Wenger, M. A. Seasonal Variations in Some Physiological Variables. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 1943, 28, 1101, 1108. Wenger, M. A. Preliminary Study of the Significance of Measures of Autonomic Balance. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1947, 9, 301-309. Wenger, M. A. Studies of Autonomic Balance in Army Air Forces Personnel. Comparative PsycholpgyiMonpgraphs, 1948, 19: No. 4. 84 Wenger, M. A. Emotion as a visceral action: An extension of Lange's theory. In M. L. Reymert (Ed.), Feeling and Emotions: The Mooseheart Sympgsium. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950, 13—10. Wenger, M. A. Studies of Autonomic Balance: A Summary. Psychophysiology, 1966, 4, 173-186. Wenger, M. A. Clemens, T. L., & Cullen, T. D. Autonomic Functions in Patients with Gastrointestinal and Dermatological Disorders. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1962, 24, 267-273. Witkin, H. A., Karp, S. A., & Goodenough, D. R. Dependence in Alcoholics. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 1959, 20, 493-504. Wood, H. P., & Duffy, E. L. Psychological Factors in Alcoholic Women. American Journal of Psychiatry, APPENDICES APPENDIX A MEMO TO COORDINATORS CONCERNING CLIENT CONTACTS ON VOLUNTEERING FOR THE STUDY APPENDIX A MEMO TO COORDINATORS CONCERNING CLIENT CONTACTS ON VOLUNTEERING FOR THE STUDY Some brief notes to help in talking to clients about volunteering for the research project being coordinated by Mr. S. This list of comments is designed to help you when talking to the clients about the study. 1. Ask them if they would like to take part in a research study of D. V. R. clients being conducted at Michigan State University. Everything will be kept strictly confidential. They will be assigned a number so as to keep con- fidentiality. The study is designed to get the reactions of the clients to some films. If they have a lot of questions about the films, please mention to them the fact that we want to get their reaction to the film and that you, as the coordinator, may influence the study by giving them (the client) a pre-determined set or attitude toward the film. It will take only one session of approximately one to one and a half hour of their time. The study will be used in helping to develop coun- seling procedures. Ask them when they will be available, i.e., early evening (preferred). They will be provided with a ride if they would like it. Dear Coordinator, Your cooperation is greatly appreciated. Thank you. 85 APPENDIX B EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 3m” mm. mm, hm” em We mm. em mm mm Hm 3m mm mm $1 m m Ho mm em mm _ mm W Hm L" whihmmmiém malémwhihmmhiémmm...a.mm.m....m.mmm....n.mm_m...a.m 32... «2 as 3:... m: H: :2... as as me me as szmmn AdBZmSHmwmxm m NHDZWmm< 86 H 00 \l 0‘ U1 :5 b) N l-' N H N 3 3 3 3 J] H *3 '11 '11 ’11 '11 '1] '11 '11 '11 Q C) waH 87 CODE Experimental Group Control Group First Film MAS Second Film MAB Third Film FAS Fourth Film FAB Fifth Film MRS Sixth Film MRB Seventh Film FRS Eighth Film FRB Rest Period (2 min.) Orientation Period Film Period Mean Electrical Skin Conductance (XESC) High Reading for Electrical Skin Conductance (HIESC) Low Reading for Electrical Skin Conductance (LOESC) Baseline y2 - y t = x (SESC) y1 = beginning of run y2 = end of run t = time of run x = baseline -down +upward 3 3 '3 Z Z 3 Z 3 Z 3 H I-‘l-‘l-dko 00 ~41 mm 00 tot-'0 H b 88 Conservative Number of Peaks (CPKESC) Liberal Number of Peaks (LPKESC) Mean Heart Rate (EHR) High Heart Rate Level (HIHR) Low Heart Rate Level (LOHR) Number of "Peaks" for Heart Rate (PKHR) Mean Respiratory Rate (ERR) Number of Apnea (NA) Mean Apnea Length (EAL) Periods of Movement (MALL) APPENDIX C VIDEO TAPE PLAYER PROCEDURES ll. 12. 13. 14. APPENDIX C VIDEO TAPE PLAYER PROCEDURES Put the tape on the machine (tape loose). Turn on the machine. Clean the tape heads. Be certain the machine is on release. Check on take up reel and be certain it is all set to go. Put the monitor on in the control room. Turn on buzzer in control room. Put the monitor on in the studio room. Turn on buzzer in the studio room. Check the speaker in the interview room to be certain it is connected. Check and be certain the speaker in the classroom is disconnected. Put the output audio on 3. Put the knob on ready and start to play the tape by pushing the P button. After the test pattern is over, do the following: a. Check tracking by turning until the needle stops and start down. b. Check sound in studio room during test pattern. c. Stop the tape by pushing the S button. d. Put the tape player on release by turning the knob to release. 89 15. 16. 90 Put the knob on ready and push the P button as soon as possible, i.e., do both of the above in order and as quickly as possible. BUT ONLY AFTER THE PERSON RUNNING THE GRASS RECORDER SAYS TO DO SO. After the last film is over T3 (V3), i.e., girl and anger, watch the clock and allow the tape to run for two minutes. Then, immediately, stOp the tape (push the S button) and put the knob on release. ROOM ARRANGEMENTS: APPENDIX D STUDIO AND INSTRUMENTATION n . 3“ ’I' .' APPENDIX D ROOM ARRANGEMENTS: STUDIO AND INSTRUMENTATION equipment Room arrangements showing the location of various during the treatment sessions. B Buzzer C Chair INSTR = Instrumentation Room M = T.V. Monitor PSC Rec = Physiological Receiver SC = Subject's Chair ST = Studio Room T = Table VT = Video Tape Player 91 APPENDIX E FLOW CHART FOR DATA COLLECTION APPENDIX E FLOW CHART FOR DATA COLLECTION Flow chart showing the relationship between the subject, the Grass 5D Polygraph strip chart recorder, and each of the transducers and electronic bridges used to record electrical skin conductance, heart rate, and respira- tion rate, respectively. C = Cardiotachometer GPR = Grass 5D Polygraph GS = Grass Stimulator HB = Hagfors Bridge PB = Plethysmograph Bridge Sb = Subject SG = Strain Gauge 93 94 mI mam mm V cm ZOHBUMAAOU fiBflD mom Bmdmu 30AM APPENDIX F GRASS SD POLYGRAPH PROCEDURES II. Write subject's name and date on beginning of record. Prepare Channel #1 - Heart Rate. A. B. Turn heart monitor on. Calibrate polygraph amplifier. 1. APPENDIX F GRASS 5D POLYGRAPH PROCEDURES Set Input on 20 DK and Voltage on 00. Set Polarity in Down and Cal position. Set Hi-frequency on 60. Set baseline in center of pen area. 'Adjust for 2 cm. deflection. Calibrate polygraph pre-amplifier. 1. On 0.5. Turn on the power switch of stimulator (warm it up). Set the dials at .l, 1, 1, respectively, beginning with the left dial. Set Polarity in Use position. Set black Sensitivity knob on Cal position. Adjust for 2 cm. deflection. After completing, set black Sensitivity knob on 0.2 millivolts. the polygraph amplifier, set Hi-frequency knob on Calibrate for heart rate. 95 96 1. Connect positive and negative lines from stim- ulator to input on heart rate monitor. 2. Turn on repeat switch. 3. Turn heart rate monitor on. 4. Adjust the baseline for 60 beats per minute at 5 millimeters from the bottom of the pen area. 5. Calibrate for heart rate of 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, and 110. F. Turn off the stimulator and disconnect stimulator lines from heart rate monitor. G. After preparing the subject, connect the heart rate leads from the subject to the heart rate monitor. H. Adjust sensitivity on the heart rate monitor (turn dial to right if dropping or turn dial to left if rising). III. Prepare Channel #2 - Respiration Rate. A. Calibrate polygraph amplifier. 1. Set Input on 20 DK and Voltage on 00. 2. 'Set baseline knob at negative .5. 3. Set Sensitivity knob at 2. 4. Set Hi-frequency on 60. 5. Set Polarity in Up and Use position. 6. Do not calibrate deflection. B. Calibrate the polygraph pre-amplifier. 1. Set black Sensitivity knob on 10 or 20 (can be increased or decreased as needed for sensitivity during run). 2. Set adjust cal on 2. C. Turn on the bridge. D. Balance pen with course bridge adjust (in order to get a "good reading," i.e., balanced). 97 E. After preparing the subject, connect the strain gauge leads from the subject to the bridge. IV. Prepare Channel #3 — Electrical Skin Conductance. A. Calibrate the polygraph amplifier. 1. Set Input on 20 DK. 2. Set Hi-frequency on 60. 3. Set Polarity in Down and Cal position. 4. Calibrate 2 cm. deflection. 5. Set Polarity in Use position. B. Calibrate the polygraph pre-amplifier. 1. Set black Sensitivity knob in Cal position. 2. Calibrate for a 2 cm. deflection (Caution: do not adjust baseline; but take the deflection from where the pen is on the channel). 3. With black Sensitivity knob in Cal position, move baseline to center of the pen area with baseline position adjust. 4. Set black Sensitivity knob on 0.5 millivolts per cm. C. Calibrate the bridge. 1. Take subject out with the In-Out switch on the bridge. 2. Set bridge black knobs to 0 (zero). 3. Set pen in the center of channel with bridge 0 (zero) Adjust. 4. After preparing the subject, connect the elec- trical skin conductance leads from the subject to the bridge. 5. Put the subject in with the In-Out switch on the bridge. 6. Adjust pen to center of channel with micromho dial. 98 7. Record one micromho on record by turning micromho dial up one micromho and returning it down again. 8. Write down present micromho reading on the record. Write on the record the time when the treatment begins. fir.» - :v--»v. an -.. . ' . . . APPENDIX G CONTENTS OF TREATMENT VIGNETTES APPENDIX G CONTENTS OF TREATMENT VIGNETTES The vignettes and their contents are given below in the order presented in the treatment. Setting: A male or female actor is seated and talks from behind a table which is barely visible at the bottom of the monitor screen. The picture is black and white. Film 1. Male, Affection - Subtle. Time: 1 Minute, 17 Seconds. Content: You are so neat. (Laughs, head down, hands folded, and a laughing smile) pause - You know in a day and age like this there just aren't many people like you (looking straight ahead, slight smile on face, and hands folded and pointed toward subject). Am I glad I found one of them. I'd like to - pause - you know, just forget about everybody else and just stay here with you. Film 2. Male, Affection - Blatant. Time: 1 Minute, 58 Seconds. Content: Have you got any idea - pause - the way that you get to me? You know. I just can't be near you for five minutes. I go right out of my mind (smoking cigarette, rubbing hands together, and looking straight at the subject). I want to touch you - pause - all the time. I just want - pause - I want to be near you to feel you, you sitting next to me (picks up cigarette). On the street (hands touching each other) just everywhere, and that way you hit me - pause - the way you get to me (sincere,with slight smile). Nobody does it like that, not that way, not that strongly. It's like animals, you know? Now doesn't that really make you feel the same way (right hand holding left wrist). At least you act - pause - like it does. Whether you feel it or not, I don't know but — pause - if I can take your feelings from your actions I know - pause - the way you seem (looking very sincere). 99 100 Film 3. Female, Affection - Subtle. Time: 1 Minute, 42 Seconds. Film 4. Female, Affection - Blatant. Time: 1 Minute, 46 1 Seconds. Content: I don't know what to say to you (warm smile, happy appearance, nervous expiration of breath, and puts left hand to face and neck) - pause - Why don't we just sit here for a while (puts hands on lap) and talk about something else - pause - I don't know how to tell you - pause - (smiling nervously but happily). Why don't you say something? - pause - (Puts hand and arms on the arm of chair during this long pause,. hand movement up and down the arm of the chair, and two deep audible expirations). I I. Content: I've liked you for such a long time (audible breathing). I just like to be with you (playing with hands seductively, smiling very much, hands folded and playing with hands, a "come and get kind of look," and nervous laugh, hands to mouth) umm. I don't know how to tell you. I don't go around telling people things like this (hands to her mouth and laughs). Every time I'm with you I get so hot (deep audible breath) - pause - and if you don't come over here and kiss me pretty soon I'm going to go out of my mind (deep audible breath, and then puts hands under chin). Film 5. Male, Rejection - Subtle. Time: 1 Minute, 53 Seconds. Film Content: I really don't think that's true. I - pause - (arms crossed, smoking cigarette). I think that probably you are very wrong - pause - in that. (Slight artificial smile) I suppose you can go right on believing that way if you want to but (slight frowning of head) you really can't expect for me to go along with you, - pause - but then you know what you think - pause - and certainly no one is going to tell you not to think what you honestly believe, but I think maybe - pause - you should reexamine some of the things which you believe, huh? (Rather cold, and shaking head back and forth) because most of us couldn't bring ourselves to think that way. How about it, huh? - pause - (looking sinister, shakes ashes off cigarette, and.folds arms). Well ah, you think about it - pause - you think about it. 6. Male, Rejection - Blatant. Time: 41 Seconds. Content: (Removes cigarette from mouth.) Well, you sonfof-a-bitch! (Anger in his eyes.) Somebody ought Film Film 101 to kick your face right in! Honest to - pause - I'd just like to - pause - (clenched fists). Will you get the hell out of here before I come over there and just - pause - clobber (looks like he's starting to climb over the table to get at the subject) the shit out of you (very angrily spoken)! Now get (shouting and moving head dramatically) away! — pause - Go on! 7. Female, Rejection - Subtle. Time: 52 Seconds. Content: Oh (surprise), well, yes, we do need people. Umm, we're rather short-handed now and oh - pause - (slight smile, indifferent look, and hands out from body) if you would like to come - pause - umm - pause - (spread arms in Opening type of gesture) we'd be delighted to have you (smile, but hesitancy in it). I'm sure there is something we could find for you - pause - oh - pause - if you'd like to stick with it, umm - pause - of course if you're too busy we could get along, but we do need peOple to come - pause - umm - pause - (movement of head up and down and sideways). Well why don't you try it and - umm - pause - see if you can come. 8. Female, Rejection - Blatant. Time: 48 Seconds. Content: (Deep audible expiration.) It isn't funny anymore - pause - (deep expiration, surprised anger). Well, you son-of-a-bitch! (Pounds fists, deep expi- ration) I wish you'd just go - long pauSe - (clenching fists and rubbing her hands on the arm of the chair, looks very angry, deep audible expirations, and shaking head back and forth). 'L. APPENDIX H POST-TREATMENT CHECKLIST APPENDIX H POST-TREATMENT CHECKLIST Date Room Temperature Only Table Light Name of Subject Married Never Married Divorced Separated Age Occupation Are you presently taking any medication? What? When? (This includes aspirin, cough medication, tranquilizers, etc.) Do you smoke? When was the last time? When did you have your last cup of coffee or tea? When was the last time you had alcohol? What? Do you have high blood pressure? Have you had treatment for emotional problems? When? 102 APPENDIX I DATA RECORD APPENDIX I DATA RECORD Code M = One of the measures determined by the subscript sub number (see Appendix B for coding of each of the 14 measures). T1 = Baseline T2 = Orientation T3 = Stimulus Presentation 0 = Data with the value of zero X = Data missing or unscorable Raw data placed in appropriate boxes. Raw data carried out to four decimal places and rounded off to three. 103 104 DATA RECORD Date of Run Time of Run No. 1 CPKESC 533C Subject's Nan. Subject's Category 3 LOESC HIESC 4 1 MALL 3 mLEAL n A N M n-XRR M m pxna M 9 H LOHR 8 fl 8183 7 H YER 6 M LPKESC 5 M 4 M 3 H 2 M 1 M fESC . . o 1.. 2 3 1.. 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 TIM DIR T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T FILM 4 5 6 7 U ROW 0 1.2 3 4 5.6 7 8 9 O 1 2 3 4 1 11.1 1 1.1.1.11 2 2 2 2 2 APPENDIX J GROUP MEAN SUBSTITUTION FOR MISSING OR UNSCORABLE DATA IDENTIFIED ACCORDING TO DATA SHEET LOCATIONS APPENDIX J GROUP MEAN SUBSTITUTION FOR MISSING OR UNSCORABLE DATA IDENTIFIED ACCORDING TO DATA SHEET LOCATIONS Group Subject Number Row Number Measure I 2 8 11 I 3 2 7, ll-l3 I 5 14 1-10, 14 I 6 1-24 7-10 II 1 1-24 7-10 II 2 1-24 7-10 II 6 5 4, ll 8 4—6, ll 10 8, 9 ll 4, 7-9, ll 13 7-9 14 4, 7-9, 11 l9-28 1-14 (Except 21-24) (Except 14) II 7 11 1-14 17 1-14 II 8 14 ll Code: Group I = Experimental, Group II = Control. 105 APPENDIX K SCORING PROCEDURES FOR MEASURE 1 THROUGH MEASURE 14 APPENDIX K SCORING PROCEDURES FOR MEASURE 1 THROUGH MEASURE 14 Measure 1 The mean rate for electrical skin conductance (EESC) was achieved by drawing a baseline. The baseline approximated an equal amount of recorded area above and below the line during a time sequence. For an acceptable baseline, five seconds or more were needed for a particular time sequence. Measure 2 The high point (HIESC) was the highest micromho reading for a time sequence. Measure 3 The low point (LOESC) was the lowest micromho reading for a time sequence. Measure 4 2- The slope (SESC) was determined by the formula time baseline lepe. B was the ESC reading at the end of the time sequence minus the reading at the beginning of the time sequence divided by the number of seconds in the time se- quence. A positive score signified an upward slope and a negative score a downward slope. If interrupted by move- ment, the various acceptable segments of time were averaged in order to get the data. =Bor Measure 5 The conservative number of peaks (CPKESC) was any deviation of the ESC recording which deviated .3 or more of a micromho in a particular time sequence. Measure 6 The liberal number of peaks (LPKESC) was any deviation of .l or more of a micromho in a time sequence. 106 107 Measure 7 The mean heart rate per minute (EHR) during a time sequence was obtained by drawing a baseline with approximately equal area above and below the line. The procedure for reading the baseline rate off the record was done by counting from the lower portion of the channel the number of centimeters on the linear graph previously constructed. This was the procedure used for reading all of the heart rate measures. It also added to the consistency of the measures. Measure 8 The highest heart rate (HIHR) during a time sequence was the highest point reached during that time period excluding artifact. (See Measure 7 for the procedures for reading the rate off the record.) Measure 9 The lowest heart rate (LOHR) during the time sequence was the lowest point reached during that time period excluding artifact. (See Measure 7 for procedures for reading the rate off the record.) Measure 10 The last heart rate measure was the number of heart rate "peaks" (PKHR) during a time sequence. A "peak" was defined as an increase of five or more centimeters during a five- second period of a time sequence. If, for example, there was one continuous peak of ten centimeters during a ten- second period, it was recorded as one peak. Measure 11 The mean respiration rate per minute (ERR) was the number of exhalation peaks divided by the time in seconds during which the peaks were counted. This was multiplied by the number of seconds in a minute. number of peaks 60 _ time where x _I ” peaks counted ERR If an omit period (see Chapter III, pp. 37-38) was encountered during the time sequence, the most typical thirty-second or less period (following the general procedures on movement) was selected and the peaks counted. A peak was considered included in a time sequence if the line ending the sequence passed through one-half or more of the apex of the peak. 108 Measure 12 The number of apneas (NA) was the number of times the sub- ject held his breath for five seconds or more during a time sequence. Measure 13 The mean length of apnea (EAL) was obtained by dividing the total amount of apneas for a time sequence by the number of apnea in the sequence. Measure 14 The final measurement was the number of movement omits ob- served during a time sequence (MALL).