W III‘HIWII 1 EEE Mill”HIMWHIHIHHHUIM [Ht{fi(REE .8} | ~ W? .V ‘r 25 R! mm“. *9 Eff; .. .21., . ‘ . L... V V. ,. . . awkm .IVI inV.- y:\.. v.—‘. .5. ‘ I. , g. 4‘ ‘ v. v ‘ l m K. I .. . ‘ K‘ 0 ¢ , .....\~I¢ul i “spy...“ 44.... Si. . 2 H. ‘ ht, T. .39.. Wt.» égwgmrfgn «lam, 2- ‘mnyqzruf .. {a . Hm..».:..,...... THE DEGREE OF HCKOZYGCSITY IN A EARLEY HYBRID A THESIS Respectfully submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of EASTER CF SCIEFCE at Kichigen State College of AETiCU1ture and Applied Science HORACE LL THCxAs H (3.? to CD T1- “421515 The writer wishes to express thanks to Professor H L. E. Down end Mr. H. M. Brown for outlining this project and making it poss‘ble for him to carry it out. \ Gratitude is extended to Dr. H. K. Hayes for help- ful suggestions in hendlinr C the data and guidance in preparing the manuscript. Dr. F. 3. Inner also kindly furnished sone valuable idees. TH II III IV VI VII TABLE OF COETEYTS Title Acknowled;ment Introduction Review of Literature Katerisl and Kethods Experimental Results Summary end Conclusions INTRODTCTICN For the past several years, he following pro- cedure has been followed in the self—fertilized small grain improvement work at the Michigan State College Experinent Station. Crosses are made between parents chosen with the hope that they will give segregates which er. high yielders, adapted to the conditions of the state and having other desirable characteristics. Individual plant pedigrees are kept of the progeny fron each cross and, after the F1, each plot is the progeny of a single mother plant. The plants, when nature, are pulled by hand and brought into tne laboratory. Here careful and quite extensive notes are taken on then before they are thresned, including such characters as nunber of calms, height, uniformity of height of heads, number of heads, time of maturity, bearded or beardless, color of grain, etc., deoending uoon tne particular croo being worked with and tne characteristics sought after. This note tak'ng demands a considerable amount of rather expensive labor; moreover, it nust be done during the busy harvest season. On the other hand, since tne plants may be seg— eting, they may not breed true for the characteristics I to I selected out. Or if they are no longer segregating, any further selection after a homozygous plant has been chosen will have no effect because, in a pure lin , the gene complex remains the same in every plant from gener— ation to generation. Therefore, this question has arisen in the minds of the experimenters. Are we being repaid for the laborious notetaking process? Or would it be better to simply make some plant selections in the field and grow their progeny the following year? Then, when several homozygous lines have been obtained, they may be compared for yield and other desirable characters. Cut of the attempt to an- swer this question nas grown the present thesis. REVIEN CF LITERATURE Early in he 23th century, the Danish botanist, Johannsen, made the first clear-cut experinental demon- stration of the pure line theory, working with his now fanous nineteen pure lines of beans. He observed that there was a great deal of variation in weight of beans produced by his different cultures, also that, in gen- eral, the larger ones produced the larger progeny. How— ever, seeds of any given class produced seeds of quite varied weight, which circunstance led him to exanine the Tl progeny of individual mother plants and compare them. There was variation in the nrogeny from ea h plant; however, not as much as in the whole sroup. Each family S..- showed a different mean weight. Moreover, (and this is the essential point) beans of different sizes but from the same line gave similar progeny. From these results, Johannsen concluded trst his ori inal nonulation was 3 ("IN mixture of several pure lines, an" he defined a pure line as the oroseny of a single self-fertilized individ- f homogeneous factorial connosition. As was stated above, there was still some variation the beans of each pure line. In order to study these more extensively, the investigator divided the beans from some of the lines into classes of different WEiehtS and planted then. The results showed that no matter what the weight of the seed planted, the mean wei nt of the progeny went back to the characteristic mean of the line to which it belonged. This, of course, gave additional proof to the pure line tneory. In other words, the variation within a pure line is due to envi- ronnental differences only and the genetic constitution always remains the some from generation to generation. Sli;ht advantages in supply of plant food elenents, sppce, light, etc., would cause one plant to produce larger teens Tl than tue otners. However, no tendency to {W16 ter size would be transnitted to the offspring. In order to tes tLis nvootncsis nore condletely, two nore exoerinents were ce was subjected to selection for six lenerstions. Fo si; est olished dzring tnis six lection was carried on on e in s olus 77‘ rried out. 1irst, each line and ninu direction C‘ K. nificsnt onsr e in size was year neriod although the se- sufficiently large scale. Second, a c irelaa'on Stld! was ra.de vhich was sim- ilar to tnat of this thesis. Tue o rent-ofisor in3 corre— lation for line 13 geve a coefficient of +3.01% 1 O. 033, Q which is statistically zero. However, a similar corre- la tion in the mixed ponulation snowed a ouite different result. The coefficient was +0.33: :’O.333, which in- cicates a oositive relatio sLio. TLese res lts rre es thev slould be .roviced t:1at JoL.nns 's oriCir1al con- clusions vere correct. Within a pure line, each and every olsnt 13s toe sage gene comolex so tLat tnere would be no tendency for a dare? t— —offsoring association of size anon olants chosen from the same line. Any variation tnat occurred would be due to envirornent and, therefore, ra.dom. an the otner Lend, in a mixed oop— ulstion mother olsnts reores ! 'V ‘ '- - J- -A -:~ FA T “Odla YSLQ b0 ero EceCP 1063 v . ‘ mite entin3 each oarticulsr lin the Cgsrscteristic Us; veignt of the line. "..--.-- ,-., :1 ,‘ '. . a. ,. a 4., 4.. ‘L 3. . J3¢rL19€3 ascrioeo these res1lts to tne no o7!- - - ,1. - ‘ . .1. -. 1., ' . .1 .0 J'.‘ ' os1tr o1 tne cerns o1e to lon3 co1t1n1eu 9611-16Itll- . F . ~7- ‘ .. - 1 'v-' 4-“ . - ‘, 1 ‘ ‘n , + t 4- . - ~~ —: l7Jt10E. It was 1enoel u1o iirst snowed tnat cont_nueu selfing of a Letsrozvrote, take A for exanole, soon oro- d1ced a noodlation with eoial nunoers of AA and as and nit1 a constantly Cwindliz3 orooortion of Aa. This truth :a? be 'at1enaticallv expressed oy V e formula: x [.Sn—l:]m wnere "X” equals tne orojortion of com- Zn olet elr norozr3ous olants "n" the ienera ti ms of self- V ‘ a. ' - 4. 2- .. A c , -. - .: .H J. ,‘1 ' 1 :1 n3, and "n" one n11:er o1 3enet1c fcctors for unicn tee 'w. . ‘1 . u. _.L. - .. . line was oriiinailf Le.erozx3ous. From an inleritance st1dv in on11ey,Hsns and Clo tedin drew tLe follow‘ng concl1sions: First, a sin; le factor controls toe nroduction of Secon , there was found to be a marked correlation A oetween type oi nead and plant Leignt. Cn an average, tLe two—rowed tYfle was seeit ten cent 1 eters Ligner than tLC six-rowed. Tnis correlation is exolained on tne basis tnat tgere is a linkage between tne fa c or for txo ro ed A 1 c 1 ° . -,. ,1 ness and one or zore 01 toe pl nt ne13nt lcC ('+ 0 1‘ (0 Since, in tLe orcsent morn, tne plants SEHIC3et€d for Lead type and there was a co irelation for nei3ht, one e eration witn the next, oeruaos we nave Lere a Lani- festetion of tne l'nksae wnicn was reoorted by tne Tedins. Tnis ooi nt will oe oisc; sed f1rtner under the issdin: cf “Eizoerirent al Results" and in tne concl1sion. In regard to t*1e wa sel'-fertilized snall grain Lycrids are Lindled at sons of tie redre';'enta ive ex— oerinentzl stations, e follov n3 say be said. its beginn'n; in 1936, the Swedis n Seed plant breeding work. Even tefore tne ce inn'r; of the li1e tneory and showed now to epoly it effectively in plant 1 provement. Nilsson-Enle hss devised 0 system of nsndlin3 nyorids of self-Iertilised croos, snico is sometimes used at Svslof end which is on rried out as follows, according to L. H. Newnsn. "Two known sorts are crossed and tne t1ole progeny from all second and succeeding of this C+ L) generations is sown "en noses". Tie O 330 '4’) B (D H 33 5 Q netnod is to sllow the severe conditions 0 wi. (D 1) PK“ Li (D "J ’0 fl) esrlv sprint to eitner destroy or expose tne w~ C L. *3 U) le. 0‘ no ,i ’0 "J of ss gnny of tne more delicste-oogbinstions In tne letter csse, the breeder is given tne oooort1.i*y of sssistin; nit re it her work of elininstion by prac- ticin3 a forn of 1¢ss selection. wnile there is thus efrected, in a very simole manner, a grsdusl weeding fl out of a great ness 0; unfit combinstions, the orogeny of s cross at toe seas time 3rnd1ally sss11es the char- scter of an ordinary mixed ponulstion, the different conoinstions beconin3 auto1sticslly constsnt as time ‘es of working wit :1 const snt ferns will be ennrecisted by all breeders ss will elso the fact thst trough the ebov- srrnngenent, the number of conbinstions which as: rrise tnrou3h the renested seg- re stion of inconst nt for s in soon s1cceedin3 gener- stion, will hive inoressed imnensely. Thile the soove v“ 4-- terf little .‘ V7,..,.,q . l JIAS 0 v '-L.-1t-r9‘.gs be corried fOIVVP vide a constant .L‘. . .- “1 L118 CI'CSSGS “Be 14' in sonae toe one condonly is ' ,. ._,-‘J- 112‘ .LC' «120 f) mt1ic 1 1;“v'e ‘t C variety. During se3re3ntes ere J-‘, J- ULIA? U meanin3 nlnnt. tne t1resned 3r are selected rows. genersl sooenrs 1iscelleneo1s tne nature of si e 3rest enount of At about tne vor< until tne crosses of th' r4 source of new csses, a oed13ree selection 1seo University of Linnesote IlSCu. nsrscters w1101 the grown in escn On tne basis of Him, Bf Ch The notes teke nce, or less .1 3., . rrLle lengt- “r: X? “’ u \, _‘ ‘N "‘ oe 1escned, tine cones neke O “ L‘ V'ltl one mFtBIISI". tnis way st 8V alof, metaOd Si q .nron,..1t this oo1ntry Stntion, Perents sze carefully :re We. ted in second to fifth . 3T8 KCOWH ES .. 4. 1"? :13 U row or nlot is the nrogeny of 2 notes t W :31 (D p C‘f ,-“ 3-" 4—.“ :3 Q4- L.) .le 0.]. Die bepu yesr to orovide ne ext ,nut, lod; vigor, ol11nness of iroortsnt on s. The notes LI *1 dEt?il€\ dots. -C‘ ' 91.5.. .L 1* 05¢ e erstion, a yet it recuir generations, individiel o noocer (fron of ti1e before 88 select- however; milsr to is employed. the follow- selected tn e 110?! end 0 (~T‘I Veer's olent 13%, grain end other are in enle observstions without recording 53 to several Hundred) of the best olsnt rows, voich spoesr homozygous are placed in rod rows or szall yield trial plots. The tr'sl plots are reolicsted twice (3 plots) end are slso "rown at the branch ("3 stations. After tnree years of this kind of testing, a few of the best ones ere grown in 1/40 ncre trial olots, wnicn ere also rcolicnted twice end grown at brsnco ststions ss well as st the University Farm at St. Paul. From the results of toese vield tests along witn dis-see and otner notes, the most desirable strsins to be distrioited to tne fsrgers are chosen. While tgere are, of coorse, ninor differences at different stations, tne method jus described nay be said to be tyoicel in a general way of the orocedure 'vnont tnis country. At Cornell, nine renli- Cotes of the rod rows are grown. As was described in the introduction of this thesis, the lichifsn method involves considerFCle more note taking during the seg- regating generations. The desirsbilitv of taking such ex.ensive notes is the centrnl oroblen of tnis thesis. Since the nroblen has been nttocked by means of the correlstion coefficient, some reference to litera— ture on correlations nsy be snorooriste here. In his "Statistical Iethods for Research Uorkers", R. A. Fisher -11- says "One of the earliest and most striking success— es of toe method of correlation was in tne bionetricel study of inheritance. At a tile when nothing Wes known of tne mechanism of inheritrnce or of the stricture of o m I.) ,o sihle by this method to m gernins materiel, it w, denonstrste tne existence of inheritance end to "nessure its intensity" end thst, in an organism in which ex— oerinentsl breeding could not he orscticed, nenely men". It nay safely be seid tnst correlation studies hnve played no less 8 sort in unfolding our knowledge of inneritsnce in olsnts end lower nninsls. For sometime after the beginning of the anolication of the pure line systen of breeding snsll grains, a greet deal of effort was exoended by different investi- gators in trying to find noroholosicel characters which were correlated with yield. Could such a thing be foond, tne selection of high yielding strains would, of coirse, be greatly facilitated. L. H. Newman in his book on olsnt breeding in Scandinavia tells how studies of tnis kind were carried out at Svsldf. Relations be- tween connectness of head and stiffness of straw, number of kernels oer spikelet end yield in oats, maturity end yield end otner relationships were ell thoroughly in— vestigated. Correlstions any he found to exist within -11.. a ogre line, tut the Svsldf workers have never been able to find an unfrilin; single criterion of universal aoolicstion. The CFLC mev he said of all tne other investi42tors. In sonurry to n we gay say tnet, fro; a review of the literature on toe sdsject, the following points have toe most inoortant and critical bearing on the present oroelen. First, that nethods of handling art- ificial cross 5 in nornally self-oollinsted oinrts very all tne way from growing the segre sting generations "en nesse" as at Svnldf t tnkins such extensive notes as_is done at the hich',an Station. Second, the Tedins reported 3 links s between the ienetic factors for plant leignt and Lead tyne in barley. The writer Was given, in the winter of 1927, the seed from about 300 barley olsnts snich, when grown 4.5.1.1- - . -.. . , 4. .3 .1-*_ . 4.' - c . biirib S .1..;€I‘, lCLDTCSCI‘l-UCQ 1.1.6 LGTJEI‘f‘olOll 11".)21". F F 11 cross between Licniian Two—Row and Hichi an Black ‘ . . Baroless. All of this teterial descended fron a sis- ter plan of the selection which nroduced Spartan barley wnich has recently been distrisuted to the f (T 1 "‘ , "C. 4‘11 J'o’~ 21.1-6353 01 1.118 EL»; ». ‘ e. In 5eneral, the method of l” - . — .’-~) attack has been to deternine, by a correlation study of size cnerscters, whether tne materiel was homo- zygous or not, so tnet it might be possible to tell in this particulsr hybrid snetner note tekinr _ ,_ L, would be vslueble. The pedigree of the strains of barley used for this investigation is es follows: In 1918 a cross was 325e, at the Kichigen Station, L ‘1 between dichigsn Two-Row hsrley end Xichigon Eleck Esrbless. Hichigsn Two-Row is white, has two rows of kernels, rough, deciduons sens and medium stiff strsw. The bleck brrley hes six rows, snooth a stiff straw. It wee hooed, by this cross, to '33 v f—‘J obtain e high yielding strein, with wnite color, snootn, deciduous ewns, stiff strsw, end with either two or *3 '6) J H. O (D a w 0 H: d ,-) H m o rose were grown in plant rose in e manner described in tne introduction to this thesis. From toe 13?O olots, wnicn represented the F generntion, two partiedlorly promising plents were selected, numbers 04133 and 34113. Toe letter is the progenitor of S;erten berley, and the former is the only one we ere concerned with here. After being grown ‘n increase plots for three veers, the offsnrin; of tnis nlrnt, number 04133, furnished neteriol for several single o snt selections One of these ts worked with i Waite Color for two the .;;et€ria.l oediiree system Out of + 1 u s t e nether olsnt cf ell the strains 4. n this to olsnt bred true for 5rd snootn, decidioos rwns but seLIEgsted and six rows of kernels. Tne next three years nrQa O‘VL’ was stein grown i r tne 1nd1v1edsl olsn r.‘r‘ 71' 6‘.“ notes texen eecn sum er. 1‘ 0"" ._. ./ . -_J .‘.Q, q ne nlots grown in the seed of 13 330 plants Wes given to toe writer along with tLe notes token on the; and their ancestors. All of these 3? 3 plants cone fro tne sens F7 selection. This fornished the rsterisl for toe thesis project vnicn wrs carried out es follows: Tue seeds from each ol snt v.e1e chdn ed end reigned. About twenty seeds fron esch olent were rovn in en indiviiisl plot, end the w ole :rouo VFS given es uni— form en env1ron ent es 9 ssible. At nervest ti e, notes eds, Dir ..._. v v Y'n‘ a ‘lf of plant was flower of the ed Ves estinet witv of culm nunber of for nnnber of cults, Leiint of Ler of sucker ,- len; nus DAL, S of eeds end weight of seeds. eY-ldr( ion concerning tne notes, sei ht neesnred from tne ground level to toe top heed. Unifor it (" V w A «I ‘, ' .- ' ‘u‘ ° . from oSp to 1305. Tnis ves accomplis“ d Sinnly by 1 looking at sec; individual olent 0 EL (0 O O H [.1- 15 H (1" r O H convenience this note will be referred to es uniform- ity UEICGfitPLC. By sucrer needs is 4€PEt the smell one: on some of tne later end weeker col s, whic; .dYG seeds. Cf the 330 olots, l70 eonsrentlv were . Pr? .. o- for six—row end the rs sin- '3. Q (D F.” O J (4' Q l H 9 11 d- J (D Q- 0‘ r.. ‘. ‘ I ‘_ ”a. -‘. fl J. .0 '1 r‘w~ .‘- ... ’ '_‘ LSVlfi: ortnireo tnese cote, single o ounce Honest coefficients were calculated with tne follov'ng veriebles, average neuter of cults in Fl end number of colns of .E‘ motuer plant, eversie nei at oi olents in F11 and hei it of mother olent, evers e unifornity percentsge in F1 L end uniforgity percents;e oi motner olsnt, svsrsie num— ber of seeker :EEQS in F 2nd number of sucker lends A .— ~‘.’1 '4‘ .‘r' w r‘ 4' r‘ A F "- ' ' . ‘ _ ‘ '3 . -A of notner )lgnt, “Vercte number.oi seeds in F and . , " ,. 4.2 ‘ . 4. ‘ , ‘ ‘r, , ., , ° .._..‘. nonber of seecs of mother plent, :no {VCF?§€ ve1.nt of seeds of F11 and weight of seeds of mother plant. These F11 evereyes were conouted fros tne twenty olent olots grown in 132 . A sioiler series or six corre- lations nee run using tne eve‘s e of Fll Witn the ever- the r13 plot which contsined the nother nlent in coco case. The F n svere.c was teren from slots lo “ Vorving fron l) to 33 olsnts eecn. ' , 'V 4- 4- .J ‘ 99 . ‘ -‘ -~ ~ ‘ J- ‘ w , As use stotse PUG; since tee olsnts lseo segre- I‘ 'y. , ‘ . ted ior “end co ' 1" er: J-< U Zlel‘iIC es fee”: F s. ‘* ‘ 10 ‘ ' - ‘.. , '.- v.- 4. maps 2 linlhte so: een die i cl“ F?) H ('f L) Ff) u A. U no correls ,A ‘ul‘ order 1 [A -. ' A. t.) In -' 7‘ l" "t . A. k" LL LA 0 C) \1 -\ . ‘. r '1'“, '1 1‘ 3' 1 at: \l AALC-.' ‘- e le .4.A— J 9 were teken togetger ov‘ - ’- fi ‘4’“!- sfi CQIIE‘LC ova}. O L. ..— '— .4. _ - 1 .161 7.1L; ‘u-Tltl 13 orocedire Wrs 8") “he followed for tie st six rows. Those slots WJiCh Ctill €63 Y.1 type were u C?- 0 included in tJlS ..L. 1 Y- Exgerinentel Result rrelstion pertiCJlsr in '5 (l: m L) A ector rnd one in; ifnifCSt. ours for LC7d e f0")-;d . sis, tge six- the correl- yx A- other or two-row tree ng the eversge in F The 11' reins pure for regeted for heed part of tne S T38 fl C" versge weiigt Dr 9 -’."_£" ' ' . oeiiic1ent r. n 'H" _, :~ ' ‘ o C a \ ‘1' :V 4- “ v 'I r. ‘I‘ ‘ . . '2 J . ' Julie was filflfi3€ &51.Ht of seeds per ‘ a u 4. ‘ v ‘1 r - — J»— L. ‘ {-3. «Lo .ie rteir e wei Ht oi seeds oer p a- -- . . ~ -. . on r + 64“? st ted a correietion of +.-~ o .JE/J the ;Ot1€r (\IA m ‘..‘ o4»? (reile I). q -0— In regard to uriformity :ercente se e, a very sim— ilar result wss oct sined. Tue figure + .3457‘: .0406 (stle III) exores ses t:1e rels tions his hetveen sversge uniformity percentage in Fll end the uniformity nercent— sis of the mother olsnts. For rversge nnifornity oer- cert: e in F end average uniformity oercentrse in 11 ‘_ ' F , toe Vslne of "r" was +.0533 T .0415 (stle IV). 13 " In none of he shove Csses is there 2 ststisticelly significant correlation, "r" in esch case L€l“f con- siderably less then three tixes the orocsCle error. The same msy oe seid of t; e sticies cor cerning the numoer of Ci me, except tnet tLe average number of culns in F witn the eversge number of calms in F 10 I gives +.1244 : .0337 (rat-1e VI) which; is oossi‘oly significant. In this csse, "r" is 3.81 tines its probable error. TLe correlation between average num— ber of calns in F on‘ number of culms of mother olsnt is 7.13831: .0337 (stle V). anee of tr e characters s tudied, therefore, name— ly weight of seeds, uniformity oercentsse and number of culns, show very little rslstionsnio one generetion nitn tne next. Tne other three, however, thst is, non- Ler of sicker heads, nu Ler of seeds, and nei fit of nlsnt, do snow 2 signifiCsnt trown h sli 1; Mt correlstion, es tne figures below show. -17- Tne average number of so :er toe nunber of sucker needs of tne a coefficient of Lane : .0375 (Table VII). for F correlated with 11 needs in F A 10 to average number sane date of sucker VIII). Turning -3 - J. ‘4 OJ- r:AO kJ-‘er needs in F with 11 mother plant gives T be number the average give + .4570 : .0397 (Table of seeds in F ' . ll olnnt, we find an "r" of +.Sd:l‘:..0333 (Table IX) wnile average nunber of seeds in F and average nutter of seeds of F show a correlation of 1.8 1;- 11 Of F “ 10 13.16 give a resolt of of +.4141 1; .3344 (Treble x). ll Lastly, plants with tneir progeny average f.4004 I .0332 (Table XI) and "r" the average height for the avers e *ei'nt in Fla with J in F equals +.3::3*5 1.94:3 (Table XII). ll Taple XIII is a sumnsry the cnarscters correlated 1. ' S 110W1 11.»; '11 generations, the value of "r" 11 error in each case, end tne valie the orooaole error. Tnese of toe correle above correlations, with the for the F 10 with its oroeaole of "r" divided by calculated tions were in order to deteriine whether the hybrid was homozygous or not, or specificallv to test t1 ale F Ell”.- 4_ -. S U \10 in ti ((4 plant wnicn was referred to under the needing the not r 0 1e homozyfoeity of the her plant of all the The two following correlations were also cal- culsted in order to try to orove wnether or not there was a linkage between tne factor for head tvoe and sone of the plant hei ht factors. The average heignt in F with that in r for tne strains sure for two 10 ll ‘ rows of Kernels :ave a coefficient of only +.l$l71; .0513, the "r" divided Ly tie probable error being less tnan toe arbitrary three wnich is often set up as the limit of significsnce. Hovever, the sane aver- e¢es on the six-row tyoe show a correlation of +.?336 I ‘1' .0343, in wnich cese "r" over the probable error EQJFlS 4.54. Snnrarg sac Conclisions 3v nesns of correlating certain .- ..L‘J— 4.. Qlfitulbgbive F ll *hérrcters nitn those of F the nonozvrosity of a enriey hybrid was studied. All of the 303 lines used in the stair come from one F plant. Since a significant correlation was obtained for height, numb r of sucker Leads, and number of seeds between the F and F senerations, we know that the 10 ll ' F7 mother plant was heterozygous for some of the fact— ors affecting these characters at least. It may *ave LLL been heteroevéous for other genes if tne differences ... ..- .3 .. ... 4.x. .' .1- ,.. .. ,... .,_._...4.. here C'J\Er€\,l Li") ..-_;.’ s48 ‘.'F1-l?‘ul\JLS Oi I’vllC.i. Clip 01‘ the errors of measurement. 1" V0 ‘. 1 I. 5 _ o 1“ . .‘ 4. ;_ o H.- ‘ ‘ __‘ l 1‘, + o ‘ 7.. we Mfg, tleieiore, {913 F)h6tuln; LY selectini A. :. .. A ... ‘. 4.2 . '4 ,, ;,.‘ JCS..IL1; .11: C'lfiflts l": 'u'.-e L;;'Urlu $4681 C\—)A-E;i Vt»)? +£10.10 F0 (D (D O: 7r, V A‘ :5 (-‘J *4) m 'T) *1 '0 ',.J O (T) H 5 Q o. '7 o *‘3 (D Cf' (h (T) r0 H H . :3 H (D so etn'n; to ce :3 ned s7 neesurin; end OLSQIVlnA Crrcidlly tne 'ndiViddsl olsnts. f1 76 Q (J ’ D M m L (J '0 sq ‘3 C) Ff‘ *JI Cf- '4 H (0 C) Hovever ? rem ned, any 3' gore selection after tne first ode will avail us nothing. J. ‘ . ',~- 1 -- J- “ 1H ‘ ‘ ‘ \ . 5 "\ I It is llnEl] snot 3n Fll p rnt world ce no ozyious, J- ‘ o. I O u "\ L134: 3 1t .1 nt not ce. ‘or tne oresence of linkrge H D p. H (D 1‘) "i C). C!- ('1‘ i \ (D cf- ('3 U) (‘f‘ f-h -.— A v. . ‘ A 4:. h 1— 3 I .A f, ‘ J» I ‘ ' . . 4- r‘ “ .v . setteen one or que l ctois for )1 no nei;nt {no tne "T r . J- -* ‘9- ) 1-, r‘ r: - v: r f. ,\ f ' . . _- :- hr. . ‘ 4-1 ’ x, .J .L \J -A - ’ R; Li J ‘8 . ~./ ' LA: A.AC - M ' ~ . l 0 ._ '- c r ’l c t *e, t e loll\\1r_ r e s'id Le V ’2 ‘ "" _, P 'x ‘ V . ~ . 4 ' n J— V, - r‘ L ‘ r -‘ t _ 1-, crdse tnere was no 21 niiic nu correlntion n Lei ut \ r. \ ~,~ ’- ,q 4- ' --. v ° 4-',~ — . v . V, 1 v ‘- 1 ~ on ;e;crrt104 v tn tge next in tne tto—iow groin, en I . I ' 4 —. - s a- a‘ h ,. ". _; ' ,. ....- J_ ‘ _ 1 ‘ h 0 a . ' ‘ - L4€CI(~L:':C: t..e t(‘~le LlCl-i .AL.‘ Cal-‘16:]. .4101- 1:1 t'the El}.—IO‘;‘I‘ . . . , .1. o. -‘ ' 4. .1. 4. ..-. . J- ' .. Eroi? to: 'TI{(JlV less t-?n in tne .otnl oooulrtior (D Ci‘ 0 O O :5 0 H L. f‘. (D cf a (1* L‘) (D c I" Va (D Q Fh :3. (D ) C\ (D :‘5 (0 1+ 0 it is so: be teller tnon the other. In this csse, it is the tvo— .‘ ' ‘.. ..- , - - — . - r " ‘ , ‘. '- J— ' I'C'C.’ ‘I‘c’.AlC.. “3 E ."1 1 1:93.71. J: r ‘4' CTFf e 381.} -.t 0 73:49.9 18 to Err-“3f _20_ the six~row tyne ferns e group in one corner of the correlation tsole and the two—row {ICED in the di- s;onelly oooosite corner, so that.we find a correl- etiod in the totel ooouletion while if the two classes ere seoernted, there is much less or none et ell. Tnerefere, tne sets of this toesis tends to con- nfit the link- P7] k '1' r t‘ :1.- (D H (T) 'J O H (+- O $.43 :13 .‘3 :1 ff) 3 {3 f), r3 *4 k) L+ ’3 (D J H U r+ are referred to soove exists. 1~._ rV‘“.,~. Princioles Relation to Agriculture. Roscoe; of Contributions Literature Cited lJP7. Plents. L LI 1 11 :5 Q. Hnyes end Gerber. 1537. 6 e l“ t‘ .o- ‘I ' .a J- - q ‘ "-10 f: Sinnott end Dunn. 14 o. .L- . .L' n " tios of terley-—Tyoe of T height of olsnts. hrns I ‘5 r "I" r-- ‘ ‘ . " , 1', ‘v l L’.‘ 0 4L! 0 ‘1 o L‘ C .‘ ;.. Table I. S .O. 8 Lot '11" k ever a‘ A €61 -"\ 'J-V 3.46“ of ...; L c 7,. 1:. .C A; Av —j€ weig 10 11 .o r3 1 l 2 l O Ow nu n0 Qu Gd 3 HO a O 0,... n3 AC 7 r‘ .b 4 l? 14 10. l l l 3 Correlotion between evcrr;e weiiht of seeds per glent in F end sversge weight ll of seeds oer olsnt in F . 1A 1 8 2 1 3 1 1 2 l 4 1 3 6 Z 1 1 5 4 1 5 3 10 3 O 2 6 l " 10 15 14 10 O 3 3 7 2 10 13 13 20 15 4 2 8 3 l 11 3 13 5 6 4 3 5 1 3 5 l 1 13 2 1 2 11 12 1 Table III. elation oetween BVGI’ 9;: e uniformity and uniformity oercentaye of motner plant. 1 l 2 Z 4 1 5 l O O 6 1 3 Z 7 Z 8 2 O 2 9 1 O o 10 (fl .h H m s. oJ c) x h‘ r4 Ci] D J 0.) L0 (51 H 03 \7 13 10 81 3 13 H (D p #4 —q -q J . C) 0’) Table IV. Correlation between average unifornity oercenta_e in F11 and average unifornitv nercenta;e of F1 . d “>- Ex) (D 0 u \7 H H H C ) H CC) C )3 r4 H co H (J H w r) a co to 10 0000 11 3 O 2 5 3 33 lo 7 3 12 2 O 1 2 2 11 lo 3 3 'Z 7 L. J H e1 01 .b ,1 O F‘ as -q H u) Table V. Currelation Letween avers e muster culms in F 11 W '_ (113C: nag-Age I' C Li 1 7.1 8 mother plant. 1 2 3 4 5 3 1 1 O 2 3 l 2 3 4 u 3 1 8 11 15 5 4 10 BO 11 6 5 1 l 11 15 13 13 6 3 18 9 5 7 l 3 5 4 5 8 1 1 3 O 3 P 1 13 1 r: +- 133¢ 12 CO F‘ r4 h‘ (D I + to .b h’ rJ co (fir-'03 L) C J (I) (O 01 r4 l4 D) of 10 (D r4 H’ r4 11 12 Table VI. Correlation between average nutter culms in F11 and eversge n mber colms in F . 10 1 2 3 4 E 8 7 3 3 10 1 Z 1 l P 4 1 2 7 1 3 2 C 1 5 10 Z 12 6 3 P 1 2 4 l 13 5 14 O 11 7 2 ? 3 5 4 2 83 7 13 11 4 3 1 5 5 4 2 7 4 3 1 3 5 5 O 7 2 9 4 2 b 3 5 7 4 1 8 O 1 O 1 O 1 2 3 1 O 3 2 13 1 O O 1 1 H \l q. H (.3 4x gb. Ii- 0 ”Q LL) \1 Correlation between aveere nugler £189.08 needs of mother plant. “J ,7 Cd U1 0‘) CO 10 I‘ Table VII. in F and CO H H :0 (A OJ 01 C.» Cs] U1 ‘\] H O 10 n 1 f‘ g—- 1. J .L J " ff. ’3 '7- u 5.; u o 2 o 7 g) u 8 O 1 -+.2116 nooter sacker C) 1'. J 0 (>3 0') Q “I ucker m) (A a: k4 U“: C) TP‘Cle VIII . in rocker 4 5 1‘3 25 2 2. 0 8 (a 4:. 0 C») C.) CO L\J H H H . "s r‘\ ~1 numb 6- I‘ to ”versge numoer sucker 733 01 PP‘ CQ [\J H C) WOUND 11 1» H F4 r4 »b e. a [\J eti per £0 (1) 41> C23 ()1 H F4 r4 Teole IX. on Letween average nugber seeds olsnt in F and nunber 1 eesds of mother olont. 3 4 5 5 7 8 3 10 3 3 O 1 O 1 O O 3 5 2 3 O 2 8 8 1 O 2 1 l 17 7 3 7 2 2 O 1 13 13 7 3 3 2 5 8 6 2 5 3 7 8 11 2 8 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 3 O 1 8 O 1 8 1 O O 1 1 1 1 1 2 O 1 1 1 1 1 r: + .765 + .333? Oi-‘O C) F’ r4 r4 F‘ 03 01 vb (>3 DJ \2 (1) stle X. Correlation Letw en average nuzber seeds per plrnt in Fll 2nd sversge no eer seeos 1n F 1 2 3 4 5 3 7 3 s 19 11 12 13 1 1 2 1 o 3 1 w o 3 3 2 o 1 o 1 1 2 1 1 5 3 1 o 1 1 1 1 2 3 7 13 3 s o 1 2 1 4 10 17 11 o 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 s 3 o 5 3 5 1 1 2 3 u 1 2 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 o 1 z 3 2 o 3 7 4 3 2 o 1 1 o 3 o 1 3 2 1 1 o o o 1 4 1 3 3 1 3 o o 2 r: + 3141‘: 3344 () L) T7516 XI. L. rreirtion oetween sverpge u€1IZt OI plants DJ 03 ()1 C1 in F11 and hei fit of Motger olnnt. D) f 3 11‘ U] (1.1 fl 1 C 1 H L‘) H H H ’0 H (‘5) Q (,4 I--' ...: F’ +4 L) ,1 w 51 L1 13 12 8 H .13. \U H H .. L.) 0.1 C. H |-‘ (Q ...J {5 C 13 4 5 (2 1 1?» (1:1 (I) ...J r ) H N? H 7" ) H Cd ...: (.0 ...: O (,1 C x 1F- ') .13 V C J F1 ~q \J \ (, Ix) CO (A (U (L) O.) 1." J TFLlE XII. 7" J- v a-A (- ...-,- ‘II‘ - 7‘ ' -7 '0 h 4- Leb‘1flw611 (“deli-Eye ‘.elz;_..‘t OJ. ’31—’11.qu ('1 ,r (I C, K} L) (_ t—J O H H {J 43 M) U C 1 .p. (A H (J1 .p‘ x} ()1 \1 J. 4 U! H U H J U) H ,c. O.) C) C (*1 p. I” () O (3 a; If ‘\ NW C)\ ' \ 3 (4 r“. (.‘J I“ \ 1’ 3 L~J ( J H :1 H .1 .r o “4 ... .....1 3.1 .1. 4:. ,1 J, JUG 4a a .2 1 F». : F... .,w ...:T rt. 7&1 UH -.CC C .. 3w, 0 a 0* L : : : z = 2 = O ‘4 l ‘1 t c- ‘ l«. .1. J 0 ad I O a : rm. CH CH? 4w H030C0 0..» Bra“ 0 ) .‘ ta : = ._ = ._ : HH . n v,‘ ‘Q )4 I .\:.\J . I 4.- . D a” . a ( H (4 Hrrc C I: II ..I 2 r. . . . 4“ PM. = : : : : z I‘ r H13. 4 I... 3JJL4J1 . 41233443.: o ,1 . F —¢ r” ..y W J; n C. ( .\ .«p _. (F.f, . ..(rrr ky- ( . , 42‘ § ,. : : : : __ : = ._ : 4:): _r r J. .3 LIV «4 34- . .n) 3 ,DJ 43.n‘o‘ IV I) r‘ ,\ rm . I... J. r~lfl t In“; 1w (I 0 (J Iu I U ( ..1 rut 5V4 I . 3 . . 1.4.11 013 . J :1 :1 m: JPN/5H U “.Cw.._1;,:..er .) at; 4 » I1 {\ \. 3 ) .< a 4 I!) / l1 ‘0 1 )J n I I a.\r 0 J1 [U :r w» u r» "1(‘fr CFD 0 fl, \ .r vr~+ LTrFIrhV H...P,.m Correlation between rvcrs e Lei;:t of p O 1 Y1 AL OJ ()1 \2 F Table XIV. .‘ J , ‘, . ' '. ..‘Z‘ , ..- ran 2ka2 e “e1;bt a; olpxts ll in £1 A lg pire for B-TQW type. H {‘3 C 3 5?- (H (J .9 :1) \.U C J C 1 U1 H H I“) 41‘ fl H dd 2.0 ()3 K i (0 lb“ H {:3 H H H 4‘» '1 r 7 w m H C l ....) I" VP 1'.) 43* z r .1017 1 .5351: J DDS fl ml. AL 1" O; > . ‘81" AA. .A \ “t 6 ...’e o XV. Mb, *7; Leia 4.--- U, e, .— . C I ‘ ‘1‘;- ~ I r-‘Y ( ”file ‘1. “Po avert; .~-‘ F 5‘. In: 11 ‘. IL ~rrelation ueuwecn ix 3‘ \I C 90 HQ 0/.“ mp 7U flu. I‘llallllfl|' rx .llll. ,Ial’.t'illl. I