VARIATIONS IN THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF A COHESIVE SUBGRADE SOIL AS A FUNCTION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN COMBINATION WITH CERTAIN MTURATING CATIONS Thesis for I'Ifie Degree of DIM D. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Josette Marjorie Portigo 1960 1"" J‘ :I'J .‘ at This is to certify that the thesis entitled "Variations in the Strength Properties of a Cohesive Subgrade Soil as a Function of Organic Matter in Combination With Certain Setureting Cations" presented by Josette Marjorie Portigo has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for _13LL-_D_ degree in Mineering Date 0-169 LIBRARY Michigan Stu. University you-0%.". ' ‘VARIATIONS IN‘THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF A COHESIVE SUBGRADE SOIL AS A FUNCTION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN COMBINATION VITH CERTAIN SATURATING CATIONS By JOSETTE MARJORIE PORTIGO A THESIS mhmitted to the School for Advanced Graduate Studies of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of. the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Civil Engineering 1960 PREFACE the idea to: this investigation originated with 01-1 Stained of the Eichigan State Highway Department to asserted that certain subg‘ade coils in the State of mm are satisfactory results in standard teats con- ducted in the laboratory but failed to yield a correc- pudine dome a: performance in the field. ‘ A research mm m prey-med by the Research Laboratory ‘ Minnie: oi’ the mchim State Highm Department to may the problem, and Roy Leonard started the investi- gation of the influence of coil time in gravel stabilo 11mm in 1954. the project was claimed in 1957 to ~ the nicer the confirmed the may, concentrating on the pen-1311“: flat the fines of com mantle soils combine with natural comic colloids to produce, in the soil propel-sin. changes that are not revealed by the usual standard laboratory tests. The writer is indebted to In“ G. G. Blonquie‘t tor hi- untiring assistance and guidance, to in. E. A. tiny. Director of Research Laboratory Division or the Mien state nigh!” Department. for permission to use ii the «to on the Highway Research project for this thesis. to m. R. C. Wort of the Soil: and Pavement Emln~ 33m Mt of the Research Laboratory Division. whose mutant direction of the Eight»: Research project has m a. source 0:! inspiration. , o ' ’ 'l’he writer also wishes to express her apprecin. “ion to m. Eel. Denim, Highway Department soil We: .tor the Kalamazoo District. for his assistance ' .. allocating and obtaining soil samples. and to the 31:91! of the Soil- and Pavement Evaluation Unit or, the Research laboratory mvision for their help in obtaining samples and mine out the test.- in the laboratm. 11.1 VARIATIONS IN CPI-IE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF A COHESIVE SUBGRADE SOIL A3 A FUNCTION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN COEEBIMTIOR WITH CERTAIN SATURATING CATIONS By Joeette M. Port 1550 LR ABSTRACT muted to the School for Advanced Graduate Studies of Michigan state University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the dean of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Deputnont of Civil Engineering 1960 /) /, ////l 7 _//’; .’ .‘ .a / x ”(f / ’/)’:’:’/’ 7 I}, / 1/ f Approved 7 L . fi/ 3 44%;55/211’43 c,“ _ 'vfi I ‘.\ o ”ME E. PORTIGO ABSTRACT merinente were carried out to investigate the influence that nature}. soil organic matter in the sub-- grade would have on the plasticity, shrinkage. swelling, lei-tare theorption propertiee end compressive strength of the mgrede eoil. fie inventigation nine covered the “fiction indetrength properties- caused by certain action: «turning the hue exchange capacity or the clay and colloid portion or the soil. the eoil unple- need were homoionie eoile prec- M from menu soil by leeching portions or the coil with me miteble electrolyte containing one or the entices chosen, namely hydrogen. denim. ferric, and mom ions. two kinds of organic material were used to mun the naturel soil organic matter. mm was need to represent organic matter in equilibrium with soil lice-obit). nativity. Hunic ecid. extracted in the lab- crater: tron neck, in need to repreeent organic materiel in the proceee of decomposition. the eolntione containing the cation: eere in con-- centretione eelenleted to eeturete' the base exchange cap-v “it: of. the will with the cations. Lima and mic eeid were added et 1% end 2% o: the dry weight or the hencionie eoii couple initially end. when trends were mm Hg PORTIGO ABSTRACT Minted". the organic uterineedced were increased to 3‘ end #6 m remlte of. the investiation ere no relieve: 1; The mention of 19‘ limin on clue and col- leide sou-me eith elminm or rum in: meme the Micah mime. evening. moisture edeorption. and unconfined summon proportiee o: the coil. * 25. amnion of. theme exchange capacity a: the coil lith ferric ione moderately uprated the gem» m1 mensth characteristics of the coil. ' h 3. 29‘ or greater or iignin or min acid in non, email: in Wdrogen" end 'eelcinn' eons. remlted in «mm inetrehgth ottheeoih * 4.3... of the “um and mm an mp1" exhibited good Mic-it: and ehriohge mommies but «immense mung end low compressive strength. I ‘ A nu following conclusion have been drum 'h Lignin. edeorhed on the surface or clear m‘ who“... «in be effective in inhibiting moisture ed— mpticn. provided ligiinie owned in nmounte not exi- m that which is neeeeeery to provide eteric hin- dream to enter dipolee. nae beneficial effect of lignin in noieture control of. the cohesive coil tested could be enhanced in W or ferric ions saturating the base W capacity of the coil; JOSETTE I. PORTIGO . A ABSTRACT . 2e Return]. organic matter in the soil, if present in the relatively undeconposnhle form of the structure of 11m, can be beneficial 1': it is adsorbed on the suru. race of the clear and colloid portion or the coil in sun- tieient amounts to inhibit adsorption or enter dipolee. this beneficial effect oi’ name}. 1min could he one. henocd by aluminum or ferric ions saturating. the base achenge capaciw of the coil. , _ 3. The determination of plasticity and shrinkage constants alone in not a. sufficient criterion for circle-v eting cohesive coils for eubgrade neee A cohesive coil is controlled by physician-chemical phenomena to such an extent that it heemee necessary to conduct other tests determining moisture relations affected by the active max-taco o: the claw end colloid portion. CORTERTB mm “no.unooooouoooouooooooooounonoooo ”W! ooooooooooouoouooouooouonuooooouo LIB! 0’ 913188 unooooooooooooooooooooooooooonoo mu 0’ ”ms .................‘...........‘.. WWII“ OQOQUOOQOO’COQOIQOIOIQOODOOCOIOOOOO 1. WWW“ COIWTIOUS l” mu. 0’ 2“ mm oooooooocoo Bola: of amigo-go 3011 CW. nag-i Proportion in Soil: moot o: Rom-bl. Boilom'nnic mttu‘ Relationship. 11. mm!“ mm: ooooooooooooooo Reputation of Soil—Organ miter Combination- Paganini” 01’ m1. MM in; lit-mm. the Wind 0 “ion mut- and tho mm Rut atria- III. mm! O, was .OOOOQOOCOIIOOOOCOOODO ”other that Marina Compression rut V111 dfixfizg 39 52 CHAPTER Page 17. COTTCLUSIOH unot.ooooooo‘ooooooooooo-oo 75 Influence of Organic matter-on Homoionio Soil: - 0: Conclusions mum Rooearoh . mu oooooooooo o ooooooooooonoooooooooo on. o. o- . 84 BIBLIOGRAPHY oooonoooooooooooooooaooooooooooou- - ‘42 ' Table 1. 2c 3. 4. 5o- 6. 7. 8. 9o 10. LIST OF TABLES Baa. Exchange Capacity of Warsaw Soil u. nonunion}. Analysis of. untreated Boil u. Effect of Organic Matter on Liquid Limit. Plutio Limit. and Plutioity Index Of Bonoionio Modifications oonoooooooo Moot 0! Organic Matter on the Shrinkage motor: oi Honoionio modifications n. culling Due to Water Saturation of. maple: Com , tad at Optima Moisture an. Optimum.Denaity ooooooooo Efloot of Organic Matter on the Swelling of (impacted Samples Tested in Water-saturates! Condition "noun-u Eftoot of. Organic Matter on Moisture Abnorytion.in.woathoring Tents 0...... unconfined Compression Strength. in m of Honoionio Soil: and Lignin Conbinationl oooooooooogoooo59.096999. Ominon and Evolution of Influence of Organic Matter on Soil Frapartios Based on Homoionio Soil Data. Expression ‘I unity ooooooooooooooooooooocoo-coon Comparioon and Evolution or foul Soil Proportio- naod on m Soil Data Exproooed .3 Unit! ooooooooooooooooooo Page 53 85 86 88 90 94 98 104 105 ‘09 1s 2-. 3. 4o 5;- 6. 7.- B. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. LIST OF FIGURES Partial. Size Distribution of warm Soil Sample (Horizon: B and o) oooooo' Effect of. Lignin on the Plastic Limits . 01' Honoionio 80118 ooOooooooooooooooo Effect of Emio Add on the Plastic Limit: of Homoionio 80110 oeooooooooo- mi‘oot of Lignin on the Liquid Limit- Of 5030101113 3011. nnuuuuouuo Ei’i‘oot of M10 ioid on the Liquid Limits 0: Homoionio $011! OOOIOOOIOOU we“ or on tho Plantioitj 316.1098 0 301110101110 501.13 ooooo-oooo meat or mimic Aoid on the Plasticity ~ . 1341008 or 1101310101110 $01.13 oooooooooo Effect of Lignin on the shrinkage v - - Linitn 0f Homoionio 3011. oooooooo‘ooo Moot oi' Rania ioid on the mirinkago Limits 0: Honoionio 8011. ooonoooooo Effect of Limit: on the 8mm. Ration Of ENDING 30118 oooooooooooooooooo moot of Mic Acid on the 3mm. ~ RI‘iOI or 1101110101110 3011. ooo‘ooocoooo Effect of main on the We 33‘108 Of Honoionio Soils coco-i901... Effect of. Mid Acid on tho wrinkngo Ratios of Honoionio Soil: ”an"... telling of Homoionio Soil- Computed at 312101: Remoti'n Optimum Moisture: and M11108 oooooooo‘ooooooooooooooo 21 113 m 115 116 117 118 H9 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 15. 36. 17. i8. ‘9. 20. 2“. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. walling of Homoionio Soils Compactod at a. Density of 123 lb per cu ft and s moisturo Content of 13% «not»... Swelling of Raw Soil at Various Percentagos 0f Lignin oooooosooooooos telling of Bar 801). st Various Percentages 0: m0 Mid sosssosooos. Swelling oi’ ”Ibrdrogon' Soil at Vsrious Poroontugos of main nu... milling of. ”Hydrogen” Soil at Various Percentages of Humio Acid ... mulling of “Aluminum" Soil at Various Percentages 01’ Liam ....... swelling of “Aluminum" Soil at Various Perot-outages of Humio Acid u. banning or "Ferric" son. at Various Pomontsgos of Limit: nu... walling of ”Farrio' Soil st Various Percentages of Ennis Acid ..._ killing of “Calcium“ Soil st Moos Percentages of Main ooooooo , - of ”Caloiun" Soil st ’ Various Percentages of M10 ioid ... Moisture Absorption in Weathering or Honoionio Soils Containing Ho Organic AdditiVB osoooootsoooosoooooo Moisture Absorption in mothering of ' Hmoionio Soils Containing 1pc: cont Lignin so.oooooooooooooooooooooo misturs Absorption in weathering” of 3min“ Soils containing 2 per cent 318313 sooooosoooooooooosoooooo. Moisture Absorption in Weathering of Bmoimio soils (3th i per 0833 Humio Afiid sooooooooosooosoosooo xii 127 128 129 130 131 ‘32 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 14‘ INTRODUCTION A rosin: consists of two principal components; tbs psvsusnt, which may be sither rigid or flexible, and tho foundation which consists at tho bsss, shich is di- rsstly under tho psvsnont. and the subgrsdo on which both pavement sud bus rest. A Imbbsso botsosn bass and masts my motinos to necessary. I Very rss psopls on sun or the importance. oven sxistsnos, or the subgrsdo. to tho storage motorist. s rosin: is lost]: shat ho csn soc «- pavement, shoulder, ‘ Ind other “tarsal futures. Even to s road engineer oi’ fort-.7 you-s sgo, s strong pannsnt was tho ultimsts goal or W construction. is s rssult, sll symptoms or road dotsriorstion such ss crooks. boils. corrugations. mm. s“ mttina tors. tor s long tile. sttributod , to mount lsiisisnoiss. shim snd bottsr mounts on sons rods shores gran: improves psi-forums but on othsrs. psi-um]: mar 1920, isilurss oontinusd to com roan-Gloss or the bin «slit: of tbs pursuant sno row-alas of tho lost oftioisnt psnnsnt construction nothois. aha-sis rsusrob stsrtss in tho mitsd Ststss shout 1925. w 1930. there ssrs sufficient relations ~1~ ostsblishod botooon general roadway tsilurs and subgrado tutors. Burton and Bonkolnsn' studied 107 slabs in 534 silos of povomont in niohigsn and found that more than had: of tho tsiluros Isro duo to differential expansion on! uttlonont of tho subgrodo. In 1934. Lang: showed thot frost m... cspillsry noisturo conditions. and sur- i'soo doi’lootion - £11 sttributod to subgrado soils - sore suns tho dirost 'osusss toi- tsiluro o: bituminous mt.- cos. Boost snd wood-3 in 1946 ostsblishod definite cor- rolstios botsoon uporsoking snd soil toxturo and drain- on position in 41 silos or mm... in Indians. In .21. solo you in Minnosots. anchors and Hsnson“ traced alli- use: stocking sud hitting to yiolding of on. subgrsdo. “tor s our": of tho osusos of pumping in Indi- ans. 'oods sud mus roportod thst of tho throo con- ditions nooosssry for pumping, two conditions had to do L “— .‘_... A ‘V. 3. Burton snd A. o. lonkolnn, "rho Rolotion of Oortoin host Phonon”. to tho $1wa 559-- ggmh nosrd Proceedings, 1(1930).w PD. 21'. 0. Long 'Prscticsl pliostions sin Rood Boil Slims in Construction of noxib o Surfscos' £5.th Board Proooodggg, 117 (Port 11. 1930.1 Jan-.14 s. snot snd x. 3. Woods, mpomking in Oonoroto Rmonts ss Innuonood by soil i‘oxturos, " m Rososrch Board Procosdiggs, an (1946). . is. a. “bug sud o. a. moon. 'stolOpnont or s Proooduro for tho Dosign or noxiblo Buss." i__b___id. 5:. 3. wood. sad I. 1. Horny. "Pumping a: Subgrodo mm Rundgiggi “4 Who“ W’ W vith tho subgrade. namely; typo of soil and prosonoo of froo rotor. In 1949. mook‘ found that along tho onus of rigid pavmnt failures, thou related to soil char- noun-nu taro rosponaiblo for sauna”. blot-ups; faulting. longitudinal and “D" omnngd Studios of subgrado-rolatod pamont failuros. om ot'mioh hats 3m boon mtimd. indicats no or mo of tho roam oonditions to have ‘sxistod undo:- tho failod muons: ' A 1. Promo in tho ubgrado of soil tutorial with high aoisturo may. reuniting in saturation and loss of oohosion. ‘ 2.‘ High poroentago of silt and vary fine sand. a audition mu to tho formation at lot tempontnros of iso ionsos which can“ frost homo and boils. 3. mossiw‘voim was (owning or shrink- m) man a; ho mm: am; by ind-go miations in tom scam or by tho moo of marina vhioh aro mains or «coupon-his by son WMs honing now also occur in out notions after removal of oar-sh sarohorgo. It nu soon iogioal that tho prevention m am of mm faunros ahonid ho contingent on tho oonditions inst stats! and that amour nothol is ohoson fl; .g A u.‘ a _. _._ .A L-.- 'A. a. 31:“, “Pavements and Infinenoea directing or notaminiogrh mo, Ross 0 (1929. Po 2‘s -3-- to stabilize the read bed abould. in effect, eliminate the snsoeptihility of the soil body to excessive eater intake and volue ehange. the presence of organic material in the soil eon- plieates the problem of subgrado stabilisation. Organic latter is generally belimd to be compressible and easi- 1y doeoapooed by soil microorganisms. Organic matter is also believed to have a strong capacity for absorbing water. However. aside from the knoen facts about the destraotite offoot of organic matter on Portland oenent. little is than about the effects that varying propor- tions of organio material in the soil have on the strength of the road bed. is a latter of faot. the sari- tor has experienced diffioulty finding in the literature eases of roadway deterioration that can be attributed directly to the prosenoe of organio material in the sub- grade. this does not indicate. by any means. that or- ganic latter is or is not her-fol to the subgrade. more eonld be any author of reasons for this dearth of infor- mation. and the following are suggested: 1. Organic soil has days been eonsidered “unsuitable material“ and is removed from the road bed wing eonatraetion. 8. If the organic natter is found to be less than 2% of the total soil. it is generally oonsidered harm- less. Any deterioration of the subgrado that my take plaee aftersarde. which say or may not be caused by ~4- the organic saterial present. is usually attributed to other soil fosters in the soil to”. . . 3.1»:- is at present no testing method that can Nelly and efficiently determine the nature of the or- - genie setter is the soil ad its degree of decomposition. w. n is the purpose of this thesis to find out that organic latter does to a ubgrado soil. Stated in ten. the thesis miles is as follows: to determine the vari- atioas is the strength properties of a cohesive subgrade soil as a fnmtien of organic matter in embination eith certain need-eta; cations. ‘ no follo'sing terms shall be defined: e m is 'the material in excavation (outs). esbanhsnts (fills) and asbenbeat foundations “distal: below the first layer of sabbase. base or pavesent andte suehdopth asrsyaffect the structural design." 29W 1- - «her-4- an containing more than 15 per «at cm} 3. We senor is decayed and partly decayed vegetable sad aniaai meterial.I 4e. W are those soil curator- isties flush are used as criteria in evaluating the W ‘H A __ W 'Bohort B. Tittle. "hlvaging Old Pavements 4y) Resurfacing,“ W Research Board Bulletin 47 (19 21..D. “Od‘OflO‘. H a W London: Edvard . pp- ~5- suitabilityof subgrade or fill material. Among these properties are: compressive strength. shrinking and swelling characteristics... resistance to adsorption of seisture 5beyond that required for maximum compaction. .m 3.55 cation is the cation introduced to soil is such concentration as has been mounted to occupy all of the base exchange positions in theeley or other colloidal component of the soil. " ., e W isseil sith only one kind of countable oation saturating its exchange positions. {the fonoeing are the premises. so to speak. in the discussion: ‘ I ~ 1. the clay and colloid content of the soil is capable of going into base exchange and adsorption activ- itiesg both of shioh are surface phenomena largely inane easing such properties a: the soil es cohesion. plasti-v eity. structure. volune flu'inhage. percolation, m eater-holding eapeoity. 2. i cohesive soil contains clay and colloidal sates-isle in sufficient amounts to have surface phenomena influence the properties of the total soil body. 3. later scleoules are dipoles and are attracted by im through polarisation and orientation in the clay aiseral either on the broken bonds or between oxygen ”- A A 3‘“ ‘1. “‘ Ah? be. A. hogentcgler, "deport or Subcommittee on m (1927). :2. 9’1: plenes.‘ .. 4. The mount of water the colloids end clay take up while swelling under optimum conditions varies with the kind of sdsorbed ions setter-sting the exchsnge position»? x 5. rho principles or base exehenge end edeorptien penit the slterstien of the surface ohsreeter of. soil eolleids by ehuieel nesns cash that the ester-stunting chi-ester or the ninerel surface may be changed into ester-repellent pic-opertiesa2 6. Soil organic utter has been sheen to have s bsse exchange especitbh" 7. Ole, has n protective eti’eet on organic letter. It hss been known to inhibit peptisstion oi“ proteins»5 8. arsenic setter can be used to till up esohsnge positions and sdserption points on the ole: which vould ". P. Kelley, H. Jenny and 8. M. Bron “The m of Hinersls end 8011 Colloid: in Relation to 0171*“ 8mm," 3011 Science, III ‘936)s 23. r. Iinterkorn. 'Surfeee chancel rectors Influencing the Engineering Properties of Soils." m Research gourd Proceedge. XVI (1936). 3W. R. McGeorge The e B: no t mm mm: in Soils: Maw» ). 41!. meme; Gillan “A Study on the Chenicsl letnre of Hunic Acid." Be Science. In: (1940). 51.. E. Enminger and I. E. Gieeeking. "Resistance of clu—Meorbed Proteins to Proteelytie Hydrolysis," W. Lm (1942). pp. zoo-209. .7... otherwise be occupied by water molecules or by easily hydrated cations.‘ 9. Of the organic materials found in the soil. liain has been proud to be the nest resistant to nicrebisl decomposition.2 10. Organic material in the soil in excess of that adsorbed by the clay and colloids can. in itself. become an agent for adsorbing eater molecules and hence increase the possibility of swelling. 0n the basis or the premises stated, the follow- ing proposition is consideredt Variations in the strength properties of a cohesive subg-ade may be produced by Varying the ex- changeable bases and the organic matter content. Thus there is a certain percentage of organic matter in conbinstien with a definite saturating cation which gives. optimum strength properties to the mgrade. Above or below this percentage. or in combination sith other ‘ inorganic cations. the organic matter introduced. sill produce detrimental results in the subgrade structure. . .4 ._ ..__ A .|. .L_‘ L ‘ _. A L s. “- _ __._._ vw —v——1 v— 'n. n. Grin. t. n. mam and r. 1.. Outhbert. _ 'Reacticn of Different Clay Mine s with Organic Cations” _ ._ . . Boo . (19W). “Memesition ei’ hiain by Microorganisms.” m: (1936). pp. 119-130. . .3... Zach“ i. Waksnan and Inri J. Hutchinge e mfi piano CHAPTER I 1330315210“ CORSEEMIOHB AID REVIEW 0! THE LITERATURE Roles of Buhmde soil Cmponente W" m o - _d All soil particles having a diameter at 2 milli- aeters or more and retained on the he. to 0.73. Standard sieve are classified as gravel. coarse eand is the portion passing the no. to sieve and retained on the Ho. 40 aim. ' For the subgrade to provide adequate support- isg poser. there should be sufficient points or contact betseen the particles of gavel and coarse send to create the necessary internal friction. If there is too little gravel and coarse sand in proportion to the clay and eolleids, the coarse particles will be suspended, so to speak. in the clay and contact between the points will be lost. the less in internal friction means a loss in supporting We W no time constitute that portion of. the soil passing the he. 40 sieve and include all particles with an approxiute diameter sealler than 0.420 millimeter. She clay aiaerals. incrmic and organic colloids. fine ~9- ssnd end silt ere clesoiIied among the time. h the some manner thst the gravel and coerce ”4 provide the internal tricticn in the euhmde soil. the fine. protide the cohesion. The soil-moisture re-o htionshipe which ere such important consideration in the subarea ere s11 dotemined in the time. The Revised Public. Rondo or the Highway Research Board $813631 ci’ enhance soil classification} use: percentage of fines u the initial criterion. m categories are narrowed don by percentage of coil passing the No. 200 voieve,2 35 per cent being the dividing line between‘shet may he considered general: good and general]; fair to poor “hands meteriole. The liquid limit. plseticity index, and finally the aoup index, all three criteria being mocisted Iith soil time, are used in the em). mp- of the elusiticetion. ' I . he inportenoe of 3 better understanding or the role of soil fines is oppreoieted it one rooms tint there is s oontiming bottle being me We execs- site chase in moisture end volume in the subgrede. he sect of this trouble is in the tines, pertioulsrl: no in the portion pes‘sing the No. 200 sieve. those ere the elqs end the inorganic end organic colloids. Ironically m. L h mAfi QAA¢ALMW r ‘#w 1n. o. spongler ac inee (Scranton: mtemtiom nook coupon. * . pp. 178. 2fiche maxim particle diameter is 0.074 m. ~10- the cine to the solution or the soil-moisturedvolune problen is nlso in the understanding of the physicoo' shenicel phenomena observed to occur in thin portion or the toil.- Mine s ‘ the claw minerals ere found. along with soil col-r lcids. - in the soil portion that remains in suspension e:- ter 24 hours in hydroneter snnlysis. The ole: minerals sre distinct chenioel oonpounds cspehle of entering into sheniesl nations. The: renge in size from 2 to 5 microns end despite their call sise. or hecnuse of it, provide the lsttice structures end tremendous surface ores for the sdsorption of ions. ester end organic nol~ eeules. end for the exohsnge or estions end onions. the clsyninernlsorehuiltuptrcntwehnsie structurnl units or "building blocks“. One of these units is the lilies tetrshedron - s silicon etcn sur- rounded by four closely—peeked oxygen stone such that the silicon is equidistsnt hen til tour oxygens or hy- droxyls. an s unset. these tetrehedrs ere errenged so thst their hoses ere in the some plane. Grin‘ sets the thickness of the silicon tetrnhsdron st 4.93 Angstrom units. Ihe other 'bnilding block“ is the sluninun MAAJ‘ .— V _ _._— ‘Btlph 8. Grin. ~ ’ ernlo (New York: Hearse-Hill Book Conpeny. .. . -11- octahedron ~ an aluminum atom surrounded by air closely- packed oxygen atoms or hydroxyls in an octahedral ar- tenement. The aluminum atom is equidistant from all six engens or hydroryle. The aluminum octahedron is, ac- cording to orin.‘ 5.05 Angstrom units thick. orinfl Benz-.2 Marshall.3 Pauling.‘ Scarle and Grilshss.5 and Wooltorton6 have all studied clay nin- erals thoroughly and have written valuable information on the clay structure and properties. The known clay minerals no: he grouped as follows: 1. i'he kaolin group, consisting of kaolinite, diokite. nscrite, and halloyeite. 2. the nontnorillonite group, consisting of lentnorillcnite, heidellite, and nontronite. 3. The hydrated nica or the illite group, including the chlorites inc verniculites. ham 3. Grin. (:1 Mine o (1m York: hoarse-Hill Book Company. .. 21.. D. hter, W (3d ed. New York: 30“ '11., ‘ m. 130., s 30. E. menu. The Colloid Cheni of the fligatg Minerals (New Torin Ic'aaenfi"fie'se %3.. 1919). ‘L. Pauling, "The Structure of the Chlorites." grading! of the National Loads! of Sciences, XVI e P0 0 5i. n. Searle and n. w. Grinshae. The Chemist sios of 01 (3d ed. New York: Inte"r"'ec"Te"n"'o"e'1fi- r3. e. e ‘1‘. L. D. Woeltorton. The Scientific Basis of W (London: Edward Arno“ MIIEEera RE..1§54). -12. 4. The impure nixed-layer clay group. The kaolin clays are characterized by a 1:1 lat-— tice (one silicon tetrahedral layer to one aluminum octa- hedral layer). The members of the group above differ only in the stacking of the unite. The sheets are com- past so that no ions or molecules can get between them. hence there is very little isomorphous substitution or substitution sithin the lattice. The external basal sur- faces are relatively inert but shes adsorption proper- ties. Ionic reactions and exchange properties are found on the unsatisfied valences at the edges of the parti- cles. Kaolin clays have slight hydration and adsorptive properties, low base exchange capacity and low cation adsorption. The principal member or the group is kaolin- its. the structure or which was first suggested by Linus mm.‘ The nontncrillonite clays are characterized by a on lattice ( 2 silicon tetrahedra and 1 aluminum octa- hedron in between) which expands and contracts with the mount of water present. ill the tips of the tetrahedral sheet point toward the center of the unit. high by- dration and high cation adsorption are indicated. There is considerable lattice substitution (magnesium for alaninun. alumnus for silicon. etc.) so that the lattice L .n .- . 'Linas Pauling, op, cit. -13.. charge is always balanced. Water and other polar mol- scales can.enter'between the layers. resulting inelattice expansion. mohangeable ions occur between the silicate layers along with more water and other polar molecules. lust-stillenite is the principal.nenber of this group. It contains some caloiun.ions. and some of its aluminuns ions are replaced by magnesium which in turn may be re?) placed by potassiun.or sodium. Beidellite is character- ised by considerable substitution of aluminun.tor silicon and by low magnesium content. Rontronite results from couplets substitution or aluminum by iron, and hence is sosetiaes referred to as a silicate of iron. ‘ The clay minerals in the illite group are char- acterised by a 2:1 lattice wuth.the units relatively fixed in position and hence non-expanding. The silica layers carry charges due to the substitution.ot’aluninnn for silicon in the silica sheets. Potassium atoms are ssbedded between the slunino-silicate layers to balance this charge deficiency and to act as agents of’cement~ atien. These balancing cations are, however, not exchangeable. ‘ The only thing that need be said for the tourth group of clay ainerals is that. although their occurrence is rather widespread. they are random interstratitieatiea c: slur units and hence do not have constant properties. Hired layers or nontmcrillonite and illite are semen. -14.. Bless nixedelayer clays probably explain the morons varieties or clay minerals which cannot seem to belong to aw of the three main groups mentioned above. since their properties. like nest mixtures. are very variable. ' 22s is Colloids Organic matter as it may be found in the soil is defined by Wakenan‘ as a ”mixture of dark-colored amorph— ous organic compounds formed in the soil as a result of decomposition of organic matter of plant and animal or. igin by nicroorganisns. under aerobic or anaerobic con- ditionsg it consists largely of substances which are resistant to further decomposition (largely lignins and noditied lignin complexes). of substances in the process of decomposition (henicelluloses. some celluloses. and proteins). or mbetsncee resulting from decomposition (organic acids. bases. etc.) and of nicrobial~synthesized ”stances (largely organic nitrogenous complexes and heaicellulo see) . " . The products of decomposition ci’ organic matter are usually leached away by ground water so that after a tine only the nest resistant of then. the lignins and lignin couplexos. and some proteins are left in the soil. there is growing Opinion among workers with the soil that A.— ‘Zfi... wini— i ‘s. i. use. 'Cheniesl 1...... of soil Organic getter.“ Transactions 2d Comission. International ‘ Misty 0 an 8. 0 11310.1). 172s ~45- these lignine and proteins. if found in soils containing sufficient clay. may actually be beneficial for highway use. Physics-chemical Properties in Soil Moductig The clay and eellcid portion of the soil is often referred to as the “active“ portion. The adsorption of “tar molecules. adsorption of ions. exchange of ions. and other physics-chemical phenomena occur on the tre- mendously large surface area afforded by the clay and colloids by virtue of their particle size. It is semen knowledge. although slightly incredible. that if a crys- talline cubic solid one inch on the side is broken up into tirv cubes 3 microns on the side. the surface area is changed from 6 square inches to 362 square feet (or roughly the floor area of an 18 ft. by 20 ft. room) and the total length of the broken edges is 13.900 miles or about halfway around the earth at the equator. Parker and Pate' have pointed out that adsorption of water by soil is due almost entirely to the soil col- loids and that a relation exists between the silica-sew quioxide ratio of clay and its plasticity and moisture soil Colloids and the Availability 0 manageable calcium in Different soils. " “311.5% f the gerican mien of menacing. XVII . -15.. ‘1. I. Parker and I. w. Pate} “Base Exchange in c equivalent. Hegentogler1 reported that the soil parti- cles with colloidal properties largely determine the physical properties of the soil. Hogentogler canner- ated the coil phenomena directly dependent upon the amount and activity of the colloids as follows: hygros-n- copic noicture attraction. adhesion. heat of setting. fleecing-point depression. water-holding capacity. cep- ' illary sovenent. percolation. plasticity. soil structure. and shrinkage. I Ion if deception and mm It has been mentioned that the clay minerals are “pane of adsorbing ions and polar molecules sithin the crystal lattice or on the electro-negatively charged sure» face and exchange these ions or polar molecules for those present in an electrolyte surrounding the clay mineral. several theories have been presented to explain the nonhu- ani- of exchange that takes place between the clay or between a colloid with a known base exchange capacity and the free ions in an electrolyte. Among the earlier ones proposed is the kinetic theory of ion exchange by Hans Jenny and is given here as presented by c. E. Marshall. 2 -_._ _LA LA. _ 1f}. i. Regentogler. “Report of Subcommittee on Mbgrade Studies 3m Research gogd Proceedgg. '11 “927’s Po 9*- 2c. 2. menu. one Colloid (Shell of the ieate M sales tor-E6 'mme rs... E c.. I)“. g Pp. ,25‘127s -17.. gefl's Kinetic Theory of gen Exchange. Each ion is regarded as having a certain seen oscillation volume. lhe theory covers four principles. namely: simple 62"- - change. complementary ion principle. surface diffusion. and contact exchange . For simple exchange . exchange is less shen the oscillation volume of the added ion exceeds that of the ion on the clay. and more in the opposite case. Exchange completion is approached for high elec- trolyt ic concentration. as conplenentary ion principle concerns two re- placeable ions on the clay as affected by oscillation Vela-e. The release of one of the ions on the clay is water in prepcrtion as the oscillation volume of the other ion on the clay is smaller. Surface diffusion concerns overlapping of oscil~ latien volunes upon a given surface. This part of the theory has been substantiated in seolite and salt exper- iacnts but not in clay. Contact exchm is exchange of ions between adiacent colloidal particles due to overlap- ping of oscillation valance. nu. principle m... appli- cation in ion diffusion fro! the soil to the roots of plants. ’ . . his following is has Jenny and Beitcaeier‘ visual-'- ice the mechani- of ion exchange on the clay surface: ... __-‘A-AA W‘ 1K. :e and R. r. Reiteneier "Ionic Exchange in Relation tote stability of Colloidal wstens' m of asioal Chemistg. mm (1935). PP. $93.5“- -15. colloidal particles are plate-shaped stale whichghfid on their surfaces adsorbed ea ions. to heat action and Brownian lament the crbod ions are not at rest but oscillate and at tiles are at a considerable distance fro. the sell. If it so happens that on. account of Brownian aovcnent a cation of an added electrolyte slips between the negative and the positive oscillation i the electrolyte cation sill bosons 'adscr d'I shilo the surface ion rcaains in the solution as an eaehaagc ion. the sore loosely on ion is hold. thegreater is the average d istanoo of oscil- lotion and the greater is the possibility of replacement or vice versa. the sore tenacious- ly on ion stichs to the surface the less roadi- it will be released by the cations of an e cetrclyte added to the colloidal notes. he average distance of oscillation corresponds directly to the ave thickness of the elec- tric double layer. on the basis of the pic- tare outlined. one would conclude at once that witlhln acta potentials contain easily a one. ‘ let. i. knew1 essence that 'crystals of colloidal dimensions differ iron larger siaed crystals by having a capcsition at variance with the stoichicactrie one.‘ from this initial assuapticn. _ moor continues: ...tho surfs” chi-ystals not con- list to a large onically unsaturated ”manly conbinod building elements. nose new: *- a .rz. tie-“rm". a s as corp on o coupon- eating ions fro- the envircnaent. If nea- t cns are not available. or if the co oidal or is Wipe-ocean concentration of on. bail log units will take fiaee in tine until stoichicaetric equilibriua reached ad a votes of sinim free energ is chtaincd....mly one constituent (of an masoch- mn. 195‘) o eloctrohvte) is really adsorbed. whereas the others rennin in solution. Since the electrical neutrality of the system as a whole mist be naintained, another ion not be substituted. this ion can either be given or! by the adsor- bent in exchange for one taken on, or it must be obtained by secondary reaction in the dis- persion aodiun. :. L1Iooltortcn congares the alcove-negatively charged clay nioelle (with a silieaoeesouioside ratio greater than 2) to a nsgativel: charged anion tor-ting a nucleus surrounded by an ataosphere of positively charged cations in varying demos of freedom. sooltorton' continues: ma cations tors, in the aggro complex cation of the mothetioal 92:3” salt.... lbs Reinholts double 1 :- conception is useful exfllaining certain mucosa but is never- theless largely empirical. rho first stprotundansntal profirt: rtpo: the col- loidal soil conplex is its ab it;' to dissociate eertain ions. ror electro-negative colloidal clays the dissociated ions are cations which 138 ‘ thetécal ole: gran. {Bargain- ' In or nay e taken, o aggro e. o be electronegative and is thus likened a. alt anion....is described by Kelley, bore and Drown. crystallin osreninerals scoopoeed or stone at reggl'arly spaced distangzs and falling 0 I...“ MCUeeee 1‘ wt; 3:1. tofthebuil mingblcoukvs,£oraw sen b conditions such as e and o conditions. and for any conditions o: moatistiod elm-inn es,as tree eeeur in us arragenents, there wilgbe rtain bonds or charges wish are available tor bases or eati’onns to attach thoaeelves. On this moth- - 9- WWW W London: Edward .. . ~20- to the existence of unsatisfied charges. must b. Placed water. . rho less securely the replaceable cations be held, i.c. the lose their surface energy of ad— sorption, the greater will be the induced osc- notic energ available for adsorption. The cor—- relation curve for a powdered, lov—energ sodium clxhwould thus be expected to exhibit a greater ass ing and a higher plastic index for a given base-exchange capacity than would a calcium ncdifioation. Effect of Replaceable Ions Regardless of which of the morons theories cones closest to explaining shat actually happens on the clay ”face. there is general agreement that most clay ninerals do adsorb. absorb. and exchange ions and polar Isleculee. there is also general agreement that these exchangeable, or replaceable, ions affect to some seas- urabls degree the moisture-related properties of the ole}. is a natter of fact they also affect the proper-v» ties cfthe soil ofmiohthe cleywonlybeavery nell portion. rho conclusions shioh have been reached amine these effects may be a little too general. and one sill notice ems points of disagreement here and there. It is possible that. since there is a tremendous range of variability in ole; ninerals. not to speak of the greater range of variability in mtive soils in the different experiments carried out on clays and so ile. sole variable. or variables new not have been held down. his fast alone makes the degree of concurrence among the different workers on soil properties even more amazing. ~21- fig. 5 3 of gamble lone on flocculation In 1928. Baver‘ found that substitution of sodium for «1.1m. ‘nagneeiun, or other bases resulted in a new colloid may dispersable in water. He also found that caleius m a flocculating effect on the ..u. with high percentage of clay. while hydrogen-saturated soil was ‘ less flocculated than the original soil. Sodiun and pets-sins have a'deoided. defloeculating action. In sinking. the presence of hydrogen ions increased the rate of disintegration. shile sodiun and potassium decreased the disintegration rate. ' Woltorto'nz confirms the flocculating effect of free and replaceable oaloimt on clay by attributing the phenolsenon to the favorable influence of calcium on the youth of vegetation and organic matter which are ad- sorbed on the clay binding soil particles into aggregates and beoming water resistant on dehydration. , H. Jem3 mentions the high flocculating powers of calcium and ugneeiun. and the dispersive action of potassium and sodium on clay and humus colloids. ‘ .. _.- l JIE—h— _ v—v vvv—v fi—v v w ‘v‘ M... he magnifier“ z‘Wmaug ; 2; e e per as o s the American society of monomiets. xx (195 3!. 1.. b. Wooltorton, op. cit. a). (Res York: gggt 25 Atterburg Factors rho effect on the itterburg factors of soil can... sisteney is equivalent to the effect on shear resistance. Divalent ions tend to increase the plasticity, index. by ‘ eitherraising the liquid limit or lowering the plastic limit. According to hater-.3 the sodium ion lowers both limits but increases the plasticity index. However. it has‘been reported by Beloher, Moilpin and Woods} that Indian soils give the maxim liquid limit values. Win- . tea-horas3 found that the potassium ion tends to loser the plasticity index and that calcium. magnesium, and sodium ions tend to increase the plasticity index. “5“” _ E H! savor‘ shows that for Putnam clay (beidellite) swelling varies with the nature of the adsorbed cations in the order given: 1.1) Na} Os“) Ba.) I! > I. for nontnorillonite clay (bentonite) the order of swell- ing is as follows! Na) his.) I») Ca :- Be.) 11. the ultimate moisture uptake and the volume change in cubic centimeters per gram of nonoionie clay has been 1 JA__ A A. .A ‘7 ~-—..— V- ,_ v —w,‘. ‘1 vvfiw— 1L. h. layer. 80;; again (New York: John Wiley 1: done. be” 1956). 2n. :. Belcher. e. w. soups: and x. 3. Woods, mat Hactioes in Stabilisation.“ Purdue Conference C 3B. 1'. Winterkorn, 'Surfaoe Chemical Factors Influencing the Engineering perties of Soils." w gears}: Board Proceedgg. XVI (1936). «~23- III -OI‘ found by Winterkorn‘ to decrease in the general order of no > c: ) n. ‘ moan?- states that the substitution of a. cation by another that raises the charge of the colloid particles increases the swelling. The cations are ranked according to influence on evening in this order! Ra > K > oo )ng)n.cr1n3re‘portamtmanantanr great swelling thile Ca. Mg. i1. Fe(ic). and I tend to reduce swelling. ' eat on . ‘ ‘ f . ‘ tuterkmd studying the influence of mm... Meal properties as expressed by seven different or» changeable cations on compressive strength found that Al. ‘1‘. and B modifications always gave best results. Mg. Ca, and I ncdifications gave intermediate remlts close to then of natural soil. and Ra modifications gave the worst resents. ‘ e n! ’ io , on. properties of clay-mt” systems such as A... A. A ‘11. 1'. unterkorn 'idsorjption Phenomena in Relation to soil Stabilisation.~'I 3. _‘ ~. 3: _ _’ W IV (1935» ' 21). I. Bideri, “soil militia: 1. me honing of Boil in later Considered in Connection with the Problen of soil Structure.“ Boil ggience. m (1936). 3R. E. Grin. "Modem canoe ts of cm Minerals.“ W I- (1942). pp. 25-275. 43.15 Rinterkorn.H Homo-Ionic §oil Stugz, May 31. ~24- wf. w 1945. plasticity are affected by the bond between particles. «cent of eater between particles. and the nature of utter lsdsorbed on the clay surface. Grim“2 asserts that the exchangeable ions detox-nine the bond between parti- cles thereby restricting the snount of water that can was between the particles. The nature of the exchange- able ions influences the character of the configuration of water molecules. that is, the manner in which the . cation with its hydration sin-"elepc fits geometrically into the configuration. There is a suggestion that well im tend to tighten the water not, while large ions “tend to disrupt the eater net. Thus. Grin suggests turner. the eeleims ion tends to develop four very sell oriented more of Inter. Sodium favorsthe develoment of very thick layers. Potassium. hydrogen, slminun and ferric ins fern tight bonds between the particles and hence have Very null potential for growth of thick oriented ester mere. f i I A I so ti n or once ici - Vccltcrtonl‘ de scribes hygroscopicity as “that I . ‘R. E. Grim. "Ion Exchange in Relation to acne Pro ice of Soil-Water wetensfl Am meg; Publi- HOo 142 (1952). . 23. s. Grin “Organization of Water on C19; min- eral surfaces and Its :{Implications for the Properties of O ~Water $3.. R0. 3“ (1953). 3r. 1.. n. Wocltcrton. op. cit. .25.; ncictnre ehich ie adsorbed from the atmosphere and held by neleonlar forcee close up to the surface of. the part- iclen..lt coneiete or 9. film 01' enter moleculee strongly anoint“ with the exchangeable cations and [the surface of the coil niecllee. It is hold clone to the surface by tor: powerful {commerce-ire forces which are coneidered to tend to reduce nicellar culling. These high compreceivc etreeeee result in an increaee in the density of the enter and import to the nu the propel-tin oi’ a solid... the thicken. "cording to nattoon, (ie) not mater then 4 to 5 nicronicrone and corresponds to the range of lcleenlar attraction.“ nun-1 presents one to chew that at relative omen: or 99.8 per cent, hygroscopioity increase- mordingtou IA > He > H >Ba > Ca) I; etrelative humidity of 7M9 per cent the order in B > On > 1.1 > B > In > I. Beta is also presented to chew that hy- mnopicity increecee with total exchange capacity of the eollciee. eithough Bever- werne that the relation ehieh actually involvee relative activity of ione and concieel We. who: of im recent. etc. in not a “male one. coil-Organic letter Relationship: In hie experiments with Lone Penpeano eoile. . .1 A W . v—y_—_ '1” De “"3. 02: Qite ~26- Iceterkorn‘ tonne that thin lceee containing 6.45 per cent organic latter me very tavereble for waterproofing so long on further beaterial action In prevented. inela- yeie of the organic nutter in been Mom chewed e hid; pereentege or linin- and proteins. wlier. in 1940. Gettong hae emcee-dull: hardened with coil cement epeaty eoilhcwingeveryloeeeneityenctezyhighor- nucummhlv ‘ me prance of wily-hometown protein- elongwithetrcnglyreeietentlimineintheeceeecil am need- ecue exploitation. Lininheebeen numb: Veto-en end latching-3 to be highly relietent to attack ”in“.MfluneflimuuM“ennneuuuin eeile. peat boy. and coupe-tn. my court that certein mencuthehigheri‘cngimcepeblecreeetming 11511111 in the tree): or partly «cone-ed plant tiem but once in the purified state. 11min become coupletely re- am to etteek even by theee deuce-seine. mtein. on the other hand, in readily decmoeed by any ‘3. 1r. :interkorn. “mace-chemical Properties ' . - of ‘e z - ‘ lite i nal leflmmleL “ 9 n 1940), p. 821. “Mi Jo Hatching, '39- b licrccrgnniele' a; Science n3 (w;xm-:§%1sd ' ' emu 13. Bottom“. 'Reeeerch on the icel Bel- em et Boil end So tmtnree.“ eee h W 027‘- ueroorgenim under most conditions. However. it is believed that protein is protected from decomposition both by the 11min end cm portion of the soil» Stebil~ influx: of protein by the more neietent 11min has been propeeed by m. in experiment by Women end Iyer cited by do simm‘ showed that lignin exeroieee e as. main otteet on the decomposition of proteins in pure end nixed cultnree o: microorganism. indicating en in- tereetiee between iignin and protein noleenlee. ' any other workere, however, ettribnte m- pro. teetive eotion to the prennoe of clay. meninger and die-ohms: quote menu on etating that W eouoide ton oomponnde with hm: eolloide, thee preventing ite repil loeonpuition. Enninger end Giooekins performed on experiment eith eouoide to union pepein end more» tin were eddoe. they eonolndod thet the edeorption or elm and haemoglobin by In» exonense oleye interfered with mtio hydrolyeie of the-e proteins in both eeid pepeie end ammo pmeeun mpeneim. end flat the degree “interference m influenced by the exohenge - eepeeity or the eieyo " , Hg A A—A 4 Ag 'nexiue At J. de Si and. %e Einoiplee of 801,; a?” once. bane. i. 3. Yo . ed. . 9 e. on: by & 000‘ ‘93s)e . . . A n - 2L. E. manger end I. E. Gieeek 'Reeietanee or clay-Meorbed Protein to Proteo ow lyeie' eon Science _ .LIII (1942 ._ pp. 204—2 9. ' ~28~ Reduetion of Base 2 change Capacitz The clay-protein relationship apparently benefits both protein end clay. While the protein eeeke "refuge" in the clay structure from the reach of enzymes. it omre up exchange poeitione in the clay lattice and on the clay surface. It may aloe. as suggested by Herr- Cricke‘. orient iteelf between the silica-amine eheete to keep the interplaner opening e constant. Consequently, with meet or the exchange poeitione inecoeeeible. the edeorption oepeeity or the clay tor enter end for easily hydreted eetione ie reduced. ' m. reduction of base exchange. cepeeity he been found to be effected not only by protein but by various lerge organic cations ee well. mith2 reeetod bentonito with e eolntion of free nicotine in veter end reported thet bentonite enters into bane um with e definite ohoeieel oqnivelent of organic beee other! eetnretion can be reached. The etudiee of Mayor-3 indioete thet there in e plveioe-ehenioel union between the arsenic end the “A A -—A W .4.._4 _‘.\i_. _‘ _._. _ J L ,'~ v“ W 1—17 j , w v— ' ‘8. 3. Hendrioke, ”Bose Exchange of the Clay Min. ere]. Hontmorillonite for Organic Cetione and Its Depend- ence n n Adsorption due to Van der m. Forces " 1.03mi o: mama shaming. In (1941). pp. 65-81. 20. B. with, “Beee We Reaction. of Benton- ite end alto ot Organic Bone," any 2! the argon We 3'1 (1934). 1’0 ' ' 33. B. More". 'Meioo—chenieel Reeotione Be- tween arsenic and Inorganic Soil colloid- ee Rented to Aggregate routine,“ 2% Science. 1131' (1937). p. 331. ~29- - . u . » . . . . c e I L. inorganic colloidl. Working nith alfalfa and clay cola loide. he found that. regardleee of the type of organic M inorganic materiele combined, e reduction in exchange oepeeity of the eyeten resulted from the mixing. Giana—- hing1 reported that complex organic cations were strongly edeorbed within the variable interplenar (001) spacings of ncnmrillonite, resulting in larger interplanar . epeeinge. Ihne oatione were found to be exchanged by . eetione of approximately the cane eize but were not on- ehengedby ’kwdrogen. ehich ie usually very effective in _ replacing mu cetione. Gieeeking eleo found that nont- eorillenite eetnreted with large substituted maniac ion- did not show the enter adsorption. «annulled _ diaper-ion cherecterietioe of calcium, eodinn. or hydro-v gel lentncrillonite. nor did the new interplaner (001) epeeinge vary with the ester content of the eyetom. Jordon-2 reported tbet ormie icne could be need to. req- lace the. Heter-edIcrbing proportion of nonteorillonite; ltho lerger the ion. the greeter the reduction of enter» edeorbing eepecity. He :3th thet the demo of mil- in; depende upon et leeet three feetore. anointhe - extent of the mfeoe coating of the clay particle- by A... H A -— 13. E. Gieeeking. “The Mechanim of Cation Er- in the Hontnorillonit e-Be idellite-Nontrcnite Type of ay Minerals, Soil Science, nvn (1939). pp. 1-". 2:. We Jorden, “Organophilie Bentcnitee mum in Organic Liquide. " onrnal of 31 Co oi Chant}: p 1:11: (194 ‘g pp. " e the orgenie hotter. the degree of eeturetion of the bone oxohongo oopooity o: the claw by organic eetione. end the neturo of the eolveting 1iqoid. giogtetion a: Mo gogoide on the Q3 ie ie the eoee with eny enrfeee phenomenon in the mo: of e011. there ere e tow different theorioe end oompte awarding the eenner in due): organic eolloide eroheidonorhytho oiey. neon? deeeribee the emu—om eohoeion ee follow-t “the eoheeion between the individual pertielee of e non-hone neoue ante eoneioting of eenoidel ieloe or pertiolee of e geot- er eieo be oxphleinedy by theorientetion of the eelo oe or e layer or odeorption only in the united oeeo of the eloeoet oontoet between thee eoereo einorol ole-onto. In noot oeeoe the orientetion e: the noieeuloe of the loyore or the eenonting eeheteneoe oxtonde to e eertein depth, there to boom dieergenieod end to be refined. the oeoetie elemente or the group- eee of the nobility of the bond .ntho doereeee or the oolubility or the el eennet be expleieod only by the influence of .e edeerbod of heme end by the dooroeeo o: neietnro equity due to e definite orientetion. ee ie rooonieod for inetoneo. in roan-d to tho Idiom” e2 tot eeide. In eo11weeredoe1- wi «detention of heme”. in on ir- M the reunibio eteo end with oneo o1 tho We tom of tho eo ‘ It 1. 0". eeebe otobio tut io, inooieu ttho. m) 1-17 ; mane“ o eed of m. m 1‘1““. .0 3 Minion of gamma merit he ‘been dried ’1). I. didori. “(h the hmtien of structure in lens 11. menu:- of. Weston 0n the Bonde uniting with Bond end Mei tum.- We Inn (3356). .31.. I. “II 1:1 wwm... W m m:i::m.. not only to tutor. but duo to Gnu”. W‘ mums a» mu «new. no union. mm atmmuzmuotmm-m- mutuuwmmtmncmmmm nuhmmmsfimtm arm-clonanum W. m mue- a: m latex-plann- mng «you mmmumum-tummmru mm u a «mu m a» «mum mm. 1mm wmmmdmmwiwmthnm mu gm. manna; Wm mm: mm. up in: :mm a. “mt-tin“! at 01.: III W “I”. m mm m in VIM. arm-3 mum m "mm: .1 m up- ,muummnummummmu ‘ ,memufig‘mmum. m pom tut-m: an mu. or). Wfiqmmmn: (or m :3 the ;m:‘iut to m:1n.§r:énmm. m“ ”3:3“ at that-aton- m5..." nut-nun. m n1 neutro- flmm mu tto-ard ’8. 1|. much. M. ‘n. w. lam. w. -n‘ W1: whoa tho positive and or a polar oonpound. ion ohms romlt in a olooo moh- tla or the organic colloid petioles on the our- M of tho polarizing albumen. mob adsorp- tion would result 11: a roduotionin lathe offload. Mohmdrmoetothomoago of. truth. thou. m can of tho ore-nu ool- oldo rotating from close contact either with tho “W or utfidothoripolutud organic o o o. o clu- on no only would to o Morin roaming «51% may of the organic colloid but it would I nth an omio compound no)!” um MR.“ “13:1 wmxpfifit‘fium o o 0 mm: at?" valence- ot tho colloidul om- muu.nudtuoathrom1dm ho 01'de alum to o 103. landed on a. lid. . ”Mallow. trawler-rumma- M “to: of tho out“. Moo-pilot Manhunt-«mouth untumotlu'a amnumwmmm. udumwomwwm.ummm de of m but moon ad mm... no wind ml for union thou “not: and colloid- no mo In to W a follow» !. ammomamuotwu mumontumormmmmumn-(w ~63“ “ “phat. bituminous mixturea. and Portland cement) by ”dining the surface proportion of the soil or mate mulch 2. u o. ntorprooflng agent in itself. to ohango tho ntmttnotmg proportion of soil particle: to humming proportion. no tomato or quite a tow or those ltudiu have m momma u my to won-0d from the solemn. unmet“ by: 1. Wort. mama. and murkm‘ on am of antic “1d: ' 2. natal-km and Momma on room. material” 3 . rutorkorfi on WW: 4. 01-0091 and wooloey“ on totty qutomary min calm W 5‘ ‘ ‘_ W l ‘ ” ‘Ro O. Wort, Go '0 Honda and Ho 1. “8‘30?- korn. ,. bomto , ' .. of the -. Stab is s; Effect- homes nmsm'tm acme I: 'm'xnnmm» . . 0:1»wa more. Q o 23.. r. natal-horn and a. v. mnpin. 3°11 obs.- ~-.. ho ‘ or on : Toohnioal r- A, * 311.1. Vintorkom, Iaborat Stu o: the ., 11 «11,3..- Eflootinno o r 0125 res r3. :mman as W‘. e . o “ELM! "o o * P o ' , ”M"? 9’ ' ‘huk 1. Ground and John I... Wool”: 'Ettoot of hit: mtomr: Ammonium salt- on Physical al’f’roportiu or gun-u Warm: 1955)o ’ ’ ~34- 5. launior, tun-non and napkin-1 on oaloiu “17W! 6. navidaon and mid-“2939"5 gm on fatty acid can «mu, quaternary a-oaina moridi. aniline W. polraeida and lignin with large organic cation. t of c oida o uiro An important aapoot o: soil-organic latter rol- ationahip ia the amount or organic colloid. that can he need to effect the inhibition of water abaorption. This «out ia determined for organic oatioaa not only by the baa. exchange capacity or the aoil but also by the equiv- alent weight and atrueturo or the cation upland. 1Vinoent c. Heunier Gordon J. Williamson, and Robert P. Hopkine, "Soil-Ia er Relationship in Calcium Aorylate stabilised Soil,“ Induatri d Cheniat . XLYII (1955). 2Donald 1'. Davideon and John E. Glab, ”An Organic compound aa Stabiliaing Agent for Two Soil-Aggro“ to m- turea.‘ Mm Research Board Proceedya, 11.11: (1949). 33a"- a. Hooter and n. r. David-on W‘l‘fllflijmnf ... -‘ ‘3. 3. mm. 3. 6. 035.171. and n. 2. mm. 'Btabiliaatioa of Loose with Aniline . “m gegm Board weeding” mu (1957). 5n. 1.. lioholla and n. 1. Davie-on. "Polyaaida and and with Large Organic cation: for soil 3:23:13.- “WW (1953). It wne pointed out pronoun]: that for the organic cation to reduce the tater uptake of the coil. it ahonld protide atoric hindrance to tater dipoloa. me to in do: M’s attraction, larger cations are general: difficult. or inpooeible, to replace by maller organic caticna or by inorganic cationa.‘ Jordana Itatce that the larger the organic cation. the creator its effectiveness in reducing the water-adeorbing capacity of the treated coil. ‘ It in interacting to conjecture that happena whoa atoric hindrance at all point. on the active cur- i’aaa ia effected and an arena of organic matter in patent. The Inter imagine: that tho following would happen. Lamina that more organic matter than necessary in applied. the polar organic molecule: would nowrthe- 10a! crowd on the clay surface and affect eteric hin- drance to cater dipolea and exchangeable bacca. However. the cocoa organic colloids would then be exposed to poe- aiblo culmination with water dipoloo. Thus. the meet organic matter would apparently increase the ”water loving“ tendenciea of the coil. Actually it would not bl tho clay or the coil surfaco that would take up the ”.4 A :1“ .4 ‘8. B. mandricha. 'haec Exchange of the Ola nin- cral Monmorillonite for Organic Cation: and lta Depend. once on Adaorption due to der Waale romeo,“ w W II-V 1941). pp. 65-81. lent nitzlby'ft J'ofiaméfitaration “or the Proportfigfit o o eac on mince. wagon, (1949). pp. 598-6 05. 36‘ It, “tor but the ozone organic additives. However. the general effect on the system ie the name. that 1e, increased potential for Inter uptake for a given weight of coil and organic matter. i'he diecneeion up to thie point has been dealing neatly with added organic matter. The quoetion oomee up: me me the organic matter which in already preeent in the coil? Meet eeila contain organic matter in varying deal-eon. the organic matter contained it usually a nature. However. the component: are definite clinical compound: in theneelvee. regardleee or whether they are in the proceea oi’ formation, of deconpoeition. or have reached equilibrium with respect to soil microbiological activiv. A considerable proportion could exist en die. minted eationa or ae polar neleoulee, and. therefore, 7 could be expected to behave like any pure compound of. the cane competition applied to the eon. Since the con-v nation hae been that organic colloids applied to the cell are effective in reducing—theme“: or the coil tor ndaorption or water, it follows that organic colloide, unmemtmnmuil.andottheemchenioal' composition aa that union would be applied. would be aim?- ilarly effective in remaing ouch eater-edeorption cep- aeity. contingent on tee important conniderntione (e) the -37.. amount of natural organic matter in the coil should very nearly equal that amount which. by polar adsorption. would remlt in clcae packing of the organic colloide on the clay auri’aee. thne covering up exchangeable been and reetricting the adeorption of water dipolee. and (b) the coil-eater relation-him created by the satu- rating or predominant replaceable inorganic catione in the coil ehould be clearly underetcod and properly evaluated with reepect to the total picture. CHAP’I'ER II EXPERIMEMAL PROCEDURES General Procedure Several complee ct a coheeive coil. classified in the nichigan State Highway Department Soil Engineering and an ear-aw coil. were obtained at boringo along the flat-ohm on 11-43 between the city of Kalamaaoo and Riehlaad. manaaoo County. Michigan. who unplee. taken tron part of the 3 horiaon but neatly iron the o horieon. were a yellow brown to reddiah brm coherent gritty loan. rho relieving data about the coil were obtained 1| Winner: experiment" ' h Particle ciao diotribution 2. Specific gravity of coil grain- 3. halo exchange capacity 4. Clay aineral content (qualitative) by 1.3a: diffraction and by infra-red epeotrceoopy 5. Plaotie liait. ohrinlcage liait. and liquid liait n.- tollowing "etc were performed on the hono- ionic coil nodii’ieaticne and honoionic ecil~organic utter combination" ~39- 1. Fla-tic limit. liquid limit. and abrinhage limit 2. Incontinod compreaaion strength 3. loiature aboorption in capillarity. imereion. trout-thaw. wetting and drying cyclee 4. Volume change In the experimente of. thia theoie, an attempt has been made to emulate the natural organic matter in the coil with the use of lignin and hunic acid. ‘Thia nae been found neceaaary aa it io physically inpoaeible to obtain. oven in a large area, eanplco of coil belonging to the aaao «rice and claeoitication and containing naturally occurring organic matter at different eet pereontagee. ao 1f. 2%, etc. Lignin haa been chooen to ropreeent the organic latter in equili'oriun with cell hierobiological activity. that ie. aaaunod to remain in the coil vithout further deccapooition. Mic aeid hae been ohceen to repreeent organic latter at any etage of deccnpooition. Inorganic caticna are introduced into the coil by baao exchange and it ie «mod that thou nation are preoent in the coil 22595.2. the organic colloida enter the qotcn. Preparation of Benoioaic Bella storm! 600 lb Iaraao coil paaaing the no. 4 clove; .40— I2, 0.2 normal. hydrchicrie acid eoiution; eoiutionc of aim-- in. chicride, calcium chloride. ferric. chloride: an. tiiied eater. « Large acre and ceramic mate to hold the eupiee. Vacuum filtration cycten for washing the chem- many—treated mice. - mm the procedure need by H. P. Winterkorn‘m adapted. Eccentiaiiy. u conciete o! leaching the an vith an eiectrciyte containing the deeired cation in each concentration ae ie calculated to eat-crate the ban ex- change capacity. the value of. mich vac obtained in a preiiaiaary expermn. in mtion hae to be made that the preceea reunite in baee eaturation. . "Hydrogen“: eoii can prepared by coating 100 lb of rat eeii tor a tee daye in a eoiution or 0.2 normal hy- droehioric acid. then caching the treated .on on .2 men. an fannei untii the each water ie tented tree of chic- ridee. I “much" "ferric“ and 'aiuaimn' aoiie were crepared by coating the raw ecii in the correapmding chloride aoiutione and then leaching out the tree chlo- ride ion- with dietiiied eater. I ' the chloride-tree honeicnie eanpiee were then MA“ , mane r. Iinterkorn, vmeicoocnmm so? glib? .' i * . ' .1 _ n 1940) Po ' aiicwcd to dry in air. the iunpe broken up with a rubber- tipped naiiet. and tractione of the required min cine care «parated and weighed out for the neceecuy teete. Preparation of Soiiooi'genic hatter Combinations M combination wee prepared from the raw coil and fro! the hmienic coil by adding a given weight of the ehcecn organic material an a percentage of the dry niflt of the inorganic aoii. the percentage of clay in the coil. and the identification or the cm nineraie in the eoiioid fractions were and ae guidee in approxiw ting the amount c1 limit: or hnnic acid to be applied to the coil eupiee. Below are the 45 different conbina- V tione prepared: Rae acii. no additive Raw eoii pine fist. 1%. 2%. 33‘. 47‘ iipin Rae ecii pine 1%. 2%. 3% tunic acid 'mdrogea' eoii, no additive I -wmm' 0011 pm M. 1%. 25‘. 3%. 4% new: "harem" eoii pine 1%. 2%. 3% tunic acid 'iianim' eoii. no additive W mun-1w:- am m- H. wt. 2%. 3%. 4% new 'nm- ccii pine m 2%. 3% hunie «1e "J‘ea't'rie"l eoii. no additive 'rerrie' ecu plan if. 1%. 27‘. 3%: #91 113m 'rerrie' acii nice ‘9‘. 2i, 3% hcnie acid 'Caieiu" eoii. no additive Qua. “Calcium“ can plan at. 1%. 2%. 3%. 4% 11gn1n “Calcium" coil plue 1%. 2%, 3% humid acid Preparation o1 manic Acid later e 10 lb much. 2 lb eodiun pyrophoaphate crystaie (“42207-110 H20). dilute hydrochloric acid. eolution. mm The method need no that euggeeted in a etudv by a. a. Brenna-J A ZOO-gran portion at neck as. placed in a beaker. treated with one liter o1 0.25 molar coiution ei’ hydrochloric acid, and allowed to atand overnight. me met an then eaahed on a Buchmr tunnel with dir- tilled water. he liter: of a tenth noiar solution or eediun pyrophoaphate were added to the eaahed neck. The nixture lac ehaken intermittently for aeveral houre. alioeed to Child overnight. and the black eupernatant liquid Iae eiphoned o11 and paeeed through filter paper. the filtrate Iae acidified with hydrochloric acid. there- by ”precipitating the hmic acid.- m precipitate no me with elightiy acidified dietilled eater. The eaehed precipitate eae pct aaide. care being taken that it can kept in a aciet condition until needed. h A Mi -..._- _. . .1 W ‘J. a. manner. “Studiea on Soil Organic Hatter: I. The Chenical nature 01 Soil Organic Matter" $39535; 3-1 W: m (1949)» PP- '8 ~43- I” Ieeting Procedures The “andard method deeeribcd in M830 Dceig- natiut 1' 88-0541 van and. m: coil teat coneiete oi’ a eie're analyaia for the portion oi the tail that ia rec- tained on the no. 10 me. Standard Sieve and a hydroneter analyeie for the portion paaeing the no. 10 niece. Since all cationic nodii’icat ione and co ilocrganie hatter com-.- biaatiene were aaee iron the portion paeeing the No. ‘4 eleve. the lie" analytic Iae done only on the rev cell. the hydrcueter analyeia. however. vac carried out for all eetinie eoile. id ’ o the specific gravity of the coil wee neaaured by aeane of a pycneneter according to the etandard method «aeribed in lime pollination: I too—'54.: Since thi- mcme wity m to be need to calculate hydroeleter analyaie data. only that portion paaeing the No. 10 ' “m ”I tested. i'hie teat baa neceleary to determine the amount " d w citicatiena for * :4 . hater . :-.-.; he a c 9311* ;; «c—v ' 0°31ng ozticiaie. "‘3'" (“Mg-9 me... cum1955).. pg. 2 «4.5 ‘ ”an... 1:. 281. 44- and concenu'ation of acid and ealte necessary to effect a “titration. or near eaturation. of the base exchange cap- aeity at the coil. the literature preecnte quite a for be. and eeeepted nethede at determining baee exchange capacity. am- one adopted here ie that of Oleon and bare. pnbiiehed in i938... - A brief aumary in here given: tom 5 me of coil and place it in a 400cc. beaker. Add 40 ml. 15% hydrogen peroxide. cover the beaker with a catch glaae and place on a etean bath. Iii- sect 1cr approximately one hour, remove the watch glaae , and completely evaporate the liquid; Noe place the can- ple‘in a 2.50 ml: beaker and add 50 ml. normal. neutral main! acetate. Stir the eointicn occaeioneliy for a new. Peerintoanellmchner m1, pournere antral amcniun acetate and filter by auction until a value or 500 ll. of leaehate ie produced. Diecard the mam... Wade the coil on the cane enter with 300 n. We: methanol men hae been neutraiiaed with ameni- an hydroxide. )3in the nehingc. Hoe leach the coil in the filter eith 300 ll. of 0.?0 nor-ml hydrochloric acid. receiving the leachate in a clean Erlenmeyer flack. hen-fer the leaehate to an 800 mi. neidahi hack and add 5 gran eodiu hydroxide into the flank. Dietili the finale into a .500 all. hummer tlaek containing W ‘ A A r—WW ‘1... C. Clear: and a. a. “may “no Determination of the organic ity of com. 33 M II? (1938) pp. 3-49 «45- I'I“ 50 I1. 01 tenth normal hyfironhlorio eon. who exeoee acid in beak-timed eith 0.10 nemel eodiun hydroxide using en Mentor. who hue exohenge capacity in twice the mu- 9: mum. of one norms}. acid and. WW - ' w m. teat m performed nuns the 1.113: Dif- ueetien ”meme: the 8011 nay-1n Leo-meaty. sou um ‘mmme or Mousse! state mama. one mole of the teet m to identity the clay and colloid parties 01 the eel}. in order to be able to make on mail. agent Interpretation of the route ot the other taste. 0 0 t O This 1e on additional test for identifleeuon of m an and «note portion or the son Mploo 1m tut lee carried out in the infra-red epeetrophotmter or en. mm sum mm Dena-meat Reeemh m. enter}. . ' m honotonte eon mumem me the soil- ”Mutter eonhinetime were tented ter pin-no nun.- limo 11m. and W mu morning toetendere “than. no am the menu: antenna weaned f the nose we spooumaumn the yhetieitr *_. ‘Me. Pfie 2700230. index and the shrinkage ratio are encrusted from the remte or the tests. W m nethod need 1e an adaptation of the etnndard method for the determination of volume change at mile, first propoeed by W. E. Taylor‘ of the Bureau of Public Reade and noted in 11530 Standard monieetionez no new meignntione '2 116-5“ The eppmme need in the expel-mot m defieed from o Sonteet eeneo11dometor body to m eee edded n perforated pieton. 1 micro"- neter gage meme the upland movement of the pieton ee 1t “pannednpbythe evening eon-Mohukept inn etiote or eetnret1on through the dnret1on o: eeeh test. the ample ”teeny need in thie tut 1e. otter eon- ”tun to near-Rooter, 2} hence 13 meter endl inch in menu-5 m- 1e e mach honor emple than that in the umo nominee men 1e 4 menu in em»: end 1.5625 um 1: Wu. ' W w m {hemmed Companion treet- end the Wentherdng feet Borne _ me unconfined empreeeien teete end mothering —-'_ ' A.“ .. u.“— __ —— .V—y 'Pz-g elem, a {or Teetfie 8011“ Sponsored by Len: chin» on e or Perpoeee (mu- . :3;1 3 American Benet: tor meeting marine, 0 pp. 13M». . : 2w0¢.m_em. PPe 290-294; ” ~47~ tone were performed on preview compacted e011 eylinc 01m. Compaction to etenderd density e1; optimum moisture m obteined by otaezo loading 1:: e stool mold. Loading lee done on e Three-Olsen hydmlie men. The eon- noted eon cylinders meme 1.3437 inch 1: diameter end 2.687 We in height. w Thane dimension- give e height—- ' wee-coo: note or an end e volume or 1/453.” o: e - mu feet. when the moist or dry my“ 01 the 0011 cylinder 1- ebteined in am, the value chained 13 the met-1031 equiveleat of wet or dry density in pounde per «one toot. ‘ runner-2on1- e011 mm». were prepered tor eeoh e! ehe hometown .011- or eounergeue letter nonbi- 311m. reel" or these were weighed end left in the open for 7 We. the other twelve were else wished but were flex-ed in en etc-flat coauthor to union the men; tenure tor 7 me. After the Vader mine mice, 3 of. the eir-dried maple: end 3 of the moi-13¢ me new.“ were «1311“ end tented for unconfined eon- ”Omen mm. The was 9 melee o: ens-era.“ e011 end 9 '3 hoe-twee eon were then pleeed on e 2.1mm we: or “meted me one-e lend for another 7 we to I119. the cylinder. to eeke up enter by «paler: motion. 1'". m eemtetning the me wee comma to prevent mp- “than. end eon-tent we“: love). no unwed et. the “3’ 01’ the one 1w by men. of em over—11o! outlet. .43.. Inter wee euewed to drop into the pen to replenish that um up by mum-1w. To “intent the 1ml of the out in the pen, e piece or cheeeeoloth wee, 1e1d ever the eel! lever end lever-e1 'leyere of paper towele were pieced on top or the oheeeeeloth. With thi- proeedure. none of the lend mine mu get on the nail «who end the '” peper towele e’euld he heeled or: ee they get honed; I The melee were teken or: the capillary pad for weighing et reuonehle interval... during the 7—day period. In the mentine. the morn-1n; noieture eoetente were «new; observed end plotted. fleet of the couples ob. tenet their minim moieture uptake within 7 dam. How- mr. em complee were elew 1n the initial etege of acute" eheorptun end were ”111 eheerhtha mature by the end of the 7th“: on the miller: ped. For each “plea; the «.me ebeerption per1od wee extended to M den to ellew the tine-mouth" eonteet our" to level at. n the end of the 7.. or 14-day «mum-y eh.- Winn period. three of the mp1" eat-131111111: cored b Air-drying end three origin-11: hoist-med were ”1611“ end tented for uneonfined eonpreuien etrengthe. the reunions 6 unple- corresponding to eeoh ”filed of min: were then weighed end plead 1.11 e trees- “N m. began 4 mlu of tuning end mm. the “Ple- were etored 1n the freezer for epproxinetely 16 hour. end pieced on the oepmery-eheorptien ped for -49.. ter epproximetely 8 hours, for thewing. The samples were fiddled before the: were put back into the freezer. One mums and one thewing nede up one cycle. . . After four cycles of treeeing end thawing. 3 ohm- plea leorreeponding to eeoh method of curing were weighed one mm roe wormed eonpreeeion strength.‘ By this the theeenplee have been considerably weakened, so that one o! the. testing wee done on e Souteet Unconfirmed Coupreeeion We. Medan-430. the remitting 3 samples corresponding to each nethod or during were then weighed end dried 11': an oven et e tempereture of 60 demos Centigrade (140 degreee lehrenheit) to eonetent weight. The eemplee were then taken out of the even end each one wee eerehzny lowered into e pen of weter kept et room temper-store. Greet eere m teken eo that no turbulence oeenrred while the enn- Dlee were being mulled. the pee wee located on e .W. “able mteee where the laboratory truffle wee ”‘3 11h]: to bump egeihet it. Since the woret eon~ “tine. were hung emu-nod. it we: decided to lower the "Ple- into the water while etm hot. A few of the “DJ." were allowed to cool of: hetero Merlion end the “the retee of dieintemtion were observed and “‘Mrded for future referenee. ‘ no mp1“ were left in the weter for 8 honre. . m“ that did not diedntemte were teken out end dried 1‘ me me et 60 degree: Centiaede to constant weight. .50- the oven-dried weights were recorded, and the samples lore Wd in the water again; The initial even-- trying and the immereion constituted the first cycle. the eon ample! were taken through four drying and letting eyelet. If any 301.). cylinders were left after four eyelet, they were tested for unconImed compression mast)“ -5 1.. CHAPTER III RESULTS 0? TESTS Prelinlnery Teete me o etc and eeifieati The resulte of the mechanical analysis of the raw or untreated Warner 9011 are given in Table 2. The per- tiele use distribution plotted from mechanical analysis «to. an ehoen in Fig. 1. The soil it: classified on the been or mechanical annlyeie date. , ‘ meorm .. the new Che-mention. the e011 sample eontune 10.2 per cent Mel. 16.0 per eent eonree and. 18.6 per out fine and. 21 per cent an end 34.2 per cent em and eel- 1014-». m m eon. 1e eleuined textural: no I. ole: .0111» 1mm. pile-ties.” Index. and my index no additional mum to an: em in the destination or none. We the m I011 mum 80.3. 73.8. and 55.2 per cent of he total might mung the Hoe. 19. 40. end 200 eime rupeetitely. the eel]. 11- first tentatively l. elnsaified en an M. b5. A-6, or Aw? coil. The liquid 113115 value of 28 .0 and the plasticity index a: 12.9 given in able 3 further classify the soil as an A-6 toil. Ehe you; index or 5.2 confirms the H cleani- tieetien. The toil is finally inhaled en 1.40.2). e clayey 0011 Mob ie generally rated ne poor ammde materiel. m C 01 The value- tor hue exchange capacity obtained for three different fractions of the natural or raw soil on given in Me 1. TABLE 1 BASE WGE CAPACITY O? WARSAW 8011’. WW i W ,wwfi V" we..- . Bede Exchange Onpae ity “I310 in nillie quivnlente per 100 grams or sample M i. heated with hydrogen peroxide 1. Ruins Io. 20 elm 4.35 2. Mine no. 40 sieve ‘ 6.25 3. Peeling No. 140 new 8.60 3. lot treated nth hydrogen peroxide 1. Peeling Fe. 20 ".1... 4.90 2. Pueing Ho. 40 eieve 7.35 3. Fleeing No.140 eieve $0.80 N i e— w A..." “:1 w n, ~53- It will be noted that the sample and contains mo organic matter as chem by the loss in base exchange capacity after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide was used an an oxidizing agent to don- troy an organic matter present in the soil samples. It in lilo suggested that the moninn ncotntc method used in thin tent is expected to yield lower hue exchange «nudity anuu than another method in which sodium uotctc in used. m 3111 c Gavin no specific gravity of the coil grains in the portion pooling the No. 10 .10” in 2.64. zdontiticntig of 0151 and gogoid motion- I-Ray diffraction patterns obtained or the clay tad colloid motion: indicctod the following component- to to want: illito, knolinito, intern-ratified "mi-o «lita- dnd chloritca. and quartz. Infra-rod absorption opeotn indicated illito, holinitc. and quota. on. results of the standard tut: follow. Plutic. unit rant. no results of tho plutic limit tott- on give: umlclcndmahminrigc.2nd3. Effect of long on gum. 2% Both the aluminum and ferric i'onc indicated 3 ~54- tendency to increase the value of the plastic limit, fine the calcium and hydrogen ione demonstrated a ten- deney to decrease the value of the plastic limit. The iene ere ranked eccording to their effect on plastic limit ee follow” Pe(ic) > Al ). Raw eoil > Ce > H. & eet of Orange Matte; onPleetic Limit 3 w nib-The plastic limit increased with the eddition of 1% end 2% lignin. end decree-ed with the ed~ mm or 3% end 41 lignin. the plutie 1m: eleo inu- eremd with the eddition or 1%. 3%. end 2% hmnic eoid in flat order. 'Wwi‘he pleetic limit increeeed with the eddition of 175. 2%, 3%. end 4% lignin. Additione of 1%. 2%. end 3% mimic ecid increased the pleetic limit to e greeter extent then did 1% lignin but to e leee extent then did 27!. 3%, end 4% lignin. - animal" no .42» W in the plastic 1m: reuniting from the eddition of 1%. 3%. end 4% limin m negligible. The eddition of 29‘ 11min inereeeed the Mid limit (Lightly. Addition of 1%. 2%, sad 3% humid eeid inmneed the pie-tie lilit te ulnee meter than theee ehtnined for my or the limits mtinetiene. 'me pleutie linite remlting iron the edditien e: 1%. 2%. 3‘5. end «W “min were later then the M10 limit e: non-edditive "terrie' 0011. All plutie linite reenlting from the addition of. 1%, 2%, end ~55- IF? I“ 31‘ Min acid were higher than that or non-additive “ferric“ loll. 'Qgcimn' «awn. addition ofliain genernlly We plutie limit. The decree.” in plastic limit due to the addition 012% liain an on alight u to be negligible. rho edditicn o: humid acid einilerly in— ereeeed plaetie limit. Liquid Limit Taste The reunite or the liquid limit toete are given ihrehleJnndereehowninPige.4nnd5. ~ f uid it Very little change in liquid limit telnee tee «and by 9,. change in the “mating cation. Raw eoil end 'celeine' eoil hed the em liquid limit. Both Meson“ ecil end "elnnimm' eoil hed nightly higher liquid linite and “ferric“ eeil had nightly lower liquid limit. file lone ere ranked «cording to their influence on liquid limit ee follow" ll > H > ca :- new ecil > to. at 9.12.4... 01‘ on W P" d i Marthe liquid linit demand very flight-o 1] on addition of 1% end if 1min. end We very nightly on addition or 3% 1min. only the addition a: 4% lignin regietered e eigxiticent decrease in liquid limit. 1% hmie acid decreaeed liquid limit. but 2% end .56. 3% mimic acid increased the liquid limit considerably. “moan“ mgr-om; the addition of 1% lignin can“ a lowering of liquid limit. 2% to 4:4 lignin and 1% to 3% humid acid all raised the liquid limit. "gunmen" goilehs addition of 1% to 3% lignin IMfld the liquid limit. 4% 11m raised the liquid linit very slightly. 1% and 2% humid acid caused very alight decrease in liquid limit. end 3% a very slight increase. m effects appear to be negligible. “torrid“ “awn. effects here were more per- eeptihle. thenin‘the o... of ualuminum" eoil. 1% and 29% lignin lowered. while 37‘ and 4% lignin raised the liquid limit. All humic acid additioneraieed the liquid limit. 'thith the exception of 2% 1mm which lowered the liquid limit. all other additions in 11min and Mamie acid raised the liquid limit. Effects on Elasticity Index _ i‘he plasticity index is indicative of the nature-contest range ever wish the soil is plastic and is related to the cohesive propertiee of the soil. he plasticity index is obtained as the difference be» tween the liquid limit and the plastic limit of the soil. the computed telnet of plasticity index are given in table 3andareehoeminrige. 6and7. e f ‘ ic m ferric ion lowered the plasticity index mile -574. the hydrogen, aluminum, and calcium ions raised the plea- ticit: index. the ions are ranked in the order of their effect on plasticity index as follows E > Cc ) Al > Rn coil )‘ Faun). fleet of (ix-we hatteg‘on Plecticitz Index. . Re! eoilw‘lfi. 2%. and 4% liain and 1% hnmic ecid lowered the plasticity index. ‘(3% liain and 2% and 3% Mia acid rained the pleaticity index. I d “g dran" cog will cdditione of liain and _ humid said lowered the plasticity index. “gamma“ goilwill cdditionc of limin and mu acid. with the exception of 4% ligin, lowered the plutieity index. The effect of 47¢ 11323111 in. in tact. co aliat cc to be negligible.- " w. 10" 0 will addition: of 11min end mimic ecid ruined the plasticity index. 4 "meth the exception e! 1% end 2% limit: which caused u very slight lowering of plasticity index. the addition of lignin and humid acid generally ruined the plasticity index. Shrinkage Limit rests fie results or the ehrinkege limit teete ere aiminrebleeendmehmnnge.8ecd9. Only the ferric ion increased the value of the -53.. ehrinkege limit. The ions are ranked in the order of their effect on shrinkage limit 8.8 follows: Fe(io)’) hweoil)il>Ca)H. Efect 2f Orgzgiic Hatter Won vmm Limit at! sea will addition; of 1min lowered. and all additions of humid lucid raised,' the chrinkage linit. ‘ em" gen“ 305.411 additions of 11m and M1. ceid..with the exception of 1% 11min. raised the shrinkage limit- 1% 11min indicated no effect on shrinkage. ‘ ’ 'me additions of um and humid ecidreieed the shrinkage limit. ‘ “Perrie' gene-1% end 2% lignin lowered the minimise limit. 3% 11min raised it. and 4% lignin indicated no effect. All hnmie ccid additions raised the shrinksgo linit. me. 23-3. and 4% 11min lowered the “:1er limit. mile 33% limin and all hunic eoid ed.- diticne raised the shrinkage limit . Ratio of minksge Limit to Liquid Limit The ratios, computed from shrinkage limit (81.) end 11un limit (1.1.) values. multiplied by 100, ere given in table 4 end are shown in Figs. 10 and 11. The tetie he. been assented us It meme of the tendency of the coil to chrink. The lager the ratio. the mailer is «59- 33“ M? ‘l 55 the tendency of the soil to ahrink.‘ mogg g: gone on the gag; Ratio Only the ferric ion increaaod the sum ratio. the ions are ranked aooording to their effect on the mm. ratio as follows: Fe ) Raw soil > Co. > £1 ) H. moo: of (new!) Matter on the am; Ratio 351 soil will additions of lignin and ‘htmio acid, except 4% liain and 1% humid acid. decreased the sum. 21316: ‘ . -W.~m additions or lignin and humid acid increased the sum. ratio. "gang“ wilt-All additions of liain and humid aoid donaidorably increased the 81:31.1. ratio. ”grimly aoilw‘lfi, 2:5 , and 4% limit: decreased the out: ratio. while 35$ lime and all humid acid ad~ linen. inereaaod the ratio. ' 'ngimn' gogwm addition: a: 11m and “Mia acid, except We» humid acid. demand the sum. ratio. ‘ Strolling reat- Tho‘ renal“ o: the swelling test. are given in mice 5 and 6 and are ohm in Figs. 14 to 25. treble 5 #— w. ‘ lfiwt m...” ‘D. 1'. Davidson. 'Exploratm Evaluation of Some comic Cations as 3011 Stabilizingigo Agents," gm Renard}: Board Egeeedinge. XIII (1949). ~60- pm given the actual swelling obtained for each soil sample compacted to a certain density and at a certain moisture I content 0 Table 6 gives the comparative swelling computed for each of the bonoionic coil-organic matter combination it it were compacted to the density and at the moisture content or the corresponding non-additive honoionie coil. no Variation: in the evening came in Figs. 16 to 25 could, therefore. indicate variations caused by different percentage. of organic matter added to the 3011. Table 6 m wage-ted by the result: of the experiment: *eondueted to Ran-ell. mm. and manual the etated that for he ample: connected at the acne dry density. the volume chance of the couple with the lower noieture content in proportionally meter. re: toe melee compacted at the one neuter. content, the value change at the mp1. met-e at the greater dry den-it: in proportionally creator. grog; of zone a may The hydrogen. aluminum. and ferric ion; reduced walling. while the calcium ion increased evening The a... are ranked “cording to their anon on calling a. renounce) non-on) 3) ii) 1m —-—— .44.... v wr— w W M... .I,_ W V“. in. w. Ruuell. w. a. worn-ham. and n. x. Andre". “Mame or Initial noieture and Density on the Volume change and Strength Characteristic. ofrvo mechanical Illinoie Selle." I9... w f * m1(1936). ‘l‘i \ . ii! {iii to: Rt; maul mania mm on mines Rev mile-1% limin and latitude acid both do- We“ walling. 2% and 3% lignin and 1% and 25 humid acid increased. dwelling. . . '3 Mean“ gogwlll lignin and humid acid ad. diticnn increased walling. The increase in swelling due to 1% liznin wee very alight compared to all the other: » ' for thin banoionie nail. ( _ . 'me 11m additions up to 3% reduced levelling. eepeciellr 2% lignin which demonstrated n1: half an mob. culling no the non-additive "aluminum" coil. 11: mu acid increased mums. but 2% and 13% mm «no reduced mums. ‘ i . 'Wwfi lignin and all Jamie acid addition: reduced nailing. 29‘ and 3% lignin increased filling. ”cg clan“ flaw-1% 11min reduced mung. but all other additions of lignin md hnnic acid increased unveiling. Weathering root the reunite o: moisture absorption by capillarity and during treading-thawing cycled are given in table 7. and India in figs. 26 to 29. The results 0: unconfined {impression toete on samplee representing different Itasca: in the weathering test are given in Table 8. The reunite of the wetting md drying test are unmanned ' ~62. 2‘ u '81 in the letter part of this section. 10?: of and 0+ Moisture boar ion of .5 r o w 2.3- or The moisture absorption was reduced in each or the haeionio nail need. moisture canton“ of. the homoionio “Inlet at nearly all recorded stages of the teat were in the'orderz‘ 12313011 > H > A1 > Fe > On. Thountreat-u ed. or m. soil reaohed a maximum moisture oontent of 20.3% on the 7th day ‘on the capillary absorption pad. no mug. name content tor the honoionio aoiln at the and of the one period an 17.5%. All mole. ch tamed about 80% of their total nointm absorbed within 24 am. mar they were placed on the «pain-y poo. in _. Intter a: rm, the untreated Coil. "hydrogen'uil. "nluinun' coil, ad 'forri'o' soil abnorhed 80% of their total mature within 9 hours after the “art of. the capillary umtion teat. moisture absorption no reduced in all honoionio «in touted wept 'oaloim' soil. moisture content: at mWMoorthetenmeinthom: Ran nail > B: )Iflie) > H > Al. the absorption mm to: “alumni soil plotted 1011 alone to that of the raw. noil. both reaching a moisture content olooo to ‘5.” at the end or 7 Mn on the upillnr: absorption pad. ‘61- 'nmimn' ooil gave the lowest moisture! absorption in thin ”nt. it the and of 7 6333‘ exposure on the cap- mm nhnoe'ption'pad,‘ the “almimm' 5011 samples here- 1: exceeded in moisture content the optimum moisture at standard density obtained on commotion or 'aluminnn' mien by the W miniature oonpootion apparatus. Rewooilwmhe addition e: um and humid: noid mm militant): the moisture absorption. " In the “-13: period on the capillary absorption pad, none or the lignin nanpleo regained the moisture loot during the Ming moon. mile the 1% hmio acid addition 1mm the noimme nboorption inoapillarity. the note:- nptnhi’orthinnnplo mor'ldwnonthotapill‘arr ninmtion pod exceeded it. optima minim-o at melding. huin acid reduced the moisture absorption. in in the ”cinnamloil.nono oftheligninunplurew “in“. in the 14-day period on the «pillar: moisture absorption pad. the momma lost «hiring air-drying. 1% mm: nail new the neat-are absorption. W. the 7-WWmtheoapillpri-niudthonoilm mom “the Winnie acid ample to that above the Optim nointnre at molding. ' «rho addition of. lignin reduced new amnion; Hone o: the unple- regained. utter ~69» .J- ho: H 14 14 do." on the capillary pad, the moisture lost during the Nth—drying. Hanover. 1% humio eoid increased moist- the absorption after the tint do; on the capillary Dado "Egio' g age-vibe addition of 11m reduced noieture absorption. none 0: the mylee ramming, in 14 den on the capillary pad. the moisture loot during nit-Mina. the our“ for 1% m1: eoid plotted lower W the. ”medium "terrier 3011 mm the“ first 6 . hour! on the onpmary pad. but regained moisture to ex» eeed the non-additive "ferric“ eoil moisture oontant at 1 We on the nod. “cgomm” go gwme addition 01’ 11W reduced mature absorption. Hone oi“ the samples ”anemia 14 we on the miller; pad. the moisture lost owing nix-diving. The 1% hnnio eeid cum plotted lower than the Median 'o‘aloiun'. nail at m m or the mum-y n‘heorption test, but exceeded the moisture content or the letter by the 7th day on the .oapmm “W We E eat of Ora-n4 Matter 11 mo oture bJo . ion 0 03 ‘ H TIT)" . Mam eddition of 1% end 2% 11m preh- * need no eminent change in moisture absorption. who eddition or 3% 11min and ‘15 M10 acid inoreneed moist- one ebeorption. Wwfll addition or 1191:: end Emilie eeid increased moisture. absorption. The organic ~65. I E” 6 EE\ matter additions are ranked according to their influence on moisture absorption,- for the flu-day period on the cap-o- men moisture absorption pad. no follows! 3.55 1m > 1% Mid acid > 293 lignin > 1% 11m '> ”hydrogen" soil. 'Almnimm' goilc-All additionu of Mania and humie eoid‘inoroaaed moisture absorption. The organic utteredditione ere ranked morning to their effect on moisture .eboorption, for the 11-day period on the mil- leery noioture nbeoi‘ption 13nd. no follows: 335 11.ng > 1% humio acid > 27‘ lignin > 1%lignin > “aluminum" e‘oil.» . . w " " .10" 0 will additions of um and humid eeid inoroneod moioture absorption. The orgnnio matter edditione are ranked nooording to their effect on moiet- ure nheorption. for the 7’43? period on the capillary pad. no follow: 15$ humid eoid > 3% iignin > 2% um i > 1% 11911:: > Fibroid" non.— ‘ ~gcgm~ 3311mm eddition a: Main and Immio noid produood no eignitionnt change in the moisture eb- mummmamrun throemeonthemmu-y. noieture absorption pad. However. 1% lmnio acid produced Meant inorem on the 7th day on the capillary ab- eorption pad. No data m obtained too new soil. “hydrogen” 001' ..I Memo: umwtu eoil. “aluminum" soil. and "ferric” Boil. All or these unplee broke apart before they could be placed in the freezer for the first m1: of 3. cycle of freezing and flames. may the ”onlomn' soil ”survived” the onpiln 11.17 absorption toot .V Effect of Iona on Moisture bsortion of m”: * z- 68 .MW: an The u The ions. except enloium. recorded lower moiet- nre contents during the four cycles. the moisture cont- eat for “menu“ eoii plotted Very close to that of raw soil. the inorenee in moieture content through the tour eyelet: 1e greatest in raw coil. The ions are ranked ao- eerding to their influence on increase in moisture, con. tent no follow: Rae coil > H > Ce > A]. > Fe. Effect of Orr io Hatter on Moisture aeration of We meept for "calcium“ soil. no data we obtained in We portion of the toot no there were no samples of: the m eoil. "hydrogen” I011. "alumnae" soil. and “terrie' eoil to take through the freezing and thew-ins teen For “column“ eon. the moisture oontonte 01 min containing 1% hunie eoid had higher noieture content- :or each of the tour oyoloe than non-additive “celeinn' eoilo how. the noted. moisture tmn up through tour ml“ m greetoet for W We maid and 1% 11min. min eonteining 2% iignin indicated ~57- elight loan of moisture. one uptake for non—additive 'eeleiun‘ soil was negligible. 3 foot- of 0 w o Matter on moisture Aboo . ion of .-.-o - e “an ea surf: eezg an .-~nh The comparisons here will be expressed in terms of the difference in moisture contente o: a. sample at the «m otthe firetcyele end atthe end or the fourth mle of freezing and thawing. ' Make organie matter additives are ranked wording to their offset on moisture uptake through four cycles or freezing and thawing no follow: “limit: )rnreoil > 2%li‘gnin > ”linen. The Inmie acid sample broke apart on the oeoond cycle, I “Wu-The 19% lignin sample took up three times or moh moisture no the non-additive "hydro- son'- 3011, an. the 2% 11min sample loot e slight m1: of moietnre. Ho date was available for 3% 11mm end 19‘ hunio mid. V ‘Wwfle 1% lignin ample took up three time- ee meh moisture u non-edditiva *alnmirmn" mile the 29‘ um sample lost It negligible amount of noieture. There no no date for 3% 1mm and 1% hnmie eeid. "me 1% 11m ample indicated a nine lose in moisture content. while the 2% 11322111 maple denonetreted a. slight moieture uptake. The 1% a68~ mu acid sample took up u meh moisture as the non- W131“ "rmie' 8011. but collapsed during the third cycle. mm was no date for 3% 113mm “'cg eium' eofl.-The sample containing 1% humio a“ absorbed more moisture than {he non-additive 'memn' M11. 15 and 2% 11m samples hath lose lei-me Ming the four cycle: at musing and thawing tn. 0: the We t d4 1 eat . . This 10 the most severe test in the weathering tense adopted for this set of samples. However. very in e: the amplol mind the lee: some treatments ' or «yum-y mum-o announce and alternate freezing In! inning. mum-more, my 0! the ample. their were mu on the ram even or Autting-enaodzying tense more the ”Minion or the test. In emery. the «mu m to follow” MW“ and 2% 11min ample: “tuned about 10$ 0: that: loud- other femur eyelet o: wetting and trims. ’ dro ' e «Non—additive ”hydrogen“ can complete): 2011 wt within the fir-fl hour or initial union in “War. 1% and 2% 11min combination: re» “in“ about 80% of their collide after tour complete eyelet. . _, . ., -..~ mwflon-ndditive ”aluminum“ e011. Guinea-end during the first ineruon in water. 1% and -69~ LI“ h“ g a" S! ' in [PE CC! :3, IE1 1W 25 um combinations retained about 905'; of their solids other four cycles. “Terrie“ nib-Only the 23% 11311111 ample held up W the and 61 four cycles. retaining about 95% of that: mus. 'Caloizm' none-Only the 15 um sample help up throng: the four cycles. retaining about 50% of their. solidi. I ' ' ' ' No 2mm 9.01:! samples were taken through the vetting-drying teat. [Incontined Ommuion West The 1'0th 01‘ unconfined eonpreeeion tent: on the honeunio I011! end non-organ“ nutter combinations are given in m1. 8.‘ ma this test we. conducted in connectioniith the weathering teats, “oompreeeive strength «to m We no follow: ear-ins strength. strength after «paler: ,eheerption. strength after freezing-anew ma. strength max- mums-um. J Ion- euneed a general reduction of curing strength. The ion- ere ranked according to their effect on curing. comm-site strength on follows: Rev soil > Ce > n > a > n; -70.. o - o a 18 11 elneet negligible increase in strength. the ions general- 1.] rowed curing strength. The ions are ranked accord- in; to their effect on curing etrength as follows: Co ‘> Re! coil > Fe(ic) :- H ) Al. Very low strengths were obtained for ell couples, the highest being 37.0 psi for 'celcinn' coil. end the loweet being 15.8 poi for “elm-mun" coil. Effect of magic Hatter on Curing Stremh {Air-Dried} 32w eogv-tfl end 2% 11521111 reduced compressive strength! 3% Main increased compressive etrength, though nightly. No date me available for humio acid. fierce!” «gem lignin combinations more then doubled the compre «in strength 01' now-additive Hydrogen“ coil in the order: 2% lignin > 1% 1131121 > 3’ 11min ) ”hydrogen” coil. 1% humid acid gave 3 times u Inch etrength ee non-edditive 'hycrogen" coil. -W’.~m lignin combinatione in- ereeeed compreeeive etrength, in the order: 3% lignin > 1% lignin > 2% lignin > “denim“ coil. 17‘ hnnic acid gave the greeted increase in conpreeeive etrength. “wig“ gogwill linin combinations produced en increeee in empreeeive etrength. in the order: 3% limin > 1% lignin > 2% 1min ) “Ferric“ coil. "0314312" 3°11..-” lignin increased compressive meme, but 1% m 21 lignin decreased compreeeive ' ltrength. The lignin edditivee ere ranked according to ~71- “N.“ u flu ”E re...— to ‘a‘ co M h- It I0 1? their effect on compressive strength to follow” 3% 115- hin > “unit!“ coil ) 1% limit: > 2% lignin. mmic » eeid et 19‘ produced the greeteet increase in compressive mew. fee. of Or-uie Matterlon the Com eoeive m 0 ea ‘ e twee . ' The loin-cured emplee or ell lignin addition- toeh very low compressive load. ringing from 18 psi for 3:: mm a ‘elnninnn' coil to 45.535“. m- as: main” in “hydrogen' eoilo “Ale-aim" coil with 1% light took e empreeeive lead of. 69.5 psi and "hydrogen" coil. with 1% linin took e compressive load of 134.8 pei. Theee ennui" loede ere lee compared to those of the air- dried min. the lignin edditiene for 'hydrogen', 'elnnimm'. end "terrie' eoile ell produced meter amour" WI than the corresponding non-eddi- tive ecile. no dete. wee eveilable tor hnnie ecid unplee. ' MW“ lignin nightly inereeeed compreee- ite memh while 2% end 3% 113111: demued empreuive masth- f 'flhflfin' ”gm“ liain produced 6 tine- ee meh eoapreeeive etrength ee eon-edditive "hydrogen' coil. 2% 11min yrcdued tvice ee Inch empreuive etrenc'th. end 3% limit produced slightly hiaer commu- ive etrength. 101 CO! 00: Mah— 'Qgimmggggwm ligain combinations produced grater compressive strengths then the non-additive “claim“ soil in the folloving order! 1% lignin > 2% Hair > 3% 1131111! > "aluminum" soil. “reg-iv sunken 11m additions are ranked in the order ‘ or their effect on conpreesive strength es mm. 3% 11m > 2% 11m > 1% lignin > 'ferric' soil. wgem' gonwm end 25 11mm slightly increased oeuvres-in strength. while 3% limit: :11th decreased compressive strength. The res soil and non-edditive hmeionie coils for both sire-dried end moist-cured sets ell hed sore con- preesive strengths. he velces of compressive strength of Med unple- sfter “pillar: mieture ehecrption were within the mac 0.0 psi to 28.0 psi. representing greet losses of. compressive strength caused by 7 to 14 days' exposure en the capillery moisture pad. Within this low range, the compressive strengths of 2% lignin couples for ell hmichic soils were greater than those oi the 1% lignin “IP10. e 1-73. The values of the compressive strength of moiet- cured samples, after cepillery moisture absorption, were within the range 0.0 psi to 31.4 psi. These values rep- resent only s. alight loss of. compreeeive strength caused by 7 to 14 deye' exposure on the capillary absorption pad. 2% lignin samples of res soil. 'hydrogen' soil. 'tl'uimm' soil. and ”calcium" soil had greater compress- ive strengths than the corresponding lignin samples. “Ferric“ soil had lower compressive strength with 2% 1.1511111 then'vith 1% lignin. Zero compressive strength was recorded for all sir-dried and moist-cured samples except two. “Aluminum" soil with 1% lignin had compressive strengths of 9.5, psi Ind 8.0 psi for the sir-dried end moist-cured samples respectively. st the end of four cycles of freezing and thuing. "Celeinn' soil with 1% limit) had compressive strengths of 6.2 psi end 4.8 psi for sir-dried end moist- enred samples respectively. lire u in m. the to: CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION Table 9 gives the relative values of the strength properties of soil~organic matter combinations sith respect to the properties or the corresponding non-edditive homoionic soil. the values for which are expressed as unity. ‘ Table 10 gives the relative values or the strength Properties of all soils tested eith respect to the properties of the raw, or untreated. soil. the values- ter which are expressed as unity. Evaluation 0: the date in Tables 9 end 10 will be based on the following criteria: 1. A soil treatment. whether it consists of set-- oration eith e certain cation by cation exchange, or ad. mpticn of poles molecules on the colloidal surface. or both. is beneficial if such treatment results in (s) ' decrease in the values of liquid limit. plasticity index. shrinkage ratio. volume oi“ swell. moisture absorption, end (b) increase in the values oz shrinkage limit. ratio of shrinkage limit to liquid limit. and compressive strength. (I) iii: 11: cu; m tic co; 2. A soil treament as described above is not beneficial. and may even be detrimental, it it results in (e) inereuse in the values of liquid limit. plasticity index. shrinkage ratio. volume of swell. moisture eb- sorption, and (b) decrease in the values of shrinkage limit. retio of shrinkage limit to liquid limit, and compressive strength. ' the influence of the saturating cations and organic matter sdditives oaths soil will be summarised under three main groups. namely: (9.) Influence on plas- ticity end shrinkage properties; (1:) Influence on swell~ in, moisture absorption in weathering. and unconfined compression; and (e) over-ell influence. Influence of Organic Matter on Homoionie Soils no es 0 _ e 161 ' shat end insignificant increase in pleat-is limit. 1% Innis seid produced the greatest inproment in plssti-u- city and shrinkage properties of res soil. 4% 11min use e close second with s slight decrease in shrinkage inn. 1% and 2% again had intermediate effects. but increased the tendency of the soil to shrink. 3% 11min end 2% and 3% humid acid produced more detrimental effects than benefieiel ones. enggg, noifiure. Ed streg‘Lthnly 13$ lignin .76. mrmwyfimw Pto‘ P0 11g let ‘he has for Mead improvement of any cimificanoe. 2% to 4% 11913 and the humid acid combinations all increased "011mg. An exception is 3% humid acid which reduced mung. floater, no information on moisture absorption and sonproecivo strength was available for 33% hunio acid. mg ganence «4% 11min moderately improved the some). strength preperties of m soil. patience on " o n" 8011 gusting and gym «4% lignin was the only ”cement that resulted in a lover liquid limit than that or the standard. rev soil. However. the general rise in plastic limit remitted in low values of. plasticity index In ell samples. 1% 1132113 produced the greatest in- We m rest of the lignin and mu acid samples mm: about equal beneficial. effects on “hydrogen“ soil. ' 1. hoe-m ct fill Lt ,, “ML; ‘11 __ and ., link unple- imused cmpreeeive strength for both nethcde of curing and decreased moisture absorption for the sis-dried samples. Greater decrease in evening was noted with increase of lignin. ' . our-m. Museum-1% 113nm appeared to be the best treatment for “hydrogen“ coil. £05 1.4 at: mmmmn “1d additions. except 4% lignin. produced about the some degree of improvement in aluminum coil. .:'~~-11' , .~; 1 . “-235 limit! had the nest beneficial effects. with 1% and 3% lignin close mind. (”0%. iguana-1% liain appeared to be the net beneficial sdditin. mun-ea by 2% and 3% lignin. 2% ma 3% hunio acid uppeared promising but there were no other date We. mean” on “Erna" Soda;1 . ' iei . ‘ “1% and 2% lignin produced slight improvement in the properties of 'ferric‘ soil. the hmie acid mples reduced shrinkage tendencies. but raised ell muse or plastic limit. liquid limit. and “#10331 1116510 Eggs ‘ moisture. ed ctreg aha-1% 11min denominated the most improvement. 2% and 3% 11min dea- creeeed noieture absorption but innreased swelling. WM?‘ 118nm Appeared to am Home" soil the nest inprcment in strength properties. Mame on ‘Qeleiun' g3 WNW at the new and mu scid samples improved the properties or calcium coil. Although 2% lignin did better than the rest or the organic matter additions. the 1181111! at all four percent- can increased the tendency of the "calcium” soil to .78. My.“ la: la: “into M 11%. moisture. and memhwvo’ lignin improved the properties of ”calcium" 9011.; 2% and 3% 1191111 reduced moisture absorption and increased com-o prom" strength but produced too much millag- M influence «41% 11min Just moderately Improved the firength properties of ”calcium." coil. 11:11am. of Cation: and Organic Matter on Bar Soil tiei d Shrink o Pro 13 There were quite n few homoionio soil-arm“ Into! oon‘binntiono with indication: of improving the chanted-tin of the soils m“ Implea gave excel- 11M shrink“ “auction effector (a) Row coil plus 1% m. aid. (3) 'Ainmimm' Boil plus '5‘ 1mm. (0) non- ufiitm '£orrin' soil. mastic limits for those samples: worn below 10. m lupin displayed oxoouont minkago remov- tion properties, but nightly lowered the shrinkage limit mun: (n) m I011 pin 4% 1m. (1:) 'rorrie' coil plan 173 11w. 9» mp1“ demonstrated satisfactory improve— aunt of plasticity values but indicated a. tendency to We minus. tummy: (a) an .m plus 1% 11g- nin, (b) “Panic“ Ion pin. 2% 1191111. on mp1.- 413de examm improvement of ~79» it: no. 91' b5 Ihrinhge properties but produced poor plasticity cong- stunts: (3) “Aluminum“ coil plus 1%, 25‘, 39‘ humio acid, (b) “Ferric“ can one so. 2%. 33: humid acid. no roduotion in owning woo boot dononotrated in m loll plus 1% 11m and in ‘onloinn‘ soil plan 1% Main swelling m moderately reduced in raw soil plus 3% 11m. "hydrogen" soil plus 1% 1min.” ohm-o 1m“ 0011 plus 1% and 25‘ lignin. “ferric" £011 plus 17‘ iignin, and non-additive “calcium” mil. Won” ”Porno“ aoil my 139 oonoidorod the boot homo- ionio toil no regards oven-all influence on plasticity. shrinkage. swelling. moisture absorption and unconfined ammo-31oz; strength. . The tanning may be considered the boot homo- ionio soilooorgnnio matter combinations no regard: ‘mr-o 0.11 innuonoo on plasticity, shrinkage. swelling, moisture acorption. and unconfined oompruoion strength: . (a) Rat soil pin; 15‘ um (13) 'Alumiw' 3011 p11,“ 115 11m (o) “Ferric" .011 plus 15‘ 11m The following honoionio soil-orgonio utter com- binntiono may be considered detrimental. They dioplnyed poor phatioity proportion and demonstrated mot ~80- tell tom 9: . u: tendency to swell and absorb moisture: (a) “Ferric” eoil plus 35‘ lignin (‘0) ' ”Hydrogen" soil plus 2',‘ 3.1511111 , (-9) “Hydrogen" ooil pine 35‘ lignin (d) FHydrogon" soil pluo 1,65, 2%, 3,56 humio eoid (e) Raw ooil plus 35‘ lignin Mary of. Conclusions ‘ On the basis of the evaluation Just mode, the tolloving points are oumarizodc ‘ ’ '1. The addition or to iignin improved the pine- tieityg shrinkage. walling. moisture absorption. and montined compression preportioo of rat Boil. ”almo- im- son. and ozerrio! soil. N . 2. Summon a: u... been exchange capacity or the clay and colloid portion of the coil with “ferric" ions moderately improved the general strength proportiee otthouil. . . “ ‘ p 3. 2% lignin added to "hydrogen" soil. and 35‘ 11311:: added to "hydrogen“. ”ferrio'.nnd rot soil ro- nlted in n deorom in theatrength or the respective hmionio ooila. ‘ 4. the prooonoo of column and hydrogen ions. along with their respective 11m and tonic noid oom- binntiono did not prove beneficial. 5. host of the samples treated with humid acid ~81~ on t: 1: R! I 1‘66. eeed fact. inflected improvement of shrinkage properties but failed to improve the other strength properties oi’ the soil. 6. A tow of the samples oontnining organic mot- tor had plasticity index values less than 10 and exhibu- it“, good plasticity and shrinkage properties but dis- played high swelling and low compressive strength. the following oonolueiono may be drawn: ‘I o main. adsorbed on the surface of ole: and “Haida, can be effective in inhibiting moisture od— Ioi-ption provided liznin is applied in mount: not ex- oeoding that mieh is necessary to provide sterio hin- drance to water dipoles. The beneficial effect 0: 11min in moisture control of the cohesive soil tested is en- hanced by denim or i'orrio ions saturating the base exchange deposit: of the old: and colloid portion of the .0110 2. Natural organic matter in the soil. 1: present in the relatively “decomposable torn oi’ the structure of 11913. can be bmi’iom it it is adsorbed on the our- to» o: the also end oolloid portion or the soil in our-o tiniest mount. to inhibit adsorption of voter dipole» this benefioisl offset of uttered. 1191:: could be onus ma by 11mins or tori-in ions saturating the hue mung. onpseity or the soil. 3. the determination of plnotioity and shrinkage constant- slono is not a. affluent oritoxion for ~82- ml fl'eluting cohesive soils tor mmde use. A cohesive soil is controlled by physioon-ohemioel phenomena to such so extent that it is necessary to conduct other tests «tanning moisture relations effected by the active surface or clay and colloids. Future Research , Future research is recolomended along the follow— ing lines: ' ' w ‘ A w ‘34 Determining the actual percentage between sore per cent and one per cent. or between one per sent and i he per sent, at this}: 11321111 in raw soil. "ferric" soil. or '“elnnim' soil produces optimum properties. 2. Dotemining the dam phenomena that take place on the surface or clay and colloids when liain is applied to e ferric ion- or elumimm ion-saturated soil. . - ' 3. mplorins the possibilities of a melee): method of. detemining base exchange capacity. It. Working out a quick, secure” procedure for determining the mount of natural ormie utter in the soil end its nets of decomposition. .33— APPENDIX TABLE 2 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF UNTREATED SOIL ._. “A AAA—“#4 4.; y L _‘ AM AA ..l 0.8. Standard Particle Size Cumulative Sieve Number in n. 9‘ Passing Sieve Analysis 1- «a 1}” 100.0 1' ‘100.0 3/4" 98.7 3/8" 96.7 no. '4 4.8 94.2 30. 10 1.98 89.8 no. .20 0.833 86.3 le.. 40 0.417 73.8 lb. 60 0.246 64.0 lo. “0 0.104 56.6 No. 200 0.074 55.2 ‘._‘.._. _._ _..._,— fl w—v i _.. mdromet er Analysis 0.032 54.6 0.020 52.4 0.012 43.9 0.009 40.2 0.0061 36.5 0.0032 29.4 0.0013 26.9 «85* 'U TABLE 3 EFFECT OF ORGANIC MATTER ON LIQUID LIMIT, PLASTIC LIMIT, AND PLASTICITY INDEX OF HOMOIONIC MODIFICATIONS “4‘44 Liquid v—vw. ”’1' Limit Fig.3? P131331” Ree soil ‘ 28.0 15.1 12.9 1% min 27.5 15.6 11.9 2% Lights 27.8 16.0 11.8 35 Liam ‘ 28.5 14.5 14.0 4:1 mm 24.0 12.3 11.7 1% Ennis acid 24.? 15.3 9.4 291 am. .515 40.4 17.4 23.0 3% Bunnie acid 30.6 15.0 14.5 'Hydrogen' soil 29.2 10.5 18.7 1% mean 27.9 12.6 15.1 as main 11.7 16.4 15.3 3% menu 32.5 15.5 15.0 4% mm 33.4 15.5 15.0 11‘ Ennis 0014 31.6 15.7 15.9 21 min «15 30.9 16.1 14.0 31‘ am. we 31.7 15.9 15.0 'iluinu' soil 30.8 16.8 ‘ 14.0 11 mm 25.2 15.9 9.3 2:: 1.131111 29.11 17.5 12.3 3% mania 25.0 15.9 11.1 41¢ mean ' 31.2 15.5 14.5 «86-2 wfi __.. TABLE H2111; inns d e A‘- Plestio Plasticity ' alimp-1° “L311: Limit Index “Aluminum" soil 16 Ennis .515 29.4 19.5 9.9 2% Ennis acid 30.0 18.8 11.2 3% music said 32.0 19.8 12.2 “Pei-tie" soil 27.0 17.3 9.7 111 mm 25.4 14.4 10.0 2% mm 25.8 16.0 9.8 31 niacin 29.3 16.5 12.8 41‘ mm 31.4 16.2 15.2 11% Rule ecid 28.8 11.? 11.1 211 m. 8014 30.3 19.5 10.8 31‘ finale «1. 30.4 19.4 11.0 “Celsius“ soil 28.0 13.8 14.2 191 Main 29.2 15.3 13.9 2% 1.1511121 27.1 13.5 13.6 391 Lignin 34.4 17.5 16.9 4% mm 30.5 14.3 15.2 1% m1. eeid 33.7 15.6 18.1 211 am. .516 33.4 15.0 18.4 31¢ m. acid 30.7 15.2 14.5 '11 '1 6.1! TABLE 4 EFFECT OF ORGANIC MATTER ON THE SHRINKAGB FACTORS OP HOMOIONIC MODIFICATIONS _w __. A V‘— K Winkege ample .mmge Rafi" ‘fi Ratio Ree soil 11.7 . 41.8 1.87 1% Liam: 10.7 4. 38.9 1.80 2% 1.1311111, 10.4 . 37.4 1.72 37‘ 1.1311112 10.3 . 36.1 1.68 491 11321111 11.5 , 47.9 1.75 1% music acid 13.3 . 53.9.. 1.82 27% music soid 13.8 . 34.2 1.82 3% Rule 1615 12.5. 40.9. 1.88 "muogen' soil 9.9 . 35.4. 1.88 1% menu: 9.9 35.7 1.81 21% Lignin 12.2 _ 38.5 1.75 3% 11181113 11.7 . 35.9 1.56 41 mom 12.3 . 36.8 1.63 191 3.... .5111 13.1 42.5 1.89 2% mimic said 14.5. 47.0 1.83 3% music said 13.9 43.9 . 1.85 'iluninum" soil 11.6 37.7 . 1.84: 115 Lignin 12.4 47.4 . 1.8.1 255 mm 12.8 43.0 1.64 3% 1.1an 13.3 48.0 1.49 4% 1.1811111 13.1 42.0 1.72 ~88:- TABLE 4e00ntinued. A. _...._‘n A _.. __ ..‘ —.._.___ v.7 Tfi v—v Shrinkage 380910 ' Limit ‘ Ratio % ' * 3131;511:336 'iluninunF-eoil 1% Humie acid 16.3 55.5 1.70 25‘ 3111010110111 13.? 45.7 1.81 3% m1. .615 15.5 ‘ 48.5 1.79 “rm-1e" .611 12.6 45.7 1.83 1% 1.1311111 10.9 43.0 1.82 25 Lignin ‘ 10.7 41.5 1.76 3% 1.1511121 13.8 47.8 1.62 4% 1.1511111 ’ 12.6 40.1 1.75 1% mimic soid 14.9 "51.8 1.82 291 mimic .511 15.5 51.2 1.95 3% Home 11011! 16.0 52.7 1.80 “calcium“ .511. 10.8 38.6 1.91 1% 11.111. 9.1 33.2 1.83 2% Lignin. 9.5 35.0 1.75 391 main 12.4 36.1 1.57 4% £16330 10.3 33.3 1.57 1% am. .518 _ 13.3 40.0 1.86 2% music said 12.? 38.0 1.86 3% 211116 .1115 37.5 I 11.5 ”-89-"- 1.90 TABLE 5 SWELLING DUE TO WATER SATURATION 0F SAMPLES COMPACTED AT OPTIMUM MOISTURE AND OPTIMUM DENSITY A Dry Initial ' Va]:- .mp1. “.31” “3.33.3... v -~— lb/cu ft in. ‘7. 1 .3 hour. A w - i: ‘ Raw 3011 119.1 13.5 .00584 1% Lignin 117.8 14.4 “.0015 25 Lignin 116.0 13.8 .0037 3% Lignin 117.0 13.5 .0060 15 31min 80111 119.4 14.5 .0129 291 mm. 8011! 117.9 14.3 .0115 39% 31111110 acid 116.4 13.9 .003? 'wdrogen' 9011 125.0 11.5 .0135 1% Lignin 123.0 11.8 .0077 2% Limit: 120.7 11.4 .0112 3% Main 117.0 11.3 .0133 1% Humio acid 122.? 11.3 8.0212 ' 251 mm 9.618 121.4 11.5 .0185 31 Hwnio .610 118.0 11.3 .0206 ”Aluminum“ .611 122.0 11.3 -» .0172 1% 131311111 121.0 11.3 .0071 291 Lignm 118.0 12.3 .0044 391 Lignin 121.0 11.5 79.0078 1% 3111210 0.010 121.4 10.8 .0188 291 mm. acid 120.5 11.4 .0145 3% Emma acid 118.0 11.1 .0148 .C .C .C .C TABLE S-Qggt inured . A. . A __. A. .L. L‘ .4 030 Change in cubic centimeter per gram of dry coil 12 hours ‘ 24 hour. 36 hours ' 4—8 hours 72 hours ‘ Maximum __—A A A. A—n - Au— AAAL A—A +4.. ALL.- #A 1...; ._ _.... 4 1. A.4__ .4.— _ ._....__- .__—__— ‘ WT .0074 .0075 . .0076 .0029 .0033 .0036 . .0037, .0074 .0089 .0105 .0116 .0126 .0136- .0123 .0147 .0166 .0185 .0209 .0236 .0144 .0147 .0150 .0152 .0154 .0140 .0146 .0149 .0152 .0155 .0048 .0051 .0054 .0054 .0054 .0163 .0169 .0170 .0170 .0170 .0149 .0168 .0183 .0188 .0197 .0197 .0250 .0289 131000111: inued .0350 .0445 , _ 016666110064 .0241 .0251 .0253 .0254 .0254 .0209 .0222 .0226 .0228 .0228 .0228 .0236 .0237 .0194 .0198 . . .0198 .0106 .0119 .0155 .0184 .0184 .0077 .0087 .0095 ' .0097 .0102 .0107 .0145 .0175 .0179 .0188 .0201 .0205 .0206 .0206 .0206 .0162 .0167 .0168 .0169 .0169 .0163 .0169 .0172 .0172 v o 1 , o O O I I O u . . I . 1 . b o O A I I I . t -921. TABLE 5-0 out inued . . Dry , Initial 1}. 761-» 2.... “3:“: “2:22;: w-~ . 110 cu ft in .3 hours "Farric” 2011 125.6 11.4. .0108 17. Lignin 125.4 11.8 .0043 21 Main 122.5 11.7 .0042 3% Lignin 121.1 11.5 .0079 1%‘Humio acid 120.5 11.4 .0097 2% finale acid 122.4 11.8 .0111 3% me10 5010 120.8 12.1 .0116 "Calcium" 2011 119.0 14.0 .0048 1% Lignin 116.3 14.0 , .0010 2% Lignin 117.5 13.4 ' .0036 3% £16313 114.1 14.2 .0057 1% 8111110 0.0111 119.0 14.4 .0088 2%1Hum10 0010 115.3 14.4 .0088 3%‘Hnmic 0010 115.0 _ 13.8 .0161 2.. .6114 , 123.2 13.8 .0177 “Hydrogen" I011a 123.2 13.8 .0156 “Almntmwn' I011a 123.0 12.6 .0114 "Ferric' .6113 123.3 12.9 .0095 “Calcium“ 110119‘ 13.0 ....... .0193 A.— 8‘These samples were no fled to a any Gen-111 in close as possible to 123.0 lb cu.:t and an initial moisture content of 13.0 per cent. 125.2 _ 4. TABLE 51222622262: L...__ _.A. L. ‘2‘. “WWW 19110 Change in cubic centimeter per gram of dry soil A A .. A AA ..A W V—T _._,_ 12 110an . 24 hours w 36 hours 48 hours ~ 72 hours Maximum #4 A _ A _M r. __._— w r..— .0150 .0155 1 .0157 .0162- '.0163 A ‘.0141.1 .0101 .0118 .0130 .0134 .0134 .0136 .0176 .0207 .0211 .0211 .0226 .0290 .0344 .0361 .0361 .0112 .0118 .0118 i .0118 .0133 .0139 .0142 .0144 .0144 .0129 .0135 ‘ .0135 .0071 .0077 .0081 .0082 .0082 .0040 .0049 .0055 .0057 .0057 .0095 .0117 .0133 .0140 .0142 .0127 .0151 .0173 .0183 .0186 .0124 .0129 .0130 .0136 .0136 .0105 .0108 .0108 .0114 .0114 .0177 .0183 .0183 .0198 .0202 .0204 .0206 .0215 .0182 .0186 .0188 .0189 .0191 .0134 .0140 .0144 .0145 .0145 .0106 .0112 .0113 .0115 .0115 .0266 .0273 .0274 ‘vvw-r 7—w— TABLE 6 EFFECT OF ORGANIC MATTER ON THE SWELLIHG OP COMPACTED SAMPLES TESTED IN WATER-SATURATED CONDITION MM A. u Initial T 1—~ Dry Vol- 6005211112212: ~ ._ lb/cu ft in $ 3 hour: Raw coil 118.9 13.5 .0058 K 1% 1.13010 .0014 I 26 10201:: .0035 ' 3% 1.1811111 .0059 ' 15 11112110 “141 I .0122 ' 2% Humic acid .0108 ' 35’» 111111110 acid .0035 I ”Hydrogen“ 0011 124.0 11.5 ,0136 116 Lignin .0014. ' 2% Lian .0110 3% Main .0139 I 15% 81111110 acid .0214 ' 2% manic acid . .0181 I 35'» mimic acid . .0200 I "Aluminum" coil 122.6 11.3 .0171 .1 1% Lignin .0070 2% Lignin .0039 I 3% 1.1811111 .0075 _ 1% 301010 3010 .0195 2% mimic acid .0141 31% mimic acid .0145 LA ume Change _._A.L_.4 w .0074 .0027 .0071 .0121 .0136 .0131 .0046 '.0164 ‘.0144 '.0246 '.0353 '.0243 '.0205 .0222 .0193 .0104 .0068 .0140 .0209 '90157 .0160 Li... w- in cubic centimeter per gram of dry coil A—L-L M _1 .0075 ‘00037 .0085 '00745 .0139 .0137 .0048 .0170 .0162 '00384 .0450 '60217 .0229 .0197 *.0117 40077 .0169 00213 .0152 .0166 TABLE 6egontinued. A L .L. .0033 ~00100 .0163 ’00142 40140 100051 '00171 .0177 .0255 .0221 .0153 .0084 .0173 .0214 .0163 .0169 A__ .2. A A.... ‘40111 .0182 .0143 '.O143 40051 40171 40182 .0255 .0223 .0181 .0086 .0214 .0164 .4 A ’A.. w... a *.0120 '00206 .0190 12 hours 24 hours 36 hours“ 48 hours 72 hours maximum W A... 1 .0076 .0034 40130' ~40232 40145 .0146 .0051 .0171 .0190 Discontinued Discontinued .0090 .0256 .0223 .0230 .0197 .0181 .0094 t 00382 .0214 .0164 .0169 .— TABLE 6-Continued. W m n, _. .—' FT? Initial 701- sample “3:“? “2220:: r ~ lb/bu :1 in $ 3 hour. 'Ferrio" 9011 125.0 11.5 .0110 1% Lignin .0042 2% Lignin .0040 3% Lignin .0076 1% Humio acid . .0094 2% Humio 001d .0106. 3% meio acid .0106 ”Calcium" 9011 118.5 14.0 .0048 1% Lignin .0010 2% Lignin .0037 3% Lignmn .0054 1% numio said .0086 2% Humid 001d .0083 3% Humio 301d .0158 Raw 00119 123.0 13.0 .0176 "Hydrogen“ 9011 .0147 'AluminnmP 0011 .0118 “Ferric” .011 .0096 ”Calcium“ 8011 .0196 *— _,_ w ‘7— arhia 0011 and the homoiondo modification. 101-. loving it were.molded to a dry density as close no possible to 123.0 10/00 :0 and an initial moisture content of 13.0 per cent. -- w TABLE 6-Continued. M Q “4“ AA“... uno Change in.oubio centimeter per gram.of any soil AA“ “A g L...‘ M. A; . v... W w rw- wfi fl ~— W 12 hours 24 hours 36 hours 48 hours 72 hours whximum AM A _._. A A— A— .4 A; .0153 .0158' .0165 .0144 .0160 .0166 '.0099 .0115 .0127 .0131 .0131 .0131 ..0169 .0199 .0203 .0203 .0218 ..0280 .0332 1.0349 1.0349 .0109 '.0115 .0115 1.0115 .0127 .0132 .0135 1.0137 :.o137 .0118 .0124 .0124 .0071 1.0077 .0081. 1.0082 ..0082 .0039 ‘.0048 .0054 .0056 _.0056 .0098 .0121 .0138 .0145 .0147 .0120 .0143 .0164 .0174 .0177 .0121 .0126 .0127 .0133 .0133 ..0099 .0102 .0102 _ .0108! .0108 .0114 .0180 ‘ .0180 .0196 .0200 .0202 .0204 .0213 .0172 _.0175 .0176 .0178 0.0180 .0138 ..0144 .0149 .0150 .0150 .0107 A.0113 .0114 .0116 ~.0116 .0270 . .0279 h. A. 110278 ..A— TABLE 7 EFFECT OF ORGANIC MATTER 0N MOISTURE ABSORPTION IN WEATHERING TESTS WYW A , M0131~ Moisture Thur ubisturo r ‘ *5 content density' content Cap- Sample molzgng Imogging 03:13; 1 ‘“‘*” 1 3 hr 6 hr Cured u: Raw 3011 14.1 118.9 2.8 18.6 19.3 1% Lignin 13.1 118.4 2.1 3.5 4.1 2% Lignin 15.0 114.9 2.6 3.9 4.2 3'31 Main 15.9 115.0 0.0 1% 31111110 acid 14.9 117.9 0.0 10.2 "Hydrogen“ 3011 10.1 127.4 1.4 14.1 14.7 1% Limit). 13.4 119.5. 2.1 3.1 3.6 2% Lignin, 14.1 117.2 2.2 3.0 3.3 3% Lignin 17.0 117.0 0.0 1% M10 9.0111 13.5 120.4 0.7 11.0 ”Aluminum! .011 11.3 122.6 1.4 13.5 13.9 1% Lignin 14.7 115.4 2.2 3.5 3.9 2% Lignin 15.1 ' 114.3 1.4 2.6 3.2 3% Lignin 15.1 114.0 0.5 2.5 1% Humio acid 13.7 119.7 0.4 11.6 “Ferric” 3011 10.3 126.4 3.4 13.2 13.6 1% Lignin 14.4 115.3 2.8 4.1 4.4 AIL TABIE 7'0 02113 111116 (1 e 1112:; Absorption w‘. m urn Content in per cent of dry weight of sample ffi Freeze-52218.! Cycles w... 911:143341376314118. 1: 2' 3' 4 drying’in.air 19.6 20.0 20.3 . 4.4 6.1 8.0 l 9.4 10.5 11.1 13.1 14.3 ' 15.5 4.4 5.8 7.8 10.5 12.4 13.2 13.0 12.9 12.6 7.0 ‘ 14.4 ‘ ‘ ‘ 16.2_ 17.0 18.2 18.8 " 19.2 19.2 15.3 15.5 18.3 4.0 5.6 7.9 9.5 10.6 11.6 13.1 15.2 16.1 3.6 4.9 6.8 8.4 9.3 8.8. 10.2 ' 10.3 9.6 5.1 ‘ 11.1 ' '16.0 15.7 17.0. 14.2 15.4 ' 17.7 ‘ 4.3 5.1 7.1 8.4 9.4 10.3 11.0 A 11.9 13.1 4 3.7 5.3 7.2 10.6 ’»12.3' ~13.3 13.4 _ 14.2 4.1 12.3 15.5 18.3 19.9 14.5 14.9 17.1 4.6 6.0 7.8 9.7 11.1 12.0 12.7 14.4 15.6 3161-1111-- 110: mm... 5 5* cont ant acuity cont ant , mp- nlplo at mar . _ .1. 10141745 nouns mine 3 hr 6 hr 21: mm 15.6 114.3 1.8 2.8 3.2 311 mm 16.2 117.0 0.0 11$ mu 4018 14.1 119.5 1.5 11.6 “01101113“ 0013. 15.2 118.0 2.2 7.9 10.4 111 1.1m 13.6 118.4 2.1 2.9 3.4 211 mm 14.8 115.7 2.0 ‘ 3.1 3.5 31‘ mam 14.5 118.0 0.0 1% sum «14 15.1 119.1 1.7 10.1 116141-- a- .613 13.6 119.1 14.5 14.6 14.3 11: man, 13.1 120.0 14.7 ' 14.8 14.5 21¢ mm: 14.7 115.9 15.8 ' 14.7 14.4 31: m 15.5 115.0 15.6 11¢ mm 6.618 14.9 117.9 11.6 11.7 wax-om' .011 1. 10.1 127.4 11.5 11.6 11.5 1% noun 14.0 117.9 14.8 ' 14.5 14.3 2% mm 14.2 117.0 14.5 13.9 13.6 3% mm: 17.0 117.0 12.8 ' 114 mm 461.0 13.5 120.4 12.4 12.9 W _‘M TABLE 7-2072: 17111811. may 4110021181031 3180 00311583“ in per cont 0: dry night or sample 4 men-Thaw Cycle. AL r W v—.— 9 hr '1 an 3 42J 7 0:. 14 44 3.5 ‘4.8 6.4 8.8 3.4, 6.8 14.5 17.5 ,, 19.1. ”11.7 '15.1 16.3 16.7 17.3 3.8 _ 5.4 7.6 9.3 ‘10.7 3.6 5.0 -7.5 ' 9.4 11.2 -4.3 8.6 10.8 18.0 mi 14.2 14.3 15.3 14.3 14.1 14.3 14.9 14.9 14.3 14.2 15.0 15.9 15.7 16.5 12.7 16.3 11.4 11.5 12.0 14.0 14.0 14.2 14.7 14.6 1343 130‘ 1304 1545 - '16.: 19.6 1347 ‘544 ~101- ' 1 2 3 4 9.3 9.9 9.7 10.2 20.4. 20.7 21.2 17.2 17.2 17.3 17.5 '12.1 ’13.4 14.2 '14.? "11.3 11.1 10.9 ”10.3 '17.8 18.8 19.5 ‘20.5 18.1 '19.5 '20.3 19.9 16.1 19.2 21.3 20.0 ‘16.7 17.6 19.2. 20.5 ‘54: 1749 1347 ‘54? 13.9 14.7 '15.1 ~14.8 15.6 19.5 22.0 23.2 .343 ‘34? 1340 ‘146 16.5 O U 4 ,. O I . O . . . . I 1 ‘w o . u 0 o 1 O . o O 4. c . I . . 0 O I 1‘ 5-102- TABLE 7-Continued. Hoist.- Moisture Dry Moisture " ‘ V 5 Sample 00113111: 662211;: , 0:21:21: an: 11101111113 molding curing 3 hr. 6 hr “Aluminum" soil 9.? _129.2 '9.4 9.9 9.9 16 Lignin 13.1 '116.2 13.1. 13.3 13.5 26 Lignin ‘15.6 '114.0 15.5 15.4 T15.2 .35 Lignin 16.1 114.0 21.0 ”21.0 '16:meia acid ”13.? 119.7 13.6 14.6 “Ferric" 3011 10.3 125.9 11.3 12.3 12.4 15 Lignin 14.6 116.2 15.5 15.2 .14.9 2% Lignin“ 11.1 111.8 15.6 15.4 ‘15.3 35 Lignin 16.2 117.0 16.2 ‘ ’% 31111110 acid $4.1 119.95 ' ‘308 ~ ’ - 12.04. ‘20? "Calcium“ 8011 14.8 118.5 "14.5 11.3 11.2 16 Lignin I 11.2 117.6 '11.4 11.6 '11.6 26 Lignin 14.9 ~ 115.: "15.6 15.1 214.9 3% Lignin 14.5 116.0 15.5 1% Ennis acid 415.0 119.1 "12.1 4319.9 ..n. m A4 4.4 ._.4. _ , h - _.__‘ .— .4. T— ..v... V“ Y—u W 7 w...— .4. TABLE 7v§0nt3nued. 1110.27 Absorption M 14 d3 Freeze-Thaw’cyclea urn Cantont in per cent of any weight of sample A A fl _._ .___. 9 hr 1 44 3 60 7‘10 1 2 3 4 9.9 10.1 10.3 at 11.4 12.1 12.8 12.3 13.5 13.3 13.6 14.3 15.0 17.2 18.8 20.1 21.1 15.1 14.9 15.3 16.5 16.0 16.2 16.2 16.2 21.0 23.6 23.6 15.2 17.0 18.2 12.4 12.7 12.8 14.4 14.4 15.0 14.8 14.8 14.5 15.4 16.5 16.7 16.5 16.5 15.6 15.2 15.1 15.6 17.4 18.0 18.6 18.4 19.2 15.4 16.2 . 15.2 11.4 18.6 19.6 19.7 14.1 14.2 14.7 15.5 16.1 11.6 17.8 18.2 218.2 14.2 14.3 14.7 15.2 15.6 15.1 ' 15.2 15.1 14.7 14.5 15.1 15.9 16.0 15.8 15.8 ‘15.1 15.5 14.3 16.7 16.6 16.6 19.7 20.5 4.4. ..- ...._. WW? w, «103-.‘ TABLE 8 UNCOETIRED COMPRESSION STR'CI‘YGTHS IN PSI 0]? 11011010510 SOILS AND LIGNIN COMBIMWIONS after after after- * ‘ . Gap. moist- Freeze- . mp1, L Curing are absorp. . than ' I 116.3 . no I ' ad . * mo ' ’30 210 W 31111 528 35.1 0 " o 0 0 1% Lignin 452 37.3 1.0 1.3 0 0 2% Mann 331 0.0 17.7 31.4 0 O 3% 1.18.1111! ‘ 550 1.0 O 0 0 O ~mmgén- 0611 233 22.2 0 0 0 0 1% Lian 544 134.8 0 O O 0 2% Id. 588 45.5 241 2.0 O 0 "Alminiun' I011 220 15.8 0 0 . 0 0 1% W 526 63.5 17.0 5.0 9.5 8.0 2% Lignin 359 3 .2 2045 27.0 0 0 3% mm 608 18.0 20.4 12.6 0 0 961-2161 2611 244 , 22.2 _o 0 o 0 1% mm 410 36.0 18.5 28.8 0 O 2% Main 339 29.6 28.0 20.0 0 O 3% 1.151113 460 57.0 0 0 0 0 10216111111 I011 392 37.9 '0 0 0 0 3% mania , 192 , .2 O 0 O O ‘_. ..L AM .— M 1- 1041-1 WW “M “and. for 1121-1111102. :2 tor mint-mod. mp1". -105. TABLE9 COMPARISON AND EVALUATION OF INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC MATTER OH SOIL PROPERTIES BASED ON HOMOIOKIO ' SOIL DATA EXPRESSED AS UNITY Liquid 2126110 216011- mm. 2211. 222.516 ' 1.1.2.11 Limit 1:383 1355.11 ‘ 2511.1. Raw 2611 1.00 _ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 111 mm .98 1.03 .92 .91 .93 25 mm .99 1.06 .91 .89 .89 3% 1.1311111 1.02 .96 1.08 .88 .86 411 1,122.06 .86 .81 .91 .98 1.14 1% 311.1210 acid .88 1.01 .73 1.11 1.29 211 Humio .612 1.44 1.15 1.78 1.18 .82 3% Hum. .616 1.09 1.06 1.13 1.17 .98 "mungen' I011 1.00 ' 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 15 1.131112 .95 1.20 .81 1.00 1.01 2.5 1.1mm 1.08 1.56 .82 1.23 1.08 311 mania 1.12 1.58 .85 1.18 1.01 411 1.181111: 1.14 1.58 .90 1.24 1.04 111 mm. .612 1.08 1.49 .85 1.35 1.20 25 Humio .616 1.06 1.53 .79 1.47 1.33 35 mm. .612 1.08 1.51 .84 1.41 1.24 “Aluminum“ 301]. 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1% 1.131612 .85 1.00 .66 1.09 1.26 2% 1.1511111 .97 1.04 .88 1.12 1.14 .4“ TABLE 9ggontinued. A. A_.A_ L; L 1...._n _A LA. mink» ann- 70613111217 moiature Unconfined 00m- nge 8’. abgprption presaion.strength 311110 . in; 1 ad ' 118 ad no 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 j 1.00 ‘1.00 .96 ..49 .76 1.00 .88 1.06 .92 1.79 .62 1.03 . .63 .85 .90 '3.10 ' .71 .92 1.04 ".88 494 .97 _2.02 .96 .94 '49? S404 I400 I ‘1’" 1.00 81.00 1.00 '1.00 1.00 1.00 '.96 11.16 .88 '1.54 2.33 “6.07 .93 1.70 .57 '1.03 2.52 ‘2.05 .83 '2.62 .64 ’1.30 2.23 '1.22 .87- h 1.00 ‘1.49 '.93 11.09 '.97 .1.34 .98 1.39 1.00 1.00 1.00 '1.00 1.00 ‘1.00 .98 .93 .74 "1.65 2.39 ‘ .44 ' .54 '1.29 1.68 '2.42 .69 .80 n44“ _ - A. A A .4- AL A ~A_ ‘16 “and. for tit-dried. no for maimed, samples. ~106- TABEE 9-ggifignueg. Liquid Plastic Plaat1~ Mink- 11:11.0 sample Limit 1.11.11 15.33: 1.3131 ' 81.1111. 35 Lignin ’ ..91 1.00 .79 1.17 1.27 4% Lignxn 11.01 N .99 ‘11.04 "' 1.15 .1.11 1% manic acid .95 1.16 .71 1.43 1.47 2% me10 acid “.97 .1.12 ’.80 1.20 1.21 35 Humio .610 ‘1.04 1.18 . .87 1.36 1.29 ”Barrio“ 0011 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1% Lignin. .94 .83 1.03 .66 .92 25 Lignin. ..95 .92 .1.01 .85 '.a9 3% Lignin .1.08 1.95 ,1.32 1.09 1.02 45 Lisnin 1.16 .93 .1.57 1.00 . .86 12 mm. 11.010 1.07 1.02 1.14 1.18 1.11 296 Humio .614 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.23 1.10 3% Hwnio 3014 ,1.13 1.12 1.13 1.27 '1.13 ”Calcium“ 8011 ,1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 '1.00 15 Lignin. 1.04 1.11 .98 .90 .86 26 Lignin .97 .98 .96 .88 I .91 3% Lignin 1.23 .1.27 1.19 1.15 .93 45 Lignin .1.09 ,1.04 1.14 .95 .88 1$rflumio .618 .1.20 1.13 1.27 1.23 1.04 2% Humic 0010 1.19 1.09 I1.3o 1.17 .98 1.10 1.17 1.02 1.06 .97 3% M10 acid mm» anu- TABLE 9.0 out ifingg. ,v—ww __ Capillary moisture '— Unoonfined com. .99 «108.. “A A Li —1 ago absorption preesion strength 111110 in; ad 210 ad mo .81 .95 6.70 1.64 2.76 1.14 .93 , .92 1.04 1.12 1.42 .98 .85 ' .97 .87 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .99 .82 .91 1.11 1.68 1.62 .96 1.29 .60 1.28 1.39 1.33 .88 2.21 .40 1.08 1.89 2.57 .95 . .99 .72 1.24 1.31 1.06 .88 ' .98 .83 _ . 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 91.00 .96 .70 .84 .86 .98 1.12 .91 1.73 .59 .88 .94 .89 .82 2.27 .49 .85 1.25 .76 .82 .97 1.66 1.17 1.13 497 1439 I TABLE 10 COMPARISON AND EVALUATION OF TOTAL SOIL PROPERTIE3 BASED ON RAW SOIL DATA.EIPRESSED A3 UNITY I .Agu A. ._. 7—H Liquid Plastic Plalti- Shrink- Ratio .7 Sample city ago Limit Limit Index Limit BL1LL Raw 8011 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1% Ligmin 493 $403 492 091 i93 25 main .99 1.06 .91 .89 .89 3% 1.190111 1.02 .96 1.08 .88 .86 45 Lignin ..86 .81 .91 .98 1.14 15 M10 6014 .88 1.01 .73 1.14 1.29 211 31211110 acid 1.44 1.15 1.78 1.18 .82 39 Bumio said 1.09 1.06 1.13 1.17 .98 “Fzydrogen' 8011 1.04 .70 1.45 .85 .85 11% mania .99 .84 1.17 .85 .85 25 1.192111. 1.13 1.09 1.18 1.04 .92 35 1.190111 1.16 1.10 1.24 1.00 .86 45 Liam 1.19 1.10 1.30 1.05 .88 15 31218141 «18 1.13 1.04 1.23 1.14 1.02 2:4 Humio .618 1.10 1.07 1.15 1.24 1.12 3% Humio 1.014 1.13 1.05 1.22 1.19 1.05 “Aluminum! 8011 1.10 1.11 1.08 .99 .90 11% 1.19118 .93 1.12 .72 1.06 1.13 211 again 1.06 1.16 .95 1.09 1.03 m 497 ,‘97 ,000 1400 097 494 633 437 149‘ 81 499 .93 497 .3. 449 A 34f0 240! '320‘ ..71 2.24 2.60 3.80 5.85 3.34 3.00 3.72 2.60 2.42 1.41 ‘M m- for man. an in for mom-«rod. annals-4 .1.79 ~ .90 479 .47 .58 484 A 3__A_.. 1,1406 {403 ‘49: 494 476 "4?7 473' 497 .83 .6¢ ‘1406 .81 —110— ..— 463 _ 1404 .44 1403 i411 .99 .43 1.001 470 A {1.05 “.65 ‘488 853 3484 163° 477 .45 1.90 1.09 TABLE 10-90m83mued. 1.101110 12166136 21mi- Shrink- 331.110 3% 38min acid A; _‘A_ H AL. 1412 . _._I .98 'Sample' city age . Limit 33.611 Index . mm 6313:. 35 Ligmin' 1.00 1.12' ) .86 '1.14 1.15 49 Lignin 1.11 1.10 1.13 1.12 1.00 19 98838 .618 1.05 - 1.29 .77 1.39 1.33 29 Humio .618 1.07 1.24 .67 1.17 3.09 39 Humio acid 1.14 1.31 '.94 1.32 .1.16 «Ferricn 8011 .96 1.15 .75 1.06 _1.12 15.313n1n» .90 .95 ..77 .93 1.03 25 Lignin .92 1.06 .76 ..91 ‘.99 35.319n1n' 1.05 1.09 ..99 1.18 1.14 49 Lignin ,1.12 1.07 1.18 1.08 .96 19 Humio acid 1.03 '1.17 '.66 .1.27 1.24 2% 39min acid 1.08 1.29 .83 1.32 ,1.22 35 Humio .616 1.06 1.26 .65 1.37 1.26 "Calcium" 3011 7.00 - .92 1.10 .92 .92 15 Lignin. 1.04 1.01 1.06 .83 .79 29 Lignin' .97 ..89 11.05 .61 .64 35 Lignin 1.23 1.16 I 1.31 1.06 :.86 45 Lignin 1.09 .95 1.25 .86 v.81 15 HMmic 6614 1.20 ’1.03 1.40 1.13 ..96 25 Humio .614 1.08 .99 1.42 1.08 .91 1.10 1.07 .90 ..AA TABIE 10-Cont inued . A . .L... t Capillary'moisture ..fi Unconfined comp 2.91 -112... age absorption pression strength ratio ing . ad mo ad mo .80 2.46 ' .61 71.16 1.15 ..51 .92 .91, ' 2.71 ' .98 .91 .97. 2.22 .95 2.26 . .98 2.34 .84 .75 .46 .63 .97 1.75 .77 .83 478 1.03 .94 2.38 .50 .96 .64 484 .87 4.75 .33 .80 .67 1.62 .94 I .97 1.55 1.04 .99 1.04 1.90 .96 1.78 1.02 1.98 .86 .91 -475 - 1.05 .98 .75 .72 .79 ~§73 .. 1.15 495 7887’ 451 .30 .470.‘ 894 .84 2.44 .42 1.01 .93 .980 .84, .99 1.79 1.01 1.03 499 1150 1.02 G 26 m 33:05 «3:6... :8 33.63 “3 5:33.55 an? 23:8. [..oE fi fi d d u d 4 u d u u q d u q u u c u d — fi - P _ h b p . _ _ _ ? . _ . b . _ . h . . . . m a m. 9 .1 ..c 1w. m. w z .1 r 0 w o o .o .o o a - w n. - O 9 1. O 1. 9 c. 2 l 0 m L m M W W 0% m W O I. 9 .7 O W O 0 O 9 W 2 w €225.52 :— 520820 ¢ 0— 0.? . CON wofiw 95% .320 w 95m 0208 h 25m ocE # Em _ >20 zo_._.<3IO_I whdkm “.0 zo_._.<.oomm< zr: :om Sam 23. 28.052. .0 .865 £2.83 .5 8 55.. .o 8.51.... .2“. 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Do To. “PO-1.1.014. and 1191111 filed with Large Organic Cat ions for soil Stabil~ inaticn * . ese ar- c.oe s. XIIVII (19 .. * Olson. 1.31.0. :ndngmwéxa. H. tithe atoning? :3 the lance. m (1938), ”cm, 433.495. 0 . ml Parker, 1'. w. and Pate. w. I. aBase MSG in Soil Colloids and the Availability of Exchangeable Calcium in Difterent Soils." J 0 th gericg racist: giggling e. ‘ . 6). Pauling. I... 'The Structure of Chlorites.’ .e s ' 1‘ ch. ...)- ‘ :34: 4:20 I A ) Po '0 Peach. Michael. 'Determinat ion or Exchangeable uses in . Coils ' wast 181 d Mineer L; C W1“ ‘ 011.: "’5 IPPO ' “ 0 ed s for at __ 11s. Sponsored “by Am Committee on , s or ' nearing Exposes. Hula” dolphin: ASTM. July. 1950. PP. 131-135. mus He 's. '0“. 's 3.. “a “My Re Is “Influence of Initial Moisture and Density on the Value e and strength Characteristics of Two Typical 111 is Souk“ gm» Ream Em W XXVI (t9 ). «us- Ssarls, A.D. and Crinhas. R. I. go gamutfi and as 1% 21 0%gs . 3d ed, 1! or x ersciencs 039 Cs. 1959 9). ah.81.rp J. 3s. 081171.. 3. Ce. .nd 3"1dlan’ DO To 'Stabil isatisn of Loose with. Anflins-Iurtarsl.‘ - ... . » . é -' ' . it g m: (1957). Bidet-1, D. I. "3011 Swelling: I. The Swelling of. Soil in water Considered in Connection with the Problem of Soil Structure," Soil mugs. XL]: (1936). Sideri. D. I. "On the relocation of Structure in Soil: ILQ'nthesis motafiyeflt“, On the Bonds {biting Cleysi twmlnus. mil Qience 11.11 (1936). do My A1021“. Lo ’0 ..- ’ an r . Co trans. A03 s10 '“ig ' h“1” '“33 Thomas lurby e Co., 1938. mith. C. R. “has Exchange Reactions of Bentonite and Salts of (manic Bases" e i 0 mg; gem . m (19 . p. . Sweet. 8. S. and Coeds. I. D. “branching in Concrete Pavements as Influenced by soil Textures“ W. m! (1916)- rittls, mm.“ H. “Salvaging Old Payments by Resuru- “W (1952 . vats-an, S. A. "Classical fituie :2 Soil‘mgsnic fitter-u Nb. ‘7 Fm mil-Insulin . mm. 3.11:“ A. and antennas. m1 J. “momssiticn b, moroorsnnisns,' §2E;&1ga00, ILII (19351Pp. (19.130s Iinterkorn. ms 1'. "nurses Chenioal rectors Influenc- oing the minesring Properties of Soils'. ‘ i -, Pr' £,L' 1‘1936) winterkorn. H. r. "Haynes-Chemical Boil rest -. m. 3.100. .11 1940) Vintsrkcrn n. l‘. 'lsohaniss ci’ hter Attack on Dry 0 aggro Soil $013“... 211 glen“. LIV (1942) Po 0 5‘47» Winterkorn. H. 1". "Clay Renewal: in Construction mm- eering,‘ gem of Geoya, I. (1942). PP. 291‘“ Winterkorn. H. P. “melee-Chemical mopertiee of Bone.“ ‘ Proceedings of the Second International Conference ' Soil Meéhan co and mm 1011 Egalitarian, 1 8). winterkorn. "a. 1. ago; my. .2 11 my. May 31. 1946. wmtorkm. n. r. A 13130111150}; snug or the son Stanza- zi Effeo veneee o 0 on no w 90 9.4!: E FE_§ $5 531' mm. H In eo . - Woods, I. B. and Envoy, F. 1". “Pumping of Subgrade ' through Paving Joint. and Cracks," Technical $~ %;i% No. 10,} {Washington 13.0.: Marleen o ' era aooiation. 194%). Wooltorton. F. 1.. ID. "8011 Structure and the Road Engiv- near.” coo a of the etitntion of 1V minute, 0. ruary, . p. 1. Wooltoflon, F. In De The Roadnkor e Mrary Arnold Ltd" 1954). Yoder. E. .1. “the Effect of Calcium Chloride on the Com- poet ire Effort and Water Retention Character-1e— ties of 8011.. " H Rose 11 B acced- Jm mm (1947). i! «143. I Ab‘a J g' yb‘c' ha 1311...... .h—C RIES H ”'TITI'IMIWLFILTIMIMIIIEJITLWIMWI‘I}