Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can provide the world with a technology for real-time event monitoring for both military and civilian applications. One of the primary concerns that hinders the successful deployment of wireless sensor networks is how to provide adequate source and destination nodes location privacy. The privacy of the location is vital and highly jeopardized by the usage of wireless communications. While message content privacy can be ensured through message encryption, it is much more difficult to adequately address the location privacy issue. For WSNs, location privacy service is further complicated by the fact that sensors consist of low-cost and energy efficient radio devices. Therefore, using computationally intensive cryptographic algorithms (such as public-key cryptosystems) and large scale broadcasting-based protocols are not suitable for WSNs.Many protocols have been proposed to provide location privacy but most of them are based on public-key cryptosystems, while others are either energy inefficient or have certain security flaws. After analyzing the security weaknesses of the existing schemes, we propose several creative and secure energy-aware routing protocols that can address the location privacy issue in WSNs. For source-location privacy, we propose 3 schemes. The first scheme routes each message to a randomly selected intermediate node (RSIN) before it is transmitted to the SINK node. However, this scheme can only provide local source-location privacy. In the second scheme, a network mixing ring (NMR) is proposed to provide network-level source-location privacy. The third scheme achieves network-level source-location privacy through a technique we call the Sink Toroidal Region (STaR) routing. For destination-location privacy, we propose the Bubble routing protocol and a series of R-STaR routing protocols. For each of these routing schemes, both security analysis using quantitative measurements and simulation results show that the proposed protocols are secure and energy-efficient.While providing location privacy is vital, prolonging the lifetime of the network can be a very essential component as well. In this dissertation, we propose a cluster-based energy-aware routing scheme, called Quad-Region Cluster-Head Selection (Q-ReCHS), which will prolong the network lifetime by evenly distributing the energy load among all the nodes. Our extensive simulation results on cluster-based routing demonstrates that our proposed Q-ReCHS scheme can out perform many of the existing schemes.
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