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STRATEGIES AND ANALYSIS OF MANAGEMENT
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STRATEGIES AND ANALYSIS OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR SPORTS

FIELDS IN MICHIGAN

By

J. Tim Vanini

A DISSERTATION

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences ’

2006

ABSTRACT
STRATEGIES AND ANALYSIS OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR SPORTS
FIELDS IN MICHIGAN
By

J. Tim Vanini

Balancing and coordination of management practices of turfgrass under
traffic are the ultimate Challenge for any turfgrass professional. Sports fields
present a particular challenge apart from the golf course because high traffic
areas are relatively immobile, and play is not weather dependent. Most often,
the task of a sports field manager is to build turfgrass density and health during
the summer (or off-season) periods and try to maintain conditions throughout the
playing season.

During the summer windows of 2002 and 2003, a randomized complete
block design was used to evaluate three mowing height and six fertilizer
treatment strategies before and after the playing season began. Gradually
reducing the mowing height and using a resin-coated urea at 147 kg N ha", with
a 6% Reactive Layer Coating, provided the best playing surface in terms of
turfgrass cover percent, traction, surface hardness, plant counts and root
strength. Results were consistent for both years, and results were consistent
both before, during and after simulated traffic was implemented by the Cady
Traffic Simulator.

Management practices were evaluated in 2003 and 2004. A fractional

factorial design was used to analyze six management factors; turfgrass species,

fertility, irrigation, overseeding, core cultivation and crumb rubber. Furthermore,
six management systems were investigated using a combination of
factors/cultural practices already mentioned. Repeated measures analysis was
also used in the experiment. Playing surface characteristics included turfgrass
cover percent, shear resistance, peak deceleration, time domain reflectometry
and plant counts. Crumb rubber, fertility, turfgrass species, irrigation, core
cultivation and overseeding were management factors ranked in order from
highest to lowest F values. There were Significant differences over time among
all playing surface Characteristics and management systems. The supina
bluegrass/common bermudagrass (Poa supina, Schrad./Cynodon dactylon [L.]
Pers.), management system, with a high maintenance regime, performed the
best in terms of turfgrass cover percent, surface hardness, traction and plant
counts. Plant counts, for this management system, were not significant
indicating the playing surface had minimal changes taking place over the playing
seasons. Crumb rubber was the single factor that was able to override or
enhance other factors in the study regardless of maintenance regime.
Interactions from the experiment emphasized the consistency of the playing
surface due to a combination of an aggressive turfgrass, such as, supina
bluegrass, a high fertility level at 196 kg N ha'1 , irrigation based on returning
50% evapotranspiration and crumb rubber (complimented with irrigation and core

cultivation).

Copyright by
J. Tim Vanini
2006

Every blade of grass has its Angel that bends over it and whispers ‘Grow, Grow’.

The Talmud

There is not a sprig of grass that shoots uninteresting to me.

Thomas Jefferson

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It has truly been an honor and a privilege to have an opportunity to pursue
a doctoral degree at Michigan State University in turfgrass science. This all
started in a conversation with Dr. John (Trey) N. Rogers, III in the Fall 2000. It
has changed my life forever, and I am thankful for the opportunity. Although we
will not be putting up the rink anymore, I especially appreciate the friendship we
have developed over the years, and I look forward to more conversations in the
future. I would also like to thank Dr. James Crum for his guidance and simple,
basic approaches to teaching and life. I will also miss those “laughs”. A special
thank you must be extended to Dr. Sasha Kravchenko for her infinite patience
with me in assembling the statistical work. Thank you. I would also like to thank
Drs. James Flore and Doug Buhler for their input on this project. Their
insightfulness was most appreciative.

So often it’s not the thing you fling, it’s the “fling itself" that creates such a
wonderful experience. The “fling itself” would not have been the same without
the following; John and Lisa Sorochan, Jason Henderson, Phil Dwyer, Brandon
Horvath, Thom Nikoali, Ron Calhoun, Tim Van Loo, Matt Anderson, Alec
Kowaleski and Aaron Hathaway. Your camaraderie will always be remembered.
I would like to thank Mark Collins, Frank Roggenbuck and Tom McDonald for
their help in getting these projects off the ground. I would also like to thank the
many workers who aided me with my projects.

I would also like to thank Amanda Simmons for her editorial input in

preparing this dissertation.

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
List of Tables ......................................................................................... ix
List of Figures ......................................................................................... xii
Abbreviations ...................................................................................... xiv
Introduction ........................................................................................... 1
Chapter One: EFFECTS OF MOWING HEIGHT AND FERTILIZATION
ON SAND-BASED SPORTS FIELDS DURING AND AFTER A 70-DAY
RE-ESTABLISHMENT WINDOW ............................................................. 17
Introduction ................................................................................ 19
Materials and Methods .................................................................. 24
Results and Discussion
Turfgrass Cover Percent ...................................................... 34
Shear resistance and Turf Shear Tester .................................. 39
Peak deceleration ............................................................... 42
Time Domain Reflectometry .................................................. 45
Root Mass ........................................................................ 45
Chlorophyll indices, root mass, and plant counts ....................... 51
Conclusions ................................................................................ 57
References ................................................................................. 59
Chapter Two: ANALYSIS OF CULTURAL PRACTICES AND
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR SPORTS FIELDS IN MICHIGAN ................. 63
Introduction ................................................................................ 65
Materials and Methods ................................................................. 80
Statistics ........................................................................... 89
Results and Discussion
Turfgrass cover percent ....................................................... 91
Peak deceleration ............................................................. 103
Shear resistance .............................................................. 108
Time domain reflectometry and plant counts ........................... 114
Soil physical properties ...................................................... 122
Ranking system ................................................................ 124
Conclusions .............................................................................. 127
References ............................................................................... 129

vii

Appendices

Appendix A — Weather data for system study .................................. 138
Appendix B - Evapotranspiration (ET), rainfall and irrigation

schedule for system study ......................................... 153
Appendix C - Traffic summary for system study ............................... 161

viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Individual treatments for mowing and fertilizer study, 2002 and

2003 ................................................................................ 25
Table 2. Particle size distribution of sand root zone ............................... 26
Table 3. Mean squares for treatment effects for turfgrass cover

percent on a perennial ryegrass/Kentucky bluegrass stand,

East Lansing, MI. 2002-03 ................................................... 35
Table 4. Effects of mowing height and fertilizer treatments on

turfgrass cover percent on a perennial ryegrass/
Kentucky bluegrass stand at the Hancock Turfgrass
Research Center, East Lansing, MI ........................................ 36

Table 5. Mean squares for treatment effects for shear resistance
and turf shear tester (TST) on a trafficked and
non-trafficked (NT) perennial ryegrass/Kentucky bluegrass
stand, East Lansing, MI ....................................................... 40

Table 6. Effects of mowing height and fertilizer treatments on shear
resistance and turf shear tester (TST) on a trafficked and
non-trafficked (NT) perennial ryegrass/Kentucky bluegrass
stand at the Hancock Turfgrass Research Center,

East Lansing, MI ................................................................ 41
Table 7. Mean squares for treatment effects for peak deceleration

on a perennial ryegrass/Kentucky bluegrass stand,

East Lansing, MI., 2002-03 ................................................... 43
Table 8. Effects of mowing height and fertilizer treatments on peak

deceleration on a trafficked and non-trafficked (NT) perennial
ryegrass/Kentucky bluegrass stand at the Hancock Turfgrass

Research Center, East Lansing, MI ........................................ 44
Table 9. Mean squares for treatment effects on time domain

refiectometry on a perennial ryegrass/Kentucky bluegrass

stand, East Lansing, MI., 2002-03 .......................................... 46

Table 10. Effects of mowing height and fertilizer treatments on time
domain reflectometry on a trafficked and non-trafficked (NT)
perennial ryegrass/Kentucky bluegrass stand at the
Hancock Turfgrass Research Center, East Lansing, MI .............. 47

Table 11. Mean squares for treatment effects for root mass on a

Table 12.

Table 13.

Table 14.

Table 15.

Table 16.

Table 17.

Table 18.

Table 19.

Table 20.

Table 21.

Table 22.

perennial ryegrass/Kentucky bluegrass stand,
East Lansing, Ml., 2002-03 ................................................... 48

Effects of mowing height and fertilizer treatments on root mass
on a perennial ryegrasleentucky bluegrass stand at the
Hancock Turfgrass Research Center, East Lansing, MI .............. 49

Mean squares for treatment effects for chlorophyll indices,

root pull and plant counts on a trafficked and

non-trafficked (NT) perennial ryegrass/Kentucky bluegrass

stand, East Lansing, Ml., 2002-03 .......................................... 52

Effects of mowing height and fertilizer treatments on

chlorophyll indices, root pull and plant counts on a

trafficked and non-trafficked (NT) perennial ryegrass/Kentucky
bluegrass stand at the Hancock Turfgrass Research Center,

East Lansing, MI ................................................................. 53

Factors tested for Sports field management study,
2003 and 2004, .................................................................. 81

Factors and systems for sports field management
study ................................................................................ 82

A scheme of 2n fractional factorial design for six factors
including six different systems ............................................... 83

Establishment and maintenance schedule for sports field
management study, 2003 and 2004 ........................................ 85

The F and p values of re-analyzed data for all main and

interaction fixed effects for cultural practices on turfgrass

cover, percent ratings, peak deceleration, and shear

resistance, 2003 and 2004 .................................................... 92

The F and p values of re-analyzed data for all main and
interaction fixed effects for cultural practices on time domain
reflectometry and plant counts, 2003 and 2004 ......................... 93

The F and p values of re-analyzed data for all main and

interaction fixed effects for management systems on

turfgrass cover percent, peak deceleration and shear

resistance, 2003 and 2004 ................................................... 94

The F and p values of re-analyzed data for all main and
interaction fixed effects for management systems on

Table 23.

Table 24.

Table 25.

Table 26.

Table 27.

Table 28.

time domain reflectometry and plant counts, 2003 and
2004 ................................................................................ 95

Effects of management systems on turfgrass percent cover
ratings using repeated measures at the Hancock Turfgrass
Research Center ................................................................ 96

Effects of management systems on peak deceleration
using repeated measures at the Hancock Turfgrass Research
Center ............................................................................ 104

Effects of management systems on shear resistance using
repeated measures at the Hancock Turfgrass Research
Center ............................................................................ 1 1 0

Effects of management systems on time domain reflectometry
and plant counts using repeated measures at the Hancock
Turfgrass Research Center ................................................. 115

Crumb rubber treatment effects on two treatments on
23 November, 2004 at the Hancock Turfgrass Research
Center, East Lansing, MI .................................................... 123

Rank of F values for playing surface characteristics based
on a 4-point scheme .......................................................... 125

xi

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

Figure 9.

Figure 10.

Figure 11.

Figure 12.

Figure 13.

LIST OF FIGURES

The Brinkman Traffic Simulator and the Cady Traffic
Simulator .......................................................................... 29

a) A Michigan State Root Pull machine being used as a root

pull apparatus, b) A root circle pulled from the 3.8 Continuous
mowing treatment, C) A root circle pulled from the

7.6 - Gradual - 3.8 cm mowing treatment, d) A root Circle

pulled from the 7.6 — Chop - 3.8 cm mowing treatment ............... 32

Effects of mowing height x fertilizer strategies interaction on
root mass at a 50 — 100 mm depth on a trafficked perennial
ryegrass/Kentucky bluegrass stand on 11 July 2002 .................. 50

Effects of mowing height x fertilizer strategies interaction on
plant counts on a trafficked perennial ryegrasleentucky
bluegrass stand on 3 September 2003 .................................... 56

Effects of turfgrass cover percent on species x fertility x
crumb rubber interaction on a trafficked system study ................ 98

Effects of turfgrass cover percent on species x irrigation x
time interaction on a trafficked system study ........................... 100

Effects of turfgrass cover percent on Species x irrigation x
time interaction on a trafficked system study ........................... 102

Effects of peak deceleration on irrigation x crumb rubber x
time interaction on a trafficked system study ........................... 105

Effects of peak deceleration on core cultivation x crumb
rubber x time interaction on a trafficked system study ............... 107

The effects of core cultivation and crumb rubber improving
rooting by crumb rubber filling a core cultivation hole and
preventing it from collapsing ................................................ 109

Effects of shear resistance on species x crumb rubber x
time interaction on a trafficked system study ........................... 111

Effects of shear resistance on irrigation x crumb rubber x
time interaction on a trafficked system study ........................... 113

Effects of time domain reflectometry on crumb rubber x
time interaction in 2003 and 2004 ......................................... 116

xii

Figure 14.

Figure 15.

Figure 16.

Figure 17.

Effects of plants counts on species x day interaction on a
trafficked system study during the 2004 spring and fall
playing seasons ................................................................ 1 18

Effects of plants counts on fertility x day interaction on a
trafficked system study during the 2004 spring and fall
playing seasons ................................................................ 119

Effects of plants counts on irrigation x day interaction on a
trafficked system study during the 2004 spring and fall
playing seasons ................................................................ 120

Effects of plants counts on crumb rubber x day interaction

on a trafficked system study during the 2004 spring and
fall playing seasons ........................................................... 121

xiii

ABBREVIATIONS

3.8 cm Cont. (3.8 cm Continuous) - mowed at 3.8 cm throughout the study.

7.6 - Gr. — 3.8 cm (7.6-GraduaI-3.8 cm) - maintained and mowed at 7.6 cm for
33 DAS and slowly dropped height to 3.8 cm.

7.6 — Ch. - 3.8 cm (7.6-Chop-3.8 cm) - mowed at 7.6 cm and scalped to 3.8 cm
68 DAS.

ARM - AgricuItural Research Manager

BTS — Brinkman Traffic Simulator

C - Celsius

CC — core cultivation

CIT - Clegg Impact Soil Tester

Ch. - Chop

CR — crumb rubber

CTS — Cady Traffic Simulator

DAS — days after seeding

DAT - days after treatment

ET - evapotranspiration

FFD — fractional factorial design

F - fertility

g — gravities

Gmax - maximum gravities or peak deceleration
h — hours

ha - hectare

l - irrigation

IBDU - isobutylidene diurea

K - potassium

kg - kilogram

N — nitrogen

P — phosphorous

PRIKB — perennial ryegrass/Kentucky bluegrass
RCU — resin-coated urea

RLC - reactive coating layer

S - species

SB/CB - supina bluegrass/common bermudagrass
SCU - sulfur-coated urea

TDR — time domain reflectometry

TST - Turf Shear Tester

Urea 2w - 16 kg N ha-1 starting on 15 June every 15 days equaling 49 kg N ha-1
v/v - volume/volume

yr - year

xiv

INTRODUCTION

According to the 2002 Michigan Rotational Survey, sponsored by the
Michigan Department of Agriculture and the Michigan Agricultural Statistics
Service, there were 13,500 acres reported for sports fields at university, college,
primary and secondary facilities in Michigan. Wrth repeated, vigorous use, and
neglect of proper cultural practices, safety and playability of sports fields can
become a serious problem (Harper et al, 1984, Rogers, et al,, 1988). On the
other hand, safety (injuries due to poor playing conditions) on golf courses is not
an issue. For golf course management, the putting green is a heavily trafficked
area, but golf course superintendents are able to move the pin to relieve traffic
pressure and allow time for plant recovery. Play on sports fields is often
concentrated making their management more challenging, but a sports field
manager, typically, does not have the luxury of moving these trafficked areas
during the playing season. After evaluating professional and college football
fields, Cockerham (1989) suggested that 78% of the traffic was concentrated on
7% of the football field based on the number of Cleat marks. He concluded that
research efforts should target cultural practices in these areas of the field.

Soccer is an increasingly popular sport, and complexes have been built to
satisfy public need. It is typical on these new complexes to schedule 200 games
per field in a 6-7 month window (Kuhns, personal communication). This is an
average of one game per day on each soccer field, assuming no interruptions,
throughout the season. The importance of continuous cultural practices or

management strategies throughout the playing season can be imperative,

especially when little time is available for re-establishment during the growing
year

Playing field conditions will deteriorate as the season progresses thereby
the potential for surface related injuries can hasten. A 1981 Pennsylvania study
observed 210 football injuries that occurred on 24 practice and game fields at
different high schools throughout the season. Of these injuries, 21% were
classified as related to sports field conditions (Harper et al., 1984). Ekstrand and
Nigg (1989) studied injuries in a male soccer league over a three-year period.
They found 42% of the injuries were due to player factors (joint instability, muscle
tightness or muscle weakness), but 24% of the injuries were due to poor playing
conditions. Soil water conditions appeared to have a direct influence on the
occurrence of knee injuries in the Australian Football League (Orchard et al.,
1999, 2001). In the United Kingdom, Rahnama and Manning (2004) found, in
their surveys of injuries in youth soccer, a 3:1 significant difference in the
frequency of injury when pitches were “too hard/dry or too soft/wet” compared to
pitches in “good condition”.

Many sports field managers in Michigan do not consistently maintain
sports fields at a high level (i.e. mowing 3-4x/week, an adequate fertilization
program, and an installed irrigation system) because of budget restrictions.
Furthermore, the expertise of maintaining these sports fields is somewhat limited.
Surveys were sent to all Michigan high schools in December 1999 and 2000
(Lundberg, 2002). Based on survey responses, 88% of the schools have a

football field to maintain, but only half were mowed more than once per week.

While 96% of these sports fields (football, soccer fields, etc) were fertilized three
times per year. However, 83% of the respondents did not know the proper
fertilizer application rates for the sports fields. Similar findings were uncovered
among the turfgrass industry in Southern California, and stated that sports field
managers were the most willing to promote proper management techniques
(Klein and Green, 2002). The question must be asked; what are the minimal
cultural practices needed to have a significant effect on sports fields?

“Minimal inputs” or “low inputs” refer to the minimum cultural practices on
sports fields required to promote proper turfgrass vigor and soil conditions in a
sports field situation.

The Michigan Rotational Survey (Kleweno and Matthews, 2002) reported

that the top five cultural practices performed by schools were as follows.

Mowing/trim 92%
Fertilization 76%
Weed Control 70%
Overseeding 46%
Caring/Aeration 40%

The respondents surveyed also listed the top problems they deal with in a

sports field situation;

Traffic 55%
Drought 54%
Weeds 48%
Poor Drainage 25%
Poor Soil 24%

The survey listed that 91% of the turfgrass species and/or mixtures consisted of

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne, L.),

and/or Festuca, spp. However, a sports field manager may not know which
cultural practices are most paramount when resources are minimal.

When establishing a management program, a sports field manager must
address two phases: I) a 70—day re-establishment window during the summer
and ir) the other 295 days of the year. Sports fields are not actively growing or
being played on during the winter months in Michigan therefore growing
conditions are not conducive for plant recovery. Unlike the summer time when
the sports field can actively grow and repair itself with good management
practices, the sports field is in constant use during the fall and spring which
necessitates a 295-day management program.

First, two cultural practices that most sports field managers perform are
mowing and fertilization. Studies have been conducted to evaluate mowing and
fertilization (Harrison, 1931; Evans, 1932; Juska et al., 1956; Goss and Law,
1967; Richie et al., 2002). In general, the more nitrogen used, the more plants
are produced, and the higher the mowing height, the more root mass. However,
these studies did not consider the interaction of these practices in a re-
establishment situation in repairing the playing surface of a sports field in a
limited time frame nor were playing surface characteristics evaluated.

Rogers and Waddington (1989) reported surface hardness and traction
values on different mowing heights and verdure on an established tall fescue
stand. Canaway (1990), KriCk and Rogers (1995) and Cook et al., (1997)
evaluated re-establishment methods, and evaluated the playing surface with

measurements of surface hardness, traction and rooting. None of the

researchers commenced any traffic testing or subsequent evaluations until, 365-
day, 125—day and 140—day, respectively. More sports field management research
is needed when time is limited to re-establish.

Second, a sports field manager must address their strategies (if any)
during the playing season especially when inputs are limited. Research has
been conducted to evaluate optimal performance of a variety of cultural practices
for turfgrass establishment, vigor and growth in a variety of different turfgrass
situations. Studies considered different turfgrasses and mixtures (Youngner
1961; Sherman and Beard 1975a; Canaway 1981, 1983; Brede and Duich 1984;
Minner et al., 1993, Dunn et al., 2002; Minner and Valverde, 2004; Salehi and
Khosh-Khui, 2004), overseeding (Davis, 1958; Beard, 1973; Gaussoin et al.,
2001; Minner and Valverde 2004; Rossi personal communication, 2005),
fertilizers, (Moberg et al., 1970; Brown et al., 1982; Hummel 1984, 1986, 1989;
Landschoot and Waddington 1987; Fry, et al., 1993; Ebdon et al., 1999; Kopp
and Guillard, 2002; Bowman, 2003), irrigation (Fry and Butler, 1989, Leinhauer et
al., 1997, Richie et al., 2002, Johnson, 2003, Bastug and Buyuktas, 2003), core
cultivation (Murray and Juska, 1977, Vtfilkinson and Miller, 1978, Murphy et al.,
1992, Murphy and Rieke, 1994, Baker 2001 Lundberg, 2002), mulches/soil
amendments (Dudeck et al., 1970, Waddington et al., 1974; Vanini, 1995, Baker
et al., 2001, Sorochan and Rogers, 2001), and priming of seed with Chemicals
(Newell, 1997). This research does not easily translate to optimum results for
preparing or maintaining sports fields during the playing season nor for

evaluating playing surface characteristics (surface hardness, traction, turfgrass

cover percent). These different cultural practices have distinct interactions
depending on the turfgrass situation. The important concept that must not be
overlooked, even when inputs are low, is to have a management strategy during
the “other 295 days” of the year. Little research exists that considers multiple
factors simultaneously, thus there is a need to evaluate the interaction of these
factors.

In Denmark, sports field management received increased pressure, in
particular weed control, when pesticides were phased out in 2003 (Larsen et al.,
2004). Research was conducted on 37 different football (soccer) pitches at the
same specific areas on the pitches over three years, comparing ground cover,
weeds and bare areas, and different cultural practices. They concluded the
rotation of cultural practices (core cultivation, verticutting, over-seeding, and
topdressing) were significant to increasing turfgrass cover as the season
progressed. More importantly, locality of the pitch, areas tested on the pitch,
time of year and turfgrass percent cover at the beginning of the trial, had the
most influence on turfgrass percent cover. However, the research team did not
evaluate playing surface characteristics (traction, divoting resistance and surface
hardness).

Research is needed to evaluate the effect of management practices on
the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the playing surface. Turfgrass
cover percent, quality and density ratings are subjective measurements. Surface
hardness, soil moisture and traction are examples of quantitative measurements

that have been used to help evaluate playing surfaces.

Gramckow (1968) evaluated surface hardness or peak deceleration on
different soils and turfgrasses. Clegg (1976) invented a portable device called
the Clegg Impact Tester (CIT) for measuring surface hardness on dirt-based
roads in western Australia. Lush (1985) introduced the concept of the CIT for
testing surface hardness on cricket pitches. Numerous studies have been
conducted to evaluate surface hardness on a variety of sports fields; soccer
fields (Holmes and Bell, 1986; Baker, 1987, Miller, 2004, Vanini et al., 2004)
football fields (Rogers et al., 1988) and research plots (Rogers and Waddington,
1992; Rogers et al., 1996; Lundberg, 2002). As soil moisture decreases, surface
hardness increases causing agronomic factors to deteriorate as well increase the
possibility of surface related injuries.

Traction is another playing surface parameter studied quite extensively in
sports field research. Traction, or shear resistance, indicates the resistance of
the playing surface to shearing or tearing. Higher traction measurements
indicate the surface is more resistant to shearing. Although different devices
have been used, traction measurements were reported by Gramckow (1968),
Zebarth and Sheard ( 1985), Rogers and Waddington (1992), Rogers et al.
(1998), Sorochan et al., (2001, 2005 and 2005 — two different articles) and
Lundberg (2002) in a variety of turfgrass situations from healthy turfgrass stands
to bare soil. In most of these studies, the Eijkelkamp shearing apparatus
(Giesbeck, Netherlands) was used. A new device, the Clegg Turf Shear Tester
(TST) (Wembley DC, Western Australia), measures divoting resistance and has

been used on a limited basis (Henderson, 2003). Unlike the Eijkelkamp

shearvane being user—dependent and subjective in reading the gauge, the TST is
not user-dependent and has a digital readout box for more accurate
measurements.

Plant counts are another quantitative method that can be used to analyze
turfgrass cover for sports field research (Sorochan et al., 2001; Lundberg, 2002).
By counting the number of plants in a given area, a higher number of plants can
signal a better playing surface in regards to turfgrass cover and traction.

Root mass has been used to evaluate primarily mowing and fertility
interactions (Harrison, 1931; Evans, 1932; Juska et al., 1956; Goss and Law,
1967; Richie et al., 2002) and in some cases, sports fields (Krick, 1995; Vanini
1995; Cook et al., 1997). However, root mass can provide a great deal of
variability due to the small area typically used to extract the roots from the soil
and does not necessarily indicate root strength. A possible better way to study
the effects of rooting might be the use of root pulls to measure the strength of
pulling the turf from the surface until it is displaced. Typically a larger area (> 30
cm2) is required to displace turf. This way of measuring rooting is more indicative
of sports field dynamics (the athlete shearing the playing surface on a turn or a
stop), and possibly provides a better measurement for sports field research.
Little research exists in evaluating root strength in regards to sports field
research.

A study in Michigan was conducted to evaluate multiple factors and made
recommendations based on evaluation of playing surface characteristics.

Surveys were sent to each high school in December of 1999 and 2000 (Lundberg

2002). From these surveys, cultural practices (mowing, fertilizing and core
cultivation) were quantified in order to attain acceptable field conditions
throughout the playing season. Under controlled conditions, and based on
playing surface characteristics (surface hardness, traction, turfgrass cover
percent and plant counts), sports field use could be extended 3-5 weeks (or 5-6
game extension) by mowing twice per week, fertilizing a total 245 kg N ha‘1 (low
amount per application with high frequency over the year), and core cultivating
twice per year (Calhoun et al., 2002). Although results were obtained on a sand-
based root zone, results were confounded and ambiguous due to lack of
irrigation on the native soil Site. Data were only taken during fall seasons.

The playing surface of a sports field can degrade due to lack of intensity of
cultural practices put forth by the sports field manager. Identifying the most
important cultural practices and analyzing their interaction is especially a concern
for low input sports fields. One management tool that could enhance other
management practices would be the use of topdressing crumb rubber (Rogers et
al., 1998). Research has revealed its ability to lower and stabilize surface
hardness values, improve traction (Rogers et al., 1998), and maintain proper
infiltration rates after compaction under laboratory conditions (Baker et al., 2001).
However, it is unclear how crumb rubber interacts with other cultural practices
over time, and it can be cost prohibitive.

Consistently implementing management strategies over a long period of
time could relieve pressure on the sports field in preparing it in a 70-day window.

For example, if a sports field manager has 60% turfgrass cover compared to only

30% turfgrass cover after a playing season, the Sports field would probably re-
establish itself more quickly if there was more turfgrass cover available after a
playing season. This in turn could provide a better playing surface for the
upcoming playing season; less damage to the playing surface has to be repaired.
Once best strategies are identified for both a 70-day re-establishment
window and for a 295-day maintenance window then it might be possible to
justify funds to provide better quality sports fields.
Specific Objectives
1) a.) Clarify the impact of best management strategies in regards to
mowing height and fertilization on re-establishment of a sports field
during a 70-day window.
b) Quantify these effects during and after a 25-day simulated traffic
period.
2) a) Identify the most important factors for sports fields having low inputs.
b) Provide the sports field managers of Michigan with management
strategies that enhance playing surface characteristics (surface
hardness, traction and turfgrass cover percent) thus providing

improved playability and safety of sports fields.

10

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13

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14

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15

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16

EFFECTS OF MOWING HEIGHT AND FERTILIZATION ON SPORTS FIELD
DURING AND AFTER A 70-DAY RE-ESTABLISHMENT WINDOW

ABSTRACT

A 2002 Michigan Rotational Survey, sponsored by the Michigan
Department of Agriculture and Michigan Agricultural Statistics Service, reported
there were 13,500 acres of sports fields at university, college, primary and
secondary facilities. According to the survey, the two cultural practices sports
turf managers performed most consistently, regardless of maintenance level,
were mowing and fertilization. Little information exists for sports field managers
on the Optimal ways to re-establish the most trafficked areas on a sports field
during a 70-day window or the summer season. The impact of these two
practices was quantified in a study conducted at Michigan State University in
2002 and 2003. The objectives were to I) clarify the impact of best management
practices in regards to mowing height and fertilization on re-establishment of
sports field turf during a 70-day window and ir) quantify these effects during and
after a 25-day simulated traffic period. Simulated traffic was applied with the
Cady Traffic Simulator after 70 days. Data collected were turfgrass cover
percent ratings, traction, peak deceleration, volumetric water content, root pull,
root mass, chlorophyll index and plant counts. The gradually reducing mowing
height treatment was significantly higher for turfgrass cover percent ratings only
at the end of the 70-day window for both years. The more dominant factor of this

study was fertilization. Fertilization was applied at the start of the experiment

17

(1 June) during both years whereas mowing was not begun until four to five
weeks into the experiment. Various fertilizer strategies were employed, and
significant differences existed among them during the re-establishment window
and traffic regime. Among the Six fertilizer strategies, the resin coated urea at
147 kg N ha", with a 6% Reactive Layer Coating, was most effective in providing
the strongest and most uniform surface throughout the study according to playing

surface measurements.

18

INTRODUCTION

Re-establishment of sports fields is a continuous process for sports field
managers. They cannot relocate a field, or part of the sports field, during or until
after the playing season is complete unless additional space is available. After
evaluating professional and college football fields, Cockerham (1989) suggested
that 78% of the traffic is concentrated on 7% of the football field based on the
number of Cleat marks. He concluded research efforts should be targeted toward
cultural practices in these areas of the field. The need for best management
practices or strategies for re-establishing sports fields, after the playing season
has finished, is a necessity for sports field managers.

The 2002 Michigan Rotational Survey (Kleweno and Matthews, 2002)
reported 13,500 acres of sports fields at university, college, primary and
secondary facilities. According to the survey, two practices sports turf managers
performed most consistently, regardless of maintenance level, were mowing and
fertilization.

Mowing is a common and essential practice for any turfgrass professional
to implement. Youngner (1961) evaluated the effects of mowing height on wear
tolerance using cool-season turfgrasses and an “accelerated wear” machine. A
mowing height of 5.0 cm performed better compared to 1.3 cm because of
“restricted grass development”. Physiological effects of mowing have been
investigated and continually discussed (Beard, 1973, Liu and Huang, 2002,
Narra, et al., 2004). When mowing height is decreased, there is an increase in

shoot density, plants per unit area and Chlorophyll content, and a decrease in

19

rooting (Beard, 1973). Recently, evaluating different mowing heights has been
critical for determining proper fungicide programs on golf course putting greens
(Bruneau, et al., 2001) or weed control on tall fescue (Festuca amndinacea
Schreb.) (Voigt, et al., 2001). Rogers and Waddington (1989) reported playing
surface characteristics (surface hardness and traction) values on different
mowing heights and verdure on an established tall fescue stand. They did not
investigate the role of nitrogen fertility in this study. Lundberg (2002) observed
mowing twice per week at a consistent 5.0 cm mowing height increased plant
counts compared to once per week. Sorochan et al., (2005) evaluated different
mowing heights for supina bluegrass (Poe supina Schrad.) under simulated
traffic situations.

Fertilization is paramount for proper turfgrass health, and it is relatively
inexpensive compared to other cultural practices (T urgeon, 2004). Extensive
research has been conducted on fertilizers and their effects on turfgrass (Moberg
et al., 1970, Brown et al., 1982; Waddington and Turner, 1980; Hummel, 1980,
1984 1986, 1989; Fry, et al., 1993, Ebdon et al., 1999, Kopp and Guillard, 2002;
Bowman, 2003). Hummel (1980) evaluated 12 nitrogen sources on a sandy clay
loam for establishment of a Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)lperennial
ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) mixture, and based on clipping yields, color and
turfgrass cover percent, he concluded ammonium nitrate, urea and isobutylidene
diurea (IBDU) performed the best. Ammonium nitrate performed better

compared to urea, and it was speculated that urea volatilized quicker than

20

ammonium nitrate. Playing surface characteristics were not measured in this
study.

Slow-release fertilizers can provide potential benefits for the sports field
manager, including, longer turfgrass response, less nitrogen leaching, less
surface run-off, less volatilization and fewer applications for healthy turfgrass
response compared to quick release fertilizers (fertilizers that release or dissolve
once in contact with water) (Christians 2004). Typically with urea, multiple
applications are needed to attain the responses observed by using slow-release
fertilizers over a long period of time. Waddington and Turner (1980) and
Hummel and Waddington (1984, 1986) have investigated sulfur-coated urea
(SCU) as a slow release fertilizer. Although SCU performed excellent in their
studies, different responses can be generated due to variations in the coating
thickness, coating methods, number of applications and timing of applications
throughout the year (Carrow et al., 2001).

Resin-coated ureas (RCU) are another alternative for slow release
fertilizers in the turfgrass industry. Unlike SCU, release rate of nitrogen is not
dependent upon outside factors such as rainfallfirrigation, microbial activity and
pH. As the polymer expands, urea/water solution is slowly released via the
expanded pores in the polymer (Carrow et al., 2001). Hummel (1989) found a
single-spring application of RCU-100 (number based on 7-day dissolution rates),
at 196 kg N ha'1 provided superior color compared to split treatments throughout
the year. Fry et al., (1993) also noted various responses of RCU in established

turf based on resin thickness.

21

Studies have been conducted in evaluating a combination of mowing and
fertility practices (Harrison, 1931; Evans, 1932; Juska et al., 1956; Goss and
Law, 1967; Richie et al., 2002). These various studies found more shoots were
produced with a lower mowing height and in conjunction with a higher rate of
nitrogen. However, the research did not focus on sports field management
situations when time for preparation was a factor nor did the studies evaluate
playing surface characteristics.

Limited research exists that investigates best management practices in re-
establishing sports fields during a restricted time window while also evaluating
the playing surface characteristics (surface hardness, traction, etc) after traffic
has resulted. The playing surface must function in terms of turfgrass cover and
color, and must be evaluated for strength of surface in terms of playing surface
characteristics, such as traction, surface hardness, and rooting.

Canaway (1990) and Krick (1995) compared perennial ryegrass (Lolium
perenne L.) established from seed and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)
sod for soccer fields before the playing season on a sand-based root zone. Sod
produced a superior playing quality surface compared to seed when evaluating
playing surface characteristics. Cook et al., (1997) evaluated turfgrass
establishment using hydroseeding (a mixture of primarily water, seed, fertilizer
and mulch sprayed on the intended target area) and compared the results to
seed and sod on a sand-based root zone. However, simulated traffic on these

studies was not initiated until 125, 365 and 140 days after treatment (DAT),

22

respectively. Furthermore, these studies implement practices (sodding and
hydroseeding) that can be expensive and labor intensive from year to year.

Sports fields are active during the spring and fall seasons or not actively
growing during the winter months in Michigan. Therefore growing conditions are
not conducive for plant recovery. The 70-day summer window is ideal for sports
fields to actively grow and repair itself. These practices get increasingly
complicated when school and park crews leave for vacation or inclement weather
occurs during summer. The need for strategies that are less expensive and time-
consuming is evident.

The objectives were to I) clarify the impact of best management practices
in regards to mowing height and fertilization on re-establishment of sports field
turf during a 70-day window, and ii) quantify these effects during and after a 25-
day simulated traffic period. The hypothesis is that a low continuous mowing
height treatment combined with a steady continuous nitrogen source would
provide the strongest surface in a 70-day window before and after simulated

traffic.

23

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was conducted in 2002 and 2003 at the Hancock Turfgrass
Research Center (HTRC) on the campus of Michigan State University in East
Lansing, MI. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with two-
factors and three replications. Three mowing heights and six fertilizer treatments
were evaluated (Table 1) and re-randomized, in 2003, to avoid any edge effects
from the first year. Plot size was 1.8 x 2.7 m. In 2002, sod cutters were used to
strip out the existing sod, and in 2003, a Koro Field Topmaker (Pols International
BV, The Netherlands) was used to strip the turf from the 2002 experiment. The
soil was a sand-based profile (Table 2) and was sterilized each year with
Basamid G® (Tetrahydro-3,5,-Dimethyl-2H-1,3,5, Thiadiazine-2 Thione) (Certis
USA, Columbia,MD) at 392 kg ha".

In both years, seeding and fertilizer treatments began on 1 June. A 30:70
sports grass mixture (by weight) of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. var.
SR4400, SR4500 and Manhattan Ill) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.
var. Champagne and Rugby II) was seeded at 196 kg ha". Lebanon Country
Club® 13-25-12 (Lebanon Turf Products, Lebanon, PA) was applied at 49 kg N
ha'1 and subsequent fertilizer treatments were applied (Table 1). Germination
blankets (Model No. pr1715; A.M. Leonard, Piqua, OH) were placed over the top
of the plot and removed after 15 days. Fertilizer treatments applied were
AndersonsTM urea (46-0-0) (Maumee, OH) at 49 kg N ha'1 on 1 July (Urea) and
16 kg N ha‘1 every two weeks starting on 16 June, 1 July and 18 July (Urea 2w),

LescoTM Poly-Plus® sulfur-coated urea (39-0-0, 12% sulfur coating) (Strongsville,

24

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26

OH) at 147 kg N ha'1 (SCU) and Polyon® resin-coated urea (RCU) (43-0-0, 6%
Reactive Layer Coating (RLC)) at 98 kg N ha" (RCU2) and 147 kg N ha"
(RCU3) and (44-0-0, 4% RLC) (Pursell Industries, Sylacauga, AL) at 196 kg N
ha'1 (RCUThin). Based on visual quality throughout the experiment, potassium,
phosphorous and micronutrients were supplemented. In both years,
Andersonsm 0-26-26 fertilizer and Andersonsm Trace Element Package
(Maumee, OH) were applied at 49 kg P ha‘1 and normal rate, respectively, on 27
June and 25 July. In both years, Lebanon Country Club® 18-3-18 (Lebanon Turf
Products, Lebanon, PA) was broadcasted to all treatments at 24.5 kg N ha'1 on 6
August and 19 August to supplement nutrients during traffic phase. Irrigation
was applied daily during re-establishment and as necessary throughout the
experiment to prevent moisture stress.

A Watchdog Data Logger (Model: Series 250, Spectrum Technologies,
Inc., Plainfield, IL) was used to record soil temperature, ambient temperature and
humidity. Data was recorded every hour from 5 June through the duration of the
experiment for each year.

Mowing began on 25 June 2002 and 3 July 2003, and treatments were
mowed twice per week throughout the experiment (Table 1). During the initial 70
days, the 3.8 cm Continuous strategy was mowed with a 43 cm wide McLane
mower (McLane Manufacturing, Inc, Paramount, CA), and the 7.6 — Gradual - 3.8
cm (mowing height lowered weekly) (7.6 — Gr. - 3.8 cm) and 7.6 - Chop - 3.8
cm (7.6 - Ch. — 3.8 cm) treatments were mowed with a Honda rotary mower

(Model: Harmony HRB216 Quadracut System”, Honda Motor Company,

27

Alpharetta, GA). With 68 days after seeding (DAS), 7.6 - Ch. - 3.8 cm treatment
was scalped down with an eXmark mower (Model: Lazer 2 HP, eXmark®
Corporation, Beatrice, NE) to a height of 3.8 cm. From this point on, the mowing
treatments were mowed at 3.8 cm height for the duration of the experiment.
Clippings were returned at all times.

A traffic regime was applied on 12 August to 4 September in 2002 and 11
August to 3 September in 2003. Traffic was applied by the Cady Traffic
Simulator (CTS) uniformly to all plots. The CTS was a modified Jacobsen® Aero
King 30 (A Textron Company, Charlotte, NC) self-propelled core cultivation
machine with “rubber feet” (Figure 1) and weighed 680 kg (Henderson et al.,
2005).

Data were collected during re-establishment and traffic phases. Turfgrass
cover percent ratings, shear resistance, divoting resistance, peak deceleration,
time domain refiectometry, root mass, chlorophyll index, root pulls and plant
count values were measured. Once traffic began, data were collected in traffic
lanes except in non-traffic lanes on 4 Sept 2002 and 3 Sept 2003.

Turfgrass cover percent ratings were estimated qualitatively. Data were
collected on 19 Jun, 26 Jun, 2 Jul, 19 Jul and 5 Aug 2002, and 20 Jun, 25 Jun,
30 Jun, 7 Jul, 14 Jul, 21 Jul, 29 Jul, 4 Aug, 12 Aug, 19 Aug, 27 Aug and 3 Sept
2003.

Traction values were measured by both the Eijkelkamp shear vane Type
1B (Giesbeck, The Netherlands) for shearing resistance and the Clegg Turf

Shear Tester (TST) (Wembley DC, Western Australia) for divoting resistance with

28

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29

a plate depth of 40 mm. Three measurements were recorded for each device
and were measured in Nm. Data were collected for the Eijkelkamp shearvane on
11 Jul, 17 Jul, 24 Jul, 15 Aug, 23 Aug, and 4 Sep (traffic and non-traffic lanes)
2002, and 1 Aug, 7 Aug, 13 Aug, 21 Aug, 28 Aug and 3 Sept (traffic and non-
traffic lanes) 2003. Data were collected for the TST in traffic and non-traffic lanes
on 3 Sept 2003.

The Clegg Impact Soil Tester (CIT) (Lafayette Instrument Co., Lafayette,
IN) was used to measure peak deceleration (Ga-ax) values. A 2.25 kg hammer
was dropped in three random locations per plot from a height of 0.46 m (Rogers
and Waddington, 1990). Data were collected on 11 Jul, 17 Jul, 24 Jul, 2 Aug and
4 Sept (traffic and non-traffic lanes) 2002, and 7 Aug, 13 Aug, 21 Aug, 28 Aug
and 3 Sept (traffic and non-traffic lanes) 2003.

Time Domain Reflectometry (T DR) values were measured with a Trime
FM gauge and FM3 probe with 50 mm rods (Mesa Systems Co. Medfield, MA).
One TDR measurement (v/v) was recorded throughout the treatment area. Data
were collected on 11 Jul, 17 Jul, 24 Jul, 2 Aug and 4 Sept (traffic and non-traffic
lanes ) 2002, and 1 Aug, 7 Aug, 13 Aug, 21 Aug, 28 Aug, 3 Sept (traffic and non-
traffic lanes) 2003.

Roots were collected on 11 July 2002, 25 July and 26 August 2003.
Three subsamples were extracted from each plot with a soil probe having a 32
mm diameter. Cores were partitioned at 0-50, 50-100 and 100-150 mm. Each
subsample was placed in a fleaker with distilled water and 5 ml of sodium

hexametaphosphate and shaken for 24 hours in order to disperse soil particles

30

away from the roots. Roots were separated from the soil by flushing water
through the fieakers and sieving the roots.

Chlorophyll readings were taken with a CM 1000 chlorophyll meter
(Model: Field Scout”; Spectrum Technologies; Plainfield, IL). Twenty
subsamples were taken and an average was recorded. Data were collected on
25 Jun, 14 Jul and 29 Jul 2003

Root pulls were taken on 8 Aug 2002 and 6 Aug 2003. This process was
Similar to the description by Bhowmik, (et al., 1993). A root column made of PVC
pipe (one sample per plot) measuring 150 mm in diameter and 50 mm deep, with
a fine mesh (Phifer Pet Screen®, Phifer WIre Products, Inc., Tuscaloosa, AL)
clamped (178 mm ring Clamps) to the bottom of the column, was placed in the
sand and graded to the surface for each treatment. At 65 DAS and prior to the
traffic phase, root pulls were measured using the Michigan State Root Pull
machine (Sorochan, et al., 1999)(Figure 2). The columns were pulled, and the
force required to displace them from the soil were measured in nevvtons with a
digital force gauge (Model: DFI 200, Chatillon lnc., Greensboro, NC).

Plant counts were obtained using a soil probe having a 32 mm diameter.
Three counts were recorded for each plot. Data were collected on 20 Aug (traffic
and non-traffic lanes) and 4 Sept 2002, and 13 Aug and 3 Sept (traffic and non-
traffic lanes) 2003.

Data were analyzed using the Agricultural Research Manager (ARM)
program (Version 6.1.11, Gylling Data Management, Inc. 2002). Root washing

analysis was analyzed separately for each 50 mm depth and the 150 mm total

31

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32

depth. Treatment means were separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD values at

the 0.05 level.

33

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Turfgrass cover percent

Mowing height was only significant at the end of the 70-day trial, 5 August
2002 and 4 August 2003 for turfgrass cover percent (Tables 3 and 4). These
dates represented the last turfgrass cover percent ratings observed before traffic
was initiated. Both years, there were significant differences among fertilizers for
every date regardless of traffic and non-traffic areas. RCU3 was in the highest
statistical category for every measuring date.

Although RCU3 had the second highest amount of nitrogen, as did SCU,
these two products responded differently. SCU releases nitrogen once water
comes in contact with the urea prill via cracks and imperfections in the sulfur
coating. RCUS combine irrigation/rainfall and high temperature (> 26 C) to
slowly release nitrogen. The process is initated when the RCU prill uptakes
water, expands with heat and then slowly releases nitrogen via expanded pores
in the coating at a steady rate (Carrow et al., 2001). Even though RCUThin had
a higher nitrogen rate, the coating thickness was too thin to control the release of
nitrogen. It was concluded the nitrogen released too quickly and was therefore
not available for the plants. Fry et al., (1993) also noted various responses of
RCU in established turf based on resin thickness. Consequently, the RCUThin
fertilizer responded similarly to Urea, Urea 2w and SCU fertilizer strategies. The
latter fertilizer strategies have been common practices for establishment of
turfgrass stands that supports the reasoning for evaluating these fertilizer

strategies in this experiment. Canaway (1990) used soluble fertilizers for four

34

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36

applications for his study however, yellowing of the turf was observed when
establishing a turfgrass stand on a sand-based root zone. IBDU was applied for
the fifth and final application. The rate of fertilizer and rate of release are
important factors for sports field managers to consider when re-establishing
turfgrass stands, especially when limited by a short window of time and when
utilizing a sand-based root zone.

Mowing treatments (started on 3 July for both years) had approximately
35-day compared to fertilizer treatments applied at the beginning of the 70-day
re-establishment window. Even though more than one third of the plant was
being removed from the 7.6 cm Chop treatment 68 DAS, there were little
differences among mowing treatments for turfgrass cover percent. More
realistically, the treatment could have been maintained at 10 or 15 cm, with fewer
mowings before the time came to “Chop” the height down to 3.8 cm.

There were no significant differences among Urea, Urea 2w, SCU and
RCUThin for 9 of 17 measurement dates for both years. RCU3 was 14% and
18% higher compared to SCU on 5 Aug 2002 and 4 Aug 2003, respectively,
before traffic commenced. Hummel (1986, 1989) and Fry et al., (1993)
concluded coating thickness and density were important factors that determined
release of urea regardless of coating type. Hummel and Waddington (1986)
observed N release characteristics for SCU being curvilinear with the most rapid
response in the first two weeks following application. RCUs, on the other hand,
have a minimal response following application, but then they released

curvilinearly over a ZOO-day period at 25 C (Fujita, 1983). Soil temperatures in

37

the month of June, for 2002, averaged from 25 — 28 C from 1200 - 1800 h. In
June 2003, average soil temperatures ranged from 19 — 25 C from 1200 — 1800
h. This might explain why turfgrass percent cover was higher in 2002 compared
to 2003.

It should be noted turfgrass cover percentages did not reach 100%
possibly due to germination blankets, seed mixture and seeding rate.
Germination blankets improved the response of the seedlings to germinate
(compared to areas outside the experiment that did not get covered). However,
due to excessive rain, wind or removal of the blankets, some seed was displaced
or adhered to the blanket during germination and were therefore removed when
the blanket was removed. Proper seed spacing, uniformity and surface
development were not achieved with some treatments due to seed moving
underneath the blankets and/or the dominance of perennial ryegrass (a bunch-
type grass) germinating more quickly than Kentucky bluegrass. Canaway (1990)
suggested when using perennial ryegrass on a sand-based root zone, one option
may be to double the rate. Therefore, a seeding rate of 392 kg ha", instead of
196 kg ha", might have improved turfgrass cover percent even though a 30:70
(perennial ryegrass : Kentucky bluegrass) sports field mixture was used. Harper
(et al., 1984), Lundberg (2002) and Larsen (et al., 2004) found that turfgrass
cover at the end of the playing season was influenced by turfgrass cover at the
beginning of the playing season.

The results present maybe due to a more accelerated wear compared to

other data in the literature using different traffic simulators (Canaway, 1990,

38

Krick, 1995, Cook, 1997, Carrow, et al, 2001, Sorochan et al, 2001). The CTS is
possibly a more aggressive machine compared to traditional wear machines to
date. Henderson et al., (2005) provides an excellent review of simulated traffic
machines. The CTS displays an up—and-down motion similar to an athlete
running across the playing surface. The action is more forceful compared to the
Brinkman Traffic Simulator (which is commonly used for the sports turfgrass
research at Michigan State University) that rolls across the playing surface
(Henderson, 2005).

On 4 Sept 2002, there was an interaction in the trafficked lane, but it was
inconclusive and considered an anomaly.

Shear resistance and Turf Shear Tester

Shear resistance revealed a difference only among mowing treatments
occurring on 17 July 2002 (Tables 5 and 6). Among fertilizers for shear
resistance, all dates were significant for both years except 23 August 2002. On 3
September 2003, the TST was significant only in the traffic lane.

Shear resistance and TST values are quantitative measures that clearly
ascertained differences in strength of the surface after the 70-day re-
establishment window, and during and at the end of the 25—day traffic regime.
RCU3 had significantly higher shear resistance values compared to SCU. Shear
vane values were slightly lower than values recorded by Krick (1995) for seeded
perennial ryegrass, but establishment days were longer for their experiment. At
the end of the 25-day traffic regime, only RCU2 and RCU3 had shear vane

values above 10 Nm. On Kentucky bluegrass and supina bluegrass (Poa supina

39

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41

Schrad.) grown under low irradiance, Stier and Rogers (2001) observed 10 Nm
to be of minimal acceptance for sports fields. It should also be noted that RCU2
values were significantly higher than SCU and RCUThin for all dates except 24
Jul 2002. RCU2 nitrogen amount was less than SCU and RCUThin

(98 kg N ha’1 compared to 147 kg N ha'1 and 196 kg N ha'1 without starter
fertilizer, respectively). The importance of the type of coating and coating
thickness were possible key factors in releasing of nitrogen from the RCU2
fertilizer compared to SCU and RCUThin.

Peak deceleration

Peak deceleration values are listed in Tables 7 and 8. There were no
significant differences for mowing heights except on 7 August 2003 (non traffic
lanes). Among fertilizer treatments, significant differences were only detected in
the traffic areas in 2003. RCU3 was in the highest statistical category for every
measuring date.

Peak deceleration values were relatively low. However, there was a
consistent trend developing throughout the traffic regime in 2003. Treatments
with lower Gmax values (Urea, Urea 2w, SCU and RCUThin) had more sand
exposed at the surface and less turfgrass cover. Treatments with higher Gmx
values had less sand and more turfgrass cover exposed at the surface when
using fertilizer treatments, such as RCU2 and RCU3. Rogers and Waddington
(1989, 1990), on a silt loam and silty clay loam, respectively, found surface
hardness increased as turfgrass cover decreased. In 1989, they only detected

differences with a 0.5 kg hammer compared to the 2.25 kg and 4.5 kg hammers

42

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44

when verdure was present on a tall fescue stand. Mowing height differences
were trivial even though these heights were consistently maintained from 1-3
years pending on the study. Contrary to past research results presented, the
CIT, with the 2.25 kg hammer, was sensitive enough to detect differences and
provided quantitative information on playing surface characteristics in particular
the uniformity of the playing surface on a sand-based root zone.

There was a significant mowing height x fertilizer interaction for peak
deceleration on 3 September 2003. However, it was concluded the interaction
an anomaly and made no practical sense.

Time Domain Reflectomet_ry

For time domain reflectometry, there were no significant differences for
mowing height and fertilizer treatments except on 13 August 2003 for mowing
height (Tables 9 and 10).

Root mass

There were no significant differences for root mass for mowing height or
fertilizer treatments (Tables 11 and 12). Although main effects of root mass were
not significant, there was a significant mowing height x fertilizer treatments
interaction at a 50 - 100 mm depth on 11 July 2002 (Figure 3). A shorter
mowing height yields a shallower the rooting depth compared to a higher mowing
height yielding a deeper rooting depth (Harrison, 1931; Evans, 1932; Juska et al.,
1956; Goss and Law, 1967; Beard, 1973). On this date, turfgrass cover percent
on any of the plots was less than 20%. Furthermore, applications of Urea were

applied on 1 July at 49 and 16 kg N ha-1 for Urea and Urea 2w, respectively: a

45

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50

three-fold application difference among treatments. The difference in mowing
height between 7.6 - Grad. - 3.8 cm and 7.6 — Ch. — 3.8 cm treatments was only
1.3 cm on 11 July 2002.

Chlorophyll indicesI root gulls and plant counts

Chlorophyll indices, root pull and plant counts are listed in Tables 13
and 14. Chlorophyll indices were significantly different for the various fertilizers.
Root pull values were significantly different among mowing heights in 2002, and
a significantly different among fertilizers in 2003. Plant counts were significant on
20 August 2002 and 3 September 2003 for various fertilizers. RCU3 was in the
highest statistical category for every parameter on every measuring date.

Even though RCUThin had the most applied nitrogen, its chlorophyll index
was significantly lower than RCU2 and RCU3 when evaluating chlorophyll
indices. RCUThin did have a thinner coating, at 4% RCL, compared to RCU2
and RCU3 at 6% RCL. Hummel (1989) and Fry and coworkers (1993) observed
that a thinner coating resulted in a more rapid response. Most of the applied
nitrogen from RCUThin may have released before 25 June 2003, thereby
providing low chlorophyll numbers. These observations are important especially
on a sand-based root zone, and the turf stand being re-established (hence new
seedlings) with little root mass developed early in the experiment. Before traffic
was applied, it was observed (regardless of the fertilizer source) that near the
end of the 70-day window, turfgrass was starting to yellow, and a fertilizer
application was required. There was no indication of increased chlorophyll

content with a lower mowing height (3.8 cm Continuous).

51

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53

Root pulls are another way of assessing root strength via dislodging roots
from the root zone. Although they were inconsistent, root pull results were able
to detect significant differences among mowing heights in 2002 and fertilizer
treatments in 2003. One possible reason for the inconsistency might be that in
2002, the growing season was warmer (in 2002, soil temperatures averaged from
25 - 28 C from 1200 - 1800 h, compared to 2003, soil temperatures averaged 19
- 25 C from 1200 - 1800 h) therefore nitrogen may have been released more
quickly, plants responded and a higher turfgrass cover percent resulted.
Furthermore, mowing commenced 8 days earlier in 2002 that may have played a
role in detecting significant differences in mowing height for root pulls. In
general, this might be a better way of diagnosing rooting particularly for sports
fields due to a larger area being displaced (Figure 2). Root pulls are a
quantitative measurement that utilizes more surface area, (a 150 mm ring
diameter compared to a 32 mm soil probe diameter), and it requires less
handling when compared to root washings. When comparing perennial ryegrass
seed and Kentucky bluegrass sod, Krick (1995) found no differences in root
mass, using a soil probe, except at the 7 - 14 cm depth. Cook (et al., 1997)
removed two soil cores and assessed root mass visually on a scale from 1 — 10,
with 10 indicating a high root density, but made no quantitative assessment.

A shorter mowing height produced more plants per square area than a
higher mowing height (Harrison, 1931; Evans, 1932; Juska et al., 1956; Goss
and Law, 1967; Beard, 1973). This was particularly evident with the 3.8 cm

Continuous and 7.6 — Ch. - 3.8 cm mowing treatments for RCU3 (6% RLC)

54

versus RCUThin (4% RLC) fertilizer treatments (Figure 4). RCUThin treatments
had a tendency to respond like Urea and Urea 2w even though there was more
available nitrogen and a resin coating around the urea. Most of the release of
RCUThin may have taken place within the first 30 days (as indicated by the
chlorophyll indices, Table 14) with no additional fertility until after 6 August 2003
thus a low response. There was no interaction response in 2002, and this could
be due to an insufficient number of subsamples thereby causing an erratic
measurement (only three subsamples were taken for both years). Plus the
turfgrass stand was a 30:70 perennial ryegrass: Kentucky bluegrass mixture, the
stand was primarily perennial ryegrass. Perennial ryegrass is a bunch type
grass, and during germination, seeds were dislodged by wind and/or
rainfall/irrigation events. Clumping and erratic movement of seed resulted in both

years. This may explain why this interaction was not consistent.

55

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56

CONCLUSIONS

Gradually reducing the mowing height from 7.6 to 3.8 cm and using a
RCU3 (at 6% RLC and 147 kg N ha") on a sand-based root zone was the best
management strategy. It produced the strongest playing surface when
considering all characteristics (turfgrass cover percent, shear resistance, peak
deceleration, root pulls and plant counts) and turfgrass response (chlorophyll
indices) in this study. This is contrary to the hypothesis that the 3.8 Continuous
mowing treatment together with the RCUThin fertilizer treatment would produce
the strongest playing surface. RCUThin had a thinner coating even though a
higher rate of nitrogen was used. In other words, there was less of a turfgrass
response when fertilizing with RCUThin compared to the fertilizer treatments
RCU2 and RCU3. Similarly, SCU was erratic throughout the course of the
experiment. SCU’s response is not surprising due to the nature of its coating and
release (Carrow et al., 2001).

The fertilizer strategy was more important than the mowing strategy for a
70-day window in the summer. First, there may not have been a wide enough
difference between mowing strategies. Second, the fertilizer strategy was
implemented for the full 70-day window while the mowing strategy was not
implemented until halfway into the experiment because the young seedlings were
too immature. An effective fertilizer strategy (product and rate) is paramount in a

re-establishment growing window.

57

Implementing a mowing and fertilizer strategy, a sports field manager
could reduce labor costs, and/or redirect labor to other projects, while also

producing a better quality and safer surface for the upcoming playing season.

58

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59

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60

Juska, F.V., J. Tyson, and CM. Harrison. 1956. The competitive relationship of
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61

Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, p.
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measuring sod strength. Agronomy Abstracts. p. 137.

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and simulated traffic effects on Kentucky bluegrass/supina bluegrass
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53 (4):217-18.

62

ANALYSIS OF CULTURAL PRACTICES AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR
SPORTS FIELDS IN MICHIGAN

ABSTRACT

Management practices for turfgrass under traffic conditions are the
ultimate challenge for any turfgrass professional especially when funding is
limited. From initial construction and establishment, the dynamics of a sports
field become management dependent. The objective was to I) identify the most
important factors for sports fields having low inputs, and ii) furnish the sports field
managers of Michigan with management strategies that enhance playing surface
characteristics (surface hardness, traction and turfgrass cover percent) thus
producing sports fields that are playable and safe. A fractional factorial design
(F FD) of management systems was implemented to assess different cultural
practices (turfgrass species mixtures, fertility, irrigation, overseeding, core
cultivation and crumb rubber topdressing). Only main effects, two-way and
three-way interactions of the experimental design were analyzed. Repeated
measure analysis were used to analyze factors and systems over time with
compound symmetry heterogeneous variance/covariance structure. Data
collected were: peak deceleration, shear resistance, turfgrass cover percent, soil
moisture and plant counts. In 500 days, management systems with the highest
inputs performed the best in terms peak deceleration, shear resistance, turfgrass
percent cover and plant counts. In 2004, plants counts for supina

bluegrass/common bermudagrass (Poa supina, Schrad./Cynodon dactylon [L.]

63

Pers.), with the highest inputs treatment, were not different over the duration of
the experiment. Based on F values from the FFD, it was concluded crumb
rubber, fertility and turfgrass species, in this order, were the most important
cultural practices for the conditions of this experiment. Interactions from the
experiment emphasized the consistency of the playing surface due to an
aggressive turfgrass, such as, supina bluegrass, the importance of fertility at 196
kg N ha", irrigation based on returning 50% evapotranspiration loss from
previous days and crumb rubber (complimented with irrigation and core
cultivation). Specifically, crumb rubber was able to override or enhance other

factors in the study regardless of level.

64

INTRODUCTION

Management practices for turfgrass under traffic (i.e. during the playing
season of a football or soccer field) are the ultimate challenge for any turfgrass
professional, especially when funding is limited. Sports fields present different
challenges from golf courses because the high traffic areas are relatively
immobile, and the play is not weather dependent. Golf courses move hole and
tee locations daily, and golf is generally not played in cold weather (< 10 C),
which is a time for minimal plant recovery. The play on sports fields can take
place in any type of weather and is often concentrated. This makes the
management of sports fields even more challenging. After evaluating
professional and college football fields, Cockerham (1989) suggested that 78% of
the traffic is concentrated on 7% of the football field based on the number of cleat
marks. He concluded research efforts should be targeted towards cultural
practices in these areas of the sports field.

The task of a sports field manager is to increase turfgrass density and
health during the summer (or off-season) periods (i.e. 70-day rest and recovery
period) and then maintain conditions throughout the playing season while
maintaining consistency of the playing surface through the “other 295 days”.
Sports fields are not actively growing or being played on during the winter
months in Michigan, but this is a time when conditions are not conducive for
repair. During the summer when the sports field can actively grow and repair
itself with good management practices, the sports field is in constant use during

the fall and the spring; this necessitates a 295-day management program. One

65

way of monitoring sports field conditions is via playing surface characteristics
(surface hardness, traction and turfgrass percent cover). This can be done either
on the most trafficked areas of the sports field (van Vij, 1980, Holmes and Bell,
1986, Baker, 1987, Rogers et al., 1988) or throughout the playing surface (Miller,
2004, Vanini et al., 2004).

Proper cultural practices lead to better surface playing characteristics and
potentially reduce surface-related injuries (Rogers et al., 1988, Orchard et., 1999,
2001). In 1981, a Pennsylvania study observed 210 football injuries occurred at
24 practice and game fields at different high schools throughout the season. Of
these injuries, 21% were rated as definitely or possibly related to field conditions
(Harper et al., 1984). Ekstrand and Nigg (1989) studied injuries in a male soccer
league over a three-year period. They found 24% of the injuries were due to
poor playing conditions. Soil water played an instrumental role on the playing
surfaces for sports fields in the Australian Football League, and it appeared to
have a direct influence on the occurrence of knee injuries (Orchard et al., 1999,
2001). In the United Kingdom, Rahnama and Manning (2004), in their surveys of
injuries in youth soccer, found a 3:1 significant difference of pitches that were
either “too soft/hard" compared to a soccer pitch in “good conditions”.

Many sports field managers in Michigan cannot maintain sports fields
consistently at a high maintenance level (i.e. mowing 3-4x/week, an adequate,
frequent [number of applications] fertilization program, an installed irrigation
system) due to budget restrictions or constraints. The expertise of maintaining

these sports fields maybe somewhat limited. In Michigan, surveys were sent to

66

each high school in December 1999 and 2000 (Lundberg, 2002). The surveys
revealed 88% of the schools have a football field to maintain, but only half are
mowed more than once per week. While 96% of these sports fields were
fertilized, on average, three times per year, 83% of the respondents were
unaware of the fertilizer application rates for the sports fields. Lack of funding
and expertise could be the reason for the poor quality of many sports fields in
Michigan. Similar findings from surveys were uncovered among the turfgrass
industry in Southern California, and it was stated that sports field managers were
the most willing to promote proper management techniques (Klein and Green,
2002). What is the potential for minimal cultural practices that benefit sports
fields so they are safe and reliable? Are there any cultural practices that would
be considered “large budget items” initially, and yet would be justified and
beneficial in a sports field management regime?

“Minimal inputs” or “low inputs” refer to the minimum cultural practices on
sports fields required to promote proper turfgrass vigor and soil conditions in a
sports field situation. Lundberg (2002) evaluated, under controlled conditions,
mowing practices (1xlweek or 2x/week), with low infrequent, medium frequent
and high frequent fertility programs and core cultivation (none or 2x/week) on
both a sand-based and native soils. Best results on a sand-based root zone

revealed mowing 2x/week, frequent medium fertility, and with core cultivation

2x/year.

67

In 2002, the Michigan Rotational Survey (Kleweno and Matthews, 2002)
reported a variety of services, including cultural practices, reported by schools.

The top five cultural practices performed by the respondents are listed.

Mowing/trim 92%
Fertilization 76%
Weed Control 70%
Overseeding 46%
Coring/Aeration 40%

The respondents surveyed also listed the top problems they deal with in a

sports field situation;

Traffic 55%
Drought 54%
Weeds 48%
Poor Drainage 25%
Poor Soil 24%

The survey listed that 91% of the turfgrass species and/or mixtures consisted of
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne, L.),
and/or Festuca, spp. However, a sports field manager may not know which
cultural practices are paramount when resources are minimal.

Proper management practices can reduce traffic, drought and weed
problems, and provide better quality sports fields, thereby aiding decision makers
on budgeting for cultural practices that are most important for a minimal
maintenance situation. However, there might be other practices which could
further enhance the playability of the sports field by improving the consistency of
the playing surface via increased turfgrass cover and traction, decrease surface
hardness (crumb rubber) and decreased labor (multiple applications) costs with

fertilization and overseeding.

68

Turfgrass species, mixtures and blends have been researched extensively
(Youngner, 1961, Sherman and Beard 1975a, Canaway 1981, 1983, Brede and
Duich 1984, Minner et al., 1993, Dunn et al., 2002, and Minner and Valverde,
2004). Typically, a sports field mixture of Kentucky bluegrass/perennial ryegrass
is recommended for cool, humid regions such as Michigan due to quick
establishment (perennial ryegrass), strong rhizomatous growth (Kentucky
bluegrass) and wear tolerance (Brede and Duich, 1984; Christians, 2004).
Supina bluegrass (Poa supina Schrad.) is another cool-season turfgrass that has
been recently researched and does particularly well in cool, humid regions under
high traffic situations (Berner, 1980, Leinhauer et al., 1997, Stier et al., 1997,
Sorochan et al., 2005). Due to its stoloniferous growth habit and recuperative
ability in high traffic situations, supina bluegrass performed capably in Michigan
compared to Kentucky bluegrass in regards to traffic tolerance, turfgrass density
and shear resistance (Sorochan et al., 2001).

Overseeding is usually implemented as a continuing practice to maintain
turfgrass density for sports fields. In Iowa, Minner and Valverde (2004) reported
perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass consistently provided turfgrass cover
better than supina bluegrass when simulated traffic was applied and overseeding
was applied during rest periods. However, they did not comment on summer
heat stress and low nitrogen fertility might have contributed to supina bluegrass’s
lower traffic tolerance in the two-year study. In another study, Minner and
Valverde (2004) overseeded perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue

(Festuca amndinacea Schreb.), fine fescue (Festuca rubra), supina bluegrass,

69

creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canine) and
colonial bentgrass (Agrostis capillaries), multiple times, during traffic simulation
and found perennial ryegrass (at 490 kg ha'1 per week for six weeks after
simulated traffic was initiated) provided the best turfgrass cover. Similarly in New
York, Rossi (personal communication, 2005) overseeded perennial ryegrass,
Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue during a simulated traffic period. He found
high, frequent seeding rates of perennial ryegrass (weekly at 392 or 490 kg ha'1
throughout the simulated traffic regime) maintained turfgrass cover and quality
the best. Rossi reported that tall fescue was less effective, and he noted
Kentucky bluegrass was ineffective. Although there were rest periods during the
summer, minimal inputs (below typical ranges of a management practice) were
not considered, and playing surface characteristics, such as surface hardness or
traction, were not evaluated. School budgets may not be able to accommodate
continual overseeding throughout the playing season. During a four-year study
under simulated traffic conditions, Sorochan et al. (2001) found they did not have
to overseed supina bluegrass, and it eventually became the dominant turfgrass
regardless of initial seeding ratios with Kentucky bluegrass.

Another overseeding approach would be to mix bermudagrass (Cynodon
dactylon [L.] Pers.), with a cool season grass, for the summer months in order to
have consistent turfgrass cover regardless of the time of year (Davis, 1958;
Beard, 1973; Dunn et al., 1994; Gaussoin et al., 2001; and Salehi and Khosh-
Khui, 2004). Early attempts have been made; they have not been successful

(Davis, 1958, Beard, 1973), however they did not evaluate supina bluegrass in

70

these mixtures. In temperate regions in the northern United States, Gaussoin et
al. (2001) reported overseeding bermudagrass annually within trafficked areas on
sports fields with cool-season grasses in order to establish turfgrass cover for the
upcoming playing season. In order for this approach to work in Michigan,
bennudagrasses would require an improved cold tolerance and possibly winter
survival. In Arkansas, Richardson et al., (2005) has investigated seeded
berrnudagrasses quite extensively and found the cultivar ‘Yukon’ to have the best
winter survival and spring green-up. ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass might be able to
thrive a more northern climate like Michigan. Conversely, cool-season grasses
are becoming more heat and drought tolerant thus reducing the potential for
warm season grasses to thrive during summer time windows (Turgeon, 2004).
Supina bluegrass has poor heat and drought tolerance (Berner, 1980, Leinhauer,
1997) possibly allowing bermudagrass to thrive during the summer stress
periods. Both supina bluegrass and common bermudagrass are aggressive cool
and warm-season grasses, respectively, with very good recuperative ability when
climatic conditions are optimal. The potential exists for not reseeding these
grasses, reducing inputs and increasing turfgrass cover by transitioning when
weather conditions are optimal for either turfgrass.

Fertilization practices (particularly nitrogen) are essential for sports fields
because of the need to encourage ongoing development and growth of
seedlings (re-establishment) and promote recuperation of turfgrass under
trafficked conditions. Numerous fertilization studies have been undertaken to

evaluate different products (i.e. urea, sulfur-coated urea, resin-coated urea, urea

71

formaldehyde) and their effects on turfgrass (Moberg et al., 1970, Brown et al.,
1982, Hummel 1984, 1989, Landschoot and Waddington 1987, Ebdon et al.,
1999, Kopp and Guillard, 2002, Bowman, 2003). Beard (1973) reviewed different
turfgrass species and their nitrogen requirements. Both perennial ryegrass and
Kentucky bluegrass range from 147 kg N ha‘1 to 245 kg N ha‘1 depending on the
use, cultivars, and soil type. Sorochan et al. (2001, 2005) found optimal
fertilization rates for supina bluegrass, under simulated traffic conditions, at 196
kg N ha"1 and 294 kg N ha'1 on loam and sandy soils, respectively. Using a
native soil site opposed to a sports field soil mix with a high sand content could
require less fertilization and labor.

The role of fertility and its relationship with turfgrass wear tolerance and
compaction has been investigated. Results suggest nitrogen fertility will not
alleviate or accelerate crown tissue repair in compacted areas, especially during
stress periods, when conditions for recovery are not ideal (Sills and Carrow,
1983, Krick, 1995). Wrth an increase in compaction, Sills and Carrow (1983)
noticed in spite of increasing nitrogen rate or changing nitrogen carrier, there was
no improvement in turfgrass quality.

Compaction, which detrimentally affects both soil physical properties and
turfgrass response, is an on-going problem in high traffic situations especially on
loam and clay soils. Soil compaction increases bulk density, reduces percolation
and infiltration, reduces soil aeration and porosity, and decreases rooting (Letey
et al., 1966, Waddington at al., 1974, Carrow, 1980, Sills and Carrow, 1983). To

alleviate compaction, core cultivation is a widely accepted practice because it

72

allows for minimal disturbance to the surface while still providing improvements
to soil physical properties and turfgrass response (Murray and Juska, 1977,
Wilkinson and Miller, 1978, Murphy et al., 1992, Murphy and Rieke, 1994, Baker
2001 Lundberg, 2002). Typically, sports fields in Michigan are built on native soil
sites, and cultivation becomes most important on sports fields (Rogers et al.
1988). Unfortunately, the 2002 Michigan Rotational Survey (Kelweno and
Matthews, 2002) indicates only 40% of the respondents used core cultivation as
a tool for sports field management.

Research has been designed for assessing water requirements and
practices for turfgrass species cultivars and functionally for home lawns and golf
courses (Fry and Butler, 1989, Leinhauer et al., 1997, Richie et al., 2002,
Johnson, 2003, Bastug and Buyuktas, 2003). According to Carrow et al. (2002),
“Priority No. 1 is water." Little research exists for irrigation practices in relation to
sports fields and water conservation. One way of regimenting irrigation practices
is via evapotranspiration (ET) rates. ET is a combination of water loss from the
soil (evaporation) and the plant (transpiration). One management practice to
regulate water management is the use of “ET returned”. “ET returned” means if 6
cm of ET was lost from a turfgrass area on one day then 50% ET returned would
be 3 cm of water being replaced to this area the following day. Fry and Butler
(1989) found that tall fescue in cool and transition zone regions could be either
irrigated at 50% ET returned every second day or at 75% ET rate returned every
two to seven days. Johnson (2003) found 70% ET returned in two day cycles, on

a Kentucky bluegrass stand, provided better overall turfgrass quality, but he also

73

reported the turf was more susceptible to drought stress with infrequent
precipitation or delayed irrigation cycles. He also found, in another study, 50%
ET returned to be acceptable for overseeding fine fescues into buffalograss
(Buchloé dactyloides Nutt.) in Utah (Johnson, 2003). Leinhauer et al. (1997)
found significant differences in ET rates between supina bluegrass, creeping
bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra
trichophylla) under no compaction but no significant differences were found
among the species under compaction stress. Bastug and Buyuktas (2003) found
75% ET rate returned provided acceptable turfgrass quality on a golf course in a
Mediterranean climate. Depending on the turfgrass and climatic region, 50 —
70% ET returned to the turfgrass system is warranted. Judicious water returns is
an important concept for both water conservation and optimization of spOrts field
playing surface characteristics.

The importance of returning ET rates, or a percentage of the rate, cannot
be underestimated in its relation to soil moisture and sports field characteristics.
Typically, soil moisture has been measured in regards to sports field
characteristics, such as traction (Zebarth and Sheard, 1985, Rogers and
Waddington, 1989) and surface hardness (Gramckow, 1968, Rogers et al., 1988,
Rogers and Waddington, 1992). There is an inverse relationship with soil
moisture for both traction and surface hardness. As soil moisture decreases,
traction increases (Zebarth and Sheard, 1985) and surface hardness increases
(Gramckow, 1968, Rogers and Waddington, 1992). Minner and Valverde (2004)

evaluated soil moisture with various traffic intensities (concentrated — all

74

simulated traffic at once a week, compared to dispersion - simulated traffic
spread throughout the week) on Kentucky bluegrass and concluded greater
turfgrass cover under dry conditions than wet conditions. They also found less
traffic injury to Kentucky bluegrass when traffic was concentrated compared to
dispersion of simulated traffic. Baker (2001) reported irrigation practices to be
more important than core cultivation practices in reducing surface hardness for
horse racing tracks. Sports fields in Michigan are under constant traffic stress.
By evaluating irrigation practices, even with minimal inputs, a sports field
manager could possibly provide better playing conditions by applying a
percentage of the ET rates and implementing water conservation practices.
Sports field managers with irrigation systems use techniques that promote
overwatering which produces an inefficient use of water (Throssell et al., 1997)
thereby minimizing optimal playing surface characteristics. There are benefits
associated with reduced or proper water inputs in regards to playing surface
characteristics.

The crown tissue of the plant is the point of regeneration for shoots, roots,
stolons and/or rhizomes (Beard, 1973). One answer to improving wear
tolerance, in high traffic areas, is the use of crumb rubber (Rogers et al., 1998).
Crumb rubber is a by-product of used car tires that is chopped up into various
sizes and topdressed to the turfgrass community (Rogers et al., 1998, Baker et
al., 2001). Crumb rubber can be effective in improving turfgrass competitiveness
by protecting the crown tissue area and by improving and sustaining soil physical

properties via tilling into the profile (Vanini 1995, Boniak et al., 2001 Chong et al.,

75

2001), core cultivation (Rogers et al., 1996) or topdressing (Rogers et al., 1998,
Baker et al., 2001). The most effective way to introduce crumb rubber to the soil
turfgrass community is to topdress crumb rubber. Also, this method is minimally
disruptive to the surface (Vanini, 1995). Damage to the crown tissue area from
continuous traffic can adversely affect growth and regeneration (Thurman and
Pokorny, 1969). Crumb rubber can protect the crown tissue of the plant from
damage and allow the turfgrass stand to persist longer in a high traffic area (i.e.
the middle of a sports field) (Vanini, 1995). Over time, topdressing with crumb
rubber can also provide consistency of the playing surface for traction and
surface hardness (Rogers et al., 1998). It also improves or maintains the
integrity of soil physical properties for a longer period of time (Baker, 2001).
Rogers et al. (1998) observed an increase in spring green-up, and found no
deleterious effects to plant health.

Even though the upfront cost of crumb rubber is expensive (approximately
$30,000 to topdress crumb rubber over 7450 m2 to a 12 mm depth), the potential
benefits for improvement could be advantageous for minimal inputs for sports
fields because of the stabilizing effect on surface hardness, turfgrass cover and
traction (Vanini, 1995; Rogers et al., 1998). Using crumb rubber as a tool in a
maintenance program may aid sports field managers in providing a safer and
more reliable sports field by improving playing surface characteristics as well as
promoting plant and soil relationships. There are potential savings, both
monetary and surface-related injuries, using crumb rubber in a continuous

maintenance regime.

76

In any management system, all factors interact. However, there is a factor
or a combination of factors that can dominate a system. Different researchers
have made claims on the most important cultural practice: overseeding (Minner
and Valverde, 2004), irrigation (Carrow et al., 2002) and core cultivation (Rogers
et al., 1988). For evaluating sports field conditions with minimal inputs, it might
be important to evaluate which factor(s) dominate(s) the system. This study will
be evaluating six factors: turfgrass species mixtures, fertility, irrigation,
overseeding, core cultivation and crumb rubber. In the 2002 Michigan Rotational
Survey (Kleweno and Matthews, 2002), it should be noted that mowing and weed
control ranked high on services performed, 92% and 70%, respectively. They
were not included in this study. There have been numerous studies evaluating
mowing practices (height and frequency) in relation to other cultural practices
(Evans, 1932; Davis, 1958; Biran et al. 1981; Richie et al, 2002; Lundberg,
2002). This is a practice already being performed, and perhaps the
aforementioned cultural practices could provide other solutions to managing a
sports field with minimal inputs. Weed control can be improved by utilizing other
cultural practices, and it can be expensive or prohibitive on an annual basis.
Although thresholds have to be determined for minimal inputs on sports fields,
the focus of this research was to identify cultural practices more specific to
playing surface characteristics and the subsequent enhancement of these
characteristics.

There have been few studies that have addressed sports field

management issues with multiple factors. Recently, Lundberg (2002) evaluated

77

mowing, fertility and core cultivation on both a sand-based root zone and loam
soil using a 85% Kentucky bluegrass/15% perennial ryegrass (by weight) mixture
and Kentucky bluegrass monostand, respectively. In a controlled setting,
recommendations for the sand-based experiment were given, but the native site
experiment had no irrigation, and the results were confounded. Results were
only evaluated in the fall seasons. Larsen et al. (2004) evaluated 37 soccer
pitches in situ using 12 different management schemes to improve turfgrass
percent cover and reduce weed encroachment. The experimental design used
was an incomplete block design, and treatments were limited to four different
factors i.e. vertical cutting, fertilizing, overseeding and topdressing. The more
cultural practices implemented (i.e. vertical cutting, overseeding and
topdressing), the more turfgrass cover presented. However, they did not
evaluate playing surface characteristics.

Experimental designs to evaluate multiple factors (more than three
factors) within management systems can be quite cumbersome and expensive.
A fractional factorial design (F FD) can be utilized as a unique assessment tool in
order to pre-screen which factors are the most important to a particular problem
(Kuehl, 2000). The application of F FDs have been useful in a variety of
disciplines: a fertilizer experiment for optimization of rice growth (Okuno, 1981),
cryopreservation of fish sperm (Babiak et al., 2000), toxicity of pesticides on
lumbricid species (Bauer and Rombke, 2001), zinc and cadmium availability in
soils on toxicity to Enchytraeus albidus (Lock, et al., 2000) and nickel

hyperaccumulation in plants (Martens and Boyd, 2000).

78

Specifically, the FFD can be used when treatments exceed resources.
Only main effects and low-order interactions are of importance, and identification
of certain factors is required (Babiak et al., 2000, Kuehl, 2000). For instance, a
study, with six factors at two levels (2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2) would require 64
treatments without replication. By using an FFD at _ fraction, only 32 treatments
would be needed to conduct an experiment without replication. However, the
FFD does not identify the best management practices because not all
combinations are being represented in the study (Babiak, 2000). The goal then
is to identify which factors are driving a particular management system via main
effects and low-order interactions over time. From this research, more intricate
experiments may be designed to explore more definitive solutions.

The objective was to I) identify the most important factors for sports fields
having low inputs, and i!) provide the sports field managers of Michigan with
management strategies that enhance playing surface characteristics (surface
hardness, traction and turfgrass cover percent) thus providing improved
playability and safety of sports fields. The hypothesis was that the management
systems with the highest inputs would be the best systems based on the
conditions of this experiment, and crumb rubber would be the highest ranking

cultural practice.

79

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In 2003, an experiment was conducted at the Hancock Turfgrass
Research Center (HTRC) on the campus of Michigan State University in East
Lansing, MI. Six management factors/practices at two levels were implemented:
turfgrass species mixtures, fertility, irrigation, overseeding, core cultivation and
crumb rubber (Table 15). The experiment was a fractional factorial design (FFD).
Additionally, six management systems [perennial ryegrass/Kentucky bluegrass
(PRIKB) 1, 2 and 3, and supina bluegrass/common bermudagrass (SB/CB) 1, 2
and 3] within the plot area were replicated three times (Tables 16 & 17). It
should also be noted that 1, 2, and 3 represent low, medium and high
maintenance levels or a combination of the different factors working together, but
not necessarily representing the same practice at each level. For example,
PRIKB 2 does not have the exact same practices as SB/CB 2. The treatments
within the FF D represented different possible combinations to aid in explanation
of the effectiveness of the six management systems. Repeated measures
analysis (RMA) was used to evaluate treatments over time (Kuehl, 2000).
Although the soil was characterized as a sandy clay loam (49% sand, 26% silt
and 25% clay), the soil profile was described as a Aubbeenaubbee - Capac
sandy loam complex (F ine-Ioamy, mixed mesic Aeric Ochraqualfs). The soil had
a pH of 7.6 and contained 16 and 115 mg kg '1 P and K, respectively. Plot areas
measured 2.55 m x 3 m.

On 19 May 2003, a Koro Field Topmaker (Pols International BV, The

Netherlands) was used to remove the existing turfgrass stand. Once debris was

80

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Table 17. A scheme of 2 " fractional factorial design for six factors

including six different systems.

 

 

 

Factors

Treatment A B C D E F System
1 0 0 O 0 0 1
2 1 0 O 0 O 0
3 0 1 0 0 0 0
4 1 1 0 0 0 1
5 O 0 1 0 O 0
6 1 0 1 0 0 1
7 0 1 1 0 O 1
8 1 1 1 0 0 0
9 0 0 O 1 O 0 PRIKB 1
9 0 0 O 1 0 0 PRIKB 1
9 0 0 0 1 0 O PRIKB 1
10 1 0 0 1 0 1
11 0 1 0 1 0 1
12 1 1 0 1 0 0
13 0 0 1 1 0 1
14 1 0 1 1 0 O
15 0 1 1 1 O 0
16 1 1 1 1 0 1
17 0 0 0 O 1 0
18 1 O 0 0 1 1 SBICB 2
18 1 0 0 0 1 1 SBICB 2
18 1 0 0 O 1 1 SBICB 2
19 0 1 0 0 1 1
20 1 1 0 0 1 0
21 0 0 1 O 1 1 PRIKB 2
21 O O 1 0 1 1 PRIKB 2
21 0 O 1 O 1 1 PRIKB 2
22 1 0 1 0 1 0
23 0 1 1 0 1 O
24 1 1 1 0 1 1 SBICB 3
24 1 1 1 O 1 1 SBICB 3
24 1 1 1 0 1 1 SBICB 3
25 0 O 0 1 1 1
26 1 O 0 1 1 0
27 0 1 0 1 1 0
28 1 1 0 1 1 1
29 0 0 1 1 1 0
30 1 0 1 1 1 1
31 0 1 1 1 1 1
32 1 1 1 1 1 O
33 0 1 1 1 1 0 PRIKB 3
33 0 1 1 1 1 0 PRIKB 3
33 0 1 1 1 1 0 PRIKB 3
34 1 0 0 1 0 0 SBICB 1
34 1 O O 1 O 0 SBICB 1
34 1 O 0 1 O 0 SBICB 1

 

Numbers 0 and 1 represent one of two treatments for each factor. 0 represents the

absence or low level of a treatement. 1 represents the presence or high level of a treatment.

83

removed, a Toro greens core cultivation machine (Model: Greens Aerator 09120,
Minneapolis, MN), with 1.27 cm hollow tines was used to core cultivate the plot to
ensure no hard pan formed from the blades of the Koro machine. On 23 May,
the soil profile was sterilized with Basamid G® (T etrahydro-3,5,-Dimethyl-2H-
1,3,5, Thiadiazine—2 Thione) (Certis, USA, Columbia, MD) at a 392 kg ha".

On 3 June, re-entry was allowed, and the surface of the soil was lightly disturbed
to a depth of 3-6 mm with hand rakes before seeding began. There were two
turfgrass seed mixtures; PRIKB; 50% perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. var.
33% SR4400, 33% SR4500, and 34% Manhattan Ill) and 50% Kentucky
bluegrass (Poa pratensis L var. 50% Champagne and 50% Rugby II) (by weight),
and SBICB; 50% supina bluegrass (Poa supina Schrad. var. Supranova) and
50% common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers. var. Yukon) (by
weight). The mixtures seeded for the PRIKB and SBICB were at 196 kg ha’1 and
98 kg ha", respectively. Lebanon Country Club” (Lebanon Turf Products,
Lebanon, PA) starter fertilizer (1325-12) was applied at 49 kg P ha".
Germination blankets (Model No. pr1715; A.M. Leonard, Piqua, OH) were placed
over the top of the plot and removed 16 June.

Establishment and maintenance schedule are listed on Table 18. The
establishment phase was initiated from 3 June to 10 Aug 2003. During this
phase, irrigation was applied daily to avoid any wilt stress. From 26 June to 8
July, a Honda rotary mower (Model: Harmony HR8216 Quadracut System”,
Honda Motor Company, Alpharetta, GA) was used to minimize rutting of the

surface and to allow treatments to develop longer. On 9 July an eXmark®

Table 18. Establishment and maintenance schedule for sports freld management
study, 2003 and 2004.

 

 

 

 

2003 Low Hl h
3-Jun Setup/seed/fertilizelblankets 49 kg N ha"
23-Jun Fertilize whole plot - 19—2-15 24.5 kg N ha'1
30-Jun Mowing started at 5.0 cm at 2ka
14-Jul 6 mm crumb anber application
23-Jul Fertilize 25-5-15 37 kg N ha"
27-Jul 6 mm crumb mbber application
6oAug Fertilize 21-3-21 24.5 kg N ha‘1
Nitrogen Total for Establishment 2003 135 kg N ha"
11-Aug Traffic begins, Irrigation starts
14-Sep Fertilize 21-3-21 24.5 kg N ha"
21-Oct Fertilize 21-3-21 24.5 kg N ha" 24.5 kg N ha"
24-Oct Traffic Ends
23-Oct Irrigation Off
15-Nov Corelee-seed/Fert 21-3-21 24.5 kg N ha“ 24.5 kg N ha"
Nitrogen Total for Fall 2003 49 kg N ha'r 74.5 kg N ha"
2004
31—Mar Traffic Begins
12-Apr Fertilize 21-3-21 24.5 kg N ha'1
(irrigation started)
6-May Fertilize 21-3-21 24.5 kg N ha" 24.5 kg N ha’1
28-May Traffic Ends
3-Jun Cored/Re-seed/Fert 21-3-21 24.5 kg N ha'1 24.5 kg N ha'1
19-Jul Fertilize 21-3-21 24.5 kg N ha'1 24.5 kg N ha1
12-Aug Traffic begins
6-Sep Fertilize 21-3-21 24.5 kg N ha"
22-Sep Fertilize 21-3-21 24.5 kg N ha'1
18-Oct Fertilize 21-3-21 24.5 kg N ha'1 24.5 kg N ha"
25-Oct Irrigation Off
11-Nov Traffic Ends
23-Nov Fertilize 21 -3-21 24.5 ng ha'1 24.5 kg N ha1

 

Nltrogen Total for 2003 and 2004
85

172 kg N ha" 271 kg N haT

mower (Model: Lazer 2 HP, eXmark® Corporation, Beatrice, NE) was used for
the duration of the experiment. Irrespective of mower type, the turf was mowed
twice per week at a mowing height of 5 cm. Clippings were returned at all times
except from 20 April to 15 May 2004 in order to control supina bluegrass
seedheads being spread throughout the plot. During this collection time frame,
the Honda rotary motor was used to collect clippings. During the establishment
period, a total of 135 kg N ha'1 was applied to the plot. Throughout the
experiment, Lesco® (Strongsville, OH) 21-3-21 fertilizer, at 24.5 kg N ha“, was
applied to their respective treatments at either 123 kg N ha'1 year'1 or 196 kg N
ha'1 year". Crumb rubber (6 mm particle size) was applied to the respective
turfgrass species mixtures on 14 July and 27 July 2003 in 6 mm applications for
a total of 12 mm topdressed to the appropriate plots. At each application, crumb
rubber was sprinkled evenly across the surface by hand and raked in four
directions to spread as evenly as possible.

Weather data was collected and recorded by a weather station at the
HTRC (Appendix A). Irrigation, by hand watering, began on 16 Aug 03
(Appendix B) and was based on evapotranspiration (ET) rate. The ET rate was
halved, and the appropriate water amounts were applied with a hose at a
predetermined nozzle setting to apply a constant amount of water for a period of
time. Appropriate treatments did not continue for more than six days without
water or rainfall throughout the experiment.

On 15 November 2003 and 3 June 2004, appropriate treatments were re-

seeded at 50% the original seeding rate and/or core cultivated. Seeds were

86

applied across the treatment, and seed-to-soil contact was ensured. A Toro
Greens core cultivation machine (Minneapolis, MN), using 1.27 cm hollow tines
and having 5 cm x 5 cm spacing between aerification holes, was used, and cores
were broken and soil returned to the plot area.

A traffic regime was initiated on 11 August to 24 October 2003, 31 March
to 28 May 2004 and 16 August to 11 November 2004 (Appendix C). At total of
338 passes were applied with the Brinkman Traffic Simulator (BTS) (Cockerham
and Brinkman, 1989) with 112 passes completed by 24 October 2003, 80 passes
completed by 28 May 2004 and 146 passes completed by 11 November 2004.
The BTS was pulled using a John Deere 5200 tractor (Moline, IL) and weighed
approximately 571 kg (with water in the drums). Two passes simulated the traffic
received between the 40-yard lines and inside the hashmarks for one National
Football League game based on cleat marks (Cockerham, 1989). Beginning 14
September 2004 and for the duration of the experiment, traffic direction was
alternated every other day and changed on a 90° due to bumps forming on the
surface.

Turfgrass percent cover, peak deceleration, shear resistance, volumetric
soil moisture and plant count values were measured and taken in the traffic
areas.

Turfgrass cover percent was estimated qualitatively. Data were collected
on 11 Aug, 11 Sept, 3 Oct and 11 Nov 2003, and 29 Mar, 14 Apr, 2 Jun, 9 Aug,
20 Sept, 21 Oct and 11 Nov 2004.

87

Clegg Impact Soil Tester (CIT) (Lafayette Instrument Co., Lafayette, IN)
was used to measure peak deceleration (Gmax) values. A 2.25 kg hammer was
dropped in three random locations per treatment area from a height of 0.46 m
(Rogers and Waddington, 1990). Data were collected on 11 Aug, 11 Sept, 3 Oct
and 11 Nov 2003, and 29 Mar, 16 Apr, 2 Jun, 9 Aug, 6 Sept, 21 Oct and 11 Nov
2004.

Shear resistance values were measured by the Eijkelkamp shear vane
Type 18 (Rogers and Waddington, 1990) (Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment BV,
The Netherlands). Three measurements (Nm) were recorded and averaged
throughout the treatment area. Data were collected on 11 Aug, 11 Sept, 3 Oct
and 11 Nov 2003, and 29 Mar, 16 Apr, 18 May, 2 Jun, 9 Aug, 6 Sept, 21 Oct and
11 Nov 2004.

Volumetric water content measured with a Trime FM gauge and FM3
probe with 50 mm rods (Mesa Systems Co. Medfield, MA). One time domain
reflectometry (TDR) measurement (vlv) was recorded throughout the treatment
area. Data were collected on 6 Aug and 11 Nov 2003, and 29 Mar, 18 May, 2
Jun, 9 Aug, 21 Oct and 21 Nov 2004.

Plant counts were obtained using a soil probe with 32 mm diameter.
Three subsample counts were recorded and averaged for each treatment area.
Data were collected on 29 Mar, 16 Apr, 2 Jun, 4 Aug and 12 Nov 2004.

On 23 November 2004, undisturbed soil cores were extracted, measured
and recorded. Each sample provided a volume of 347.72 cm3. Direct treatment

comparisons were assessed between the presence and absence of crumb

88

rubber; in other words, all factors were the same. An unbalanced 3:1 ratio
existed between no crumb rubber and crumb rubber plots, respectively. A total
of nine undisturbed cores were extracted from no crumb rubber treatments and
five undisturbed cores from crumb rubber treatments.

Bulk density was determined by the method described by Blake and
Hartage (1986). Calculated porosity was determined by dividing the bulk density
by the average particle density (2.65 g/cc) and subtracting from one. Porosity
was measured as soil water lost from saturation to matric potentials of -0.0020, -
0.0040, -0.0070, -0.010, -0.033, -0.10 MPa and over dry (105 °C). Saturated
hydraulic conductivity was measured using a constant head in the laboratory
(Klute and Dirksen, 1992).

STATISTICS

The experiment was carried out in a FF D (2CH design). Data were
analyzed using SAS, Version 8.2 (SAS, 2001) and main effects, two-way and
three-way interactions were identified. PROC GLM (General Linear Model) was
used, and this analysis was completed by evaluating each date separately. All
six factors were included. The significant factors for each playing surface
characteristic were identified. Main effects and significant interactions were
identified at the 0.05 level for each testing date. The next step identified three-
way interactions, however significance was analyzed at the 0.01 level due to the
lack of replication in the experiment. From the previous analysis, significant main
effects and interactions were reanalyzed, and significance was determined at the

0.05 level.

89

Once these factors were identified, PROC MIXED analysis was utilized
and then time was added as a factor. Main effects, two-way and three-way
interactions were identified and accepted at the 0.05 level. Data were re-
analyzed eliminating non-significant interactions and high-order (four, five and
six-way). Finally, data were re-analyzed using repeated measures in the model.
The model was accepted by attaining the lowest Akaike’s lnforrnation Criteria
(AIC). Compound symmetry heterogeneous (csh) provided the best
variance/covariance structure.

Comparison of management systems were analyzed as a two-factor
analysis with system and time being the factors. PROC MIXED was used for
analysis along with repeated measures analysis. The model was accepted by
attaining the lowest Akaike's lnforrnation Criteria (AIC). Compound symmetry
heterogeneous (csh) provided the best variance/covariance structure.

Soil cores were analyzed in unbalanced design with a 3:1 ratio of no
crumb rubber compared to crumb rubber plots. PROC MIXED was used for
analysis, and treatment means were separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD

values at the 0.05 level.

90

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Main and interaction effects for re-analyzed data for individual factors for
each playing surface characteristic are listed in Tables 19 and 20, and re-
analyzed data of playing surface characteristics for management systems are
listed in Tables 21 and 22.
Turfgrass cover percent

Turfgrass cover percent values are listed in Table 23. There were
significant differences for every date except on 11 Aug 2003, and every system
was significant across dates. As the intensity level of the management system
increased as did turfgrass cover percent. Turfgrass species mixtures, fertility,
irrigation and crumb rubber were all factors. From 11 Aug to 11 Nov 03 and 9
Aug to 11 Nov 04, turfgrass cover percent decreased significantly for all systems
coinciding with simulated traffic applications. However, from 29 Mar to 2 Jun
2004, PRIKB 1 decreased significantly, but SBICB 2 increased significantly. A
possible reason for all management systems maintaining or increasing turfgrass
cover percent was that 29 Mar to 14 Apr, there was 0.26 cm of precipitation,
whereas from 15 Apr to 2 Jun, there was 25.12 cm of precipitation. PRIKB 1 had
a low fertility rate and was overseeding 2x/year. The SBICB species treatments
actually improved turfgrass cover as the spring season progressed. Due to its
stoloniferous growth habit and excellent recuperative ability (Berner, 1980;
Sorochan et al., 2001), supina bluegrass was very competitive even during traffic

conditions.

91

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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96

Statistically, overseeding was not an effective cultural practice for the
conditions of this experiment. Wrth minimal inputs, overseeding at half the rates
of the establishment rate after completion of the traffic proved to be ineffective to
influence turfgrass cover percent. Crumb rubber, irrigation, fertility and turfgrass
species were more effective in contributing to turfgrass cover percent. Little
research is available for overseeding rates of sports field research. Minner and
Valverde (2004) and Rossi (personal communication, 2005) found overseeding
perennial ryegrass at 490 kg ha", during the simulated traffic season, was most
effective in promoting turfgrass cover percent. Larsen et al. (2004) found
topdressing with overseeding aided turfgrass cover and recovery in a three-year
study due to enhanced seed to soil contact. Crumb rubber topdressing could
potentially provide a more favorable environment for seed to germinate, but
crumb rubber was not applied each year, and rate and/or frequency of
overseeding (twice per year) was too low.

There was a species x fertility x crumb rubber interaction for turfgrass
cover percent values (Figure 5). The importance of crumb rubber cannot be
overstated; it resulted with at least a 20 - 30% increase in turfgrass cover
percent regardless of fertility level. Depending upon turfgrass species mixture
treatment, there was a significant difference with PRIKB at 98 kg N ha’1 level and
SBICB at 196 kg N ha’1 level. This indicates that regardless of grass mixture and
fertility levels, the presence of crumb rubber can improve turfgrass cover percent.
It should be noted this figure does not present time as a factor, and this might

explain why PRIKB was higher compared to SBICB at a higher fertility rate.

97

Figure 5. Effects of turfgrass cover percent on species x fertility x crumb rubber

interaction on a trafficked system study.

 

l Turfgrass cover percent on perennial ryegrass/Kentucky bluegrass x
fertility x crumb rubber

100

 

(+No rubber—i

Hm I

 

 

Cover percent (°/o)
B 8 8 8 8 5‘ 8 8

10

 

98 kg N ha-1 196 kg N ha-1
Fertility Levels

 

 

 

\ Turfgrass cover percent on supina bluegrass/common
bermudagrass x fertility x crumb rubber

l
l
l
l
l
l

 

 

 

 

E
E + No rubber
! 9.3

g —l— Rubber

L-

a:

5

 

98 kg N ha-1 196 kg N ha-1 '
Fertility Levels

 

 

98

PRIKB treatments did not have to transition at all during the length of this
experiment compared to SBICB treatments (See below).

There was a species x irrigation x time interaction for turfgrass percent
cover values (Figure 6). PRIKB species treatments tended to have higher
values, regardless of irrigation scheme when compared to SBICB species
treatments. A possible reason, for PRIKB having higher values, is PRIKB
treatments did not have to transition at all during the length of this experiment
compared to SBICB treatments. Common bermudagrass was the dominant
grass in summer and fall (dormant) 2003, but then supina bluegrass became the
dominant grass at the end of spring 2004 and for the rest of the experiment for
those treatments. This transition could have influenced turfgrass cover percent
ratings. Treatments receiving 50% ET returned had higher turfgrass cover
percent values, and did not continue for more than six days without irrigation or
precipitation. There were five significant dates for PRIKB species treatments
compared to 7 significant dates for SBICB species treatments. The five dates for
PRIKB species treatments, two dates (11 Nov 03 and 11 Nov 04) were significant
when the irrigation had been turned off for the season. The 7 dates for SBICB
species treatments, turfgrass cover percent on 11 Nov 04 was significant when
the irrigation was turned off. In the beginning of the experiment, bermudagrass
was the dominant grass for the SBICB species treatments. Bermudagrass went
dormant on 6 October 2003, and it never returned as the dominant species for
the rest of the experiment regardless of overseeded or not. From this point on,

supina bluegrass began to transition into the treatments. This might reflect the

99

Figure 6. Effects of turfgrass cover percent on species x irrigation x time

interaction on a trafficked system study.

 

Turfgrass cover percent on perennial ryegrass/Kentucky bluegrass x irrigation x day

I i ‘ '1‘ ' INo irrigation
10° F, ‘1 y ; , Ellrrigation

. I V
.57 l . r . n K
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03 11-Sep 3-Oct 11 Nov 29 Mar 14-Apr 2—Jun 9—Aug 20-Sep 21-Oct 11 Nov
Aug 03 03 Days 04

Cover Peroent(-%)
O
O

     

 

 

Turfgrass cover percent on supina bluegrass/common bermudagrass x irrigation x day

Cover Percent (96)
8 8

8

 

03Aug11-Sep 3-Oot 11 Nov 29 Mar 14-Apr 2-Jun 9-Aug 20-Sep 21-Oct 11Nov
O3 03 O4

 

Days

 

 

Letters above bars indicate significance between treatments on that date at p < 0.05 level.

100

importance of water in managing supina bluegrass. In Iowa, Kansas and
Nebraska, Gaussoin et al., (2001) found in their overseeding studies that
bermudagrass (alone, mixed with perennial ryegrass or overseeded) will not
overwinter, but it provided a far better turfgrass cover than traditional cool season
grasses during the summer. However, they did not evaluate supina bluegrass.
In Iran, a Poa+Cynodon mixture performed the best in terms of tillering and
rooting, but traffic was not applied (Salehi and Khosh-Khui, 2004). Once supina
bluegrass was the dominant turfgrass (100% by June 04), every date was
significant for SBICB species treatments, and PRIKB species treatments were
not significant. Supina bluegrass is not a drought tolerant turfgrass (Berner
1980; Leinhauer et al., 1997), consequently differences between no irrigation and
irrigation with SBICB species treatments were greater compared to the PRIKB
species irrigated treatments. Research has shown supina bluegrass needs a
higher fertility rate, more irrigation, and will be more aggressive in colder climates
(especially late fall and early spring) compared to Kentucky bluegrass (Leinhauer
et al. 1997; Sorochan et al. 2001; Steinke and Stier, 2003). Sorochan et al.
(2001) reported no overseeding was conducted throughout the experiment, and
turfgrass cover percent values were 98% or higher before simulated traffic began
each year regardless of seeding ratio.

There was also a significant interaction for fertility x crumb rubber x time
for turfgrass cover percent values (Figure 7). Regardless of fertility level, crumb
rubber improved the consistency of the turfgrass stand. Regardless of species,

at the low fertility level, turfgrass cover percent at the end of the experiment was

101

Figure 7. Effects of turfgrass cover percent on fertility x crumb rubber x time

interaction on a trafficked system study.

 

Turfgrass cover percent on 98 kg N ha" x crumb rubber x day

.a’: . - _ ' ' ‘ lNo rubber
100 -, ‘ DRubber

8

Cover Percent (96)
8

 

03Aug 11-Sep 3-Oct 11Nov 29Mar 14—Apr 2-Jun 9-Aug 20-Sep 21-Oct 11 Nov
03 03 04
Days

 

 

 

Turfgrass cover percent on 196 kg N ha'1 x crumb rubber x day

I No rubber
El Rubber

Cover Percent (‘91.)

 

‘ . . . ., . g ‘ .
\ N ' ' *
x - . - .
r
,
r a 4'». '
1 . .
t . ' V'N .
l\. r
L

03Aug11-Sep 3-Oct 11 Nov 29Mar 14-Apr 2-Jun 9—Aug 20-Sep 21~Oct 11 Nov
03 03 04 04

 

Days

 

 

Letters above bars indicate significance between treatments on that date at p < 0.05 level.

102

20% or less. If the fertilization was applied more evenly over time, it is possible
these values would not have been as low. For this experiment, although there
was an erratic fertilizer schedule and supina bluegrass has a shallow root system
(Stier, 1999), fertility treatments for this experiment did not exceed 196 kg N ha'1
year". Sorochan et al. (2005) found 196 kg N ha'1 was acceptable on a loam soil
for supina bluegrass. VWth high fertilization and crumb rubber, turfgrass cover
percent could be maintained at the highest levels (50% or higher) even during
high traffic stress. For example, turfgrass cover percent for crumb rubber and
high fertility was approximately 55% cover compared to crumb rubber and low
fertility being at 18% cover.
Peak deceleration

Peak deceleration or surface hardness values for management systems
are listed in Table 24. There were significant differences in peak deceleration
values for each date except for 11 Nov 2003, and every system was significant
across dates. For management systems without crumb rubber (PR/KB 1 and 3,
and SBICB 1), peak deceleration values ranged from 44 — 218 Gm”, and for
management systems with crumb rubber (PR/KB 2, SBICB 2 and 3) values
ranged from 49 - 128 Gmax. Factors affecting peak deceleration values were
turfgrass species mixtures, irrigation, core cultivation and crumb rubber.

There was a significant irrigation x crumb rubber x time interaction for
peak deceleration values (Figure 8). Any significant testing date produced a
difference of 7 gravities (g) or higher. Rogers and Waddington (1989) and

Lundberg (2002) had significant differences of Gmax at 7 g or less. An inverse

103

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104

Figure 8. Effects of peak deceleration on irrigation x crumb rubber x time

interaction on a trafficked system study.

 

Peak deceleration without irrigation x crumb rubber x day

I No rubber
El Rubber ,

 

03 11- 3-Oct 11 29 16- 18- 2-Jun 9-Aug 6-Sep 21- 21

Aug Sep Nov Mar Apr May Oct Nov

03 03 04 04
Days

 

 

 

Peak deceleration with irrigation x crumb mbber x day

 

03 11- 3-Oct 11 29 16- 18- 2-Jun 9-Aug 6-Sep 21- 21
Aug Sep Nov Mar Apr May Oct Nov

03 03 04 Days 04

 

Letters above bars indicate significance between treatments on that date at p < 0.05 level.

105

 

relationship of soil moisture and peak deceleration is consistent with Gramckow
(1968) and Rogers et al. (1988). In Fall 03, crumb rubber alone was able to
decrease peak deceleration values, (Rogers et al., 1998) and with the addition of
supplemental irrigation, peak deceleration values were lowered further. When
treatments were assigned no irrigation, lower peak deceleration values
corresponded to rainfall events, lower ET rates and/or lower temperatures
occurred on or near testing dates. This is of particular importance on 11 Sept 03,
16 Apr 04 and 9 Aug 04. Rogers and Waddington (1992) and Baker (2001)
suggested irrigation practices were possibly more important compared to core
cultivation practices in reducing surface hardness. For this experiment, irrigation
practices were a daily to weekly event while core cultivation was a bi-yearly
event

A core cultivation x crumb rubber x time interaction occurred throughout
the experiment for peak deceleration values (Figure 9). Crumb rubber lowered
peak deceleration values with or without core cultivation present. On any
significant testing date, there was a Gmax difference at 6 g or higher. Core
cultivation events took place on 15 Nov 2003 and 3 Jun 2004 thus effects of core
cultivation are not observed until 2004. As the experiment progressed
(especially in Fall 2004), lower peak deceleration values were observed when
core cultivation was implemented with and without crumb rubber.

Similar to the irrigation x crumb rubber x time for peak deceleration
interaction, crumb rubber reduced peak deceleration values, and core cultivation

continued to lower values and provide more consistency to the playing surface.

106

Figure 9. Effects of peak deceleration on core cultivation x crumb rubber x time

interaction on a trafficked system study.

 

Peak deceleration without core cultivation x crumb rubber x day

Gmax

 

O3 11- 3-Oct 11 29 16- 18- 2-Jun 9-Aug 6-Sep 21- 21
Aug Sep Nov Mar Apr May Oct Nov
03 03 04 04

 

Days

 

 

 

Peak deceleration with core cultivation x crumb rubber x day

240
210
180
150
120
90 . '
60
3o ,'

Gmax

 

03 11- 3-Oct 11 29 16- 18- 2-Jun 9- 6- 21- 21
Aug Sep Nov Mar Apr May Aug Sep Oct Nov
03 03 04 04

Days

 

 

 

Letters above bars indicate significance between treatments on that date at p < 0.05 level.

107

Furthermore, it was observed that crumb rubber was migrating into core
cultivation holes which could potentially aid in stabilizing peak deceleration
values and improve rooting (Figure 10). Rogers et al., (1996) observed this
concept in experimental designs under simulated traffic conditions and traffic
produced by a marching band.

Shear resistance

Shear resistance values for different management systems are listed in
Table 25. There were significant differences for each date except for 3 Oct 2003,
and every system was significant across dates. On 16 Apr 2004, shear values
decreased due to the inability of the shear vane apparatus to penetrate the
ground because of a lack of soil water. Shear resistance for management
systems PRIKB 2 and SBICB 3 improved as time progressed. Factors affecting
shear resistance were species, fertility, irrigation and crumb rubber.

A species x crumb rubber x time interaction occurred for shear resistance
values in 2003 (Figure 11). in 2003, regardless of species mixture, crumb rubber
decreased shear resistance values. As the experiment progressed into the fall,
crumb rubber had a year to settle to the surface, and the turfgrass and crumb
rubber were able to “mesh together". Subsequently, on 21 Oct and aftenlvards,
treatments with crumb rubber produced higher shear resistance values
independent of species mixture. Vanini (1995) observed the same tendency of
crumb rubber needing a year to “mesh together" with the turfgrass community,
before shear resistance values improved in a perennial ryegrass/Kentucky

bluegrass mixture. When crumb rubber was applied in July 03, bermudagrass

108

 

 

Figure 10. The effects of core cultivation and crumb rubber improving rooting by
crumb rubber filling up a core cultivation hole and potentially preventing it from

collapsing.

 

109

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110

Figure 11. Effects of shear resistance on species x crumb rubber x time

interaction on a trafficked system study.

 

Shear resistance on perennial ryegrass/Kentucky bluegrass x crumb rubber x day

I No rubber
D Rubber

Shear (Nm)

 

03 11- 3-Oct 11 29 16- 18- 2-Jun 9- 6- 21- 21
Aug Sep Nov Mar Apr May Aug Sep Oct Nov
03 03 04 Days 04

 

 

 

 

Shear resistance on supina bluegrass/common bermudagrass x crumb mbber x day

ff ’ ‘ ‘ ,2 f- . ' 5.; - INo rubber ‘
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Aug Sep Nov Mar Apr May Jun Aug Sep Oct Nov
03 03 04 04
Days

 

 

 

Letters above bars indicate significance between treatments on that date at p < 0.05 level.

111

was the dominant turfgrass, but supina bluegrass eventually became the
dominant turfgrass stand. There were no observed adverse effects to the
species treatments due to crumb rubber attracting heat to the surface. After a
year, crumb rubber was no longer visible on the playing surface before the traffic
regime commenced on 9 Aug 04. With crumb rubber particles at the surface, no
excessive wilt, scalding or any other deleterious effects to the turfgrass was
observed nor was any crumb rubber floating away due to any rainfall.
Throughout the establishment process, there were no alterations in the original
irrigation scheduling to compensate for topdressing crumb rubber.

There was also a significant irrigation x crumb rubber x time interaction for
shear resistance values (Figure 12). In the beginning of the experiment,
regardless of irrigation, crumb rubber lowered shear resistance values because it
had not settled down to the soil surface. As the experiment progressed, crumb
rubber “meshed together" with the turfgrass community, settled down to the soil
surface, and the addition of irrigation improved traction values. It should be
noted that amounts of irrigation water were returned based on 50% ET rate due
to previous research to maintain adequate plant growth (Leinhauer et al., 1997;
Bastug and Buyuktas, 2003, Johnson, 2003), and an attempt to hasten playing
surface characteristics by keeping the surface dry and still maintain proper soil
and plant relationships such as traction (Zebarth and Sheard, 1985, Rogers and
Waddington, 1989) and surface hardness (Gramckow, 1968, Rogers et al., 1988,
Rogers and Waddington, 1992). On 16 Apr 2004, traction values were much

lower due to the hardness of the surface and the inability of the shearvane to

112

 

 

 

Figure 12. Effects of shear resistance on irrigation x crumb rubber x time

interaction on a trafficked system study.

 

Shear resistance without irrigation x crumb rubber x day

I No Rubber
El Rubber

03 11- 3-Oct 11 29 16- 18- 2-Jun 9- 6- 21- 21
Aug Sep Nov Mar Apr May Aug Sep Oct Nov
03 03 04 04
Days

 

 

 

 

Shear resistance with irrigation x crumb rubber x day

25 ' ‘; ,.‘ -' 'i rs“ ' _-: _ '1’ 5" “a“. K. ‘ 'F. , .
" INo Rubber
20 ‘ DRubber
g 15
E
5!; 1o

 

0311~ 3- 112916-18- 2- 9- 6- 21- 21
Aug Sep Oct Nov Mar Apr May Jun Aug Sep Oct Nov

03 03 04 04
Days

 

 

 

Letters above bars indicate significance between treatments on that date at p < 0.05 level.

113

 

penetrate the surface. Furthermore, shear values in crumb rubber treated plots
were higher, and there was a significant difference when irrigation was returned.
Although this reversed again on 18 May and 2 Jun 04 (probably due to in excess
of 25 cm of rainfall in May 04), treatments with irrigation and/or crumb rubber
improved or maintained the consistency of the playing surface especially towards
the end of the experiment (6 Sept - 21 Nov 04).

Time Domain Reflectomet_ry (TDR) and giant counts

TDR and plant count values are listed in Table 26. There were significant
differences for TDR dates only on 29 March and 18 May 2004. On 6 August
2004, measurements could not be attained for management systems PRIKB 1
and SBICB 1 due to dry conditions, and the inability of the probe to penetrate the
ground. Factors affecting volumetric soil water content were turfgrass species
mixtures, fertility and crumb rubber. Soil water volume changes continuously
from day to day, and there were only eight measurement days throughout the
experiment. The use of data collectors with TDR gauges could have provided a
more comprehensive analysis and provided better insights on soil-water
dynamics.

There was a significant two-way interaction for crumb rubber x day for
time domain reflectometry values (Figure 13). Most of the dates were not
significant except on 29 Mar and 9 Aug 04, both beginning dates of the spring
and fall seasons. It would be assumed that ideal conditions (100% turfgrass
cover percent, proper soil conditions with good porosity) existed before the

beginning of the playing season. One possible reason for lower soil moisture

114

 

 

 

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116

values with crumb rubber values would be that at least 12 mm occupied space in
the crumb rubber topdressing along the 76 mm probe, and the probe was not in
full contact with the soil. This could influence the accuracy of the measurements.
As traffic was applied, measurements were not significant. It was difficult
throughout the experiment to push the probe into the ground; efforts to do so
altered the spacing of the rods of the probe and influenced the accuracy of the
measurements

There were significant differences for every date, and every system was
significant across dates except for SBICB 3 for plant counts. Factors affecting
plant counts were species, fertility, irrigation and crumb rubber. Supina
bluegrass is aggressive due to its stoloniferous growth habit and adaptation to
cool, humid climates. When 50% ET can be returned, fertilization applied at 196
kg N ha'1 and 12 mm crumb rubber depth was applied to a sandy clay loam soil,
supina bluegrass prospered. Crumb rubber was able to protect the crown tissue
and/or stolons.

There were four significant two-way interactions for plant counts all across
time in 2004; species x day, fertility x day, irrigation x day, and crumb rubber x
day (Figures 14 - 17). For species x day interaction, although all dates were
significant except 12 Nov 04, plant counts for different grasses were measured,
yet this may not be a good indication of surface performance. Turfgrass cover
percent, traction and peak deceleration must be considered along with the type
of species in order to ascertain the best playing surface. If the experimental plot

was consistently the same turfgrass mixture then this could be a good indicator

117

 

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121

of performance of the playing surface. As mentioned, PRIKB treatments did not
have to transition from one grass to the other as did SBICB through the first half
of the experiment. On the last testing date, there was no significant difference.
For fertility x day interaction, all dates were significant. Regardless of time of
year, a higher fertility rate can produce more plants regardless of turfgrass
species however, other playing surface characteristics must be considered when
ascertaining the best playing surface. For irrigation x day interaction, all dates
were not significant except 4 Aug 04. Although the interaction was significant,
only one date out of five was significant, and the result appears to be an
anomaly. For crumb rubber x day interaction, three of five dates were significant,
16 Apr, 4 Aug and 12 Nov 04. As the experiment extended into 2004, crumb
rubber played a greater role in maintaining more plants at the surface as the
number of traffic passes increased. Regardless of turfgrass mixture, this
phenomenon stayed consistent
Soil ghysical grogerties

There were no significant differences in soil physical properties comparing
two treatments (011110 vs. 011111) and (100100 and 100101) in Table 27. One
possible benefit of topdressing crumb rubber would be maintaining the integrity of
the soil pores. Crumb rubber is a soil amendment that has demonstrated
improvement in soil physical properties and turfgrass cover when tilled into the
soil profile or topdressed (Vanini, 1995, Rogers et al, 1998, Baker et al., 2001,
Boniak et al., 2001 and Chong et al., 2001). Baker et al. (2001) researched soil

physical properties of crumb rubber mixed with sand and then topdressed onto

122

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sand in the laboratory. They observed a decrease in bulk density, capillary
porosity (micropores), and peak deceleration and an increase in total porosity
and air-filled porosity (macropores) as crumb rubber levels increased for
topdressing. In recreational turf, the top 2-3 cm was considered the most
compacted area (O’Neil and Carrow, 1982). However, for this experiment, in

sampling the cores, the top 2-3 cm were removed thereby the data did not

produce results similar to previous research, and therefore, it was not significant.

Perhaps better sampling methods in the field could be implemented to ascertain
any possible differences.
Ranking system

Rank of playing surface characteristics, based on F-values, is listed in
Table 28. Based on a 4-point system (1 = lowest, 4 = highest) from Tables 21
and 22, each playing surface characteristic had four factors that contributed to
the statistical analysis. Each factor was ranked based on F value order,
regardless of significance. The higher the F value (the lower the P value), the
less variability there is in the analysis. The ranking from highest to lowest
consisted of crumb rubber, fertility, turfgrass species mixtures, irrigation, core
cultivation and overseeding.

Larsen et al., (2004) made conclusions from F values, and found the
highest F values were associated with ground cover before the start of a playing
season and the zone on the field. For this experiment, although time of the year
(day) had the highest F value for all playing surface parameters except for

turfgrass cover percent, the focus of the results is on which factors were

124

 

 

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125

important or which factor dominated. Crumb rubber amassed the most points
based on this arbitrary system. From the interactions, crumb rubber played a
role in turfgrass cover percent, peak deceleration, and traction for the conditions
of this experiment.

This ranking provided a guide based on the conditions of the experiment,
and it suggested subsequent research to be initiated in the future. The F FD was
not designed to make recommendations; it was designed to identify (the)

factor(s) driving a system (Kuehl, 2000).

126

CONCLUSIONS

In terms of playing surface parameters, SBICB 3 management system,
with one of the highest inputs for this experiment, performed the best over time.
It had the highest turfgrass cover percent at the end of the experiment, and it had
the least amount of fluctuations in peak deceleration, shear resistance and plant
count values across time. By combining different factors/cultural practices, and
by taking best management practices from different research, supina bluegrass
(Berner, 1980; Leinhauer et al 1997; Sorochan et al., 2001), fertility (Sorochan et
al., 2005), and topdressing crumb rubber (Rogers et al., 1998; Baker et al.,
2001), the best playing surface, for the conditions of this experiment, were
produced. Even though all the systems had the same amount of time and inputs
to establish, lack of cultural practices (only 98 kg N ha-1, no irrigation, core
cultivation and crumb rubber) altered the playing surface, such as PRIKB 1 and
SBICB 1 management systems. This should also be noted by budget
administrators.

Due to the experimental design, management systems were explored to
define the most relevant cultural practices for each playing surface characteristic
for sports fields. The highest F values for each playing surface characteristic
were ranked arbitrarily to ascertain differences. When adding all the playing
surface characteristics F-values together crumb rubber, fertility, species,
irrigation, core cultivation and overseeding had the following order from highest
to lowest. Crumb rubber provided a protective layer that stabilized surface

hardness values and promoted turfgrass vigor via traction and plant counts.

127

Interactions were primarily focused around surface hardness, traction, and
turfgrass cover percent with crumb rubber playing a role most of the time. For
the conditions of this experiment, crumb rubber demonstrated the ability to
override or enhance other factors/cultural practices, regardless of maintenance
level.

Having the management schemes within the experiment of the F FD, the
data suggests the importance of a sports field manager having a year-round
management philosophy as opposed to re-establishing a sports field in between
playing seasons. This data will hopefully prompt administrators to consider the
importance of budgeting for year-round cultural practices.

Future research possibilities with crumb rubber include investigating soil
physical properties of the top 5 cm of a native soil site, balancing crumb rubber
and irrigation relationships in regards to playing surface characteristics and water
conservation, evaluating organic matter accumulation at the surface, and
bridging the gap between biomechanical (athlete) and agronomic relationships.
In essence, what is the relationship between playing surface data, the athlete,

and the role crumb rubber plays?

128

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136

APPENDICES

137

Appendix A — Weather data for the system study

 

Days
of Min Max Relative
Temp Temp Humid. Rainfall ET
Exp. Date (°C) (°C) (%) (cny (cm)

5/1/03 11.3 17.0 107.8 2.8 0.2
5/2/03 7.2 14.0 98.2 1.1 0.3
5/3l03 2.0 16.5 75.5 0.0 0.4
5/4/03 2.7 18.1 99.9 0.0 0.4
5/5/03 10.6 21.2 99.4 0.8 0.3
5/6/03 11.2 23.5 100.0 0.1 0.4
5/7/03 7.8 18.7 100.0 0.1 0.2
5/8/03 9.4 16.0 100.0 0.0 0.2
5/9/03 7.8 22.1 87.8 0.9 0.4
5/10/03 14.0 24.1 100.0 0.0 0.3
5/11l03 9.6 23.2 99.9 0.2 0.2
5/12/03 6.4 9.9 95.6 0.8 0.1
5/13/03 5.4 19.2 82.4 0.1 0.5
5/14/03 3.6 21.8 92.0 0.0 0.4
5/15/03 9.6 20.3 85.9 0.6 0.2
5/16/03 10.8 19.0 100.0 0.0 0.2
5/17/03 10.4 21.2 107.0 0.0 0.3
5/18/03 9.6 21.5 100.0 0.0 0.4
5/19/03 13.5 22.5 98.6 0.0 0.4
5/20/03 13.2 22.4 97.1 0.2 0.2
5/21/03 4.7 14.9 86.3 0.0 0.4
5/22l03 2.7 18.3 89.9 0.0 0.5
5/23/03 5.9 18.6 77.9 0.0 0.3
5/24/03 8.3 14.7 100.0 0.1 0.1
5/25l03 7.2 18.5 108.0 0.0 0.3
5/26/03 8.7 18.9 106.9 0.0 0.3
5/27/03 6.5 20.5 100.0 0.0 0.3
5l28/03 7.5 24.8 104.1 0.1 0.4
5/29/03 12.1 24.5 97.0 0.2 0.4
5/30/03 8.1 20.3 100.0 0.1 0.2
5/31/03 9.4 18.5 107.5 1.8 0.1
Average 8.3 19.5 96.9 0.3 0.3
Total 10.0 9.2
6/1/03 4.2 18.0 96.8 0.0 0.4
6/2/03 5.2 21.9 96.9 0.0 0.4
6/3/03 12.7 21.9 88.8 0.0 0.3

138

6/4/03
6/5I03
6/6/03
6/7/03
6/8/03
6/9/03
6l1 0/03
6/1 1/03
6/1 2/03
6/1 3/03
6/14/03
6/1 5l03
6/1 6/03
6/1 7/03
6/1 8/03
6/1 9/03
6/20/03
6/21 l03
6/22/03
6/23/03
6/24/03
6/25/03
6/26l03
6/27/03
6/28/03
6/29/03
6/30/03

Average

Total

7/1/03
7/2/03
7/3/03
7/4/03
7/5/03
7/6/03
7/7/03
7/8/03
7/9/03
7/10/03
7/1 1/03
7/12/03
7/1 3/03

10.2
10.3
7.9

14.5
12.0
12.5
10.7
18.6
13.7
13.3
12.3
14.6
10.4
15.9
15.9
14.5
7.4

9.0

11.3
12.1
15.3
19.8
17.7
12.9
16.5
16.2
13.4
12.7

13.8
13.9
15.3
21.2
20.2
16.3
19.7
20.9
16.9
19.2
15.1
14.0
12.4

18.5
20.0
23.7
24.3
24.8
21.5
22.4
21.6
21.9
22.6
26.2
26.4
26.1
26.1
28.9
29.2
23.7
26.8
28.0
30.4
30.8
32.4
32.5
25.2
25.7
26.5
27.8
25.2

28.3
29.2
31.4
31.5
30.8
29.5
29.7
29.8
25.1
26.1
25.9
24.5
27.2

139

77.8
108.0
97.8
86.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
109.1
108.5
99.5
77.6
75.9
106.9
93.2
96.1
99.7
97.1
95.4
94.1
81.8
79.7
93.6
86.3
100.0
100.0
94.9

100.0
100.0
100.0
90.9

100.0
107.8
100.0
98.0

100.0
98.1

100.0
100.0
100.4

0.3
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.2
0.0
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.1
4.2

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.3
0.0
1.5
0.2
0.5
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0

0.2
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.4
12.3

0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.5

fijacoooxlaamhooN—x

7114/03
711 5103
7116/03
7117/03
711 8103
7119/03
7120/03
7121/03
7122/03
7123/03
7124/03
7125/03
7126/03
7127103
7128/03
7129/03
7130/03
7131 103

Average

Total

811103
8am3
813103
8/4/03
815/03
8/6/03
817103
818/03
819/03

811 0103

811 1103

8112103

811 3103

8114103

811 5103

8/1 6103

8117103

8118103

811 9103

8120103

8121103

8122103

14.0
18.0
14.5
15.0
16.5
12.3
15.4
17.8
15.4
14.6
12.2
12.1
18.7
23.0
16.1
10.8
13.6
14.0
15.9

16.2
13.7
18.6
14.1
15.5
17.4
17.0
18.2
15.6
16.7
15.9
18.8
16.3
17.8
22.0
21.2
14.4
10.2
12.7
14.7
18.4
19.0

28.2
28.2
26.7
28.1
27.3
26.1
26.7
25.2
24.2
24.4
26.1
27.7
27.8
29.7
28.9
27.2
28.2
28.6
27.7

29.2
26.5
26.5
27.0
26.6
27.3
27.6
26.8
23.9
26.3
26.4
25.0
28.8
31.1
31.0
29.8
25.8
27.6
28.0
29.8
34.0
33.8

140

100.0
86.8
84.3
96.8
69.1
85.7
81.8

106.5

100.0
100.0

101.3

100.0
88.6
82.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.1

99.6
103.7
100.0
108.7
107.5
100.0
102.4
108.3
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.8
107.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.1
100.8
100.0
97.9
93.7

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
4.6

0.2
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3

0.5
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
13.0

0.3
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43

45
46
47
48
49
50
51

8123/03
8124/03
8125/03
8126/03
8127103
8128103
8129/03
8130/03
8131 103

Average

Total

911 103
912103
913/03
914/03
915/03
916/03
917/03
918/03
919/03
911 0103
9/1 1/03
9/1 2103
9/1 3103
9/1 4103
9/1 5103
9116/03
9117103
9/1 8/03
911 9103
9120103
9121103
9122/03
9123/03
9124/03
9125103
9126103
9127/03
9128/03
9129/03
9130/03

Average

15.6
13.3
20.2
19.0
18.0
11.9
20.7
11.4
11.7
16.3

13.9
15.1
11.2
13.5
8.6
7.3
14.8
14.8
14.0
10.6
15.5
14.4
16.3
16.3
14.9
9.7
12.2
11.5
13.7
8.0
5.0
14.3
10.6
9.3
7.5
3.4
11.9
8.1
5.3
5.1
11.2

27.3
26.5
29.3
30.8
30.2
28.4
28.7
26.5
22.4
28.0

22.0
24.7
25.0
24.8
22.1
25.6
28.6
28.5
27.0
27.1
27.1
27.0
27.8
27.4
23.9
25.2
27.9
27.4
23.5
20.9
22.2
22.0
19.3
19.0
18.6
18.6
18.0
16.5
12.9
11.7
23.1

141

81.1
90.1
91.6
100.0
103.6
100.0
96.1
91.9
99.5
99.8

100.0
100.0
107.0
89.2
100.0
100.0
98.0
107.2
108.1
100.0
108.0
100.0
85.5
105.0
100.0
95.4
99.2
100.0
100.0
96.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
85.0
95.3
106.5
100.0
100.0
99.7
89.6
99.2

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.1
3.9

0.2
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.5
0.1
0.0
1.3
0.0
0.4
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.2

0.5
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
12.0

0.1
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3

52
53

55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82

83

85
86
87
88
89

Total

1 011103
1 012103
1 013103
1 014103
1 015103
1 016103
1 017/03
1 018103
1 019103
1 011 0103
1 011 1103
1 0112103
1 011 3103
1 011 4103
1 011 5103
1 0116103
1 011 7103
1 011 8103
1 0119103
1 0120103
1 0121103
1 0122103
1 0123/03
1 0124/03
1 0125/03
1 0126103
1 0127103
1 0128/03
1 0129103
1 0130103
1 0131/03
Average
Total

1 1/1 103
1 112103
1 113103
1 1/4/03
1 115103
1 116103
1 117 103

5.1
0.2
2.4
3.5
-1.2
-1.3
1.7
11.5
8.7
8.1
11.6
10.9
4.7
8.8
5.9
2.3
-1.0
5.8
4.3
5.7
10.4
4.9
-1.9
0.4
6.3
7.2
3.8
3.4
4.3
5.1
13.9
5.0

9.4
8.6
6.6
5.8
5.6
3.1

-1.4

10.1
11.2
11.0
10.7
12.3
14.9
22.6
26.0
25.9
24.2
25.0
24.1
21.3
21.2
14.4
13.8
12.2
17.1
17.4
26.0
25.6
10.9
8.5
13.9
13.0
11.0
8.3
8.5
8.6
18.1
22.0
16.4

20.1
12.3
11.8
21.5
21.4
8.0
7.0

142

86.6
100.0
82.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.1
104.9
106.3
107.4
91.8
100.0
78.3
88.9
90.3
96.6
73.1
95.4
98.4
71.3
93.4
98.1
91.1
100.0
90.2
100.0
86.7
95.1
99.2
84.9
93.8

97.8
108.9
109.7
110.0
100.0
90.3
86.1

6.6

0.0
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
1.5
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.2
4.9

0.0
2.6
2.1
0.3
1.5
0.0
0.0

8.3

0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
5.4

0.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1

90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112

113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129

1 118103
1 119103
1 1110103
1 111 1103
1 111 2103
1 111 3103
1 1114103
1 1115103
1 1116103
1 1117103
1 1118103
1 1119103
1 1120103
1 1121/03
1 1122103
1 1123/03
1 1124103
1 1125/03
1 1126103
1 1127/03
1 1128/03
1 1129/03
1 1130/03
Average
Total

1211 103
1212/03
1213/03
1214103
1215103
1216103
1217103
1218/03
1219103
12110103
1211 1103
12112103
12113103
12114103
12115103
12116103
12117103

-5.6
-9.1
-4.2
4.6
2.6
-0.1
-1.9
3.8
3.7
6.1

7.6
6.6
0.1

6.1

3.1

9.7
-4.1
-4.1
1.2
-0.9
1.4
-0.7
-1.1
2.1

0.3
-3.3
-7.5
-3.4
0.0
-3.3
-8.9
-3.1
1.1

3.4
-2.6
-6.4

-12.0

—3.8
-4.1
-1.9
-3.5

2.9
4.5
8.7
12.7
15.7
14.8
7.3
7.4
6.7
10.7
15.4
15.8
15.4
14.2
9.8
17.8
17.3
2.2
8.2
6.9
6.4
2.2
9.2
11.1

9.3
2.4
3.5
6.2
4.4
2.6
0.7
3.3
3.7
8.2
7.9
-2.3
-1.5
-0.9
-0.1
5.7
2.2

143

81.7
100.0
99.0
108.0
100.0
69.3
85.9
68.7
107.9
109.1
101.9
100.0
100.0
94.0
92.8
92.5
100.0
88.0
80.6
91.4
100.0
92.9
82.8
95.0

70.0
65.9
88.3
86.5
66.2
100.0
90.7
92.7
101.6
105.8
94.7
95.6
100.0
92.9
100.0
91.3
100.0

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
1.9
1.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.4
12.6

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0

0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
2.8
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0

130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143

144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169

1211 8103
12119103
12120103
12121103
12122103
12123103
12124103
12125103
12126103
12127103
12128103
12129103
12130103
12131103
Average
Total

111 104
112/04
113/04
114/04
115/04
116/04
117104
118/04
119/04
1110104
1/1 1104
1112104
1/1 3104
1114/04
111 5104
111 6104
1/1 7104
111 8104
111 9104
1120/04
1121/04
1122104
1123104
1124/04
1125/04
1126/04

-2.8
-2.9
-7.8
-3.4
4.1
1.5
-1.4
-2.7
-8.6
-7.5
1.6
4.8
-0.8
-1.9
-2.8

-6.0
1.3
5.6

-3.4

-5.4

-13.0
-13.3
-16.1
-14.1
-17.0

-8.4

-0.2

-4.5

-11.1
-14.5
-16.1
-10.1
-9.8
-10.4
-14.2
-16.1
-14.5
-17.6
-15.1
-23.6
-10.7

-0.6
-0.8
-1.2
6.1

6.6
6.2
2.3
-0.3
4.3
7.4
8.3
8.7
4.9
6.8
3.7

2.3
11.2
14.8
5.7
-2.7
-3.6
—6.8
-3.9
-5.2
-7.9
1.8
2.9
1.8
-4.0
-4.0
-9.2
-3.4
-0.5
-6.5
-6.6
-3.6
0.5
-10.5
-9.9
-8.8
-7.9

144

95.9
98.4
91.7
70.4
86.3
100.0
97.7
109.6
107.5
103.2
74.3
100.2
95.6
70.6
91.7

100.0
100.0
94.2
80.2
100.0
95.9
94.4
97.5
88.5
93.9
80.6
93.1
84.6
84.8
87.8
76.6
84.6
89.2
86.3
98.6
95.3
86.6
89.0
100.0
91.4
73.9

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
3.6

0.0
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
1.8

0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1

170
171
172
173
174

175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203

204
205
206

1127/04
1128/04
1129/04
1130/04
1131/04

Average

Total

211/04
212/04
213104
214104
215/04
216/04
217 104
218104
219104
211 0104
2/1 1/04
2/1 2/04
211 3104
2114/04
211 5104
2/1 6/04
2/1 7/04
2/1 8/04
211 9104
2120/04
2121 104
2122/04
2123/04
2124/04
2125/04
2126/04
2127/04
2128/04
2129/04

Average

Total

311104
312104
313104

-9.2
-8.4
-16.7
-16.6
-12.8
-11.0

-10.7
-9.1
—0.7

-10.3

-15.4
-3.7
—6.6

-17.1
-6.5
-4.4

-11.4
-6.8
-4.7
-5.2

-16.6

-21.9

-10.3

-10.6
-4.5

1.9
-1.4
-1.0
-0.4
-2.9
-9.4
-8.1
-5.9
-6.1

1.1
-7.2

2.4
5.5
3.4

-6.0
-3.9
-6.6
-9.8
-5.5
-3.1

-3.3
0.0
2.0
0.3
-2.8
-0.1
-0.6
-2.3
1.7
-1.1
-1.2
-0.7
-1.2
0.3
-2.2
-4.6
1.1
1.8
6.4
6.2
5.8
4.7
3.7
0.9
3.0
3.7
7.9
9.8
13.2
1.8

13.1
11.5
6.6

145

106.5
96.4
82.6
90.3
95.0
90.9

100.0
100.0
108.4
91.0
96.2
107.6
97.8
95.4
90.4
93.6
100.0
100.0
87.9
89.0
81.8
91.6
94.8
100.0
100.0
96.3
100.0
90.8
89.5
107.7
100.0
101.3
100.0
74.3
81.4
95.4

82.6
91.0
98.8

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7

0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.2

0.5
0.7
0.0

0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
1.4

0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
2.1

0.1
0.1
0.1

207
208
209
210
21 1
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234

235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246

314/04
315/04
316/04
317/04
318/04
319/04
311 0/04
3/1 1104
311 2104
3/1 3104
3114/04
311 5104
311 6104
311 7104
311 8104
3/1 9104
3120/04
3121/04
3122/04
3123/04
3124/04
3125/04
3126/04
3127104
3128104
3129/04
3130/04
3131 104

Average

Total

411/04
412/04
413/04
414/04
415/04
416/04
417 104
418104
419104
411 0/04
411 1104
411 2104

3.9
4.9
0.5
0.4
-1.4
-1.9
-5.1
-1.6
-7.1
-10.2
-1.1
-1.4
-3.3
-4.9
-1.9
-1.3
3.3
-3.2
-8.8
-2.5
3.7
8.8
13.1
10.9
6.8
8.5
6.1
2.5
0.9

1.5
3.7
2.2
-0.9
-4.9
-1.3
2.6
5.8
0.9
0.1

0.5
-0.5

9.1
18.4
12.4
5.6
2.2
4.9
8.4
7.9
-1.5
4.4
5.6
3.9
2.7
-0.1
3.8
7.6
14.0
12.8
0.8
11.7
11.4
18.4
17.0
16.6
17.0
17.2
14.6
10.4
9.3

10.1
14.9
14.8
8.4
7.5
15.0
16.2
15.9
11.3
10.9
9.3
9.0

146

100.0
108.5
91.7
97.4
93.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
83.2
95.4
76.4
78.3
83.1
98.1
100.0
109.1
100.0
78.6
80.6
60.2
75.4
84.7
96.3
106.6
100.0
100.0
104.9
100.0
92.7

84.7
63.5
78.8
78.0
79.5
66.8
93.0
73.8
88.2
89.1
90.5
99.0

0.1
2.4
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.8
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
7.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
5.0

0.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264

265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286

411 3104
411 4/04
411 5104
411 6104
411 7/04
411 8/04
411 9104
4120/04
4121/04
4122/04
4123/04
4124/04
4125/04
4126/04
4127/04
4128/04
4129/04
4130/04

Average

Total

511/04
512/04
513/04
514/04
515104
516/04
517/04
518/04
519/04
511 0/04
511 1104
511 2104
5/1 3/04
511 4104
5/1 5104
5/1 6/04
511 7104
5/1 8104
511 9104
5120/04
5121 104
5122/04

1.4
0.4
3.6
7.7
15.2
13.8
14.8
2.3
8.1
5.0
3.0
3.6
7.4
6.5
0.4
-0.9
16.7
14.3
4.4

7.1
3.2
-0.3
-0.7
5.3
7.1
9.3
5.9
12.4
16.7
13.4
16.8
18.3
18.6
7.3
2.7
10.7
16.7
9.8
12.9
12.4
13.3

10.6
15.9
20.3
24.9
25.1
29.5
28.8
16.3
22.4
20.7
17.5
17.4
22.1
20.5
15.3
23.3
25.7
25.8
17.5

20.0
9.9
10.0
17.1
16.9
27.0
26.0
19.9
26.8
28.1
26.9
28.2
28.6
25.6
19.0
19.7
25.2
25.0
22.1
25.3
25.1
27.2

147

82.6
71.0
77.6
72.4
73.2
92.3
52.6
95.2
98.1
96.8
95.5
71.7
88.8
96.1
98.7
62.9
60.9
95.8
82.2

107.6
100.0
81.0
94.5
89.1
70.1
64.1
93.3
108.0
99.9
108.4
100.0
92.7
105.3
97.8
104.8
100.0
107.0
100.0
92.0
93.4
109.6

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
1.5
1.3
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.3
1.6
1.3
0.0
0.2
1.0
0.3
0.0
0.5
1.3
0.0
0.1
3.1
2.1

0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.6
0.7
0.3
0.4
11.0

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.3

287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295

296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
31 1
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325

5123/04
5124/04
5125/04
5126/04
5127/04
5128/04
5129/04
5130/04
5131 104

Average

Total

611 104
612104
613104
614104
615104
616104
617104
618/04
619/04
611 0104
6/1 1104
611 2104
6/1 3104
611 4104
611 5104
6/1 6/04
6/1 7104
6/1 8104
611 9104
6120104
6121104
6122/04
6123/04
6124/04
6125/04
6126/04
6127/04
6128/04
6129/04
6130/04

Average

14.6
11.8
10.1
11.3
5.6

8.7

6.7

11.4
14.0
10.1

13.2
13.9
9.5
7.6
8.5
14.8
17.8
19.9
20.2
14.2
10.9
11.9
17.8
17.4
14.9
17.5
19.9
18.4
11.7
8.4
11.8
14.0
10.9
12.8
7.7
10.3
11.1
13.5
12.4
15.7
13.6

27.4
26.1
16.3
17.3
21.1
21.6
17.0
21.7
23.7
22.3

22.8
22.7
21.6
21.9
23.6
25.3
28.5
31.5
31.7
28.6
16.6
22.9
28.3
28.6
26.6
26.2
26.7
27.0
25.7
21.1
21.5
21.3
25.4
24.5
20.0
21.1
22.6
22.6
25.8
27.8
24.7

148

109.4
90.8
100.0
108.0
107.0
98.9
100.5
87.8
109.5
97.8

91.6
95.8
102.9
97.9
99.2
80.7
89.0
95.0
88.0
109.4
109.1
72.6
100.0
107.1
108.2
92.8
109.1
100.0
73.4
100.0
86.5
107.6
95.6
100.0
100.0
87.1
93.7
98.7
89.2
85.4
95.5

4.2
2.1
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.3
0.8
24.2

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.7
2.3
0.4
0.0
2.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.3

0.3
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
9.9
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4

326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343

345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356

357
358
359
360
361
362
363

Total

711/04
712/04
713/04
714/04
715/04
716/04
717/04
718/04
719/04
7110104
711 1104
7112/04
711 3104
7114104
7/1 5104
7116/04
711 7104
7118104
711 9104
7120/04
7121 104
7122/04
7123/04
7124/04
7125/04
7126/04
7127/04
7128/04
7129/04
7130/04
7131 104

Average

Total

811/04
812/04
813104
814/04
815/04
816/04
817104

17.8
14.2
14.6
20.0
16.4
15.5
19.5
14.8
11.4
17.6
17.7
19.6
19.6
17.4
16.2
13.2
16.7
16.0
14.5
17.6
19.2
20.9
13.2
10.2
13.9
14.0
14.0
12.3
14.3
16.0
18.4

16.0'

13.4
19.5
17.9
15.0
14.1
11.1
11.0

28.2
28.2
27.8
27.9
25.0
29.1
29.6
21.9
24.3
28.7
28.9
28.9
29.2
29.1
26.1
27.5
25.6
26.0
26.4
29.0
30.7
30.5
29.6
22.1
22.7
23.0
21.8
27.4
26.5
25.2
26.7
26.9

28.0
30.4
29.5
29.0
23.3
23.8
24.2

149

85.2
87.7
93.5
107.2
100.0
100.9
108.6
98.5
97.2
100.0
106.2
100.0
109.2
100.0
90.3
96.6
109.1
102.0
108.1
97.0
106.6
108.2
93.5
100.0
84.9
93.3
100.1
107.8
100.0
107.3
107.9
100.2

106.7
100.0
108.3
107.0
90.5

89.0

100.0

8.5

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
0.1
0.0
1.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
0.0
1.4
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.3
8.4

0.0
0.0
0.7
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

12.2

0.6
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.4
12.3

0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4

364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387

388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403

818104
819104
811 0104
811 1/04
8/1 2104
811 3104
8114/04
811 5104
811 6104
8/1 7/04
811 8104
811 9104
8120/04
8121 104
8122/04
8123/04
8124/04
8125/04
8126/04
8127104
8128104
8129104
8130/04
8/31 104

Average

Total

911104
912104
913104
914104
915/04
916/04
917104
918104
919/04
911 0104
911 1/04
911 2104
911 3/04
911 4104
9/1 5104
9/1 6104

14.0
15.4
17.3
14.1
10.7
13.2
13.1
9.6
10.2
13.5
16.9
14.3
11.2
10.2
8.0
18.7
13.3
20.9
19.7
22.8
19.9
14.9
11.8
11.1
14.4

12.7
14.9
17.0
15.4
19.1
19.2
15.0
12.9
12.6
9.8

12.0
14.6
13.9
18.0
18.2
19.2

24.7
26.8
26.3
19.5
16.7
21.1
21.1
22.7
23.8
23.9
24.9
25.1
22.3
20.9
24.9
24.7
27.5
28.9
29.0
30.9
30.8
20.9
22.0
25.2
24.9

26.9
27.3
28.0
28.5
28.6
29.0
28.7
23.5
22.2
25.2
26.2
28.6
28.4
28.9
28.2
28.2

150

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.2
106.5
108.5
100.0
100.0
84.5

99.9

88.2

100.0
90.4

100.0
100.0
102.3
100.0
107.6
109.0
100.9
107.8
100.4

100.0
100.4
107.2
108.6
110.2
97.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.8
99.8
106.6
100.5
98.5
96.5
94.9

0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.0
1.7
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
8.2

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.0
1.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6

0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.3
10.5

0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4

404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417

418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443

911 7104
911 8104
911 9104
9120104
9121 104
9122104
9123104
9124104
9125104
9126104
9127104
9128104
912 9104
9130104
Average
Total

1 011/04
1 012104
1013104
1 0/4/04
1 015104
1016/04
1017/04
1018/04
1019/04
1 0/1 0/04
1011 1104
1 0112104
1 0/1 3104
1 0114/04
1 011 5/04
1 0116/04
1 0/1 7104
1 011 8/04
1 0119104
1 0120/04
1 0121/04
1 0122/04
1 0123/04
1 0/24/04
1 0125/04
1 0126/04

11.0
8.7
7.1
8.8
8.7
8.6

10.4

15.8

12.5
8.3
6.2

11.5
7.6
4.0

12.5

7.0
7.3
1.9
8.4
-2.0
4.3
9.7
12.1
11.3
4.7
1.9
1.5
5.8
10.4
10.0
3.7
3.7
2.4
6.5
8.1
8.3
8.2
10.1
11.1
3.1
6.4

22.1
22.3
22.4
25.1
27.4
29.3
29.2
28.7
26.3
22.7
24.0
23.6
14.0
21.7
25.8

21.9
21.5
17.6
17.7
13.8
22.4
23.7
23.3
22.3
18.3
16.3
16.1
16.6
16.5
15.4
10.9
6.4
8.6
9.6
11.3
11.5
13.4
13.9
16.7
20.1
20.3

151

92.0
100.0
106.7
107.6
98.3
100.0
105.6
92.8
93.4
100.0
106.9
97.7
99.1
107.7
101.2

. 94.7

100.0
100.0
77.1
100.0
80.7
75.6
75.9
86.2
96.4
107.5
107.6
100.0
107.9
106.5
100.0
100.0
99.4
99.1
100.0
108.0
99.6
99.8
99.5
107.8
100.0

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.4
0.0
0.1
3.2

0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.0
0.0

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.3
0.3
9.6

0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2

445
446
447
448

449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469

1 0127/04
1 0128/04
1 0129104
1 0130/04
1 0131104
Average
Total

1111 104
1112104
1113104
1114/04
1115104
1116104
1117/04
1118/04
1119104
11110104
11111104
11112104
11113104
1 111 4104
11115104
11116104
11117104
11118104
11119104
11120104
11121104
Average
Total

10.6
7.9
11.1
13.6
9.0
7.0

1.0
6.7
1.5
2.4
2.7
4.4
8.1
-1.6
-4.5
0.7
3.2
-2.9
-3.7
-6.3
-3.6
5.1
9.5
11.9
7.2
8.3
4.1
2.6

15.9
15.7
20.8
21.5
13.7
16.6

9.9
8.6
7.9
7.5
11.0
16.3
15.3
9.7
6.1
15.8
14.6
6.7
6.6
11.9
9.0
10.1
12.8
16.4
15.2
13.6
10.5
11.2

152

100.0
104.7
108.7
97.7
87.6
97.7

95.3
109.6
97.4
100.0
73.3
84.0
85.6
82.3
93.8
74.6
92.0
90.4
96.7
100.0
94.1
98.8
109.2
111.4
107.6
110.5
90.9
95.1

0.0
0.0
1.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
5.7

0.0
2.1
0.0
1.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.6
0.2
0.0
0.2
4.5

0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
4.7

0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
1.7

Appendix B - Evapotranspiration (ET), rainfall and irrigation schedule for
system study.

* Day Before, ET, Total Rainfall, Leftover and 50% ET all reported in cm.

 

2003 * Day Seconds of
Day Date Before ET Total Rainfall Leftover 50% ET Water
6 16-Aug 0.00 -0.28 -0.28 1.17 0.89 0.00 0
7 17-Aug 0.89 -0.38 0.51 0.00 0.51 0.00 0
8 18-Aug 0.51 -0.43 0.08 0.00 0.08 0.00 0
9 19-Aug 0.08 -0.46 038 0.00 -0.38 0.00 0
1 0 20-Aug -0.38 -0.51 -0.89 0.00 -0.89 -0.45 38
11 21-Aug 0.00 -0.48 -0.48 0.25 -0.23 -0.11 10
12 22-Aug 0.00 -0.58 -0.58 0.00 -0.58 0.00 0
1 3 23-Aug -0.58 -0.51 -1 .09 0.00 -1.09 -0.55 47
14 24-Aug 0.00 -0.41 -0.41 0.00 -0.41 -0.20 18
15 25—Aug 0.00 -0.71 -0.71 0.91 0.20 0.00 0
16 26-Aug 0.20 -0.61 041 0.20 -0.21 0.00 0
17 27-Aug -0.21 -0.43 -0.64 0.00 -0.64 -0.32 27

18 28-Aug 0.00 -0.46 -0.46 0.00 -0.46 0.00 0
19 29-Aug -0.46 -0.30 -0.76 0.56 —0.20 0.00 0
20 30-Aug -0.20 -0.41 0.61 0.00 -0.61 -0.30 26
21 31 -Aug 0.00 -0.25 -0.25 0.00 -0.25 0.00 0
22 1-Sep -0.25 -0.38 -0.63 0.53 -0. 10 0.00 0
23 2-Sep -0.10 -0.38 -0.48 0.00 -0.48 0.00 0
24 3-Sep -0.48 -0.30 -0. 78 0.00 -0. 78 -0.39 34
25 4-Sep 0.00 -0.33 -0. 33 0.00 -0. 33 0.00 0
26 5-Sep -0.33 -0.33 -0.66 0.00 -0.66 0.00 0
27 6-Sep -0.66 -0.38 -1.04 0.00 -1.04 0.00 0
28 7-Sep -1 .04 -0.38 -1.42 0.00 -1.42 -0.71 61
29 8-Sep 0.00 -0.33 -0.33 0.00 -0.33 -0.17 14
30 9-Sep 0.00 -0.33 -0. 33 0.00 -0. 33 0.00 0
31 10-Sep -0.33 -0.36 -0.69 0.00 -0.69 -0.35 30
32 11-Sep 0.00 -0.36 -0.36 0.00 -0.36 -0.18 15
33 12-Sep 0.00 -0.38 .038 0.00 -0.38 0.00 0
34 13-Sep -0. 38 -0.41 -0.79 0.00 -0. 79 0.00 0
35 14—Sep —0.79 -0.20 -0.99 0.56 -0.43 -0.22 1 8
36 15-Sep 0.00 -0.33 -0.33 0.00 -0.33 -0.1 7 1 4
37 16-Sep 0.00 -0.33 -0.33 0.00 -0. 33 -0.1 7 1 4
38 17-Sep 0.00 -0.36 -0. 36 0.00 -0. 36 -0.1 8 1 4
39 18-Sep 0.00 -0.36 -0.36 0.00 -0. 36 -0.1 8 14
40 19-Sep 0.00 -0.20 -0.20 0.00 -0.20 0.00 0
41 20—Sep -0.20 -0.30 -0.50 0.00 -0. 50 0.00 0

153

42
43

45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53

55
56

57
58
59
60
61
62
63

65
66
67
68

69
70
71
72
73
74

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82

21 -Sep
22-Sep
236ep
24-Sep
25-Sep
26-Sep
27—Sep
28-Sep
29—Sep
30-Sep
1 -Oct
2-Oct
3-Oct
4-Oct

6-Oct
7-Oct
8-Oct
9-Oct
1 O-Oct
1 1-Oct
1 2-Oct
1 3-Oct
14-Oct
1 5-Oct
1 6-Oct
1 7-Oct

1 8-Oct
1 9-Oct
20-Oct
21 Oct
22-Oct
23-Oct

24-Oct
25-Oct
26-Oct
27-Oct
28-Oct
29-Oct
30-Oct
31 -Oct

-0.50
-0.78
2.60
2.40
3.50
3.32
3.47
3.35
3.37
3.22
3.10
2.97
2.77
3.30
3.17

2.99
0.00
-0.25
0.00
-0.20
-0.40
-0.63
0.00
-0.23
1.98
1.75
1.60

1.47
0.00
-0.18
0.00
-0.33
-0.46

-0.54
-0.67
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.52
0.72
0.52

-0.28
-0.13
0.20
-0.20
-0.18
-0.18
-0.20
-0.18
-0.15
-0.15
-0.1 3
-0.20
-0.13
-0.13
-0.18

-0.18
-0.25
-0.28
-0.20
-0.20
-0.23
-0.33
-0.23
-0.1 5
-0.23
-0.15
-0.1 3

-0.23
-0.18
-0.30
-0.33
-0.13
-0.08

-0.13
-0.05
-0.10
-0.05
-0.08
-0.05
-0.20
-0.15

-0.78
-0.91
2.40
2.20
3.32
3.14
3.27
3.17
3.22
3.07
2.97
2.77
2.64
3.17
2.99

2.81

-0.25
-0.53
-0.20
-0.40
-0.63
—0.96
-0.23
-0.38
1.75
1.60
1.47

1.24
-0.18
-0.48
-0.33
-0.46
-0.54

-0.67
-0.72
0.30
0.30
0.22
0.47
0.52
0.37

0.00
3.51
0.00
1 .30
0.00
0.33
0.08
0.20
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.66
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.00
2.36
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
1 .12
0.05
0.00
0.30
0.25
0.00
0.05

154

-0.78
2.60
2.40
3.50
3.32
3.47
3.35
3.37
3.22
3.10
2.97
2.77
3.30
3.17
2.99

2.81

-0.25
-0.53
-0.20
-0.40
-0.63
—0.88
-0.23
1.98
1.75
1.60
1.47

1.24
-0. 18
-0.48
-0.33
-0.46
—0.54

-0.67
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.52
0.72
0.52
0.42

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
-0.27
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.44
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
-0.24
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Startlng at

ooogoo

OOOOO

Starting at

00

21
0
0

0
Irrigation
Off

 

83 1-Nov 0.42 -0.13 0.29 0.00 0.29 0.00

84 2-Nov 0.29 -0.03 0.26 2.62 2.88 0.00

85 3-Nov 2.88 0.00 2.88 2.13 5.01 0.00

86 4-Nov 5.01 -0.15 4.86 0.28 5.14 0.00

87 5-Nov 5.14 -0.10 5.04 1 .47 6.51 0.00

88 6-Nov 6.51 -0.10 6.41 0.00 6.41 0.00

89 7-Nov 6.41 -0.13 6.28 0.00 6.28 0.00

90 8-Nov 6.28 -0.10 6.18 0.00 6.18 0.00

91 9-Nov 6.18 -0.08 6.10 0.00 6.10 0.00

92 10-Nov 6.10 -0.08 6.02 0.00 6.02 0.00

2004 Day Seconds of

Day Date Before ET Total Rainfall Leftover 50% ET Water
245 11-Apr 0.00 -0.15 -0.15 0.00 -0.15 0.00 0
246 12-Apr -0.15 -0.20 -0.35 0.00 -0.35 -0.18 15
250 16-Apr 1.27 cm added to all plots after data
251 17-Apr 0.00 -0.41 -0.41 0.18 -0.23 0.00 0
252 18-Apr -0.23 -0.56 —0.79 0.00 -0.79 -0.40 35
253 19-Apr 0.00 -0.76 -0.76 0.00 -0.76 0.00 0
254 20-Apr -0.76 -0.28 -1 .04 0.08 -0.96 0.00 0
255 21-Apr -0.96 -0.20 -1 . 16 0.03 -1.13 -0.57 50
256 22-Apr 0.00 -0.41 -0.41 0.00 -0.41 -0.20 17
257 23-Apr 0.00 -0.36 -0.36 0.00 -0.36 0.00 0
258 24-Apr -0.36 -0.38 -0.74 0.00 -0.74 0.00 0
259 25-Apr -0.74 -0.38 -1.12 0.48 -0.64 -0.32 28
260 26-Apr 0.00 -0.46 -0.46 0.00 -0.46 0.00 0
261 27-Apr 046 -0.33 -0.79 0.00 -0.79 -0.39 35
262 28-Apr 0.00 -0.61 -0.61 0.00 -0.61 -0.30 26
263 29-Apr 0.00 -0.71 -0.71 0.00 -0.71 -0.36 30
264 30-Apr 0.00 -0.25 -0.25 0.05 -0.20 0.00 0
265 1-May -0.20 -0.10 -0.30 1.70 1.40 0.00 0
266 2-May 1.40 -0.15 1.25 1.07 2.32 0.00 0
267 3-May 2.32 -O.28 2.04 0.00 2.04 0.00 0
268 4-May 2.04 -0.33 1 .71 0.00 1 .71 0.00 0
269 5-May 1 .71 -0.41 1 .30 0.05 1 .35 0.00 0
270 6-May 1 .35 -0.46 0.89 0.00 0.89 0.00 0
271 7-May 0.89 -0.58 0.31 0.03 0.34 0.00 0
272 8-May 0.34 -0.30 0.04 0.33 0.37 0.00 0
273 9-May 0.37 -0.41 -0.04 1 .52 1 .48 0.00 0
274 10-May 1.48 -0.48 1.00 2.57 3.57 0.00 0
275 1 1-May 3.57 -0.30 3.27 0.05 3.32 0.00 0
276 12-May 3.32 -0.46 2.86 0.00 2.86 0.00 0

155

277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296

297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318

1 3-May
14—May
1 5-May
16-May
1 7-May
1 8-May
1 9—May
20-May
21 -May
22-May
23-May
24—May
25-May
26-May
27-May
28-May
29—May
30-May
31 -May
1-J un

2-Jun
3-Jun
4-Jun
5-Jun
6-Jun
7-Jun
8-Jun
9-Jun
10-Jun
11-Jun
12-Jun
13-Jun
14-Jun
15—Jun
16-Jun
17-Jun
18-Jun
19-Jun
20-Jun
21 ~Jun
22-Jun
23—Jun

2.86
2.68
3.67
3.47
3.09
3.16
4.26
3.83
3.68
7.67
8.54
14.36
14.03
14.61
14.41
14.13
13.75
13.50
13.93
14.11

13.63
0.00
0.00
-0.46
-0.92
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.54
1.20
3.26
3.16
3.18
4.63
4.22
3.81
3.81
3.40
2.77
2.08
2.59
2.29

-0.38
-0.23
-0.20
-0.38
-0.41
-0.25
-0.43
-0.30
-0.20
-0.30
-0.25
-0.33
-0.13
-0.20
-0.28
-0.38
0.25
-0.41
-0.30
-0.48

-0.30
-0.41
-0.46
-0.46
-0.43
-0.53
-0.53
-0.48
-0.18
-0.05
-0.51
-0.46
-0.30
-0.41
-0.41
-0.20
-0.41
-0.66
-0.69
-0.25
-0.30
-0.51

2.48
2.45
3.47
3.09
2.68
2.91
3.83
3.53
3.48
7.37
8.29
14.03
13.90
14.41
14.13
13.75
13.50
13.09
13.63
13.63

13.33
-0.41
-0.46
-0.92
-1.35
-0.53
-0.53
-0.48
0.36
1.15
2.75
2.70
2.88
4.22
3.81
3.61
3.40
2.74
2.08
1.83
2.29
1.78

0.20
1 .22
0.00
0.00
0.48
1 .35
0.00
0.1 5
4.19
1 .17
6.07
0.00
0.71
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.84
0.48
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1 .02
0.84
2.1 1
0.41
0.48
1 .75
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.76
0.00
0.46

156

2.68
3.67
3.47
3.09
3.16
4.26
3.83
3.68
7.67
8.54
14.36
14.03
14.61
14.41
14.13
13.75
13.50
13.93
14.11
13.63

13.33
-0.41
-0.46
-0.92
-1.35
-0.53
-0.53
0.54
1.20
3.26
3.16
3.18
4.53
4.22
3.81
3.81
3.40
2.77
2.08
2.59
2.29
2.24

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
-0.20
0.00
0.00
-0.67
-0.27
-0.27
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Starting at

MN .3
hthONO

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

319 24»Jun 2.24 -0.38 1.86 0.36 2.22 0.00 0
320 25-Jun 2.22 -0.41 1.81 0.00 1.81 0.00 0
Starting at

321 26-Jun 1.81 -0.48 1.33 0.00 1.33 0.00 0
322 27-Jun 0.00 -0.43 -0.43 0.00 -0.43 -0.21 19
323 28—Jun 0.00 -0.43 -0.43 0.08 -0.35 -0.18 15
324 29—Jun 0.00 -0.53 -0.53 0.00 -0.53 -0.27 24
325 30—Jun 0.00 -0.53 -0.53 0.00 —0.53 -0.27 24
326 1-Jul 0.00 -0.56 —0.56 0.00 —0.56 -0.28 24
327 2-Jul 0.00 -0.51 -0.51 0.00 -0.51 0.00 0
328 3-Jul -0.51 -0.51 -1.02 0.00 -1.02 0.00 0
329 4-Jul -1.02 -0.28 -1.30 0.81 -0.49 -0.24 22
330 5-Jul 0.00 -0.30 -0.30 0.00 -0.30 -0.15 13
331 6-Jul 0.00 -0.48 -0.48 0.51 0.03 0.00

0
332 7-Jul 0.03 -0.43 -0.40 1.02 0.62 0.00 0
30 sec. added in
333 8-Jul 0.62 -0.28 0.34 0.74 1.08 error

334 9-Jul 0.00 -0.43 -0.43 0.00 -0.43 0.00 0
335 10-Jul -0.43 -0.43 -0.86 0.00 -0.86 0.00 0
336 11-Jul -0.86 -0.46 -1.32 0.79 -0.53 0.00 0
337 12-Jul -0.53 -0.30 -0.83 0.03 -0.80 -0.40 34
338 13-Jul 0.00 -0.41 -0.41 1.37 0.96 0.00 0
339 14-Jul 0.96 -0.41 0.55 0.00 0.55 0.00 0
340 15-Jul 0.55 -0.53 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0
341 16-Jul 0.02 -0.41 -0.39 0.53 0.14 0.00 0
342 17-Jul 0.14 -0.30 -0. 16 0.10 —0.06 0.00 0
343 18-Jul -0.06 -0.43 -0.49 0.00 —0.49 0.00 0
344 19—Jul —0.49 -0.38 -0.87 0.00 -0.87 -0.43 38
345 20-Jul 0.00 -0.43 -0.43 0.00 -0.43 0.00 0
346 21-Jul -0.43 -0.41 -0.84 1.88 1.04 0.00 0
37 sec. added in

347 22-Jul 1.04 -0.43 0.61 0.00 0.61 error
348 23-Jul 0.00 -0.56 -0.56 0.00 -0.56 0.00 0
349 24-Jul 056 -0.41 -0.97 0.00 -0.97 0.00 0
350 25-Jul -0.97 -0.43 -1.40 0.00 -1.40 -0.71 61

351 26-Jul 0.00 -0.36 -0.36 0.00 -0.36 0.00 0
352 27-Jul -0.36 -0.18 -0.54 1.24 0.70 0.00 0
353 28-Jul 0.70 -0.38 0.32 0.03 0.35 0.00 0
354 29-Jul 0.35 -0.36 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0
355 30-Jul -0.01 -0.18 -0. 19 0.05 -0.14 0.00 0
356 31 -Jul -0. 14 -0.38 0.52 0.00 -0.52 0.00 0

357 1-Aug -0. 52 -0.46 -0.98 0.00 -0.98 -0.49 45
358 2-Aug 0.00 -0.46 -0.46 0.66 0.20 0.00 0
359 3-Aug 0.20 -0.43 -0.23 0.00 -0.23 0.00 0

157

360
361
362
363
364
365

367

369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402

4-Aug
5-Aug
6-Aug
7-Aug
8-Aug
9-Aug
1 0—Aug
1 1-Aug
12-Aug
1 3-Aug
14—Aug
1 5-Aug
16-Aug
1 7-Aug
1 8-Aug
1 9Aug
20-Aug
21-Aug
22—Aug
23-Aug
24-Aug
25—Aug
26—Aug
27-Aug
28-Aug
29—Aug
30—Aug
31 -Aug
1-Sep
2-Sep
3-Sep
4-Sep
5-Sep
6-Sep
7-Sep
8-Sep
9-Sep
1 0-Sep
1 1-Sep
1 2-Sep
1 3-Sep
14-Sep
1 5-Sep

0.23
1.50
1.09
0.55
0.25
0.11
0.00
0.15
0.46
0.31
0.09
0.27
0.00
0.00
-0.28
0.00
0.48
0.88
-1.09
0.00
0.23
-0.61
0.25
0.00
0.43
1.05
2.95
2.53
2.30
0.00
0.00
0.33
-0.16
0.44
0.55
0.17
0.11
0.47
0.00
-0.36
0.72
0.00
0.38

0.28
0.41
0.43
0.41
0.35
0.41
0.30
0.23
0.15
0.25
0.35
0.41
0.38
0.28
0.20
-0.48
0.20
0.41
-0.38
0.23
-0.38
0.38
0.35
0.43
0.25
0.10
0.33
0.33
0.25
-0.38
0.33
-0.36
0.28
0.41
0.41
-0.28
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
-0.38
-0.38

-0.51
1.09
0.66
0.25
-0.11
-0.52
-0.30
-0.38
0.31

0.06
-0.27
-0.68
-0.38
-0.28
-0.48
-0.48
-0.68
-1.09
-1.47
-0.23
-0.61
-0.99
-0.61
-0.43
-0.68
0.95
2.63
2.30
2.05
—0.38
-0.33
-0.69
-0.44
-0.85
0.14
-0. 11
-0.47
-0.83
-0.36
-0.72
-1.08
-0.38
-0.76

2.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.1 5
0.84
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
0.00
1 .73
2.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.53
0.00
1 .40
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

158

1.50
1.09
0.66
0.25
-0.11
—0.52
-0.15
0.46
0.31

0.09
-0.27
-0.68
-0.38
-0.28
-0.48
-0.48
-0.68
-1.09
-1.47
-0.23
-0.61
-0.25
-0.61
-0.43
1.05
2.96
2.63
2.30
2.05
-0.38
-0.33
-0.16
-0.44
0.55
0.17
-0.11
-0.47
-0.83
-0.36
-0.72
-1.08
-0.38
-0.76

0.00 0
0.00 0
0.00 0
0.00 0
0.00 0
-0.26 24
0.00 0
0.00 0
0.00 0
0.00 0
0.00 0
-0.34 31
-0.19 17
0.00 0
0.24 20
0.00 0
0.00 0
0.00 0
-0.73 63
0.00 0
0.00 0
0.00 0
-0.30 26
0.00 0
0.00 0
0.00 0
0.00 0
0.00 0
Starting at 0
-0.19 15
0.00 0
0.00 0
0.00 0
0.00 0
0.00 0
0.00 0
0.00 0
-0.41 33
0.00 0
0.00 0
-0.54 46
0.00 0
-0.38 32

403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
41 1
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441

442
443
444

1 6-Sep
1 7-Sep
1 8-Sep
1 9—Sep
20-Sep
21 -Sep
22-Sep
23$ep
24—Sep
25-Sep
26-Sep
27-Sep
28-Sep
29-Sep
30«Sep
1 -Oct
2-Oct
3-Oct
4-Oct
5-Oct
6-0ct
7-Oct
8-Oct
9-Oct
1 0-Oct
1 1-Oct
1 2-Oct
1 3-Oct
14-Oct
1 5-Oct
16-Oct
1 7-Oct
1 8-Oct
1 9-Oct
20-Oct
21 -Oct
22-Oct
23-Oct
24-Oct

25-Oct
26-Oct
27-Oct

0.00
0.15
—0.15
-0.45
-0.73
0.00
0.00
-0.36
0.00
0.00
-0.20
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.35
0.15
-0.10
-0.35
0.00
—0.25
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.27
0.09
-0.06
-0.16
-0.29
1.08
1.61
1.61
1.56
1.51
1.46
1.43
1.35
2.27

2.19
2.04
1.89

-0.43
-0.30
-0.30
-0.28
-0.28
-0.33
-0.36
-0.33
-0.30
-0.20
-0.28
-0.28
-0.18
-0.23
-0.20
-0.25
-0.25
-0.25
-0.25
-0.25
-0.30
-0.28
-0.23
-0.33
-0.23
-0.18
-0.15
-0.13
-0.1 3
-0.05
-0.08
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.03
-0.08
-0.05
-0.08

-0.1 5
-0.1 5
-0.08

-0.43
-0.15
-0.45
-0.73
-1.01
-0.33
-0.36
-0.69
-0.30
-0.20
-0.48
—0.28
-0.18
-0.03
0.15
-0.10
-0.35
-0.60
-0.25
-0.50
-0.30
-0.28
-0.23
-0.08
0.27
0.09
-0.06
-0.19
-0.29
-0.34
1.00
1.56
1.56
1.51

1.46
1.43
1.35
1.30
2.19

2.04
1.89
1.81

0.58
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.38
0.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.48
0.58
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
1 .42
0.61
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.97
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00

159

0.15

-0.15
-0.45
-0.73
-1.01
-0.33
-0.36
-0.69
-0.30
-0.20
-0.48
~0.28
0.20
0.35
0.15
-0.10
-0.35
-0.60
-0.25
-0.50
-0.30
-0.28
0.25
0.50
0.27
0.09
-0.06
-0.16
-0.29
1.08
1.61

1.61

1.56
1.51

1.46
1.43
1.35
2.27
2.19

2.04
1.89
1.81

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.50
-0.16
0.00
0.34
0.15
0.00
0.24
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.25
0.15
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00

dd” N N d” d
OOOOOOOOOOONOOOOONQNOmOOOOOQOOuoOutOOOO

Irrigation
Off

445

447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459

460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469

28-Oct
29-Oct
30-Oct
31 -Oct
1-Nov
2-Nov
3-Nov
4-Nov
5-Nov
6-Nov
7-Nov
8-Nov
9-Nov
1 0-Nov
1 1-Nov

12-Nov
13-Nov
14-Nov
15-Nov
16-Nov
17-Nov
18-Nov
19—Nov
20-Nov
21 -Nov

1.81
1 .71
2.72
2.62
2.47
3.54
4.48
4.43
5.85
5.65
5.45
5.27
5.12
5.07
4.84

4.71
4.63
4.55
4.47
4.42
4.44
4.56
4.51
5.09
5.32

-0.10
0.08
-0.10
-0.15
-0.05
0.00
-0.05
0.00
-0.20
0.20
-0.18
-0.15
-0.05
-0.23
-0.1 3

-0.08
-0.08
-0.08
-0.05
-0.03
-0.03
-0.05
-0.03
0.00
-0.10

1.71
1.63
2.62
2.47
2.42
3.54
4.43
4.43
5.65
5.45
5.27
5.12
5.07
4.84
4.71

4.63
4.55
4.47
4.42
4.39
4.41
4.51
4.48
5.09
5.22

0.00
1 .09
0.00
0.00
1 .1 2
0.94
0.00
1 .42
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.1 5
0.00
0.61
0.23
0.00

160

1.71
2.72
2.62
2.47
3.54
4.48
4.43
5.85
5.65
5.45
5.27
5.12
5.07
4.84
4.71

4.63
4.55
4.47
4.42
4.44
4.56
4.51
5.09
5.32
5.22

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Appendix C - Traffic summary for system study

 

Fall 2003
Day Date # of Passes Total Passes
1 11-Aug 2 2
2 12-Aug 2 4
3 13-Aug 2 6
4 14-Aug 2 8
5 15-Aug 2 10
7 17-Aug 2 12
8 18-Aug 2 14
9 19-Aug 2 16
10 20-Aug 2 18
1 1 21 -Aug 2 20
12 22-Aug 2 22
16 26-Aug 4 26
17 27-Aug 4 30
18 28-Aug 4 34
19 29-Aug 2 36
22 1-Sep 4 40
23 2-Sep 2 42
26 5-Sep 4 46
30 9-Sep 4 50
31 10-Sep 2 52
32 11-Sep 4 56
33 12-Sep 2 58
36 15—Sep 2 60
37 16-Sep 2 62
39 18-Sep 4 66
44 23-Sep 2 68
46 25-Sep 4 72
50 29-Sep 4 76
52 1-Oct 2 78
53 2-Oct 2 80
54 3-0ct 2 82
57 6-Oct 2 84
58 7-Oct 2 86
60 9-Oct 4 90
61 10-Oct 2 92
64 13-Oct 2 94
65 14-Oct 2 96
66 15-Oct 2 98
67 16-Oct 2 100
68 17-Oct 2 102
72 21 -Oct 4 106
74 23-Oct 4 110
75 24-Oct 2 112

161

Spring 2004

 

 

Day Date # of Passes Total Passes
234 31 -Mar 4 116
236 2-Apr 2 118
239 5-Apr 4 122
240 6-Apr 2 124
241 7-Apr 2 126
242 8-Apr 2 128
243 9-Apr 2 130
246 12-Apr 2 132
250 16-Apr 4 136
253 19-Apr 4 140
255 21 -Apr 2 142
257 23-Apr 4 146
260 26-Apr 4 150
262 28-Apr 4 154
264 30-Apr 2 156
267 3-May 2 158
268 4-May 4 162
271 7-May 4 166
275 11-May 4 170
276 12-May 4 174
278 14-May 4 178
281 17-May 2 180
284 20-May 4 184
285 21-May 4 188
290 26-May 4 192
292 28-May 4 196
Fall 2004
Day Date # of Passes Total Passes
372 16-Aug 4 200
373 17-Aug 4 204
374 18-Aug 4 208
375 19-Aug 4 212
376 20-Aug 4 216
380 24-Aug 4 220
381 25-Aug 2 222
382 26-Aug 2 224
383 27-Aug 4 228
387 31-Aug 4 232
389 2-Sep 4 236
390 3Sep 2 238
393 6-Sep 4 242
395 8-Sep 2 244
396 9-Sep 4 248
401 14-Sep 4 252
402 15-Sep 2 254
404 17-Sep 4 258

162

407
409
41 1
41 4
41 5
41 7

20-Sep
22-Sep
24-Sep
27-Sep
28-Sep
30-Sep
1 -Oct

7-Oct
8-Oct
1 1 -Oct
1 2-Oct
1 3-0ct
14-0ct
1 9-Oct
20-Oct
21 -Oct
26-Oct
27-Oct
28-Oct
2-N ov
3-Nov
4-Nov
5-Nov
9-Nov
1 O-Nov
1 1-N ov

hNhNth#N#§§NN&§NNN§#§NNNNN#N

163

260
264
266
268
270
272
274
278
282
286
288
290
292
296
300
302
304
308
31 2
31 6
31 8
322
326
328
332
334
338

 

 

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