2.... :u ..i,...4hL..i
ii a: N!
. ....

t
2:.sv:
5.3.20. .
. it: .
:
.lv.
:1... e
:5. JV...
.: 3

r4!»
)2 . ‘ 1:: a:

.. a .2 : is...

{3... (.31 .
33. i 432..
a. a

I...) Sill! ‘ 1
.. 1.1. .P uh“). {5.4: I.
5.» ﬁr...“ \..rlat!._.)v

a: Likiaﬁmn

_ . .t‘

r .. . .3... 35:35.3... .
t .

ﬂaw-:3

 

 

3.2:.
3.1.. i)
1 EOE—v. .

J. .: 559. a...
‘h 415‘. .11

.2
kin...»

._ , ..
a}

.1:

§ . .5 521-1.!

.2 19...... .23 , i ,l‘-

. .. 33.1.1.“ 1

1.. 2x r311». ..
4 :1

l»..v.
‘12:). 2 .3!
(Width! 14';

I)? v .2-

.1, u > «o:
pays...)

 

 

:v...
.lzga-‘l r (it: .kltlivyr .o n.
I a .- . r ; ..

....tri'$

 

10')?

This is to ceitify that the
thesis entitled

HEALTH PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FRAMEWORK FOR
HOMES BASED ON “WHOLE HOUSE” AND “LEED”
APPROACHES

presented by
GOPU GOPINATHAN PILLAI

has been accepted towards fulﬁllment
of the requirements for the

MS. degree in Construction Management
Program

MéW

Major Profesﬂ’s Signature
Dec ~ é / Z? w E

Date

 

 

 

MSU is an Afﬁrmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution

 

 

—....--i--—-a-

 

 

HERA—RY
Michigan State
University

 

 

 

 

PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record.
To AVOID FINES return on or before date due.
MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested.

 

DATE DUE

DATE DUE

DATE DUE

 

i1;

59.6 .9 ,3 .08,“

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2/05 p:lClRC/DateDue.indd-p.1

 

 

 

HEALTH PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
FRAMEWORK FOR HOMES BASED ON “WHOLE
HOUSE” AND “LEED” APPROACHES

By

Gopu Gopinathan Pillai

A THESIS
Submitted to
Michigan State University
in the partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE

Construction Management Program

2006

ABSTRACT

HEALTH PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FRAMEWORK FOR
HOMES BASED ON “WHOLE HOUSE” AND “LEED”
APPROACHES

By

GOpu Gopinathan Pillai

Indoor air may be more polluted than outside air. Since Americans often spent
most of their time indoors, Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ) has received much
attention lately. IEQ problems often result in negative impacts to occupant health.
Various physical, chemical and biological processes determine the fate of IEQ. IEQ
problems can be attributed to negative interactions between building systems.

“Whole House” approach promotes the idea that the home be viewed as a system
composed of different components which work together, so that negative interactions
between various building systems can be avoided. External environment is inextricably
connected to the indoor environment. The “LEED” green building criteria utilizes the
whole system approach, with the intent to minimize environment damage attributable to
buildings; while enhancing occupant health, safety and comfort.

Various health effects associated with IEQ in homes were analyzed and a Health
Performance Criteria Framework was developed through research, by utilizing the
“Whole House” approach and the “LEED” criteria. This framework will help in
developing the criteria for an ideal “Whole House” that epitomizes the situation where all
involved building systems work synergistically, thereby enhancing the health

performance of the home and avoiding any negative interactions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am extremely grateful to Dr. Matt Syal for his continued support and guidance
throughout the span of this thesis. I acknowledge that he literally hand molded much of

my academic and personal growth during this period of time.

I would like to thank Dr. Joanne Westphal for sharing her expertise in human

health. I also wish to acknowledge the support and guidance of Dr. Tariq Abdelhamid.

I would like to acknowledge my family, especially my mother, Geetha Pillai and

father, Gopinathan Pillai for their love and support.
I would like to thank Mallik Chaganti, Lori Swarup and Jimish Gandhi for their

encouragement and advice when I started working on this thesis. Finally I am grateful to

Shilpi Mago and Parth Kembavi for their assistance and support.

iii

- TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview ...................................................................................... 2
1.2 Need statement ............................................................................... 5
1.2.1 Indoor environment and human health ........................................... 6
1.2.2 Physical, chemical and biological processes in the indoor environment... 10
1.2.3 Green buildings .................................................................... 10
1.2.4 “Whole House” and building systems integration ............................ 12
1.2.5 Need for health performance criteria framework for homes ................ 13
1.3 Goal and objectives ........................................................................ 14
1.3.1 Objectives .......................................................................... 14
1 .4 Methodology ................................................................................ 14
1.4.1 Objective 1 .......................................................................... 14
1.4.2 Objective 2 ......................................................................... 15
1.4.3 Objective 3 ......................................................................... 16
1.5 Research scope and uniqueness .......................................................... 17
1.6 Research outcomes ......................................................................... 18
1.7 Summary .................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 21
2.2 Results of prior NSF research ............................................................. 21
2.3 Indoor Environment Quality .............................................................. 23
2.3.1 Indoor Air Quality ................................................................. 24
2.3.1.1 Indoor air pollutants ...................................................... 24
2.3.2 Temperature ........................................................................ 32
2.3.3 Humidity ........................................................................... 32
2.3.4 Ventilation ......................................................................... 33
2.3.5 Lighting ............................................................................ 34
2.3.6 Noise ................................................................................ 34
2.4 IEQ and health effects ..................................................................... 35
2.4.1 Health effects of indoor air pollutants .......................................... 35
2.4.2 Health problems caused by biological air pollutants ......................... 35
2.4.3 Sick building syndrome .......................................................... 37
2.4.4 Planning, design and construction measures to improve occupant
health ................................................................................ 38
2.5 The “Whole House” approach ............................................................ 39
2.5.1 The “Whole House” roadmap ................................................... 40
2.5.2 The PATH concept home ......................................................... 41
2.6 Green design and construction ............................................................ 42

iv

2.6.1 Sustainable development and the green building concept ................... 43

2.7 Summary .................................................................................... 43
CHAPTER 3
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
3.1 Overview ..................................................................................... 46
3.2 “Whole House” design and evaluation .................................................. 46
3.2.1 “Whole House” performance calculator ........................................ 48
3.2.1.1 The Battelle method ...................................................... 49
3.2.1.2 Structure of the “Whole House” calculator ........................... 50
3.2.1.3 Sample calculation with “Whole House” calculator ................. 53
3.2.2 “Whole House” performance criteria framework ............................. 55
3.2.2.1 Sample application of “Whole House” performance criteria ...... 57
3.3 Evaluation of health impacts of buildings .............................................. 59
3.3.1 Health impact matrix for planning, design and construction of built
environment ........................................................................ 59
3.4 Green building design and evaluation ................................................... 60
3.4.1 LEED-NC green building rating system ....................................... 65
3.4.1.1 Sustainable sites .......................................................... 67
3.4.1.2 Water efficiency .......................................................... 68
3.4.1.3 Energy and atmosphere .................................................. 70
3.4.1.4 Materials and resources .................................................. 72
3.4.1.5 Indoor environmental quality ........................................... 73
3.4.1.6 Innovation and design process .......................................... 75
3.4.2 LEED-H green homes rating system ........................................... 76
3.4.2.1 Indoor environmental quality ........................................... 77
3.5 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) ...................................................... 82
3.6 Summary .................................................................................... 83
CHAPTER 4
HEALTH PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FRAMEWORK
4.1 Overview. .' .................................................................................. 86
4.2 Health matrix based on LEED requirements ........................................... 87
4.2.1 The LEED-NC health matrix .................................................... 88
4.2.2 The LEED-H health matrix ...................................................... 89
4.3 Health impacts of green buildings on occupants ....................................... 89
4.3.1 Relevant physical, chemical and biological interactions and processes. . .92
4.3.2 Health performance attributes ................................................... 92
4.4 ' Deﬁning building systems ................................................................ 93
4.4.1 Health performance goals ........................................................ 94
4.4.2 Building systems Desi gn/Construction/Integration strategies ............... 96
4.5 Health performance criteria framework ................................................. 97
4.5.1 Structure of health performance criteria framework .......................... 99
4.5.2 Scoring system for the health performance criteria framework. . . . . . . . 100
4.6 Summary ................................................................................... 104

CHAPTER 5
FEEDBACK AND CASE STUDY APPLICATIONS

5.1 Overview ................................................................................... 107
5.2 Sample “Health Performance Criterion” ............................................... 107
5.3 Scoring system for the sample criterion ................................................ 109
5.3.1 Relative weights of building systems and health performance
attributes ........................................................................... 109
5.4 Case study applications .................................................................. 114
5.4.1 LEED assumptions ............................................................... 114
5.4.2 Site built home ................................................................... 116
5.4.3 Factory built home ............................................................... 1 19
5.4.4 Hybrid home ..................................................................... 120
5.4.5 Comparison of the criterion application on three case studies. . . . . . ..121
5.5 Feedback on the health performance criteria framework ........................... 124
5.5.1 First stage feedback — general observations .................................. 124
5.5.2 Second stage feedback — general observations .............................. 125
5.6 Summary ................................................................................... 127
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
6.1 Overview ................................................................................... 129
6.2 Summary ................................................................................... 132
6.2.1 Objective 1 ........................................................................ 132
6.2.2 Objective 2 ........................................................................ 133
6.2.3 Objective 3 ........................................................................ 135
6.3 Conclusions and inferences .............................................................. 138
6.4 Areas of future research .................................................................. 140
APPENDICES ..................................................................................... 144
APPENDIX A - “Whole House” Performance Criteria Framework ........................ 145
APPENDIX B — LEED-NC Checklist .......................................................... 150
APPENDIX C — THE LEED-NC Health Matrix .............................................. 153
APPENDIX D — THE LEED-H Health Matrix ................................................ 197
APPENDIX E — Case study application: Site built home ..................................... 215
APPENDIX F - Case study application: Factory built home ................................ 228
APPENDIX G — Case study application: Hybrid home ...................................... 237
REFERENCES .................................................................................... 246

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Research effort and related topics .................................................... 5
Figure 1.2: Relationship between design of homes and health/comfort of
occupants .............................................................................. 6
Figure 4.1: Model for generating health performance goals and building systems D/C/I
strategies ............................................................................. 97
Figure 4.2: Health Performance Criteria Framework - Health performance goals. . . . . ...101
Figure 4.3: Health Performance Criteria Framework - Building systems D/C/I
strategies ............................................................................. 102
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Whole House Performance Criteria Framework (Swamp 2005) ................ 56
Table 3.2a: Factors of built environment ......................................................... 61
Table 3.2b: Factors of built enviromnent — Causative factors ................................. 62
Table 3.2c: Factors of built environment — Health effects ...................................... 63
Table 3.3: LEED credit system for Indoor Environment Quality (LEED-NC 2.1). . . .66
Table 4.1: LEED-NC health matrix ............................................................... 90
Table 4.2: LEED-H health matrix ...................................................................................... 91
Table 4.3: Framework for generating health performance goals and building systems
D/C/I strategies ...................................................................... 98
Table 5.1: Scale of relative importance for pair-wise comparison (Dey 2002). . . . . . . . ....104
Table 5.2: Matrix of comparison for building systems affecting IAQ ..................... 105
Table 5.3: Normalized matrix for building systems affecting IAQ ......................... 106
Table 5.4: Relative weights for building systems affecting IAQ ............................. 106
Table 5.5: Adjusted relative weights for building systems affecting health performance
attributes ................................................................................ 107
Table 5.6: Adjusted relative weights for attributes affecting the health performance of a
home .................................................................................... 107
Table 5.7: Comparison of health performance scores for case study homes ............... 115

vii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

Research ﬁmded by National Science Foundation [NSF] and other sponsoring agencies at
Michigan State University [MSU] and Purdue University focused on improving the
efﬁciency of housing production process and housing production facility. Emphasis was
placed on various aspects of the production process, facility layout and material supply
chain, with the overall goal of being able to produce homes, faster at lower costs and with
high quality (Senghore 2001, Hammad 2001, Chitla 2002, Barriga 2003, Syal et a1 2002,
Hammad 2003, Jeong 2003, Barshan 2003, Banerjee 2003, Sabharwal 2004). However,
lately the focus is shifting towards the very design of house itself and the interactions of
building systems. This logical transition is a part of the national trend known as the

“Whole House” approach (PATH 2001, PATH 2003, Swarup 2005).

The “Whole House” approach is rooted on the idea of “systems thinking” in design,
construction and maintenance of homes. The involvement of large number of trades in
home building causes each building system to be dealt in isolation and discreetly
optimized, resulting in negative interactions among them. Systems fail to function
efﬁciently leading to development of deﬁciencies in the performance of home. In order to
solve this problem researchers are focusing on the interactions between various building
systems and integration possibilities between them, with the objective of improving the

overall performance of homes ( O’Brien et a1. 2005, Swarup 2005).

The “Whole House” approach views the home as a system composed of different

components that must work together. The challenge is to use the synergies among

building systems to better the performance of the home. According to the “Whole House
roadmap,” the “Whole House” approach is based on “Total systems integration, which
leads to (1) an understanding of the impact of various systems on other aspects of the
house and, (2) use the understanding of the impact of systems interactions, for better
future designs with the goal of both avoiding unintended negative interactions and

improving performance without increasing cost” (PATH 2003).

Performance attributes and expectations from a home may vary according to individual
requirements and broadly refers to the characteristics that the design of a home must
achieve to be considered as a “Whole House” (Swarup 2005). Occupant health is an
important performance expectation that has received much attention lately. Various
studies point to the effects of the design of a home on the health of its occupants (Levin
1989, Fisk et al 2002). Indoor air quality (IAQ) is considered to be a critical part of the
residential occupant health performance (DoH, Washington 1999). Though several
reasons can be attributed to the decline in indoor air quality, the major cause can be

traced back to isolated optimization of building systems to achieve energy efﬁciency

(Bass eta12003).

During the 1970’s, the cost of energy increased by almost ten times due to the energy
crisis, triggering research and development initiatives focusing on energy conservation
and better envelope design. Most of these initiatives concentrated on saving energy by
decreasing ventilation, thereby reducing the amount of outside air that needs to be heated

or conditioned. Reduced ventilation together with increasing use of synthetic building

materials has led to a rise in concentrations of indoor pollutants and associated health
implications (DoH Washington 1999). These factors, combined with less than optimal
performance in temperature comfort, humidity control, lighting, acoustics and
ergonomics has the potential to seriously undermine the indoor environmental quality
(IEQ) of homes. Research has associated indoor environmental quality with occupant
health and comfort (Fisk 2005, Wood 2003). The adoption of the “Whole House”
approach can assist in the understanding and subsequently, improving the health and

environmental performance of homes.

Indoor environmental quality is intrinsically related to the quality of external
environment and the impact of buildings on the overall environment needs to be
understood in a proper perspective. The concept of ‘Green Buildings” promotes the idea
of sustainable buildings with limited environmental and human health impacts. The
United States Green Building Council (USGBC) has developed the Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design (LEED) green building rating system to rate this category of
buildings. The “LEED” criterion has separate provisions for new construction (LEED-
NC), homes (LEED-H) and neighborhood development (LEED-ND). Green buildings
purportedly have environmental, economic, health and safety beneﬁts associated with

both the external and internal environs of a building (U SGBC 2005).

Figure 1.1 shows all the topics that are relevant to this research effort —- health
performance of homes, physical-chemical-biological processes related to Indoor

Environment Quality, the Green Building concept and the “Whole House” Approach.

 

 

Health Performance Physical-Chemical-
of Homes Biological
Processes & IEQ

 

 

 

 

 

 

        

 

 

 

 

 

 

I I I I I I g
I I
I I
I I
I I
: Research Effort I
- :
I I
I I
II I I I I I '|
Green Building “Whole House"
Concept Approach

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1.1: Research effort and related topics

1.2 Need statement

Current research is pointing towards the fact that indoor air may be more polluted than
outside air (DoH, Washington 1999). This is exacerbated by the fact that Americans
oﬁen spent most of their time indoors, in the artiﬁcial controlled environments of
buildings (Klepeis et al. 2001). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH) investigators have found Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ) problems caused
by ventilation system deﬁciencies, overcrowding, off gassing from materials in the ofﬁce
and mechanical equipment, tobacco smoke, microbiological contamination, and outside
air pollutants. NIOSH researchers have also found comfort problems due to improper
temperature and relative humidity conditions, poor lighting, and unacceptable noise

levels, as well as adverse ergonomic conditions, and job related psychosocial stressors

(NIOSH 2005). All these factors can lead to signiﬁcant health issues. Many of these

factors can be attributed to negative interactions between building systems and can be
solved through the systems integration approach. Figure 1.2 shows the relationship

between design of homes and the health and comfort of occupants.

Indoor Environmental
Quality (IEQ)

.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII‘

- Indoor Air

: Quality :
: -Thermal Comfort 5
2 -Humidity Control : Health,
Design of ‘ “Ventilation : ‘ Safety.
Homes 5 Effectiveness : Comfort of
: ILighting : occupants
: -Acoustics :
: -Ergonomics E

Figure 1.2: Relationship between design of homes and health/comfort of occupants

There is a deﬁnite need for research to analyze health effects associated with indoor
environmental quality in the framework of physical, chemical and biological processes
involved; and ﬁnd solutions by utilizing the “Whole House” approach and the “LEED”
criteria. Various aspects related to indoor environment, driving processes, the green
building concept and “Whole House” approach, which have implications for occupant

health are covered in the following sections.

1.2.1 Indoor environment and human health
From 1992 through 1994, the US. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted
the probability-based National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS). The results

showed that Americans spent, on average, 87% of their time indoors. This was broken

down into 69% of the time at home and 18% of the time indoors, but not at home
including work, bar, school, shopping, church, restaurant, and various other
microenvironments. Also sociological studies suggest that the time Americans spend
indoors has remained fairly uniform over the past few decades (Klepeis et a1. 2001). The
importance of these studies lies in the fact that a majority of our lives are spent in the
artiﬁcial controlled environments of buildings, particularly homes. So it is imperative that
the indoor environment be designed to avoid negative effects on occupant health and to

enhance their wellbeing.

In July 1976, a mysterious acute respiratory illness - Legionnaires disease - struck 182
delegates to an American Legion convention in Philadelphia. The cause was later found
to be a strain of bacteria called Legionella pneumophila, found in close proximity of
stagnant water zones inside buildings. Highly publicized issues like the Legionnaires
disease and Sick Building Syndrome (SBS), brought health effects associated with
buildings, to the attention of research community (LHC 1990). Some other common
negative health effects associated with buildings includes: allergy, asthma, chest
infections, eye problems, headache, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, humidiﬁer fever,
lethargy, nasal problems, nausea, dizziness, respiratory infections, skin problems and
throat problems. Some of the chemical contaminants found inside buildings are known

carcinogens (e. g., radon).

Indoor environment quality problems can also result in stress and mental fatigue. The

acute problems associated with stress include headaches, digestive disorders, fatigue and

lethargy, sleeping problems, skin disorders and reduced immunological response.
Fluctuations in some components of indoor environment like temperature and humidity
can lead to feelings of discomfort (LHC 1990). Most of these impacts on occupant health
can be directly attributed to decline in indoor environment quality [IEQ] (Fisk 2005, Fisk
2002, EPA 1994, LHC 1990). IEQ takes into account aspects of Indoor Air Quality
(IAQ), indoor temperature, humidity, ventilation, lighting, acoustics and ergonomic

design.

Reductions in adverse health effects associated with Indoor Environmental Quality can
lead to possible productivity gains and savings in comparatively higher health care costs.
The annual cost associated with respiratory infections in the US. is approximately $64
billion. It is suggested that building and ventilation characteristics can inﬂuence the rates
of respiratory disease by a factor of approximately 1.2 to 2. The annual cost associated
with allergies and asthma is about $13 billion in United States. This includes both direct
medical expenditures and indirect costs, e.g., loss of work. Control measures can be
targeted at the homes or ofﬁces of susceptible individuals, which can result in a 10% to
30% reduction in symptoms and associated costs. With this estimate, the materialized
annual savings would be $1 billion to $4 billion. Responses to Sick Building Syndrome
(SBS) have included costly changes in the building or in some cases have lead to costly
litigation. It is estimated that the productivity decrease caused by SBS equals 2%. As
SBS is primarily associated with ofﬁce buildings and the annual gross national product of
ofﬁce workers was approximately $2.5trillion in the 1990’s, the estimated annual cost of

SBS is $50 billion (Fisk & Rosenfeld 1997).

Buildings are complex environments, which can trap and concentrate pollutants as well
as generate them. Nearly all materials used in buildings shed particles or give off gases,
particularly when new. Outside pollutants also ﬁnd their way into buildings through air
intakes and inadequate ﬁltering systems. Airborne pollutants can be either chemical or
biological in nature. When air monitoring for any of these substances is carried out, levels
are likely to be below those considered to be 'acceptable' or 'safe'. However, little is
lmown about the health effects of long-term exposure to low levels for many of these
chemicals and some people are sensitive to extremely low concentrations of toxic agents.
Temperature, humidity and air movement are also main factors inﬂuencing comfort and
these factors often interact. For example, if the air is very humid, the temperature appears
to be warmer than it would be in drier air (LHC 1990). Temperature and humidity
conditions also play a critical role in the grth of mold and off gassing from building

materials (EPA 2005).

Lighting is signiﬁcantly associated with indoor environment quality. Glare, ﬂicker, lack
of contrast, inadequate illumination or unsuitable spot lighting can all lead to health
problems and discomfort. Conventional white ﬂuorescent lighting should be replaced
with non-ﬂuorescent lighting and as much daylight as possible since it is likely to cause
eyestrain and headaches. Noise is another factor that people ﬁnd particularly stressful in
indoor environments. Noise that is too loud for comfort is intrusive whether it is a single,
unexpected sound or a continuous one (LHC 1990). Since health performance of homes
is associated with the above mentioned aspects of Indoor Environment Quality, it is

imperative that they should be studied in detail.

1.2.2 Physical, chemical and biological processes in the indoor environment

Various physical, chemical and biological processes determine the fate of IAQ, indoor
temperature, humidity, ventilation, lighting and acoustical aspects of IEQ in buildings.
Physical processes like air ﬂow, air mixing and energy transfer across envelope induce
changes in temperature, humidity ventilation effectiveness and airborne level of indoor
pollutants. Chemical interactions involving sorption, volatilization and dissolution
processes, hydrolysis, photolysis, redox reactions etc. have substantial effect on
concentration of chemical pollutants in indoor air (ESP 2005, Arens & Baughman
1996a). Condensation process and microbial growth often decides the fate of biological
pollutants. Many of these processes are often interrelated and the effects they cause are a
result of combined action. For example, thermal and vapor pressure gradients across
envelope can lead to condensation, which often results in microbial growth that produces
biological pollutants (Arens & Baughman 1996b). The various interactions between
building systems and the physical, chemical and biological processes associated with
them should be studied ﬁrst, in order to better understand the issue of health performance

of homes.

1.2.3 Green buildings

Indoor environment quality cannot exist in isolation since it is intrinsically related to the
quality of the external environment (LEED 2003).‘So it is necessary to consider the
impact of buildings on the external enviromnent, while planning for a healthy indoor
environment. Buildings can play an important role in deciding the fate of the environment

‘ ‘ o I
by reducing the negative impacts. US constructlon market represents 20% of the national

10

economy. Buildings represent 39% of US. primary energy use and 12.2% of all potable
water use. Buildings are major contributors to global warming since about one quarter
('A) of the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is attributed to the building sector
worldwidei It is estimated that buildings use 40% of raw materials globally. Also
building construction often results in destruction of natural areas and biodiversity.
According to EPA, building related construction and demolition generated 136 million

tons of debris in a single year in United States (GBFS 2005).

" Residential building industry alone accounts for 20% of all energy consumption in United
States (Koeleian et al. 2005):. (On average, a home built between 1990 and 2001
consumed about 12,800 kWh per year for space and water heating, cooling, and lights
and appliances. Total energy expenditures during a year cost these homeowners about
$1,600. The mean per capita indoor daily water use in today’s homes is slightly over 64
gallons (NAHB 2004). It is evident that the impact of buildings, particularly housing
industry, on the environment is substantial. If the grth pattern continues like this, it can

result in serious environmental consequences and depletion of ﬁnite resources.

The Green building concept addresses these issues and strives to signiﬁcantly reduce the
negative impact of buildings on the environment (LEED 2005)‘. ASTM deﬁnes a green”;
building as — “a building that provides the speciﬁed building performance requirements
while minimizing disturbance to and improving the functioning of local, regional, and
global ecosystems both during and after its construction and speciﬁed service life”

(ASTM 2005).VThe “LEED” green building criteria utilizes the whole system approach,

11

with the intent to minimize environmental damage attributable to the built environment,
while enhancing occupant health, safety and comfort (LEED 2005 a). Study of “LEED”
criteria was utilized in the development of health performance criteria framework for

homes.

1.2.4 “Whole House” and building systems integration

Due to several reasons including fragmentation of the industry, availability, or lack
thereof, of new techniques and a large number of trades involved in the building process,
it is difﬁcult to affect change in a complex industry such as home building. Assimilation
of new technology is slow and the industry has remained unchanged for a large period of
time. Therefore, the inherent inefﬁciencies, which are inbuilt into the production process,
remain. Each building system is dealt with separately such that there are inevitable
negative interactions among them. In order to combat this trend, systems integration

techniques must be adopted (PATH 2001).

The “Whole House” approach promotes the idea that the home be viewed as a system
composed of different components which work together (Swarup 2005). It is the author’s
opinion that many of the negative health effects associated with indoor environments can
be attributed to negative interactions between various building systems. There is a need to
explore the potential of the “Whole House” approach in improving the indoor

environment quality, with associated occupant health and comfort beneﬁts.

12

1.2.5 Need for health performance criteria framework for homes

Previous research in the “Whole House” domain concentrated on developing a broad
criteria framework and rating system for designing and evaluating the performance of
homes based on the building systems integration approach. These researchers have
stressed the need for expanding this research domain by including health and IEQ aspects
related to housing (Swarup 2005, O’Brien et al. 2005). Due to limited scientiﬁc effort
within the area of indoor environment quality as it relates to design and construction of
buildings and also, due to the fact that research on indoor environment and health
involves many scientiﬁc disciplines and not often reﬂected in the literature, there is a

deﬁciency of knowledge in this area as it applies to buildings and housing.

There are a few multidisciplinary studies that are mainly done with an emphasis on one
or a few disciplines, and the peer-review process in scientiﬁc journals mostly uses
expertise ﬁom mainly one discipline. Published studies are thus often excellent in one or
few disciplines but can have major ﬂaws in other, equally important disciplines (Sundell
& Nordling 2003, Bomehag et a1 2004). Multidisciplinary studies within the framework
of building systems integration and environment responsive design should address these
deﬁciencies. There is a deﬁnite need for developing a health performance criteria
framework for homes by incorporating the “Whole House” approach, the LEED criteria
and the understanding of the physical, chemical and biological processes in the indoor

and exterior environment.

13

1.3 Goal and objectives
Goal: To develop a framework for the design and construction of healthy homes.
The framework is intended as a tool for the development of criteria that will ensure the

health performance during the design and construction of homes.

1.3.1 Objectives
1. To deﬁne the attributes of a healthy home with focus on IEQ.
2. To explore “Whole House” and “LEED” approaches for health impacts.

3. To develop a health performance criteria framework for homes.

1.4 Methodology
The proposed research was comprised of the following steps. Each research objective

indicated above is associated with one or more of the steps as described below.

1.4.1 Objective 1:
Deﬁne the attributes of a healthy home with focus on Indoor Environmental Quality
(IEQ)-
Step 1: Literature review of all four aspects related to the research.
1. “Whole House” and building systems integration.
2. “LEED” green building criteria.
3. Health impacts associated with Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ).
4. Physical, chemical and biological interactions in buildings, related to occupant

health.

14

Step 2: Identify attributes that deﬁne Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ).
Literature review of health impacts associated with IEQ and associated physical,
chemical and biological interactions aided in identifying the attributes that determine the

quality of the indoor environment.

1.4.2 Objective 2:
To explore “Whole House” and “LEED” approaches for health impacts.
Step 3: Define all applicable building systems.
All relevant building systems/sub systems were deﬁned through literature review.
Step 4: Review health impacts of “LEED” criteria.
Literature study was conducted to identify the health impacts of LEED criteria related to:
a. LEED for new construction.
b. LEED for homes, with emphasis on indoor environment quality.
Step 5: Develop a framework for associating health impacts related to Indoor
Environment Quality (IEQ) with physical, chemical, biological interactions in the
indoor environment, and relevant attributes of IEQ.
This framework was developed with an intention to effectively link health effects
associated with Indoor Environment Quality with physical, chemical and biological
interactions and attributes of IEQ. This step is only relevant for attributes that can be
controlled from a design point of view.
Step 6: Establish a model for generating systems integration strategies to improve
the health performance of homes.

This model will allow the user to generate or choose strategies involving the integration

15

of various building systems, to improve the health performance of a home. The user can
make informed physical decisions regarding the integration when two or more building
systems need to be integrated with each other in order to improve performance related to

a particular attribute of IEQ.

1.4.3 Objective 3:

Develop a health performance criteria framework for homes.

The format for the framework was based on the one developed for “Whole House”
performance (Swarup 2005). The existing format was expanded to incorporate the health
performance scoring system.

Step 7: Explore expansion potential of the existing “Whole House” performance
criteria framework to include health performance.

This step involved the integration of health performance into the existing “Whole House”
performance criteria framework.

Step 8: Frame a scoring system for evaluating health performance.

This scoring system will help to evaluate the capability of each systems integration
strategy to maintain an ideal indoor environment. The system integration strategies were
scored against the attributes that determine the quality of indoor environment.

Step 9: Case study application of the scoring system for health performance and
development of an example criteria.

The scoring system was applied to three case study homes to verify its effectiveness in
assessing the health performance. An example criterion was formulated to demonstrate

the usage of the framework.

16

Step 10: Feedback and finalize the health performance criteria framework.
Feedback on the health performance criteria ﬁamework was obtained through interviews
with researchers and industry professionals involved in healthy and sustainable housing

initiatives. Necessary changes were incorporated and the framework was ﬁnalized.

1.5 Research scope and uniqueness

The proposed research addressed the issues related to health and environmental
performance of homes from the “Whole house” and LEED perspectives. Both
performance topics are too extensive, and in order to make this thesis feasible at a
Masters Thesis level, the environment performance issue is addressed with focus on the
IEQ aspects. The research concentrated on the study of controllable attributes of an
indoor environment (e.g., indoor air quality, temperature). The factors that inﬂuence
indoor environment, but which cannot be controlled from a designer’s point of view (e.g.,
outdoor air quality, occupant behavior), were addressed generally. Design solutions for
them were proposed based on the author’s knowledge of the topic. The author
acknowledges the fact that social and economic factors can inﬂuence the indoor

environment in a variety of ways, but these were not included in the proposed research.

Literature review has revealed that only a limited number of studies have tried to address
the health issues associated with indoor environment from a physical/chemical/biological
Process perspective as it relates to building design and construction. For example, in
Order to understand the humidity related health effects; it is beneﬁcial to consider the life

CyCle of causative organisms in the context of the buildings (e.g., properties of surface

17

materials, mechanical systems and operation schedules and surrounding climate). Further
this research is unique in the sense that not many studies have concentrated on solving
indoor environment quality issues through the frame work of “building systems

integration” during the design and construction of buildings.

1.6 Research outcomes
The outcomes of this research are as follows:

1. Deﬁnition of attributes of a healthy indoor environment.

2. Organization of literature related to health effects associated with indoor
environment quality (IEQ) and related physical, chemical and biological
interactions.

3. Framework for criteria development for health performance of homes based on

“LEED” and “Whole House” approaches, with an example rating system.

1.7 Summary

This research focused on the health and comfort effects associated with indoor home
environment. Given that the indoor environment cannot exist in isolation from the
exterior environment, the research also addressed the issue of environmental performance
0f buildings. The issue of indoor environment quality was analyzed within a framework
0f physical, chemical and biological issues involved. This seems the most appropriate
approach because the attributes that deﬁne the indoor environment are interrelated.
Detailed study of these driving processes aided in a better understanding of potential

Indoor environment issues. The solutions for indoor environment quality issues were

18

discussed from the perspective of “Whole House” approach. This is a creditable approach
to adopt, because the root causes of many of the indoor environment issues may be traced
back to negative interactions or lack of integration between involved building systems.
The results from the research was consolidated and utilized to develop a framework for

criteria development for healthy indoor environments.

19

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

20

2.1 Introduction

This research is a continuing academic exploration, in the area of housing set out by the
National Science Foundation in the form of research grants awarded over the past 5-6
years. Previous research focused on improving the housing production process, housing
production facility design and the criteria framework development for the “Whole
House” approach. Here, the attempt is to address the health aspects of housing from
building systems integration, and green design and construction perspectives. The
following chapters review the body of literature relevant to this area including indoor
environmental quality, associated health effects, the “Whole House” approach and green

design and construction.

2.2 Results of prior NSF research

Until the National Science Foundation (NSF) intervened, limited research work had been
completed in the area of manufactured housing. NSF has funded two projects so far
(NSF-CMS 0080209 and NSF-CMS 0229856) at Michigan State University and Purdue
University/University of Cincinnati to focus on manufactured housing production, facility
layout, and material supply chain process, along with an effort to deﬁne “whole house”
production (Syal et a1 2004). The ﬁrst research project focused on modeling the
manufactured housing production and material ﬂow process and developing simulation
models to identify the bottlenecks in this process with ﬁirther explorations into
preliminary aspects of production facility layout. The following theses and reports were
PTOduced as a part of this research project and other related research efforts, at Michigan

State University and Purdue University/University of Cincinnati.

21

Production and Material Flow Process Model for Manufactured Housing Industry
(Senghore 2001)

Simulation Modeling for Manufactured Housing Processes (Abu Hammad 2001)
Performance Assessment Of Planning Processes During Manufactured Housing
Production Operations Using Lean Production Principles (Chitla 2002)

Facilities Design Process of a Manufactured Housing Production Plant (Mehrotra
2002)

Manufactured Housing Industry: Material Flow and Management (Barriga 2003)

Manufactured Housing Trends and Building Codes (Syal et a1 2002)

The second research project consisted of two parts. The ﬁrst part focused on aspects of

production facility layout and supply chain management. The following theses and

reports were produced for this research effort.

Decision Support System (DSS) for Manufactured Housing Production Process
and Facility Design (Abu Hammad 2003)

Supply Chain Analysis and Simulation Modeling for the Manufactured Housing
Industry (J eong 2003)

Methodology for Evaluating and Ranking Manufactured Houses based on
Construction Value (Barshan 2003)

Material Flow based Analysis of Manufactured Housing Production Plant Facility

Layout (Banerj cc 2003)

22

I Integration of Production process and Material ﬂow by developing alternative
component assemblies in order to produce homes at lower costs within the factory
(Sabharwal 2004)

The second part consisted of investigating the home as a designed product and ﬁnding
ways to improve the design process, so that it can complement the production process.
“Whole House” criteria and hybrid house design were explored as a part of this effort.
The following theses were produced from this research effort:

I “Whole House” Performance Criteria Framework and its Application (Swarup
2005).

I Alternative Housing Systems: The Hybrid Home (Garcia 2005)

This thesis is also a part of the same research effort.

2.3 Indoor Environment Quality

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) investigators have found
IEQ problems caused by ventilation system deﬁciencies, overcrowding, off gassing from
materials in the ofﬁce and mechanical equipment, tobacco smoke, microbiological
contamination, and outside air pollutants. NIOSH has also found comfort problems due to
improper temperature and relative humidity conditions, poor lighting, and unacceptable
noise levels, as well as adverse ergonomic conditions, and job related psychosocial
stressors (NIOSH 2005). Based on these ﬁndings the parameters for indoor environment
quality are categorized into seven topics in this study: Indoor air quality, temperature,

humidity, ventilation, lighting, noise and ergonomics.

23

2.3.1 Indoor Air Quality

The National Health and Medical Research Council deﬁnes indoor air as the air within a
building occupied for a period of at least one hour by people of varying states of health.
Indoor air quality is now considered a signiﬁcant residential health issue. Current
research is pointing towards the fact that indoor air may be more polluted than outside
air. Several reasons are attributed to this phenomenon. During the seventies the cost of
energy increased by almost ten times due to the energy crisis, triggering research and
development initiatives focusing on energy conservation and better envelope design. All
these initiatives concentrated on saving energy by decreasing ventilation, thereby
reducing the amount of outside air that needs to be heated or conditioned. Reduced
ventilation together with increasing use of synthetic building materials has led to a rise in
concentrationsiof indoor pollutants and associated health implications (DoH, Washington

1999). NIOSH has categorized problems associated with poor indoor air quality into

(Georgia Tech 1997):
I Inadequate ventilation - 53% of cases
I Inside contaminant source - 15% of cases

I Outside contaminant source - 10% of cases
I Microbial growth - 5% of cases

I Building materials - 4% of cases

2.3.1.1 Indoor air pollutants (DoH, Washington 1999).

Indoor air pollutants can be divided into two broad categories - chemical and biological.

24

Chemical pollutants
1. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)

Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors than outdoors. A study by
the EPA, covering six communities in various parts of the United States, found indoor
levels up to ten times higher than those outdoors — even in locations with signiﬁcant
outdoor air pollution sources, such as petrochemical plants (EPA 1987). Product use
(e.g.: chemicals, air fresheners etc.) and occupant activities (e.g.: cooking, smoking)
signiﬁcantly inﬂuence the indoor VOC and PAH concentrations and emissions (Van
Winkle and Scheff 2001).Temperature inﬂuences the emission rate of VOC from indoor
materials and products. There are three phases for VOC emissions: the diffusion within
the material to the surface, the desorption from the surface and ﬁnally the evaporation
from the surface. All these processes proportionally increase with the temperature.
Additional VOC emissions may result from accelerated chemical reactions due to
increase in temperature. Indoor materials may be exposed to higher temperatures than
indoor air temperatures due to solar irradiation or ﬂoor heating (e. g: carpets, ﬂoor tiles)

(Van der wal et al. 1997).

1. Formaldehyde: Formaldehyde is a colorless, ﬂammable gas with a pungent odor. The
major sources of pollution in residences are building materials containing phenol,
urea, thiourea or melamine resins. They are found in plywood, glues used in furniture
construction, carpets and vinyl attachments. High relative humidity and increased
temperatures trigger the degradation of resins containing formaldehyde leading to
out-gassing. Negative health effects include irritant effects, sensitization and

carcinogenicity and asthmatic conditions (DTIR 1995). NIOSH recommends a 0.1

25

2.

PPM 15 minute ceiling. Selecting low-VOC products can prevent the problems
associated with formaldehyde. Other preventive measures are sealants and fumigation
treatments. Nitro-cellulose varnish or water-based polyurethane can be used to coat
the materials emitting formaldehyde, thereby sealing the source. The ﬁnal step should
be ventilating with fresh air to dilute the presence of chemical in indoor air
(Southface 2002).

Asbestos

Asbestos containing materials may be present in residences constructed prior to 1977.
The most probable locations are old pipe and furnace insulations, vinyl ﬂoor tiles,
textured paints, rooﬁng materials and home siding. Improper removal and handling of
the material aggravates contamination. Asbestos is a known carcinogenic. It can also
cause a lung disease called asbestosis. Safe level of exposure for asbestos has not
been established. Source removal is the primary control technique to prevent
contamination. Damaged areas can also be sealed with heat resistant paints and

sealers.

Radon

Radon gas is a naturally occurring radioactive element found in soils and rocks. It is
chemically inert, odorless and colorless. It enters the building through cracks or joints
in concrete slabs, sump pits and ﬂoor drains. Houses that are built directly on or in the
ground have a higher potential for problems. The limit to radon exposure is
established as four pico-Curies per liter (4 pCi/l). The primary health effect is the risk
of cancer. Sealing radon entry points with appropriate caulking material and covering

sumps and drains can reduce contamination. Improved basement or crawlspace

26

ventilation can also signiﬁcantly reduce the levels of radon. Mitigation systems are
available in the market for serious radon problems (Southface 2002).

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas which is a combustion by-product. The
main sources of indoor C0 are fumaces, ﬁreplaces, tobacco smoke and automobiles
in garages. CO’s afﬁnity to bind with hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule in
human blood, is 250 times greater than oxygen. So even low airborne concentrations
and long exposure times can result in CO poisoning. The National Ambient Air
Quality Standard establishes CO exposure levels at 9 PPM averaged over an eight-
hour period, or 35 PPM averaged over one hour. Health effects include headache,
dizziness, nausea, unconsciousness, and in severe cases death. Maintaining good
ventilation is the primary preventive measure for CO pollution. Active mechanical
ventilation for fuel burning appliances can also reduce exposure. CO alarms can warn
occupants when carbon monoxide levels become unsafe. Good tight construction
practices (enve10pe and duct systems) can block out carbon monoxide from garages
(Energy star 2005).

Carbon Dioxide

Though not considered as a pollutant, it can affect the general comfort of occupants.
Carbon Dioxide is a by-product of respiration and combustion. In order to maintain
occupant comfort, indoor levels of carbon dioxide should be preferably below
lOOOPPM. The effectiveness of ventilation system will be reﬂected in the indoor

levels of carbon dioxide (DTIR 1995).

27

6. Nitrogen Oxides
These are highly toxic and irritating gases mainly emanating from gas burning
appliances. Indoor concentrations should not exceed 0.05 PPM. Health effects
include headache, dizziness, nausea, respiratory illness and long-term damage to
bronchial airway and lung tissues. Harmful concentrations of nitrogen oxides in
indoor air can be prevented through good ventilation.

7. Respirable Suspended Particulates (RSP)
These are minute organic and inorganic particles suspended in the air, mostly by-
products of combustion. The main sources are tobacco smoke, wood smoke and un-
vented gas appliances. Though there are no indoor standards for RSP, EPA has
established an annual average outdoor standard of 15 ug/m3 (micrograms per cubic
meter) for P.M 2.5 type RSP and 50 ug/m3 (micrograms per cubic meter) for RM 10
type RSP. These particulates are small enough to be inhaled and often carry harmful
gases like radon and other substances into the lungs. The health effects include a

variety of respiratory illnesses.

Adequate ventilation, source substitution and improving combustion efﬁciency of
household equipments are the main control methods. Textile surface materials may
contribute to particle pollution in indoor environment and may emit chemical
compounds. This may cause mucosa] and allergic symptoms (Jaakkola et al. 1994;
Skov et al. 1990). Presence of plasticizers, viscosity modiﬁers and stabilizers makes
PVC materials, a potential source of emissions, which are usually long lasting. Since

plasticizers have a high afﬁnity for particles, they are capable of migrating from PVC

28

10.

11.

materials to house dust. Studies show that PVC materials may lead to bronchial
obstruction in young children (J aakkola et a1. 1999).

Chemicals used during construction

These include chemicals used to treat termite and carpenter ants. Some of these
chemicals may persist in the home environment for many months or years after
application. Most of these chemicals are toxic and have negative health effects.

Ozone

Ozone is a highly reactive and toxic gas. Equipments that causes ionization of the air
or uses ultraviolet light may produce ozone. It is generally found only near the source.
Ozone may irritate the eyes and respiratory tract (DTIR 1995).

Unpleasant odors

Though usually harmless they are considered offensive. Identifying the source and
quantifying the smell can be difﬁcult (DTIR 1995).

Other Indoor Pollutants

Lead

Lead contamination is usually through drinking water and lead based paints. Health
effects include slow mental development, learning and behavioral problems, damage
to nervous and reproductive systems and high blood pressure. Several tests are
available in the market for lead detection. Preventive solutions include replacing

painted item or covering over lead based paint (Hawks & Hansen 2002).

29

Biological pollutants
I. Mold and mildew

When excessive moisture or water accumulates indoors, mold grth will often
occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or un-addressed.
The main reason for mold infestation is water damage by; water leakage through
roofs, rising damp, defective plumbing installations, penetration of cleaning water
and condensation (Gravesen et al. 1999). Other reasons include water build into the
construction either from hardening concrete; building materials which have been
placed on the ground or out in the rain; and parts of the building exposed to rain

during the building process (Nielsen 2002).

The products most vulnerable to mold attacks are water damaged, aged organic
materials containing cellulose, such as wooden materials, wallpaper, and cardboard.
Other susceptible materials are linoleum and insulation materials for plumbing
installations (canvas). The deposition of dust and dirt, combined with long-lasting
penetration of water, may also lead to fungal growth on inorganic material such as
mineral wool (Gravesen et al. 1999). Kiln drying makes the surface of the wood more
susceptible to mold growth. OSB, plywood and MDF are more susceptible to mold
growth than solid wood, particleboard, acylated wood and wood-polyethylene
composites. Materials containing plasticizers [plastics] and resins such as
polyethylene, PVC, polyurethanes and ﬁber glass insulation are vulnerable to mold

growth. Waterbome paints also support mold growth (Nielsen 2002).

30

Presence of water is the key factor in the grth of molds. High relative humidities
(RH) are conductive to mold growth. Large local differences in ventilation and
surface temperatures is capable of generating micro climates with very high water
activity (aw), even in rooms with low relative humidities (RH).The minimal RH for
growth on wood-based materials and material containing starch is just below 80% at
room temperature, and rises with decreasing temperature. But since molds can grow
even in temperatures as low as —7°C, temperature cannot be effectively used to avoid
fungal grth in buildings. Transient conditions (ﬂuctuating humidity and
temperature: e.g. - bathrooms) greatly inﬂuence the mould growth (Nielsen 2002).

Temperature and humidity conditions play a critical role in the grth of mold.

The effective way to control indoor mold growth is to control moisture and dampness.
Since mold requires high relative humidity, reducing indoor humidity to 40-60
percent can also help in reducing mold growth. Maintaining proper site drainage,
waterprooﬁng basement walls and building airtight ﬂoors are important (EPA 2005).
Mould grth in air ﬁlters and in ventilation ducts is a potential health threat, as the
ventilation system will act as an effective carrier of the spores. Dust, painted surfaces
and ﬁber glass insulation materials in ventilation ducts may support mold grth
(Nielsen 2002). Right sized ’HVAC systems provide better temperature control while
removing excess humidity. Good tight construction practices (envelope and duct
systems) can block out moisture from entering the home (Energy star 2005). The

better method of solving mold problems is through creating new quality assurance

31

systems, which can be practically implemented during the building process, rather

than choosing or developing other materials (Nielsen 2002).

2. Dust mites and other microorganisms
Dust mites can cause allergic reactions and severe asthma attacks. Dust mites need
high relative humidity to grow. Reducing indoor humidity can keep dust mite

populations in check.

2.3.2 Temperature

Thermal conditions inside buildings can vary considerably with time and spatially within
buildings. The effects of temperature on comfort are broadly recognized. Room
temperature has potential impacts on prevalence of sick building syndrome symptoms
and occupant satisfaction with air quality. Research has shown that there is a linkage
between high temperatures and a higher prevalence of sick building syndrome. Low
temperatures can induce temporary deterioration in the dexterity of hands (Seppanen et
a1. 2002). It is suspected that temperature plays a crucial role in the growth of molds

(Nielsen 2002).

2.3.3 Humidity

Humidity has signiﬁcant associations with the concentrations of indoor biological and
chemical pollutants (Nielsen 2002, Arens & Baughman 1996a). Humidity promotes

growth on indoor surfaces and aids the escalation of mold, dust mite, bacteria and virus

32

populations. It can also affect air borne levels of non-biological pollutants. Spray
humidiﬁcation systems can create problems associated with contaminated aerosols.
Correlations between indoor air humidity and health effects are found to be often
building-speciﬁc. The biotic/health problems associated with any given level of interior
air humidity can be different for buildings in different types of climates and for different
types of environmental control systems. The factors that affect humidity related health

effects are (Arens & Baughman 1996b):
I Outdoor climate.

I Surface properties encountered across rooms and HVAC ducts, which includes

associated temperature, hygroscopicity, and air movement.
I Water in cooling and humidiﬁcation systems.
I Interrnittency of operation in cooling systems.

I Other moisture sources like rain penetration, rising damp, and plumbing leaks.

2.3.4 Ventilation

The purpose of ventilation is to bring outdoor air to the occupied zone and remove or
dilute indoor generated pollutants. Ventilation air is usually supplied through mechanical
ventilation systems or with the aid of natural forces (wind pressure, buoyancy effects,
etc.) caused by air temperature differences between indoor and outdoor air. Ventilation
air supplied to indoor areas can either be entirely outdoor air or be mixed with re-
circulated return air. Studies show that ventilation rates below 10 US per person are

associated with negative health or perceived air quality outcomes. The relationship

33

between ventilation rates and occupant health is an indirect one (Seppanen et al. 1999).
But indoor environmental conditions including air pollutant concentrations are affected
by ventilation rates and this may modify occupants' health or perceptions. Studies show
that health and perceived air quality will usually improve with increased outside air
ventilation (Seppanen et al. 2002). NIOSH investigators have found IEQ problems

caused by ventilation system deﬁciencies and overcrowding (NIOSH 2005).

2.3.5 Lighting

Though lighting is an integral factor in the indoor environment, limited research has been
conducted in the area of health effects of lighting. Daylight reduces the incidence of
health problems caused by the rapid ﬂuctuations in light output typical of electric lighting
(Boyce and Hunter 2003). Studies among school students suggest that classrooms without
daylight may upset the basic hormone pattern of children, and this in turn may inﬂuence
children’s ability to concentrate or cooperate. (Plympton et al. 2000). Some studies
indicate that day lighting improves student performance (Fisk 2000). Poor indoor lighting
may be due to problems like glare, insufﬁcient light, improper contrast, poorly distributed
light and ﬂicker. The amount of light we need in an indoor environment varies on the

type of surfaces, the individual's vision and the type of task being done (CCOHS 2003).

2.3.6 Noise

Noise problems in a building are usually related to outdoor sources (e.g.: road trafﬁc),

indoor sources (e. g.: people and consumer products) or bad acoustics. Excessive exposure

34

to noise can result in hearing loss. It usually develops slowly over a long period of time.
The impairment can reach the handicapping stage before an individual is aware of what
has happened. Hearing loss can become permanent after continued exposure. Interference
with speech communication and other sounds can result in noise-induced annoyance.
Noise has the potential to mask important sounds and disrupt communication between
individuals in a variety of settings. The effects can vary from a slight imitation to a
serious safety hazard involving an accident or even a fatality because of the failure to

hear the warning sounds of imminent danger (Suter 1991).

2.4 IEQ and health effects

Health effects of various pollutants in an indoor environment are often a complex
function of the properties of pollutants, emission rates and other indoor variables like
temperature, humidity and ventilation. Because of this potential health risk posed by any

given pollutant can vary among different buildings (Fisk 2000).

2.4.1 Health effects of indoor air pollutants
The lung is the most common site of injury by airborne pollutants. Acute effects,
however, may also include non-respiratory signs and symptoms, which may depend upon

toxicological characteristics of the substances and host-related factors (EPA et al. 1994).

2.4.2 Health problems caused by biological air pollutants (EPA et al. 1994)
Biological air pollutants are present to some degree in every home. Molds, dust mites,

fungus, viruses, bacteria, allergens from other arthropods and pets, protein-containing

35

furnishings (feathers), unusual allergens (e.g., bacterial enzymes, algae) etc. are
considered as biological pollutants in indoor environment. Sources of biological air
pollutants include outdoor air; human occupants who shed viruses and bacteria; animal
occupants (insects and other arthropods, mammals) that shed allergens and indoor
surfaces and water reservoirs where ﬁmgi and bacteria can grow, such as humidiﬁers.
One of the critical factors that allow biological agents to grow and be released into the air
is high relative humidity, which encourages house dust mite populations to increase and
allows fungal growth on damp surfaces. Other factors include dampness, inadequate
exhaust of bathrooms or kitchen, and components of mechanical heating, ventilating, and

air conditioning (HVAC) systems.

Biological agents in indoor air are known to cause three types of human diseases:

i. Infections - pathogens invade human tissues.

Example: Tuberculosis; Legionnaires’ disease (a pneumonia caused by a bacteria
called Legionella pneumophila found in close association with cooling systems,
whirlpool baths, humidiﬁers and other sources). Threat of transmission of airborne
infectious diseases is increased where there is poor indoor air quality.

ii. Hypersensitivity diseases - speciﬁc activation of the immune system causes disease.
Example: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, also called allergic alveolitis, is a
granulomatous interstitial lung disease caused by exposure to airborne antigens.
Allergic reactions - range from rhinitis, nasal congestion, conjunctival inﬂammation,
and urticaria to asthma. Studies have established that the prevalence of respiratory

symptoms associated with asthma are increased by 20% to 100% among occupants

36

iii.

of houses with moisture problems. These moisture and mold problems are common
because, it is estimated that 20% of US. houses have water leaks. Parental smoking
was associated with 20% to 40% increases in asthma symptoms (Fisk 2002).
Building factors that have consistent and strong correlation with asthma and allergic
respiratory symptoms include moisture problems, house dust mites, molds, cats and
dogs, and cockroach infestation. There is evidence that the exposures that cause
allergic sensitization often occur early in life and are likely to occur indoors. '
Therefore the quality of indoor environments may also inﬂuence the proportion of
the population that is allergic or asthmatic (Fisk 2000).

T oxicosis - biologically produced chemical toxins cause direct toxic effects.

Example: Humidifier fever is a ﬂu-like illness marked by fever, headache, chills,
myalgia, and malaise. Toxic effects of mycotoxins [fungal metabolites] that range

from irritation to irnmunosuppression and cancer.

In addition, exposure to conditions conducive to biological contamination [e.g.,

dampness, water damage] has been related to nonspeciﬁc upper and lower respiratory

symptoms (EPA 1994).

2.4.3 Sick building syndrome

Sick building syndrome (SBS) is characterized by the prevalence of acute building-

related health symptoms among building occupants, most commonly reported by ofﬁce

workers and teachers. Symptoms include irritation of eyes, nose, and skin, headache,

fatigue, and difﬁculty breathing (Fisk 2000). Risk factors identiﬁed with sick building

syndrome symptoms include lower ventilation rates, presence of air conditioning, higher

37

indoor air temperatures, increased chemical and microbiological pollutants in the air or
on indoor surfaces, debris or moisture problems in HVAC systems, more carpets and

fabrics, and less frequent vacuuming (Fisk 2002).

2.4.4 Planning, design and construction measures to improve occupant health

Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) is strongly inﬂuenced by a building’s design,
construction, operation, and maintenance, by the activities of occupants, and by outdoor
environmental conditions. Also energy-efﬁciency measures have the potential to degrade
or improve IEQ (Fisk et al. 2002). One approach towards reducing allergy and asthma
symptoms via changes in buildings and indoor environments is to control the indoor
sources of the agents that cause symptoms. Building design and construction procedures
should reduce possibilities of water leaks and moisture problems and decrease indoor
humidities. Known reservoirs for allergens, such as carpets for dust mite allergen, can be
eliminated or modiﬁed. These measures when combined with proper operation and
maintenance procedures could effectively reduce the growth of microorganisms indoors.
Indoor tobacco smoking can be restricted to isolated, separately-ventilated rooms and

pets can be maintained outside of the homes of individuals that react to pet allergens.

Another approach towards reducing allergy and asthma symptoms is to use air cleaning
systems or increased ventilation to decrease the indoor concentrations of the relevant
pollutants. Technologies that effectively reduce concentrations of airborne particles
generated indoors [c.g. better air ﬁltration], should be adopted. Better ﬁltration of the

outside air entering mechanically-ventilated buildings is also advisable since, it can also

38

diminish the entry of outdoor allergens into buildings. Filtration is likely to be more
effective for the smaller allergenic particles [e.g. cat allergens] than for large particles
[e.g. from dust mites] (Fisk 2000). Research demonstrates that increase in ventilation
rates in US ofﬁce buildings would reduce the proportion of ofﬁce workers with frequent
upper respiratory symptoms from 26% to 16% and eye symptoms from 22% to 14% (Fisk
2000). Improvements in HVAC system design and maintenance and positioning of
outside air intakes distant from potential pollutant sources, reduces adverse health

outcomes among building occupants (Sieber et al. 2002).

Operable windows have two major beneﬁts - occupant can control his environment;
energy efﬁcient cooling and ventilation. Two primary risks are increased noise and

airborne pollutants from outside (Madsen 2005).

2.5 The “Whole House” approach

Conventional approaches in the home building industry treat each building system
separately, often resulting in negative interactions among them (PATH 2001). The
“Whole House” approach views the home as a system composed of different components
that must work together. The challenge it addresses is to use the synergies among
building systems to better the performance of the home (PATH 2003). The origin of
concept of “Whole House” can be traced back to the industrial revolution of late 1800's
(Swarup 2005). The progression of modern architecture resulted in the use of new
building materials, the requirement for the resolution of complex building systems

existing within one structure and ﬁnally mass production rather than traditional stick built

39

to facilitate and fasten the building process. Since then designers have been
experimenting with the issue of integrating complex services as part of a built structure
(Russell 1981). Initiatives in United States include Levitt Technology; a proposal for
factory built volumetric module housing and Triad; an open plan three bedroom modular

house (Fein 1972).

2.5.1 The “Whole House” roadmap

Partnership for Advancement of Technology in Housing (PATH) is a is a partnership
with the private sector initiated in the year 1998 when US Congress sanctioned $980,000
to the US. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for work to be
conducted under the program. The program sets out roadmaps to promote research in
certain key areas that are identiﬁed by the expert’s panel. One of such roadmaps is the
“Whole House and Building Process Redesign Roadmap PATH program addresses the
following issues in the home building industry: quality, durability, environmental

performance and affordability of tomorrow’s homes.

The “Whole House” roadmap envisions that by the year 2010, home design and
construction is efﬁcient, predictable and controllable with a median cycle time of 20
working days from groundbreaking to occupancy. This can result in cost savings that will
make homeownership available to ninety percent of the population. The roadmap deﬁnes
the “Whole House” approach in the context of building systems integration. While the
primary concern is to anticipate and resolve conﬂicts that arise between different building

components or systems, it is important to take advantage of the synergies that exist

40

between them. The roadmap also identiﬁes several barriers that hamper innovation and
ultimately defer the integration of the “Whole House” approach into mainstream
homebuilding. The ﬁ'agmented nature of the industry; ascendancy of aesthetics and
function as primary design considerations; the regulatory process; rigid consumer
perceptions and untrained labor are potential candidates. The possible solutions include
optimizing design and operation by integrating components and subsystems; integrating
component and subsystem functions; simplifying schedule and construction by modifying
management approaches and relevant processes; and expanding the use of factory-built

assemblies (PATH 2000).

2.5.2 The PATH concept home

The Concept Home is an outgrth of PATH's ‘Technology Roadmap: Whole House and
Building Process Redesign’, and ‘Technology Scanning’ reports. This concept home
demonstrates the objectives of “Whole House” approach and its assimilation into
mainstream design of homes. The primary concern is to make the home adaptable to
change. The ﬂexible ﬂoor plan makes sure this criterion is met. Subsequently, “systems
thinking” is implemented to make sure that all building systems function independently -
there are no tangled electrical, plumbing or communication lines hidden in the wall. A
utility chase organizes the distribution of these independent systems and HVAC
throughout the home. This process is expected to facilitate the ease of maintenance and
upgrading of the utilities at any point without disturbing the structural fabric of the home.
Improved production processes encompassing management systems, information and

communications technology, and manufacturing and assembly processes; are expected to

41

improve quality while reducing production time of the home to twenty days.
Standardization of measurements and component interfaces is adopted so as to simplify
product installation and enhance design ﬂexibility. Use of integrative materials (e.g. -
solar panels integrated into the roof) and alternative basic materials (e.g. — electro-
textiles, light transmitting concrete) are the other features of the concept home (PATH

2005).

2.6 Green design and construction

The impact of the built environment on the environment and the economy is huge. US
construction market commands a sizeable 12.7% of the $10 trillion GDP. ‘Buildings
represent 39% of US primary energy use and 70% of electricity consumed. It is estimated
that around 40% of raw stone, gravel, sand and 25% of virgin wood goes into building
construction (GBFS 2005),. Buildings are considered to be major contributors of global
warming, since a quarter of the increase in carbon dioxide in atmosphere is attributed to
this sector. In addition, current construction practices create 2-2 V2 pounds of solid waste
per square foot (LEED Review 2005).\Construction industry concerns about the negative
impacts of buildings on the environment are forcing the building sector to focus more on
the integration of sustainability principles in planning, design and construction.
Subsequently, green building design and construction has become a norm in several

sectors of the industry in the recent years’(Syal & Pillai 2005).

42

2.6.1 Sustainable development and the green building concept

‘Sustainable Development can be identiﬁed as the philosophy behind the green building
concept. A comprehensive deﬁnition of Sustainable Development as provided in the
Bruntland report by the UN World Commission on Environment and Development,
deﬁnes the term as “ that which meets the needs of the present without compromising the
needs of future generations to meet their own needs”\(ASTM 2005, Brundtland 1987).
Paul Hawken in his book, ‘The Ecology of Commerce’, resorts to a simple deﬁnition for
the term: “. . .leave the world better than you found it, take no more than you need, try not

,. t

to harm life of the environment, make amends if you do“(Hawken 1993). ﬁGreen
Building” can be deﬁned as — “a building that provides the speciﬁed building
performance requirements while minimizing disturbance to and improving the
functioning of local, regional, and global ecosystems both during and after its
construction and speciﬁed service life’i (ASTM 2005). According to USGBC, green

planning, design and construction comprises the “practices that signiﬁcantly reduce the

negative impact of buildings on environment and occupants” (LEED 2003).

2.7 Summary

Occupant health is related to the quality of indoor environment. Indoor Environment
Quality (IEQ) is determined by aspects of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), temperature,
humidity, ventilation, lighting, noise and ergonomics. Presence of indoor chemical and
biological pollutants can deteriorate the indoor air quality and negatively affect health,
comfort and safety of occupants. Room temperature has potential impacts on prevalence

of sick building syndrome symptoms and occupant satisfaction with air quality. While

43

humidity does not directly affect occupant health, it has signiﬁcant associations with the
concentrations of indoor biological and chemical pollutants. The relationship between
ventilation rates and occupant health is an indirect one. But indoor environmental
conditions including air pollutant concentrations are affected by ventilation rates and this
may modify occupants' health or perceptions. Inadequate lighting can affect health and

cause discomfort. Noise also is a potential problem in the indoor environment.

The “Whole House” approach views the home as a system composed of different
components that must work together. It utilizes the synergies among building systems to
better the performance of the home. The “Whole House” roadmap of PATH, envisions
that by the year 2010, home design and construction is efﬁcient, predictable and
controllable with a median cycle time of 20 working days from groundbreaking to
occupancy. The roadmap also identiﬁes several barriers that hamper innovation and
ultimately defer the integration of the “Whole House” approach into mainstream
homebuilding. The Path Concept Home is an effort that demonstrates the objectives of

the “Whole House” approach and its assimilation into mainstream design of homes.

The impact of built environment on the external environment and the economy is huge.
Construction industry concerns about the negative impacts of buildings on the
environment are forcing the building sector to .focus more on the integration of
sustainability principles in planning, design and construction. Sustainable Development
can be identiﬁed as the philosophy behind the green building concept. Green design and

construction has environmental, economic and health beneﬁts.

44

 

CHAPTER 3

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

45

3.1 Overview

This chapter is a review of the tools and techniques that were utilized for this research.
Some of them already exist in literature while others have been developed for this
research. The discussion in this chapter is organized around three broad topics — Whole
House design and evaluation; Evaluation of Health impacts of planning, design and
construction; and Green building design and evaluation. The Whole House topics include
(1) Whole House Calculator and (2) Whole House performance criteria framework. The
Health Impact Matrix for Planning, Design and Construction of Built Environment
constitutes the second topic. The Green Building tools and techniques include: (1) LEED-

NC and (2) LEED-H green building rating systems.

3.2 “Whole House” design and evaluation (Swarup 2005, O’Brien 2005)

Traditional construction practices involve discreet optimization of building systems. The
drivers in this process are performance and cost. Also during the production stage, the
responsibility of design of a home rarely rests on a single person or even a dedicated team
that closely coordinates all activities. Typically there are many separate designers in a
home including design professional, trade contractors and even suppliers. The sum total
of these semi-independent systems of design, engineering, procurement and production,
each having discrete standards, goals, and governing regulations; represents the
conventional house. This situation often leads to unexpected interactions between

building systems that affects the performance and integrity of the house as a whole.

46

The performance of a home is inﬂuenced by the combined interaction of systems internal
to the home. These inﬂuences can either enhance or reduce performance. The
performance reducing inﬂuence can be the result of inadequate system compatibility,
design integration, poor construction or installation practices, insufﬁcient quality control,
or occupant operation. For example, mechanical systems including heating, ventilation
and air conditioning, gas and water pipes and vents, and ﬁre protection systems interact
with structural systems and negatively impact structural performance. The size of
ductwork and piping elements and accommodation for the changes in direction of
mechanical and ﬁre protection systems require provision for openings, chases and
horizontal bulkheads that impact placement of structural framing. Also large notches and
holes placed in framing in order to allow runs of piping and ductwork, reduces the
strength of the structural members. This reduction in structural performance may also
compromise other aspects of the building such as architectural space reductions. In some
cases, the location of large, key elements of the mechanical system such as furnaces can
create problems due to the presence of framing conﬂicts in overhead ﬂoors or adjacent

walls.

Opposed to this, the “Whole House” approach promotes the idea that the home be viewed
as a system composed of different components which work together for improving the
overall performance. Each of the parts and processes involved in home production
interact with and affect other parts and processes. So interaction between these parts are

to be studied in detail and that interacting components be designed for the success of the

47

whole, not just the component. Whole House approach aims at achieving total systems

integration. It considers both the end product and the processes that produced it.

Whole House researchers have identiﬁed the need to address the complex problem of
comparing performance of one house to another. This represents a difﬁcult task for both
prospective homebuyers and builders because each house is effectively unique. The
complexity arises from the 54,000+ total part count in a house. Taking into account
alternatives for each part, different climate conditions, and alternative house designs
facing one of various possible compass orientations provides a huge number of
combinations for the system. Various trades involved in the production process,
alternative production methods and, different objectives of buyers and builders further
complicate the problem. This huge number of choices is a considerable barrier in
adopting systems approach in housing production. Any tool that aids Whole House
design or evaluation for the purpose of comparison should be capable of addressing
multiple parameters to support optimization of the design and production process in

housing in a systematic way and requires both subjective and objective analysis.

3.2.] “Whole House” performance calculator (O’Brien 2005)

The Whole House calculator emerged as a tool for the quantitative assessment of the
performance of design and production processes, materials and systems, and the
interaction between them for the purpose of comparative scoring. It also takes into
account characteristics valued by prospective buyers, builders, or other stakeholders

involved in residential construction. The large number of choices for materials, processes

48

and components poses a considerable barrier to each builder or buyer applying a fully
rational approach to the construction or purchase of a house. The calculator aims to
address this issue and helps the builder or buyer make an appropriate selection by
analyzing various “what-if” scenarios. The “Whole House” calculator is based on the

method developed by the “Battelle Columbus Laboratory” in the United States.

3.2.1.1 The Battelle method

The “Whole House” calculator is based on the method developed by the “Battelle
Columbus Laboratory” in the United States. Although referred to the Battelle method in
the calculator text it is originally called the Environmental Evaluation System (EES). The
method lists seventy-eight parameters based on environmental, social and economic
aspects based on their level of importance. These levels of importance are associated with
a value between 1 and 1000, and then curves of quality of environment are generated,
compared to each parameter. Four categories are deﬁned under which the human
environmental is assessed; these are ecology, physical and chemical factors, aesthetic
factors and social interest. These four factors are divided into twenty components that are
further subdivided into eighty-one parameters. The categories, components and
parameters are arranged in descending order. Each category is associated with a relative
coefﬁcient of importance from 0 to 1. Finally the relationship between each of the eighty-
onc parameters and environmental quality are generated based on the afore-mentioned
curves. This method has been used successfully to evaluate complex problems from
differing points of view. A variation of this method is used to formulate the “Whole

House” calculator.

49

3.2.1.2 Structure of the “Whole House” calculator
A pair of databases driven by lockup functions comprises the calculator. The databases
are based on a comprehensive listing of every process, material and component choice
that went into the building of the house. This information is derived from speciﬁcations
of the house and information about design and production process. These are called
system choices. The evaluation of a project is conducted in four steps. These are:
i. Inputting objectives deﬁned by the user.
ii. Performance scoring.
iii. Integration scoring.

iv. Deriving ﬁnal whole House score.

The users of the calculator include homebuilders or homebuyers. First the calculator asks
them to identify the attributes in a house that are most important to them. This is input in
the calculator as the User Values. The User Values is a listing of attributes that the user
can set by order of importance. There are different User Values for homebuilders and
homebuyers. Homebuyers using of the calculator complete a form to rank the relative
importance of performance characteristics such as: a comfortable home, a healthy home,
a dry home, a sturdy home, a safe home, a ﬂexible home and an efﬁcient home. The
builders’ list includes performance attributes like a durable home, a clear home, a
predictable home etc. One hundred points are to be distributed across the User values
according to their importance to the user. This weighted score is input into the calculator
as User Value Weighting Factors (Uw), which will become percentage multipliers to the

performance scores of the System Choices.

50

The performance of system choices is scored as the next step. For this the house functions
are categorized into subsystems in order to split them into parts having a similar
performance expectation placed on their design, speciﬁcation, installation and in-service
behavior. In order to reﬂect the importance of the role each subsystem plays in the
function of the house as well as the health and safety of the occupants, weighting factors
are applied. These Subsystems Weighting Factors (Sw), which total 100, become
multipliers to the performance scores of the System Choices to reﬂect the importance of
their role in the whole house. Weighting factors for houses in different geographic
regions signiﬁes the importance of a subsystem’s performance in the particular climate.
Performance of each System Choice is then scored for a variety of issues like moisture
control, system integrity, system part count, regional trade familiarity, environmental
impact etc. The performance is scored on a scale of l to 5, signifying the range from
lowest performance to the highest performance. Finally he System Choice’s Performance
Score (Ps) is determined by summing up all the scores for different performance issues.
The Performance Factor (Pf) is derived by totaling the Performance Score for a given
System Choice multiplied by the weighting factor for the subsystem to which it is
normally associated. The resulting value is further multiplied by the User Weighting
Value (Uw) most closely associated with the given system choice.

Pf: ((PSXSw)><Uw) (Eq 1)
The degree and net effect of the interaction between each System Choice is rated by

Interaction Scoring. Interaction between two System Choices can result in improvement

or degradation of performance of the two System Choices. The Interaction scoring matrix

51

is made by listing Systems Choices describing a house on a vertical axis and a horizontal
axis. The interaction of each System Choice with each of the other System Choices is
scored on a scale from +3 to -3 to indicate the degree of improved or degraded
performance likely to result from this particular interaction. The System Choice’s scores
for their interaction with every other System Choice in the house are totaled to calculate
that choice’s Interaction Score (Is). The Interaction Factor (If) is the reciprocal of the sum
of the horizontal and vertical interaction scores of a system choice in the interaction
matrix divided by the Total Variance. The resulting value is subtracted from 1 to
normalize negative scores.

If=l+ (1- (2mm) (Eq 2)

The Whole House Score (th) is the sum of the products of the Interaction factor (If)
multiplied by the Performance Factor (Pf).

th=Z(Ifof) (Eq 3)

The Whole House score helps to compare different sets of System Choices. A theoretical
perfect score is helpful in deciding how close a particular conﬁguration of processes,
components and subsystems is to the ideal. The theoretical score is generated by scoring
all performance factors as a value of ﬁve, all interactions as a value of three and applying
the system weighting and user weighting values. Whole House Score a particular
conﬁguration of System Choices is divided by the theoretical perfect score generates the

percentage of closeness of the actual system to the ideal.

52

3.2.1.3 Sample calculation with “Whole House” calculator

The sample calculation is performed for a ‘typical’ house built by a production builder.

The performance and interactions scores are intended for demonstration and do not

reﬂect any absolute values. The following assumptions are made prior to the evaluation.

IRC Code Compliance;

Mid-Atlantic regional location for decay, weathering, termite infestation
probabilities;

Inland wind exposure;

Seismic design category “A”;

Radon Zone 1; and

Climate Zone 10.

For demonstration purposes the user values are assumed as the following. Hundred points

were divided among seven attributes of the house.

Comfort 1 5
Healthy 10
Dry 20
Sturdy 20
Safe 15
Flexible 10
Efﬁcient 10

53

The subsystems were assigned weighting factors based on the above assumptions.

Process & production design 5
Foundation 15
Superstructure 25
Envelope 1 5
Interior partitions & ﬁnishes 2
Millwork 3
Utility distribution 7
Electrical power & light 10
Sewer & water 5
Thermal systems 13

In the example the typical house is described using 93 system choices:

Process & production design - 23 system choices (e. g. — purchased design,
traditional stick ﬂame, no quality check at end of project etc.)

Foundation - 7 system choices (e. g. — site cast concrete footing, masonry
foundation wall, ﬁberglass board insulation etc.)

Superstructure - 4 system choices (e. g. — dimension lumber roof ﬂaming)
Envelope - 16 system choices (e. g. —- vinyl siding, no ﬂoor ventilation etc.)
Interior partitions & ﬁnishes - 9 system choices (e. g. — drywall substrate, particle
board sub-ﬂoor, pad and carpet ﬂoor ﬁnish etc.)

Millwork - 3 system choices (e. g. — drywall milled wood interior trim)

Utility distribution - 3 system choices (e.g. — site fabricated trunks and feeders)

54

I Electrical power & light - 5 system choices (6. g. — wiring is romex, incandescent
lighting, electrical system on grid etc.)
I Sewer & water - 7 system choices (6. g. — copper water piping, no cistern etc.)

I Thermal systems - 9 system choices (6. g. — air distribution, point diffusers etc.)

The resulting whole house score was 5,266. This represents 15.81% of the best possible
score (33,302) for a house comprising 93 system choices. The best possible scored is
arrived by rating all the system choices high on both performance scoring (5 points) and

integration scoring (+3).

3.2.2 “Whole House” performance criteria framework (Swarup 2005)

The Whole House Criteria Framework is based on building systems integration approach.
The criteria ﬂarnework systematically tabulates all the concepts propagated by the
“Whole House” approach and integrates them into the design of a home. The ﬂamework
follows the LEED format. Expectations ﬂom the “Whole House” is categorized into six
performance parameters - Spatial ﬂexibility, Thermal performance, Structural integrity,
Ease of construction, Ease of maintenance and Sustainability. Building Systems
Integration Handbook (BSIH) matrix is used to analyze the interaction possibilities
among various systems. System decision models depicting 3-system interactions help to
systematically tabulate the intents and associated strategies required for criteria
development. A detailed scoring system is built into the ﬂarnework to rate different
strategies. Table 3.1 shows a part of the scoring system. The whole framework has been

included in the appendix.

55

Amoom QEeBw “358V xeoBoESm SEED ooggotom 320$ 205$ - _.m 2an

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

_-l.-|--l-.l-.l..I..l-.|.-l-.l- doulﬁ Iowﬁml. Imm-l--|-.l..l--|--|-.|--l--l-.l-.l --l--lo...cmmm_.la_wm=ﬂollid
m mooEoc wing? Bewaéou m acoEEEvE 3.833. com ms 231530 8:
_ swine wiﬁw: b5 m much 83 E Ew=csm swine 50m ozmmmm n
u m 28m E 0 3225. 35:0 o>saE2 a e um swam a 8 o>:o< a
_ _ _ m m . _ i. D . u L .
m _ :ocﬁuEEoo amine :5on m
EoEu>oE :e EEBE 5.. 3:30:
oEmowcmco SS, 325ch mm wEEom moEuoE omESm m qus 2: £5? E2538 .:<
anion wens»: b5 m macaw: $655 We um: commodooo
. . one—3:0 mSESQ
. . :m w m H
_ 226:3 9:239 mEEom m m Ea: 28 can “no: mo Bozo 5:263— Guc ECBE :m N
_ _
" mwO Emcobm LE: .2053 88 Egon u m our—agate; REES .3532 swine _E:UBES< _
_ _
m m v6 >=m \ 9.52:5 <
u .8 u
_ ooeaEhotun REEF—r :0 x .5 .59.. .5 you—«ESE»:— EESFF Agata—«Ewes
CU ewﬁon v 52

 

BREE: 0.9:an

 

 

«=3:—

 

mEszm ”£23m

 

 

 

 

56

As the ﬁrst step, building systems are assigned relative weights based on the level of its
effect in the performance of a home. This is followed by a system for rating each
strategy based on its level of effectiveness in achieving a particular performance
parameter. A consolidated score for each building system, based on the strategies
employed, is determined in this manner. This score is adjusted to reﬂect the relative
weights of each building system. The scoring system is based on the “Whole House
Calculator”. The ﬁnal score is the sum of all these weighted scores for various building
systems. This score is compared against the ideal score of a hypothetical “Whole House”.
Even though the ﬂamework is intended as an effective design tool, this function broadens
its scope as a design and evaluation tool for the “Whole House” performance. When three
case studies - site built home, factory built home and hybrid home - were compared

based on a sample criteria it was found that the latter received the highest score.

3.2.2.1 Sample application of “Whole House” performance criteria

This section demonstrates the application of the “Whole House” Performance criteria on
a hybrid home. First each of the seven building systems considered for the exercise is
associated with a certain weight that refers to the role of the strategies pertaining to that
building system, in the overall performance of the home. The building system that affects
the performance of the home to a large degree is given a larger weight than others. The
weightage/credit system deﬁnes the level of importance of each building system within
the complete design of the home. The systems are weighted as a percentage of the total
weight of 8.

Structure envelope - 4.4 (55%)

57

HVAC - 1.28 (16%)

Plumbing - 0.64 (8%)
Electrical - 0.64 (8%)
Communication - 0.32 (4%)
Interior A - 0.48 (6%)
Interior B - 0.24 (3%)

The next step is the scoring of each strategy based on its level of effectives in achieving a
particular performance parameter. The scoring will be conducted on a scale of 1-5, where
1 represents the least effective strategy and 5, being the most effective strategy. After
scoring each strategy on this scale, a total score is determined under each building
system. The weighted score is the product of the total score for each building system and
the weight assigned to it. In the case of Structure/ Envelope the scoring was performed
like this:

Spatial ﬂexibility — 9 points

Thermal performance — 19 points

Structural integrity — 7 points

Ease of construction — 15 points

Ease of maintenance — 15 points

Sustainable design — 10 points

Total — 75 points

Therefore, weighted Score for Structure/ Envelope = 75 x 4.4 = 330 points.

58

The sum of weighted scores for all seven building systems is the ﬁnal score. For hybrid
house this was found to be 506 points. This constitutes 67.02% of the ideal Whole House
score. The ideal Whole House score of 755 points is calculated by assigning high scores

(5 points each) to all the strategies under consideration.

3.3 Evaluation of health impacts of buildings

Planning, design and construction practices often have associated health impacts. The
assessment of these health impacts presents a complex problem since a large number of
associated elements have to be taken into consideration. Many of these elements are
associated with a wide range of direct and indirect health effects. This complex problem
demands a systematic process for analyzing various aspects of planning, design and
construction; and the cause and effect relationship that the built environment shares with

human health.

3.3.1 Health impact matrix for planning, design and construction of built
environment
The matrix was developed as a part of this research to systematically evaluate the
negative health effects associated with planning, design and construction of built
environment. The matrix has three main parts. Table 3.2a, Table 3.2b and Table 3.2c
Show the three parts of the matrix. The ﬁrst part links the parameters that deﬁne the built
environment to causative factors of health effects. The parameters that have been
identiﬁed for the purpose of this research are: (i) Zoning, (ii) Density, (iii) Land use mix,

(iv) Transportation Inﬂastructure, (v) Pedestrian Inﬂastructure, (vi) Connectivity, (vii)

59

Public realm design, (viii) Building design and (ix) Parks/landscaped areas. The second
part identiﬁes individual components of these causative factors and their effect on health.
The causative factors of health effects have been categorized as: (i) Air pollution, (ii)
Water pollution, (iii) Noise pollution, (iv) Variations in microclimate, (v) Solid waste
contamination, (vi) Physical inactivity, (vii) Crime and safety issues and (viii) Insecurity.
The health effects that are considered for this study include communicable disease,
respiratory effects, cardiovascular effects, neurological effects, gastrointestinal effects,
effects on skin and exterior organs, birth defects, discomfort, stress, mental illness,

accidents and injuries.

The third part of the matrix helps to comparatively evaluate the effects of causative
factors on human health. Relative weights are applied to the various categories of health
effects. Various life threatening health effects have the highest weight while comfort
issues have the lowest weight. Then a scoring system of 0 to 3 is applied to the causative
factors on the basis of their effects on health. This signiﬁes the range from no effect to
signiﬁcant health effects. The total of the sores for each of the causative factors help to
compare their importance in relation to human health. This information will aid in
ﬂaming strategies for health performance during the planning, design and construction

processes.

3.4 Green building design and evaluation

Green design and construction has environmental, economic and health beneﬁts.

Environmental beneﬁts include reduced destruction to natural areas and biodiversity,

60

80:80:25 2.0m. :0 0.0.000. I 0m.m 030B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0003: :. 3.3.00 0.: 0000.08 w::...00.. ::0 A83 2:0m
0. 02.0.8. .0203: 00:0: :0:00.::0:..0 2.03: 08:
::0 00....80: 0.08 0. :02 ::0 30:00 0. :02 :00 3.2.0.5 0800
::0 080:.000 :00 0.... ::0 00b :0... 82.3.0: :30. 0.: 0.5.3
000:0. .0020 0.0 0:080:80. 080.. 80.: 00.0 0800
:00 0:: 05:08.00: 000:...0 02.3.0: 0.: 8 .80: .Amoom 2:0m
::0 050... .0... .05.: 0:0.0::00:: .30 :000: :00 2:03: 00000:.0>0
30: 30. 0:008 5:0 0 29.6.0 0. ::0 :0w0b.z. 2:00: ooodm 5.50:0:
0:008 00.. .:08:0.0>0: 0::0. 000.0 ..moom 0: 00: 2:00: ::0 02.03020
258.90.. 850 . .3200 8.. 0.05 0.2.0. 80 0. 0.080 s. 0.80003...
.0325}? vhf—3:0: 030:3.3 3:05:95: 05 .3 dumb .9300
58.80:. .803 .0202: 0.0:. 0 :0 ::0 0022.00: 32.0.08 ::0 030. w::..0:
:0 0w:..00: 0.000.: w:.000.0:. 00:09.0 0.: 02508080 00:63:05 w:..:...00. :0 .:0800.0::0
8032.0 0... 003.0: 30.0.: .0 000.0 :30. 80:: .8800 80:23 . 0.2.00
:00 0:...0 ..00 .3 0>.0..0:x0 :0:..=0: .00: ::0 0.:00: 80.. .:080w0:08
0.:00: :0 .80: :03? .0>0.. :0... ::B 00.0: .w8:0:.0w .3 :0:000.. 2::0... .030: :00...
00:000.: .2:00: :23 .050. 2.03 0.0000 0: :00..:0. 0. .w8:000::0. 0.. :00 00 ..0 00.8.0. 30:0:
::0 0...:0... :25 ::0 0. 0.:00: 00:38.20: :00. :00 02:. 05:00... .0... 0. .80: 0:2: 00.<
30.: 30. 0>.. 008 0..0 .0: 03800:. .305: 302 . Amoom 00:05.80... .30 0:008
0.00:0 0.00:0 0:... :0 00 0.003 5.00580: 808.09 0.00 :2...» - .0: @000 22:0> 0.0.:
0:0? A020 .00m .00 :00 0...... ::00 80.: :09... :0 0:0 .:.:0:0:30 A0200. 2...: ..0: 0.:00: o. I .wdv 00:0..0:
.Aooom .0::D 0.0...0> .Amoom 5.0880800 :05 .000: ..00 :00..:0. .80.:0. ::0 0. 9.0.80 m3 8 0000.08 5.3
0.000.: 302 ”.wmv . 808.0% :0 0.0... 000:0. .0: 30:0 ::0 0:... .0000..w 2.0: 0 :0 £80: :0.0.00000 5:0
0.: :0w0.0V 0.:08:0.0>0: 00:0 :3... :00 :02...» 82:0: 25080.00 025080.00 2.02:»... 0. 0000.08 5.80:
:00: 20:0: 30. :0:0 8.0.? 02:05: 0008.0 :0 :0:0....: 80: 0.: 000.00: :0.:08w0.:
£2223 00.: 0:...0 0.: 0.6.:8. .8:08:0.0>0: 0.0.: 0:80 ::0 .380: :0....=0: co. :0 00 .0 3.20:0 0.0 000.0
0 :0 002 ..0:0.. 0 :00 00.. ::0. 0:2: .:0:.:0.0>0: :00..:0. 0.03 0. :02 :0 8 .80: 9.2.3.5 000.0
3:09? 0.: :00:..0....w.0: :0...:. :23 .:.3 03.000: .0..:0:.00.. 0: :00. :00 :00 .3080 ::0 :000. 5...... 0.502800
0. ::0 :00 00.. :058 :089800 0.0 02.2.00: :09... 000.0 :3... ::0 0000.08 2.00 :00 .0: 2:0 0::
00.. :05... 30:0: :wE 3.05: .0 80.500... :0 8:0: 0:0..w..:00 ~A....0..0: 08.88. N. 0. 5.00002: 0....H.
5.80: .0... 30:0 .:08:0.0>0: 0.003 0:000:08 8 0000.00. :8:08w0.: 0. :0 2.2.03
:2: 02:80.0... 0. 0000.05 . 3.02.0050 ..< . 20:09 £04.03. 50.0: <. 5.000.—
» 00:00. @3300... 0.003 ::0..- 0.08.022... 560:0: 35.521 55.50.— 2.08:0...23
83...... 9.035 .800... gases... a. n0...... 53$ .2 :0...
2.03080.» :0 0.8.00.—

 

 

61

0.0.00 : 05.00000 I .00800..>0m. ...0m :0 0.0.00 ,... I :N.m 0.:0...

 

.828 ..0 .0 0:0:v.00..0:0: w00. 8000.00: ::0 22:000.:

0.0050 .82.00.: 8:50: .0 ..00.::.: .w5:w000 00... 08088.0 0.0.0.800. 5 00000.05
.08800 :0.0>0.ww0 0:0.00. 082:8: 5.00: 0.0.:0.: :.0..._ ::0 .02080 ..000 .5:

..00: w5:0.05 ...0 0:. 5 ::00: 8.200: :0 0.20:8 .0008 0.0.0200: 0.0.88 0.0.0280:
.50. 500 0. .0.0:...88 .308 0 2 NO: 05500.: 5 3.005.:

::0 00002: :00 08088.0 2.0.0.800. 8000.05 :53 8.200000 0.0 000:... 00.0.0.0: 0.0:.00
8.. 8.0: 0. ..0 0:. 5 200.808 .050 :53 0.000. NOm 00000.: ..00: w5.0.x0 0.0>0.ww0
:00 0000... 0.0.0.88. 00000 022.8: ::0 00m NOm :0 0.0>0. :w.: 0. 00.00098 8.0.
0080‘. 08500 :23 2:00: .0: £005.: w5:.00.: 50:80. 00000 :00 "00.005 8:8:
.50.. :.00 00000 00.0 000.. 80.0.0 0.0.0.800. 0:. :0 000:... .8000: ::0 .00.:..:0 5
0:w000 02.08800 .0: b.00..::.: w5:.00.: m50000 x: 000.00: 8.0: :00 w080 .0000: :w.:
0. .0008 .0>0. :000.» 8.0: 0. 0:000:800 0.00:.0 0...0.0> :53 .000: ”00:...0 00:03.7.
25:000.: ::0 0.008000: 0.... 00000:... 0.0.0.800. 0. 5.3800000 8000.05

::0 5.00:8 ::0. 800:0. 08500 8.02830 w5:0.05 0.0>0. 30. 80> .0 00>0 082:8:
5.00.. :0 b0..0> 0 0.0%.... 08009.0 8.8.80. .0:... 0w080: w00. 80008.0: 00000

:02 .00...>..00 .00:.00 w5.0: 02:005.: 8.500.: :00 5.00.: :00: 0 w520. 00:3 50:
.w5:w000 aM5000...» 0:0.05 0808800 .050 85.08838. 00000 :00 0:03.50 w00. 0.0:...
000 00000 ..:w..000 :0 000000.: 0... 0. 60>: 0:000:88 0.0080 0...0.0> :00 C52:
00:05: :0 0050.0 0003.0: 8.800. .8808 0 0.: 8.00.0 0. 0:08 .0>0. 8.00.0 .0005
..00000 00000 200.808 w550800.:02 080m 0.8000 0. :00. 00.0 :08 0800:..0

:00: .008 5 0:200:00 .00002: ..00: 00000.05 ::0 08000.: :02: :w.: 000000 0.000:x0
:00: .0. 8.030. :00 2.2.8: 8.0.02 5 8.2000. 80.2.8 800.. ::0 0000.0: 0. 00>..0:
::0 50.: 0:. 0w080: :02 :0 0.0>0. 30: 000.008 :008 ::0 08030.: E0808 80:80.:
.80.>0:0: .00..0:.0.0. .0808 00.0500 000000 :00. 0. 00.00:..0 0>.0000xm 0.0:.02:
0>..00:0.:0. :00 .0082: 0:0: 25...: 200.0:00.00 0. :00. 00.0 :08 :00. 0. 0.00098.
.000w.0 .050 ::0 .00>.0: ::0 50.: ..0>.. 0.00:... 0:. 0. 0w080: 000000 :00: .0001.

.08: 0: :00 85.0.8088 :w... ”008.0: ::0 00:00:00: 08030.: 00.0.> 000505:

00000 000 2.5.0.8088 30.. 00:0: 0:. .00:w00.:. 00:00.0 :0 b0>._0: 0:. ..:.:0. .0:.
80:3 80002.02: 0... .080 :00 02000.08 00 .:20:0. 8.0: .0.:< .0:...0002 03.00

8ch 0...? .mcom <05: "—4.05 I .88350E 0:00:80.— 3050:o: 0.0.00.0

000.00m 00.<
8000.85

2.002

058.8: ..<

 

 

maﬁa-=— EO m98b0\mu=0=OQ=—OU

 

09C.

 

0.00::0
:..00:-0..0.00:
05.00000

 

 

62

6:... on—

Boobm 3:3: I “58:835. “mam mo $833 I om.m 2an
uzmsﬁxm - XXX 668602 I X 49532 I X

 

mar—=08:—

 

mu=m£ 59:92:20

 

£3.22: .32.:

 

3mm?
2.8-5.353350

 

«usages:—
E gaunt-3

 

552.3 3.32

 

532.2. .855

 

X

XXX

XXX

X

X

XX

X

8:23.. .2

 

 

«8...:
.352

 

803m

 

t
8:335

 

38.2.
5.:—

 

.80
new»...
3:85
in?
E 83...?
I 9.050

 

.2582:
.9530

 

.nﬂuc.
.832

 

.3389»
.3930

 

E...
2:39.:—

 

888:.
033:.
.5330

 

389$
953.30

 

 

63

reduced pollution and solid waste, and reduced depletion of ﬁnite sources. Economic
beneﬁts include reduction in project and operation costs, enhanced asset value, increased
proﬁts, optimized life cycle performance and savings from increase in productivity.
Healthier indoor environments are another feature of green buildings. Since on an
average Americans spend 80 to 90% of their time indoors the quality of indoor
environments is very important for health and quality of life. Potential threats like the
Legionnaires disease and sick building syndrome can be avoided through ensuring the
quality indoor environment. Green design and construction is also conductive to healthy
outdoor environments. Lessened demand for large-scale infrastructure like landﬁlls,
water supply, storm water sewers etc. and decreased transportation development will
promote healthy outdoor environments (LEED Review 2005). Green design and
construction practices strive to address the built environment issue from a whole systems
point of view and thereby promote sustainability and environmental responsiveness (Syal

& Pillai 2005).

United States Green Building Council (USGBC) is a national non-proﬁt organization that
Was formed in 1993, which develops and administers the Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED) green building rating system. USGBC has a diverse
membership including building and design professionals, owners, manufacturers,
government bodies, environmental groups, research institutions, professional societies
and universities. The organization operates on consensus principles. The goal of USGBC
is to promote buildings that are environmentally responsible, proﬁtable and healthy

Places to live and work (LEED Review 2005, LEED 2005a). LEED is a national standard

64

for evaluating high performance, sustainable buildings, developed and administered by
USGBC. The development of LEED green building assessment framework is a consensus
based and market driven process. LEED’s goal is to deﬁne ‘green building’ and establish
a common standard of its measurement. The standard aims to promote integrated, whole-
building design practices and raise awareness about its beneﬁts. The LEED program is

continuously evolving.

Currently, six categories of LEED standards exist in various phases of development
(LEED 2005, LEED Review 2005):

I LEED for New Construction (LEED-NC)

I LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB):

' LEED for Commercial Interiors (LEED-CI)

' LEED for Core & Shell (LEED-CS)

' LEED for Homes (LEED-H)

' LEED for Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND)

LEED-NC and LEED-H are described in detail below.

3.4.] LEED-NC green building rating system

LEED for New Construction and Major Renovations (LEED—NC) is speciﬁcally designed
for rating commercial and institutional buildings, with a focus on ofﬁce buildings. LEED-
NC has also been applied many other building types like high-rise residential buildings.
The point based rating system is categorized into ﬁve environmental topics: Sustainable

Sites (20% of points), Water Efﬁciency (7% of points), Energy & Atmosphere (25% of

65

points), Materials & Resources (19% of points), and Indoor Environmental Quality (22%
of points). These ﬁve categories account for 32 credits and 7 prerequisites amounting to
64 core points. Innovation & Design Process is an additional category, which addresses
sustainable building expertise. This category also addresses design measures not covered
under the ﬁve environmental categories. Five points are available for this category with
one point for the participation of a LEED accredited professional in the project, thus
making a total of 69 points. Table 3.3 shows the structure of LEED rating system. The

full LEED-NC checklist has been included in the appendix.

 

--u..~-, .-..--_..-,..... ...~.. . ...... ~‘;‘_.-. p... s,.‘._...-. ..

‘t‘r "l'hi' ... x, "I. ff!" y .37. '0 . _ _4_ ‘ O , ‘ ..‘. ,, '5' 'rg‘ ' _‘ ,. A, _.‘ . , .. ., ‘ ._ V. . _ . ’. .. ...I _'
" ndoor nvrronmenta "a Ity
"6i~§ri',-1‘.-1a.ylf~};¢l$354032.?161‘magma.-l -"-'.» ~.kiumndﬂgb5.4-jigs;-:-.-s13;'-:.".Ll:e-'-:u.« L: 2 . : ,. :‘r 3: 1 - - 9 ' ‘ a - . * .' ‘- 2.

 

Prereq 1

Minimum IAQ Performance

Required

 

Prereq 2

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control

Required

 

Credit 1

Outdoor Air Delivery Monitorinﬁg

 

Credit 2

Increased Ventilation

 

Credit 3.1

Construction IAQ Management Plan. During Construction

 

Credit 3.2

Construction IAQ Management Plan, Before Occupancy

 

Credit 4.1

Low-Emitting Materials, Adhesives & Sealants

 

Credit 4.2

Low-Emitting Materials, Paints & Coatings

 

Credit 4.3

Low-Emitting Materials, Carpet Systems

 

Credit 4.4

Low-Emitting Materials, Composite Wood & Agriﬁber Products

 

Credit 5

Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control

 

Credit 6.1

Controllabliity of Systems, Lighting

 

Credit 6.2

Controllabliity of Systems, Thermal Comfort

 

Credit 7.1

Thermal Comfort, Design

 

Credit 7.2

Thermal Comfort, Verification

 

Credit 8.1

Daylight & Views, Daylight 75% of Spaces

 

 

 

Credit 8.2

 

Daylight 8. Views, Views for 90% of Spaces

 

AAA—L‘Au—L-A—k-A—l—l-A—BA

 

 

Table 3.3: LEED credit system for Indoor Environment Quality (source: LEED-NC 2.1)

The prerequisites listed in the rating system must be achieved. While each credit is
optional, it contributes to the project’s point total. Some of these credits are divided into

two or more sub-credits with independent or cumulative points. Intent identiﬁes the main

66

goal of the prerequisite or credit. Requirements & Submittals specify the criteria to
satisfy the prerequisite or credit, the number of points available, and the documentation
required for the LEED application. Potential technologies and strategies for meeting the
criteria are also listed for each credit. LEED is a performance-oriented system in which
the points are earned for satisfying performance criteria. Four levels of green building
certiﬁcation are available based on the total points earned. They range from ‘certiﬁed’
(26-32 points) to platinum (52-69 points). Silver certiﬁcation requires 33-38 points and
gold, 39-51 points (LEED 2002, LEED 2003);? Each of the ﬁve categories in the LEED-

NC rating system is discussed in detail below.

3.4.1.1 Sustainable sites

Development and construction processes at the construction site often disrupt the local
ecology. Pollution from construction activities comprises soil erosion, waterway
sedimentation and airborne dust generation. Development of inappropriate sites that are
sensitive or restrictive land types causes negative impact on the environment. Greenﬁelds
can be protected and habitat and natural resources can be preserved by channeling
development to urban areas with existing infrastructure. Rehabilitating damaged sites will
also help in conﬁning development to areas that are already developed. Locating the
project with consideration of public transport access can reduce impacts related to

transportation.

Minimizing parking lot and garage size helps to reduce pollution and land development

impacts from single occupancy vehicle use. Designing the building with transportation

67

amenities such as bicycle racks and providing low-emitting and fuel-efﬁcient vehicles
with preferred parking for occupants is also beneﬁcial. In greenﬁeld sites, the building
should be located carefully to minimize disruption to existing ecosystems. The
development footprint must be reduced in order to maximize open space to promote
biodiversity. Disruption of natural water hydrology due to increased impervious cover
and reduced on-site inﬁltration can lead to extensive environmental impacts. Pollution of
natural water ﬂows by storrnwater runoff should be limited and contaminants eliminated.
Thermal gradient differences between developed and undeveloped areas can have direct
impacts on microclimate and human and wildlife habitat. Light trespass from the building

and site reduce nighttime visibility and disrupt nocturnal environments.

The following nine parameters rate the sustainability of the site in LEED-NC: Erosion &
Sedimentation Control, Site Selection, Development Density, Brownﬁeld
Redevelopment, Alternative Transportation, Reduced Site Disturbance, Storrnwater
Management, Heat Island Effect and Light Pollution Reduction. Reducing the pollution
from construction activities is a necessary prerequisite while fourteen points can be

scored for the other eight credits.

3.4.1.2 Water efficiency

It is estimated that 340 billion gallons of fresh water are withdrawn per day from rivers,
streams and reservoirs to support residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural and
recreational activities in United States, which accounts for about one-fourth of the

nation’s total supply of renewable fresh water. Around 65% of this amount is discharged

68

back into rivers, streams and other water bodies after use. In addition to this, water is also
extracted ﬁom underground aquifers. On an annual basis, the water deﬁcit in the United
States is currently estimated at about 3,700 billion gallons. Rigorous water reuse
strategies have helped to reduce the water use in industrial processes in recent years.
Energy Policy Act of 1992 also aided the reduction in water use by mandating the use of
water-conserving plumbing ﬁxtures to reduce water use in residential, commercial and
institutional buildings. Using large volumes of water is associated with increased
maintenance and life-cycle costs for building operations and consumer costs for

additional municipal supply and treatment facilities.

Efﬁcient use of water can reduce costs through lower water use fees, lower sewage
volumes to treat energy and chemical use reductions, and lower capacity charges and
limits. Many water conservation strategies involve either no additional cost or rapid
paybacks. Other water conservation strategies such as biological wastewater treatment,
rainwater harvesting and gray water plumbing systems oﬁen involve more substantial
investment. Water efﬁciency measures in commercial buildings can easily reduce water
usage by 30% or more. In a typical 100,000-squarefoot ofﬁce building, low—ﬂow ﬁxtures
coupled with sensors and automatic controls can save a minimum of 1 million gallons of
water per year, based on 650 building occupants each using an average of 20 gallons per
day. Non-potable water volumes can be used for landscape irrigation, toilet and urinal
ﬂushing, custodial purposes and building systems. Utility savings, though dependent on
the local water costs, can save thousands of dollars per year, resulting in rapid payback

on water conservation infrastructure. In LEED-NC the following three credits rate the

69

efﬁciency of water use in a project: Water Efﬁcient Landscaping, Innovative Wastewater
Technologies and Water Use Reduction. Five possible points are available in this

category.

3.4.1.3 Energy and atmosphere

Buildings consume approximately 37% of the energy and 68% of the electricity produced
in the United States annually, according to the US. Department of Energy. Combustion
of fossil fuels produces about 75% of our energy. Production of electricity through the
use of fossil fuels such as oil and coal requires extraction, transportation, reﬁning, power
generation and distribution. These processes signiﬁcantly impact the environment in a
myriad of adverse ways. For example, conventional fossil-based generation of electricity
releases carbon dioxide, which contributes to global climate change. The potential
consequences of climate change (rising sea levels leading to coastal ﬂoods, severe
droughts, heat waves, disease migration) affect communities worldwide. Coal-ﬁred
electric utilities emit almost one-third of the country’s anthropogenic nitrogen oxide, the
key element in smog, and two-thirds the sulfur dioxide, a key element in acid rain. Coal
extraction and mining disrupts habitat and can devastate landscapes. Acidic water runoff
(acid mine drainage) from coal extraction activities ﬁirther degrades regional ecosystems.
Coal is rinsed with water, which results in billions of gallons of sludge stored in ponds.
Coal-ﬁred electric generation plants emit more ﬁne particulate material than any other
activity in the United States. The human body is incapable of clearing these ﬁne particles
from the lungs. Consequently, particulate materials penetrate deep into the lungs and are

Contributing factors in tens of thousands of cancer and respiratory illness-related deaths

70

annually. Other energy production technologies include natural gas, nuclear ﬁssion and
hydroelectric generators. Although its emissions are not as damaging as coal and oil,
natural gas is a major source of nitrogen oxides and greenhouse gas emissions. Nuclear
power increases the potential for catastrophic accidents and raises signiﬁcant waste
transportation and disposal issues. Hydroelectric generating plants disrupt natural water

ﬂows, resulting in disturbance of habitat and depletion of ﬁsh populations.

Energy consumption can be dramatically reduced through practices that are economical
and readily achievable. Improving the energy performance of buildings lowers operations
costs, reduces pollution generated by power plants and other energy-producing
equipment, and enhances comfort. Most energy-efﬁciency measures present an excellent
rate of return. It is essential to consider a building’s energy load as a whole and to
integrate synergistic energy-efﬁciency measures in order to maximize savings. For
example, reduction of energy loads through improved glazing, insulation, daylighting and
use of passive solar features may allow the design team to downsize or even eliminate
mechanical HVAC systems. LEED recognizes the importance of integrated energy
strategies. As a result, most of the prerequisites and credits under this topic are

performance-based rather than prescriptive.

LEED-NC rates the energy efﬁciency of a project on these issues: Fundamental Building
Systems Commissioning, Minimum Energy Performance, CFC Reduction in HVAC&R
Equipment, Optimize Energy Performance, Renewable Energy, Additional

Commissioning, Ozone Depletion, Measurement & Veriﬁcation and Green Power. The

71

ﬁrst three are necessary prerequisites while seventeen possible points can be scored on

the remaining six credits.

3.4.1.4 Materials and resources

Building materials choices are important in sustainable design because of the extensive
network of extraction, processing and transportation steps required to process them.
Activities to create building materials pollute the air and water, destroy natural habitats
and deplete natural resources. Construction and demolition wastes constitute about 40%
of the total solid waste stream in the United States. One of the most effective strategies
for minimizing the environmental impacts of material use is to reuse existing buildings.
Rehabilitation of existing building shells and non-shell components reduces solid waste
volumes and diverts these waste volumes from landﬁlls. It also reduces environmental
impacts associated with the production and delivery of new building products.’Reuse of
an existing building minimizes habitat disturbance and typically requires less
inﬁ'astructure such as utilities and roads. An effective way to use salvaged non-shell
components in new buildings is to specify these materials in construction documents.
When new materials are used in buildings, it is important to consider different sources.
Salvaged materials can substitute for new materials, save on material costs and perhaps
add character to the building. ‘Recycled content materials reuse waste products that would
otherwise be deposited in landﬁlls. The use of local materials supports the local economy
and reduces the impacts of transportation. The use of rapidly renewable materials and
third-party certiﬁed wood minimizes the impact of natural resource consumption to

manufacture new building materials. In recent years, an increasing number of public and

72

private waste management operations have begun to reduce construction debris volumes
by recycling and reusing these materials. Recovery and recycling activities typically
involve job site separation into multiple bins or disposal areas. These activities can also

take place off-site if space is not available on the project site.

LEED-NC rates the material and resource use in a project on these issues: Storage &
Collection of Recyclables, Building Reuse, Construction Waste Management, Resource
Reuse, Recycled Content, Regional Materials, Rapidly Renewable Materials and
Certiﬁed Wood. The ﬁrst one is a necessary prerequisite while thirteen possible points

can be scored on the remaining seven credits.

3.4.1.5 Indoor environmental quality

Americans spend an average of 90% of their time indoors, where levels of pollutants may
be two to ﬁve times—and occasionally more than 100 times—higher than outdoor levels,
according to the US. Environmental Protection Agency. In its 1999 Air Quality
Guidelines, the World Health Organization states that most of a person’s daily exposure
to many air pollutants comes through inhalation of indoor air. Many of these pollutants
can cause health reactions in the estimated 17 million Americans who suffer from asthma
and 40 million who have allergies. The Asthma and Allergy Foundation estimates that
asthma cost the US. economy $10.7 billion in 1994 alone. Research over the past decade
has increased our understanding of the indoor enviromnent, revealing both problems and
potential solutions. Major health disasters such as outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease and

sick building syndrome have heightened the awareness of indoor air quality for building

73

owners and occupants. An increasing number of legal cases emphasize the need for
optimal indoor environmental quality (IEQ) strategies. Such strategies reduce potential
liability for design team members and owners, increase the resale value of the building,
and increase productivity of building occupants. In fact, case studies suggest that IEQ
improvements can increase worker productivity by as much as 16%, resulting in rapid

payback for IEQ capital investments (RMI, 1994).

IEQ strategies include issues related to indoor air quality (IAQ) such as increased ratios
of ﬁltered outside air, ventilation effectiveness, moisture management, and control of
contaminants. Prevention of air quality problems is generally much less expensive than
cleaning up after these problems occur. For example, it is inexpensive and sensible to
sequence construction activities so that materials are kept dry and those that absorb
contaminants are installed after other materials have had the opportunity to off-gas
contaminants. Specifying materials that release fewer and less harmﬁrl contaminants is
even better. Another strategy is to protect air handling systems during construction and
perform a building ﬂush-out prior to occupancy. To provide optimal air quality for
building occupants over the lifetime of the building, automatic sensors and controls can
be integrated with the HVAC system to adjust temperature, humidity, and the percentage
of outside air introduced to occupied spaces. Sensors can alert building maintenance staff
to potential IAQ problems such as carbon dioxide (C02) build-up in occupied space.
Other IEQ issues to consider include daylighting and lighting quality, thermal comfort,

acoustics, occupant control of building systems, and access to views. All of these issues

74

have the potential to enhance the indoor environment and optimize interior spaces for

building occupants.

Minimum IAQ Performance and Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control are
considered are prerequisites in LEED-NC green building rating system. The quality of
indoor environment is also rated on these following issues: Carbon Dioxide (C02)
MonitOring, Ventilation Effectiveness, Construction IAQ Management Plan, Low-
Emitting Materials, Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control, Controllability of
Systems, Thermal Comfort and Daylight & Views. A maximum of ﬁfteen points can be

scored for these eight credits.

3.4.1.6 Innovation and design process

Sustainable design strategies and measures are constantly evolving and improving. New
technologies are continually introduced to the marketplace and up-to-date scientiﬁc
research. inﬂuences building design strategies. The purpose of this LEED-NC category is
to recognize projects for innovative building features and sustainable building
knowledge. Occasionally, a strategy results in building performance that greatly exceeds
those required in an existing LEED credit. Other strategies may not be addressed by any
LEED prerequisite or credit but warrant consideration for their sustainability beneﬁts.
Finally, expertise in sustainable building is essential to the design and construction

process. All of these issues are rewarded in this category.

75

3.4.2 LEED-H green homes rating system.

LEED for homes is focused on transforming the mainstream home building industry
towards more sustainable practices. LEED for Homes aims to incorporate the following
best-practice environmental features in homes: efﬁcient use of energy resources; efﬁcient
use of water resources; efﬁcient use of land resources; efﬁcient use of building
construction resources and enhanced indoor environmental quality. It is developed as a
point based rating system based on building performance in seven broad areas. These are
Location and Linkages (10% of points), Sustainable Sites (13% of points), Water
Efﬁciency (11% of points), Indoor Environmental Quality (13% of points), Materials and
Resources (22% of points), Energy and Atmosphere (27% of points) and Home Owner
Awareness (1% of points). These seven categories account for 41 credits amounting to
104 core points. Four points are available for innovation in design process, thus making a
total of 108 points. Some of these credits are mandatory while the others are optional.
Variations due to changes in climate zones are accounted for in the rating system. Three
precipitation zones are considered: Dry (< 20 inches/year), Normal (20-40 inches/year)
and Wet (> 40 inches/year). Intents, mandatory and optional requirements, veriﬁcation
process, synergies and tradeoffs, rationale behind intent, strategies, and relevant resources
deﬁne each credit. There are four levels of certiﬁcation available, ranging from ‘certiﬁed’
(30 points) to platinum (90 points). Silver certiﬁcation requires 50 points and gold, 70
points (LEED 2005b). The Indoor Environmental Quality category of LEED for homes is

discussed in detail below.

76

3.4.2.1 Indoor environmental quality
The goal of rating this aspect in homes is to enhance the quality of indoor environment
with the purpose of safeguarding the health of the home’s occupants. This category in
LEED-H has 10 credits among which some are wholly or partly mandatory:

1. ENERGY STAR with Indoor Air Package

2. Combustion Venting

3. Humidity Control

4. Outdoor Air Ventilation

5. Local Exhaust

6. Supply Air Distribution

7. Supply Air Filtering

8. Contaminant Control

9. Radon Protection

10. Vehicle Emissions Protection
Fourteen possible points can be scored in this section. There are two optional pathways
for scoring in IEQ credits in this category. One option is to score ten possible points on
the ﬁrst credit by completing all of the requirements of EPA’s ENERGY STAR Indoor
Air Package. If this option is considered then credits 2, 3, 9, 10 and parts of 4, 5, 6, 7 and
8 must be skipped. The other option is to go through all credits from 2 through 10
individually for the maximum possible of fourteen points. The ten credits in this section

is discussed in detail below.

77

Credit #1 - ENERGY STAR with Indoor Air Package: The intent is to improve overall
quality of indoor environment by installing an approved bundle of air quality measures.
The ENERGY STAR with Indoor Air Package is a comprehensive set of indoor air
quality measures that includes ventilation, source control, and source removal measures.
All of the requirements of EPA’s ENERGY STAR Indoor Air Package are to be

completed for scoring this credit.

Credit #2 - Combustion Venting: The intent here is to minimize leakage of combustion
gases into occupied space of home. Indoor air quality may be adversely affected by
leakage of combustion exhaust gases into the home. Direct- or power- venting reduces
the risk of combustion gases being drawn into the home when negative pressure occurs in
the home. This credit is divided into two sub-credits and each of them is mandatory. The
ﬁrst sub-credit requires the designing and installation of HVAC and DHW combustion
equipment with closed combustion if equipment is located inside the building envelope
installing a CO monitor on each ﬂoor of the home. The second sub-credit mandates the

proper design and installation of ﬁreplace or no ﬁreplace at all.

Credit #3 - Humidity Control: The intent is to provide a comfortable thermal environment
in the home. Occupant comfort may be adversely affected by very high or very low
humidity levels in the home. High humidity levels may also foster mold growth. If points
are to be scored for this credit, moisture loads and need for a central humidity control
system should be analyzed. Install humidity control system should be installed where

needed to maintain humidity ratios below 0.012 (lb. water vapor / lb. dry air).

78

Credit #4 - Ougoor Air Ventilation: The intent is to protect occupants from indoor
pollutants by ventilating with outdoor air. Occupant health and comfort may be adversely
affected by poor ventilation in a home. Without adequate outdoor air ventilation,
humidity, odors, and pollutants may accumulate within the home. This credit is divided
into three sub-credits in which the ﬁrst is mandatory and other two optional. Designing
and installing a whole building ventilation system that complies with ASHRAE standard
62.2.4 comprises the mandatory sub-credit. Additional points can be scored by installing
a dedicated outdoor air supply system that complies with ASHRAE Standard 62.2 and
provides for heat transfer between the incoming outdoor air streams and exhaust air
streams and has fully ducted supply and exhaust. Third-party testing of outdoor air ﬂow

rate into the home constitutes the third optional sub-credit.

Credit #5 - Local Exhaust: The intent is to remove indoor pollutants in kitchens and
bathrooms. Odors, pollutants, and moisture may accumulate in kitchens and baths that
have poor local exhaust. This credit is also divided into three sub-credits in which the
ﬁrst is mandatory and remaining two optional. The ﬁrst sub-credit mandates the design
and installation of local exhaust systems in bathrooms and kitchen per ASHRAE
Standard 62.2, and use of ENERGY STAR labeled exhaust fans. The Optional sub-credit
requires installation of occupancy sensor or automatic humidistat controller or timer for
bath exhaust fans to operate fan either for a timed interval after occupant leaves room or
until humidity level is reduced. The third optional sub-credit requires third-party test of

each of these systems.

79

Credit #6 - Supply Air Distribution: The intent is to ensure supply air is distributed
adequately to conditioned spaces. The rationale is that occupant Comfort may be
adversely affected by inadequate air distribution to each room in a home. This credit is
divided into two sub-credits. The ﬁrst sub-credit requires performing ACCA Manual D
duct design calculations and installing ducts accordingly, and ensming that every room
has adequate return air ﬂow or installing ductless space conditioning system. The second
sub-credit requires testing total supply air ﬂow rates in each room of home using a ﬂow
hood, and adjusting the flow rates using balancing dampers to ensure that supply air ﬂow
rates are within +/- 15% (or +/- 10 cfrn) of calculated values from ACCA Manual J. The

former is mandatory while the latter is optional.

Credit #7 - Supply Air Filtering: The intent is to remove particulate matter from supply
air system. Inadequate air ﬁltration may have adverse health effects. Improved air ﬁlters
will help to remove more particles from the supply air stream. This credit is also divided
into three sub-credits in which the ﬁrst is mandatory and remaining two optional. The
ﬁrst sub-credit mandates the installation of air ﬁlters >/= MERV 8 and ensuring that air
handlers can maintain adequate pressure, or installation of a ductless space conditioning
system. Additional points can be scored by installing air ﬁlters >/= MERV 10 and ensure
that air handlers can maintain adequate pressure. The third optional sub-credit requires
the installation of HEPA air ﬁlters, and ensuring that air handlers can maintain adequate

pressure.

80

Credit #8: Contaminant Control: The intent is to protect occupants from exposure to
contaminants. Indoor air quality may be adversely affected by contaminants brought into
home by occupants. Walk-off mats trap some of the dirt at the entryway that would
otherwise be tracked into the home. Central vacuums exhaust collected dust and

particulates to the outdoors.

Seal off ducts during construction OR clean HVAC ducts and coils before occupancy.
This credit is further divided into three sub-credits in which the ﬁrst is mandatory and
remaining two optional. Designing and installing permanent walk-off mats at each entry,
or installing central vacuum system with exhaust to the outdoors is mandatory. The
optional second sub-credit requires third party testing for contaminant concentration prior
to occupancy. Measuring and reporting concentration levels for listed contaminants

comprises the third optional sub-credit.

Credit #9: Radon Protection: The intent here is to protect occupants from exposure to
radon gas, and other ground contaminants. Occupant health may be adversely affected by
the presence of radon gas. The ﬁrst part of this credit mandates that if home is located in
EPA Region 1, radon mitigation system must be designed and installed. The second part
which is optional requires that if the home is NOT located in EPA Region 1, radon

resistant construction techniques should be employed in its design and construction.

Credit #10 - Vehicle Emissions Protection: The intent is to protect occupants from

exposure to car emissions. The rationale is that occupant health may be adversely

81

affected by car emissions leaking from garage into home. This credit has two mandatory
and one optional sub-credit. The ﬁrst sub-credit mandates no air handling equipment,
return ducts or un-sealed supply ducts in garage. Installation of CO detector in any
occupied rooms above the garage and tightly sealing shared surfaces between garage and
conditioned spaces is mandatory as per the second sub-credit. Points can be scored for the
third sub-credit by installing minimum 100 cfrn exhaust fan rated for continuous
operation with automatic timer control linked to occupant sensor, light switch, or garage
door opening/closing mechanism; or by avoiding contact of garage with conditioned

spaces.

3.5 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a multiple criteria decision-making technique.
This technique allows subjective as well as objective factors to be considered in the
decision-making process. The user is allowed to assign relative weights in a logical
manner for all factors involved in the decision making process through pair-wise relative
comparison of those factors. The use of AHP entails the development of a tree-like
hierarchical structure of the factors involved. The ﬁrst step in AHP is to make a pair-wise
comparison of all the elements belonging to the same level of hierarchy. The elements are
then pair-wise compared with respect to an element in a higher level of the same
hierarchy to show the relative importance of each element of the lower level with respect
to that element in the higher level. A matrix of comparison is formed in which each
element is an outcome of the pair wise comparison of all factors involved. A scale of

relative importance is used for the purpose of pair wise comparison. The ﬁnal step is to

82

compute the vector of priorities. The vector of priorities outlines the relative weights of
the elements of matrix considering their strength on inﬂuencing the main criterion with
respect to which they are being compared. It is computed by normalizing the columns in
the matrix of comparison and then adding the elements in each resulting row and dividing

this sum by the number of elements in the row (Hass & Meixner 2005, Dey 2002).

In this thesis the AHP is adopted to determine the relative importance of building systems
in respect to the health performance attributes and also the relative importance of each of
these attributes. It should be noted that the application of AHP in this thesis is limited,
since the process of assigning relative importance scores during pair wise comparison of
building systems is based on author’s knowledge of the subject. The application of AHP
in assigning relative weights for building systems and attributes of IEQ is discussed in

detail in Chapter 5 with an example.

3.6 Summary

This chapter is a review of the tools and techniques that were utilized for this research.
The ﬁrst two tools discussed in this chapter aids in the design and evaluation of the
“Whole House”. The Whole House Performance Calculator is a tool for the quantitative
assessment of the performance of design and production processes, materials and
systems, and the interaction between them for the purpose of comparative scoring. The
Whole House Performance Criteria Framework aids in developing the criteria for the
design and construction of home by adopting the concept of building systems integration.

Sample application of these tools has been demonstrated as a part of this chapter.

83

Health impact matrix for planning, design and construction of built environment helps to
systematically evaluate the negative effects associated with the built environment. The
LEED green building criteria of USGBC has also been discussed in as a part of this
chapter. The LEED-NC and LEED for homes rating systems have been discussed in

detail. Finally the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been discussed.

84

CHAPTER 4

HEALTH PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FRAMEWORK

85

4.1 Overview

This chapter includes a detailed description of the framework for health performance
criteria for homes, based on LEED guidelines and building systems integration. The
format and scoring system used are based on the Whole House Performance Criteria
Framework (Swarup 2005), the Whole House Calculator (O’Brien et a1. 2005) and LEED

green building criteria (LEED 2003) which were discussed in Chapter 3.

The development of the health performance criteria framework comprises a series of
steps starting with the analysis of health issues associated with indoor environments. Two
different matrices have been developed for this analysis. They are described in detail in
the following section. These health issues are then traced back to various physical,
chemical and biological interactions in the indoor environment. The health performance
of a home can be improved by implementing the building systems integration approach
that will eliminate negative interactions while promoting synergistic associations between
various building components. The negative interactions and synergistic associations are
identiﬁed by studying the various physical, chemical and biological interactions;
involved building systems and health performance attributes. The building systems and
various health performance attributes are also deﬁned as a part of the process. This
analysis is then utilized to develop broad goals that will promote health performance of
homes. Strategies are developed based on the goals that will promote the health

performance.

86

The health performance criteria helps to evaluate the strategies during the design and
construction stage based on two attributes — performance and interaction. The framework
helps to score strategies based on their ability to insure health performance of homes and
the degree of synergism that exists between various implemented strategies. This will
insure health performance of homes devoid of negative interactions that will affect the

performance of homes.

4.2 Health matrix based on LEED requirements

Indoor environment and external environment are interconnected. The LEED green
building criteria utilizes the systems approach in an effort to minimize environmental
damage attributable to buildings, while enhancing occupant health, safety and comfort.
So in an effort to study the health impacts of buildings the LEED criteria was selected as
a starting point. The health impacts of LEED for New Construction (LEED-NC) and
LEED for Homes (LEED-H) green building criteria (LEED 2003, LEED 2005) are
analyzed by means of a health matrix. LEED-NC and LEED-H have been discussed in
detail in Chapter 3. The LEED health matrix was developed as a part of this thesis to
systematically relate each of the LEED credits to direct and indirect health effects on the
building occupants. It is a step by step method for analyzing the health impacts of LEED
green building criteria and then associate them with interactions and possible solutions
through building systems integration. The intents of each credits is analyzed in detail to
associate it to relevant direct and indirect health effects. Supporting literature connects

the intent with direct and indirect health effects.

87

4.2.1 The LEED-NC health matrix

The LEED-NC (LEED 2003) health matrix has ﬁve columns for each LEED credit. The
ﬁrst column lists the intent and rationale of a particular LEED credit. For example the
intent of “Credit 2 — Ventilation Effectiveness” in the Indoor Environmental Quality
section of LEED-NC, is to protect occupants from indoor pollutants by ventilating with
outdoor air. Health effects and supporting literature comprises the second major column,
which has two subsections. The ﬁrst subsection lists the direct health effects associated
with the particular LEED-NC credit, and the second one lists the indirect health effects.
Direct health effects are more physiological in nature while indirect health effects address
comfort problems and latent physiological effects. For example the direct health effect
for the previously mentioned credit can be irritant effects or cancer associated with
indoor air pollutants, since ventilation is the transport mechanism for many of these
pollutants. Perceived air quality of air polluted by human bio-efﬂuents and tobacco
smoke is an indirect effect associated with ventilation rate. The third column in the health
matrix comprises of broad guidelines from LEED to achieve the stated intent. The fourth
column lists possible positive and negative interaction scenarios associated with the
particular intent. The information in this column is extracted from LEED criteria and
other sources. For example when designing for outdoor air ventilation, the interactions
arising due to natural air leakage through the envelope should be considered. This is
important from both health and energy perspectives. The last column in the LEED-NC
health matrix lists the building systems integration aspects associated with that particular
credit. A section of the actual matrix developed has been included in Table 4.1 and the

complete framework is provided in the Appendix.

88

4.2.2 The LEED-H health matrix

The LEED-H (LEED 2005) health matrix follows the same format of the LEED-NC
health matrix. But it is focused on the Indoor Environmental Quality section of LEED-H
criteria and is more comprehensive in nature when compared to the LEED-NC health
matrix. LEED-H has been discussed in detail in the Chapter 3. The Indoor Environmental
Quality section of the LEED-H criteria has 10 credits and these have been systematically
analyzed in the matrix to associate them to direct and indirect health effects. A section of
the actual matrix developed has been included in Table 4.2 and the complete framework

is provided in the Appendix.

4.3 Health impacts of green buildings on occupants

The direct health impacts include respiratory ailments from inhaling air pollutants,
decreased lung function, asthma, severe allergic reactions; nonspeciﬁc hypersensitivity,
bronchitis, pneumonia; mutagenicity and carcinogenicity; eye, nose and throat irritation,
changes in skin temperature; headaches, fatigue, lethargy disorientation, visual distortion,
nausea; hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Legionnaires’ disease pulmonary hemorrhage,
rheumatic diseases; toxic and systemic effects; eyestrain, eye irritation; skin irritation and
rashes, erythema (skin redness); reproductive problems; cardiovascular effects;
musculoskeletal problems; sleep disturbance, hearing problems; disruption of human
circadian clock and stress related problems. In worst cases even death can result. The
indirect health impacts include a range of comfort issues, perceived air quality, ability to

concentrate, productivity, annoyance, interference with communication and effects on

89

88. .28.. 02.88.. US. 058

 

 

 

 

$088800 8 480:0
.8: .38 b08888: «:88 .28: 0.580..
-..=S8<88.588 855E :a 0028.: . 80808.5.
282.8 .8288 88 8 38.2.2.
.38: .3 8888.0: 8 ._:..w 08.: 8 889.0
8.036 88588 :0 880. :80 8 88 0.. :8 588:
08.... as» 8 2. .8. 2.. 98.8 2.. a. 80.33
0085...... 8888.80 28> 8:88.”: 2088..
8.00%.... .8 32.5.. 8885-". 88:82 .8888
.888 :8. 88:83 a 8:3 .80... 885E .08 88:88
8:88 E... 80:. 828.588 888 :08 .0888 0:20.:
.0288 @8888: 0.. .88 80:88 8 b 4 85:28..
.8. >8. .0:: 8... .088 88.588
80... 0.83 8 0.8808 888:8. 08:08 80.: $8.088 .3 8.808%
03.80.. 0285 J 858.3 8.. 088808 80:88: 8888880
8055—: 0:. 8:80 $8.080 8 0:88 88% 808...: n :0 8205
08808 ::3 .8888: 8 :03 08:02.5 8080......
000—8.: .8 @822 8.888 03888.. 05 2205.49 b08038 88.808
80.8.: 8 .8 8888880 85888.... 80.08.80 0: 88:8 05 88:8
80.: :8. 808 0.0.88 29:. o. $8.088 .8282 w88£880 .8 A05: 3:88 .08. 80:83
88:8 0.: 8.5 .8 88:88: :< 8... :82 .8 88.: 88.588
8.8 8.82 0.. 28% 0.: 00:080m - 80.5 0.: .8 00:08.8... 0.: :8 8800 .8 98..
808880 8.28 88358 8.609 8.808880. 0882.8 :8 -=03 :8 8888
850.588 0.5 88.88.88 0.: 808.0 8 $8888.80 0.: 888m 80:.
80:80:0w 8.50.5 .008 88588 9:80 . .8 080.0. 80.. 8 8:8 05800
8.88580 3888. 8... 8088 882.8 ”98:0,: 8 88:8 0.: 0.0:? 828...? 8 $0008 88> 8:89
::3 8:888 @803 8580 828588 .8 88.8 88888-08 .8 088 080.828.5880 .83 808
.088 888 80580. 8... 850.588 0.: 8.. 023 a 8088 08 89: 82:00.. -0882
88.588 0.: 8 U<>I 0.: 8088 8.... 808088.: 935 88 80.88 8.0308 .028: OS
88 8:83.888 8 :8 8080888 3:80 .5... 8.85 8. 80.50 5.8.. 88.88.. 8... .8 .88: 808.5 88.5800
8... 8.8:. 08803. . OS 5. .83.. .. 808088: 8... @2080 80:8: 02 88.5800 .. ...m :85
85:08...“ 38.
802.8 5505 8:08.88 88.02..» 0.588.: 582: Dam—Ha— 00. 0
3.808.? name—:5 8... 8.0.0.. :83 Dam: «8.8.5.6 8... 88am— .Eaem 8:0— .—
888 .88 can:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

90

x86 8.3.. 8.8.... u... 2....

 

 

 

 

 

 

88...... .8 x8. .83
.08.... a ..8 .8 88.... 808.088 8 088....0 ..82 J
0.8 .88.... .8 ..0>.00.0.. 0... M8888. icon
0888 ..o 8.8 .8 .8808 03.00....0 .8 .0 880.com. .8088...
88.8.8 ..080 .8 m. 08. .8.8.....0> . 808.88. w8.....08
88.800 0. Anna. 0.00....0 880.. .8 .38....
80.. .0.. 8.8.. .8 .0 880.088... 008.8. a .83 808.088 .80.. 08..
N o. ..5 .80 .80 88 8.03506... .88.... 888...... 8 530% 8.8.0.8
.. £08.88 ..80 8 80.88.. 8 .8 .08.... ..8 088.. 0.88.2 .
8 8.. 0808.0 .08.... 0... 808008.. 0... 8.888. .88 <05 .088 .88
8 .08.... 0.8 08. 3o... 8 88.8 .8 .8808 08.00."... ..8 8.0.8.. .888 8 8....
a 08.....0> .8 8.80. 8.88.... n .8 m. 08. .8.8.....0> 1 m8m.8w.o...0.8 .8 53...»
.88 o. 8.. 8.880 ..8 .28.... 80.0.... .Amoom 8 .0 8.0.883. 8080.08 .8 5.3 8088...... .08.... 0...
88.2.8. 8... 8...... 8.. QZ< 8088.8 .68.... .8 802008.. 8 80.8... 3.88.... ..w... 88.3 088888
8 .. .0>..00..m.0.. 8 ..8 28 80> 8 .3 8080...... 8. .8..8..0 80> .88. 8.8.8.? .3 88 8883......
8.080 .8 800.0. .80.... 8 .880 ..8 8.8.....0> 80038.. 8080.....8 m. 88.8.... 88... .. 8.8 .880 58.8....
80... 8083.... l 8.8 880.... .8 88.8 88.088 8...... a m. 0.0.... n 8808.. 88.00.... 088 .80 ......8.....0>
.08.... w8888 0... ..003.0.. .88 8... 8.0.0.... 8 8> 080...... .8 88.8 0880.8
8 :08.....0> 8.8.8.. 80.. 8.. «8.8... <08 .8080... .8..88 080...... 8 8.8580080 .883 .08.... a 8
.88... QZ< .mNo 888m .08.. o. 880 80.83.... 0... 0.8... 88 .8.8.....0> ._ .8.8.....0> 8.... 8
8.. o. 888...... m§3m< .83 8.888 .8 8....00.0.. 8o... w8w8. .0080 0. 800.8 80.00.... 308088
8 .. .0>..00..m.0.. 8... 80.8.. 3.....5 .8 800.c0 880.. .8 b08> 88.8 8...... w8w8. 800.8 0.. 88 80.800
880.. a 8... n. 88.8 808080.. :88. .. a 088 88 .8 888 880.. 8 80...; a 0880 ..8 880.. 88800
.08.... 0... .8 80.0888 0.. 9.8 8 8883...... o. 088qu 88 .8 888 8 8.888.. ”0.88.3.
08. 8.8.8? 8.8... 888.. .8.8.....0> .m8........ 0... 0.8 8883...... o. 088...”. .w........... 0...
8.08 0... .088... ..wdv 08888.... .8 888 8.. 8.88.008 0.8 8883...... .8 888 8.. .8 88.8
o. 8.8.5.80 .vddo 888m mam... 82.88... 0... 88 8.88.008 89.88. 0... 98 .83 88:88 8.........0>
0.8.03.0 0... 8.3 8.888 8... m. .8.8.....0> 85 88.88.. m. .8.8.....0> .am. 888...... .3 8.88.2. 888 ..<
88.... 0880. 80.8... 88.83 88...... 808.080» 80.8 0... 88.... 808.08% 888 0... 00.8... 8...... 88800.. 8.886
.8 .82 . 0.83 8 :88 ..8 8.89 .. .8.8.....0> .8 8880 _. .8.8.....0> .8 8880 n .008... .80.... "v ....0.0
8.8808 800.8 80.8... 800...... .00.... 088...;— 80..
8 8.0 .. 8... 0 Eu 8.. :0 a 00 0
”Ham—1“ m .. ... .. .— A—HHA 0.5.8.0... Mackinaw can 300...”.— ..zaom 8 u . m GHHQ nah—“H1“—

 

 

 

 

 

 

91

social behavior (Southface 2002, Hawks & Hansen 2002, DoH Washington 1999,

Jaakkola et a1. 1999, LHC 1990).

4.3.1 Relevant physical, chemical and biological interactions and processes

Health impacts associated with buildings, as identiﬁed using the LEED health matrices
can be traced back to various physical, chemical and biological interactions and
processes. Literature study done as a part of Chapter 2 will help to map the connection
between health effects and these interactions. Physical and chemical interactions involve
air ﬂow, air mixing and energy transfer through envelope induce changes in temperature,
humidity ventilation effectiveness, airborne level of indoor pollutants, condensation,
sorption, volatilization and dissolution processes, hydrolysis, photolysis, redox reactions
etc. Biological interactions are oﬁen moisture related and involve microbial growth.
Many of these processes are often interrelated and the effects they cause are a result of
combined action (Arens & Baughman 1996a, Arens & Baughman 1996b). The detailed
analysis of these physical, chemical and biological interactions associated with indoor

environment helps to better understand the issue of health performance of homes.

4.3.2 Health performance attributes

Through literature study seven attributes have been identiﬁed for deﬁning the health

performance of a home. They include:

' Indoor Air Quality - Presence of Indoor air pollutants: This includes both chemical
(V CC, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide asbestos etc.) and

biological (mold, pollen, dust mites) pollutants in indoor home environments.

92

I Temperature: Room temperature has a crucial role in the health and comfort
performance of homes.

' Humidity/moisture: Correlations exist between indoor air humidity and health
performance of homes. This attribute is also important from a comfort point of view.
Moisture in the indoor environment is an important variable to be considered when
designing healthy homes.

' Ventilation: Literature study done in Chapter 2 suggests that ventilation has a very
crucial role in maintaining a health and comfortable indoor environment.

I Lighting: Lighting is an integral factor of indoor environment and hence is
inextricably related to the health performance of homes. Daylighting possess superior
qualities over typical electrical lighting.

' Acoustics: Noise related problems have signiﬁcant impacts on health performance of
homes.

' Ergonomic Design and Safety issues: Defective design can result in hazards and
discomfort.

All of these attributes are discussed in detail as a part of Chapter 2.

4.4 Defining building systems

The research effort in this thesis involves the improvement of health performance of
homes by implementing building systems integration principles to counter the effect of
negative interactions in homes. So it is necessary to deﬁne the building systems, which
must be integrated in the design of a home. The following six building systems have been

determined for the purpose of this thesis, from the perspective of health performance.

93

This deﬁnition of building systems closely follows the method adopted in the Whole

House Performance Criteria Framework (Swarup 2005):

Envelope - That part of the building that protects the occupants from climate and
other natural forces. In most cases it also provides stability to the home and allows it
to stand.

I Heating Ventilation and Cooling (HVAC) - The building system that tempers the
living environment for comfort.

I Plumbing - The building system that provides water supply to all outlets.

I Electrical/Communication — The building system that provides electrical supply to run
all home appliances and support systems. It also includes communication supply such
a phone, cable and Internet.

I Lighting - The building system that provides both artiﬁcial and natural lighting inside
the home. Artiﬁcial lighting systems include light ﬁxtures and natural lighting
systems include windows, skylights, light wells etc.

I Interior— The building system that make up the interior of the home, composed of

movable elements including ﬁnishes and furnishings like ﬁmriture, movable storage,

carpet, drapes etc. It also includes elements that are visible ﬁom the inside of the
home and are in some manner connected to the structure or the envelope like partition

walls, ceilings etc.

4.4.1 Health performance goals

These goals are framed with the intent of improving the health performance of a home.

These goals require the application of the building systems integration concepts in the

94

design and construction of a home. These goals are developed by analyzing the following
factors:

I Health/comfort effects identiﬁed using LEED matrices

I Relevant Physical, Chemical and Biological interactions and processes

I Attributes of health performance involved in a particular interaction

An example scenario will adequately explain the development of these goals. When we
look at “Credit 2 — Humidity Control” in the Indoor Environmental Quality section of the
LEED-H criteria, several associated health effects can be observed. Humidity levels are
associated with respiratory ailments, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and asthma. Humidity
levels can also inﬂuence local thermal comfort. These effects can be traced back to
physical, chemical and biological processes in the indoor environment. Elevated
humidities in the indoor environment can be traced back to moisture inﬁltration through
envelope due to temperature and vapor gradients between indoor and outdoor
environments; moisture released in bathroom and kitchen due to occupant activities like
showering and cooking; rise of dampness through the structure; faulty mechanical
equipment; or condensation of water vapor in homes due to microclirnate formation.

Moisture may be retained inside building materials due to their non-breathable nature.

Humidity levels can inﬂuence grth and spread of biotic agents including pathogens,
mold, mites etc and release of aerosols and VOCs from building materials. Formaldehyde
off gassing from pressed wood products is related to levels of humidity. In most cases

interactions induced by humidity are also a function of temperature. So the health

95

performance attributes involved in this scenario include humidity/moisture, temperature
and presence of indoor pollutants. The health performance goals developed to achieve
better health performance for this scenario include the following: reducing moisture
inﬁltration through envelope; reducing moisture inﬁltration through structure; reducing
interior moisture levels through mechanical equipment; reducing interior moisture levels
by controlling occupant activities; preventing condensation in homes; preventing chances
of biotic growth in the indoor environment; and preventing chances of VOC release in the
indoor environment associated with humidity. The ﬁamework of the goal development

analysis involving the above mentioned example has been included in Table 4.3.

4.4.2 Building systems Design/Construction/Integration strategies

The building systems design/construction/integration strategies are developed from the
health performance goals developed in the last section. The strategy is the process that
will be employed to achieve the goal. These strategies are compiled through literature
studies done as a part of Chapter 2. These strategies take into account health performance
and integration potential between building systems. By analyzing the health performance
goals and driving processes behind IEQ issues, the relevant building systems that require
design/construction/integration treatment are identiﬁed. The intent is to improve health
performance through design/construction/integration strategies that will enhance
synergistic associations. For example, to address the goal of reducing the moisture
inﬁltration into the structure through envelope two building systems have been identiﬁed
as relevant — envelope and HVAC. Two strategies involving these two building systems

are available to achieve the goal: tight envelope construction to prevent moisture

96

inﬁltration; and maintaining high pressure inside buildings to prevent moisture
inﬁltration. Table 4.3 explains the strategy development process in greater detail with an
example. Figure 4.1 depicts the model adopted for generating the health performance

goals and building systems design/construction/integration strategies.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Identify Health
Impacts of LEED
Crpdits
Identify Relevant
Building Systems
I Envelope

Identify relevant . HVAC

Physical-Chemical- ——-> _
Biological I ElectncJComm.
Interactions and . plumbing
Processes I Lighting
I Interior Generate Building
Systems
I Design/Construction
Identify ln valved ﬂ: tegra 5m"
IEQ Attributes m

I IAQ

Humidity/Moisture
I Temperature
I Ventilation
e H Frame Health

Lighting __

. _—> Performance Goals

I Acoustics ‘—
I Ergonomic

design/Safety

 

 

 

Figure 4.1: Model for generating health performance goals and
building systems D/C/I strategies
4.5 Health performance criteria framework
The Health Performance Criteria Framework is integrated into the broader Whole House
Performance Criteria Framework (Swarup 2005). This framework is based on the LEED
guidelines. Some features of the Whole House Calculator (O’brien et al. 2005) are also

utilized for developing the Health Performance Criteria Framework. The Whole House

97

8&8“ch :05 353% mEESm can mﬁow uoﬁgoﬁom 2:83 mcumcocow 8m ﬁoBoESm “me oBmH

 

 

 

.0532 033 on
S 26 mEoEEQ E388 85 8:3
2:27. were: coaocxiooﬁﬁm
68:? 33.53008

2283 EH 3585mm
.moEZEu “ﬁancee

Ea scab—mg 3 26 2:32:
E808 8E 8:3 2:2? qwaoc
E034? U<>= 205— $2.55
cocoa £852: 8 U<>m

 

5 ER: 05:38 83.0% .

o<>:

.quon E 20>“:
uhdmmoE\b_EE=n convex .

   

.mEoEEBEu .8098
Ea 885 5253
8:293» Bong

v5... oBBEKEB 8
26 one—025 ﬁght
nonmbEE 2.5.82
£888 ::8

8 882m 585

no 533 5?» “on“:
EBB—9:25 cocci

 

 

 

 

 

 

douusbmeoo maize 3:2:20 2... E 8085 025% 3353
Bob gar—Suﬁ wEEEn 888m . San—a Ea cowobmz _. b63020 038m .
auction 58:0 . .bﬁgﬁ .03 mo cosmoocom -
.uwnﬁﬂv oxm . mo £32 8 “c822 .tomEoo
.wEEEn 2: Bob m_ 32:55 too; 3855 38‘— .
Assn 28c on 8 mice.» =om . commons 89a 9:me .mﬁﬂszom _8_wo_oE
.8125 2: 5 mega to canoe—«Eco... . .:on can Keane—05
1858—... amine banner“— . 8:85 .513: now 5:53 2 5:33.535 .
doc—9:0 eozuongEoU up 50 65 00> .mEman 3 @823
swag: ms: 8% 833m 830% . wEnﬁzE ousted 58 ESE . BEER boambamom .
among—EB was cote—BEE ﬁoEoﬂm .538» 0:03 BESS v5 ES: 3
3:358 E055 8 @8255. U<>I 38an maﬁa 28:: 32:8 mquﬁsocn
use 3329855 :Eﬁcgom . one—02m bang—38.. E vogue—.00 3:0 ._ ngmaoﬂogz .
was—tog mood . 69H 322:5: cage—u pound“. EEEM
.eozubEE .358me mo=m=co< have: ﬂaowa 283 use 22: £85
Baas:— Eo>2n 0C8. ago—m I gag—GE chamEE custom . wan—uni mo 33% EB £320 I E 338 aﬁﬁm< .
an 12:85 ﬁnch: count—ca none—55> .mcoEuaou .maomoﬁam 3 towns
2:39: E305 8 352:5 U<>m «Eugenia. one; :02» 838:. mnocoomﬁ .
02%: 05305 :9: ESE~E . 3235 o. oEonEa 2:83 98 Jog—.200
dozen—mi 2322: 8905 .33 SuﬁoaiamEﬁsm 35:80:50 E08 >EA=ED=
2 nouosbmnoo ego—oi.» 2w; . scrub—us «5568 Saved . .. Us,” 5 cameo—8 meowoﬁum . “bun—MED
mﬁwouabm .8: 2:89? 9:215 3339:—
anwountnotoeumaeoiwﬁoc 1929:: “in 2.3» mow—Etta was 2552285
v.53“? wag—mam 3:58....th ::aol Om: evict: $0-3 Ego—om $22.8— 5.8:

 

 

98

Performance Criteria Framework and Whole House Calculator have been discussed in
detail in Chapter 3. This framework will help to systematically tabulate all the goals and
strategies that go into the design and construction of a healthy home. The main intent is
to evaluate a particular combination of strategies chosen for designing and construction
of a healthy home. The evaluation is attained by means of a scoring system which takes
into account the health performance potential of a particular strategy and its degree of
synergism compared to other prospective strategies. For the purpose of evaluation the
concept of an ideal healthy home is introduced. This ideal “Whole House” epitomizes
the situation where all involved building systems work synergistically, thereby enhancing

the health performance of the home and avoiding any negative interaction.

4.5.1 Structure of the health performance criteria framework

The proposed framework has two sections —- one for compiling health performance goals
and the other one for building systems design/construction/integration strategies. The
goals section lists all building elements against the seven health performance attributes
identiﬁed in the previous section. Each health performance goal is to be compiled against
the particular building system and the performance attribute to which it is more
associated with. For each building system the goals are segregated into two design
considerations: architectural design and engineering design. Architectural design
consideration involves speciﬁcs, such as space usage in terms of placement of units and
arrangement of partitions. Engineering design encompasses all services design issues.
The health performance goal speciﬁed under each design consideration for each building

system is then associated with a building systems design/construction/integration strategy

99

in the next section of the framework. The strategies are speciﬁc to the user and may be
tabulated as per the individual expertise. The strategies section has provisions for scoring
the performance and interaction potentials of each listed strategy. Figure 4.2 and Figure
4.3 shows in detail the structure of Health Performance Criteria Framework. The

complete framework is included in the appendix.

4.5.2 Scoring system for the health performance criteria framework

Each building systems design/construction/integration strategy is scored for performance
and interaction. Performance score of a strategy denotes its ability to deliver the required
health performance. Interaction score denotes the degree of synergism of that particular
strategy in combination with other strategies. The scoring system is modiﬁed from the
“Whole House Calculator” and the “Whole House Performance Criteria Frarnewor
Each building system and attribute of IEQ is associated with a certain weight that refers
to the role of the strategies pertaining to that building system or the attribute, in the
overall performance of the home. The building system or attribute that affects the
performance of the home to a large degree is given a larger weight than others. The
weightage/credit system deﬁnes the level of importance of each building system within
the complete design of the home. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is adopted to
determine the weightage of each the building system in respect to the health performance
parameters. The application of AHP in assigning relative weights for building systems

and attributes of IEQ is discussed in detail in Chapter 5 with an example.

100

28w ooggotoa .283 - xSBoEEm «EEO ooggotom 530m - N4. 05mm“—

 

 

 

 

 

assign.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

U<>=

one—9E”

 

hages/usgsap
onwouoﬁ:

SORSI'IODV

Sunuﬁn

uouelnuan

ammudwai

 

a

QJHJSIOW/Mlpglunﬂ

 

 

 

..._m .5395
coast—:5
9533:.
custom

 

 

101

mommﬂmbm <O\Q mEBmxm mEEEm - v—uoaoﬁﬁm «£8ch ooggoﬁom 5302 .. mé 233m

 

 

 

V

 

 

 

 

 

anaemia...

102

\\

U<>I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I

 

 

030.025

 

 

Maus/uﬁgsap
alwouoﬁa

sonsnoav
Bunuﬁn
uonemuan

mmuadwa;

;

I

r

alnzslow/lelwnﬂ A '.; 2

 

:3
3:25 cosabEs
05—Jun—09: u:0>0.a
Du COED-Eumrau

 

un2o>=u 22...

 

 

Performance scoring

The performance scoring (PS) in Health Performance Criteria Framework follows the
same format of Whole House Performance Criteria Framework. The scoring will be
conducted on a scale of 1-5, where 1 represents the least effective strategy and 5, being
the most effective strategy. The weighted performance factor (Pf) for a particular strategy
is the product of the performance score (Ps), the weightage of the building system and the
weightage of attribute of IEQ it is associated with.

Pf = E; X relative weightpf building system X relative weigjt of attribute QfIEO (Eq 1)

Interaction scoring

The interaction scoring in Health Performance Criteria Framework is adapted from
Whole House Calculator. Each of the strategies is compared with the other strategies for
identifying synergistic interactions. The strategies are grouped as synergistic
combinations and dyssynergistic combinations to determine the interaction score. A
synergistic combination will result in an improvement in the health performance of
homes. A dyssynergistic combination will result in degradation in the health performance
of homes. The combinations are scored on a scale from 1 to 5. The scoring system for the
combinations is as follows:

1 represents a combination which results in a major degradation of health performance.

2 represents a combination which results in a minor degradation of health performance.

3 represents a combination which has no effect on health performance.

4 represents a combination which results in a minor improvement of health performance.

5 represents a combination which results in a major improvement of health performance.

103

Intermediate values represent degrees of performance degradation or improvement. After
scoring each strategy on this scale, a total score is determined for each strategy (Is) by
obtaining the average of all the individual combination interaction scores.

Is = 2 interaction scores of combination involving a particular strategy (Eq 2)
number of combinations involving that particular strategy

Whole House Health Performance Score (HS)
The Whole House Health Performance Score is obtained in two steps. The performance
factor (Pf) of each strategy is multiplied with its interaction score (Is). These values for
all the strategies are summed up together to obtain the Whole House Health Performance
Score (Hs).

Hs = Z (Pf X Is) (Eq 3)
The resultant value is compared with the score of the ideal “Healthy home”. This is
obtained by assigning a performance score of 5 and an interaction score of 5 for all the
strategies. This will give the user an idea of how close the case study design comes to

being an ideal “Healthy home” design. The ideal score has been calculated as 6680.

4.6 Summary

This chapter discusses in detail the development of the Health Performance Criteria
Framework. The LEED matrices for identifying the health impacts of buildings are
discussed in the ﬁrst section. The identiﬁed health effects were then traced back to
several physical, chemical and biological interactions associated with the indoor
environment. These interactions were then linked to health performance attributes. This

analysis was used to develop health performance goals and building systems

104

design/construction/integration strategies. The health performance criteria framework is
developed with the intent to systematically compile these goals and strategies. A scoring
system was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies in achieving health
performance. Finally the ideal “Health house” score was developed to compare individual

scores of case study houses.

105

CHAPTER 5

FEEDBACK AND CASE STUDY APPLICATIONS

106

5.1 Overview

In Chapter four, the Health Performance Criteria Framework was presented as a planning
and evaluation tool for the health performance of homes. In this chapter the framework
will be applied to three case study homes and feedback will be obtained from industry
experts. The three case studies include a site built home, a factory built home and a
combination of both — the hybrid home. All three of them are assumed to be LEED
certiﬁed homes and will employ the strategies outlined in the LEED rating system for
homes. The scoring system that was developed as a part of the last chapter will be applied
to these case study homes and a ﬁnal health performance score will be obtained. These
scores will be compared to the ideal health performance score of a hypothetical healthy
home to ascertain the effectiveness of strategies employed in these homes in ensuring the
health and comfort of occupants. The case studies will help in measuring how the
performance of the strategies employed in the design and construction of homes and

various interactions between them will impact the health and comfort of occupants.

5.2 Sample “Health Performance Criterion”
A sample health performance criterion has been developed based on LEED for homes
guidelines. This criterion will be applied to the three case study homes to evaluate their
health performance. This criterion has ﬁve components:
1. Building systems: These six building systems have been identiﬁed and
deﬁned as a part of Chapter 4. These are Envelope, HVAC, Plumbing,

Electrical and Communication, Lighting and Interior systems.

107

2. Design considerations: Each building system is further deﬁned in terms of two
major design considerations - architectural and engineering. The architectural
design consideration includes all general design related issues, such as space
usage in terms of placement of units and arrangement of partitions.
Engineering design encompasses all services design issues and any other
special considerations.

3. Health performance attributes: These seven attributes have been identiﬁed and
established through literature study conducted as a part of Chapter 2. They
collectively determine the quality of the indoor environment and thereby the
health and comfort of occupants. The attributes include aspects of Indoor Air
Quality (presence of indoor air pollutants), Humidity/Moisture, Temperature,
Ventilation, Lighting, Acoustics and Ergonomic Design/Safety.

4. Goals for improving the health performance: These goals have been extracted
ﬁom the analysis of health/comfort impacts associated with the LEED for
Homes green building rating system. They are listed against the respective
building system and health performance attributes discussed above in the
goals section of the criteria.

5. Strategies for improving the health performance: These strategies aim to
improve the health and comfort of occupants by employing the concept of
building systems integration. These strategies were developed based on the
goals for improving the health performance discussed above. Seventy
strategies have been deﬁned for the purpose of evaluating the health

performance of case study homes. These strategies will be rated based on their

108

effectiveness in improving the health performance and the various interactions

between them.

5.3 Scoring system for the sample criterion

The scoring system used here is based on the “Whole House Calculator” and the “Whole
House Performance Criteria Framework”. This system has been discussed in detail in
Chapter 4. Weighting factors are applied to both the health performance attributes and the
building systems that will highlight the importance of each of them in the health
performance of a home. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is adopted to determine the
weightage of each of the building system in respect to the health performance attributes
and also the relative importance of each of these attributes. This .process has been
demonstrated here for the sake of conducting the cases studies. It is based on the author’s
understanding of the relative importance of various building systems and health

performance attributes.

5.3.1 Relative weights of building systems and health performance attributes

The use of AHP requires the development of a tree-like hierarchical structure of all the
factors involved. Analytic Hierarchy Process allows the user to assign relative weights in
a logical manner through pair-wise relative comparison of these factors. The Health
Performance Criterion has a three tier hierarchy. The lower tier consists of all the
building systems, the middle one includes all the health performance attributes and the
upper one is the health performance of the home. The ﬁrst step in AHP is to make a pair-

wise comparison of all the elements belonging to the same tier of hierarchy. The elements

109

are pair-wise compared with respect to an element in a higher tier of the same hierarchy
to show the relative importance of each element of the lower tier with respect to that
element in the higher tier (Hass & Meixner 2005). Here the building systems in the lower
tier are pair-wise compared to determine their level of impact on each of the health
performance attributes. For example the ‘envelope’ will be compared pair—wise to the
remaining ﬁve building systems to determine its impact on humidity/moisture
performance. Further each of the health performance attributes will be compared against
each other to determine their relative importance for the health performance of the home.
For example the ‘humidity/moisture’ performance will be compared with the rest of the
six attributes to decide its relative importance in ensuring the health and comfort of

occupants. For the purpose of pair-wise comparison the following scale is used.

 

 

Intensity Definition Explanation
1 Equal importance Two activities contribute
equally to the object
3 Moderate importance Slightly favors one over
another
5 Essential or strong importance Strongly favors one over
another
7 Demonstrated importance Dominance of the demonstrated
importance in practice
9 Extreme importance Evidence of favoring one over
another of highest possible
order of afﬁrmation
2, 4, 6, 8 Intermediate values When compromise is needed

 

Table 5.1: Scale of relative importance for pair-wise comparison (Dey 2002)

110

For example, while comparing ‘x’ and ‘y’ for criterion ‘a’, if ‘x’ has essential importance
over ‘y’ intensity level 5 is chosen. So if (x,y) represent the relative importance of ‘x’

against ‘y’ for criterion ‘a’, then (x, ) = 5 and (y,x) = 0.2.

The various steps in AHP employed for establishing the relative importance of the factors
in the Health Performance Criterion are detailed out below. First the six building systems
are pair-wise compared to determine their levels of impact on each of the health
performance attributes. For example, the following matrix shows the pair-wise
comparison of envelope, HVAC, plumbing, electrical/communication, lighting and
interior systems to determine their levels of impact on the health performance attribute of

IAQ - presence of indoor pollutants.

IAQ - presence of indoor pollutants

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Envelope HVAC Plumbing Electrical Ligmng Interior
Envelope 1 0.33 5 5 5 1
HVAC 3 1 5 7 5 3
Plumbing 0.2 0.2 1 3 3 0.33
Electrical 0.2 0.14 0.3 1 1 0.2
Lighting 0.2 0.2 0.3 1 1 0.33
Interior 1 0.3 3 5 3 1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5.2: Matrix of comparison for building systems affecting IAQ

 

The next step in AHP is to calculate the sum of all elements in a column and divide each
element in that column by this sum. This process is known as normalizing the column.

The normalized matrix looks as follows:

111

IAQ - presence of indoor pollutants
Envelope HVAC Plumbigq Electrical Lighting Interior

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Envelope 0.18 0.15 0.34 0.23 0.28 0.17
HVAC 0.54 0.46 0.34 0.32 0.28 0.51
Plumbing 0.04 0.09 0.07 0.14 0.17 0.06
Electrical 0.04 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.06 0.03
Lighting 0.04 0.09 0.02 0.05 0.06 0.06
Interior 0.18 0.14 0.21 0.23 0.17 0.17

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5.3: Normalized matrix for building systems affecting IAQ

The ﬁnal step in AHP is to add all the elements in a row of the normalized matrix and
divide it by the number of elements in that row. The new value obtained is the relative
weight for the building system represented by that row. The relative weights for the six

building systems are shown in the following table:

IAQ - presence of indoor pollutants

 

Envelope HVAC PlumbinL Electrical Lighting Interior

 

 

Relative
Weights 0.22 0.41 0.09 0.04 0.05 0.18

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5.4: Relative weights for building systems affecting IAQ

The steps outlined above are conducted for the rest of the health performance attributes
and relative weights are obtained. These are shown in the following table. The relative
weights are rounded off to the nearest multiple of 5 and then multiplied by 10. So
effectively 10 points are distributed among the six building systems for each of the health

performance attribute, in accordance to their relative weights.

112

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Envelope HVAC Plumbin Electrical Li htin Interior

IAQ 2.00 4.00 1 .00 0.50 0.50 2.00
Humid/Moisture 2.50 2.50 1.50 0.50 0.50 2.50
Temperature 2.50 4.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 2.00
Ventilation 2.00 4.00 1 .00 0.50 0.50 2.00
Lighting 2.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 3.50 3.00
Acoustics 3.50 1 .50 1.00 0.50 0.50 3.50
Egojsafetl 3.00 1 .00 1 .00 1 .00 1 .00 3.00

 

Table 5.5: Adjusted relative weights for building systems affecting health performance
attributes

The process is continued for the next level of hierarchy to establish the relative
importance of the health performance attributes with respect to the health performance of

the home. These values are shown in the following table.

Health Performance of the

 

 

 

Home _
Ergono.
Humidity! DesJ
IAQ Moisture Temperature Ventilation nghtlng Acoustics Safety
Relative
weights 3.50 2.00 1.50 1.50 0.50 0.50 0.50

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5.6: Adjusted relative weights for attributes affecting the health performance of a
home.

While scoring a particular strategy for performance, the relative weight of the building
system and the health performance attribute to which it is most associated, is taken into
consideration. The product of relative weights of the building system and the health
performance attribute will adequately reﬂect the effect of the strategy’s performance on

the overall health performance of the home.

113

5.4 Case study applications

This section deals with the application of the sample “Whole House” performance
criterion developed to three distinct case studies, site-built home, factory-built home and
ﬁnally hybrid home. A major homebuilder has provided the case studies for the site-built
home and the hybrid home. Both homes are based on the same design but have different
approaches to construction. For the factory-built home case study, a hypothetical, double
section factory built home similar to the other two case studies was developed. The rating
associated with each strategy is based on the understanding of the researcher but will be

corroborated with a discussion of the speciﬁc strategy used within the design.

5.4.1 LEED assumptions

All the case study homes are assumed to be LEED homes. Several assumptions are made
so that they will satisfy the LEED for homes rating system. These are discussed in detail
below. The credits that have signiﬁcant impact on health and comfort of occupants are

given more importance.

It is assumed that all of the case study homes are located in a LEED certiﬁed
neighborhood with minimum disturbance to the site. The other assumptions are listed
below.

0 Rainwater harvesting system and grey water re-use system will be installed.

0 Very high efﬁciency plumbing ﬁxtures will be used throughout the homes.

0 A CD monitor will be installed on each ﬂoor of home.

114

HVAC and DHW combustion equipment with closed combustion is installed if
equipment is located inside the building envelope.

Direct venting installed in kitchen.

Humidity control system will be installed.

Whole building ventilation system that complies with ASHRAE Standard 62.2
will be installed.

Dedicated outdoor air supply system that complies with ASHRAE Standard 62.2
and that which provides for heat transfer between the incoming outdoor air stream
and exhaust air streams and that which will have fully ducted supply and exhaust
will be installed.

Local exhaust systems in bathrooms and kitchen per ASHRAE Standard 62.2 will
be installed.

Timer for bath exhaust fans to operate fan for a timed interval after occupant
leaves room.

HEPA air ﬁlters will be installed and ducts will be sealed off during construction.
Permanent walk-off mats to be installed at each entry.

Home is NOT located in EPA Region 1, so only radon resistant construction
techniques are to be installed.

No air handling equipment, return ducts or un—sealed supply ducts are located in
the garage. There is also a 100 cfrn exhaust fan rated for continuous operation
with garage door opening/closing mechanism.

No extra lumber may be used for purely aesthetic purposes.

Space joists & studs greater than 16"OC with two stud comers.

115

Headers have been sized for actual loads.

Design roof pitch/cave width to 24" module.

It is assumed that all the building materials or products have been extracted,
harvested, recovered and manufactured, within 500 miles of the home.

A detailed durability plan is in place.

Environmentally preferable products are used throughout the home with reduced
jobsite waste.

Insulation is installed in such a way so as to minimize thermal bridging.

Air leakage rate from envelope will be </= 0.25 ACH.

Windows exceed requirements for ENERGY STAR labeled windows by 10%.
Air leakage rate from air ducts will be </= 3.0 CFM at 25 PA per 100 square feet
of conditioned ﬂoor area.

HVAC equipment exceeds requirements for ENERGY STAR labeled HVAC by
10 percent.

Water heating system is optimized for energy performance.

Energy efﬁcient lighting and appliances will be installed.

It is assumed that refrigerants that reduce ozone depletion will be used.

Home owners’ education process will be completed.

5.4.2 Site built home

The speciﬁcations for the case study design are as follows: Basement: Footprint except

garage includes walkout light well. First ﬂoor: 2 car garage, formal living and dining,

family room, kitchen, powder and laundry room. Second ﬂoor: 3 bedroom, master suite

116

and 2 baths. The gross square footage is 4198 square feet for the entire home. The HVAC
and plumbing speciﬁcations and electrical drawings have been provided as well as
framing and foundation plans. Communication and interior plans shall be assumed
standard; it is also assumed that no specialized furniture design is recommended and no
moveable partitions are used. None of the additional options have been considered for the
analysis; only the basic option has been used. Regular timber framing with wooden studs
(2 x 4), 16 inches on center with gypsum board is used for the superstructure; and pre-
engineered roof trusses are used for the ﬂoors and the roof. Cast in place foundation walls
are used for the basement. Electrical and HVAC distribution is largely through the floor
and through a vertical mechanical chase running from the basement to the second ﬂoor.
The speciﬁcations for the HVAC ducting include mastic and duct tape as insulation to be
installed on all the corners. The ducting used is ﬂex duct that is easier to install. An
optional zoned HV AC system has also been speciﬁed, and all supply air registers
openings on exterior walls are speciﬁed to be insulated with rigid urethane insulation
board (R12). The design also speciﬁes use of low ‘E’ glass for all skylights, and all doors
and windows are to be insulated. The design does specify that most openings should be
oriented East/W est, which may not be the most desirable orientation in terms of passive

solar design strategies.

All strategies within the Health Performance Criteria are scored with respect to the
information associated with the design and assumptions made based on LEED for homes.
The scoring for each strategy is subjective and is based on the understanding of the user,

in this case the author. Both performance scoring and interaction scoring are conducted as

117

discussed in Chapter 4. Interaction scoring is done by grouping strategies in synergistic
and dyssynergistic combinations. A synergetic combination improves the performance of
all the component strategies leading to an improvement in one or more health
performance attribute. A dyssynergistic combination impairs the performance of
component strategies leading to degradation in one or more health performance attribute.
The interaction scoring scale ranges from 1-5, where 1 represents the least preferable
dysergistic effect and 5 represents the most preferable synergistic effect. For example, the
strategies involving exterior water management, prevention of moisture inﬁltration
through structure, moisture control in home and home owner education comprise a
synergetic combination for site built home. The exterior water management systems and
design features of the envelope including sloping roof, overhangs, gutters, downspouts
and site sloping efﬁciently wards off moisture from the external envelope. Adequate
steps have been taken to prevent moisture inﬁltration through the structure — the
foundation has been properly treated and the joint between the foundation and the
structure has been secured against moisture entry. The HVAC system meets the humidity
requirements reducing the condensation potential inside homes. All these strategies
coupled with home owner awareness about humidity/moisture issues in a home comprise
a synergistic combination that improves the humidity/moisture performance of home.
Related health and comfort effects include grth of biological agents and perceived air
quality. This synergistic combination has been given 4 points for interaction in the

criteria for site built homes.

118

The health performance score for the site-built home is 2870.37. With respect to the ideal
score of 6680 as stated before, this represents 42.96% of the ideal Health Performance
score based on the “Whole House” and LEED concepts. The completed criterion sheet

for the site-built home has been included in Appendix.

5.4.3 Factory built home

The case study design for the factory-built home was developed from the case study
design for the site-built home. It is designed as a double section home with each section
being 16” wide as per the HUD codes. The home is designed as a single storey unit such
that it can be transported with ease. No special additions have been made to the design, as
the basic speciﬁcations remain the same. The design speciﬁcations are as follows; the
ﬁrst section includes a family room, dining, and kitchen that are part of the open plan
with an additional powder room and utility room with a rear access. The second section
includes the master bedroom, bath and walk in closet, with two additional rooms that
share one bath. The ﬁrst section is 16 feet wide and 48 feet long and the second section is
16 feet wide and 39 feet long. The speciﬁcations are assumed to be the same as the
original design for the site-built home. It is assumed that the sections are built on a
chassis that is used to transport the home to the site. Standard speciﬁcations have been
based on the body of knowledge generated by the research team at MSU and Purdue

University on manufactured housing under the NSF research grants.

The health performance score for the factory-built home is 3147.27. With respect to the

ideal score of 6680 as stated before, this represents 47.11% of the ideal Health

119

Performance score based on the “Whole House” and LEED concepts. The completed

criterion sheet for the factory-built home has been included in Appendix.

5.4.4 Hybrid home

The hybrid home case study design was similar to the site-built home as well and was
provided by the same major homebuilder. The architectural design speciﬁcations in this
case are the same as the site-built home, and so are the plans. The only difference is the
construction process and the materials used. These are based on the components
produced by the major homebuilder at their privately owned factory facility. There are
four basic components that the factory manufactures; foundation walls, structurally
insulated wall panels (SIP) with windows attached, ﬂoor trusses with complete
assemblies and steel studs for internal partitions. These are manufactured as per the
speciﬁcations of the design and then transported to the site on specially designed trailers
to enhance ease of construction at site. The OSB (Oriented Strand Board) used for the
SlP’s is specially designed to have equal strength in both axes such that it is easy to use;
it also makes it possible to attach windows without adding headers, thereby reducing the
manufacturing time improving and structural integrity immensely. Another special
addition is a specially manufactured insulation strip which is used for door and window
openings, ﬁn‘ther reducing any loss of heat and cold from within the home during its
lifetime, thereby increasing the inherent efﬁciency of the HVAC system. The component
has been designed and manufactured by the major homebuilder and is due to be patented.
The roof systems are pre-manufactured roof trusses that are subcontracted. Several other

possibilities to standardize the production of a home are being considered.

120

The health performance score for the hybrid home is 3467.06. With respect to the ideal
score of 6680 as stated before, this represents 51.9% of the ideal Health Performance
score based on the “Whole House” and LEED concepts. The completed criterion sheet

for the hybrid home has been included in Appendix.

5.4.5 Comparison of the criterion application on three case studies

The design of the site built, factory built and the hybrid home are similar in nature, in
order to maintain the consistency of the case studies. It is assumed that the speciﬁcations
are standard and the quality of construction is satisfactory for all three case studies. It is
also assumed that all the homes meet the LEED criteria. Since the speciﬁcations for all
three designs are similar, a large part of the scoring was similar. The decisions regarding
the scoring of each strategy were partly based on an understanding of the speciﬁcation
and partly on whether a particular goal was given enough consideration at the time of the
design. Hybrid home received the highest health performance scores followed by the
factory built home. The site built home received the lowest score. The results of case

study applications are compiled in the table below.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Home type Score Percentage

Ideal healthy home 6680 100.00
Site built home 2870.37 42.96
Factory Built home 3147.27 47.11
Hybrid home 3467.06 51.90

 

Table 5.7: Comparison of health performance scores for case study homes

121

Except for envelope and HVAC systems there are no major differences in the scores

received by the three homes. These are the major observations:

0

Impact of envelop tightness on IAQ (presence of indoor pollutants),
Humidity/moisture performance, Temperature comfort, Ventilation and
Acoustical performance. Tighter envelope warrants better health performance of
homes.

Impact of material selection on almost all attributes of health performance of
homes.

Impact of negative pressure in homes on IAQ (presence of indoor pollutants),
temperature comfort and humidity/moisture performance. Negative pressure in
homes can be attributed to defective design of HVAC system, impaired
performance of HVAC equipment, local exhaust and other types of direct venting.
Development of negative pressure deteriorates performance.

Impact of humidity control on IAQ (presence of indoor pollutants) and
Temperature comfort.

Impact of contaminant control during construction and occupation phases on IAQ
(presence of indoor pollutants).

Impact of plumbing, electrical/communication and lighting installations on the
exterior envelope, on Humidity/moisture performance and IAQ (presence of
indoor pollutants).

Impact of building layout on Ventilation, Temperature comfort and Lighting

performance. Site speciﬁc building layout enhances these aspects.

122

0 Impact of layout of interiors and interior ﬁxtures on Temperature comfort,
Ventilation effectiveness and Lighting performance.

0 Impact of home owner education on all attributes of health performance of homes.
Home owner education can signiﬁcantly improve the health performance of
homes.

Fromthe case study applications it can be observed that the major difference in scores

is related to envelope and HVAC architectural and engineering considerations. Both

the hybrid home and the factory built home received relatively high scores on these
aspects. The factory-built home and the hybrid home take advantage of the tighter
envelope construction affected through prefabricated parts and modular design.

Especially in the case of hybrid home, the component design and the use of special

materials and products provides it with enhanced envelope performance. Special

insulation strip installed with the window openings allows for better thermal
performance for the interior, consequently enhancing the thermal efﬁciency of the

HVAC system and the humidity/moisture performance of the home. The factory built

home has an added advantage, since it avoids the garage-living space interface.

Control of contaminants during construction is another key feature of factory built

homes due to the controlled production environment inside the factory. Site speciﬁc

design enhances the ventilation, day-lighting and temperature comfort aspects of both
the hybrid and site built home. In all three cases the engineering and design
considerations for the other building systems excluding envelope, received similar
scores. This is because these building systems are designed and placed in relatively

the same manner for all three types of home.

123

5.5 Feedback on the health performance criteria framework

The effectiveness of the research outputs were reviewed with the help of feedback
from selected industry professionals. The survey set from the industry professionals
was based on their involvement with LEED pilot homes and expertise in the ﬁeld of
sustainable construction. A total of three industry personnel were interviewed. The
feedback was obtained in two stages; the ﬁrst stage being the initial development
phase of the framework, while the second stage being the ﬁnalization of the
framework. During the ﬁrst stage interviews, the responses were organized based on a
predetermined list of questions; although discussions were open and certain general
observations were made and noted by the researcher. During the second stage, a
summary of the research outputs and their development process were sent to the

selected professionals and suggestions for improvement were obtained.

5.5.1 First stage feedback - general observations

During this stage the industry experts were probed regarding the importance of health
performance in sustainable construction. The main topic of discussion was related to
the appropriateness of health performance as one of the major aspects of green
construction. The responses of the industry community clearly show that health
performance is crucial and it is employed as one of the main selling points of
sustainable and healthy construction. They were convinced that LEED criteria for
homes had considerable beneﬁts for occupant health and comfort. They all agreed
that the LEED criteria for homes was still in the development phase and much more

research is needed on the health aspects and healthy lifestyle associated with green

124

buildings. There was consensus upon the preeminence of health as one of the key

aspects of LEED.

5.5.2 Second stage feedback - general observations

Research outputs and their development process were sent to the selected
professionals and they were asked to review the framework. The industry experts
agreed that Health Performance Criteria Framework is applicable to the green
building industry especially since the system measures the relative quality of each
system to occupant health. They felt that the format of the framework was effective
and easy to use. Most of the concerns expressed by the subject experts are technical in
nature rather than broad concerns related to the structure and organization of the
framework, as can be expected out of an industry community. These have been

discussed in detail below.

Occupant Qfestvle

Homeowner education as it relates to the health of the structure should be a very
important consideration in the design and construction of homes. Occupant lifestyle
can have a negative impact on the health of a structure. Maintenance, cleaning,
adjustment and future product selection are all important to maintaining a healthy
structure. Plugged dryer vents, dirty ﬁrmace ﬁlters, toxic chemical cleaning products,
all the responsibility of the occupant, may lead to health issues in the structure.
Furnace-mounted humidiﬁers are a prime example. If not serviced every other week

they can produce mold, bacteria and respirable silica dust. Homeowners should be

125

given training regarding the operation and adjustment of systems installed in a home
and should be educated about the importance of maintenance and future product

selection.

Product Selection

A structure has a lot of materials installed that, under the wrong circumstance, can
become health problems. Cellulose and ﬁberglass insulation are prime examples.
Normally these products are thought to be contained in areas outside the thermal
envelope. Wind washing, structural settlement and/or construction deﬁciencies can
bring these irritants into the living environment. Cellulose insulation, installed in an
attic can enter the living environment through partition walls, electrical ﬁxtures,
exhaust vents and HVAC systems. The dust is respirable and becomes air borne from
wind washing or pressure differences between living environment and the attic.
Cellulose is usually composed of recycled newsprint that contains inks and chemical
additives that can compromise the health of the occupants. During the design and
construction of homes care must be taken that products that have a potential impact
on occupant health are installed in a manner that ensures health and safety. The
option would be to select products that are stable and unlikely to migrate once

installed.
Positive pressure in homes

Maintaining a slight positive pressure in homes is crucial for occupant health and

temperature comfort. A slight positive pressure will ensure that untreated external air

126

is not unintentionally introduced into the indoor environment. Air leakage from
outside may bring in pollutants and humidity that will affect the quality of indoor air
and create health problems for occupants. It will also affect HVAC system

performance resulting in problems related to thermal comfort.

5.6 Summary

In this chapter a sample criteria of health performance of homes has been applied to
three case study homes and feedback was obtained from industry experts on the
effectiveness of the criteria. The case study applications utilized a site built home, a
factory built home and a hybrid home. All the ﬂoor plans were similar and it was
assumed that all the three types of homes had speciﬁcations not very different from
each other. It was also assumed that all the homes were LEED for homes certiﬁed.
The scoring system of the health performance criteria framework helped to rate the
health performance of these homes. Then these scores were compared against the
ideal scores of a hypothetical “healthy home”. The hybrid home received the highest
health performance score followed by the factory built home. The site built home
received the lowest scores. Feed back from industry experts were obtained as a part of
this chapter. All of them agreed that occupant health and comfort is an important
aspect of green buildings. The industry experts felt that Health Performance Criteria
Framework is applicable to the green building industry especially since the system
measures the relative quality of each system to occupant health. Their suggestions

were incorporated while ﬁnalizing the framework.

127

CHAPTER 6

SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS

128

6.1 Overview

Health performance of homes has received much attention lately. Various studies point to
the effects of the design of a home on aspects of Indoor Environment Quality, thereby
impacting the health and comfort of occupants (Levin 1989, Fisk et a1 2002). Presence of
indoor chemical and biological pollutants is a decisive factor in residential occupant
health performance (DoH, Washington 1999). Combined with this aspect, less than
optimal performance in temperature comfort, humidity/moisture control, ventilation
effectiveness, lighting, acoustics and ergonomic design/safety has the potential to
seriously undermine the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of homes. Research has
associated indoor environmental quality with occupant health and comfort (Fisk 2005,
Wood 2003). Building systems fail to function efﬁciently due to negative interactions
leading to development of deﬁciencies in the performance of home. The “Whole House”
approach is rooted on the idea of building systems integration in design, construction and
maintenance of homes. The adoption of the “Whole House” approach can assist in the
understanding and subsequently, improving the health and environmental performance of
homes (O’Brien et al. 2005, Swarup 2005). Indoor environmental quality is intrinsically
related to the quality of external environment and the impact of buildings on the overall
environment needs to be understood in a proper perspective. The concept of ‘Green
Buildings” promotes the idea of sustainable buildings with limited environmental and

human health impacts.

This research effort focused on developing a design and evaluation tool for health

performance of homes by analyzing the health impacts associated with LEED green

129

building criteria. The Health Performance Criteria Framework was developed as the
design and evaluation tool. The concept of building systems integration was utilized in
the development of this framework. The framework helps to categorically list the
building systems integration strategies and conduct “what if” scenarios on health
performance during the design development of a home. The tool is also quite useful in
evaluating an existing home for health performance. Since all the strategies are scored for
individual performance and interaction with other strategies, the framework is expected

to help the user in obtaining a realistic score for the health performance of a home.

Chapter 1 presented the goals and objectives that the author aimed to achieve, along with
a detailed methodology and the need for this research. Chapter 2 focuses on study of
literature associated with various aspects of indoor environmental quality, LEED green
building criteria and the “Whole House” concept. Indoor environmental quality is
associated with health impacts on occupants. The health impacts range from issues
related to comfort to carcinogenic effects. The studies done as a part of this chapter have
traced the health and comfort effects associated with indoor environment back to various
physical, chemical and biological interactions in the indoor environment. Several
attributes that deﬁne Indoor Environmental Quality have also been identiﬁed as a part of
this study. These attributes include Indoor air quality — presence of indoor pollutants,
Temperature, Humidity/moisture, Ventilation, Lighting and Noise. Maintenance of
acceptable levels for these attributes is necessary for a healthy indoor environment. The
LEED green building rating system propagated by USGBC is also discussed in this

chapter. The criteria discussed in this chapter include LEED-NC, LEED for Homes and

130

LEED-ND. Literature on various aspects of the “Whole House” concept and building

systems integration have also been reviewed as a part of this chapter.

The third chapter is a review of the tools and techniques that will be utilized for this
research. Some of them already exist in literature while others have been developed for
this research. The discussion in this chapter is organized around three broad topics —-
Whole House design and evaluation; Evaluation of Health impacts of planning, design
and construction; and Green building design and evaluation. The Whole House topics
include (1) Whole House Calculator and (2) Whole House performance criteria
framework. The Health Impact Matrix for Planning, Design and Construction of Built
Environment constitutes the second topic. The Green Building tools and techniques

include: (1) LEED-NC and (2) LEED-H green building rating systems.

Chapter 4 includes a detailed description of the framework for health performance criteria
for homes, based on LEED guidelines and building systems integration. The framework
development process begins with systematically analyzing the health impacts of LEED
green building criteria. Two health matrices have been developed for this purpose in this
chapter — the LEED-NC health matrix and the LEED-H health matrix. The LEED-NC
health matrix analyzes the health impacts related to all the credits in the LEED-NC
criteria, while the LEED~H health matrix focuses on health impacts associated with
indoor environmental quality. These health impacts are then associated with relevant
physical, chemical and biological interactions, health performance attributes and building

systems. These factors are analyzed and health performance goals based on building

131

_..--

systems integration concepts are developed. These goals help in the choice of appropriate
health performance strategies based on building system integration concepts. A scoring
system has been developed as a part of this chapter to rate each strategy for its
effectiveness in ensuring health performance of the home and interaction with other

strategies.

Chapter 5 involves the application of a sample health performance criterion to three case
study homes. The sample criterion based on LEED for homes was used to evaluate the
health performance of a site built home, factory built home and a hybrid home. Through
the case study application it was established that the hybrid home achieved better health
performance. Also feedback was obtained from industry experts regarding the
effectiveness of the Health Performance Criteria Framework as a tool in design and

evaluation of health performance of homes.

6.2 Summary

This section includes the steps carried out to achieve the goals and objectives set out for
this research.

6.2.1 Objective 1

Deﬁne the attributes of a healthy home with focus on IEQ

Step I .' Literature review of all four aspects related to the research.

1. “Whole House ” and building systems integration.

2. “LEED ” green building criteria.

132

3. Health impacts associated with Indoor Environmental Quality (IE Q).
4. Physical, chemical and biological interactions in buildings, related to occupant
health.
This was accomplished through the literature review conducted in chapter 1 and 2.

Relevant literature related to all the four aspects was reviewed as a part of this step.

Step 2: Identify attributes that deﬁne Indoor Environmental Quality.

Based on literature review conducted as a part of chapter 1 and 2, the attributes that
determine the quality of the indoor environment were identiﬁed and analyzed from the
perspective of health performance of a home. Seven attributes were identiﬁed as a part of
this research: Indoor Air Quality (presence of indoor pollutants), Humidity/moisture,
Temperature, Ventilation, Lighting, Acoustics and Ergonomic design/safety issues. These
attributes deﬁne the Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) and thereby the health
performance of a home. Relationship of these attributes to various physical, chemical and

biological interactions in the indoor environment has also been reviewed as a part of this

step.

6.2.2 Objective 2

To explore “Whole House” and “LEED” approaches for health impacts.

Step 3: Deﬁne all applicable building systems.

All relevant building systems/sub systems have been deﬁned from the perspective of

health performance of homes. Six building systems have been identiﬁed for the purpose

133

of this research. They include Envelope, HVAC, Plumbing, Electrical/Communication,

Lighting and Interior systems.

Step 4: Review health impacts of “LEED ” criteria.
Literature study was conducted to identify the health impacts of LEED criteria related to:
a. LEED for new construction.
b. LEED for homes, with emphasis on indoor environment quality.
Two categories of health impacts associated with buildings have been reviewed:
1. Direct impacts on health (e. g. — indoor pollutant concentrations leading to
respiratory problems and allergic effects)
2. Indirect impacts on health (e. g. — humidity leading to feelings of discomfort)
Two health matrices have been developed as a part of this step to categorically organize
health impacts associated with LEED credits and the related building systems design,

construction and integration strategies.

Step 5: Develop a framework for associating health impacts related to Indoor
Environment Quality (IEQ) with physical, chemical, biological interactions and relevant
attributes of IE Q.

A framework has been developed as a part of this step to effectively link health effects
associated with Indoor Environment Quality with physical, chemical and biological
interactions in the indoor environment; and attributes of IEQ. This step is only relevant

for attributes that can be controlled from a design point of view. These attributes have

134

been identiﬁed as a part of Step 2. The framework has been designed in such a way that it

can speciﬁcally address health impacts associated with LEED credits.

Step 6: Establish a model for generating systems integration strategies to improve the
health performance of homes.

A model has been developed to allow the user to generate or choose strategies involving
the integration of various building systems to improve the health performance of a home.
With the aid of this model, the user can make informed decisions regarding the
integration when two or more building systems need to be integrated with each other in
order to improve performance related to a particular attribute of IEQ. The model will help
to frame health performance goals using the framework developed as a part of Step 5.
Involved building systems/subsystems can then be identiﬁed and systems integration

strategies can be generated.

6.2.3 Objective 3

Develop a health performance criteria framework for homes. The format for the
framework will be based on the one developed for “Whole House” performance (Swarup
2005). The existing format will be expanded to incorporate the health performance

scoring system.

Step 7: Probe expansion potential of the existing ”Whole House" performance criteria

framework to include health performance.

The existing “Whole House” performance criteria framework has been expanded to

135

integrate the health performance of homes. The expanded ﬂarnework incorporates
attributes of Indoor Environmental Quality as the parameters for evaluating health
performance. Six building systems have been included in the framework with each of
them being further deﬁned on the basis of architectural and engineering design
considerations. The framework allows the categorical listing of health performance goals
and building systems Design/Construction/Integration (DCI) strategies while developing
the health performance criteria. During criteria development, health performance goals
can be tabulated based on the speciﬁc design considerations for each building system in
order to fulﬁll each of the seven performance attributes. Strategies can then be listed to

correspond to particular health performance goals.

Step 8: Frame a scoring system for evaluating health performance.

The scoring system that has been ﬂamed for the purpose of evaluating health
performance rates each of the listed strategies in the criteria on two separate aspects —
performance and interaction. Performance scoring helps to evaluate the capability of
individual systems Desi gn/Construction/Integration strategies to maintain an ideal indoor
environment. The system integration strategies will be scored against the attributes that
determine the quality of indoor environment. The interaction scoring accounts for the
positive and negative interactions while choosing strategies. This is achieved by grouping
strategies into synergistic and dyssergistic combinations and scoring them for their effect
on IEQ. Relative weights have also been assigned to building systems and IEQ attributes

so as to reﬂect their importance in the health and comfort of occupants.

136

Step 9: Case study application of the scoring system for health performance and
development of an example criteria.

An example criterion has been formulated to demonstrate the usage of the ﬂamework.
The sample criteria was then applied to three case study homes — site built home, factory
built home and hybrid home. All the homes were assumed to be LEED for homes
certiﬁed. Basic design and speciﬁcations were considered similar for all three case
studies. The points scored by each of these homes when evaluated against the sample
criterion were compared to the ideal “Healthy House” score, which is a hypothetical
score, based on all strategies being most effective in achieving the set of performance
attributes deﬁned. The hybrid home achieved better health performance scores followed

by the factory built home.

Step 10: Feedback and ﬁnalize the health performance criteria ﬁ'amework.

Feedback on the health performance criteria framework was obtained through interviews
with industry professionals involved in healthy and sustainable housing initiatives. The
industry experts agreed that Health Performance Criteria Framework is applicable to the
green building industry especially since the system measures the relative quality of each
system to occupant health. Most of the concerns expressed by the subject experts are
technical in nature rather than broad concerns related to the structure and organization of
the ﬂarnework. Necessary changes were incorporated and the framework has been

ﬁnalized.

137

6.3 Conclusions and inferences

This section focuses on the conclusions and inferences made based on the research
conducted. The health effects associated with LEED credits have been extensively
reviewed in this thesis. It can be concluded that even though the LEED criteria has health
and comfort beneﬁts for building occupants, there is still great scope for improvement.
Presently LEED green building rating system has sustainability as its main focus, with
health and affordability being added beneﬁts. This can be partly attributed to the fact that
the green building movement emerged as a result of concerns about environmental
impacts of buildings involving energy and resource inefﬁciency. This research has
substantiated the importance of building design, construction and building systems
integration on the health and comfort of occupants. It can also be concluded that
integrative design measures focusing on synergistic associations of building systems can
greatly enhance health performance while making the buildings more affordable and

sustainable.

Several strategies that are discussed in the main body of the research are crucial in
ensuring the health and comfort of occupants. Envelope tightness can be regarded as one
of the most important factors in the health performance of a home. This holds true for
both direct health effects and indirect health effects related to comfort. Envelop tightness
can prevent the entry of untreated air, moisture and pollutants like radon, which may
impact the indoor air quality and functioning of the HVAC system. Unﬁltered/untreated
air may contain pollutants ﬂom the external environment and can cause health problems

for occupants. Moisture in the air that leaks into the interior can create condensation

138

problems which can aid the growth of biological agents in the indoor environment. Air
inﬁltration can also result in thermal discomfort since it may impact the functioning of
HVAC systems. Maintaining envelop tightness together with a slight positive pressure is
a very effective strategy to prevent indoor environment quality problems related to
pollutants, thermal comfort etc. Local exhaust systems and direct venting systems are an
area of concern related to envelope tightness. The operation of local exhaust systems may

create conditions of negative pressure inside the home and can lead to pollutant entry and

back drafting.

Another area of crucial importance in health performance of a home is material selection.
Many building products used presently contain VOCs and other harmful chemicals which
can impact indoor air quality. Also building elements containing materials like ﬁberglass
and cellulose can disintegrate with time and get distributed indoors which can cause
severe health problems. It is very important to choose materials which are stable and
durable with less harmful chemical content. Humidity inﬂuences VOC release ﬂom
building materials during phases of construction and occupancy. Retained humidity in
building materials can also result in growth of biological agents which can severely
impact indoor air quality. Selecting permeable materials and ﬁnishes can avoid such
problems. It can be inferred that proper material selection combined with humidity

control is crucial in ensuring the quality of indoor environment in homes.

Though indoor environment quality issues associated with occupant activities is not in the

scope of this research, it is crucial for occupant health. One area of concern is household

139

chemicals. Cleaning chemicals and air ﬂesheners release sizeable amounts of aerosols
into the air. This can affect indoor environment quality and result in health problems.
Occupant activities like showering and cooking can cause release of large amounts of
moisture in a home. This can promote biotic grth and hence degrade air quality. Proper

maintenance of homes combined with homeowner education can limit these problems.

6.4 Areas of future research

This section deals with the list of future research directions that are related to the domain
of this research effort. In the author’s opinion these ideas are promising directions with
considerable potential for fundamental and applied research. Some research efforts are
already underway on these topics, but since these topics are interdisciplinary, they require
a more comprehensive and multi-faceted research approach involving experts ﬂom all

related ﬁelds.

1. Health effects of life style changes associated with green design and
construction.

The research effort undertaken as a part of this thesis investigated the link between green
buildings and occupant health. The analysis of health impacts associated with green
buildings has substantiated the hypothesis that green design and construction has a
positive inﬂuence on occupant health. Most of the current research focuses on the direct
health impacts (e.g.: allergic effects, asthma etc.) and indirect effects related to comfort
of occupants. But there are indications that built environment has the potential to induce

life style changes and associated health effects in communities. For example automobile

140

oriented street design discourages physical activity. Automobile dependent life style
devoid of any physical activity has a negative impact on the health of community.
Conversely, neighborhoods which incorporate the principles of compact development,
walkability, connectivity, mixed use and diversity promotes physical activity and social
interaction which has a pronounced effect on physical and mental health of members of
the community (Frank et al. 2003). Since the main concern of the ‘green building’
concept is to promote sustainability and occupant health, it is worthwhile to investigate
whether green design and construction has the potential to induce healthy lifestyle

changes in a community.

2. Expansion of health performance criteria framework

The next step can be the expansion of the health performance criteria framework to
include the effects of design of a home or neighborhood on the mental and social health
of individuals in a community. The current research deals mostly with the physical health
of occupants of a home. The attributes that are crucial to the physical, mental and social
health of individuals of a community should be identiﬁed through research and associated
with health performance goals and strategies. Likewise the building systems section of
the ﬂarnework should be expanded and redeﬁned to include design elements that can

inﬂuence mental and social health of individuals in a community.

3. Cost estimation of healthy home

From a construction management point of view it is crucial to understand the cost

implications of a healthy home. The construction of a healthy home utilizes particular

141

building materials, methods and integration strategies that make it different ﬂom a
traditional home. If cost is connected to health, then the future home user can choose the

level of health performance that is expected out of a home.

4. Risk analysis of health performance scores

Using the ﬂarnework, a detailed criterion can be developed that will help to score a
particular home for health performance. But it is important to understand the precise
health implications of a particular health performance score for a home. The
comprehensive criterion could be reviewed by a panel of experts for analyzing the risk
associated with a particular score. This will make the scoring system more objective and
can help in the development of a set of prescriptive guidelines and recommended scores

for health performance.

5. Bionics and building systems design/construction/integration

Bionics or biomimetics applies the methods and systems found in nature to the study and
design of engineering systems. The development of dirt and water-repellent paint ﬂom
the observation of the behavior of surface of the lotus ﬂower plant (the lotus effect) is a
classical example. Natural systems are highly optimized and efﬁcient due to millions of

years of evolutionary pressure (Rechenberg 2005, ESA 2006).

Living systems function efﬁciently by working as interacting wholes to counter any

external or internal disruptions. All the component parts of a living system work under

the concept of integrated systems, under the interdependencies and interactions of

142

subsystems (Miller 1978). The “Whole House” concept and building systems integration
strives to improve performance of buildings by reducing negative interactions among
component parts and planning for positive interactions. The study of living systems,
especially the human body, has great potential for applications in building systems
design/construction/integration. The systems integration concepts as manifested in living
systems are worth emulating in building technology ﬁeld, since they have been perfected

by millions of years of evolutionary forces.

143

APPENDICES

144

APPENDIX A

“Whole House” Performance Criteria Framework

145

aEEESGB .osm

 

 

 

35328 833

 

 

 

88853 5:8 38am

 

 

 

5:3 menus—Em

 

 

 

 

 

5:3 E89221
NEE—EB?—

€98.25:
€80 =< sous

nl—N M

U

 

 

 

8:25.03 :28... 0225

n

 

 

 

 

.0: a 865

 

 

negation. 5.35 38am

 

 

 

 

5.8“. matooﬁmnm

 

 

 

 

L

 

 

 

5:8 358923

 

 

 

U<>I

.53“. 3.8 03%!—

 

 

 

umﬁov .53 9:3.

 

 

 

:02—.8223 5.8V Econ—m

 

 

 

 

:98“. wctoesmcm,

 

 

 

 

58o .

 

one—95”,—

:uiév .58 ozmnam

n

 

 

 

:33“. 58 2:84:

 

 

 

88.898 5:8 38am

 

 

 

=98“. 9:82.915,

 

 

 

5:8 .5852

 

 

 

 

 

 

.53..
£3.55

3....
as 8am

.833
he can

anus...
Essen

Sana—Leta.—
18.5.;

 

«:8:—

ease...
3.3m

2%.—am

35.5328 in: V
95E. 53....

 

 

 

 

146

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

..E-E
..e 03H
8...:

 

 

43.8
no a

 

mun ineay

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

brie...— 8.=E..etu._ E:
.55: HEB—u 51:.
1.5.2: . a
E.— \ 82 .m 15:2. h .1315 «Suﬁsm he a 433 up 3 .Mtgﬂa—m cocaine—.8.— 3:33
.58.. . . into-F Sal—m
HES-.5 sun—nun.—

 

 

147

 

 

Econ .35

.986 03% 03..qu a

 

 

838.38 3:8 38%

 

 

 

 

5.86 wqtooﬁwum,
3:3 358235 I

 

lmlu m

a a»: are...

3:089:32 Baum n

 

 

 

 

Sueﬁa8 :93. 38%

M

 

.53. mucooamam

 

 

5:3 3303302,

 

 

c—N

3. E note...—

5666 35538 a

 

 

 

SEES a3. 38%

 

summon mauve—awn”,—

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

h—N n

.53. 356333:
. L

35:85.58 Rheum a

 

 

 

 

89338 name 3.50%

 

 

.— .3:
033.525

45-...
..e 8.”.—

42.3 . ..—
uc 03H .laaugm

nun-Ecru
15.5.;

£55:
.525

 

«:8..—

 

3

In

DJ
kl—N n

.3Euoﬁ

Anson-522.3 5.8: V

25.»? "£2.3— .oz

 

 

148

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

43.... 42.3 blue..— uuuqauotum 5555: auto—u 4...“... 2.3 a on- btuoua— ouaéotoa mum—5i»:
.3 93H .3 03m Eighm 1.....an .535 932.325 he 93”.— a u u .Eaeshm 1.52:. .525
unfunny13:83:38.3»: sac—=5...— 8_Mo.-hm 0:.—En”.— _ U

 

149

APPENDIX B

LEED-NC Checklist (LEED 2005)

150

LEED-NC Version 2.2 Registered Project Checklist

w

‘ r I, t ’ r _ H_-,‘..,..‘.-J., . .g . .. -1-.. ,4... . - .__.,. ._. .,. _. . -- . -_.,__. ... .. -.- A, ,. m-.- A. -‘h , .7- -7... , 4....-- r in..- --f. -_. 1..-- A, . ."e
. .. t. Iv ..«...‘_'-_o.,',(.a. h. .- 4:“... '\‘Vxl.- 3", ":1 _>-_‘ .1 ‘ . ‘ ' V 1. ‘ . V . \ . ‘ ‘ , _ , ‘ ‘ , __ .. ‘ .., 7‘ ‘ "'~l
v ._, - V t . r ‘. . . - .1 ~
,, - . -...~-‘.,.,. _p_i .,-.s.r-_.‘4q.¢'-- . lvv . oy-u‘ .,- --' .tr-al"‘~‘.r\-r!'.‘g " V. it t ‘ ", r t , ,. ~ . ~ uc-',-“‘..b'
.\¢ , n: i-' , .,, 4x. B.t\ .,.ev" .. . . ,. . ...- ... -
- ~‘«wJ—*‘-'-‘A-W’ Mu" Moat-5.3.2.57-.-.-.-.-.ir.!..«,- -.-. . , (liar .'. 3‘."~_.Ao_i,3:_7,7.‘.‘.‘.‘53:. Jinx-[LA 537.31.33‘ . ,1. 7." , _ ,— 7 7,3. ,_,_. 37 , _ V . , ,. 7 ,, _ ‘- . , 7 7.77;; ».-'».t. _ __._._._‘ ‘_==,_,f,__.__._‘

.....

L...

 

 

 

 

Frame 1 Construction Activity Pollution Prevention Required
Credit 1 Site Selection 1
Credit 2 Development Density 8. Community Connectivity 1
Credit 3 Brownfield Redevelopment 1
Credit 4.1 Alternative Transportation, Public Transportation Access 1
Credit 4.2 Alternative Transportation, Bicycle Storage & Changing Rooms 1
Credit 4.3 Alternative Transportation. Low-Emitting and Fuel-Efficient Vehicles 1
Credit 4.4 Alternative Transportation, Parking Capacity 1
Credit 5.1 Site Development, Protect of Restore Habitat 1
Credit 5.2 Site Development, Maximize Open Space 1
Credit 6.1 Stormwater Design, Quantity Control 1
Credit 62 Stormwater Design, Quality Control 1
Credit 7.1 Heat island Effect, Non-Roof 1
Credit 7.2 Heat Island Effect, Roof 1
Credit 8 Light Pollution Reduction 1
l I I la: -~.,. ""tm 1;; ., "c: ‘t """ -.; mull:
Credit 1.1 Water Efficient Landscaping, Reduce by 50% 1
Credit 1.2 Water Efficient Landscaping. No Potable Use or No Irrigation 1
Cmdit 2 Innovative Wastewater Technologies 1
Credit 3.1 Water Use Reduction. 20% Reduction 1
Credit 3.2 Water Use Reduction, 30% Reduction 1
Prereq1 Fundamental Commissioning of the Building Energy Systems Required
Prereq 2 Minimum Energy Performance Required
Prereq 3 Fundamental Refrigerant Management Required
Credit 1 Optimize Energy Performance 1 to 10
Credit 2 On-Slte Renewable Energy 1 to 3
Credit 3 Enhanced Commissioning 1
Credit 4 Enhanced Refrigerant Management 1
Credit 5 Measurement 8 Verification 1
Credit 6 Green Power 1

 

151

 

 

Prereq 1

Credit 1.1
Credit 1.2
Credit 1.3
Credit 2.1
Credit 2.2
Credit 3.1
Credit 3.2
Credit 4.1
Credit 4.2
Credit 5.1
Credit 5.2
Credit 6

Credit 7

Prereq 1
Prereq 2
Credit 1
Credit 2
Credit 3.1
Credit 3.2
Credit 4.1
Credit 4.2
Credit 4.3
Credit 4.4
Credit 5
Credit 6.1
Credit 6.2
Credit 7.1
Credit 7.2
Credit 8.1
Credit 8.2

 

[ 1 i i;

 

Credit 1.1
Credit 1.2
Credit 1.3
Credit 1.4
Credit 2

.I. Project Totals (pre-certification estimates)

,_. ...
n c v . 4 . . ', .VJr. (7', .
.‘u. \‘t'. .l‘ i". _ '.' L‘ ..

‘I . I

. . .1 . . .. .
. . -
.- I . ' .'

.'.
9.-)

!.'_'--. . y .
. >‘A.... ..' . A _'i

J; '-.I‘. ' . a ' _' v r .... Jul'ﬂw'JWW’IFV-XCWJJJUUO'JF.‘-’:'.'A' -'a’.bl"'.°l"-"I'--'-‘IIO '3'?

Storage & Collection of Recyclabies

Building Reuse, Maintain 75% of Existing Walls, Floors & Roof
Building Reuse, Maintain 100% of Existing Walls, Floors 8. Roof
Building Reuse, Maintain 50% of Interior Non-Structural Elements
Construction Waste Management, Divert 50% from Disposal
Construction Waste Management, Divert 75% from Disposal

Materials Reuse. 5%

Materials Reuse,10%

Recycled Content, 10% (post-consumer + ‘/z pre-consumer)

Recycled Content, 20% (post-consumer + ‘/2 pro-consumer)

Regional Materials. 10% Extracted, Processed & Manufactured Regions
Regional Materials, 20% Extracted, Processed 8. Manufactured Regions
Rapidly Renewable Materials

Certified Wood

hwwwH:54.w—w-aa&ﬁnohw- ”V‘s..—

 

I". .I'. . Id . .
ﬁaU-H-‘uo'

Minimum IAQ Performance

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ET S) Control

Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring

Increased Ventilation

Construction iAQ Management Plan, During Construction
Construction IAQ Management Plan, Before Occupancy
Low-Emitting Materials, Adhesives 8. Sealants
Low-Emitting Materials, Paints & Coatings

Low-Emitting Materials, Carpet Systems

Low-Emitting Materials, Composite Wood 8. Agriﬁber Products
Indoor Chemical 8. Pollutant Source Control
Controllabliity of Systems, Lighting

Controllabliity of Systems, Thermal Comfort

Thermal Comfort, Design

Thermal Comfort, Verification

Daylight & Views, Daylight 75% of Spaces

Daylight & Views, Views for 90% of Spaces

’_l'o"l'intrm'f@:%mr‘r. e2. ‘1. s_-'u"hjs"li§_“-ﬁ It'd-pijIa-JJJi-E- L's '.i.".1-.‘-:I‘I‘-_\-‘.I'v’-‘I rein-Wen. rife :N:L‘e‘o.‘a'a'-’e'o'o‘w-bV‘u.-a II‘.'-1'.*¢L'L'.\‘Y .T-3‘o smut-u.- 'a‘t‘.‘-‘!‘.'-a‘l'
. f-‘y '-_- . ~ . Kw. . .‘ ._ -. ' -. . ~,'.. ,
- . ,_ , I

Innovation In Design: Provide Speciﬁc Title
Innovation In Design: Provide Speciﬁc Title
Innovation In Design: Provide Specific Title
Innovation In Design: Provide Speciﬁc Title
LEEDo Accredited Professional

   

152

r - I .
’ - ‘mn- ‘ “ ‘ ‘ h“ :‘ ‘ .3 - . . .-.-;av.»;-.-.a-.-.':o;i:-.ne-.u;~.' -:r .AQC'-IlZ-i-Z-ZrllJ-TeIiT-ihint-1‘1(VAT'.0;‘~'.".‘?.t.eu‘.~‘.'.‘.0lsto‘ sac-mo

69 Pomts

I d. -. . ‘ Tel-if; ,e. 'lﬁ-.. i'.‘ A ﬂair}: 3.1.2.00; 2‘.’ ..‘.'.io‘.- .0 .' .Ye'u'u'v ‘: JI'-'(.?A 1.0.! fall. ‘I‘ 01‘ .13. '.'A'.-’<in.' O.‘ h‘ .h‘ﬁ,‘ ".k .‘JJ-‘u- " Lr ‘-' t .‘ e o'a '- «2r , ..'. ‘c‘ .f .' . ‘ .
. . .

Required

AAA—I‘d-L-L—ﬁ-L—A—l—L

_.. .
l "', -'_e

Required
Required

.b—l—l—La-L-l-A—B—L—k—LA-A—L-ﬁ

APPENDIX C

LEED-NC Health Matrix

153

 

.0000 v.0... 400%.?

 

 

 

 

 

3.2.0.. 0.... w2..00.0 00032.00.
0.....02 00.w0.0..m 0.300 0... b. 000..
02.0.0.0... 30 02.220. 2 00.00000 0. 000.0..00
0. 2.080.. .0220. 00 00.0> 8.00% .0 .0000
2.. 5.3 000...... .0 ..5. 03.5. 05......
0... 028.. .000 02.002 0.300 003 82.0.0 .020 0 00 w20..0..
w2....0.. 0.00.0.0 0 .00.0m 4 0... 8.. 00.20.0000 0 ..0 02.000.
.0000. ..00. 0. .200 00.03 0... 0.0... .0002
02.2200. ..00 0.00.020 ..00. 00 .0 000.000.. 300200.300
020 320000 0.00.02 0.2.0 0.0 0020 ..0 0... 00000.. ..00
.00 0.. .0... 0020 000.... 0. 002.80 00 000.0 w0.0..00 0020 82.00.0002 02.00.0m
300.0020 02w .00000.0 .0 0.000. .2220... .80....0 5.00.. 000.00 ..0 2020205.. 85
.0007. 02.00.00 8.0 0... w2..0n. L 020>0.. .00 on. _. 80202 07. 5.00.. .00.... 07. 20>< .. 200.0
#8. .03.
0000... 00000
0.. 0.0000000...
0008..
08030.0 0200.0 0.... 2 080000..
00000 0. 0.0.... 000. .80 000.. .002000 00300 Avoom 00030.
0.0 000... 0000.00. .08.... 5.00 aw2..0.0.0 .2000. 000 n 02030.0
02.03.0000 . $20000 i 00.w0.0...0 0200.0 0000.... .88 ..0 .0 0.8.0.2000.
@220... 8.. .0008 0200.0 02005 .1 02.00.0008 w2..0.. .23....5 8.03 ..0 000000000 02.0.... 20 .000 8.5000 00
2.0.000 0.0.223. . 02.03.0000 ..0000. (.0 002 w2.00>0.0 ._ 2 008000000 0... ..00 .00.. 8.03 .8 0.000.... 20.00.2000
.0020 8.. 00.0 .00000 0000... 0.030.000 0...... 000 008...... ..0 ..00 280000.50 0>..0w00 000.00. ..00 02000.0
0220000 20>< 80.2000 ..00 0200...". . 20 ..0 02.2.00 .003... n 0.0>0. 00000.00. .. 0003.00 22.. ._ 0. 0200.0 8.0000 n. 00.0...
0.00000 EOE 00.”.hwwhmﬁ00 82.0200 800.00. .00.... .00.... . 00“.. 0
"mas... 00.0.0.0 . . 08.... 0000 2.02.... . 000.. 0.... ..
00.0... 00.8.0 .00.... . 0000
00.02.30 0.... 0.8.... .08..

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

002m 0300.0.00m

..N 00.0.0.» Olin—Hm...

154

 

 

 

02.0200 0.003 0.00.025 ..<
.8... a. 80.3... 05.88 000...... 0. .8... 00.0.
00 .000. 00..0_..00> .2000... .000. 0.000.. 000.. 000 0000.00 . 00.0.00...00 .00000<
..0. 08.0.0. .000 w20200 05 02m _. .0 2.000 0.00. 8 000 0000w .000 020008.00 080.00..
02.00.22 00005 .00000 02.00.00.000 03. .0 020. S. 8 02.0.0 I 0.00.0..00 08.. 0.000.... 2.00... 0
w20..00 05 .800 2.2.000. 0. 0.0000000 53000 8 20. .00.. 020.0 02.0.. 20052050 2.0000000...
00200.80 020008.00 w20200 0.0.... .0 5?.0. .20.. 5.000000 0 .0 02.0 ..00..0 5.00.. 020008.00 000. 000 02.00.02...
.8... 0.02.2. .2 80002.00. . Ea... J 0. 2...; 00...... 383 . .80.... oz .0... . 802.2. 80.3. 0... 0.0.0
02.0.0020. 0...-2 000
M2000. 000. ....0.000..20 .000_
080-000-00.00 000205000 00
00 ..00. 0050.0... 0200 0.00005 w20000.
00.0 02.0.0020. 02. 0 02.00.20.000 0... 02.00.20.000
20.00.02. 000 00.059 4 0.0.0020. 0.0.2.002”. .. .0.000..8.2>00
.0w2>00 .500w0 .0500. 00200.00 ..0 .00..
.000 b.0005 000 .0 0.0.. ..002 0 >0 .0 00.02.0080
00>..0002 x0. 2.000. n 0.020320 .0 002.0020 0. 50.002050 .00
.00... 0.2.0380 0. .0 00.02.00.000 0.00.... 0520500...
0000.0.05 020 .000005 00 00.00.0080 ..00..0 5.00.. ..00..0 .0... 00000.00 0.020305
.0002 02.00.00 020 0205 ._ 020 0 00 00.05.. . .00200. 02 5.00.. .0020 02 0.0220003. ”m 200.0
.000. <0...
0000... 0. 2000..
.38 000 .0500.0
.0 .0 05...... .2. 0002.00
.00..0 000.0. .00.. 500052050
00000.. 00.0 0.00. 220052050 0.50.0300 50:00 0. 000.
000% 02000.5 28.. 03.. 0.00 .00 .00. 0.0 000.0200 000.0000.
.0 02000.0. .. 0.00... 08.00 .0 3.0000 0000.050 .0.0.00 000 .2000
A000. 5.00.... 50052050 0.0.22.0 5.3 .050 020005 000
00 5.0. 80.20 w2.0.x0 00 25.3 000. .00000 00.00000.» .0085 920009 .0
000.0. .00.. 00000.. 00.002 0.0.05 .020 000.00. 00.20 00 0.0.0.5022. 0050.058
..002 00008020.. w22...0 .0 0.00m b.0000 02.0.0.8. 000... 02.0.5 .00
.200 0»... ..0 000.0> .00... 000.0 0. 00.2000 8 M2008 .00.. 0. 000 5.3 000.0 000.0 0.00.0503.
0000.0 0»... 5.3 00020.05 0>.w .000005 0. 0.8.000 0. 5.0000 00.000.00.00. ..00..0 0. .00052050 000.5
00.3.... 0:08.. . 808.3. 3.. 2.. 00...... 000.82 00.22.. . 55... 3...... . 0.8.. .8... oz .855 ”N 0.20

 

 

 

08...... 5.3 30......
02.0... 000 02.000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

155

 

 

 

 

28.00.80 0.30893 00 :03. 8.0.—.080 ..o o\om 00.. 00.029 .000»? .mcongﬂEm: .— 28. .05 03.0582
82.. 00:82.8 03. 5.303055 0.0.20... .08 03.3.8.0 0.0.5.5 J 5.00.. 002.8. 02 8.50893. 5.02.8 00.60”. “m... 0.00.0
.92—3&0 I 00.050.
00.9.0... 8.. 00.....00.
0%..on 8.. 5.0.5.5 I
9.00.
0.9.0... .30: 088..
wﬁwgoEctoBosm
3.. 80.0.55
0.5.0:. 9 So...
2580 05230 .1
£032.83 .258 .Amocm <3
:0 3.5:. an .o 3:520 0:0: 532.. .08. 0853
wﬁqouﬁoa 03.08.... 4 003°...m\w:.w.§.0 ..o :0: 3.50.5 b00§n000
a. $59.08 3.2.2. ..o 0 8 0.500%? 0.0 3.3.0:.
.Anoom 3.58 0.88 .8 {on . 00.. 00.0.85 m. .05 £2.00 08038.. 5.00..
3.2.2. ..0 .50 3.3000 3.. 003...}. 30.0.9... voow 95.000. 00:00
300 05 00 .5 3005. owns: 3.030 0.038.. a 0. 3:96 :00 08.00.80
>02. Ea... >030 $3.23.. 3.80.0.8.— .on. . $509 ..03 0.0....0>
I .0030. 0.3 0.0>0. 9:09.000 3.2.2. 00509:. .05 5.3 00.0.0800
5.02.2. 22.3 5&0. ..o 038 3 o\°m .m.mo.oaoo.mo 00:83.9. b<
88:. s 8255 3. .0523 20 0o 85 08:8 .88 350. $88.
0.. .02: 3.02.5? com 55.3. 8.....00. £23053 080.33.. wEwSﬁU
8.. 000.55 .m0.....00.. 003onm\w:.w5..0 60.80.0093 .05 0000» .8: 0.508930 .05 0w880
dauphin. swag... wﬁwﬁnohctesosm 80.5280 5.3 03.58 4.0.23.0 60.09. I $532.2. EB. 0.0.2.8. 0.9.0.9 :
3.2.2. 05 000:0 .28 8.00. 0.9.0... 8 :03. 0.9.0... 0.500.». 02.6.2. .0336 :02. ‘8 5.80 050.5 80890.30“. 0.08.3055
80.00.80 0.30823 003.580 5.50805... awn—.215 3:053:05 0.0.... 05 000.60. 0.508830 .05. .05 03880.?
as. 3532.8 .2 5.3 052.3 20 E89 L 3 320888 a". ._ @338 .8330 . =05 L 83.2. 833. a... €20
.:o..0..E0> .Nmoom <3
8.. 8.8:. 0.0 .0 -moe 00:08.3
3.5.0.02. 03.08.“. .. boa—.30..
058.8.
.38 same nausea 5.3..
wags; ..o .50 80.000 00:00
30.. 05 .0 .5 300.8 50 05.00.80
>02. So... >030 0.0...0>

I .0030. 0.3 0.0>0.

 

 

 

 

a? 83.88“

 

 

 

 

156

 

A28 <3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-moe 3:253
bougnmoh
$5308 wan—:5 wig—05
05 mo ..\om wﬁtom 8530.5 5.3:
mo 0338 £89.? Soto... 3:3
8 £893 .8 waving :8 mcommﬂao
3:0.“th 02>on 4 2033
.23 683088
oz< 353:8 i
.Amoom Dammv
.9003:— coaag—BEB 83398 .3: 3022,
Bu wad—En Bug o: 23 + 98 mommw >289.qu 2w£m $0683
away—Ea 808.8.“ .23 3:080:53.— I 853:8 Sch 3895 9.23% a
worm—Bum maﬁa.» 22m I wagon .32 8253:. £50 9595 “guano—gov 0:8»an
.35 $8.38. 6388 8: :5 .808 £58826 quot“. was ?3 033582
.282 $33 .3832 .. 3 £088 maﬁa 3% L :3: . .28: 60% oz 8:32. 8.63. ”3. :86
352:5
5 amount. wéoemt
33-3%.:23
8m 53395 ._ .Amcom <3
down—55> -moe $5.53
8m 83:: an no begamo.
wscoEmoa 0::on 1 wag—05
£5an :28:
.Goom Dammv 305m 8:8
@553 .«o use :3 828MB...
.32 05 «a 8 $35 .3? 202?
.939 89a 33m £3.36: 05 90 .0338 unﬁt—E 55 38688
I «832 2a £05. .23 «song wéoéﬂ 2023 .83 05 .3 355:3 b<
cog—Ba 20:3 .«o amazon 23 380 gm he 823% wag—each .9ch Sammy
8an 5 323.3 05 wgnm 32800 4 38-033833 =3m5 I moan—:25.“ Ame—25>
on #58 scum—35> .852on .8339 Ba 38» .08
.8 mow—SE 32—53—8an 805 8m mac—ha I 358:8 .8: 0.30883 o>=an=<v
dough—as swag—u can 823% gunmen 0235 «c 35.95 Boa $395 a
wEESn 2: .35 wEBEE $3 02388? QZ< 8:333 36:3 own: :80 £08 8088—33 canton—mag

 

 

157

 

03:00: .23 000:3
maﬁa—0 0:0 $5000
00083—08 .8088:
050:3 20 000.050
00208 00300005 0
8039.50
20 00:08: 3 05.980
0.558 0 a? 05003

9 .23 0 .20 #5205
05 0. 8000.000 0000 000:0
00:0 000:w_000 A0003
E0058 0:0 0002.800
$00038: 0800 ..w.0v
080800800.— w8:0~

_000_ 0: 505 00000 :0... .
.0900 E 20

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

05 :wm000 0:0 003002 05 00.0 808008000 00000 00803003
w:_0=3 030080 0 .00—0m . :000 008000 _000_ 80808
.000 .0035 05 000008 9 3:38: 0:0 00:30: 98.5008 0:
05 .00 80800—050 0:0 0000: 000000 0030.8 00 00000 0800—058
00.: :03 000008 0 8000 48:800.: $00200 0.080 00w0800 0000000 8:00.806
0:0 08080—0 0:0 @802 00 005003 80800.: 000.0% 000.000 0:0 00000 0:80: 000 0000000"
0:02 8 >080 0:0 0 8.5.0.0: . 808020.50 05 02.03— .. .200: «00.008 02 .200: 80.00 0; 80080 3:00:00 ”Nd 000:0
.0080 8:80:
.005 0: 00000 0000.800
b00038: 000000.: 80:80»?
0:0 000 $0080 08 00 080000 :0 0300:
3:00.808 05888 8 505 0000080 00030008
0050800 8:250:00 380—00.. 3 080908
03.05 0:02... 003500 .. 050:3 20 0502230
0000.30: 505 00:500.: 0000 0:0 05 .«0 $8 00
30.000 0:0 32:00 88888 0 0.5000: .0000
000870.08 .8088: 0000.030 b00032: :O .
wEESp 05 320000 0000.080 0300800: 505
00208 00830.5 ._ 00000 080.5800 0:903
80:00:00 000.: mm 0:0 00:05.:
30 ”use? 2 .0098. .055 0:0: 505
.0888 0 805 w:_0=3 0:0 0.35:0? .0980
05 .8000 0.0 000000. .8300?— b08t: 0:0»00 000003003
980:3 03880 0 :00—0m 4 000.0 m £30808: 900:3 00080.8 A8000
.000 000.000: 05 000.000 0000 3. 0:0 00:30: :000 0.5000:
05 .00 80802300 8 :0uS0w0> .«0 $080.0 0030.8 00 00000 .8 «000005
00.0 :03 03008 0 8000 0:0 0:038:00 m80308 00w0800 008000 00:00:80?
0:0 08080—0 0:0 @0002 000000800 000 .000t0 000000 0:0 00000 .0080: 0:0 000:00m
0:02 8 >080 000 0 8.5.05: . :8: .0000 23:00:» :0 .. 5.000 «00:08 02 .2000 00000 0 @3008 00:00:00 ”ﬁn 000:0

 

 

158

 

 

 

 

080380000 ::0 02.8 30:09.00 £808 :00—SEE 00.0-00
0.08.0 05 .00.: .80: 80:80.05: 6020.000: 3.000008 E08:
8 00.03005 ::0 0:..00 -000: .8800 0w80>0 .3000» 0:0 000038.800
08.... 0880w0> 880.003 08 ..0 $3 0.680.. ..0 0.8.82.0 8:008:50 90080000,...
0800.088 00 :03 00 005.00: 0.880.? 0.088 88:00 .3 .030... 8080w0008
0.80%.? 8080008 .880: 80:800.: 008038.800 :00 b080— 800b0 00003 .0800: ..0 0803888
.0002 :0 .00.:08008 3.00m. . 8.0 6:80:00 l 00003 8.5% 5.00: 0000.0 0 50:30.0 0.8... ”No 8.0000
.308 ..0
.0 0.0800. 00.0.0.0
..0m 0880.300 0.
00 000.0 00.000.00.000 E08:
80.: 00.60 080380000 ..0 3.80::
5.80»? 0300800: ::0 80.. 05 0. 0000000: .ANSN
2: 038:: 0.92 . :3 a a 0.3.2 05 8.0 8.0.8 5.8..
.3ch 0:080w0008 08038030 0.30: 00 0008.8
..0 80 0.0500. .000: .808000 ::0 0 8080.:8. .$3 :05 0 00.0: :00 .05
00.000 0803 08. 3.80:... .088 ::0 00:00 0800..» m. 300000.338. ::0 :0.8..0:
8083.0: 030.0080 80.0088. 0:000:00. 3.00.08 .3 ._ 00.03 ..0 00.800.
::0 808.000 00 80:0 0000 0.080900: .88 098.00.: 0.00: 80.. 00.08 0 0:0 .05
..0 80:80.: 00.. 0380:0w 0080.? .VN .000» m. 808:0.0>0: 8:0888000
2880.080 08038.88 00:00. I -00: 05 8.00088 80.... 0080
.0008 ::0. 0090. .8088... 088 038.00.: 0.00: 80: ::0 80w080:
00>0 :00 05 3:80.: 0:03:38. 088.88 vm .000» w. .:08:0.0>0.0 £808 £08:
0. m0 8:08:0.0>0.0 08 w:.>0: 000.20: ::0 -000: 0... 0830:: $020.36: 0080380000
$800.30. 0.03.. J £00.. :00._0w b.00:m . 005 :0.: 80803008 .8008 ::0 38088: 30.8000
638 ..0 80.80858 3.00800: 0000380000 0 8080.:8. ..0 6.8.82.0 .3 030... ::0 80m.
.0 0:888 E08: .3 030... 0000380080 .o\oom 08 .0000 ._0 :05 0:88 88:00 .803 .880: 8080w0008
080380000 00:00.. .880: 88808 000. m. 000030.308: :00 E08: 800.c0 ..0 :00—::0: ::0 08038.85
...3 800: 000.5 g S 00.0 000.00: 05 :wﬁon. . 3.380 m. n 00:03 8.80m . 5.00.. 000.8: 02 5.80.5.0 0.8... ”..0 0.00.5
.88m .830:
0.05 3 0.0000 00.0030:
33030:: 0.800..
::0 0:0 w:.8m.x0 05 ..0
00:00:30.: 008.88 0:
00.00.0500 00.80.0800 8.0900,.
08.008 5000.0 80.38am 808:0.0>0.0 05

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

159

 

 

 

 

55...“. 82.. 352 down—89: 82. 05 .8 $3. ..o 8255:: .aﬂwﬂmba 28 52:3. .8:
5.8:. 3582.8: 852 8 £02 588%? a 8.. wéoo: 3.23.80 3520:. 085.885 :0
8.8 gm... 8 mo:.:> 5:: 838-..»... :88. n a»... DZ< 9380:»: 9.0:... :. :33 88:: 3.8.5.: coo... 88m»
095.: ..w... 5.3 .3258: “5.1.58 >535 “5.358 quote :3 .8533 8 5.88. .85.»: Sum
m.:..88:: wéoom 92.5 >Omm2m. 8: _. Edam >O¢m2mr 83 I 5.8: 825:. oz 8.. boﬁobxm 82. 353. ”N... 58:0
.88
Em. 335.3
boa—Eamo:
5:: «853
do? no. mg: 05 383%»: 9
..o .38 mo 5:855: : :5 use. :8 8:80
$303895 $3 ::5 6:3: 359:.
32838:. 9.53 9.8.. 53?? 82:26: 8 8:580:88
88.265 58. down—:3: 82. 2%-:23 :: on: - aw...
555:8 b: :83. 05 338.. 9 ﬂutouﬁ: ”waving 3:838 b. 5:: 39.55
8:08 82885.88 o§.:-:w.: 3...:on ._ “8.828 .5 55895:: .8 3:32..
2.23:0 .w:.>m: 2% 88% 95.8: ..o 05 :. 8:2
3:85 80.50 55...”. :28 5:: £02 52:» as $8 .0 5255.: a 3:7. 1 8.58 :owobE
82. 05 9:833 1 .83 805.3... .888»? .88 .852: 5:: 50>
$532. 2% 5.3 .88 5.83053 £338.83 .30. 3.8.8.. .585 :26 5::
5:: 5.3 58.. 5:: .58.. woo: .0... 88.83 3.3.0:. .8855... 0385 53:
8.8302... :wﬁon. I 582588 3:33. ._ 2.5.32.5. .38-:0: 5:: 805955 48.52. 55.3
.88. .88.: a. .8598. 323.. we: 2: .0 $8 :32 a 38222.: 2a 5&2 Ea
>80. 83.9, 053.: :83: o5 3.5.5.: 8.. 80:83:. Ba :30 a 5558:. 085.8085 :0 Coo:
aw... - $52.2. 5:: 8588.. 2.855. m.n.._8£: 0.89.: 9.6:... :. 5.38 88:: 3.85:: :05 “out...
8.. 323:0 5.3 can 05 .8 805.5... -sw._.\uo:o.oo.=.w.. omD . .80....» :3 .8583 8 557.. 557.. 80..
.8878 2w... ._ 388.88 32m p 6.85. 025*. n 5.8: 825:. oz 8: 38:85“... . 82. 3.53. u... 585
.88
5:35 .28..
8.3:: 3 825
.886 Bo..-vm\._:o>-~ : 82. :3 85
05 8 .950 8 ::5 mac. 5:: 352.2.
5:..on ..u 82.. $5.82 883 ..o 8.58
.35: omega 05 :o 8.3:: a 2: 85
.833 30:05:85. .83 3:95.588
8058.05.18: 32:5 .85: 3558358
own—26 05 .8 $3 5:: 8.328: 3.855.... 5::

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

160

 

 

 

 

.sgaﬂmﬁ 32 2a A38. 32%
0000.3...“ 0888:2052 5.00: 208::
£05552 :28 :3 8 Eatong m_
00205 83.3 20: 052:5 05 was»: 88:5
83.2 9 302580 . as? :0 :30 0520: 2a .805
4009: .8388 0 win: 0200:: :0 go 028, MO 330 was 00.: 3:055:20
.358 330% 9.2%: 0%. 05 .038 £0280 825x08 2F . 0033 05 35 38300:
058:: E was“ Ea 0368a 000:3 .2me: nor—05¢. 50oz ﬁowwsm 363m .8 8095
568:0 38.8: . wEEm: 0% 38:52 .. no .0065 w:t00£w=m .530: 58:: 8252306
53, 00:000t35 docs—3a in ES: 98 2:35:55 05 voow 8m .8? a 00.62 28 80000
03358 wEEm: 033.3 wage; an 00208882 085 x020 5:326 Em Em:— 0>oa§ .5330.
EB 3 ~05 :03 0:23 £32 E»: :05 850.. 33:03:: 5:5: 05 .83 was win—:5 cote—on
B 2:23 023$ 0&8 £850.: 9 £085 28 £05. Ew: .80»? mo 8088880 05 Bob awning ES:
was»: 0.. case was»: 0%. 083 . .26. 03,26‘ s .82 . .23; 6265 oz £8 ._ 20: 035.55 a 5.20
.2222on o<>m
baa—02.5 munc—
aoEvcoo :0 0030.
2005 Hormoﬁvoe
092028
.385 08% 052
so; 20 05.033 ASS
.Avoom <mmv 3:058
.3 “0 0:0—9m: boagame
Soho BEE ~00: 28 0853
0260.. 83 £02 008%.:an 8
50% 038038 “50— :00 0:80
8 03835 .2800 0035a
.38. has; 3 maaeaea
0% >89 “8&0 .003 .38 05 mo :3:
282 000: 00.62 $2. 0960 303000—30 28 23:55
moﬁoaoa “£053 >05 wad—0305 wow: .3 00:30.5
«no: 0360250 0n :3 .38 088%? 05 E 800..
voow 28 005580 28 83.0 .3: 82x0 some“?
8305 :02 as, 2 8235058 33 ea 60> L
03030:. wamoox moo.— 05 no {com 0000. 500—0 :0>0 can
A33 0085..— 8 08 moo.— 59% 0 =30:— 0w0§ 59°
0 39 some 083%.: 05 83956 3%.. £55

 

 

 

 

 

 

161

 

.233 34-85:. 28 £16 an? 98 meowoﬁna 0:85 MO 8535 05 8262 3:353? $338.33 Mo 20839: bite» 2F _.
«GENES a MSQUSNBE Lo\uw~u§EgSu\§Bi AEM 33.20me 3.: vi Ec§u~0m§w 532‘ 9:33: 35 3.8%: 938me mﬁsso as}? .

 

 

.. .32:
03-85.. 28
and «3583

wEEuomémmo
Ea mom§>
0:85 Mo
8585 05 9
26 dosage.—
«oﬁcoo @325
«SEE: 05

3 aoﬁﬂamgb
cowoﬁa
083.833

.3 xmt 38985
.aozmwt: 8.“ 833 33:33 :35.
Egg—033.50% 3.3 4 a acumen?—
.m88mzm =0:me cozawtb
>23:qu $2 on: .. mﬁawomcaa—
.353 mnocowgs 5:5 .888 3:280:59 Be .883 3.3%
2335— 05 summon L 85 $3 .3 notawth hem 228:0: .cozawt: 3 8.605 m
.390 how 333 3% 8.982 333 23393. £932.53

anew—=8— oﬁtmoaaa .8 £8 3.538 8: I 33838 8m .833 2.305”.—
oﬁ—Eouou 9 meg—Ea .3285»: no on: Quote 0388 .«o 8: 05 .855
.282 038:3 :8 aceton— J conumg 53680 55 4 398qu 2E. l. 5.3: 82:. oz 0858:» .5 =83 N: €20

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“3:32.“:— .833

162

.322 0352.2. 95 03v 3&8 can mnowoﬁna 3.550 .5 358.5 05 3262 begocawmm 553333 .5 50850.: 5E8 2E.
.~uE.E.~E an $539533 5\.§u§=t2n\553 Ambm ESQOQKG 3.: 2t Ecﬁﬂum‘Qu 532‘ 953%»: 55 55%;». 933.55 3C5 ~83?

 

 

.252

 

donawtb 5.“ 553
353553556 33 I
.355 Soaowmuﬁ 55 P
095.55— 05 .980
258—55 Sara—55%
055.8% 8 ﬂux—a5

 

3§_0\ 10m Eng—Dam l

.358?

.5?me 3335—
505252. :2 5: on n
.553 3% @2982 5

 

58 52393 >475 3.: ._

.4. Ana—
ooq-m25_. Ba
and 855.5

3:58-35
25 mom§>
0525 go
3:805 05 3
25 525052
5850 $385
8255 05

8 5552.2“
cowoﬁna
oEoﬁsmB

.5 52.. 38055
35055 :25
a «58058
.535me
wﬁnuomvsw—

.5.“ 553

bum 25:852.
5885
£2558

.5 om:
@3855 2E.

 

.uoobo
5.8.. 32:. oz

 

53835
£835
5m .853
0388 5 on: 05
33550 .5 :53

 

335me
o: 5 8:
0383 55
w

3953.34
Ego-hm
.553

”N; 55.5

 

 

163

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8850.0 8850538..
..083 0382. 05 00.60. 028.588.. 0866
9 88:8 589800 28 N3. .«o .0< mom—om 8508.?
«.859. 80.883 88:8 385m 05. w5805 8830.83
$588500 8 50.8 838 c.5855 w5u505 98 5.5.8 ..083
.8556 he £0856 85 $5255 05 8555.... .8 858500.
5.8850 :5: 0m: _. .8 6085080 0588.. .83.... 05 0058.. {cc S
8525.. 05 .8 0a.. .883 06 .85 ..083 8 8525.. 858:3:
5000.. ..083 038095.. 80— $3 0.9... 08388 .80.:0 580.. .80b0 5.53 30.8850 0...: .883
.282 v.8 0382. 05 08.58am . 5 85 «0508.8 maﬁam ._ 80.55 oz 580.. 80.5 oz .883 05.582 ”N6 5805
5850—. $8505.60.
.0883 0382. 05 0058. 8.85552. 088w
8 88:8 “.8988 98 N3. mo 8< 5:0; 8508.?
5858 80.883 88.8. 38.8” 05 M5805 8830883
$582.58 8 50.8 .38 35835 w5n:_05 68 bags... .883
8.306 bu .mohzxc 005 waxy—:5 05 855.85 .8 €58.62
30.8850 .3: 0.5 L .8 “885080 05—08.. .82.... 05 0058. food
$525.. 05 .5 0a.. .883 05 .85 883 9 $525.. 4.583.3—
580: .883 03809.8: 80. $3 8.. 0:80.38 ..ooto 580.. .80h0 5.53 5.8850 0.0.: .883
.052 E8 0382. 05 08.58m . 5 85 88085... >295. 80585 02 580: 80.55 oz 883 05.582 ”..m .605
83.6% M. 83.38.. 8&5?» ~83 05 32‘ .308 B: h... .. 8.503% «Eu 2.03.. 03 EEK ..8.Mo~o=<00. 8330.83 0.5965:
3.858 9.5.
8 05m .8 8830883
.3 $2: 80:. .. .0w8500.
exam 8 .558... 3.38 .82
885.... 8 .3 008.8380 05 w58085 a.
80.883 v.8 90:8 0830.... w525n 0:.—3 6850.0 0352500.“.
352.58 8 .83. .8 .883 0382— .883 0388 8830883
«088m bu 98 8.586 “0055.... 58555.5 .80b0 580.. 80.5.8 58 8830883 no 0283:...—
.0:02 3.885053: @803 a go 0.0... 05 00.60% 1 805.05 .02 580.. 80.5 oz ..58.8.8w 00.63— ”N 53.0

 

 

164

.tmﬁﬁv 0.38: 03:33 E0§§Eou .553: c 00 33:5. .0:: 602:3.28Q 20.23502: 0.80»an M§£§Q\o EN V

 

 

 

ﬂap. w£:o_mm_§:oo .—
0 0:0—955

.:o:8:0E:0o: .82:

35:00:38 ::0 6m“: $523:

5280:: ::0 wEEﬂ: 5 20:89:50

60:05.85: 3:285: >530:

dots—805 bt0> n a 8 :00. ::0

:03 32233880 wE:o_mm_EEoU

0 32:: ::0 @2050 . .8288:

$5.500: 8:03:83 035::

dosahwoﬁ: 05 85 8:080:30: 0:38 8 0:95

080?? 9:28: wﬁgﬁmmﬁﬁoo ::0 00:00:00:

0:00:0=0om_§ L 038985 I Bob wﬁwg

.:o:8w00:_ dos—3:08:00: .932 Ummv 300000 .200:

megs? £308 . $7.0: .3 £03 05 ::0 3:830: 003%: 8:

.868on 60:03:80 0.3 00:58: “:85 :28: 05 3030M ._ .8 :858 :03? 08038: 6030::
0.80%.? Dawn 0:..— . wﬁgﬁﬂﬁﬁoo 00:: €080ng .00 £05. 05 2 :02 m: 880::

.:o=§w0u:_ tone wﬁgﬁﬁﬁﬁoo 5:02:88 .832 8 :03 ::0 atone: 8 “00:05:00 ::0 a:
2:893 30.5005 1 a 0268: .8 :38: “00.85 :00 atone: wﬁuﬂao 3:805 60:38: 3235800
domaﬂwsﬁ 8 Bow: wﬁgﬁﬂeaoo :8 033530.. 900:: maﬁa: B “yo—Ema go: 0.8 "2:08.? ::0 0.30.0.3
08000? 325502 . 05 0.08 ::0 3:08:03 £56335 0:205 .8 3:803 8: 0.8 “as: 0.80%.? 3:2:0—0 wit—:5 “::0—=5 _:
E: :m 3:080:30.— 8: «00: :05 :50: 0.3 .05 0.806% wﬁvzso .05 _8:050::& :05 0:0—:35...—
uo 0496— :23: w£:o_mm_§:oo 0:205 w£:o_mm_:::oo 0 0w0w:m . wEEEm 0:00:05 00:55 ._ 050:0 ::0 ©t0> ; 60:05

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20:90:83.. 6:: 3.3—mm

165

.802 000.70 000% 82.5% 00.2 829,5 Ea 80:00 25 8088.
8 000.8000 080208 08.0000 0... 8m 803009.800 .0 885.35 006.80 .3 500.0 00800 >08 000000 005800 8 Duo .33 33.83 .05 3.0.0 mmO.Z¥

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.808 :80
03 .0888
.80 000.80
80.0 08:08
0.00.00 5.00..
000.68 >3
.0088..." 0.5.00
0:282 .08..
.58 800.08
08803.00. 00.05 020308.:
00.. 0800800 80800030.. ..0 8:080
0 .0000 .80 8:0..0w50. 80.80800 80.30.... 05 8 0000008
Duo 00.0.. .08 8080800 Umo 0380:0888 8. 9 0000.
@3802 0. E0808. :0 0 808800 08088200 02:. .0880
8.6800 .0880»... 9.5: 9.5: many—8.. 003 05.300880
88080 w832 8055 L $8.080 38.80.. 80:3 1 ..0 80.00.00.800 80808.0”.—
.3880wE00 0&0 .0830»... 0.00800 00.5 05 M8<>m
0.. 000.. .05 8080800 «any. >1 mat—80 80.... 00000.00 8 8030.60...
3.53 30.. @8000 00.3 30.. 8 088%500 080030 000.00 8050—00.. 9.5
.0802 £88280 308 .0... . 0003-95 ..0 00.. 000M . 03.000”. . .200.— .0080 02... 08000 00:00... ”m .0000...
.0583 8:03.. 20 2
00.80800 00.880830
300:0 ©3830 1
0080008 30080
03.00»? .000 .008 05
@5802 .80 00.8.5850
$080350 $0080 05 000000 .80wa0
30000 2.0300 8 0. .0008 80.388... 0.88 a. 09.08033 .0889?
083...? 308.8008 0080800 0 00: 4 .0000 30080 300. 05 08. $828.. .0
.80 0020.80 0080808000 00 000.-. .00 0.88.05 08.. 05 00.. 0.88.820.—
..0 80.00888 0080M. J 3.080 0880.08 <me<m<m=m< 580.080 30080 .8008”.—
.000_0>..0 0. 080.0»... .08. 000.080 .23 30800 000....0 5.00.. 000.:0 .00 _0>0_ 888.88 83882
032.3 20:? 052.3 2.. 8.80 . 3 052.3 20 00.80 .. 62...... oz .28.. 62... oz 2.. .0398 “N 022..

 

 

166

 

38 Moo:

:0 ago—m 62:3:38
3238

82:8: 35:0
038305: 05

 

SﬂoEOoE 8 :38:
32:5 5 $55 ._

 

8838.8 8m63 :8
m8EoB .96»: 83::
-32 .Eﬁbﬁoow 8:3,
.38 wag—05 39:80:
35:0 2832::

 

:8 332.095:

.8: 8&8: 2: mmomm< ._ .o\¢o_.o\om 82 8 2:96 ._

8589?

38:0 058305..

83:0 mo 8: 05 3:85
98 $85 8::8

mo 838:: a 8 8889:.

8v on: 3.65 :33
852:5 2: 8.. $8

 

soot»
.28: gas oz

quote
5.8; 82:. oz

 

 

.3: .355

.2: :80: 53,
38888 38%:
3:083:38
3.62 8 .820

E bang. .28
33:0 038305:
8:38 .«o

.293 w:_8o.8:_
unawouo:

:8 owaSOoﬁm

 

$98
£2 $3
3.5:”:
03:32.0"—
8 .3

._ .N €20

 

 

«.8223qu an?» 83585 963.»: S .meSuﬁEEou «.5899 M533: 5.3» 85me: tohugmﬁﬁ 9.53:5.
M3333 «.33: 2.: hmmﬁaa. 3:: 989* £93 sex. 353358.39. 53.x 93%» LamEEQQ mutuatcxwum 898%.... u .8 383.: 3 3:2}. 858%» Awguzm

 

.ooswgoto:
38:0 38:3 2
wéovoﬁ :oumaouﬁ
8.39? 8:53. I
.3333:
8:83 :8 8:89?
32»: .8852:
823:0 :8
8.393 _8_8:8E
”.wdv cup—agate:
.885 3:5qu 3
:08..on «88mm»
323.. as»: .

 

 

32:5

2508: a 8 389:8

8 3:88:83:

38:0 @3530 L

8580:.

5:205”. 38:0

o>zoobo¢moo :88 05

@EBE :8 38::oto:

3:23 05 83.8

8 3.3:: 538.25.."

889:8 a 8D 4
.ooggofu: .385
03:58:: 8 3:39?
wEEmB :8 one—3:0

wanes 2: =80: .,

 

was? 2:

5 88 3.85 :82st

-:o: :8 cows—awe:

:8 88on 583:5

36:0 05 E 3820

on 88 3:55:83
£82: 8885 ..

.3522

“owvsm :80 3.5:“:

2: 97.: 5:338

was? 22?

a 3 3:58:80: 8

$805588 52.85

32..— .om 238%

<285$Em< 3

Baa—awe: 8:89? 90:0

:8 swung :80 3.5:»
05 2 389:8 :80
33:0 :wﬁou 3.63— L

 

.uoobo
2683— L 5.3: 82:. oz

 

 

.3: 38:0
028088 53>
38688 393::
5:25.235
3:3: 8 “8:83
83:35::

05 0258
8:85—8:2—
385 mo

m_o>o_ w£82o£
o>oEu<

 

.o
9:853:3—
3.3:”.—
3.52.5

u: “620

 

 

167

 

 

0:02

 

.0003:
”900: 05 E 2.30
335:: waaommﬂﬁﬁoo

 

05 0w0w:m .—

.0830?
wag—En wﬁaommmEEoo
-0.— 08 c0033..
5:08:02 05 058:8
005 3:58 0350

0 55 00:30 05 0:305 .
£50353 0900.280
05 3030.. :05
$0053 wﬁqommmm8800

0:030:02: 2 I

3:08:00:
88:80 05 wﬁaﬁ
9 00cm ::0 0:089:05:
0:08:00: 5:030:00
05 .00 5:03:80
.60: 00:05:00:
:268380 05
.«o 3030. 0 “0:250 :20
haw—05:0 wﬁaoﬁﬂﬁﬁoo
0:030:35 :< .
.002:
3:08:00: 5:09:88
05 8 .0:: $30:
05 .3 30300 0 “0:250
:30 800: $100: 05
.00 0:020:02: btoﬁg
waoﬁﬂeaoo < ..
”0.me
05835.8 3.2%“;
330:8 08 5080—93
3 000.: E 0080.80
0 03: 00 80803::

 

400.»?
5.00: 0000:. 02

 

.000b0
530: 000:: oz

 

009.005

8 00.20%

3 “0085::0

::0 “0000:9800
030:»:

a 052:5

05:0 05 005
00:80 ::0 @t0>

 

u:
£358.55
.a:o£—5<
”m 0:020

 

 

168

 

0000—0000, 000 00.80.0000
00000 0000000000 .0<
0.0—0000 b03000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.200 05 8 0000 000 0000800000
000000000 $0300 0005 00003 000 0<
3 0005. 802020 002 0.080 u
00000800 0000 00000000 A0936: 0000— 0_00_._0>
m000=:0 $0.80 .0000 00 00000650 00:20 ._
00 003 00000_.:00> 00000000 REE .0000
00. 0008080002 0 00.5 P 0200 0800:0000 00000.0; .. 00>0 00000000000
0000:0803 0000— 00008 0000800000
00003 000 30000 0_00_._0> 000 800000 J 00003 000
0.80008 00 000808—00 0000000 30000 300080
003 $0003 05 $0000 .. 000 08000000 w000w§ . .00 000088000 00000500>
.0w8>00 ”0000-000 w830=£ 000 30500000000 000 0
0000000 00 08000000 00003 05 00.0 80:03:00 000.000 000.000 w80w00 008080002
.0002 000 30000 05 B002 _. 0800008 0:000:03 :89: 00000 000008 0 Z 00000 000.00 0 Z 05 00.0 00065 ”m 0005
.880 :05
03 00000000
000 000000
0000 0020.0
0000.000 00000
03:08 >D
0000.50 0.00000
.000—0: $000000 A0000
00 mumum 00 00: 0000 m>Dv 0000000..
080000000 020000003 05 00.2202:
000 000000w500 @0000 .00 000080
.0w80=:0 300 00.0 L. 000 8 0000008
.000—0: 00 00 0000—
00 00.00: 000000 00203 000,—. .00000
0000 0005 0000000 000 00 00.000: 88000 000000000000 00080.5
0000:0000 0000000030 000 00 0000 08000.00 .00 0000000000 800002 000
000 000 0000003000 0200000000 0.5 000 08:00 00000 05 00.: 000000800
w80: 08000.00 w0_0=:0 0:088:00 0000000500 800.0 0000000.. 0000 000000 00000005
90008 E00038 000 Us»: _0>0_ 0800.00 0000.00 000 0000300 00000
.0002 0300—80 3000.. 0003 . w000=:0 0000 =80“: ._ 03000000 4 00000 000.00 02 00000 8:030 ”0 00000

 

 

169

 

.0002

000000.000
0300 0.0030000
0-00000 000 00008
0000 0.00:0 0 800.0 00
0000000000 0.0030000.
0.00000... 02.0.0000 0
00000 0m:0000 8000000.
.0000: 0000000000 0.00000
0 00800.008 00300
000.000 0.00000 0 800.0
0080000 00 .008 00300
00000 0000000 00000
00008030. 00 00080.0
008000000w .083 .0200
800.0 00>.000 0. 00300
520 .000: .08.
000 00.3 00000000 00300
000% 0 0. 0w0w00 00
0030300000 000800030.
05 0:00.03 20 0o 008:
30000 000 00.800009 .

00000000 .3000
0.0030000 0000-030

0 0000. 00 0. w00w0w00 .00
0000:00 0.0030000 80.0
00008.0 0.05205 2.0
.00 00% 0000. 00 003000

000.000
5.80. 820. 3..

000.000
5.8.. 82.0 oz

0.000

0002.00 0000 000
0 00 008200008
.3000 0.0030000
62:00-05 .00 00:
000 000800.050
000 0w00:000m

00300.
00000

0 0020

 

 

 

 

.0w0.>0m 00003

000 3000m— w0.0.000000Q
00.0 000.08 000 00000000
0 o§0o> 82200
3000000. 00.00000000>

00. 0008080002
00008000000.
.0000000000. .03

20 0o 0 0o 0 .0 8000
003 880.0000 0. 000
0000-000 0>000 000 800.0
0000080000. 0000000008
000 00000000000.

05 5.0 808.009 08
0008000000.). 0 00.0>0Q
$80.? 0.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

170

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hﬁ.08:.d 000 08000>0 >000 0010w0.0..:0
.00.000008 03000.3 300 .00 00000.00.
00 0000 0000000800 0000000000300 6.03.
00000000 008%.: 000 00.00000. 00:00.. 000 0000. 0.
000000000 w0.0..:0 00 E00000 3030000000 000 00003 00:08 0:03
0.0.0 00.000.80.000 0000 P 000 000080000 3000.3 00000000.. .0803 00.00.00”.
0000 08080.0 0.00800. w0.0:.000 00.8000 0.0000 0000:0000 .00 .32.
08080.0 ..000 000 0.0.0 00.000000. 0>000000 0.0.0.0.):
-000 000 ..000 60:00:00 ..000 000 00:00:00 0.000 w0.0..:0 ”0000.0.
0.0.20... 0000...... 000...... 0.00.... 08000 5.8.. 08.00 0.0.0...» 0.. 0.000 000......
00.00.00 .00 00:00. I .0 $00 0000. 00 0.000.000 0000.00. 02 00.000 0000.0 02 0.0.. 000 0000...". H... 0.0000
gnaw
w0..0>000 000 0000000
00000:. 00 00.w0.000000
00080w0000.
00003 00000 000 08:00
w0..0>000 000000.00
000 0.80.0020 00.00
000000000 >208...
0000000000 A
w0..0>000 w0.0..:0
00 000000000 00:..000. I
000003
0.00w00 000 000000000
.>0...000 000000300 .0000; 0.0000. 000
00.000..00\0w00000 000.00 6.000... 000.0 00.00... .000.w .000000000
0000.00000 00.. 000>:0 000 000.0000 000030000 .00000 0.5.000.
000 000000 w8.0>000 00003 .000. b.0000. n: 00.0200. w0..0>000 0. .00 00080.0
00.. 00.03000. 00.000 .0000 00. 0.0.0000... .00 0w00000 000 00 00.:00 .
.>0...00.. 0000000 000 80.03000 0 0. 000000. 000 0008.30 600000000 0. 0000 00:00:80 00.00.9300.
00.000..00 0.00.0>000 000 000.0 0000.00.00.50 000 00 0800.000 0. 000 w0.0..:0 .0
000000. >.000.00>000 0. 0000 0w00000 w0.0..:0 00.000 000 00>000 >0 00000000w 00:00:00
0 00.. 00.000 000 00.000..00 0.00.0>000 0000 0000 0.0.000000 000.000 00.000 0000.00 3003 .00 00.00300 00 000005
000 0. 00.039... .. 00.0 0000 00 005.000 .. >..000 00 00300.. H 0000.00. 02 00.000 0000.0 02 000 00000.00". 0. 000000..

 

 

000000002 0% 0.0.0000:

171

 

 

 

 

 

0000.30.20... 0.000000. 000

..0 .00.0.0 0... b.6000 . w0.00.00..000.0

0000.0... 0.00.0.0 w0...00 0.0.00.0... 0. 0.0.00

3.00.0.0 000 0.0.0.000 000 0w0.00>00 000.. .000. 00 0m0.0..00
.00.:0000... 03000.3 00000 0:03 00.08.... 300 .00 0.000.... ..0050000m

00 0000 300000.000 0000 ..000-000 ..0 $3 5008000300 0075.00m
00.00.00 000%.... 000 .000. .0 DZ< 90.00.00. 000000 -007. ..0
0.0000000 w0.0..00 0. w0m.000 .000.00.00-000 000 0.003 000000 00% 000 000

0.0.0 03.00.80.000 0000 000 00.30.0000 3000.3 000000000 .000..00 .00bw:.00m
.00. 0.00.020 00.00.00. w0.00.00.0 aw0....0... 0.0.00 000000000 ..0 £08.
0.00.020 ..000 000 0.0.0 00.00.08. 0>000000 0.0.0.006
-000 000 :000 000.0000 ..000 000 000.0000 0.00.0 w0.0..00 ”00000.
0.00.00... 00.00.00 0.00.0... 0.0.00.0 .80.... 008.. .0000... 0.0.00.0 .0 0.000 0.00.0...
w0..0.0.0 .0 00000. ..0 0\000. 0.0.0.0.). 600.00. 02 00.000 .0000 02 0.... 00. 000.000.. .0... 000.0
.0000. w0.0..00 0000000... 000
..0 000.08 00. 00.00000 w0.00.00,.0000.
0000.06 0.0.00.0... 0. 0.0.00
w0.0.00.0 000 00.80.00 .00... 00 0w0.0..0..
30.00000... 03000.3 300 ..0 0.000....

00 0000 300000.000 .A.0.00.0... .0.00.0000300 0.000.
00.00.00 000..»00 000 w0c000 .00300000000 000000 000 0000....
0.0000000 w0.0..00 0. 000 00.....00000 3000.3 000 0.003 000000 0:03

0.0.0 00..00..00.000 0000 w0.00.00.0 00.0.0... 000000000 .00....00 w0..0.0.m
.00. 0.00.00.0 30.000. 000 0.0.0 00.00.08. 0.0.0. 00000000. ..0 00.00.
0.00.00... ..000 ..000 000 00000000 0>000000 0.0.0.02.
-00.. 000 ..000 0.0.0.50 w0.0..00 w0..0.0.0 0.00.0 w...0..00 .0000...
0.00220 000.00.... .0 .00... $00.. :00 000.00 00.8.. 080.0 0.0.00.0 .0 0.0.0 0.00.0.0
w0..0.0.0 ..0 0000... . .000...000 00 0.0.0.02 . 600.00. 07. 00000 .000.0 02 0.... 0... 000.0.m .m.. ..0000

.0000. w0.0..0.. 00000000. 000

..0 .00.0.0 00. @0006 .. m0.00.00..0000.

00.0.0.0

 

0.0.00.0... 0. 0.0.00

 

 

 

 

 

 

172

 

 

 

 

 

88588 0903‘ n 05 “so?
.8890 8:982 80%? 85.930. .0050
89 00.3 88289 0.05 .80 8:980. .8.“ 8059088 2
3808088 050 88588 05 8 $0888 0380..
0 088885 00.8 058% 0 0088009 . 8058M .0888
8 89803 8050305 80 880 wgoﬂzgﬁ 05
050 885800 . 883:0? 88.3 8 :08 000.582
820.82 £83 83 :00—0 620280..
09 9 ﬂaw—80:. no .058:— .30._88 £05. .883 880—0 80— 98 032980.. .5583
899 80 80508 .308 .9588 .898 802—08090 £08588 80.5009 829
.885 .080 053% 82 283. .1 00 $3. 82 ..388 825 :3 5:8
0050:3800 005 .85» 0005 0>0E8 8 00 08300 8:80 2030M ; 89¢ $505 a
83 8080888 :03 8080888 0083 .38» 88025 3.888 8500—0 85 880882
883 88588 88588 0 808 wﬁbuﬁac .83 58 83388 883
0 805038 was 883% 5:80— 8080888 0083 a 80990 530: 80990 808588 885800
80 @2059 ._ 08 £8» 50:83.9 8080—8: 80 no_0>09 800:5 oz .200: .005“. oz 839 “NN 5505
20:88.
83880 20 222
3 E2982 .80 £038
.383 08— 888% 850588 @383 n
005 80508 .8088 88588
850588 88¢. n 05 8238.50
85.90 820.30.. mtobo 8:980. .0050
.8 00.8 88:68 x85 80 wan—0.308 .59 038088 9
b83888 050 850588 05 :0 0.50:2: 03080.
0 30.8985 00.3 058% 0 0.88009 L 80.58% .3088
9 89803 down—=05 can 508 mgoﬂacaa 05
0:.». 885800 1 683.33 8.8.3 8 0.03 000882
82980.. .000—w 683 :00—0 8888..
on 8 20:80:. .8 .0383 .8288 £05. .383 858—0 80— 80 0320.80.— .9qu
89¢ 80 80508 4808 4:02:08 .898 85:28“. 8020588 80.589 82.9
.888 .080 05.83 05. 2058 4 0o .38 032 3&8 :85. $8 528
0050:9800 85 imam 0005 05300 2 “a 0828 8:80 20.80% J 85 850v a
8:. 8080888 :03 8080888 0083 .88» 88050 3.808 8500—0 80— 880882
0083 88588 88588 0 880 8558010 .83 8.0 norm—080v 383
0 8080—95 80 898035 5:80— 8080858 883 0 80.9% 530: 80990 508588 8505800
80 8.039 1 89 ﬂuow 5.55809 # 8080—95 80 8.269 .. 80.52: oz 5305 8050 02 €039 9N 5.0.5

 

 

 

 

 

 

173

 

.88: 038883

68588 5w“?

 

Ea x85 dug—=3 mo wsmmoooa

Ea b80589 .888 8a 8:888

98 808 $8283 8: 5:5

.watooc .88 ES @838me 8895

v.88: mm 83. £8.88: $3.88: 8:868 3805

8:089:88 8828 82800 maniac .883 0868

08838 80:33 .ﬁatuﬁe Bo: 8 8.39:8 8 was $3828

Ba 3885 E538 8:38 86:3 .8 $2 :2? .532. 3 58> 5
.8388 05 8888 v8 cwmmou 882 8 8.8 mwﬁsﬂﬁé 3.8a 88:8 @888 8.68 8 6x6:
8588 a a 0388 8:285 85 $8858 28 82603 £3838 00> m8— o>~n EEO E 80:88 8:8
858:3 £882: 882% 880983 888 8 8:89.38 88 $8838 .Hoobo Ea £3038 8580M
833. £83 . 3 839688 852 .8838 a: . was? 883. £3: 32% oz 833 33m ”an :85

.88: 03.88% 88:88 Emu?

c8 x85 65853 no mammoooa

23 90598 .888 88 88885

98 «.53. ﬂaw—0:3 8: 5?»

.watooc .82. 28 “88088 889B

283 ma 8% £8.88: $3.88: 8:868 3805

.88thsz 8833 82800 wEESp .883 838

2858a 80:83 30: 8 889:8 8 88 £388:

28 388:8 3.82: 38:88 @3838 wag—5 no .xm 8:3 :28: 8 5w“? .8.“
._8Bo:bm 8: 888.. can 86% 888 an 8.8 awning 5:5: 28:8 @888 838 8 A983
8588 a a 0388 wit—:5 85 £3.88: was 8883 $3888 00> v.8— o>an EEO E 8268a ”8:8
858:3 £888: 882% 880983 838 .8 85558 >8: £3.88: 88% 98 £2.82: 8580M
88:3 868 J 2 8582.8 882 .88.: a: L was? 833. 5.3; 82% oz 8:53 88m “3 =85

 

 

.883 82 8.58m

 

as $5805

23.8.3.

388% as 282
8 82038 23 82:2
88.588 @882
.3085 88.588

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

174

 

8.5 8.082

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.888:o..>:m
..o 85 8.. 8.. 82:0
80:88: 8.8.88.0
«:8... .888...
.:o..88. 8.. 5.3 88.88 :.
88.888 88:8 88.8: 2. :8. 88.8.88 8.8.88.
8.98.... .8 08888.. 88:8 8.983. . 8w..> Bo:
.88 8.. Q88: :8 .88... 8.. ..o 8.88:... :8.
8:88. 08 88.88:. :. 88.888 8.. .: 88> m8...888 8.88.8 8:...
88:8 8.980. .88 o... .: foo. .80. 8.2.2. 82:8. 8088.
8:88.88. :8...on 8.. 8... 0880 8 88.888 88:8 .8: o. 8.888 8.88. 08.88.. 58.888.
8.8.8: :8 80.8888 8.85 8.888.888 8.. :83 .588. 8 “88888 .8: Q.
.8888... .88.... .8» 8.. 38.8 :8 .4 .8 28-8: 8... 88:8 .88 88:8 88:8 8.980. + 88:88
o... 85.8.. .. 8... «8.888 8.888 8.980. 88:88 00> 88. 88.. 88098:. ..83 foo.
.. 83.82. 88.8.3 @882 :8 £8.88. ..8: ..o 8:. o... 8... 88 £8.88. 8... 88:2: 88:8
88.888 88:8 88:8 8.980. 8.. :8... 88:8 8.980.. 8.2.2. .880 8.2.8. 8.. 8.983.
8.988 @885 . .88 .888 8 8.38m... .. ....3 38.888 83 _. 8.083. 5.8.. 88.: oz :880: 888:. “N... ..:o.0
4E0
2 .88: 8.38:
88088.35.
..o 95 o... 8.. 82:0
.8888: 8.8.8800
0:8... 88:8...
.:o..88. o... 6.3 88.88 :.
88.888 88:8 :88: 2. :88 88.888 8.8.888
8.98:. .8 0888.8. 88:8 8.983. I 8w..> So:
.88 o... 8.88.. :8 .88... o... ..o 8.88:... :8
8:88. o... £8888. :. 88.888 8.. ..o 88> $8.888 8.88.8 80....
88:8 8.980. .88 8.. .8 8m .80. 8.2.2. 8.8.8. 88:8.
8:88.88. 858% 8.. 8... 2:80 8 88....88 88:8 38 o. 8.888 8.8:... 20.88... 58.888.
0.858: :8. 80.8888 8.80 .. 8.88858: 8.. :83 .588. o. a88.88. 88.. N:
.8288... .8388... .88 8... 0828 :8 ..o 28.8: 8... .888 5.8.8 88:8 88:8 8.988 + 88.88
8.. 8.8.8... .. 8... 88.8.... .8888 8.988 88:88 00> .8. 28.. 88:88:. ..83 o\on
.. 83.82. 88.8.3 @802 :8 88.888 ..8: ..o 8.5 8.. 8... .88 88.888 8... 88:98 88:8
88.888 88:8 88:8 8.980. 8.. :26 88:8 8.988 8.2.8. .888 8.2.8. 8.. 8.983.
8.988 macaw .. .8» .88... 8 8.38m“... L 5.3 m8..88. 8D 4 8.983. 8.88. .02.: oz :880: 0808:. ”..v ..:u.0

 

 

175

 

 

 

0808033: 30:0 0320008 000330 3 0:3> 3000 05 3 a\0n 2030: 000.33 03 035008
0005000 0:0 .30w 00.0 C0205 :0 035 :00» :00 :05 0:00:00 03030:2
3:000:00 32:00:00 03: 0>0300 :00 005 :2 0 :30; 0000080: 00> :wE 0>0n 03.3.30—
05 005000 0 20303. 0:0 0330008 3303»: 20 005 00:03 >08 03338 0:0 0320008 032032
a 03300: 032033 @302 0:0 0320008 82.: 00080 30:00.8 330:3 30.. 88¢ 030305.”—
033208 030382 030382 3030: 3.: 0:0 033008 w80=3 030382 000.33 3 :000300 0:0 b033—
3030: 230% . 30w 000.02: 0 383000”: . 030382 .2030: 003 n 3030: .002 530: 0023 02 00: 05 00:00M ”0 0020
80320905.:
80.:
33:02 0:00:80
.00—3:08 0320008 .003 3808:0380
302 3 038020: 3000 000.008 05 3 00:8 com 05 33:02 0:0
0.0 @3080 0:0 00:0008 8505 32800358 >80:000 3:032
20 030.038 300. 00 :03 000 020302 05 30:00:00
0050000 20 00:0 23:0 :0 00000.80: 00:00:80 3205
8000:0800 wig .. 20 005 30:00.8 8032 05 8.33 623332
.3om v.30 0>0300 0:0 0320008 3333 023003.38 0
:00 005 20:03.». 3 $3 .3 88588 0:0 00:00:80 2:803:08
30.0008 0:0 0320008 0 0m: ._ .m 0020 20 005 30:00.8 £003
@303 0:0 0320008 x2 30 00808300 0:0 0320008 ”030.038
002:8 .3300— ..00 0320008 02300358 000.03 530: 000.33 3333 .8.“ 3:0mw0m
0:02 30» 000.02: 0 3030mm . b.8032 05 .00 . 000.005 02 .030: 0023 02 0:0800 00020:— umd 0020
800020080:
800
33:02 8000::
.00—3008 0320008 3808:0080
302 .3 038020: 3000 05 @0302 0:0
05 @3080 0:0 00:00.08 >80:000 3:082
0.3 030.0008 300— 05 9020003
02.30% 0:0 :05 23:0 .3205
8030:2800 335 . 8032 05 :33: 630332
.30» 030 0.6300 .0008 02300358 0
:00 .05 20303 0% .3 0300.. 0 8:23 0:0 00000.88 2:803:08
320008 0:0 0320008 D3382 02800.3:08 20 005 80:00.8 $08
>332 0:0 0320008 20 00.0 30:00:: 0:0 0330008 ”0320008
002:8 .2300. 08 0:0 0320008 33.33 .3 0000.3 530: 000.00 330:3 00.0 3:030”:
0:02 30w 000.88 0 30:30am . $8 .3 8:838 0 003 L 00238 02 5303 000.00 02 0:0800 000205 :6 2020

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

176

 

ﬂow—3n Egovom

98 x83 E8

8888 $58.5 8 :25
823339“ 8:09:88

 

 

 

5888 c8532.
8“ .mwsﬁea .326
€2.89: $269:— .w:tooc $588.“
@025 359.3 0mm Enoﬁcoﬁu E25»
no 03583 33 05 93 mag _an=bm .3
€53 23 33? pa 22,5. 8.. :5 $532:
nausea v83 35:3 3:289:00 wag—:5
.0mm 05 35 0.580 coo? 8m .3835
£08388 wEBQ . can 83635 Faun—50
637,8.“ .Bom £5 05an @2333on 529*
358:3 $260.5 :8 35 E2395 05 .23 85338 4580358
95 £353.: >352 Ba 3335 5 35:3 .3335 v5 328 033898.. doc?
woman v83 BEE”. v83 voEtooémm you £5538 339683 no quote 532. quote bgcoﬁcobéo BEEO
Umm xtooam _. Row 8&th a ﬁzaﬁmm . o\oom mo 8:83? a 9.5 . 62%.: oz .292. 82:. oZ uwﬂsoocm K €80
62.8%: 0.8 £3.22:
visage 33%.:
358% 05 35 0.580
6263.538 war—=0 I
.ﬂoﬁo
28 hue—:53 méaaoés
.933 30a BBocasm
.mmo 3&8 $5.8:
8:28: £23sz £3338
:3 .533 6.33 80.8%. 0393:»...
265 .3098 :53 05 5 v3: $2603 quﬂ 5;
.watooc 0383 mm 98 £3.89: waxy—En =m 805 maﬁa—an:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

177

 

 

000 000.008 00<
00000

mh<v 00:08.0 0000008
05 000 000.080

05 000 0300008
900880-304
0808008000 000
000080 05 00.00800
00 00000 00000803
0000—050

0 was 05203

05 00 00300020000
00.0 000% :0 00
005802 0_ 0000008 000
000 0908000 wag—3
00 0050—00 00000 050.:
:ME 000 00000 000000
20200, .00000 mgr—00
.00 000000. 2F
.000—00000:: 00 >08
080880800 :00 00.0
900000 0:0 000003006
00: 000— 003.005
.2000

05.0003 800.8800
0000000808
0380300

.00 0200808038—
008080—080

00 00 8800008800
0.0.200 0520.5
0880000

O<>E .00 0000000808
0.00 000000000
6.0800008800
8050:0005

£9000 00000.0

 

0000000
80880800 80¢

>030 000.008 000 00000—
0.00 0000 05 :0 0803000
05 30:28 0082 .

00000000
0000000000 05 .00

0808080000 00:00:83

05 0008 00 8000000
35: 20 00080 .

 

000000000
000”— 0000:80>
20 05...: 005030
0030000 0000 5:000
02 0000:— 0300000000
00.0 0000:80> .000—
-Ne §m< 00000000
000000000 E0833
.00 0808008000

80888 05 0002 .

 

.0800» 5.8.0

0000:0000 02

 

.wdv 000000
0308. 503
0000b0 008000.00
0.00 0080

0.00 000000.:
0000008000
0553

0:0 00803—0 .00
0808800 00208
0000»? 5.00..
0050 0000000
@8820“:
0000 0008080000
8330:0080»:
wag—0E 0000008
.00 000 8000030

0 00 000.000 .0005:
300.00.050.30.
08308.00

.00 00:00:00

0E“ .00 0000—0500
00088 05 00
000.000 0800050
0:00.03

305. .000—000

0:0 00:00.0: 80.0
0.00 0080008000
0000008000 0000:
”R0050. 0:0
8008 020808..
”0000020:

00005 000

000: .000 00208
8080000080
00008

503 0000000000
0000.000 5.00:

 

08000000

20 0o 0:03

:03 000 000.0800
05 00 800.800.0000
35 0000203

8 0803000
005000 000 00008
.00 80800—300
05 80500

9 00008000000
60.0 0080 00
00008 808808
:0_3000m

 

"0
000800000.‘
9:
808.82
: 000000—

 

 

mum—0:0 .00008000_>:m— 0000:—

178

 

63.0% vixen—bus:
as, 8835 .3239
05 me new maﬁa—5-5:
as 2 .3 355835
mo 832352 on .23
.3833 05 8 33356
baoobv on 5:8 Eco.—
wﬁxoam 2: .8558

a 2 32:5 2: sea

Enumgomvao 05
co acute 3am I

230 Eons: 05

:5: 8 953th

0383553
830 .

Eco—no:—

baggag—

E 9:238 awe:—

oﬁ 8 Ba 8%..

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

£33358“ 05 8 wcuﬁwﬁ .
mew—95 Bacwaov mhmm 2680.. can 0.5»an mammaﬂzoocao _.
05 5 3?.an 58:00 bo>uoobo 3 “Room
on 8 2:3th gunmen anwmmow EOE wﬁv—oﬁm .130 Ewta=<v
Ea unsanonoum—ucg voguawmmov a $525.5 on :8 PE
3833 Eoc wsmta MO 5 E829 on 8
83% 59585 3322:? .565. mﬁoibno
3.89? wEESm 0382.0 28 855 89a .82.“ 83> v.8
.803 >93 325 9595 5:8. 828353 .Amhmv
MSU—cam gaming“ «839m woumawaou 8:85 b8 .8 96:8 mhm 8.2mm 8238.
we cog—35> 89:; w . w? 5 o .0325. 033% 58:83: o co
$5225 05 5 32a cots—35> 333% 5:82 28 .2. a 5 .5 8.98 Ea: :3 . m _ b 0
was—25 8:35 8 5:5 858 wagons. E mac—08m wEHEEoi . -383 3:8 8 £283,“ 8.08m
wsvrg 05 m: 282 ougqom 330.5 g ”.858 83 ﬂ GEE can 8:338 0838 3
9.398 Bacwmmov @5225 ‘3 mhm 8 ﬂow—cam acute .23: 8.95 0833 mac—15.3 :oﬁcobium
5 .8638; 05 E wﬁxoﬁm “EEO:— . -aoa mo 0.5898 PEN 8265 BA aﬁgemém 2:898 Eo>o£ “N $805
.A Sea 9253
€888
v5 530:
.53on .ﬂcoﬁaohgu
3388:. 33888 .885 96.95
93 96:3 8:688 ban—woman»?
8 @832 2532a 2:8 moouoﬁq
296 S 2:89? 28 momma—ocnooa
one—9E0 can U<>m 63.2395—
? coﬁaas 22a £35 .2
Anson Dammv .82: 032:3“
wEEBn we use 82 v5 @8533 we
05 3 8 335m >95 =o_§:oEoEE_
Eob .33“ @832 .Awﬁcoﬂoq
B 3 noun—55> 02x82: Ext—8

 

 

 

179

 

A38

:03: ha 309:0 8
8:83 208. 0208:.
:38 8205 58508
8 8 8 @0953
53% u<>m 5:,
88:00 02x20 :38”.
.«o aouﬂwaﬁ 0>§<
88% “.0:—=08

E 8:80.: on

8 88:00 mctozcoe

3086 :35

.880 58%
530583 wEEEn
05 5:5 88:00 085
0008005 28 0.583
watSEoE 028%
59—00 .23 803%
SS: 2. 8:5

d 582.?

. ScNAe §m<
.23 0052800

3 8:09.000 no 890
EN Bu Euaouotﬁ ~00
05 8 800% 35:58:00
3:28.83 83%? 005
808 a 5 00:05.88“—
:oumzﬁg 000%

no 0.03000.“ 8255
85 8009? 3:839:
Q08 028% 5580
0:0—8800a 0 =80:—

aoobo .200:

8265 oz

:8 8% 08.8_
:05 838w
8225:0050
dew—806 333
05 0088806
553::
50:85:86
£85832
$500030
£8586
.0538:

088 50 ~00
no 8335:0050
.205
Ara—=08?
.8053 806%
0:38: 35:00
05 mo :280500
3 83:8
5:868 0800
23 58:3
b08380
80% :00 can
cocdm 330
macaw—0:00:00
025:0 :38
2 osmaxm

.052. =03 05

€888 E3300
803.32 5508
30: 2 wqtoxaoﬁ

650 €80
:0 885 08
>838 0255

wntozao—z
A88
03085
£5.80

H. 2005

 

 

 

 

.32

-3.— Pavgm m§m<
05 E 00988—0

8 80508 9680 8»
000g ME? 3 005.?
0p :05. 8.8.. wﬁxoam
05 mo 00580800;
.Aowsmw 00003 00

855 8.8 E N. .82 a
no 800% wﬁvgobsm 05
55 000388 0.3803
0338: a E @8803
28 0:20:03 x000

 

 

.Avoom Sam
we genocuﬁ
80 0:0 398

08965? 580
8&5 8250
5:08:03
£320.85
.0853

3 0359080
03 8085580
PE 5 5.6—20
.820?

 

 

 

 

180

 

 

 

.molmqoﬁbm 4.833%? $029.32 333:? DEBS. ..om . x3262
noun—35> gauche iota—35> ~580anva .33-am_ £me 355.00
mo 333% a $6205 momwowabm §m< an BEE—8% EB§E 385 9:338
.mmonuzuoobo moan—53> mo burg an ad 9 3:3 Ba 36: .93 mic—:5 mo wson
owns? a wﬁms voﬁﬁmao on 53 3 55 539% A88 ”9:30on 05 $03 98 toms—8
as wﬁﬁﬁo mmocozuoobo 039.0 5‘. . mmocozuoobo omega an E Sammgano 5&3 05 9.253
ho.“ couﬁwoaﬁ .mmo:o>uoo.mo owquno SW 5 :32 85 macaw? m. Hmong—”ﬁn 8 an 56¢ m
9:25:33 U<>m an enigma 3 one—2:5 noun—ta? $33 5.3 3588 m. we wanna Ea mocoéoobm
mo maﬁa £th 3:53 98 889? £3.23; cam—nag acute 5:3: Awmmv ogre—vim. bot—ow gauche cor~__u:o>
aeoém I 35: .l o<>m 2: Esq . 33:28:. am . 8285 oz 32:5 in 2: .8 0255 ”N €20
A38
:85 «.0>0—
ouam 3098 83
3532.8 85c
85 3833 a a
.83 2x: @388
£95 Nov 8:3
5:35 a 885
9 82885 5 ma
Ragga m_ ~00
485.5%“.
mass;
235% a

 

 

 

 

5 85.568 88
a 2a 226— 805
:5 .3558

2 Mo 8:3 a

.8 can 88...?
an 3.2.

2:: Bug» 8
.8 Egg §.nA

a «£8 E
3525 3 .226.
N00 320»ch

A82 mmouov

53¢ :26 v5
305333.305

$53.?
.333 $532.
vain: 8:8

 

 

 

 

181

 

 

.wﬁaoﬁmmﬁﬁg
macaw? wEESm

 

.zozoabmaoo

3% was?

2: mo mmoaozuooto
owqano an 05 60,—.
@3853 03830

23 $.5sz 8oz So:
8 Soc .525 8 :25
:ouﬁgg Boc-w=_n

 

$2.388

mo mac: mo $3 «mac— 8
how Bo: an mo cowooﬁ.
05 5 3.3 0:8 8 88..
05 «o $3 59 3.0— “on
$395 85 .5qu 30¢
.3583 EB 52355
a ougmaoaov 88%

8n 7%.— o_ 323

 

 

8 m: .5an

.2. 73 2 2.3a
v.88 cog—35>
E 83805

35 265 863m
55o oEom
8:883 3:25
an 33023

.8 5.3.. 29: go
25 5 giant?»
Enema—ma

.23 83688
0.63 cow—on

8.3 coast—.3
35 305m 833m
.m:o_E3.~oa 8

5.3: 35980
2: £85
:8 £3 5 .35
mcomunbcoocoo
2538
i 3305
836:8
385235
885 38%
cog—35> Ma 88
2F 650693
32:5 “Em
go 838 05 mo
28 a cog—38>
03:33:.
wage;

5 £856 23

Bong—50:3
a £356
“35$.”

98 325:
5338023»:
050255:
6:38..

 

 

 

 

182

 

 

 

«its? 033.8% .mmmTNNm §m< 05 a :83
mo cozaagcoo 296 3 355.806 ma ﬁrm 0.3 83385
2 ma 8 85:68 : hm EBB gone 3 com: 032538 mac—S.
3238328388 on use a .«o A>Mm2v agate 5.3..
233:5 _. 02a> mﬁtoaom 26am”:— mo owns.
::0st coﬁswwmwaow huaﬂoEm Eng: cmahnwomad“
macaw womaw can m 55 «=58 :oumbE 805 .«o m_o>o_
8.25m “555:8 £28338 waist com: 52 8 @8098
Banana Sm 33.3“ on $38 who—USE an .3 on 50 53.5
#4353 Ba 5323:? .0383 05 E p.810 3 1
8:88 28 “mob ; 5&2: Sch mﬁtouaa .m_8o.oa
.0288 8920va 3:803.“ no=8m5 $3828 2a
:a >5 .85 c5 .8 31.38 3.8% 682m 8.255 £23,
303 iohwﬁ 238a .mwﬁvmam 3205 8338a
o>_ o: 0630.?" I . ﬂogging—O0
SEE Basia 83:80 5 05.025 3 Bass”
383 83%» c5 2: $58 05 22328
B a? . 3558350 .
8x85 ha €32 . wagon—8 dots—35 «a 223683 £92350 an 585 . 35308
$8.35 i :25 £382: 033.5%? .2332 $552980 688$ wags
83 v5 «3; 9.88 no comumﬁﬁﬁcoo h< can 302 bop—33 28 £8.33
wan—:5 05 ﬁat 226 8 £3.89: .«o 825 05 mo monouoaq< a 36:3 05 538.388
~93; c882 on 2:27. cows—8mg: 05 8:283 .. anion 3208882 ‘8 55v €35 mo $33
:88qu 332 dank—wan 05 8088 .8 as 885 05 23 in? 28 toms—8 A
85:85". cam . coauﬁﬁﬁcoo £385 808 83.588 mg 308 358:8 05 £83m cosusbmcoo
.aonEocuw 23 82:8 ESE—om 526:8 ma wEESn Ea 95585.80 Eu: 9 EEO wctse
”555828 REE? . mo 83.2 2055 .
75:8 cog—Emcee 2: .«o mom—Ea 5:338 5 3305 not? .57:
2:3 mites:— bﬁoam l 2233? go owcﬁ
.82.“ warn—v 889$ -95 EB cotunbmcoo 02>» a acumen cap—E25355“. 580?ch
552588 05 8 U<>= 05 880.5 05 how 55 EoEownadz .38 $8.85 2.: Bob wag—.50.. 03
SE 3325.888 8 53 EoEowmduE AOSV .0530 .__< .53:— auoto 5:8: c3355: mac—noun ham—SE couuabmdoo
Ea maﬁa—q oaacou< . 05 5 303x J 5 E05295 van @2260 62%.: oz o5 8:88.80 . an .535 £305 ”7:. €20
88. Sﬁmﬁmv
8.99an mmm
mo coco—«>95
05 5 8388“.
~52.“in
555 a?
gag 203
don—om Ba 73

 

 

 

 

cn boas—92:3

 

 

 

 

183

 

 

8888.8 0.8.88...

a 80.58....»

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

maﬁa. .98.... .8 .02.... 8... 858......
. . . . 82.. ..o 326.
08.03.. a 8.8.80 4 ..w... o. 38......
..o B 5... 5:8.
..... o... a. 88.83 .
3.8.... 9.588... E2... 8888
4.2.2888 H... . ESE o... .983 6.....8 3.8.0.... 8...
$8.888 3.8.8... 80.85:. m. >Mm.). 8.0.5... .82....
..c 5.88.888 8.98 32. 5.3 8.5:. 80.8.2... 0.8.0... 83.3.8
9 ma 8 882...... .. o... 08...... ..zo ..mn... M83036...“
28.38.83.888 o... .3... u... 08...... .2 3.82.0
0.8.2.8 . . 85:88:... .
..... 3.3.... $8. $8. .n «.38 80.88;. ..a .88.. . 3.8988
5.3 8.. 8...... 8.2.2. m. A>mm<6 33> .380...» $82.2.
.3036»: 5.8.0.. . wﬁtonoy. .35....bm 38.26.. can 88......»
$289.08 83.55.). 30.. 5.3 m. 3.2.2.. o... :0..o:...m..oo
o. 8.... £8.03... ..5 :95 95...... ..oo... ..o .05. $8.... ..o w...o..
.05.. ..5. 833....» -95. 8.8.8.... a 8.8.50 ..a .88.. o... 8... -..o.$ ..8. 80.88
32...... .88... 3.8.8000 o. 8.... ..S. 8.58 3.8.2.9. o... 8.88.... 90.89.80
30.. .o. 08.. 8.8% 8... 89.2588 8...... .8. 35.88.88 20.. o. .28.. 0.0.05
8.. 8.8.8.... 0.2.2.8 . .w . . ..o 83.... 0.2.3 a. .
.88... 88...... o... .32.... 258...... .o own... 8 83... ..o....> .8...
8.5.8.888 ... m.o>o. 8.88888 2... ma 8...... 38.9886... .02.... a 880... 080.80.88.88 808%..qu
.88.... 8.28.. .8. .o ..8 ..m..... 8.2.... o... 8.. .8... 808038.... .3... 88.8... o... 8...... $8.83. OS
o... 8 8.888... .3363. a 8.8.2. as. .0285 ..< .86... .80.... 6.3.. .8839... .8030... 3.8... 80.8.5800
OS 0.5.2.. . £082.38 0. 8.... 8. 80829... ..8. 3.3.5 80...... ..Z ..8. 5.8.8880 . ..m .02.... .55... ”N...” .620
.9...
8.03.. 8......
80.83.88 2. ..8 88.88..
.3 .80 o... 8 3:88.. 2.. mean...
«.38 8.. 3m.-m.mm $8....» 5.8..
.389. 3 35.53... as... .583
a .2 .o 9.8.... Base...
83> wﬁtoqoy. ..o 80.. .3838
.. s 852.3
2.0.05... 838.83. .8888
a 08.. :8... 8.38 882... 88.2.2.
838...... $08.88.. 0. . 35.2.2.
8.... £888.88. «.38 08... 88 a. L
.2625... t. .. .8888 ...w 08...... a... 8.2.3

 

 

184

 

 

 

..wua €32... 5% v9.2.5
8 m_ 25.8.3 ‘8 :oﬁEEéE
wEEEn a .8 825a . 838?:
2: .838; 25.8.3 18322993
mac—:5 «5803:: . _ n 0:.—M ova—05 ﬂoobo
.3262; .w cots—awed Hosmmn— 5.8: 038%.:
805 me 5582...? EoEowmcaE >595 .oﬁvoeg .
bad 93 mats . £52988
com—Ea m_ 5.85:? h< 82 ham 05 no 532. “5958
8:838 85 938‘". $580.:sz 05 3088 c8835 .23
«00> .o «38 8:8 "no—E 33.083 coco
mgr: .5 2x8 3 com: 353QO =< 4 0.3 mUO> .835 $5988 can
we “528 259.2. 972 we Eogaaas eggs he use;
8032 05 26.. 68863 ”3 g 03% 3822: 433 can :888
823.8 as 23.3 as 3533 Ea 62309 6:35 a... 8:82 05 9 i=5;

:2 E owns.” 83853 0.5:? groom Eon—owmamz @295 26: eogwmaoﬁa . 8:23 wﬁgg 3.3—mom an
:ozoaﬁahwawmuuamzwm :03 E toga baa—u Ea HF. «goo 5.5m mo «:8: 35%8 . 33888 £38593
.8 bammoooc mates—u £5: 00> 3.: 058m 4 38:8 00> .558 05 259.. 0:33 3825 2a 35 .mﬁtﬁmz

82: .«o 3555 $5838 55 $2 on 7.2: Ba: :80 55.8... 355.588 ha 332.5—
82.55:. 05 baa 5303580 5 £5538 ﬁns—mom Ea 838:3 quote 5:3: a. 83853 585 no banana -304
we 528%.? £03m 00>-33 bﬁoam I we 88:8 00> 2E. . 89:2: oz v2.8a: >362 . 05 8.60M ”3160.5

.945.

.5036 :08

on :8 35308

05 mcoﬁa

38% £32.

£98 .223

3335.. a

mo 303 3338

«$8 a 9:23;

.5th .3950 in; @2968

035th 533.3— 2: 808:6 8885a

..8 $3582 93 OS 855:2.

oéommm 5580539: 805 3.8 E .

. .37. 3:25..

angohém 05 a :83

8 388E Eon-6 2a 82.325

3859‘ 3:885 038852 9.2::

EGOEGOhga—m asbo 530:

 

 

 

835 835 05 a?

 

2630: he owns.—

 

 

 

 

185

 

 

05 95920 00302:
._ 5:028 30200.. .3
228:5 w.._.0..0_0000

m: 90:00...—
...a mans“... 050......

 

 

 

 

 

05.8. - .8220
00300.00 05

8 803000. 80.8
:5. - 00:00:80.:

0.502.. ::0 .093

 

 

last—B: 0 .«0 00% .850.qu0
0:... .0800... 0.5.00.0: .200: 05.03000
35...: 3080.95 . 0000000.: :53
02:00 .«0 5:00:09. 50.060000 5:0
00:... ::0 mat—6 20 50> .809: 9:09.000 ::0
00:09.0 mm scum—35> mo 0.5.0.5583 30:80:: .3 wﬁon
£05.08... 00:0 832m ._ 0000000.: £03 ::0 008800
08> 600000200 .3a0E0:=~00. .0:. 02.800. 05 8 308:0:
9.28:: .0 0.08:0 0.3 08.8 20:? .8500... :éo 20:55 03.: 0.05.080... . 00%.... mascara. A3580
3:8 03.32. .332 . a . 60>. .. . .2. .
05 0 >0: 095000 :000 E @0080 two—0 0.3 £00m 50:0 mo 0:8: 0.0550800 . =03:00 0% 350%
d 0.500 .05 0:0—00m . 38: 00> 3:» 0.38m 4 0:259:00 33805 0.590 0:835 0.3 00:: “030202
.0802: 9:08:00: cowosbmaoo ::0 00> 05 00000.0 Ho: 0:00.? :80 35588.80 :0 wEEEm
$50: 303-8028 5 35.000 ::0 00...: 350000 ::0 $500 .000»? ::00: «0.508 d 0.50.. .809: .«o .3053 -33
mo 00.. 0:. 03.552 . 3509 UO>J$oA macaw I :5...“ 0:300:80 00> L 000:9: 02 00:80.: .2302 l 05 00.60M— nmé 0:095
408.
mn§>2<v 300»?
03085800
::0 $00000
0302:0050.
£00,005:
.32.. 038.002
mango—<0 000020 028:0 00:00
0:.. mo 530.0500 .0:—50.0 00 ﬁt
00:... cosmic? 0:20.: £00000
03.9.9. 5:83... 5.8.. BER. .
05 5.3 mic—E: 00050396
05 So wﬁﬁsc ::0 ”0:00:00:
::0 £23550, ”0.5080053
:0 0.50:... 000.: 50.0 5
a mains... 0::3 898:0 "00:00:
".8. ..s. ".3 c.3302 088.0 a.
o. 050...... 8.0.552 «05.80 05.0....
.0 38.50.80 .5 o$.20:
.230: 00.9.0025 9.3500 "000:
:0 00 0.820088 .35... ”00.3 05 .«0

 

 

186

 

 

 

68235 0.8 2:89? 898 .Eﬁwoi «mob .603 £39.80 93 85

u anwﬁmo ”3me 20:3 33% baa—o 0.3 £55 :< 888 1.53 avawwmmmww
”ﬁe 2. mm 33.8. 3:5. oo> 35 038m L :85 5.8 Magus 2.3% as 355828 an $38
mo 9:85.280 $5833 may. 28 3.50 .uoobo 5:8: $58.0 a 393 83582
40,32,933 822588 E macaw? 05 no 3:080:32 8265 02 3.8.9.5 bBwZ 82:: no 5:526 magnum
ha .835 MED 28 $0255 888 05 3088 .5 ~88 Fommmm whomnEm -33
9&2 ages Q83 03-33 beam use 852% “250 8557: 89.5 ”3 €20

.33.

mango—3 38»?

253583

23 88b».

o>uo=v8q8

£3.85:

boa—Emma

2:930 85o

42:58 we ﬁt

ova—oi .muooto

532. 335

.33. 30:33.5

355.5 $88.“ 93 8:832.

05 .«o compo-9:8 ”8:52—83

Ban cog—33> can 5

03182. 8:838 newsman. “moan:

05 .23 32:5 9585 a

05 So 9:525 «ma—08 95%.:

was 60:23:? 8 $55:

.8 E325 Bxa
a mama—qua 0:.—3
"Ro— Ea m3 :333
9 32:5 30852
.8 365528

330: 60388::

5 no 2382.82

05 mazes—o 829::
= .3528 3323— ac
823?”. mango—88
.3 $2695

2a mag 9.23
gown £355..

8 .2 50.3.3

 

 

 

 

.wﬁwiﬁ 68:
>55.— mmomo 05 mo
mats. . 3:85

338qu 2:

8 mcogae 805m
Ea - 8:8an8
9.8::— 28 £93
5 53.85

ac segues—us
- 828E
RoEEommEa
ova—2: «quote
5:8: gamma:
333.55

 

 

 

187

 

 

 

.33—
m_u§>o_<v $88:

05 .«c gun—:88
Baa cog—33>
03:30: 83:38.:
as .23 was?

05 So 9:53.:

:5 data—35>

no 2525 :38

a mixing 0::3
m3. :5 mg 5050:
9 32:5 30852
3 38.528

:30: 48338::

5 mo 2:35:88

05 $596.0 339::
: 9:028 .328: .3
333:5 warns—38
a: $038:

23 £535 32:5
..oma 23055..

8 m: 50.83:
MEEB: a .«o 38.3:
05. .838: “3.3—a:
wEEE: 22:29:—
93.3 We cons—8%:
3% 9a mesa
uozaasm m: cog—35>
5.5688 35 gm
6:538

8 Sonia—bug

05 :5 695388
329.829..

:5 min—8m $52.3
down—3m”: 3:

8.: now: 838:3 ox:
8:858 5:808:
3&3 8.: 3038:
00> 32 £93

 

603823

 

 

 

gecko
8:03:83

23 acute
03825.52
£885:
bog—Emu.
0:.—2:9 5:8
£853 .«o :mt
02:2: .muooto
532 BE»:
«8:638:

:5 6:830:
6:380:83

5% E

mamas? ”83mm:
@885 5
$5.8: ”5.95
.8 $55:
.3353 ”one:
.35: $93 2: .3
maﬁa: - 3380:".
323.8 05

8 826:8 9.8%
:5 - 85:80:.
38:8 can .83
dim 3896

we 538.55:
- cough:
ammo—065::
02:2: 38%“.
5.3: gamma:
03:25:—
.9:3a88
530: 23:38
©0322: ::3
vaﬁoama nude
93 60> .89:
.«o Saga—3:8
3396::

35 3:82
26: E20333:

 

$5308 :5
eggs :o was
:03 :5 9.888
05 9 .388:
SE5 mgﬁt:

3383a

 

 

 

188

 

 

m::~>o_<v 888m

05 .8 88888
8c: 8323:?
0388: 8:888
2: 55 88.3

05 :8 wﬁﬁac

8:: 838:8?

.8 888: 88»

a wﬁbaasm 0:53
mag :5 an: 8232.
8 98:3 8:852
8 88.588

£30: 80888::

5 .8 288883

05 8396.0 839,8
2 .3828 8:28.. .8
83880 w88288
.3 30:88

Ea 8:32. 88:5
.08 2388..

8 3 «8.8.8
88:8 a .8 088::
2: .8808 898:5
8858 808088—
80388

983 038888

00> 32 88%
82380 08888
8 055218:

:88 885

8 585, 822—8
8:: .8 8:88

a 55 £85888:
8: 98:88 @8888
8898 =~ 883
380888 83980
.888...» £22
:5 .<>.E d3:
$888 882:
w83m8?uPEov—:8._8
-32 £83

 

.88.: 0282888

.88 82.: o: 88:8
85 30:88 88.5w:
8:: 89$ @8on .

 

$88.. 838888

.88 828 o: 8:88
:88 30388 88.2%:
83 “x83 “£88800 .

 

some .28.:

608: oz

 

Ana:—

mpe 828:8
08853 8::
58808898
8288388
.8250 888:
8:88 8&0
5.8: 26:92
.888»

so s 882
03883888
88888 832
no 838898
05 838
888888
8888

Ea £252
38.2 .3:
.3888

883 88888
8 88..

05 E 88.8 8.8
8888 a 5m?
8m 05:88.5
328.8

a 8 ouEauﬁ—Eom

 

8:888 8::
8288 no as»:
-=o3 :8 £888
2: 3 .888:
88:: 888.8:

3.8808:
.8088 Pa 85
$588889 :8
888 .8 £888
08 883—

 

€83
888888
63882
825
-301—

3; :85

 

 

189

 

.28: 02:8

05 3 3558550
0E3 “5:38

.«o 35:53:32.3
0380»?

:8 :38: maE:m
$506.?

33.9.: 805 89c
wEmt: :ozﬁwoaﬁ
28%? 36:3

2 :83“: 8:3—
.32:

:82an: :8 “2:06.?
33:53 :5 $358
8333 :8 :o_m_>8m

32:5 2: 2:35

Bob $558850

0:.—on 88:80

332: 9 8:8»

8 £5» mm :23 “::0qu

$3.95 530858:
228:5: =Sm5 .

@523: 2: mo 38 05

Bob gum—o»: .863:

0528 3 3558850

.23 858 :8

macaw? 35:53 :5
352:0 893:8 :wﬁoﬂ .

:5 .833 20:3
38% :_ 333 2:6: .«o
3.8%? Bargains :8
:35: £5 028: .
.Aowgw .533 .«o
8:2: 8.8 <m h unso—
3 mo 0.532: 9:33:
a wEESEaE :5
:ouuBohoé: ha 0: doom
95:3 .6: 8:58 .6:
“on.“ 033 and ammo. a: .«o
28 a a: #4858 023::
8838 525 South:
x8: 8 x8: 5:5
82: :03on8 0:32:
A888 maﬁa R538
:5 32a wanS—omso:
wag—0:: «.880
8: 33:85 98:3 .
.mzagg 0823
.3: :3 a 32:5
05 wﬁbﬁo Bob
.20 68233.8: .5:
23:3 9 680 £88»
£5va 88%? .3395
2058.5: Nae—mam .
63.8 coma—:30 >32an
no :2358859
$8.6 :53:on
BEES 3 as»:

some 5.8:

.253 oz

55:89?—
32:2

o>=oaom 8:3
:8 £3526
$300,266

:5 wESEU
A32 .3 go
398 25”.: :5
85305 53
fog? ::a 38»
,«o 5:983

2: E 8:38“
03 35:33:
ogtzm .885 «o
38b“. 5.8: 2F
.30 @283 :5:
£50: .838 5%
«Emmﬁwuoobg
£85335: 4::
Fuses 83.8
coatam 80:5

3 835:8
e3... 323:
6889:?
uses: :0:

5 0.8 88.5%:
5 as $523.:
35: :m moustam
:o 3:83:
:o_8:::3:8v
5:23:

08% Sous
85 8:025
mEBEw mm 82E.

1

:87.
oautaoaan 8
£3.32: 033:2
82:61 .838:
wgoﬁzg 05
8 v.23 89:58..

62388
033902
60:qu
.3836 :55:
Bob $50:
wgoﬁ :5—
:5 53380:
£283.88
:35

.9280
3.50m
5526:

a. 3506
885

a €20

 

 

down—3%:

8 Eva 8.68:
:83 0:838“.
mo :oza:_:§:8

8:66:— Ec>< ..

.A§_

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

190

 

0E3

 

 

00 03.8.0.0: 0:0 000.0800
. mam—000.00 5330000000
0300033 0300000 02,0000: .wo ::0“...— 05 0008000 8
$5800.52: 00.0 .AmcoN 2032006 0 00 00000005 A0003 000000.300
02320088 0880 Haggis B :8 8080008 00 088.0800
0580.00 93sz 0:0 000300883 000 3.300 :03 .06 000000
00020000, .3055 .00 05 00>0 30:00 2:00:80 0:.: «00000003008
030000 0:00:80 80.0 0300033 0300000 3003 000083000 000 9.0.0800 .0000 05.0005 03 000.0% 050000
05000 00080005 000 magma 305 05 .«0 000.3 2 03533 30:05 5:00:00 05 00 6000 00 00500000
083000 05002. £00000 932»: 00205 000.3 00300000 305090 030 0050053 0.800020 .23 00003305 a00000m
.meomwwwmﬁwwqu 00030000 00 00330005 L :0 00.0 000.0 0.3000 .00 0:00.. 0 0wmmowwwm MM“ .3 3.0000 0000830000
00000000» .3505 .wﬁﬁw: 00m 000 0000 300000 00 000000003 00 00000002, 0000 E00000 wﬁﬁw: ”0.080%
.00 0.30.000 H0000000 000 0030000800 £030.30 wars»: 0:0 000 300033 :00 0000000000 00.08.0083 00 000 0000—3003 .00 b
0080 0030000 00.0 030.0000 00000000 0300000 000 00 03.8% 000 3330000000 .0008 2.00080 40.0005 .00 .32 3000:0050
a 03:05 05.320 . a? 050:3 20 .0000 . 5 082 a 2.320 . 250800 1 32:05 . .02 a 022:0 0.0 .620
A33 $305
80300 :00.

 

 

05000 3008
0000000000 00038000

 

 

0:0 .002. .0000
000 030005000
3330300000003
000000.003
00203000..
5.0500

08500 .0033
.wcnabcogoo

03 300530
.0003: 0000330
00:830.:

000 00000000:
00003000000
00800000
0500.00

.000: 000
3300300 .820

8 00000.00 0.0000
08000.50
333000000003
0:0 08500
.0EEO§m

 

 

 

 

191

 

 

 

.25? 9:2»: :5 823:2: 2a was: :03 6.5 88%
coca—28> .3885 ..8 .2032: 2: 53 35:8 25308 3.: 23:38-22:
2888 “5:88 8:: 3:232: ::3 «889? 23 .2283 .83 3:585 2 258w 2:0on
wsmtu ”Swag: U<>m .52.: 52.: .393 33:08 3:55 523:: 2: 9 H8:: 3 35:38 388m
Huey. Masha” 23 wars»: :9: 02:2: b.3232 £30833 :3 2265:: ”Haw“ an“ 3:222: .8023:
.acsmwwwucuﬁw: 2:“ 8288 8 momwouubm 1 -5: 2 3:833 mo :82 a owing 3 was a: .9280 :26
5:3:an .3505 .wEEw: 05 mo o\eom «82 3 :8 mm @0822: on Ewan—25> 2:: 889?. wﬁﬁwz ”mp—83m
.2 292.8 “5:38 23 02:80:88 .3223 wﬁﬁwz 23 2382.88 :8 5:82.228 2:35:88 .8 23 noun—35> .«o .0
use» 028% 3.: 295:8 23:80 .3223 .8 3:222: 23 $38.68: .238 .5308 .3585 .«o .0>0. 2.3.3.280
a 32%: 2:32.. . a? wags: 2: .28: . no: .3 £288 0235 . 35.580 . 322.2% .2: a ”use: ”3 :36
68035 ma: 2
he §=ﬁ=o€8
.3 32202

 

 

 

 

on :8 tom—:8
£59.80 .Amcom
8:2: 2&5
23 8:828:
33:83.:
.5225 93
£3593 838
25.2. 3:83,:
.2»: 32335
8.: 038388

8 238:

.83 : wﬁﬁovw
So: 2538:
3.2832338
23 8:830:
6353.3
.3528“

8:8 :8 $2.»:
25353.:
.GSN 32.2.6
«58:22.8

05 .26 35:8
23 toms—co
3585 A530:
8 38.2.50:
«::0»: 3:382:
mo 2:23:55:

 

$5308

32::
3o 33:25

 

 

 

192

 

 

A88 35.020
E00306 .3232:
Ea mania o<>=

Soc 0095 wag—oz:
0808mm coma—35>
03:38.0.—

 

 

 

.Amccm Sum—02V
0:085:30

 

 

.0806? mg:
.8 §=€=o€8
an 00000005

0n :8 :888
0.059000 .Amcou
8:30 30:0
Es 00:02.00:
3006800
6208:: 0A0
£35003 30:00
wig—w: 0>_m000xm
30: 39.385
Em 302388

8 0568

.88 0 wagons
Eat 9:038a
.000—00.83002:
23 8:03.00:
£3803
£80208

8:8 58 mag»:
E0658:—
Amoom 30536
325.235

05 .0>o 35:8
.05 9.888
.05—05 A530:
8 358500
93? 25:03.:
,«o cemﬂﬁmﬁh
0E3

.3 3535
£3... a
.0323: mo :32
0 00 3000.85

03 =00 59539.

 

$59.08
052:5

0.. 053:0;
98 €888
5330.62n

05 08an 8
$00.8 0050028
8 3820020

 

 

 

193

 

0880080:
mm 0:088:00 88:8

00> .8qu :00
.8288 038—0:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8:: «0.880888
.98. 2.88593 .308 .6836 8:
8 88280 05 8 8898 $8288 08 8 80880880 .308
888808 .0888 8009? 880888808 088088 <88 3:88:50
8:: 0.880088 80:05 8808888 05 :08 88:00 888800: 388800
a :8888 88 :88 1 .«0 808800.80 88 88800 850 :5 8858 98280
.8080». .0088 05 8:8 00808880: 88.88 .8880 .8088: 08:08 .80 8:08:03
8808.08 828:: 88800 085 88:88 88800 88:08 :08 :8 80888 00208 0.208 88 8388008 A8089?
88 0.880880“ 53 8088080
80 88288: _. 00 80.0.3 U<>I 8.88 888000 0288 .80 0800.. a $00.80 580: 05 80800 w:t8808
8:089:30 8:: 080—080 88.8: 0» 8089.800 889?. 0.0 803088 00 0 8802 .530 :w 85 80880880 8088896
0;: 0.. was. 85 2: .830 05. 805.. 08928. 8888 :8 88.0.08 2% 8.38... 038858 ease
80%.? 000.080 ::0 8888 828:: 88 8:: 08805.88 88 82880.8 5 3080 8 £88.68 8805.
U<>m .«0 888008— ; 08800800 5:053 n 80:83 0 =58 .. 888800 .. 88:8 828:: a 028.5 ”NH 805
.N 028ml
$588 0228; .30:
28:32 5: 385m 580 98:.
88800 88:05. 8085 580: 03:80:
22.: < - 0 888... 328....
.8882 8088.8 85 E88
“m0m Aware m_00:0m :8 :3 3 8:83
32%.... .388
«885 05 5 88% 00W 535 :8
a £8. 8:33:88
o wEm: .8288. 038—0:
\ooa 05 . 8:0 8.880083
.8858 238KB». :38 5.2020 8:
8888 0808 80880880 .308
05 08:8 .8828“. 088088 <88 88888
808.8? 8888: 00m . 05 :08 88:00 808800. 988800
.0:0N 0880 8:: 88800 .080 05 «858 8885
.0088 :00 0.088 80883800 88:08 .888 .8088: 080:: .«0 888:0») Ana—Am
80:038. 80 88800 0008 88888 883 .2800 .0888: .8 808.88 awn—WMMHH” 88 88080.8 may—39..
:88: 0:0..080 880m . 00 80?? U<>m 88208 888830 «0 80.0.. a .8080 880: 05 80.800 :83
. 85:88.00 88 0:0—080 8885 88800 88:08 .8 80.8088 0: 0 8802 .830 :w 88 80880880 00888808
U<>m .80 9:88 =3: 05 5808 88 898.: ..8 .na_ $8023: 80 8030833 208 wEmmeqasm 038.8888 88800
8.2% 08.2.5 2... 588 888:. 2a .828 .583 as. 82883 s 325 m. 3852: 8:2:
99:... 88035 . 0888.53 8358 A 0589.. a... 8850 28:80 J .258 £85: a 0238 ”E. 820

 

 

194

 

baa $86.20

 

 

853:5
as: EB E
as Ba 52%
.«o 5325
258.5: 255
05 83: .88
2.2.5 5223
288350
85 «momma
603an 853% .258
Eoﬁﬂ “swig macaw 8:55 .
38 £32 3930.88 .358 .Amcou .255 BE
888 8 BEE 539:8 :05 co vBoEvdoo 098$ wens»:
.wEEw: .8 32993 m 53 on E3 Ewan“. mo 3: 958.0 ..o 32.5
>8 353818 momwouabm wEEw: and 05 3 332:: on 2:03 5&8 Em: 5
332:8 mega: 55 BEE ..o meets—:23 33 20:3 88% 3m macaaamac 29:
Borax—Co Saw—NW” . a? maﬁa»: >3 862m 1 maomaooxo 350 .393 mawﬁomqvﬂmhwu
b6 E=E_§E 962% .8088 toga 559.08 32 .«o 3522: 05 $5239
3 ma 8 8mm 05 5 3w: c88m8£éozm 350 can 553— .mEooh 3038 “amino L 05 no 393
mac—=5 05 95:35 . Ea maﬁa—m ooggotoa Ema ﬁcEmnooE .32“ Saw: 3520 @3968 >12:on
«02 05 E3 mats»: 52 £833 mac—Em owﬂoa .888 33 ‘8 2:5 ~88 05 SE 9503
~96 9:88 52280 1 828qu 5:85 ova—us EothacB £5 55 852:8..3 can Ewan“.
.8385 was 3:35 :88:qu Eat bows—88 80an A 333 mo 33260.55 05
05 .8 mass»: .96 wags: 38205 .883 6.me 333 $3833.: 5:85 889:0
mu ”.mzwcuﬁﬁooBM—MNWS Soc 30:2,.“ .cocsgto .358 .8 23968 .3 ézwwﬁm 05 can 38% $8an
.2»: my “Megan" . 32:5 3305 8am =~ as 0&5 A88 3:5: a; 5:8 . .83 5222. mo $3
. Ea 889:8 8288 9 8308.5 .. 5 323.533 Ew=§m EB 0988 .536vo 0.268 53858 “swine
5:838 26an .wﬁﬁw: 82% =_w wEE—onv gang Pa 33> . :8 8:258 a $5968 ”950;
2 a 8 E23,. a8 8:25 3535 .xa Mo 5%; swing E “5:58 he 53:8 32:5 23 23:8
05 .8 Beam . 2 32.5 2a 5:89 l 5:538 a 2522 ._ 2323225 L. z a: 88205 . 05 8.. 0285 H; :86
Ana—
EDV 38b»
.28: "Emma:
33688
2a £3...
a as s 9:32
”3:32. 9:23..

 

 

 

 

Bob msmmaw =8

 

 

 

 

195

 

«32>

32:5

 

 

03.282“ mo 8: SEE 05 mo 30.8
3 ma 8 8a 05 5 .303 toga coasooo bum—awe.—
msuzsa 05 33:35 3:59.qu 32 55° 2: 25 @503
“so: 22E us 552 ._8§__88 as 233%
8 maﬁaomv§_ 830m .898 owﬂowm mo cowoavobﬁ 05
«.303 £88.. .83 322: 5:95 E8330
E=E_§E Bowman 3 £83383 mo 838.85 Room Swazi 05 28 88% Amouaam
8 8 wmﬂmﬁuﬁ 1.60 .30QO 33:30 .958 5:5: v5 8 ca 835 5933 be $3
. 33683 395 8.62
Ea “8085a >12:on =a mo .38 can 835 :8 £333 560288 he 9533
8:838 05an .moEaze—oaao E 3:838 wEEEp 8.“ 35% 03 33> 8 :03 8 So a $5958 $305
3 a 9. was? 32> 3.53.. mag» 83> 3 a»: Ba :35 32> a 0225 was? ea £338
05 So Roam 8 wit—=5 05 cwmmoa L .3 on: 88% o>oEo< . bﬁﬁwoﬁﬁmnm .. 35 «.3853 05 8a 0235 ”m.” «620
.258
..a no :oaﬁbmv
98238

 

 

 

 

ac Subcooag 3

 

 

 

 

196

APPENDIX D

LEED-H Health Matrix

 

 

197

 

 

 

 

38.0 03>“me 50 232 5033 .080:
.23 Beehive Snow 8 93— :8 858%». .«o 03% voasooo
gum—588 swam .3st .33 8 combs 25 88w
BIO 23 go 3 woo—n mo 523a 05 553988 «o 9555 .—
U<>m £35 8262 a dungeon. nacho owe—ao— oﬁEEE 2.25.50
. .. EB 5300 . 38:8 83.8 553.50 . 3:8:— "N «59.0
.8532: .9682

8.58 «an 495:8
358 633:5?

 

 

 

 

89:05 85
8.5808 5:37
am 885 mo
«om oﬁéoﬁiﬁoo
a m_ ownxoam
5‘ 885 .23
52m >Omm2m
2: 6.2835—
.8582:
@235 ha ho
.owaxuam 29:5 353% nus—ow.—
:< 885 an w5=§§ .__< .52.:—
mﬁm 555 B “88898 5?
rim mo 885 5.5
5;. £85 $55253. 2: mo 396 =eo>o >955
mmmmm . . no =~ 82950 ._ .o_-m $620 Mmmmm . .on 8620 ”Emma . 3295 us...— 3 .620
33%: nataaoom 85—0—5.» munch—H 395:: 33am 39.5 22:55— ﬁ So:
.3 ﬁne 5 .8 2:0: . . no: a 3 u
awn—89% . ”EH.“ — use: Guam: 9.59.8: 95.8.3.5 can vacuum 5.3m— “ a — CHM—A a “MW—Ha“—

 

 

 

 

 

 

b=a=0 EoE:¢.:>:H .83.:—

 

Nbd :33?» MAE—mg

198

 

 

 

 

 

 

dun—:08:

0: :88: «O .<
-NOmz 0.8:. 8
8:080:88: :0:
82:2: :82:
:8 5:89
.080: .8 82.:
:08 8 8:808
00 a :88:
QZ< 6:238
0528 2::
0E8: .0880.

m: 808880

a: 98:86
880?:030:

:0 :0::0> 80:8
:06 88888

 

 

:08: b.8888: :033 :0 x8:
0:: 88088 8.08883
808:0 :80: 88.80—

8 88.580 :8 8088:
880:: :05: 680:0
8088: .88: b88800:
.8 88888.8: 0: 88 :8
088:5 :08 5:80:88: 8
8030:: :28: 8 88880
:8 088:. .828 888.:
:8 828 88.8: .8888
8:802: .8808: I 8888
88:80 088883

A83 .8 :0 88:8

8808: b02888: :8
8888880 80:: 58:

.8 0.0:: 0:: 5:3 “088008:
08 :8 05 8 :088
82:88: 08.: .8 £08—

08 :8: 8:028 0: 0:05.
.88 88¢

08: 08mm 05 8 8:8

05 :8:0 :8 83:88:

05 0: 8:8 :8 0:80:88
8:88 :0080 :8 0:8:
:050 .38: 05 8 8808
88808 :8 8:80:50.
088 :8 88:. .88: 05

8 8:00:00 :0m :8 :8088:
8 80:88 Wu :8: m8—
:088 03:88: 88:80
088883 b30080
00.08.: 888800
.8830: .8

8:8: 88:08 8 :8— :8
8303 5:5 :98— .8808
832880 :8 80:

 

.080:
0:: :_ 8000
0880:: 03:80:
:83 0:8: 05
95 :38 058
88» 88888
.8 x8: 05 8080:
w8::0> .830: :0
.:00:5 .080: 05
0:8 88w 888:0
88888

:0 88:8. 3
8:00am £08088
0: 88 82:8 :8
888 "088:5—

 

 

 

199

 

8089300
85:8
bﬁaam ..

450:3
ﬁnes
030.00— 0033 n

0 08 30: Ba
0602 0.3038
08:05. n

:3 0088086 38005 :33
9.888 38005 =82 800m:
228%? £25: .

PDQ
.00 000 .3282.

820 $8000 .28.. 626 oz .

38005
03808800
0 025.5 3:00:—

.05—.00
£35:
an 5.20

 

 

 

 

 

 

A32 .3 .0

00:28:: 8003:“ 835

2 55000.— boﬁﬁﬁauﬁ

28 0005328000

35:95 “0005500

5 05 05035 02086

:0wo.£ Z 52 b03030.—
=00300n Sans 93326—00 < .

33— ﬁ 00 03::

.82 .3 00 0059 333

08 88:5 5 8:250 0:2

00:02:83 0 00 0889:?

baggawou 5:» 003088

mm 000.0330 3% 0500820

.«o 03 05 Bob wig—3.0..
8200480 02086 cochZ 1

#2: 0803.

Q :oﬂﬁv 5.630 was?» 3
008850 .200: b02393.

0E0>u0 Ea m_0>0_ 00.080
“.83 “00096—0 ”0003009

3038 9:80:22 .0300 < .
A38 0530 3500
£080.36 can 80wo5030
-8 Agobaoﬂuon ”.wdv
ﬂames—580 5:3: 000009.30
0.3 3:0:388 m: .«o has
Ea 00005 00050 0.80an?

00008 308383 I
.3082: 0E0w§=8

058:8 00.08383 .
due—Eu
maze» 5 0:88:05 was
02330.85 00:— 82000.05

 

 

 

 

200

 

 

 

0.00000mw>...
.0888
0000:. 0.000
00. 0000000
08005030
0080000
080000.83.
08

000 20 00000.
0003000
0000000
0800.08 0000
3000 00.0—am
.Amoom 0mm...
003050

00 0.00%
0000>00

0>00 >08

05 05.88:
00 9

03000 0000
000 00000
0800 8 000
>305 8003
05 0.252.
00.03.
0080000800
0.0

0000:. 03000
008800

05 00

00000 0.0>0.
b.2800
808208
808.08

00 0800.00

00 0.0000

 

80.0
0.8050

.0 0.0000
0008003.

0:0 0.0.0802
2 0000.02
000 00003
8080w0008
00003 .0000 0:0
.._03 00.0080
80000000..
030.88. 00.0
00.2. 0000
00... A208
..wdv 080.008
8808000200
00000.

.00 00:00 00.008
00.0000 00

:00 0000.080

 

.008

.00. 0000006
§m<

00 0.0.0 8080
00 00 00

.0. T500> 00003
.00 ~80 323
808 0.258
.0552:

00 000000 00003
8000>0 .8800
0.2.5:. :85
.8000>0 .8800
00.88 .028

 

000000000
3 =8 .023 0052.3

0. 0.0.08.0 0000. .0

0.0000 :00 020005280009
085800

0. $0000. 000000808 000000
000 .000: ..0 80 w8>00 000
5 0.32 =8 0.282. 33
.38. ..0 00 05.0 0.0.5.0
00 .5002 ..0 000000000

20 0800 0.28::

0000.

.0 0. 050°: 02° 0882.

2.0 0080000800 00.0 800.0
900.0000 400.0 b0020000
00%.: 2 0080808
000008 05 .00 90.000
80.00.0002 05 0. 000 00

1

 

.302 88200

“20. 85.5.80 005205
0000880800 >..0.00._0.8

2 080008>0 25020.80
0.0.0 00 00000.0 80.80.0800
000000.. 000 0800.00.
b88808 00 >08 005
0OO> 00:00.0 .wus... >002
.800. 0305 0080098
808:2. 00000000 .00 0.0000

0 00 .8000 >00... 0.000000
0,0 .090 E 020005 B =8
0.0808008. >0.>_0.0:00._00>0
00... 00000000..

080.2888. 0800:0802
008. .3 0 05.0500
000.000 .0880 002.0

.208 .0008 00:0 00 0802.0
000 08500 800.. 3.00.000
080.000 «.0 >200 ..08 00H
.88. 50.05.00 080.008
0000.8 03% 08000.0
080000 000 >000 00800 08
02080 0808:0080 00.08
00.23 0802800 0080.00
:00 00080.0 002000.00.
800000 000w050n. 30.0 <
.802 5:20:00

0 802. 02.02080

00 0000 0808.80
0.8.0-00: .23 000000008.
0.0.8:. 05 00.0282.
0205.0 0008. 080w0

000.0 .00 00080 000 530..»
05 >0 000000 0008.8

20 0.252. :0... 9

080.2 0000000 8.000 0305.

 

.5308 0.08
00000.. 00.0 >08
025. 00.88

008 .202. 2..
0. 0.0>0. 0.0.52.
30. >..0> 00 030
>00> >0 00000.00
>.080>00 00 >08
80.0800 8000000

"0.000.05—

.0800
05 0. 808000.80

 

 

 

201

 

 

0. 0000.08
0003
00000000

000 00800.00
0.000000w>0
000 0.
0000880000
0000.08
0003
0000000. ...3
00000000800
00000.

00.. 00.0000
000 00.000000
0800.08

000 0000 00
08 .0088
00000. ..0
000.0> 0.000
000 000000
.03 000000000
2000000w>0
0 000000»

0. 020000000
8.80
as: 0:30
0.0 00>.00000
000 000.0800
>00000.0000
8003
0>0008.
00500000
00 0.00

0. 8.0000
00.008.
20000000 0
00.3 000000.00

 

 

 

 

.300. 0000.3 000000808
000008 >00 800.0 0.0000
0808.8 >00000.0000 0003
.8088... 32 0 0.00000
.0808 00 050200
0 00 00.0 >08 0808:00
80.00.20-000 000 .00.w0.0.0

3 >0...0.0000000 0.8000000 ._
.900. ..0 00 000008 0.0.0000
0. 0w0800 800000000
0000 000300 >0...00.00
0000000 000 .>0.>.00000
.00800 0.0.00 0.00... .300.
..0 00 000000000 0.000000 0.00
800.. 00 00000000 00000. 00
00003 00.3 00000 808000.300
00000. 0. 800000

0028 00.0.00 000 08000.2 .
.00w00.0000 0.000000 0
8 $0000 20 E 00008.0 0
000.0225... .002 00022
08. 002550. 0.0.88
8.00.00. 000000.. ..0 000800
0 00 030.0000 0. 00000000
00030000000 800.. w0.000w

.00 0080208000 .00 0000 00... .

 

 

 

 

202

 

 

 

3:52.00 .0380. 0.8 4.01.880 .03. a 5.3 8.00800 08.. 22.
..0 000. .0 .0.. 0.00.0.0 0... 0003.00 ..0 .0 0.00.0200... 000000. 30.0.0... 0. 0.30% 0.00.0.0.
0... 00 000000 0. 00.0.. .0..000.. .00.. .0. 000 0.000500... 00.00.. 000 0w00.00 0.0.0.02 ._
0.000.00..>00 0 0.0...00> 000.>0.0 OZ... .3 00.2.00 ..0 ..0 2.00.. .938 <08 08.... .000
.0000. ..0>0 0. .03 0.00005 00200.00 0... w2>0.0.... 000 2.0.00... 0.0.0 00 ..000 0.00.. 0...
.0. 000.000. .00 .00..00.0. §m< 0...» ..0 000.00. 02.00.00 0802030820. ..0 0.30% 2......» 0.0.0.0080
00.0.. 0.0000 00.0 0. 00:00.00 .0... 00 0. 0.0. 00..0...00> 1 00000.00. 00 5.3 00.0.00000 >00. 0.00.2.00 000
.0 .8030 . ._ 0082.5. 530.0 0&3 .88 .0 .0 0.80.03. 0 0.800 0.2.5:. ..0... .025 0.0.82.
.Amocm .0 3.000 ..0 ..0 .000.00 2.00.. ..0 00200.00 b0> 00.0. ..0..0...00> .3 .00..0...00> ..0
.0 ngakc .000 00530.. 0 0800.000 ..800. L 3 00.00.00. 00. 000000 00000000. 0. 20.00... .0000. 1 .000.00 8000000
.8000 w0.>00 0.00.. 00.00.0000 000 00..0...00> 0003.00 00008.0 002.0000. 00000 000 .00.... 3 00.0..
30.0... 0 ..0.0...00> 0.. 00.0 02.0.8000 w00..0 0 0. 0.00.0 .. .0... 2.0.000 .0 00...> 00.0....0 0 0. 00..0...00>
.00..0...00> ..0000: .00 0.0000 05.000 A 88 <00. 00.00.00 .0 00000000000 .000 3 00.00.00
..0 00.0.00 0. 00:00.0. 0. 00..0...00> 0.00.020 00.0000 .050 0. 0... 0.2.0 .00. 00..0...00> . 0.00.300 0..
.0. 0000.00 .. .0>..0000.00 020000 0.000 00.00300 ..0 02.00800 000000 0. 0.00.0.0 >00. 00.0.00 000
0... 00000. 5.00.. 0 0.0.... ..wd. 0>..00..0..< .00... w0.w00. 0.00.00 .00....... 0.0.... $500. 0.00.00 5.00.. .0000000
..0... 0.0>0. 00.0.. 0... ..0 6.0% 0.00006 5.00.. ..0 b0..0> 0 00000 5.00.. .0 b0..0> 0 00000 "0.002.5—
b.0....0.. 0.0. 00..0...00> gm... >00. ..0 .0000. 0. 0.00.2.00 >00. ..0 .0000. 0. 0.00.0..00
.000... ..0 ..0..0>0 0... 5.3 00:00.00 0. 0.030%. .w0.0..0.. 0... 0. 0.00000m. .m20..0.. 0...
000000.20... 0. 00.00.0000 .0... 0.0.00 0.0. 0.00.2.00 ..0 .0000. ..0.. 0.0. 0.00.2.00 ..0 .0000. ..0. ..0 .000.00 0
000 000.0>00 00..0...00> 80.00000... 000000.. 0... 00.0 80.00000... 000000.. 0... 00.0 5.3 w0..0...00> .3 0..0...00>
00> 0.90 0... ..w00.... w20..0.. 0. 00..0...00> .0m 02.2.00 0. 02.0.00? .3. 02.2.00 0.00.2.00 .000... ..<
0. 02.00.00 0w0._00. 0.0...» 0 ..0.00. 00.0.000w .0000. 0... 00.0..0 00.0.000w .0000. 0... 00.0..0 0.0... 0.0000000 .000.00
.000.00; . ..0 .0.0.0Z l 000 03000 . 00..0...00> ..0 .000.00 . 00..0...00> ..0 .000.00 . 80.0.0 300.0. .0 200.0
@000 .0
.0 00000.29
0000.00.
0.0>0. 00.0.00
.0... 0. ..000.
.00 0... .0<0
000 ..0...000
00.0.0000.
0:03
.0. 20.0008.
0 0.0.82.
0< 90.00.00

2.. as. 300

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

203

 

 

50 0000000 L
50000
50 0000000
000 000000000
0003000
000000005
.000—0200
00805
00000055
05 0000000
005 00.00 00000
00000000?
50 0000000 I
.0080 0.000
0.0 00000508
.000000
0030000500
00005 00.0
>03 0000050
30000
00 0003000
0000050
000000000
000 000 0000
a 0:038
0>000=000>
050.3002 .
000005
0000000 0000—
0500:00—
=0 00 00000
00 00 00000
0500:0003
.00 05000
2: .0080 00
00 300w003v

 

00805

50000

005 5 0000.05
0000 0>00
00>0000 0000
000.0 0w5>00
30000 000 00.0
000020 0000
000. .0500

0 005 0030000
50 0000000 000
00.0 00055000
E05000

000: w500

.3 00>0Eo0

. 0n 000
0w5>00 30000
30000055
.0000:

0 005 030000
50 050000 «00
00.00 00005000
0000 0050000
00 000%

000 00:00 N 00
00 0000 000 5

 

.0000:
05 005 0000
30.0 50 0000000
.00 w50000
008-000.:
00000000 000
b00000 08000
0:0 3: az<
080800 00
05 20a 02, .0
0000003 00000000
50 0000008

000 0000000

50 0000000

 

00000

<08 0030000 000000 00
0000.000 000 0000000005500
0005 00000000005
6000000000 60005000000
00 0000.000 00505

0500 .00 0000.000 .2003
..0—0000 5000000 0000:0000,

05 3 00000000 00 0000 000
00002 .0000: 000500000 .5000
5 000 000000000000 00005
000 000 0000000 000 0003000
055— 05 .00 000 00 00_00=000>
A33 0.000

00. 000000009 0000000000000
NOD 000.0000 00000 0500:000>
.0080 .00 0 05.000

5.0.0 000m 00 00 00000005
50 05 5 0500000000000
@000 005000 000000

0003 0000000 000 00000000
800000000 00 5000000

05 053-003 5:50

.800—

._0 00 000005: 55000000
w5000n 0000.0 0000000000

00 000 0000:00 50 .00 b00000
00200000 000 w5>0095

.00 005000 03000000

00 00 0000 000000000>

 

0003000 000005 00500000
30000000 000 030090 0050
05 0000000 0000 0w0000 50
0000000 _0000 000 w5000005
.0080 <03 8000

000 am .00 0000000000000
00005 000 000000

00000 0500:0000, 000000
w05 w500_0>00 .00 5000
00000005 00 503 000.50 0000
0>00 00000000 >800 00000
00 000 80.3 000050 0000000
500000000300 00 0000098—
302 00300030

0 800805 000200

0.003 050000005 00000 0000
00000 00005— 0>00 000005
.0080 .00 3 00800030
03080.0 .00 28 s 002820
5 0000005 00 000 000000 0000
00000 .00 000000005 00 0000
000 0000005 000 00500 5 000
0.0 30.00 00000 000000000>
.0080 030 0 552?on
00000000 00050000

000 0000.05 5 0w00000500
000000500 050050000
5500000000000»: .00 0000050
00 :03 00 0000000000000

000 0000002050

00000000 .00 0.00 00000005 00
00505 00000900 0.05 505
03500000 00000000 00500>
.203

..0 00 3000005 05000050
0000050000 $50305

0000.000 02000 .00 0000000

 

 

 

 

204

 

 

.233“
b80388
£563

a 32:5
2: $25.
360:8
cone—Sm
8550
£803.?
E382
:3: ha 3 an
wéﬁoﬁoos
085
b36098
£8033
cosmic?
oEom

..Ew

3&3 v5
E0525:
5283
530835
.839:
£282
ﬂoats bans»

 

 

 

 

£8: 80?? sown—35>

05 E 63363 on 83 S8
382 .83: mzﬁmnmb 330
3 38 8085550 goo—95
05 23 “89:0 05 coozon
SE: 05 mo 25 m_ scum—55>
down—::0»,

an 523:0 swans—5

mama—:5 05 ~85 58
388:8 82: $523..
“:08er Bob mnommmmao
noun—Ba ER 333? Bob
coca—om £2258 35ng
3:3on ova—2: coca—on
Boo. 38:5 mo 82.5w
A38

in a. 55.508 39% 085
mo aﬂﬁnaoocoo 82x: 05
3.62 50 coca—3:? .535
ﬂuobo 532. gamma: 96:
805 .3 50m .anaohgu
.885 5 02358

:38”. ES 838 Sacha
(«o 358 05 ﬂ 553800
.38 E a

55309 m_o>o_ 0383on
05 8 Seacobzo

Sous 5 80935050
00> 2: 82%

8 3.50: m_ nous—35>
.863 $2028 a. “ciaoBV
ﬂow—=85 :05 55 town—8
v5 .23: 58:: he 0&9?“
0.88 :83 8:338

.850 8.68m 98 £053
.3003 «canons—8 omnawho
0:53 23 ozone ..ooBso

 

 

 

 

205

 

 

080:8 820:0—
M<hm >Omm2m
0m: QZ<

.mNo 888m
§m<

008 00:83

80 80080: 8
«889? «80:8
800— :88

as 880 ..

80080008
00 802 :00 0800.80:

80 00:08. 80.: 880 .
.080: 0 8 .232 >880:
05 0000008 88 008800
08 83000 80 war—038m
.92.: .3 a 0:8 0:30
:0 0088 .00 00800000

20 088 £288 ._

a 53.8 35222

.088 <08

00:8 008 80 8800: .208
00 :03. 8080800008

.«0 8308 80000.58

:0 ::3 888000.00 8

e88 088,. 82 80>
.080: 0 8 0.0.6— 828::
08 0808.: 85 008500
08 wan—000 80 8830.5

8 000880000
>08 08088
05 .3882.
.880 "0.80:5—

080080:

23 82.2: a
05.28 828
0.583: 3008—

88:3—
.0001—

“ 0:020

 

 

 

 

 

 

.088 <08

88:0: 0 .00 00: 3.800 800
05 «0 $8 8 8 800080..
88 08 30080 880:2
noun—80> :32 88:00
.8880 05 :0 .0008

:0 00.0 00: noun—80>
.958 03...: 0% 80800009

80 000E 00 088%“.

mm 80 81 _ :05 80:08».
028.80 8 38:80:00
80008 0.3 8090—? 808
080m dumb—8 00 m_ .80

:0 080:8? ::3 8088
3E8 83...: 0 8:8
.308

<08 380... 30288
6:930 8.0 880888.80
6080:8008 0007.

.000. 8:80: 8208 0&0: .«0
8&0 ::00: 0.»: 3000 :0
88 ::3 80 0800808800
£5 :0 00008

880080.: 0 08: 800
88288 .80 s 088..
05 0208 80.: 62080

808 .008: 88.03me

 

 

 

 

206

 

 

 

 

 

88082862
Ndo 3m

5:5 388388
he I 08.8

05 89a 88
3o: .8 H8888
:80 .«o 3.8 gm
6:5 gov—om
.3262

a :52 £282.
:8: 8 808
882 83:08
.88 BEBE
v08: 8 88 35$
:8 880%

9 88m “8850
53 8m 88%
MO 5:288
8338::
38838

do .388
58858

:88: J

880853
oat—=8 8:68

88 “8888
8m 8038 .88

 

 

588 was wﬁﬁgaoo

.«o it 06 88298

mzo wan—coo «a 888 3280
05 8 088an .88888
088888 8888 8 888
08 883 :0 waﬂooo 088
A33 .8 “o

8:353b 8032; BEE
8 .8388 8088838

98 80538888

8328.5 @8888

8 88 08893 028:.
88022 33 303838
52.83 388 88828.2 <
A82 .8 8 8:2

.82 .3 a 859 383
23 868° 5 8:25 was.
3.288% a 8 "”8088?
bougamou ﬁrs 38_8m8

ﬂ moons—nan 8m 3888
.«c 08 05 80b was—=8.—

82880 358% zuwoﬁz .

.3ch gum a. 8082?on
883.6 288:2:

98 38.2: 8 085.580;
8.88.3 8:808:08
$338083»: .«o 8883
8 :03 8 8289585

v8 8088—38

8858 no x8. 380.88 8
08:08 08898 208 .23
38688 888:. «38>
doom

.3 Ho wnnoﬁomv m83a§m
b08582 mamas—08 acute
5.3.. .«o 858:: a .23
8.288 83 m2 8583

 

48858 .30—
38 08: 85
889 28 80:82

 

 

 

207

 

1

:26an
33.3.5
:35

-0:: 05 wES:
£03305

I N :38
000500.082 Q
0:08:0b>:m
a 3an
b.0203

0: 2:05
83:805

303nm l

.w:=000 0:8
3:80: 080m
- H0 :36
0:0:%0::< a.
0:0:H:0.__>:m
E _. .0582
<00... 058
3830—00
on 02::
008.— 32: .8
800.. 08 030—
w:=000 0:8
w580: 089m ..

QZ< .000: 30a
0 was. 080:

.«0 800: :80
E 0.08: 30: .3
>393. .800 000,—.
3.8 23:50
m§m<

m0 N. _ .v :03m
:0: 839%
335:0.»
9:08: .23
80: 2:053
..wdv 889%
3:830:00
08%

0003:: :88
:0 .33
00.7.8.5 :0
0530.. 032:8
00:20 :0 00:
300:3 30: .8
830: 080—003
8: 800.— b0>0
8:0 080:0 QZ<
SEEP—008
30:: :82:

08 0:032:28
$1000

8:0 G 8:82

<UU< 30%—on I

.008 8:30
00:88:83: 05 00:3:

:00 3:8: :8 .8005 :00: .
.803 3505
a. Swab: 000300
bang. .0032 ..0 .0008
nwsouﬁ 32:95 00: mm .3 05
a “3.865 330.3 0:2 .
.200 08 E050 0:0
00: 03 0800.. 088 003:.
>08 00:0: 05 0:03:05
3.5005 :0 835$: 00:
00 85 0.803% :25 .Soom
Emma 3.6:: SEE...
.23 £308: .8 0:53va
00 0:089:00 w:=000
::0 $53: 05 m0 3:30 05
0035:: 30¢ 8 35:00..
Sm $0.6 05 wﬁnmm b.5005 .
.Soom gamma
00:0: 0 0:05:25 20.380
:0 _0>0_ 0:063:00 000:. a E
:30.— 80 02,—. 0:380:88
03800800 8 8 800: :80
8 cSEEﬂ: mm .8 m0 2508
0000:: 05 85 0.30:0 00
0&0: 0:93— Eﬂmhm 80:88
0 ~23 30:0 333:me n

.Amoom mama
38% w£>= 33 0008208

33.5800 80¢ 38» 0.6
90 wﬁcﬂv 0.8: 00:05 80
08000.8 00:0 333%: 0:8
3&300 3.80: £03022,
b0 :3: 0:8 008: 30a

.8 32 9 30— .3.: 0:03
08 00:00 30:05:: 08:
:0 3:03: 08 603033:

0.8 was m83m%w “can I

.0022 5.8.:
26:2. 3.. 00¢ .68:

33:08! 0% Swabs .33:
.8 :00—05 00065:: wEv—Bn

05 E :8 809:0 332$
.23 88 3058 380.65 .-

.080: 8 E 800..
:80 0. 333506
:8 08:60.85
3 088%
£00,328 00 >08
town—00 0:09:80

"0.2.055—

38%
3:020:00

0: b08233
3035.03

0: :8 3:93
2:25 3:00:—

:
0:55:05
.2 >395

6 33:0

 

 

 

 

 

 

.98. 52030 2500528

::0 2385:: 0a 00

:305. 08 85 3:08:00 :8

00 00m.— 03m :00 $50.3 0.8

350.5 $53 £03000»:
53800:: 000.: :08800 n

:30. a 00 0528

 

 

 

 

208

 

::0 0:0—::0:
:0 ~05 050:0
::0 .ﬂoxc
:0 <mmm =Sm£ .
mo
.33
a: ::3 0:50.03
80:60::
58:5:
:00 0:0—::0: :0
:05 0.50:0 ::0
3 >mm2 "\A
88E :0 =8m£ .
A0880?
3300: 08953
0 ..wdv 889$
$80528
000% 80:26 0
:83 MO .95:
:0 ::0V 05000::
80:30::
5850:.
:00 0.035: a:
:05 050:0 ::0
w >Mm=z "\A

£25 a: :83 ._

552509 53020 :0 m_ ::0
:0 gum—::0.» ﬁrs 980:5
3:8 3:33 mm 5:8
:38

QOBV mm::_ 05 .880

::0 0803053: 08 8 50:0
::0 0:55:88 wﬁmsao
50:00 ::0 0:8: .550
:38 .3 a 3.88

00305: banana: ::0
330005680 Bob 500:
.«o 03.. 05 .23 :00—0388
0.3 :0 05 5 .632:
03303.8: 05.: no £03—

05 “0:0 00:0:30 mm 0:05.
.258 0:3 .38 «$8
.8305 ms: 38060: ::0
0:30:05 2:020 $55005
3:50: .8 235% $5330
00:— 0833:? began?— :_
00000.65 .0850: “00:30:30
2028: nausea .28:
.3032: 2:5: ::0 .00—0:;
.88 .26 .030 052.8.

50 05 :_ :55.“ 0203.8:

.3 35:8 63:8 0:0—3:3: .

.8003 :0 3.58
05 Bob 0.0—03.3:
08.: 0380.—
EB ESE :0
355:: .300b0
5.00: 00:03::
05: >08 :ouabﬁ
:0 08:60:05

"03:205—

.889?

a: 3:95 Eob
5:08 0:0—20:3:
0583— 3:8:—

0.5.8:..—
.__< baa—5
K 5.0.5

 

 

 

 

._. 3:52
<UU< 89¢
0020> 35:28
u: 3&0 3

4+ é $2 4+
:30? 0:0 8:8
Bow :0 3:95
:05 0.50:0

3 €2.83
36:20:
3%: «mad:

 

 

 

 

 

 

209

 

00000> .00 0000000q000.
.038

00030 00.02 200 038

000 0000—0000000 05 00 00000
:00 000000800 $00000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

00008800000 000000 000 00000 0050 _.
00.0 0_0>0_ .Avocm ._0 00 080$
00000800000 000000.: 0000000000 000
000000 0080000600000 80.0 5000 .00000000
000 0000002 .00 0.000 05 50: 0000000000 05 00 0000—0000000
0000000000 000 00 05 8 00008 000 0000 0300000
8 00000 0000000000 000 .00 0.0>0_ 0000500 080000>
00000000000 05 005 0000030 00 00000. 0 30800 .0800
8000800000 .200— meZV 00w080000 05 008 0000000 00
00.0 0000 3 0800000000 00000000 00030050 2003
00000000 .0000 0.05 000.— L 0 00 00000000 0000 000 005 0030080
200000000 00 8000000 05 00800—08000 A 300 00308 05 00 0.00 05 .00
.Gw0— 80008000350 00 0000500 503 000080—0000 000 00003000 0800 00.0 0008 .000
00.002 600— - 0 00000 800000 80000> 0003 005 00008000 0050 -0003 00000 00
8088000 000000000 3.0000 000000 .00 300000, 0003 0 8 00000000 ..wdv 08000000 00
00000800 0.0 000000002 MO $0000 0000 080000 00 000002000 0800 88 00w0000
8000.08 8 0000—08 00 0008 000.0003 00 00000 000 000000000 0000880800 00
00300.0 000 00000000 000008000 =00000 000000000 80000008 503 00000.00 0000000000
.00 000800 0000 00.0 000 0300a . 0000000000 0000 000 000000000 00 0008 000000 000
0 00 02000000 000000 ammu— .>00000000 0000000000000 .5000 000 00000— "0.00003—
00 00000000 000. 000000 000.000 0000000000 .00—00000 0008500
0003 00 00008 0:00 000 00000 8000800000 00208
-0000000 80.0 00.00000 000000» U<>m :00—0 0000b0 000>0m 000000000 080880800 .00800
w00000w .00 000000080 .00 0000000000000 0000800000 000 00000 8 000850 00 000000000 80
00000208000 00> 300 000000 00000 000 00003 0000 .0000 .00 $00000 00000 000 800 08000000 0080800
.00 0000 00,—. . 505 00000000 . 00000 .0000 .00m _. 000800 0 000 000000008000 . 00000208000 00 000000000 _. 0000000 3008— 5 00000
.038
0000 00 00000005 0000.00
.30: 50000 0000>00 00000 000
.00 0000 00000000 0800000 U<>m 00808008
00000000 00000 000 00000 00003 ..
0008008 .Avocm 0.000 0.0

 

 

210

 

 

 

001000020

 

 

AS ”000000008
08.03
0.0 8020 .8 .082 0250 .82
0002000000000 ..0 00 002w00mv 0w02 05 82
020 00.002 00 00000 0008 0008
-000 $2300 005 .00 00000 0 00 000 00080
00080000 . 00000020 2 0002000000
02020000000 00 023 00 00000 00000
00080003 000200000 0000.00 00000202 .00 800 .00w
0000.202 00000000000 05 005 000000» 00 0008m 00000 .00 00000000
00000 80000000 000000 0. _00008002>0m 05 .00 0800.00
w280>000 00000 503 000 00000 .00 0000.00 0020800 b0000>00 00 0008
CV ”0000000000 0800 0:00 000 000. ”000000000 0000000008 . 00000 00000000
.0000200 000000 .0 00200 .000000 002 M2020>00 "0.00203—
0005 <0m 2 000002 .00 0000 00000002 00 503
002 000020 0.02 00 0800 .0 0000000000 000 00000000 00000
00 008 800000 00000. 0000000 020002000 08028088
000000 .00 0000208 0 00030000 0 .00000 00000»
00000 000 05 00000 __0002 000 05 000000 000 080% 05 0050 000 .00w
2 >00w000 02000 ._ 0080.0 0w0005 00000 00000 0003 00000 00 000000000 020000000
00000 <0m 2 000002 .002w00 00000300» 0800 800.0 000000000 0000K
w2=00800 L 00 0800 .0 2 000 05 2 0000.0 00 00000 ._ 0000000 30000— 00 000.5
0.80 .00
00 000000000; 000003000 0000
000 0.UO> .00 0000000000000
00005.0 00 000000000

 

 

 

 

000 0080000 .00 0000—0500

2 0000002 0003000

00 0300090 < 08.0080
0020.0 0000 20 0000058
08208.0 .00 000 0020800
0008 05 000 0000 8000002
0000000 00 0000 0000000 5.0000
0000>00 50: 0000000000

0000 000 .00 00002 2
Got 0055088 005000

 

 

 

 

211

 

 

 

000 000000
00.00m -

”00.0 30.00
0w02000
00>00080 -
0080 00000
0000000 2000
w230=8

05 0003000
0203 8000000
00008000
0002800000
008%

0 000000
.302

0000: 0.0

5v a00000000w
02 000
020000000
00000
.000508
0.00.0 2000.0
.000 w228
0200005
_0>0800
00020

00.0 08000000
w200000 20
050. 5 05
”8000—003
.00w000000
0000 20
00.200 00000
05 25_00
>00w000
00000

000 00000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

212

 

 

000020000
000 00000 00.0
000058 8.00 co.

808.28 ..0000. .
0:03 .00 0000 05
00 00.0000 ..0 .000
0 000082.03
0200
00.000 0000
003.0 00080080
020000000
..< 00.000
0000000000
..< .00000
00020000050005
”00000008 0005
0200.02 030%
000020000 000
000000 0003000
0000.080 000000
.30 000.00
QZ< 000000
05 2600 08000
00.00000 000

2 00000000 00 .
000000 2 00000
0.0000 00.00000
00 00000 000000
8080.000

00.000. 00 oz .

.0800 ..0 00 00.030

8.0.0 80m 00 00 00000002
0.0 05 2 00000000000
ANOUV 0008.0 00000
0003 0000000 000 00000000
00000000000 00 00.00000
05 053033 5:00

0305002 .0. 00088000

0.0 00002 2 0000000

00 0000 000000800 0.00000
0080 .00 0000000 00000008. 05
.00 000 000 00800 ..0 0000000
020800 0 0.3000 800...;
.0500 ..0 0o 08.80.
000000800 .0000000

000 000000800 0.00000
0.00.? .0008 0000.20
6008.0 000000 0008008
000000 000.02 000000000
0000000 00000000 5.3
000000 .00 00.000 0.0 00002
05 00 00008. 20080008

0 0>00 00 000000 00000000
05 2 00200.80 0.0.00>
.0080 000,0 880

02>: 05 00 080280800
0005 .00 000000000 05 2 0.0000
000 00000 02>: 0222.00
000 000000 05 0003000 0500
0000.00. 0.0 000000 0000000005
00000000 000000.00 000

.00200 .0000 0003080050.
0000080003 002000
000.002.0000 00 0000
0000000 0000000 3.800.000
2 0000 00 0200 0.008800
00 0000000 0:000:00 0002

.0800

002 00000 800.0
020.00. 00200.80
00 00 000000.00
0.0000>00 00 008
5.000 00000000
"0.000.050

00200.80
00 00 00000000
800.0 08000000
0000000 30000—

0020000000
000.00.80.—

0.0.09»
0.: 0.0000

 

 

00080000
2 00000000
0200000
0000000. -
”00.00.000.00
80500

00 00.00

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

213

 

 

 

 

 

.000000
000020000
5.3 0000000

2 000000 07. .
MO
80.000008
02028020000
0000 000000
a 030% 00:
.000000 00000000
00 000.2. .00000
008.0 0.08080
5.3 00.000000

 

 

.0000 ..0 0

00:20.50 800020 02000
00 00.00000 0000088002
000 00000>.0000000
.0.000000 00000000

00 000 00000000 0008.0
0000.22 00.0 0.0>.00.00
000.500 000.000 00.000.00.00 <
.0000.

..0 00 0.20.. .000. ..0 00
0000000 00.000 000 0002.00
0 8.050 000 00000000
0 00 08000800 0000020000
5.3 000200000 00
000.00.80 0008.0 000022
.300. 000000 00 00000000.
00.. 00000< 8020000000:
0.88.00. 200000080.

-000 00000 0.30008

.00000 2 0.88.00. 00 00000
0000000000 00 0. 000000.00
.0000. 0:600

.0000 00 000 0000000000000
00.0 .000.00 000 .000000000
080.0000 00.0.> 0002020
00000 000 0000000000000
.53 .0000 05 000000005
00008 .00 000>..00 05
03000 020 2203 000025
00 8000000020 05 00000 000
00.000.08 00.000002 000000
00000

 

 

 

 

214

APPENDIX E

Case study application: Site built home

215

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

m 6202050 £03090 03 Pm 3.3m .3 me n .:oum_:m:_ 30:00.0
:03 0380020 .v.-~:-~0 =03 :02 .2 0380003
00:0:2505 2.85.5235 -Nm-wo-rm 000: $0302: 2.85.5935
*0 000w - 5:00.00 .mmém .m... 00> 30.. - 5:00.00
.000: 005:: 3:902 4.75-2 5:902
0:0 20:20.:
03:09:00
m .3208ng 082%» «Na 3 3-2 .5 0N N 0:23.80 0038.5 53802800 :930 :02.
0.5 3:000:30: 29:30:05 -_‘< .5. 2 0.022, 000QO
0:0 90:33 .203 8:05 No- 2 .00 Eat .095 933.3800
.wmcmEQS -E .5. _.< m. 205 00:05
.2 332.2 3-2 .Nm 93 0928
98595.8. -2 .324. 02032
:930
.8283.
:03 mm:
000.. a:_no_w
03 8.~ 2:902:
000_o>:m
SN and
23%.: 3.2.5.: m 1 8:323:
m. H d l w 300:. .0 00:08.... - 05
d H o w. a a m d
a O J J mu m Mao. a
w m a. w m. u. m s w.
w 9 qt W O U U m w
3 S u U 1. S m
m w m h m s ) m ) w
m m a M m U m

 

 

 

 

7

‘7

p—u—n

——

H

__‘

 

216

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

00.0.5 00.0.5.2- 00. mm. 0 m 000:8 0:005; 0.00 9 E. 0.0
E0:.E0.:8 ..0 .000.00 -00-0.00 .0505 00 5000.00 -mm .0:-mm
0.0>0 0. 00 .0 50.000 .00-F0 .rr 0. 000 0300:? €4.30...
8 020228 .8 .078 05.050 3.: -00-00-00
:000 00: .300 .mm .mm .00.}.
699.0 0.: -.0 .00-00.
.:000_0:0> :000.0:0> 5.0.. m. 3 :12 .N... on; m .80 .00:0:.:ot0a 2.0 9 Nm-NO 03m
.050: .9302 .2 .00-2 00.0 .0.0:00 05.05 -< .mm-N<
.8 880 .00-No.00 e8 502 0020.2 ..0-2 .5
08.52058 .00-00.9. 9.. 00.0205 -00-00-00
.0:?0E00 0>00E0=0 .2 .00-9‘
0>0: 0:00.000 00 02.0000 .~._.-:.Fm
300:.3 0:0 00 .0: .0:. 0E... -N< 6.1-2
..0; 5.0.000 .:000.:0:. 0:0
.520. Eoom 050.0 0va :0
E000 E3098
5.? 000.020
:000 0>0:
0:060:38.
0000
E:E.:.E 0.:
00.0 00.0
cm.“ on.»
:0.~0.=:0> 0030:0050...
M w .- M w I M
a w w a m w m- u a
m d o d a a e d o d a a w
my a H a w a m. a H a w a m.
o. w. 0 w. .0. A o w. 0 w. .0. A 0
u w m 000 u w m 000 u
s s s 030: s a s 090- s
m 00 0 mu m mu m 0- m
0 0 m 0 m 0 0 0 0 a m m 0
«00.. 0.02.0 .0.=0E=E.>=m 3005 ..0 00.30:
mm.0m...<¢hm

 

 

ﬂ

0 _ . . _ _ _ a _ . _ _

217

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

o 01-2.00
.00-2
0.0 00.2 9.20.000 0:20: >8 5;}
.D_IW< ﬂap—OBOE .M_I.V<
.mmlm< ashram—..0 P: .3IV<
.maumum O>§tO m_ UCM .V<IP<
-\.<.m< 0200.0:00
.m<-N< :000 00:
30.9.0 0...:
00.0 8.0
00.0 00.0
I 8.332 I 0520..
U I U .1
0- m m- a m m w a
m H w .l... m... H w a
u o A o o p A
0 P1. 3 O n I. e
u d w W u a 4. m N
S S S B S S S S B S
m m. m. p m m m p
Isl m m 07 u m
. 0 r _ 0 _

 

218

 

 

moss leuu

 

 

 

 

luoas ”no” "qu

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘3
o
N
10138;] 0
suonowam . - - . . u,
IUBAGIGU '55 3 5 3. E3 3.
< $ '2 '2 '2 '2
.1003 uonoeJaxul :3.
1003 V
w a»

as .5 ,
2 823%
a .2 at cu
g 8 .E “E Q
a a E’ﬁ 8 g

o .2 3 8
E 3 <5 «5 ,

O
5 “a g
9 15 co
m 9.3
3 -§.
blocs ”no" now 0
10102;] o
suonoeJawl
weAalaa

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

219

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

«an
.580 an... 2:0: we mm 5-2 m6 .0222: 53291
533528 05 2.35 :03 :83.
850me 6: 62:8 mm: E2»?
m_ cozﬂzcg 2:56: 3:35...
0:8 3:5 coumm
.25E2302
£252
83...
E29»
o<>I
633825 2:823 3 3 5.40 F .2_m :80 2: 8:02.88
«o: m_ .3395 «m 33.530 meta. 6.2.8
22023 new 5:ch m. ac: 2: EmEEano
8:352 2:36... 8:6 ::oEB
5223 2905 .0250
E2. 2.9.2.250
628.an ..m $45.5 vdw 3 Ema he; .umonEw .538ch cozﬁmEmcoo
8.. 5:953 .935 .9. ._m Em>2a :9me .mmcm
mi :52. 2333:. .050 2a 562.
.526... Ego... .320 .530...
a 9.8 .840 a 9.8
8.8.3»... {1.6 8.8.539.
8:3 2:0... .5- 2 3:6 2:0;
53 23 m .2 £3 23 a
3.628 3 .2 3.623
:8 82025 on :8
22 8225 £2.
22823:. 2282.2:
::0 2:0

 

 

swazsls Balpllna

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

220

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a». «mm
on 3 88 6260...... 8.8.. 8.8 ma... 2 8 ma.

8.? 22280:. 8.3

.88 a. ._ 8:9. .54;

-22. new .628.» 8+8

8-? 2.. .o. :2... 8-8

:8 m2 -8 5.:

c03802mc8 -NI-N.U

2.8 8-8

-.m .8

-38

-8-~<

v 852.8 88...; 2 m... «8 .85an 8225 8 cm 3.:
.89.. 03880 .88 .9. .58.... 8+8
.0 .888 .~m-~0 8m :98“. 88.8. ._< -~m-~o
Ba 5.28 .88 35.85 8 .34..

35.2. .82. a 88 $78

.8582... 38.582. 8.8

5.8.88, 3% 2:2. -5 ..b

852cm 58 2... m .2 -N0-~m

2.32.; 85.5. 3 -8-~<
c.2880 :3 829:0
E9.
22832..

2:0 v
.3 8.82... 8.5.52 on 2 8-8 .88.. 8.5.35 cm 2 28 N

2222.. 2.2 4.0.8 855 2.8

2... 585... .842 85.5... 8-8
Emu 22. ___.s
02 5 :38. $82.55
:8 «E... 952..
82.8.88, 3.25 2:01
0:6 .2 _mco_.mz .8
53.38 oz m< .88.». __

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

28m 2022

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

221

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ta. 2.
o o o
o 8 m.
8......
2...... 8.58.... v 8 85.3.8... 8......9. Ed m 8
3.2.8 80 =8 8.8 5.; .85.... -88
9... 8...... .o 8.623 8.82... 8-8
.0 8.08m 96 28:5... :8 .2. .vo-N<
oo 6... .9382... 3.. 95......
o. .3 85.... .0 9.03m .85.... .8.
8:88th 58 0.6..
5:38 9:0...258.
v2.8: EaEEE.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3:0

 

 

 

 

 

 

222

:11.--

 

 

 

 

 

9.63 3:. s

o o o c

on 3. B m 33288 .cosmoano o o
-50 No :03 was 8:26 082..
-~0-~w >855 «Eh
-mo-~<

«a o 8-8 v .8306? .mmamm_ » an 8-8
.85. 53 99. 2&8 60.2
5-2 83% 22mm 60-2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

223

 

 

n. 5

 

 

 

 

 

 

5:883:00
c980 .mmcw

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fwd

 

 

 

mmé

 

 

£2828
.mtcﬁE
octau
3.29350
:03 .0: mm:
.683 £5.
.35ch
sumo:

ucm «ESE
E298

9m >05.
.80QO use.
2 289.:

2 29:. new
5:892:35
9 935

2m $293:
new 30.2.8
9.: matcﬁe
mEow

 

«Emnm:
53m: .050
- coam=m~m£

new 5823
items.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

224

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

O Q

0

o V.
(0
F

O

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

225

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

«ﬂaw
o
o
o
3.2. 03.830 mm.m .cozﬁmsmcoo .3:ch
.maﬁl‘ 95 :93 a 055:2
63.8 :32 was £5 .0 Samoa
-\.<.m< $5 3833
2 ._ .222.
EoEmano
2 «225..
new 23E;—

 

 

 

 

 

ho coamoa

 

 

 

 

 

 

226

 

hmdhmu mm10<ommm<
gamma: d ..mmDOI NAG—.5? 20 omm<m mmoow moz<EMOmmmm 1...._<m1

 

 

 

 

 

3.94... 0.3 K
o 0 5x F v 63363 696$ 303w 0
ES :03 «>9.
-\.> 8:3 388
-5
4....
ms ms bx F m 6202ch 602830 o
ES :03 was 8:26 mEo:
-5 5283 mE-r
-5
.2.
ANN me ﬁx m; P 620288 .oocmcﬁﬁmc. o
.9) :03 .0: mac 3 8mm
-9 398% «Eh
-5
-rr
K>
-2

227

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

APPENDIX F

Case study application: Factory built home

228

 

 

 

       

 
 

 

 

 

   

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

229

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.00-.0228 08300.. 0.2 vu $30-5 0.0 m .:o=m_:m:_
:00: 05020005 -mI-mO-mm =03 :09 .2
00:82:55 >__E:0E:o-__>:0 -No-uo-wm 000: 90:02: >__E:0E:o-__>:0
:o 000m - 5:00.00 61.5 .3 00> 26..
.000: 0059:: 3:052 -v_-NI-O
::0 mﬁtﬂmE -Nm-No-Fm
03006.0; .mmém .8.
-E.-_-m-N<
9.6 0:260 mm 5 0v 0 .m:o_mm_E0 .0omt0~:_ 53902050 : E00 :02
::0 202.6 E0E0m0c0E -2 .v<- F< 0.0_:0> 00030 8
00:05:05 .0003 .o:0§m E05095 953-00800 m.
:8 0032.2 00260. 00:0: M
:00: 05: ::0 09200 m.
9:080:30: 8:00am oz w.
:9000 .A
E2555. Ma
00235 N
:00: mm: s
:8. m:_ao_m_
80 E 8." £905
0no_0>:m
_ E and
w 8:823:
ol H d I u .52.:— 00 00:002.... - OS
9 aid? 8 w a a
% H o w. m P a d
U. 0 \.JI J B 9 «I... S a
m m e-w m. m. m o m
S w a a. u w m. m m
S _. a s a
o W a x a 0 w
m a o ( m, m n o
9 a N ( a ( a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

v F .335 .235 0: 0.0. 00.00 .0: 03 0 .558 .0565 038%, on E «m m
agesc8 2 .6 385° .00-0.00 9 com 038:? 6 808.00 -mo-S-Nx
32 >05 8:9. 2o 5:8: .00-6 .ﬁ 65650 :9: -00-«0-8
us... 058% .8 .05-00 -00-mm .ﬁ
0:0 8: 0_ 66$ .33 .mm .mm {1&0
0:: 00:6: .5 gum-0.2 4.73-3;
:6: >660: :_ -N0-~w-~o
-mm .00.?
N N 5805:? 8005:? 22 0.: 5.2 .3 00.: 0 300.305 :5 .85Eot8 0.00 2 «0.00 00.0
.232 .8302 .2 .00-2 0520 .0va 8 .255 items. -2 .00-2
.3 880 00.8.8 208 5:83 ..0-2 .B
8069058 .0:-8.2 5:, 085.5 00-00-No
223058 :08 05: -N< 60-2
0>0: 0:2:08 0:050:30: 5.4-Em
26052, 0:0 0:8 .2 4.2-2
:03 5:35: 5255:. 2:0
.526. Eoom
8.0 00....
I 00.. .I. I 60..
M w 5.3.0:; w M m. M w 2322.53 w w M a. M
a w. w w. 0. a. a w w w. m a a
m... e m e m. w m. e m a m. u m...
0 U U 0 19 O U n U 0 1.. O
u 0 m 0 w u m a m 0 u
m 0 m m m m m m m
m m u m a m u m a
602 .0236 28:05:22.0 .825 6 02=n§<
mmamhghm
_ P 2 2 4 _ _ _ 0 _ a _ _

 

230

 

 

 

 

 

aJoos uonoeJaM

 

 

81003
aaueuuopad

 

 

Acoustics

0.50

3.50

 

 

 

woos esnoH s|ouM

 

 

10102::
Jeouetwopad

1

 

 

suonoeJaiul
1UBA6|SH

A2-A5, A5-
A7—E3-U5.
A5-B3. A5-

 

2 l5, A5-T5

 

SJOOS UOQOBJSJUI

 

 

aJoos
eoueuuoyed

1

 

 

gghting

0.50

2.00

In factory built
homes this
factor is not site
speciﬁc and

hence may be

ineffective in
ensunng

 

 

maximum

 

 

 

moss esnoH 9'0

12 Day lighting da i htin .

12

 

 

10138;]
eoueuuoyed

6

3

 

 

suonowawl
1U2A3|83

 

 

 

 

 

A1 -A4, A4-
04. A4-l3,
A4-U1

 

B4-I1-H4

 

 

 

231

 

moss |euH

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

moss esnoH new 3
101095 ‘3
eoueuuoped
suouoeJazul ‘ ' 0
:ueAalaa SJ) 8 2 3-
ﬁnd“
giwﬁ
(828
31003 UOﬂOBJ91U| "’
iaJoos "’
aoueuuoyad
3
~22
a 0 C .
E
a =S§§
: .§ '5 m .9
.9 E g a 6
3 8 8 2 ‘- c 9
'a d «i
._, .2
g E
O
c 0
o '5
2* 3 §
:11 Sj
moss esnoH mom 0
10102:; °
eoueuuopad
suouoeJaM
1ueAe|aa

 

 

232

 

 

 

 

Finn

 

 

 

 

 

8:28.080 :9000 .35

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NXK>>$>
#3. fr . FD
+< ...D.n<

 

 

 

.:o_60.00_
.0:.205 05.50
00.00.88
:00: 8:

00: .200. 0......

 

00.000: 5.00:
::0 020......
.0358: 00
>05. 000000
052. 2 0.06.5
2 29: 9.0
8305250.:
2 0:90 0.0
000.90.... ::0
08.2.00 0v...
0.0.5.0.: 088

0E0N0:
£00.. .28
- 85.30:.
::0 8.80.00
3:905.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

233

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

o {6*

o

0 "2
N
F

o

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

234

 

 

 

no.» v

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.9.

 

 

 

03.953
63-50. .mD
.mm-~<.m<

0N

 

 

 

.:0..0.00.0:00

9:. 80.3
:03 00,. 0.5
.05 0083000

0_=.0==;0=
8080.058
0. 00506
0:0 0:28.;
8 8.0.000

 

 

.0053.

weéea
no COEwOn—

 

 

 

 

 

 

235

 

NNKV rm

mm10<0¢mm< coma: d sum—..0: 30:3: 20 omm<m mun—00m moz<2¢0m¢mm 1.5%:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8.3... 0.09 mu..."
0 0 0x55 P 00002000 00:00. 30.0w 0
45.5- E. :00: 0>0c
00:00. 308$
m.» m.» 53.2, F 0080.080 00.80000 0
45.2..- E. :00: 00: 8:30 0:8...
829.0 0.5
n 0.0 9-0... ﬁx N 0080.080 80:08.58. 0
4.3-3.5 :00: 8: 00: .0 000m
-E. K>. E 30.000 0......
o

 

 

 

 

 

236

APPENDIX G

Case study application: hybrid home

237

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

m 0080.080 0.0300. 0.3 .0 «100-... 0.0. 0 80.8.00... 08000.0—
..03 0.00.0.0... 01.8.8 ..0; ..8. .0. 0.00.0.0...
00:0:0.:.0E 288088.38 00-0040 0000 08300.0 888088.38
.0 000m - 8.80.00 .0140 .3 00> 30.. - 8.80.00
.000: 00:08.. 8.8.0.2 41-01-00 8.8.0.2
0:0 0.0.8.08 .3095
0.000880 .0040 .N...
-r.....m-~<
v 808000.80 080.08 0.0.. v. 3.5.. .5 00.~ N 08.00.80 00088. 8.880.080 3.000 ....0.<
0.0 0:800:80 80800088 -2 ..0- E 0.0...0> 000000
0:0 08.80 8.03 8.8.3 No- 5.. .00 80.. .02.... 8.2400080
008.88 -.< ..0- 2 0. 0.0... 008..
.0. 0030.8. .00-; .00 0:0 000.00
0.850.500. .2 .¢<..< 0050:... m
8.000 W
00050.0 .u..
80.. 00.. .6
.8. 8.3.0 .m.
B
a
m
00.0 8.0 38.02..
08.025
00.0 00....
0.30.0... 3.0.5:... M I 0.52.0...
m m. w M 8 w 800:. .0 00800... - 05
d H m w. m a w d
a O I.— J a mUl o a
0 m 00 m. 0 0...... 0
S w s A u u W S m w
0 0 0 a. 0 s ) 0 ) 0
00 0 Maﬁa

 

 

 

——

—
—

 

238

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

00.08.. 00.0.... 0.00 0.0. 00.00 .mm 0.0 m 80.800 0300...; 0.... m. N... 00.0
800.8088 ..0 .000.00 .00-9.00 .080... .0 8.80.00 -00-3-0...
0.0>0 0. 00 .0 80.000 .00-.0 ..h 0. 000 0000...... -00-«Wan.
8 00.00.28 .00 .0700 800.050 ..0... -00-00 .8
.80.. 00.. .mm-mm .mm -mm .0:-mm
80.000 0.... -.0 .00-0.. ..0-2-0...
-00-$-00
.00 .00-2
.8..0..80> ..0..0..80> ..om 0.0. 5.9.10... 00.0 m M05800 008.80.. 0... ow 00-00 00.0
8.0.0.. 8.0.02 .2 60.0.. . 80......L880... 8.8.0.2 -N< .mm-N<
0.0.008. .00-«0.00 0.8 .000, ..m-N... .5
0. >000 .00-00.9.. 0.... 0.0.00... 0. -mO-wm-~o
0... 00 80.000 0000 .800 00.. -N< .00-0...
205030 0.00 0:00.00... 0:.-.0
208.58 0.0000 < .000: -9. .0<.~<
0. 000 0.0.0000 .800 0>0.. -
0. 000000 .0 00.0 - 0.0.8.08
8.8080080”. 02.0808
0:0 000
5000.8 8.0000
00.0 00.0
8.. 00..
I ..0..0.....0> m .- 5835... m .-
W 0| W W .0: W W0
a a 1.. a I. a 19 a
m 0 0 0.0 m 0 0 0.0 w
0. w 0 w. m A 0. w. m w m- A m.
U I. e U . J . e U
w a .0 w w N w o d w w W
m m u m 0. u m m u 0 0- u m
0 0 m 0 0 0 0 0 m 0 m m 0
.00.. 8.000 .8580. 2.0 .000... .0 00.00.08
mm_0m._.<m_._.m

 

e _._ ___ . _._ .0

239

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

eJoos uonoeJazul

 

 

aJoos
aoueuuoyed

 

 

 

0.50
3 50

Acoustics

 

 

moss esnoH e|qu

8.4

 

 

101025
eoueuuoyed

3

 

 

suonoeJeM
zueAelau

A2-A5. A5-
A7-E3-U5.
A5-83. A5-

 

 

61003 uonoeJaaul

 

3 2.8 I51A5-T5

 

eJoos
aoueuuoyed

 

 

 

considered and
is effective in
' htin .

ensuﬁng

This strategy

has been

moderate

 

Lighting
0.50
2 00

 

 

moss osnoH «3|qu

36 Day lighting da

 

 

101095
aoueuuopad

12
9

 

 

suonoeJeM
1UBA8|93

 

 

 

 

 

04. A443,
A4-U1
I1-H4

 

 

A1 -A4, A4-
A1-B4, B4-

 

 

240

 

moss “3ng

 

 

 

 

 

woos esnoH e|ouM

 

10102;]
aoueuuoped

6 20.4

 

 

suonoeiazm
IUBAGISH

A5-A7-E3-
U5, A7-C7.
A7-E3, A7-

 

 

aJoos uogzoeiatm

 

 

eJoos
eoueuuoyad

4 3.4 T3LA7-U5

 

 

0.50
3 00

Perceived as

iadding to the
occupants.

 

Emnomic design 8. safety

Layout of living comfort of

Dispaces.

 

 

moss osnoH e|oiuw

 

 

10102;;
aoueuuoyed

O

 

 

suonoeJeM
1U8A9|aa

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

241

 

 

mm

 

 

 

5:933:00 2930 .mmcw

 

 

 

 

 

mdw

 

 

 

NXK>>$>
- FD- Tr . ..D
+< . Fad/q.

mé

 

 

 

.5323
5:99: manna
3.0238
:03 no:

mm: .088 $5
.3..on 5.3:

 

ocm 35:5
.9238 2a
>3... .80QO
9.3: 2 £998
2 29:. new
5:893:56
9 965 2a
3293: can
322.8 9.5
"WEEKS oEow

 

3.32
5.3: 850
- 5.6.335

van 5323

3:222

 

 

 

 

 

 

242

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

243

 

 

 

 

madu

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

adv

 

 

 

03.0....00
.mDK< .mD
.mw-n<.m<

 

 

 

dos—80228

95 29.9
:03 mm; 25
«we: quammm

m_ = .9559.
295358
2 358..
can 05:52
.0 coEmoa

 

 

.2233“.
a 9.562
go coamoa

 

 

 

 

 

244

 

 

 

 

 

 

$0.50.?» wmzo<ommm< gamma: a swam—..0... m._O_._>?. ZO omm<m mmoow moz<210nmmm :._.n.<m_._
.mmémr wean _ FN
m o bx p 63363. .333 bohmm o
45).; :03 25c
-Sﬁ 832 beam
m.» ms 5x _‘ .oouosmcoo coon £03833 0
$3.3 mm... 399% m2... 8:26 2:01.
-54...
m o S m; 608228 :03 .8cmc2cﬁE o
.8 ﬁx was 32E... up: so 8am
$3.3
-5-E.
<.>-F<

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

245

REFERENCES

(Abu Hammad 2001) - Abu Hammad, A. (2001). “Simulation Modeling for
Manufactured Housing Processes.” Masters Thesis, University of Cincinnati.
Cincinnati, OH.

(Abu Hammad 2003) - Abu Hammad, A. (2003). “D88 for Manufactured Housing
Production Process and Facility Design.” PhD Thesis, University of Cincinnati.
Cincinnati, OH.

(Allwright et al. 2002) - Allwright, S., McLaughlin, J ., Murphy, D., Pratt, 1., Ryan, M.,
Smith, A. (2002), "Report on The Health Effects of Environmental Tobacco
Smoke (ETS) in The Workplace." Health and Safety Authority and the Ofﬁce of
Tobacco Control, Ireland. URL: http://ie.o$geu.int/publications/tobacco
reportpdf, (viewed in July 2005).

(Al-Kaisi et al. 2003) - Al-Kaisi, M., Hanna, M., Licht, M.(2003). "Soil Erosion & Water
Quality." Iowa State University Extension, Ames, IW. URL: http://www.
extension.ia_st_ate.edu/Publications/PM1901E.Ddf. (viewed in June 2005).

 

(Arens & Baughman 1996a) - Arens, E., Baughman, A. (1996). “Indoor Humidity and
Human Health: Part I — Literature Review of Health Effects of Humidity-
Inﬂuenced Indoor Pollutants.” ASHRAE Transactions, 102(1).

(Arens & Baughman 1996b) - Arens, E., Baughman, A. (1996). “Indoor Humidity and
Human Health: Part II — Buildings and their systems.” ASHRAE Transactions,
102(1).

(ASHRAE 2001) - American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE), Position Document (2001), "Indoor Air Quality Position
Document." URL: hgpzllxp20.ashrae.miABOUT/IAO DgprOlhtm. (viewed in
July 2005).

(ASTM 2005) - American Society for Testing and Materials Standard E2114-05a (2005),
“Standard Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of
Buildings.” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

(ATS 1997) - American Thoracic Society (ATS) (1997), "Achieving Healthy Indoor Air:
Report of the ATS Workshop: Santa Fe, New Mexico, November 16-19, 1995."
American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine, 156 (3), $32-$64.

(Baneljee 2003) - Banerjec, D. (2003). “Material Flow based Analysis of Manufactured

Housing Production Plant Facility Layout.” Masters Thesis, Construction
Management Program, Michigan State University. East Lansing, MI.

246

(Barista 2005) - Batista, D. (2005). "Hilton experiments with 'allergy resistant' hotel
rooms." Building Design & Construction, 7.

(Barriga 2003) - Barriga, M. Edgar. (2003) “Manufactured Housing Industry: Material
F low and Management.” Masters Thesis, Purdue University. West Lafayette, IN.

(Barshan 2003) - Barshan, A. (2003). “Methodology for Evaluating and Ranking
Manufactured Houses based on Construction value” Masters Thesis, Construction
Management Program, Michigan State University. East Lansing, MI.

(Bass et al. 2003) - Bass, B., Economou, V., Lee, C., K., Perks, T., Smith, S., Queenie
Yip, Q. (2003). "The Interaction Between Physical and Social-Psychological

Factors in Indoor Environmental Health." Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment, 85(2): 199 - 219.

(Blair et al. 1999) - Blair, Steven N., Brodney, Suzanne (1999), "Effects of physical
inactivity and obesity on morbidity and mortality: current evidence and research
issues." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 31(11) Supplement 1:S646.

(Bomchag et al. 2004) - Bomchag, C. G., Sundell, J., Bonini, S., Custovic, A.,
Malrnberg, P., Skerfving, S., Sigsgaard, T., and Verhoeff, A. (2004). "Dampness
in buildings as a risk factor for health effects, EUROEXPO: a multidisciplinary
review of the literature (1998-2000) on dampness and mite exposure in buildings
and health effects." Indoor Air, 14(4), 243-257.

(Boyce & Hunter 2003) - Boyce, P., Hunter, C., (2003), "The beneﬁts of daylight through
windows." Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY. URL:
http://www.lrc.mi.edu/progams/dzgiighting/pdf/DaylightBeneﬁts.pdf, (viewed in
July 2005).

(Brundtland 1987) - The Brundtland Report, (1987), United Nations General Assembly
document A/42/427, World Commission on Environment and Development.

(CCOHS 1997) - Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (1997), "Health
Effects of Carbon Dioxide Gas." URL: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/
chemicals/chem proﬁles/carbon dioxide/health cd.html, (viewed in July 2005).

(Chen & Millar 1999) - Chen J. and Millar W. (1999), "Health effects of physical
activity." Statistics Canada, Catalogue 82-003, Health Reports 11(1).

(Chitla 2002) - Chitla, V. (2002). “Performance Assessment Of Planning Processes
During Manufactured Housing Production Operations Using Lean Production
Principles.” Masters Thesis, Construction Management Program, Michigan State
University. East Lansing, MI.

247

(CPHA 2004) - Canadian Public Health Association (2004), "FAQs on the Health Effects
of Air Pollution." URL: http://www.cpha.ca/cleanair/FAQ.pdf, (viewed in July
2005)

(de Gruijl 2000) - de Gruijl, F., (2000), "Health effects from the sun’s ultraviolet
radiation." Global Change & Human Health, 1(1), 26-40.

(Dey 2002). Dey, P. (2002). Department of Management Studies, University of West
Indies, Barbados, West Indies. “Benchmarking project management practices of
Caribbean organizations using analytic hierarchy process.” Benchmarking: An
International Journal, 9(4).

(DoH Washington 1999) - DoH Washington. (1999). "Indoor Air Quality — Primer."
Division of Environmental Health, Washington State Department of Health,
Olympia, WA. URL: http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/t§/IAO/IAOPRIME.Ddf.
(viewed in June 2005).

(DTIR 1995) - Department of Training and Industrial Relations (DTIR), Queensland
government, Australia (1995). “Indoor Air Quality.” URL: http://www.whs.m
gov.au/guide/gde21.pdf (viewed in June 2005).

(Energy star 2005) - Energy star (2005). “Better Homes through Assured Indoor Air

Quality.” Builder Guide, hgp://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/bldrs lenders
raters/downloads/BuilderGuide4C.pdf (viewed in June 2005).

(England et a1. 2004) - England, E., Morgan, B.,Usrey, L.,Greiner, M.,Bleckmann, C.
(2004). "Vegetated Rooﬁng Technology: An Evaluation." Research Paper,
International Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Management Conference -
2004 (InLCM/LCA), URL: http://www.lcacentertn'g/InLCA2004/papers/
England E paperpdf (viewed in July 2005).

(EPA 1987) - US. Environmental Protection Agency (1987). "Project Summary: The
Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study." EPA-600-S6-87-002,
Ofﬁce of Acid Deposition, US. EPA, Washington, DC.

(EPA 1994) - EPA, ALA, CPSC, and AMA. (1994). "Indoor Air Pollution: An
Introduction for Health Professionals." EPA 402-R-94—007, United States
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

(EPA 2005a) - US. Environmental Protection Agency (2005). "A brief guide to mold,
moisture and your home." US. EPA, Washington DC, http://www.epa.gov/mold/
moldresgrces.html#Intrg1_1ction%2Oto‘ZoQOMolds (viewed in June 2005).

(EPA 2005b) - US. Environmental Protection Agency (2005), "Drinking Water

Contaminants." Fact sheet, URL: http://wwwgg a.gov/safewater/hfacts.html
(viewed in October 2005).

248

(EPA 2005c) — US. Environmental Protection Agency Website, URL:
http://www.epa. gov (viewed in October 2005).

(ESA 2006) - European Space Agency (2006), Advanced Concepts Team Biomimetics
Website. URL: http://www.esa.int/gsp/ACT/biomimetics/index.htm (viewed in
December 2005).

(ESP 2005) — Environmental Science and Policy - ESP 801 (2005). “Physical chemical
and biological processes of the environment,” Course material, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI.

(ESRU 2005) - Energy Systems Research Unit, "Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality."
Courseware, Class 16387, Environmental Engineering Science, University of
Strathclyde, Glasgow, URL - http://www.e§ru.strath.ac.uk/Courseware/Cla_ss-_
16387/6-indoor-outdoorAO.pdf (viewed in July 2005).

(Fein 1972) - Fein, G. (1972). "The Evaluation of the Technical and Spatial Aspects of
Selected Types of Pre-fabricated Modular Construction." Masters Thesis,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.

(Fisk & Rosenfeld 1997) - Fisk W. and Rosenfeld A. (1997). “Estimates of improved
productivity and health ﬁom better indoor environments.” Indoor Air 1997; 7:
158-72.

(Fisk 2000) - Fisk, W. (2000). "Health and Productivity Gains From Better Indoor
Environments and Their Relationship with Building Energy Efﬁciency." Annual
review of energy and the environment, 25, 537-566.

(Fisk 2002) - Fisk, W. (2002). "How IEQ affects Health, Productivity." ASHRAE
Journal, May 2002, 56-58.

(Fisk et a1. 2002) - Fisk, W., Brager, G., Brook, M., Burge, H., Cole, J ., Cummings, J .,
Levin, H., Loftness, V., Logee, T., Mendell, M., Persily, A., Taylor, S., and
Zhang, J. (2002). "A Priority Agenda for Energy-Related Indoor Environmental
Quality Research." Indoor Air 2002, The 9th International Conference on Indoor
Air Quality and Climate, Monterey, California.

(Fisk 2005) - Fisk, W. (2005). "Impact of Indoor Environmental Quality on Health and
Productivity and Implications for Building Design and Operation." Engineering
Sustainability 2005 Conference, University of Pittsburgh, PA.

(Frank et al. 2003) — Frank, L., Engelke, P., Schmid, T. (2003). ”Health and Community
Design.” Island Press, Washington, DC.

249

(Gafﬁeld et al. 2003) - Gafﬁeld, S., Goo, R., Richards, L. and Jackson, R., (2003),
"Public Health Effects of Inadequately Managed Stormwater Runoff." American
Journal of Public Health, 93(9),]527-1533.

(Galea et al. 2005) - Galea, S., Ahem, J ., Rudenstine, 8., Wallace, Z., Vlahov, D. (2005),
"Urban built environment and depression: a multilevel analysis." Journal of
Epidemiology and Commmtity Health; 59:822—827.

(GBFS 2005) - Green Building Fact Sheet (2005), United States Green Building Council,

URL: hgpsz/lwww.usgbc.org/FileHandlinnghow general ﬁle.as_p?Document
ID=871 (viewed in Sept 2005).

 

 

(Gravesen et al. 1999) - Gravesen, S., Nielsen, P., Iversen, R., and Nielsen, K. (1999).
"Microfungal Contamination of Damp Buildings - Examples of Risk
Constructions and Risk Materials." Environmental Health Perspectives 107(3).

(Gray & Finster 1999) - Gray, K., Finster, M. (1999) "The Urban Heat Island,
Photochemical Smog, and Chicago: Local Features of the Problem and Solution,"
Urban Heat Island Pilot Project(UHIPP), United States Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington DC. URL: http://www.epaggov/heatisld/resources/pdf
/the urban heat islandpdf (viewed in July 2005).

(Hass & Meixner 2005) - Haas, R. and Meixner, O. (2005). "A guide to analytic
hierarchy process." University of Natural Resources and applied Life Sciences,

Vienna. URL: http://www.boku.ac.at/mi/ahp/ahptutorial.pdf (viewed in December
2005)

(Hawken 1993) - Hawken, P. (1993), "The Ecology of Commerce: A Declaration of
Sustainability." HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY.

(Hawks & Hansen 2002) - Hawks, L., and Hansen, A. (2002). “How to purchase a
healthy home.” Electronic publishing, Utah State University extension.
http://exten_sion.u_su.edu/ﬁles/homipubs/hh06pdf (viewed in June 2005).

(Jaakkola et al. 1994) - Jaakkola, J., T uomaala, P., and Seppanen, O. (1994). "Textile
wall materials and sick building syndrome." Archives of Environmental Health,
49(3), 175-81.

(J aakkola et al. 1999) - Jaakkola, J ., Oie, L., Nafstad, P., and Botten, G. (1999). "Interior
surface materials in the home and the development of bronchial obstruction in
young children in Oslo, Norway." American J oumal of Public Health, 82(2), 188-
92.

(Jeong 2003) - Jeong, Jae G. (2003). “Supply Chain Analysis and Simulation Modeling

for the Manufactured Housing Industry.” Masters Thesis, Purdue University.
West Lafayette, IN.

250

 

(Keen 2004) - Keen, J ., (2004) "Carbon dioxide monitoring", GreenBuild Tech Bulletin,
Department of Architectural Engineering & Construction Science, Kansas State
University, KS. URL: http://www.edcmag.com/FILES/I~ITMI/PDF/2005 01-
GBTB-COZiMonitoringpdf (viewed in July 2005).

(Klepeis et al. 2001) - Klepeis, N., Nelson, W., Ott, W., Robinson, J ., Tsang, A., Switzer,
P., Behar, J ., Hem, S., and Engelmann, W. (2001). "The National Human Activity
Pattern Survey (NHAPS) - A Resource for Assessing Exposure to Environmental
Pollutants." Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University
of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA.

(Koeleian et al. 2005) — Keoleian, G., Blanchard, S. and Reppe, P. (2001), “Life Cycle
Energy, Costs and strategies for Improving a Single Family House.” Journal of
Industrial Ecology 4 (2) p 135-156.

(Krupat 1985) - Krupat, E. (1985), "People in Cities: The Urban Environment and its
Effects." London, Cambridge University Press.

(Kuehn 1998) - Kuehn, T., (1998), "Construction and Renovation Impact on Indoor Air
Quality. " Indoor Air Quality Newsletter, 1(1), University of Minnesota.

(Lee & Jones-Lee 1993) - Lee, G. and Jones~Lee, A. (1993), "Public Health Signiﬁcance
of Waterbome Pathogens in Domestic Water Supplies and Reclaimed Water."
Report to state of California Environmental Protection Agency Comparative Risk
Project, Berkeley, CA. URL: http://www.gfredlee.com/phealthsig 080801 .pdf
(viewed in July 2005).

(LEED 2002) - LEED Green Building Rating System for New Construction and Major
Renovations (LEED-NC) Version 2.1, (2002), United States Green Building
Council, Washington, DC.

(LEED 2003) - LEED Reference Package for New Construction and Major Renovations
Version 2.1, (2003), United States Green Building Council, Washington, DC.

(LEED Review 2005) - LEED-NC Technical Review Workshop Manual (2005), United
States Green Building Council, Washington, DC.

(LEED 2005a) - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (2005), United States
Green Building Council, URL: http://wwwnggbcorg/DisplayPage.aspx
?CategogID=19, (viewed in Sept 2005).

(LEED 2005b) - LEED Rating System for Pilot Demonstration of LEED for Homes
Program (LEED-NC) Version 1.72, (2005), United States Green Building
Council, Washington, DC.

(LEED 20050) — LEED for Neighborhood Developments backgrounder (2005), United
States Green Building Council, Washington, DC.

251

 

(Levin 1989) - Levin H. (1989). "Building materials and indoor air quality."
Occupational Medicine, 4(4):667-93.

(LHC 1990) — LHC (1990). "Sick Building Syndrome: Causes, Effects and Control."
London Hazard Center, London, UK.

(Madsen 2005) - Madsen, J. (2005). "A breath of fresh air." Buildings, 26.

(Mehrotra 2002) - Mehrotra, N. (2002). “Facilities Design Process of a Manufactured
Housing Production Plant.” Master’s Thesis, Construction Management Program,
Michigan State University. East Lansing, MI.

(Melikov 2005) - Melikov, A., (2005), "Development and evaluation of air terminal
devices for personalized ventilation", International Centre for Indoor Environment
and Energy, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of
Denmark. URL: http://www.ie.dtu.dl_</ResResults.4asp?ID=16 (viewed in July
2005)

(Miller 1978) — Miller, J. (1978). “Living Systems.” McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York.

(NAHB 2004) - NAHB Green Home Building Guidelines-version 1 (2004), National
Association of Home Builders, Washington DC.

(Nielsen 2002) - Nielsen, K. F. (2002). "Mould growth on building materials - Secondary
metabolites, mycotoxins and biomarkers," Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of
Denmark, Denmark.

(NIOSH 1989) - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (1989),
"Preventing Death from Excessive Exposure to Chloroﬂuorocarbon 113 (CF C-
113)." DHHS Publication No. 89-109, URL - http://www.cdc.42£v/nios_hﬁ9-
109.html (viewed in July 2005).

(NIOSH 2005) - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2005). "NIOSH
Safety and Health Topic: Indoor Environmental Quality." National institute for
occupational safety and health, URL: http://www.cdc.goiv/nioLh/topic§_/
indoorenv/ (viewed in November 2005).

(NPS 2005) - Ongoing & Emerging Issues Fact Sheet (2005), North Carolina On-Site
Wastewater Non-Point Source (NPS) Pollution Program, Raleigh, NC.

(O’Brien et al. 2005) - O’Brien, M., Wakeﬁeld, R., and Nowak, M. (2005). "A
Preliminary Method to Develop a Calculator for Evaluating Physical Design
Characteristics and Whole House Performance Scoring." US. Department of

Housing and Urban development, Ofﬁce of Policy Development and Research,
Washington, DC.

252

(Owens 2004) - Owens, P., (2004). "The link between soil erosion and diffuse
contamination of water and air." Environment Directorate - General , European

Commission, Brussels. URL: http://www.sednet.org[materiale/eu_sts.pdf (viewed
in June 2005).

(PATH 2000) - Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (2000). "Partnership
for Advancing Technology in Housing: Year 2000 Progress Assessment of the
PATH Program." Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (CETS).

(PATH 2001) - Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (2001). "Whole House
and Building Process Redesign." NAHB Research Center and Partnership for
Advancing Technologies in Housing, US. Department of Housing and Urban
Development, Washington DC.

(PATH 2003) - Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (2003). "Whole House
and Building Process Redesign." PATH Technology Road map, Partnership for
Advancing Technologies in Housing and Newport Partners, US. Department of
Housing and Urban Development, Washington DC.

(PATH 2005) - Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing website. (2005).
"Concept Home." URL: http://www.pat11net.org[§p.asp?id=l1175, (viewed in
November 2005).

(Pauley 2004) - Pauley, S. (2004). "Lighting for the Human Circadian Clock,"
International Dark-Sky Association, Tucson, AZ., URL: http://www.

darkskysociety.o‘rgZIJandouts/pauleypdf (viewed in July 2005).

(PECI 1998) - Portland Energy Conservation, Inc., (1998), "Building commissioning: A
guide to quality assurance", US. Department of Energy Rebuild America Guide
Series, URL - http://www.rebuild.orgzattachments/guidebooks/commissioning
guidepdf (viewed in July 2005).

(Plympton et al. 2000) - Plympton, P., Conway, S., Epstein, K., (2000), "Day lighting in
Schools: Improving Student Performance and Health at a Price Schools Can
Afford." Paper Presented at the American Solar Energy Society Conference,
Madison, Wisconsin. URL: http://www.nrel.gmr/docs/fyOOosti/28049pdf,
(viewed in July 2005).

(Raw et al. 1993) - Raw, G., Roys, M., Whitehead, C., (1993). "Sick Building Syndrome:
Cleanliness is Next to Healthiness", Indoor Air, 3, 237-245.

(Rechenberg 2005) - Rechenberg, I. (2005). Bionics — Building on Bio-Evolution,
Bionics Tutorial, Bionics & Evolutiontechnique at the Technical University
Berlin. URL: http://laiaro.bionik.tu-berlin.de/in_stitut/xstart.htm (viewed in
December 2005).

253

(Russell 1981) - Russell, B. (1981). Building Systems Industrialization and Architecture,
John Wiley & Sons Inc., NY.

(Sabharwal 2004) - Sabharwal, A. (2004). “Integration of Manufactured Housing
Production Process and Facility Layout Design.” Masters Thesis, Construction
Management Program, Michigan State University. East Lansing, MI.

(Senghore 2001) - Senghore, O. (2001). “Production and Material Flow Process Model
for Manufactured Housing Industry.” Masters Thesis, Construction Management
Program, Michigan State University. East Lansing, MI.

(Seppanen et al. 1999) - Seppanen, O., Fisk, W., and Mendell, M. (1999). "Association of
Ventilation Rates and C02 Concentrations with Health and Other Responses in
Commercial and Institutional Buildings." Indoor Air, 9, 226-52.

(Seppanen et al. 2002) - Seppanen, O., Fisk, W., and Mendell, M. J. (2002). "Ventilation
Rates and Health." ASHRAE Journal, 44(8), 56-58.

(Sieber et al. 2002) - Sieber, W., Petersen, M., Stayner, L., Malkin, R., Mendell, M.,
Wallingford, K., Wilcox, T., Crandall, M., and Reed, L. (2002). "HVAC
Characteristics and Occupant Health." ASHRAE Journal, September 2002.

(Southface 2002) - Southface Energy Institute (2002). “Indoor Air Quality - sources,
controls, testing.” http://www.southface.orgéweb/resources&serviceg/publications/
factsheets/girqualpdf (viewed in June 2005).

(Sundell & Nordling 2003) - Sundell, J. and Nordling, E. (2003), European
interdisciplinary networks on indoor environment and health, Report no. 2003:32,
National institute of public health, Sweden.

(Skov et a1. 1990) - Skov, P., Valbjom, O., and Pedersen, B. (1990). "Inﬂuence of indoor
climate on the sick building syndrome in an ofﬁce environment. The Danish
Indoor Climate Study Group." Scandinavian journal of work, environment &
health, 16(5), 363-71.

(Swarup 2005) - Swarup, L. (2005). "Whole House Performance Criteria Framework and
its Application." Maters Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.

(Syal et a1. 2002) - Syal, M. and Mehrotra, M. (2002). “Manufactured Housing Trends
and Building Codes.” Research Report, Construction Management Program,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.

(Syal et al. 2004) - Syal, M. and Hastak, M. (2004). “Whole House Production:
Integration of Factory-built and Site-built Construction”, Housing Research
Agenda Workshop paper, Focus Area 5, URL: http://www.pathnet.org[sp.asp?
id=12201 (viewed in Dec 2004).

254

 

(Syal & Pillai 2005) - Syal, M. and Pillai, G. (2005). "Green and Holistic Planning,
Design and Construction.” US-India Symposium on Housing and Urban
Infrastructure, New Delhi, India.

(Suter 1991) - Suter A., (1991). “Noise and Its Effects”, Administrative Conference of
the United States, URL: http://www.nonoise.org/librarv/suter/suter.htm#extent
(viewed in October 2005).

W an der wal et al. 1997) - Van der wal, J ., Hoogeveen, A., and Wouda, P. (1997). "The
Inﬂuence of Temperature on the Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds from
PVC ﬂooring, Carpet, and Paint." Indoor Air, 7, 215-21.

(Van Winkle & Scheff 2001) - Van Winkle, M., and Scheff, P. (2001). "Volatile Organic
Compounds, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Elements in the Air of Ten
Urban Homes." Indoor Air, 11, 49-64.

(WHO 2000) - Air Quality Guidelines (2000). Second Edition, WHO Regional
Publications, European Series No.91, World Health Organization Regional Ofﬁce
for Europe, Demnark.

(WHSC 2002) - WHSC (2002), "Lighting Hazards." Resource lines hazard bulletin,
Workers Health and Safety Centre, Ontario, Canada. URL: http://www.wh_sc.on.
ca/Publications/hazardbulletins/winterO1-02/1ighting.pdf (viewed in July 2005).

(Wood 2003) - Wood, R. (2003). "Improving the Indoor Environment fot Health, Well-
being and Productivity." AILA NSW conference, 2003, Sydney, Australia.

255