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thesis entitled

Meltwater Reservoirs of the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska

presented by

Justin J. Johnson

has been accepted towards fulfillment
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MS. degree in Geological Sciences
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MELTWATER RESERVOIRS OF THE MATANUSKA GLACIER, ALASKA
By

Justin J. Johnson

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
Department of Geological Sciences

2007

ABSTRACT
MELTWATER RESERVOIRS OF THE MATANUSKA GLACIER, ALASKA
By
Justin J. Johnson
In a temperate glacier there are typically one to several meltwater reservoirs

affecting the shape and timing of the glacier’s meltwater hydrograph. This study applies
recessional analysis to define the number of meltwater reservoirs at the Matanuska
Glacier, a large valley glacier (379km2) in south-central Alaska with a relatively long
discharge record (1995-2002). Three meltwater reservoirs were identified with mean
residence times (K) of 21.0, 37.1 and 88.8 hours. Annual mean K values show a
significant drop to their lowest values in 1996, followed by a general increase from 1996
to 1998. During the interval 1999 to 2002, annual mean K values appear relatively stable
and show little variation, with values near to those recorded in 1995. A possible
explanation for the abrupt decline in K values in 1996 is the occurrence of a lOO-year
flood event late in the 1995 melt season that radically enhanced the efficiency of the
glacier’s drainage network. The gradual recovery of K values following the flood event
suggests that catastrophic hydrologic events may have long-term effects (1-3 years) on
the efficiency of a glacier’s drainage system. Daily variations in K values were observed
within individual melt seasons and an apparent inverse relationship exists between K
values and discharge. This relationship demonstrates that short-term variations in
meltwater supply can also temporarily alter the efficiency of the glacier’s drainage

network.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research would not have been possible without the support of many people.
I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Grahame Larson, for his unwavering guidance and
support throughout this entire process. Many thanks to committee members Drs. Dave
Long and Phanikumar Mantha for their time and valuable insight. I would also like to
recognize Dr. Edward Evenson, Dr. Daniel Lawson, Dr. Jeffrey Strasser, Jon Denner,
Nick Waterson, and Michiel Kramer for their contributions to this research. And thanks
to Bill and Kelly Stevenson for their hospitality and assistance at the Matanuska Glacier.

I am very grateful for the funding provided by United States Army Cold Regions
Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), which made this project possible.

Finally, I would like to thank Kathlyn Smith for her patience, support, and

editorial efforts throughout this project.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1
BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................. 2
Number of Meltwater Reservoirs ..................................................................................... 4
Variations in Storage Constants ....................................................................................... 5
THE MATANU SKA GLACIER ......................................................................................... 7
Physical Characteristics ................................................................................................... 7
Hydrograph Characteristics ............................................................................................. 8
HYDROGRAPH-RECESSION ANALYSIS .................................................................... 10
Methodology .................................................................................................................. 10
RESULTS .......................................................................................................................... 12
Residence Time and Number of Reservoirs .................................................................. 13
Annual and Seasonal Variations .................................................................................... 13
Residence Time and Discharge ...................................................................................... 15
Seasonal Variations of Residence Time and Discharge ................................................ 16
DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................... 19
Comparison of Residence Times ................................................................................... 19
Long-Term Variations in Residence Time .................................................................... 20
Seasonal Variations ........................................................................................................ 22
Residence Time and Discharge ...................................................................................... 23
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 25
TABLES ............................................................................................................................ 28
FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... 32
APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................ 50
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 74

iv

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Results from previous hydrograph recession studies on temperate glaciers ...... 29

Table 2: Annual mean residence times for the Matanuska Glacier .................................. 30
Table 3: Comparison of residence times for meltwater reservoirs ................................... 31
Table 1A: Discharge and residence time data 1995-2002 ................................................ 51

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Generalized cross-section of the meltwater drainage pathways of a

temperate glacier ............................................................................................... 33
Figure 2: Map of the Matanuska Glacier in south-central Alaska .................................... 34
Figure 3: Western terminus of the Matanuska Glacier ..................................................... 35
Figure 4: Historical hydrograph for the South Branch of the Matanuska River ............... 36
Figure 5: Example of a hydrograph-recession curve for the Matanuska Glacier ............. 37
Figure 6: Example of recession-curve analysis ................................................................ 38
Figure 7: Residence time (K) estimates for the 1995 to 2002 melt seasons ..................... 39
Figure 8: Plot of annual mean K values for the 1995-2002 melt seasons ......................... 40
Figure 9: Plot of daily K1 estimates over time ................................................................. 41
Figure 10: Plot of daily K2 estimates over time ............................................................... 42
Figure 11: Plot of daily K3 estimates over time ............................................................... 43
Figure 12: Plot of daily K I estimates versus daily peak discharge ........................... 44
Figure 13: Plot of daily K2 estimates versus daily peak discharge ................................... 45
Figure 14: Plot of daily K3 estimates versus daily peak discharge ................................... 46
Figure 15: Plot of mean daily KI estimates versus mean daily discharge ........................ 47
Figure 16: Plot of mean daily K2 estimates versus mean daily discharge ........................ 48
Figure 17: Plot of mean daily K3 estimates versus mean daily discharge ........................ 49

- Images in this thesis are presented in color -

vi

INTRODUCTION

Hydrograph-recession analysis has been used in several studies to identify the
hydrologic structure of a temperate glacier. This analysis typically reveals one to several
meltwater reservoirs and calculates mean residence times for each meltwater reservoir.

In these studies, reservoirs represent different sources and pathways of meltwater within
the glacier, and residence times represent the mean travel time of meltwater runoff within
the different reservoirs. Previous studies have been conducted at relatively small
temperate glaciers (between 0.22 km2 and 68.6 kmz) with relatively short discharge
records (i.e., one or two melt seasons).

This study applies hydrograph recession analysis to an eight-year discharge record
(1995 to 2002) at the Matanuska Glacier (379 kmz) in order to: (1) determine the number
and residence times of meltwater reservoirs, (2) compare the number of reservoirs and
residence time for each reservoir with those determined for other glaciers, and (3)
observe seasonal and annual variations of residence times.

The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the hydrologic
structure of the Matanuska Glacier. A comparison of residence times reveals differences
in hydrologic characteristics between the Matanuska Glacier and other glaciers where
hydrograph-recession analysis has been applied. This study shows that variations in

residence times can indicate changes occurring within the glacier’s drainage network.

BACKGROUND

In a temperate glacier meltwater can follow different drainage pathways
depending on whether it is produced from melting of the seasonal snowlayer in the
ablation area, melting of exposed glacier ice in the ablation area, or melting of both snow
and fim in the accumulation area (Figure 1). For example, melting of the winter
snowlayer on the lower part of a glacier generally begins early in the ablation season and
progresses until late in the season when the winter snow remains only above the glacier’s
equilibrium line (Oerter et al., 1981; Baker et al., 1982; Hannah and Gumell, 2001; Singh
et al., 2003). Because the seasonal snowlayer is porous, the snowmelt initially percolates
through the snowlayer before it is channeled into a network of fractures, crevasses,
moulins and englacial/subglacial conduits in the underlying glacier ice. These meltwater
pathways then drain the snowmelt to the glacier terminus (Singh et al., 2003). The delay
in drainage through the snowlayer lengthens the snowmelt reservoir’s time in transit to
the terminus resulting in mean residence times (K2) between 11.5 and 29 hours (Table 1).

In contrast to snowmelt, icemelt in the ablation area occurs when thinning of the
winter snowlayer exposes ice, initially at the glacier’s terminus early in the melt season
and by the end of the season up to the equilibrium line. The icemelt usually drains
rapidly via superglacial channels into the network of fractures, crevasses, moulins and
englacial/subglacial conduits within glacier ice (Collins, 1982). The mean residence
time (K1) for the icemelt reservoir is between about 5.7 and 13 hours (Table 1). Tracer
and isotopic studies conducted on the Kesselferner and Hintereisferner in Austria

(Behrens et al., 1971) and on the Gomergletscher and Findelengletscher in Switzerland

(Collins, 1979) also confirm that it takes only a few hours for the icemelt reservoir to
drain through the glaciers.

Snowmelt also occurs in the accumulation area where glacier ice is continuously
covered by multiple winter snow and firn layers. Snow- and firnmelt generally percolates
slowly through progressively less porous snow and firn layers until it reaches underlying
relatively impermeable ice, sometimes as much as 10 meters to 100 meters below the
glacier surface (Oerter et al., 1981). At this point, the meltwater accumulates in the snow
and firn, sometimes saturating it, and eventually drains into the network of fractures,
crevasses, moulins and englacial/subglacial conduits within the ice (Collins, 1982).
Temporary storage of the meltwater within the snow and firn, combined with long travel
distance to the glacier terminus, results in a mean residence time (K3) between 33.4 and
72 hours (Table 1). Tracer and isotope studies on the Kesselferner and Hintereisfemer in
Austria (Behrens et al., 1971), the Gomergletscher and Findelengletscher in Switzerland
(Collins, 1979), and the Vernagtfemer in Austria (Oerter et al., 1981) confirm that
drainage of snow- and firnmelt from the accumulation zone can take multiple days. Also,
water-table measurements of saturated snow and firn at the Vemagtfemer show a lag
time of 4 to 5 days between maximum water table elevation and maximum meltwater
discharge (Oerter et al., 1981).

In a few studies, a very slow groundwater fed reservoir (K4) also has been
identified within temperate glaciers, however this reservoir is believed to be of minor
significance and only marginally affects the shape of the meltwater hydrograph (Oerter et
al., 1981; Baker et al., 1982). In contrast, Baker and others (1982) found annual liquid

precipitation falling on the Vemagtfemer equal to approximately 4% of the total

measured discharge. Another potentially significant source of discharge is runoff from
precipitation and snowmelt on adjacent unglaciated uplands. Oerter and others (1981)
found residence times for this reservoir at the Vemagtferner to be 1 to 12 hours.
Number of Meltwater Reservoirs

Previous workers disagree on the number of meltwater reservoirs that can occur

within a temperate glacier (Table 1). Some have found only two reservoirs (Collins,
1982; Hannah and Gurnell, 2001; Singh et al., 1995) while others have found as many as
four (Oerter et a1. 1981; Gurnell, 1993). For example, Collins (1982) analyzed
meltwater hydrograph recessions for Gomergletscher following summer snowfall events
and found a “fast” reservoir that he attributes to drainage of icemelt in the ablation zone,
and a “slow” reservoir that he attributes to snow- and firnmelt in the accumulation zone.
Recession analysis by Singh and others (1995) at the Dokriani Glacier also found a fast
reservoir which they attribute to icemelt in the ablation zone and a slow reservoir which
they attribute to snow- and firnmelt in the accumulation zone. A more recent recession
analysis by Singh and others (2003) for the Dokriani glacier found two reservoirs during
the middle of the ablation season and only one reservoir in the beginning and end of the
ablation season. They attribute the single reservoir in the spring and early summer to
winter snowmelt in the ablation zone, and the two reservoirs during mid-summer to both
ice- and snowmelt in the ablation zone, and the single reservoir late in the summer to
snow- and funmelt in the accumulation area (Singh et al., 2003). At the Taillon Glacier
Hannah and Gumell (2001) found both a fast and a slow reservoir early in the ablation

season and only one reservoir late in the season. They suggest that the fast reservoir

represents icemelt from the ablation zone and the slow reservoir snow- and firnrnelt
from the accumulation zone.
Other studies have found more than two reservoirs within glaciers (Oerter et al.,
1981; Baker et al., 1982; Gurnell, 1993). For example, Oerter and others (1981) and
Baker and others (1982) found four reservoirs at the Vemagtferner Glacier and attribute
the fastest to icemelt in the ablation zone, the intermediate to snowmelt in the ablation
zone, the slow to snow- and fimmelt in the accumulation zone, and the slowest to
groundwater. Also, at Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Gumell (1993) reported four meltwater
reservoirs but did not attempt to identify their sources.
Variations in Storage Constants
The internal drainage system of a temperate glacier can evolve through the
ablation season from a number of minor disconnected cavities, conduits, and channels to
an efficient and well-connected network of major channels and conduits (Bennett and
Glasser, 1996). Some researchers have argued that the evolution of the network can be
reflected by a gradual decrease of meltwater reservoir residence time, or possibly by a
reduction in the number of reservoirs over the melt season (Hannah and Gurnell, 2001).
For example, Lang (1973) observed during an ablation season a gradual decrease in
residence times and a progressively earlier daily discharge peak at Aletschgletscher and
Roseggletscher in the Swiss Alps. He suggests that this may be due to enlargement of
englacial conduits, increased conduit connectivity, or the extension of areas of exposed
glacier ice and reduction of snow cover through the ablation season.
Elliston (1973) calculated residence time after summer snowfall events and

observed a reduction in storage constants with higher rates of discharge at the

Gomergletscher. He also found the diurnal discharge peak to occur earlier in the day as
the melt season progressed. He suggests that over the melt season, the hydrostatic
pressure within the drainage network increasingly enlarges the englacial/subglacial
conduits and reduces the travel time of meltwater. Gurnell (1993) also observed a
decline in residence times with meltwater discharge and time at the Haut Glacier d’Arolla
and interpreted this to changes in the size, location, and connectivity of
englacial/subglacial conduits. At the Taillon Glacier, Hannah and Gurnell (2001)
observed a reduction in the number of reservoirs from two early in the ablation season to
a single reservoir late in the season. They also concluded that residence times are
dynamic due to changes in the reservoir area, location, degree of conduit connectivity and
perhaps the seasonal position of the snow line. Singh and others (2003) likewise
observed a fluctuation in the number of reservoirs throughout a melt season at the
Dokriani Glacier in the Garhwal Himalayas. They suggest that the glacier acts like a
single reservoir early in the season when discharge is dominated by snowmelt in the
ablation zone and late in the season when little melting is occurring and water is being
released from storage. They suggest that in the middle of the melt season the Dokriani
has two reservoirs, one associated with icemelt in the ablation zone and the other to

snow- and firnmelt in the accumulation zone.

THE MATANUSKA GLACIER
Physical Characteristics

The Matanuska Glacier is a large temperate valley glacier in south-central Alaska
(Figure 2). It originates from the Chugach Icefield and flows northward until it
terminates in the Matanuska Valley, which separates the southern Chugach Mountains
from the northern Talkeetna Mountains. The glacier is approximately 45 km long and
ranges in width from 2.5 km up-valley to about 5 km at the glacier’s snout. It rests in an
elongate drainage basin with an approximate area of 665 kmz; an estimated 57% of this
basin is covered by the glacier (Lawson et al., 1998).
Drainage Characteristics

During the ablation season, meltwater discharge is delivered to the glacier
terminus primarily by way of a subglacial drainage system that forms a series of
discharge vents along the ice-margin (Lawson et al., 1998). These vents are fed by a
network of subglacial conduits under hydraulic pressure, causing upwelling of discharge
at the vents (Lawson, 1993). The discharge and size of these vents can vary greatly
during the ablation season: in the early spring, when discharge is low, upwelling is
generally absent, but by mid-summer when discharge is high most vents produce
fountains that are a meter to several meters in height. In late summer discharge is low
and little upwelling is visible.

Three major proglacial streams drain the Matanuska Glacier (Figure 3). South
Branch of the Matanuska River, the largest stream, accounts for approximately 94% of

the total discharge (Linker, 2001). It originates from a small (<10,000m2) shallow (<1 m)

proglacial lake, which is fed by several large discharge vents along the southwestern
edge of the ice margin and flows approximately 8 kilometers to the west before joining
the main channel of the Matanuska River. North Branch originates from a large
discharge vent located on the northern edge of the terminus and accounts for only about
4% of the total discharge (Linker, 2001). It flows north for approximately 150 meters
before discharging into the main channel of the Matanuska River. A third stream, Little
River, originates from a discharge vent along the western edge of the terminus and makes
up only 2% of the total discharge (Linker, 2001). It flows west for approximately 500
meters before entering the South Branch. There are several minor vents located along the
north-northeastem edge of the terminus, which account for less than 1% of the total
discharge (Waterson, 2003: Denner, personal communication).

Observations throughout the melt season reveal that superglacial streams
contribute very little to the meltwater streams draining the Matanuska. This is because
they are commonly intercepted by moulins and crevasses that penetrate the glacier
surface. In contrast, flow from vents contributes almost all of the discharge recorded in
the meltwater streams.

Hydrograph Characteristics

Figure 4 presents a plot of mean, maximum and minimum daily discharge
recorded at South Branch during the 1995-2002 melt seasons. It shows rapidly increasing
discharge from June 1 to the beginning of July, followed by a gradual decline that
continues until mid August, followed by a more rapid decrease in discharge that
continues through the end of September. Large peaks in maximum discharge are due

mainly to significant precipitation events. For example, the large peak around Julian day

267 is due to a 100-year flood that occurred in 1995. Total annual discharge recorded at
South Branch from June to August at the Matanuska Glacier ranges from a maximum of
0.65 km3 in 1997 to a minimum of 0.44 km3 in 2000 (Linker, 2001). Total annual
discharge recorded in all three streams draining the Matanuska for this period range from
a maximum of 0.7 km3 in 1997 to a minimum of 0.47 km3 in 2000 (Waterson, 2003).

The diurnal fluctuations in discharge recorded at South Branch vary in both
amplitude and timing throughout the melt season. They begin in early spring with low
amplitude and steadily increase in amplitude until mid summer when meltwater discharge
is at it’s maximum; the amplitude then decreases as meltwater discharge declines through
the remainder of the summer and is almost zero by the end of the melt season when
discharge is very low. The timing of daily peak discharge also becomes earlier as the
season progresses. At the beginning of the melt season, the average time of peak
discharge is at approximately 18:30; by the end of the melt season the average time is

approximately 17: 15.

HYDROGRAPH-RECESSION ANALYSIS
Methodology

Meltwater discharge at the Matanuska Glacier has been recorded by the US.
Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL)
from 1995-2002 using an automated stream gauging station located on the South Branch
of the Matanuska River, approximately 200 meters from the ice margin (Figure 3).
CRREL also maintains a gaging station on Little River and North Branch streams. The
stations consist of a nitrogen gas bubbler system and a CSI datalogger which
continuously records stage data at ten-minute intervals. This stage data is then applied to
an established stream-rating curve for the channels to calculate discharge. In this study,
only South Branch recessions from 1995-2002 were analyzed because it is the largest of
the proglacial streams and accounts for 94% of the total annual discharge for the glacier.
South Branch also has the most complete discharge record in comparison to the other
streams.

A hydrograph-recession is the falling limb of a discharge event that follows peak
discharge over time (Figure 5). An alpine glacier’s hydrograph during the ablation
season will typically show a pattern of a daily peak in discharge followed by a decline in
flow (Figure 5). The recession slope is representative of the outflow of water from
storage of one or more meltwater reservoirs when there are no or little inputs into the
reservoirs such as melting or precipitation (Gurnell, 1993). In a glacial environment,
recessions typically occur at night when melting has generally stopped or has been
significantly reduced. The initial steep slope of the falling limb is understood to be the

meltwater reservoir with the shortest storage time (Gurnell, 1993). Breaks in the slope of

10

the recession are indications of drainage from multiple meltwater reservoirs. A break in
slope is typically followed by a shallower recession, representing a meltwater reservoir
with a longer storage time. The rate of decline in flow for each reservoir is expressed by
a recession coefficient.

The mathematical approach used in this study to obtain recession coefficients is
taken after Collins’ (1982) method of hydrograph-recession analysis of the
Gomergletscher. In his study Collins uses a depletion function describing the
exponential decay of discharge, which is represented by the following equation:

(1) Qt = OWN/K)
For Equation 1, the discharge (Q) at time t is a function of the initial discharge (Q) at the
beginning of the recession and the recession coefficient of the reservoir (K) when there is
no recharge to the system. The recession coefficient can be estimated from a semi-
logarithmic plot of discharge against time.

At the Matanuska Glacier, the mean hourly discharge was calculated for each year
and plotted on a semi-logarithmic plot of discharge against time. Starting with June 1 of
every year, each distinct recession following a daily peak in discharge was examined to
calculate the slope and identify any breaks in slope. Any days that did not produce a
significant peak in discharge followed by an evident recession was not included in the
data set. The slope of the recession (k) was determined by applying a linear curve fit,
which is shown in Figure 6 and defined by the Equation 2:

(2) k = (ant - InQo)/-t
Therefore, meltwater residence time (K) for each reservoir is calculated using Equation 3:

(3)K=l/k

11

For a typical day during the ablation season, the recession limb begins with a
steep initial slope, which is later interrupted by a break in slope and a more gradual
recession. Occasionally, a second break in slope appears and is followed by an even
more gradual third recession. As in other studies, K1 refers to the slope of the steepest
recession, K2 to the intermediate, and K3 to the least steep recession. Each of these
recessions is assumed to represent a linear reservoir that is discharging meltwater from

storage at a particular rate (Gurnell, 1993).

12

IUESLHJTS
Residence Time and Number of Reservoirs

Daily estimates of K1, K2, and K3 for the 1995-2002 melt seasons are presented
in Figure 7 and include 661 estimates for K] ranging from 6.0 to 42.3 hours, 371
estimates for K2 ranging from 15.1 to 75.2 hours, and 79 estimates for K3 ranging from
40.9 to 210.4 hours. Table 2 lists the mean K1, K2, and K3 values for the period 1995 to
2002. It shows K1 to have a mean residence time of about 21.0 hours, K2 a mean
residence time of about 37.1 hours, and K3 a mean residence time of about 88.8 hours.

Annual and Seasonal Variations

Table 3 presents the mean K1, K2, and K3 for each melt season. It shows that
mean residence times vary significantly from melt season to melt season. For example,
during the 1998 melt season KI had a mean of about 18.4 hours, K2 had a mean of about
32.8 hours, and K3 had a mean of about 91.4 hours. The following year (1999), however,
KI had a mean of about 22.0 hours, K2 had a mean of about 42.2 hours, and K3 had a
mean of about 105.6 hours. Figure 8, a plot of the mean values for K1, K2, and K3 over
the period 1995 to 2002, also shows how mean residence times vary significantly from
melt season to melt season. The plot reveals a general drop in K values from 1996 to
1998, with the lowest values occurring in 1996. From 1999 to 2002 the mean residence
times, particularly for K I and K2, remain relatively constant. The mean for K3 appears to
have declined after peaking in 1999 and to have stabilized between 2000-2002. The
figure also shows that means for KI and K2 in 1995 were similar to those between 1999-

2002.

13

Figure 9 is a plot of daily K1 estimates verses time (days) since the beginning of
each melt season (June 1) from 1995 to 2002. The figure also includes linear curve fits of
K1 estimates for each melt season as well as a linear curve fit for all the K1 estimates for
the period 1995 to 2002. The plot shows that daily KI estimates during a melt season
sometimes remain relatively constant, or generally increase, or decrease throughout the
melt season. For example, in 1998, daily KI estimates appear to have remained relatively
constant throughout the melt season. In contrast, in 1997, daily K1 estimates appear to
have generally increased throughout the melt season, while in 1996 and 2002 they appear
to have generally decreased throughout the melt season. When all daily K1 estimates
covering the period 1995 to 2002 are considered, KI estimates appear to have remained
relatively constant throughout the melt season.

Figure 10 is a plot of daily K2 estimates verses time (days) since the beginning of
the season (June 1) for the period 1995 to 2002. The figure also includes linear curve fits
of daily K2 estimates for each melt season as well as a linear curve fit for all daily K2
estimates for the period 1995 to 2002. The plot shows that daily K2 estimates during a
melt season, like those of K1 , remain relatively constant, or generally increase, or
decrease through the melt season. For example, throughout 1997 melt season daily K2
estimates remained relatively constant. However, throughout the 2000 melt season daily
K2 estimates appear to have generally increased while during the 1995 melt season daily
K2 estimates appear to have declined. When all daily K2 estimates covering the period
1995 to 2002 are considered K2 appears to remain relatively constant.

Figure 11 is a plot of K3 estimates verses time (days) since the beginning of the

season (June 1) for the period 1995 to 2002. The figure also includes linear curve fits for

14

daily K3 estimates for each melt season as well as for all daily K3 estimates for the

period 1995 to 2002. The plot shows that values for K3 generally increase or decrease
through the melt season. For example, during the 1998 and 2000 melt seasons K3
generally increases while in the 1995 and 1996 melt seasons it decreases. When all daily
K3 values covering the period 1995 to 2002 are considered K3 appears to increase
through the melt season. Figure 11 also shows that for several melt seasons, K3 values
occur around a particular time of the season. For example, in the 1999 melt season K3
values occur only in late summer, while in the 1998 melt season K3 values occur only in
the first half of the summer.
Residence Time and Discharge

Figure 12 is a plot of daily KI estimates plotted against daily peak discharge for
the period 1995 to 2002. It also includes linear curve fits of K1 estimates for each melt
season as well as for all KI estimates for the eight-year record. As shown in Figure 12,
daily K] values can vary with discharge. For example, during the 1995 and 1996 melt
seasons K1 generally increases with discharge, whereas during the 2001 and 2002 melt
seasons it generally decreases with discharge. During the 1998 melt season, however, KI
generally remains constant. An inspection of all daily KI estimates for 1995 to 2002
shows a slight decrease in K] with increasing discharge. Figure 12 also shows a high
concentration of K I estimates with high diurnal peak discharge, particularly between the
natural log discharge of 7.5 to 8.5 (cfs).

Figure 13 is a plot of daily K2 estimates verses daily peak discharge for the period
1995 to 2002. The figure also includes linear curve fits of K2 estimates for each melt

season as well as for all K2 estimates for the eight-year record. The plot shows that daily

15

K2 can also vary with discharge, increasing in some years while decreasing in others.
For example, during the 1999 melt season K2 generally declines with increasing
discharge, while in the 1996 melt season it increases with increasing discharge.
Considering all daily K2 estimates from 1995 to 2002, K2 generally increases with
increasing discharge. Figure 13 also shows a high concentration of K2 with high daily
peak discharge, particularly between the natural log discharge of 7.5 to 8.5 (cfs).

Figure 14 is a plot of daily K3 estimates verses daily peak discharge for the period
1995 to 2002. It also includes linear curve fits of K3 estimates for each melt season as
well as for all K3 estimates for the eight-year record. The plot shows that K3 can also
change with discharge. For example, during the 1995 and 1999 melt seasons, K3
generally increases with discharge, while during the 2000 melt season it generally
decreases with discharge. When considering all K3 estimates for the period 1995 to
2002, K3 appears to decrease with increasing discharge.
Seasonal Variations of Residence Time and Discharge

Figure 15 is a plot of mean daily discharge and mean daily K1 estimates from the
interval 1995 to 2002. A smoothed curve fit is applied to the data using the Stineman
function, which applies a geometric weight to each data point and i 10% of the data
range. This smoothed curve fit shows the relative seasonal pattern of mean K] values.
The plot shows mean daily K 1 values ranging from around 17 hours to around 28 hours
throughout the melt season. Figure 15 also shows that mean daily KI estimates change
with discharge regime. For example, during the period of June 1 to approximately July 1,
discharge is low and rapidly rising, while K] values are relatively high and gradually

decreasing. From July 1 to approximately August 20, when discharge is high and

16

gradually decreasing, K] values are relatively low and gradually increasing. The plot
also shows that during significant peaks in mean discharge, mean daily K] values are
low. For example, three significant peaks in discharge occur on July 4, July 21, and
August 3, and are followed by three corresponding lows in KI values. During the period
of August 20 to September 30, discharge is low and rapidly declining, while K 1 values
are relatively high and slowly increasing.

Figure 16 is a plot of mean daily discharge and mean daily K2 from the interval

1995 to 2002. It also includes a smoothed curve fit applied to the mean daily K2 values
to show the relative seasonal pattern. Figure 16 shows that mean daily K2 values vary
significantly throughout the melt season, ranging from a minimum around 24 hours to a
maximum of around 55 hours. The plot also shows that mean daily K2 estimates change
with discharge regime. For example, during the period of June 1 to approximately July 1,
mean daily K2 values are high and gradually decreasing, while discharge is low and
rapidly increasing. From July 1 to approximately August 20, discharge is high and
gradually decreasing, while K2 values remain relatively high and gradually increasing.
Figure 15 also shows that during periods of significant peaks in mean discharge, daily
mean K2 values are low. For example, three large peaks in discharge occur on July 4,
July 21, and August 3, and are followed by corresponding lows in K2 values. During the
period August 20 to September 10, when discharge is low and rapidly decreasing, K2
values are relatively low and slowly decreasing before reaching a seasonal low around
September 10. K2 values gradually increase after September 10, while discharge

continues to decline until the end of the melt season.

17

Figure 17 is a plot of mean daily discharge and mean daily K3 values from the
interval 1995 to 2002. The plot also includes a smoothed curve fit applied to the mean
daily K3 values to show the relative seasonal pattern. The limited number of mean daily
K3 values (78 estimates) shows significant variability throughout the melt season,
ranging from a minimum of 43 hours to a maximum of 187 hours. Figure 17 shows a
general seasonal trend of low K3 values during periods of high discharge and high K3
values during periods of low discharge. The figure also shows that K3 values drop

following major seasonal peaks in discharge (i.e., July 4, July 21, and August 3).

18

DISCUSSION
Comparison of Residence Times

Table 3 compares the K values for the Matanuska Glacier with those recorded for
other temperate glaciers and shows that values for the Matanuska are generally larger.
For example, the mean residence time for the fast reservoir (KI ) at the Matanuska is 21.0
hours, whereas values for the other glaciers range from 5.7 hours at the Vemagtferner to
13 hours at the Haut Glacier d’Arolla. Similarly, the mean residence time for the
intermediate reservoir (K2 ) at the Matanuska is 37.1 hours, whereas values for the other
glaciers range from 11.5 hours at the Gomergletscher to 29 hours at the Haut Glacier
d’Arolla. The mean residence time for the slow reservoir (K3) at the Matanuska Glacier
is 88.8 hours, whereas values for the other glaciers range from 33.4 hours at the
Vemagtferner to 72 hours at the Haut Glacier d’Arolla. It is apparent that the meltwater
reservoirs at the Matanuska drain more slowly than those of other temperate glaciers
listed in Table 3. Two factors can account for the longer residence times observed at the
Matanuska Glacier: longer drainage pathways and glaciohydraulic supercooling.

Because of the large size of the Matanuska Glacier in comparison to the other
glaciers in Table 3, the drainage pathways at the Matanuska are undoubtedly longer. Ice-
and snowmelt at the Matanuska travels a considerable distance before reaching the
glacier terminus, which greatly extends the drainage time of the meltwater. Therefore,
the longer drainage pathways at the Matanuska Glacier results in longer residence times
than those for smaller alpine glaciers with shorter drainage pathways. The relationship
between K values and glacier size however, does not appear to be a factor when glaciers

are relatively small. For example, Haut Glacier d’Arolla (6.7 kmz) is almost half the size

19

of Vemagtferner (11.44 kmz), but has a much larger mean KI value and a similar mean
K2 value. This suggests that factors other than the length of drainage pathways effect the
residence times of meltwater reservoirs in temperate glaciers.

Another factor that can prolong drainage of meltwater reservoirs and result in
large K values is glaciohydraulic supercooling, a process that has been well documented
at the Matanuska Glacier. It occurs when meltwater within the subglacial drainage
network is forced up a sufficiently steep adverse slope of an overdeepening, causing the
pressure melting point to increase as water pressure declines, resulting in the freezing of
meltwater and the accumulation of ice (Alley et al., 1998; Lawson et al., 1998).
Subglacial channels and conduits are narrowed and clogged by the accumulation of ice
from supercooling, forcing the meltwater to be redirected to englacial conduits or other
pathways with lower gradients (Hooke and Pohjola, 1994; Alley et al., 1998; Lawson et
al., 1998). According to Lawson (et al., 1998), much of the meltwater along the margin
of Matanuska Glacier is diverted to a high pressure, highly distributed and branched
subglacial drainage network which limits the capability of subglacial conduits to
transport meltwater to the terminus, reducing the efficiency of the drainage system. The
expected result of the plugging up of the Matanuska’s subglacial drainage network is
longer residence times for the meltwater reservoirs relative to other temperate glaciers
that lack glaciohydraulic supercooling.

Long-Term Variations in Residence Time

The abrupt decline in annual mean K values during the 1996 melt season

illustrated in Figure 7 suggests that a sudden change occurred in the glacier’s drainage

system that temporarily increased the drainage efficiency of the meltwater reservoirs. An

20

explanation for the drop in K values is a 100-year flood event that occurred late in the
1995 melt season. A significant storm event occurred on September 21 and 22, 1995 and
resulted in over 56 mm of rain throughout the glacier basin, causing discharge of the
Matanuska River to reach 100-year flood levels (Denner et al., 1999). Just prior to the
flood event, melting at the glacier was minimal and the drainage network within the
glacier was beginning to shut down, with conduits and channels becoming restricted.
Following the storm a considerable increase in discharge and suspended sediment was
observed along with the development of numerous new discharge vents along the ice-
margin (Denner and others 1999). Denner and others (1999) interpreted these
observations as indications of rapid enlargement of englacial/subglacial conduits and
development of new drainage pathways to accommodate the sudden increase in water
supply. The rapid expansion of the Matanuska’s glaciohydrologic system probably
allowed meltwater to drain at a much faster rate through the glacier, resulting in
significantly lower residence times.

Rapid expansion of a glacier’s drainage network in response to a large rainfall
event is not exclusive to the Matanuska Glacier. A similar glaciohydrologic response
was observed at the Findelengletscher, Switzerland, when over 130 mm of precipitation
fell on the glacier over a three-day period late in the 1993 ablation season (Barrett and
Collins, 1997). Several times during the storm event borehole water levels in the glacier
steadily climbed followed by a sudden drop. These sudden drops were then followed by
rapid increases in discharge at the glacier’s vents. Total sediment flux during the storm
event was observed to be enormous in comparison to sediment loads transported by peak

discharge events earlier in the ablation season. These observations and measurements by

21

Barrett and Collins (1997) suggest that during the intense storm event water backed up
within the glacier’s drainage system until a rapid expansion of the drainage system
occurred, allowing the stored water to quickly drain from the glacier.

These two studies at the Matanuska and Findelengletscher support the theory that
large rainfall events can rapidly alter the structure of a glacier’s drainage system,
expanding and creating new pathways and increasing the efficiency of the drainage
network. They also show that this process is especially apparent when the rainfall event
occurs early or late in the melt season, when the glacier’s drainage network is constricted
and incapable of rapidly transporting such a large flux of water.

The gradual increase in average K values recorded at the Matanuska from 1996
to 1999 suggests it takes several years for the glacier’s drainage network to recover from
a 100-year flood event. K values increase as channels and conduits constrict and close by
the freezing of meltwater and the plastic flow of ice. Rdthlisberger (1972) argues that
enlargement of conduits due to increased discharge can occur within days, while closure
of conduits due to the pressure of ice can take years to occur. The gradual recovery of K
values to pre-flood conditions at the Matanuska Glacier supports this theory.

Seasonal Variations

At the Matanuska Glacier, residence times appear to be independent of time
during melt season (Figures 8, 9, and 10) which contradicts results from previous studies
that show K values generally decreasing as the melt season progresses (Elliston, 1973;
Gurnell, 1993; Hannah and Gurnell, 2001). Gurnell (1993) determined that declining K
values over the melt season were indicators of increasing efficiency of the drainage

network. However, these studies are based on only one or two melt season discharge-

22

data sets and they may reflect only an apparent relationship not evident in longer
discharge-data sets. The eight-year record at the Matanuska Glacier reveals that K values
can increase, decrease, or remain relatively stable throughout the melt season, depending
on the reservoir and melt season. The lOO-year flood event at the Matanuska Glacier also
shows that the efficiency of a glacier’s drainage network depends on the frequency,
timing, and magnitude of rainfall events.
Residence Time and Discharge

Figures 11, 12, and 13 show no consistent relationship between residence times of
meltwater reservoirs and peak diurnal discharge exist at the Matanuska Glacier. These
results disagree with Gumell’s (1993) study, where she observed K values to generally
decrease with increasing daily peaks in discharge. Gurnell’s (1993) results are based on a
relatively small data set (one melt season). This study, however, is based upon a large
data set (eight melt seasons) and shows that K values can increase, decrease, or remain
relatively stable with increasing peak daily discharge depending upon the melt season and
reservoir.

The K values for the fast reservoir appear to be the most sensitive to changes in
discharge regime. During periods of rapidly increasing discharge early in the melt season
(i.e., June 1 to July 1) K1 values rapidly decline (Figure 14). This trend suggests that as
the ablation rate and meltwater production rapidly increases, the drainage network
responds with rapid expansion of englacial/subglacial conduits and the creation of new
pathways, increasing the efficiency of the fast reservoir. Seasonal peaks in discharge in
the middle 'of the melt season (i.e., July 1 to August 15) are generally followed by the

seasonal lows in K 1 values. This trend suggests that high meltwater inputs have

23

significantly expanded the drainage network and the fast reservoir has reached its
optimal efficiency. During periods of declining discharge late in the melt season (i.e.,
August 15 to September 30) K1 values gradually increase. This trend suggests that as
discharge declines, englacial/subglacial meltwater pathways begin to constrict and close,
reducing the efficiency of the drainage network. These trends are periodically interrupted
by precipitation events that cause temporary peaks in discharge followed by temporary
dips in K] values.

The inverse relationship between discharge and residence time observed for the
fast reservoir is not as apparent for the intermediate reservoir. Figure 15 shows that daily
mean K2 values remain relatively high during periods of high discharge and the
intermediate reservoir doesn’t reach its optimal efficiency until late in the melt season,
when discharge is low and declining. The distinguishing characteristic of the intermediate
reservoir is the presence of a seasonal snowlayer, which is a porous medium with distinct
hydrologic properties. Early in the melt season, the seasonal snowlayer is thick and
covers a large extent of the ablation zone. Meltwater accumulates and is temporarily
stored in the saturated zone of the seasonal snowlayer before being drained by
supraglacial channels, moulins, or crevasses that eventually feed into the
englacial/subglacial conduit system (Lawson, 1993). Snow grains within the saturated
zone are small and permeability is relatively low (Lawson, 1993). As the melt season
progresses metamorphism and frictional heating occurs within the saturation zone,
increasing the diameter of the snow grains and opening and enlarging conduits/channels,
enhancing the effective permeability of the seasonal snowlayer (Lawson, 1993). Late in

the melt season, seasonal snowlayer is thin and covers only the uppermost portion of the

24

ablation area and the saturation zone is well developed with direct routes of meltwater
drainage and relatively high effective permeability (Lawson, 1993). Therefore,
meltwater runoff is then only minimally delayed within the seasonal snowlayer, which is
reflected by the observed increased efficiency of the intermediate reservoir late in the
melt season. Therefore K2 values are not only dependent upon the seasonal changes in
discharge regime but also seasonal changes in drainage properties of the seasonal
snowlayer.

The general inverse relationship between residence time and discharge can also be
observed for the slow reservoir. Figure 16 shows that K3 values are relatively low when
discharge is high and K3 values are relatively high when discharge is low. However, the
mean daily K3 values are based only on 78 estimates from 1995-2002. Though there
seems to be a general inverse relationship between residence time and discharge regime,
the data set for the slow reservoir is far too small to conclude on any meaningful seasonal

trends in residence times.

25

CONCLUSION

Hydrograph-recession analysis is an effective method for defining the drainage
characteristics of the Matanuska Glacier. The hydrologic structure of the Matanuska
Glacier was observed to be composed of three meltwater reservoirs with mean residence
times of 21.0, 37.1, and 88.8 hours. These relatively high K values reveal that the
Matanuska Glacier has distinctive glaciohydrologic properties from those of smaller
temperature glaciers. Two distinguishing characteristics are identified as reducing the
drainage efficiency of the glaciohydrologic network: (1) the presence of longer drainage
pathways due to the large size of the Matanuska Glacier and (2) the constriction and
dispersal of subglacial conduits and channels by glaciohydraulic supercooling.

Variations in K values throughout the eight-year discharge record are an
indication of changes occurring within the glacier’s drainage network. Following a 100-
year flood event at the Matanuska Glacier, K values for the three reservoirs declined
rapidly and stayed low for several years before recovering to pre-flood levels. This trend
in K values show that the large flux of water from the flood radically enhanced the
efficiency of the glacier’s drainage network. The gradual recovery of K values following
the flood event suggests that catastrophic hydrologic events may have long-term effects
(1-3 years) on the efficiency of a glacier’s drainage system. K values are also observed to
change with discharge throughout a melt season. During periods of low discharge K
values are relatively high, indicating that drainage pathways are constricted. As
discharge rapidly increases the drainage network expands and new pathways are created,

shown by the decline in K. When discharge is at its highest during the melt season K

26

values are at their lowest, indicating that the glacier’s drainage network is at maximum
efficiency. This relationship demonstrates that short-terrn variations in meltwater supply

can also temporarin alter the efficiency of the glacier’s drainage network.

27

TABLES

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Table 2
Annual Mean Residence Tlmee

Number Of Mean K1 Number of Mean K2 Number of Mean K3

Value (hrs) Data Point: Value (hrs)

K1 Data
Points

K3 Data
P ointe Value (hrs)

7 44 1 4

83 21 46
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APPENDIX

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLElA
DISCHARGE AND RESIDENCE TIME DATA
1995 - 2002
Peak Daily
Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (cfs) K1 (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)
5/31/1995 0 51.25
6/1/1995 20 866 21.94
6/2/1995 44 900 48.25
6/3/1995 67 924 48.78
6/4/1995 100 922
6/5/1995 119 1126 25.18 52.90
6/6/1995 142 1137 20.53 59.57
6/7/1995 167 1119 21.19
6/8/1995 188 1095 18.62
6/9/1995 216 1 194 26.59
6/10/1995 239 1437 19.99 39.13
6/1 1/1995 262 1658 26.69
6/12/1995 288 1888 17.91
6/13/1995 312 1993 21.69
6/14/1995 335 1981 16.81
6/15/1995 359 2082 42.66
6/16/1995 380 2265 22.36 72.38
6/17/1995 405 2684 46.70
6/18/1995 430 3243 22.23
6/19/1995 454 3546 30.84
6/20/1995 477 3710 29.45 65.80
6/21/1995 502 3626 20.58 35.28
6/22/1995 526 3593 23.46
6/23/1995 548 3262 7.48
6/24/1995 564 31 13 18.78
6/25/1995 588 2996 17.89
6/26/1995 614 2923 23.04 35.30 150.35
6/27/1995 647 2966 13.79 34.58
6/28/1995 671 3301 24.92 109.67
6/29/1995 694 3224 29.87 105.67
6/30/1995 718 3353 28.72 66.31
7/1/1995 739 3367 32.28 54.31
7/2/1995 774 3543
7/3/1995 790 3616 41.89
7/4/1995 813 3891 26.41 62.64
7/5/1995 836 4505 16.93 40.52

 

 

 

 

 

 

51

 

 

Peak Daily

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (CfS) Kl (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)
7/6/1995 860 5042 16.97 27.40
7/7/1995 882 4355 18.48 49.02
7/8/1995 907 4192 24.40 39.56
7/9/1995 932 4478 25.65

7/10/1995 955 4331 26.69
7/1 1/1995 979 3898 20.95
7/12/1995 1004 3697 29.09 58.09
7/13/1995 1027 3759 40.12
7/14/1995 1051 3851 45.11 186.78
7/15/1995 1079 3939 20.17 53.51
7/16/1995 1100 4025 18.68 36.12
7/17/1995 1125 4237 28.31
7/18/1995 1 149 4283 27.78
7/19/1995 1172 4382 19.89
7/20/1995 1 196 4588 24.81
7/21/1995 1223 4985 31.35 47.04
7/22/1995 1247 4557 13 .95 31 .45
7/23/1995 1270 3748 16.98 38.96 123.39
7/24/1995 1294 3677 20.56 44.48
7/25/1995 1318 3656 29.30 62.03
7/26/1995 1341 3524 32.71 57.00
7/27/1995 1365 3324 25.22
7/28/1995 1386 3543 17.68 41.54
7/29/1995 1407 3 166 27.49
7/30/1995 1431 3420 29.59
7/31/1995 1461 3508 21.71
8/1/1995 1484 3569 12.77 34.55
8/2/1995 1507 3361 10.94 33.41
8/3/1995 1533 2922 18.47 43 .43
8/4/1995 1554 2416 27.99
8/5/1995 1581 2618 18.10
8/6/1995 1604 2697 21.71 43.43
8/7/1995 1628 2864 20.53
8/8/1995 1653 2864 15.01 28.95
8/9/1995 1676 2441 17.23 28.95
8/10/1995 1695 2059 27.14 33.41
8/1 1/1995 1724 2122 37.76 43 .43
8/12/1995 35.35
8/13/1995
8/14/1995 37.91

 

 

 

 

 

 

52

 

 

Peak Daily

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (CfS) Kl (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)

8/15/1995 1823 2275.602201 22.35

8/16/1995 1844 2465.130435 24.13 31.18
8/17/1995 1872 2591 .520375 20.27 43 .43
8/18/1995 1894 2724.390466 20.30 28.95
8/19/1995 1920 2697.282328 19.40

8/20/1995 1940 2864.072953 16.18

8/21/1995 1964 2565.734317 18.18

8/22/1995 1988 2275.602201 25.66

8/23/1995 2017 2368.471288 36.85
8/24/1995 2039 2275.602201 43 .43
8/25/1995 2063 2252.959581 24.13 43.43
8/26/1995 2085 2368.471288 22.95

8/27/1995 2109 2018.278098

8/28/1995 2133 2018.278098

8/29/1995 2157 1772.240776

8/30/1995 2179 1587.633783

8/31/1995 2208 1510.20397

9/1/1995 2230 1389.64 19.18

9/2/1995 2255 1261.6807 16.54

9/3/1995 2277 1208.457461 19.1 1

9/4/1995 2298 1 191.299492 19.13

9/5/1995 2324 1176.383287 43.87
9/6/1995 2349 1 176.618588

9f7/1995 2378 1401 .222011

9/8/1995 2397 1577.34763 100.50
5/31/1996 0 35.67

6/1/1996 17 1240.785592 37.97

6/2/1996 46 1361 .034022

6/3/1996 67 1250.001462 15.88

6/4/1996 94 1069.450239 17.46 32.79
6/5/1996 115 1216.94634 20.76

6/6/1996 140 1336.219985

6/7/1996 160 1399.961479

6/8/1996 186 1257.146815

6/9/1996 209 1344.799217 14.54

6/10/1996 235 1305 .707084 15 .77

6/11/1996 258 1243.518325 17.31 51.40
6/12/1996 282 1204.476125 20.45

6/13/1996 306 1163.863089 19.96

 

 

 

 

 

 

53

 

 

 

Peak Daily

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (CfS) Kl (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)
6/14/1996 332 1362.940804 10.89 20.92
6/15/1996 357 1413.60718 20.92
6/16/1996 380 1547.196713 14.54
6/17/1996 404 1734.544289 12.51
6/18/1996 429 1837.755006 13.21
6/19/1996 452 1700.19801 11.60 58.30
6/20/1996 475 1812.749441 9.97 16.56
6/21/1996 499 1894.480618 1 1.35
6/22/1996 523 2066.062705 13.13
6/23/1996 548 2256.567201 14.05 19.90
6/24/1996 567 2307.915465 30.49 84.66
6/25/1996 596 2844.947805 31.36 51.09
6/26/1996 617 2893.725352 28.06 73.86
6/27/1996 643 3015.738436 17.58 43.16
6/28/1996 665 2920.470464 22.36
6/29/1996 689 2999.797304 20.10 39.79
6/30/1996 718 2826.798279 35.42 28.97
7/1/1996 741 2904.742427 16.74 29.46
7/2/1996 762 3228.264612 17.08
7/3/1996 788 3462.686459 16.60 31.70
7/4/1996 809 3636.220147 14.25 56.04
7/5/1996 833 3583.158668 16.66 25.64
7/6/1996 859 3572.068076 11.96 21.53 43.87
7/7/1996 882 3361.356864 13.16 18.70
7/8/1996 906 3125.032618 13.91 21.54 72.50
7/9/1996 930 2801.191 104 22.84
7/10/1996 953 2914.926838 16.51 22.15
7/11/1996 978 2639.381795 18.66
7/12/1996 1002 2612.858208 12.90 22.37
7/13/1996 1026 2671.245174 12.64 25 .94
7/14/1996 1050 2481 .702263 13.12 23.13
7/15/1996 1077 2155.547434 15.45
7/16/1996 1099 2583.757464 15.55 26.79 92.41
7/17/1996 1124 2793.917467 17.23
7/18/1996 1146 3163.707885 15.86 23.97
7/19/1996 1 171 3624.965319 10.80 23.67
7/20/1996 1 194 3602.920336 22.89 77.55
7/21/1996 1218 3720.822407 16.57 23.39
7/22/1996 1243 3664.327] 15 20.19 34.76
7/23/1996 1267 3864.547972 17.1 1

 

 

 

 

 

 

54

 

 

Peak Daily

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (CfS) K1 (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)
7/24/1996 1291 3652.98529 13.41 19.91
7/25/1996 1315 3451 .968752 13.36 51.70
7/26/1996 1338 3414.546614 15.49 28.06
7/27/1996 1362 2978.574174 15.16 37.12
7/28/1996 1386 3308.664789 14.32 30.81
7/29/1996 1409 3187.843665 22.49 38.60
7/30/1996 1434 3319.269475 15.59 49.63
7/31/1996 1469 2405.709141 12.41 20.30

8/1/1996 1483 3102.923467 1 1.93 18.93
8/2/1996 1505 2738.04653 10.32 15.10
8/3/1996 1530 2181 .569825 17.64

8/4/1996 1553 2141.581813 15.37

8/5/1996 1579 2130.900629 18.13

8/6/1996 1601 1925.421146 12.57 30.18
8/7/1996 1625 1605.033648 14.12 20.18
8/8/1996 1652 1589.222211 13.34 23.00
8/9/1996 1673 1524.771741 16.43 25.52
8/ 10/ 1996 1698 1420.266771
8/1 1/1996 1723 1579.557463 18.22
8/12/1996 1747 1726.583708 12.97 26.63
8/13/1996 1771 1883524435 20.56 42.67
8/14/1996 1795 2057.403439 15.70 26.57
8/15/1996 1818 2269.239427 14.50 58.81
8/16/1996 1851 2246.21083 15.36
8/17/1996 1866 2622.019234 14.05 25.80
8/18/1996 1890 2671.245174 10.08 18.06
8/19/1996 1915 2308.146268 16.54 30.16
8/20/1996 1938 2001.996076 21.70 30.42
8/21/1996 1961 2021 .91427 14.42
8/22/1996 1985 1948.080874 22.81
8/23/1996 2010 1961 . 176839 20.30 31.29
8/24/1996 2035 1918.693952 11.14 17.78
8/25/1996 2058 1558.532574 13.60 20.45
8/26/1996 2082 1225.617405 21.04 29.50
8/27/1996 2105 1276.656717 13 .64 30.34
8/28/1996 2130 1260041581 13.90 22.67
8/29/1996 2155 1287.03963 15.38 22.61
8/30/1996 2177 1 162.699807 16.10 22.42
8/31/1996 2205 1086.807741

9/1/1996 2228 1075.133372 12.29 16.56

 

 

 

 

 

 

55

 

 

Peak Daily

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (CfS) Kl (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)

9/2/1996 2250 1032.150739 9.34 17.57

9/3/1996 2274 997.3482432 10.42 19.75

9/4/1996 2299 1016.479027 10.41 19.23

9/5/1996 2322 967.6785929 1 1.34 21.13 40.93
9/6/1996 2346 893.01 19834 13.38 23.94

9/7/1996 2370 860.1441573 12.44

9/8/1996

9/9/1996 2418 743 .0029388 14.10 23.45
9/10/1996 2441 688.9715649 18.48 48.58
9/1 1/1996 2465 699.034432
9/12/1996 2489 673.9797056 24.60
9/13/1996 2513 657.4705683 25.94
9/14/1996 2537 688.0076795 18.94
9/15/1996 2561 658.1941838 20.39

9/16/1996 2586 561 .6618621 16.49
9/17/1996 2609 608.1368872 28.18
9/18/1996 2634 559.1400621 13.28 32.07
9/19/1996 2656 442.3493701 1 1.88 20.74
9/20/1996 2680 356.9872261 1 1.56 29.34

6/1/1997 18 717.0173225 19.44 77.41
6/2/1997 45 893 .01 19834 15.07

6/3/1997 67 1015.361515

6/4/1997 91 1 152.974034

6/5/1997 115 1403.606115

6/6/1997 144 1462.057545 16.63

6/7/1997 160 1416.295587 42.33

6/8/1997 185 1467.330438 25.24

6/9/1997 210 15 17.773 899 22.50

6/10/1997 236 1619.54415 15.19 50.21

6/1 1/1997 259 1720.551228 21.07

6/12/1997 282 1652.591598 19.20

6/13/1997 307 1763.578037 16.23

6/14/1997 333 1726.583708 14.19

6/15/1997 357 1682.439328 12.09 21.93

6/16/1997 380 1719.003429 12.38 16.47

6/17/1997 403 1735.758895 19.01 36.68

6/18/1997 427 1883.336092 35.33

6/19/1997

6/20/1997 475 2078.080687 106.48

 

 

 

 

 

 

56

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Peak Daily
Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (CfS) K1 (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)
6/21/1997 501 2597.747494 58.72
6/22/1997 523 3243 .797531
6/23/1997 548 3858.755496 36.15
6/24/1997 571 3997.002563 29.17
6/25/1997 593 4373.417417 19.89
6/26/1997 620 4335.533718 55.03
6/27/1997 644 5044.228513 19.66 39.77
6/28/1997 665 5493.934805 43.55
6/29/1997 691 6068.701863 14.63 26.91 76.73
6/30/1997 716 6275 .447022 16.84
7/1/1997 740 6007.115727 19.06
7/2/1997 764 6023.959221 12.26
7/3/1997 786 5609.40538 18.27
7/4/1997 81 1 5063 .43 3047 17.58 24.24
7/5/1997 835 4599.026824 17.49 33 .23
7/6/1997 858 4901 .516863 16.86 34.96
7/7/1997 881 5047.760709 15 .67
7/8/1997 910 5106.145024 18.26
7/9/1997 931 5233.313956 13.51
7/10/1997 953 4219.6185 17.18 24.89
7/11/1997 978 3627.503683 16.90
7/12/1997 1002 344679468
7/13/1997 1024 3536.525405 27.28
7/14/1997 1049 3388.35557 27.83
7/15/1997 1073 3681 .221848 18.82
7/16/1997 1098 3726.407829 24.24
7/17/1997 1122 3922.953135 15.19
7/18/1997 1 147 3844.12005 22.55
7/19/1997 1169 3737.977617 13.00 17.54
7/20/1997 1 191 3446.79468
7/21/1997 1218 3356.318608
7/22/1997 1242 3398.87577 20.04
7/23/1997 1266 3780.834381 27.13
7/24/1997 1292 3890.91645
7/25/1997 1315 4009.011575 34.54
7/26/1997 1338 4600.866802 18.56
7/27/1997 1362 4983.062795 27.73
7/28/1997 1390 5775.614866 18.78
7/29/1997 1413 6330.914655 22.15
7/30/1997 1433 5606.040746 26.53

 

 

 

 

 

 

57

 

 

Peak Daily

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (0181 K1 (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)

7/31/1997 1459 4644.78331 19.47

8/1/1997 1482 4247.984865 35.03 49.03
8/2/1997 1507 4532.822079 22.62 46.70
8/3/1997 1530 4492.658953 21.18

8/4/1997 1554 4970.620697 18.96 68.49
8/5/1997 1578 5189.538234 16.54

8/6/1997 1597 4836.758287 15.50

8/7/1997 1625 3967.533913 32.62

8/8/1997 1651 3994.20564 19.60

8/9/1997 1677 3899.485889 23.54
8/10/1997 1700 4354.652096
8/1 1/1997 1726 4727.727868
8/12/1997 1746 6203 .692759
8/13/1997 1769 5552.480257 1 1.23
8/14/1997 1795 3867.254103 28.39
8/15/1997 1817 3754.83642 22.17
8/16/1997 1842 3769.131943 22.39
8/17/1997 1864 3367.076031 23.17 43.65
8/18/1997 1890 3396.157757 34.47
8/19/1997 1913 3306.018916 16.68 24.59
8/20/1997 1937 2573.957817 34.91
8/21/1997 1962 2476.991505
8/22/1997 1988 2624.642565
8/23/1997 2010 3067.444244 22.5 1
8/24/1997 2033 2788.335216 18.69
8/25/1997 2058 2663 .776 1 49 19.00
8/26/1997 2082 2442.066778 14.97
8/27/1997 2105 1885.031857 29.30

8/28/1997 2130 1952.761884 17.27 38.64
8/29/1997 2154 2079.743817 22.83 68.83
8/30/1997 2178 2136.234546
8/31/1997 2203 2838.128] 17

9/1/1997 2224 3433.37836

9/2/1997 2250 3926.092753 23.56

9/3/1997 2272 3111.312681 12.11 17.66
9/4/1997 2296 1977.126882 32.56

9/5/1997 2321 1939.722111 35.33

9/6/1997 2346 1883524435 18.58 30.73
9/7/1997 2370 1814.01881

9/8/1997 2393 1627.987714 66.42

 

 

 

 

 

 

58

 

 

Peak Daily

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (CfS) Kl (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)
9/9/1997 2422 1728.138333 56.04
9/10/1997 2442 1837.755006 27.76
9/11/1997 2466 1787.726536 15.40
9/12/1997 2490 1554.019377 16.67 38.55
9/13/1997 2513 1516.408517 12.90 27.49
9/14/1997 2536 1244.3 89093 13.59 28.98
9/15/1997 2561 1020.961388 14.15 30.18
9/16/1997 2586 839.1588323 24.90 157.36
9/17/1997 2616 850.3091591
9/18/1997 2630 868.354464 20.68 47.57
9/19/1997 2657 736.4931978 13.10 32.00
9/20/1997 2680 599.9822071 15.10
9/21/1997 2710 487.5047334 26.56 54.19
9/22/1997 2733 524.8434355 24.87
9/23/1997 2761 706.6955848 32.98
9/24/1997 2777 733 .3330762 20.06
9/25/1997 2801 748.2970314 29.34
9/26/1997 2818 781 .6444737 27.09
9/27/1997 2850 697.0101688 36.71
9/28/1997 2872 674.9914337 24.56
9/29/1997 2912 496.6571753
5/31/1998
6/1/1998 17 952.3189403 20.15
6/2/1998 44 1024.131279 23.12
6/3/1998 67 1 1 14.877709 15.10 25.57
6/4/1998 88 937.29681 15
6/5/1998 116 1006.163639 25.84
6/6/1998 138 1091.491076 16.67 32.08
6/7/1998 160 1125.294435 24.01
6/8/1998 187 1305.707084 34.03 135.72
6/9/1998 21 1 1221 .946062 16.45 39.30
6/10/1998 233 1209.666523 13.58 27.83
6/11/1998 257 1136.149281 21.01
6/12/1998 283 1242.026998 18.53 23 .00
6/13/1998 307 1324.380392 16.34 39.70
6/14/1998 339 1279.212585 15.39 39.82
6/15/1998 355 1493.384053 19.72
6/16/1998 378 1542.716342 13.30 20.70
6/17/1998 403 1602.307409 27.70

 

 

 

 

 

 

59

 

 

 

Peak Daily

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (cfs) Kl (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)
6/18/1998 428 1796.687553 16.70 37.12
6/19/1998 452 1875.442668 22.37 79.98
6/20/1998 472 1695.613667 14.55 27.43 108.58
6/21/1998 497 1846.966791 31.07 57.76
6/22/1998 524 2132.819303 26.92
6/23/ 1998 545 2281 .070205 24.85 70.50
6/24/1998 570 2417.042586
6/25/1998 596 2644.401387 27.66 65.1 1
6/26/1998 617 2740.785946 19.37
6/27/1998 643 3217.628897 19.27 30.55
6/28/1998 667 3342.585873 13.84 23 .72
6/29/1998 690 3622.066506 16.44
6/30/1998 715 4003.002566 20.24 37.06
7/1/1998 740 4151.8114 17.72 32.58
7/2/1998 763 4027.495509 14.66 25.98 50.50
7/3/1998 787 4060.250702 25.30 57.07
7/4/1998 810 4219.6185
7/5/1998 844 4521.504177
7/6/1998 857 4492.20971
7/7/1998 881 3823.800109 21.24
7/8/1998 904 3608.328772 21.87 35.33
7/9/1998 931 3757.841491 18.58 40.41
7/10/1998 954 3560.655727 19.18
7/1 1/1998 968 3692.651342 20.66
7/12/1998 1002 3460.263427 18.35
7/13/1998 1026 3539.001839 14.13 26.71
7/14/1998 1062 4408545079 14.92 21.29
7/15/1998 1073 4155.134178 9.05
7/16/1998 1099 4342.041899
7/17/1998 1124 4235.260007 19.97
7/18/1998 1146 4148.491279 14.54 21.41
7/19/1998 1168 3894.030428 19.19 24.43
7/20/1998 1194 3914.332125 15.74
7/21/1998 1218 3763.482483 19.34 124.08
7/22/1998 1241 3446.79468 22.28
7/23/1998 1267 3385 .645969 22.25
7/24/1998 1291 3568.854661 19.43
7/25/1998 131 1 3454.731432 17.56
7/26/1998 1339 3192.948297 16.95
7/27/1998 1363 3240.879427 12.35 31 .03

 

 

 

 

 

 

6O

 

 

Peak Daily

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (CfS) K1 (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)
7/28/1998 1386 3078.199109 13.47 32.39
7/29/1998 1410 3295.786126
7/30/1998 1435 3193.267608 18.74 31.56
7/31/1998 1457 3420.014261 17.45

8/1/1998 1483 3976.669743 25.27 165.13
8/2/1998 1506 3846.81 1876 14.67 42.43
8/3/1998 1531 3340.246882 15.22 35.31
8/4/1998 1553 3282.629313 17.85 53.32
8/5/1998 1577 2952.477714 19.56 27.88
8/6/1998 1604 2559.583938 19.37
8/7/1998 1623 2396.105524 15.57 25.22
8/8/1998 1649 2240.378267
8/9/1998 1674 2108.643229 18.47
8/10/1998 1698 2228.09001 1 20.45 37.26
8/11/1998 1720 2258.599026 18.11 59.17
8/12/1998 1747 2312.76718 26.93
8/13/ 1998 1771 2428.429424 15.50 29.00
8/14/1998 1795 2497.885867 14.24 26.73
8/15/1998 1819 2333.442677 17.16 32.56
8/16/1998 1844 2462.912816 17.80 51.93
8/17/1998 1865 2610.246656 . 30.00
8/18/1998 1888 2467.596799 28.22
8/19/1998 1914 2263.573414 17.58 26.01
8/20/1998 1937 1998.795444 14.25 38.28
8/21/1998 1961 2093.096861 28.58
8/22/1998 1986 2203 .054312 20.57
8/23/1998 201 1 1854.925848 15.08 27.39
8/24/1998 2034 1754.080383 19.12
8/25/1998 2058 1731.251783 20.41 48.77
8/26/1998 2082 1613.885654 15.48 32.87
8/27/1998 2105 1419.131012 11.72 28.51
8/28/1998 2127 1055.531806 13.24 21.15
8/29/1998 2154 1050. 162297
8/30/1998 2178 859.9721457 14.07 34.1 1
8/31/1998 2201 1008.682195 18.27
9/1/1998 2226 948.7069954 24.38 53 .75
9/2/1998 2250 940.8653153 21.57
9/3/1998 2274 969.0342917 15.26
9/4/1998 2298 906.3268477 15 .81 29.34
9/5/1998 2323 896.5015303 14.54 36.46

 

61

 

 

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Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (C18) Kl (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)
9/6/1998 2347 889.3581297 19.68
9/7/1998 2371 963.8156096 28.63 42.43
9/8/1998 2394 945 .9597305 16.49 25 .84
9/9/1998 2417 896.3222479 16.35 24.49
9/10/1998 2442 862.4696846 15.85 28.67
9/1 1/1998 2467 830.9752408 19.75
9/12/1998 2491 888.2027154 29.56
9/13/1998 2515 917.5435089 19.27 49.17
9/14/1998 2539 921.1289156 16.42 32.79
9/15/1998 2562 809.3245412 15.07
9/16/1998 2587 770.4694466 16.81 56.74
9/17/1998 2610 819.3407062 21.17
9/18/1998 2634 803.6790517 21.13 41.50
9/19/1998 2668 766.1668762 23.43
9/20/1998 2683 825.1787256
9/21/1998 2706 828.6517646
9/22/1998 2731 792.6644563 19.09 34.17
9/23/1998 2754 683.0035109 20.26 30.18
9/24/1998 2777 690.9724823 34.09
9/25/1998 2802 656.025723 19.25
9/26/1998 2824 464.8431329 13.90 27.42
9/27/1998 2849 356.3452271 13.66 25.93
9/28/1998 2872 281 .998006 19.12 29.61
9/29/1998 2896 241.3383764 16.21 34.86
9/30/1998 2921 194.0081173 13.90 28.61
6/6/1999 140 2267.349937 20.24
6/7/1999 162 2242.186982 29.27
6/8/1999 188 2412.362894 23 .00
6/9/1999 212 2690.687457 22.51 31.78
6/10/1999 237 2740.500919 20.81 36.63
6/1 1/1999 259 2788.457906 22.80
6/12/1999 283 2715.648332 21.36 33.86
6/13/1999 306 2680.940648 18 .01
6/14/1999 330 2416.945906 24.79
6/15/1999 353 2400.948148 23 .00
6/16/1999 378 2324.387866 32.10
6/17/1999 401 2364.836109 28.42
6/1 8/1999 426 2442.340305 25 .73 56.46
6/19/1999 451 2878.622039

 

 

 

 

 

 

62

 

 

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Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (CfS) K1 (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)

6/20/1999 470 3636.132879

6/21/1999 499 3444.000463 24.13

6/22/1999 523 2941.479603 29.23 52.25
6/23/1999 547 3026.784155 39.16

6/24/1999 571 3471.170028 13.73 75.23
6/25/1999 595 3190.68849

6/26/1999 620 3379.93582 32.23

6/27/1999 641 3187.885107

6/28/1999 667 3363.882191 30.47
6/29/1999 69] 3425.178959

6/30/1999 716 3757.555906 28.31 51.61

7/1/1999 740 4257.417352

7/2/1999 761 4794.980881 39.01

7/3/1999 785 5496.1 10834

7/4/1999 810 5540.405655

7/5/1999 835 5116.981534 19.06

7/6/1999 859 4681.627103 21.03

7/7/1999 884 4645 .089876 21 .03

7/8/1999 907 4351.735456 20.16

7/9/1999 928 4273.087872 19.27 28.04
7/10/1999 956 4489.340105 16.03 28.95
7/1 1/1999 979 4094.24251 23.56
7/12/1999 1001 3824.679684 22.18
7/13/1999 1027 4216.800736 22.83 49.04
7/14/1999 1052 4815.051404
7/15/1999 1076 4596.102772
7/16/1999 1 100 4229.292498 21.76 53 .00
7/17/1999 1123 3721.350801 19.05
7/18/1999 1149 3319.282752 17.29 38.65
7/19/1999 1170 3514.624603 26.16
7/20/1999 1195 4105.747088 12.81 26.59
7/21/1999 1217 3847.238896 12.30 20.31
7/22/1999 1242 3380.199465 14.04
7/23/1999 1266 3359.118946 16.20 30.70
7/24/1999 1291 3056.803374
7/25/1999 1315 2938.721789 22.22 47.05
7/26/1999 1338 3105.829163 23.87
7/27/1999 1362 3449.963741 17.31
7/28/1999 1388 3539.058464 12.40 24.68
7/29/1999 141 1 2770.868256 28.69 56.93

 

63

 

 

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Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (CfS) Kl (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)
7/30/1999 1436 2829.782125 17.74 31.82
7/31/1999 1460 3515004203 23.42

8/1/1999 1483 4015.543562
8/2/1999 1508 4837.948276 15.91 56.05
8/3/1999 1534 5675 .449237
8/4/1999 1554 6320.938671 27.97
8/5/1999 1574 4659.297665 27.97
8/6/1999 1601 3771.854239 20.30 47.01
8/7/1999 1626 3992.193068 17.41 23.67
8/8/1999 1650 3316.625071
8/9/1999 1674 3094.918958 29.66
8/10/1999 1697 3306.197446 10.18 60.09
8/11/1999 1722 3476.658812 16.55 40.96
8/12/1999 1748 3908 .2696]
8/13/1999 1770 4466538487 22.17 67.42
8/14/1999 1794 3528.443084 23.21
8/15/1999 1819 2992214417 13.97 35.10
8/16/1999 1843 2947.383186 22.41 38.80
8/17/1999 1867 3338.073089 17.86 24.75
8/18/1999 1891 3517.26156 13.28 32.13
8/19/1999 1914 3646.14236 11.97 17.54
8/20/1999 1936 2528.895689 18.22
8/21/1999 1963 2025.585351 26.39
8/22/1999 1987 2204.888016 16.68 37.83
8/23/1999 2010 1959.479195 16.46 46.49
8/24/1999 2037 1984.054982
8/25/1999 2058 1904.201425 22.94
8/26/1999 2082 1714.917065 24.58
8/27/1999 2106 1 809.523 808 21.09 48.48
8/28/1999 2130 1704.545866 15.00
8/29/1999 2154 1459.197637 20.33 52.18
8/30/1999 2178 1526.468231 22.65 47.50
8/31/1999 2203 1585.149494 24.89 144.62
9/1/1999 2226 1683.760561 30.28
9/2/1999 2257 1683.708365
9/3/1999 2272 1772.589942 34.10
9/4/1999 2298 1695 .600 1 03 19.65
9/5/1999 2319 1430.273552 20.94
9/6/1999 2346 1244.682803 21.91 35.66 108.46
9/7/1999 2369 1183.423751 19.55 79.64

 

64

 

 

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Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (CfS) Kl (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)
9/8/1999 2394 1218.239424 25.63 44.24
9/9/1999 2417 1 174.874955 16.70
9/10/1999 2442 1 119.543173 18.70
9/1 1/1999 2467 1098.365012 20.84
9/12/1999 2496 1096.045521 25 .74 60.63
9/13/1999 2515 1149.409947 20.85 51.88
9/14/1999 2539 1070.613363 42.61
9/15/1999 2562 1091 .402669 23 .59
9/16/1999 2585 1056.898548 27.38
9/17/1999 2613 1094.878853
9/18/1999 2633 1163.898005 32.29 105.99
9/19/1999 2657 1 104.237135 23.51 44.48
9/20/1999 2686 1055.776717 20.90 42.22
9/21/1999 2700 942.2701341 22.60
9/22/1999 2727 792.5186194 21.16
9/23/1999 2753 649.61 1 1805 23.64 40.46
9/24/1999 2777 598.9032105 18.07 36.15 77.54
9/25/1999 2798 472.3446926 19.23 1 17.55
9/26/1999 2816 445.0546128 10.08
9/27/1999 2849 367.631839 21.56 39.94
9/28/1999 2873 333.3743391 23.55
9/29/1999 2897 294.7312724 21 .44 54.52
9/30/1999 2921 256.4149421 32.87
6/1/2000
6/2/2000 44 519.381 1465 14.04 21.69 64.25
6/3/2000 68 575.5735374 15.13 29.96
6/4/2000 92 769.56621 58
6/5/2000 1 18 l 151 .769806
6/6/2000 137 1265.157627 32.68
6/7/2000 158 1037.716599 20.79
6/8/2000 185 1074.028703 17.24 28.78
6/9/2000 213 1004.204535 20.42
6/10/2000 233 1007.726417 17.84
6/1 1/2000 260 1075. 190356 21.43
6/12/2000 285 1 165.085787 20.72 81.82
6/13/2000 308 1157.833656 14.71 23.14
6/14/2000 333 1140.997319 17.43 35.31
6/15/2000 353 1115.965245 19.60 35.26 59.19
6/16/2000 378 1060.313608

 

 

 

 

 

 

65

 

 

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Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (cfS) K1 (hrs) K2 (hrs) [(3 (hrs)
6/17/2000 404 l 185.88902 22.33 43.58
6/18/2000 429 1216.977981 26.26 56.95
6/19/2000 450 1205.716168 16.95 25.28 93.45
6/20/2000 473 1 157.818604 34.27
6/21/2000 495 1 104.262533 33.24
6/22/2000 523 1209.441546 40.07
6/23/2000 547 1372.383105 43.60
6/24/2000 572 1565.348873 17.80 31.07 50.49
6/25/2000 594 1661.62281 34.27
6/26/2000 621 1800.1 891 1 1 31.37 48.80
6/27/2000 643 1951 .278348
6/28/2000 669 2108.706489
6/29/2000 695 2668 .8528 1
6/30/2000 716 3160.567882

7/1/2000 740 3346.033857

7/2/2000 764 3523.006418

7/3/2000 787 3791 .50759

7/4/2000 812 4058.659396

7/5/2000 834 4644.133086

7/6/2000 860 43 20. 1 39619

7/7/2000 881 4352.618948

7/8/2000 908 3906.015189

7/9/2000 931 3488.335614

7/10/2000 955 3038.000963

7/1 1/2000 979 3493.306542

7/12/2000 1005 4033.908355

7/13/2000 1026 41 18.968307

7/14/2000 1048 4039.931438 17.05 28.66
7/15/2000 1076 4152.060516

7/16/2000 1 100 3695.396002 19.59 31.76
7/17/2000 1 122 3322.573792 28.82

7/18/2000 1 148 3226.75091 1 17.29

7/19/2000 1172 3206.576064 15.78 36.23
7/20/2000 1 194 2941 .603 148 24.24

7/21/2000 1219 2617.604852 33.73

7/22/2000 1241 2776.865354 20.00 37.35
7/23/2000 1269 2944134014 10.79 22.03
7/24/2000 1291 2913.018186 19.42 27.68
7/25/2000 1315 3067 .459581 16.64

7/26/2000 1340 3029.703382 19.47

 

66

 

 

Peak Daily

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (CfS) K1 (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)

7/27/2000 1364 2693.937077 15.41
7/28/2000 1388 2620.215905 13.97 38.19
7/29/2000 141 1 2255.24073 16.87
7/30/2000 1434 2121.006459 22.40
7/31/2000 1457 2124.32206 26.20

8/1/2000 1483 2219.244274 18.40

8/2/2000 1509 2183.621465 19.61

8/3/2000 1532 2500.755087 30.79

8/4/2000 1556 2781.359178 32.57

8/5/2000 1579 2950.264186 24.50 55.48
8/6/2000 1605 2928.176051 20.33

8/7/2000 1627 2698.469394 23.07 66.55
8/8/2000 1652 2842.786466 20.07

8/9/2000 1674 2632.728395 19.97

8/10/2000 1697 2303.004837 44.74
8/1 1/2000 1723 2322.587163 20.41 28.33
8/12/2000 1747 2323.723186 29.60

8/13/2000 1771 2474.728569

8/14/2000 1796 2603.140813 34.98

8/15/2000 1820 2101.82228 6.50 19.95
8/16/2000 1840 1829.915372 28.80 44.09
8/17/2000 . 1866 1904.300446 23.23

8/18/2000 1889 1878.742596 16.55 54.39
8/19/2000 1914 1717.924233 32.74 96.70
8/20/2000 1937 1654.291335 30.42 54.60
8/21/2000 1962 1651.433537 33.46 62.43
8/22/2000 1985 1652.859339 20.41

8/23/2000 2007 1454.9299 21.31

8/24/2000 2034 1338.627347 23.83 70.19
8/25/2000 2057 1289.772339 10.76

8/26/2000 2081 1 129.009524 13 .52

8/27/2000 2105 1041 . 14672 14.62

8/28/2000 2132 1036.595433 34.34

8/29/2000 2160 1 127.83822 44.22
8/30/2000 2179 1133.875852 15.85

8/31/2000 2202 1 123. 179745 39.93

9/1/2000 2228 1177.38717 35.04 64.32
9/2/2000 2249 1 190.865937 25.10 37.52
9/3/2000 2274 1 126.638839 39.96 66.75
9/4/2000 2298 1 105.393877 25.23

 

67

 

 

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Date Peak Time (hrs) DiSCharge (CfS) Kl (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)
9/5/2000 2321 999.5888056 20.01 150.33
9/6/2000 2345 897.9101432
9/7/2000 2369 989.1836431 20.27
9/8/2000 2390 776.1051395
9/9/2000 2417 600.7638927 17. 18 33.51

9/10/2000 2445 480.0023501 31 .03
9/1 1/2000 2465 530.1298624 19.59
9/12/2000 2490 497.2788822 20.29 36.35
9/13/2000 2513 415.1737054 26.65 106.84
9/14/2000 2539 397.8372492 17.03 140.71
9/15/2000 2561 396.3552876 20.80 50.12
9/16/2000 2585 339.2414175 39.04
9/17/2000 2609 326.9587447 l 1.92
9/18/2000 2634 320.6294195
9/19/2000 2671 303.9247081
9/20/2000 2681 288.5022832 27.18
9/21/2000 2714 405.3374784
9/22/2000 2729 483.4510167
9/23/2000 2760 934.7657845
9/24/2000 2778 893.0718172
9/25/2000 281 1 875.0447256
9/26/2000 2825 819.398062 54.83
9/27/2000 2862 767.8013186
9/28/2000 2892 603.5241 16 19.34 89.31
9/29/2000 2916 574.7838172
9/30/2000
6/1/2001 18 537.6458] 13 16.99 26.32
6/2/2001 42 588. 1017634 26.05
6/3/2001 73 791 .3972072
6/4/2001 88 838.8232359 25.89 35.42
6/5/2001 1 15 730.4056027 28.14 100.90
6/6/2001 139 717.9500512 40.80
6/7/2001 165 740.8513516 29.50 64.08
6/8/2001 187 809.2436128 26.41 119.15
6/9/2001 212 856.1965806 41.78
6/10/2001 234 1067.20675 31.73
6/1 1/2001 256 1010.802653 44.27
6/12/2001 284 1089.092435 27.99 57.28
6/13/2001 306 1117.221412 39.06 71.33

 

 

 

 

 

 

68

 

 

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Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (CfS) Kl (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)
6/14/2001 331 1139.790782
6/15/2001 360 1352.080775
6/16/2001 381 1575.29841
6/17/2001 403 1774.191313 19.10 32.79
6/1 8/2001 426 1715 .054264
6/19/2001 450 1837.571239
6/20/2001 476 1780.23383
6/21/2001 500 2044.278102 32.81 83.64
6/22/2001 518 2036.1 17322
6/23/2001
6/24/2001 572 3455.076922
6/25/2001 592 3575.284384 19.65
6/26/2001 623 3775.167381 21.19
6/27/2001 642 3720.822407
6/28/2001 666 3850.660612
6/29/2001 692 3953.276469 26.60 102.53
6/30/2001 713 3929.234884
7/1/2001 738 3792.95243 24.13
7/2/2001 763 3888.5826 18.05 73.66
7/3/2001 787 3485.267229 41.61
7/4/2001 810 3122.533592
7/5/2001 836 2853.210128 29.34
7/6/2001 860 2664.04254
7/7/2001 881 2472.784197 23.38 73.51
7/8/2001 907 2408.356877 21.17 38.11
7/9/2001 931 2473.031488 19.90 37.72
7/10/2001 956 2437.918791 24.54 47.69
7/11/2001 978 2378.439787 31.03 55.17
7/12/2001 1003 2262.894443 46.90
7/13/2001 1027 2178.517765
7/14/2001 1051 2277.19568 23.66 47.18
7/15/2001 1074 2417.526043 30.22 49.21
7/16/2001 1098 2679.003028 34.01 71.63
7/17/2001 1 124 2703 .76358 20.52 43.51
7/18/2001 1 148 2983 .940436
7/19/2001 1 171 3024.496771
7/20/2001 1 198 3333.239724
7/21/2001 1218 3510.802771
7/22/2001 1242 3651 .524388 22.92 44.19
7/23/2001 1265 3367.749513 20.71 51.54

 

69

 

 

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Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (CfS) Kl (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)
7/24/2001 1289 3277.053584
7/25/2001 1313 3351.62305
7/26/2001 1339 3335.573808 31.24
7/27/2001 1363 3142.896167 26.21
7/28/2001 1386 2815.232133 36.87
7/29/2001 1409 2729.8447 32.22
7/30/2001 1438 2489.407477
7/31/2001 1458 2620.970636 39.46 68.15
8/1/2001 1481 2809.607295 21.04
8/2/2001 1506 2887.943685 20.40
8/3/2001 1530 2681 . 147088
8/4/2001 1553 2669.109032 12.75 39.55
8/5/2001 1577 2560.095906 16.75
8/6/2001 1603 2591.77954 24.00
8/7/2001 1628 2809.326349 20.84
8/8/2001 1651 2853.210128 18.69
8/9/2001 1676 2748.745762 17.13 38.22
8/10/2001 1699 2546.054029 16.25 39.14
8/1 1/2001 1723 2508.39905 39.38 77.12
8/12/2001 1747 2722.21 1826 9.55 42.28
8/13/2001 1772 3008.509342 20.07 40.63 130.52
8/14/2001 1793 3113.802727 14.73 28.37 94.41
8/15/2001 1819 3191.671373
8/16/2001 1842 3303.375158 43.13
8/17/2001 1865 3162.126426 33.86
8/18/2001 1889 2755.9018 30.99 59.67
8/19/2001 1914 2370.366823 25.25 41.42
8/20/2001 1939 2276.740286 35 .48 82.36
8/21/2001 1957 2128.132258 44.07
8/22/2001 1988 2629.108252 28.16
8/23/2001 201 1 2347.48542 13.83 30.33
8/24/2001 2034 2117.518154 39.13
8/25/2001 2057 2078.288505 25.68 62.46
8/26/2001 2083 1967.659413 26.78 45.08
8/27/2001 2105 1977.522347 36.21
8/28/2001 2129 1792.739185
8/29/2001 2153 1746.903376 29.51
8/30/2001 2178 1625.385017 16.31 29.78
8/31/2001 2201 1420.550853 28.91
9/1/2001 2234 1409.372713 41.73

 

70

 

 

Peak Daily

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (CfS) Kl (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)
9/2/2001 2259 1606.800157
9/3/2001 2274 1701.899059 20.97 37.22
9/4/2001 2299 1394.372818 21.23 29.91
9/5/2001 2321 1237.068813 24.39 41.11
9/6/2001 2343 1051.318111 20.90 35.51
9/7/2001 2370 905.1493883
9/8/2001 2403 1033.183406
9/9/2001 2427 865.580171 22.86
9/10/2001 2450 735.6835007 30.23
9/11/2001 2479 841.0911189 32.82
9/12/2001 25 13 608.0760765 32.07
9/13/2001 2538 608.9888751 22.76 46.29
9/14/2001 2561 574.6723199 30.24
9/15/2001 2587 572.2065342
9/16/2001 2610 586.2814709
9/17/2001 2638 672.1624148
9/18/2001 2657 731.4288867
9/19/2001 2683 764.2538512 57.69
9/20/2001 2706 733.4797575 32.92 56.82
6/1/2002 18 1042.333262 24.84 77.99
6/2/2002 41 1015.499613 34.96
6/3/2002 64 984.1664] 14 31.39
6/4/2002 91 982.9998819 30.37 1 10.65
6/5/2002 1 15 1005.666716 37.98 68.06
6/6/2002 141 971.6668512 28.81 51.88
6/7/2002 163 1044.500438 29.92 88.80
6/8/2002 187 1091.499808 36.88 210.42
6/9/2002 211 959.8336613 48.36
6/10/2002 232 1054.333402 37.83
6/ 1 1/2002 260 1 1 19.499512 30.96 67.06
6/12/2002 283 1144.66695 27.26 71.39
6/1 3/2002 307 1 188.499659 59.74
6/14/2002
6/15/2002 360 1893 . 166305
6/16/2002 383 2258.000576
6/17/2002 403 2850. 167376
6/18/2002 428 2976.998925
6/19/2002 442 3259.499712 33.61
6/20/2002 473 3168.99886 29.71

 

 

 

 

 

 

71

 

 

Peak Daily

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (CfS) Kl (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)

6/21/2002 498 3 1 57.9993 85 30.68
6/22/2002 523 3324.667673 30.16
6/23/2002 545 3420.000581 20.68
6/24/2002 570 2995.001466

6/25/2002 596 2960.00134

6/26/2002 619 2917.66524
6/27/2002 642 2780.83355 19.54 45.16
6/28/2002 668 2730.499941
6/29/2002 690 2986.3 345 16 14.58
6/30/2002 716 3274.665482 19.92 47.65

7/1/2002 738 3390.833363 18.99 31.09

7/2/2002 762 3152.666873 22.32

7/3/2002 786 3287.833] 18 18.82 42.73

7/4/2002 810 3207.166128 25.39 66.84

7/5/2002 831 3070.332067 20.57 58.28

7/6/2002 858 3256.66518 23.88

7/7/2002 884 3433.333726 33.97

7/8/2002 905 3763.331947 10.74 33.28

7/9/2002 929 3661 .832558 6.02 28.44

7/10/2002 955 3585.832702

7/11/2002 976 3688.001532

7/12/2002 1002 3351 .16726 17.79 29.68

7/13/2002 1026 3371 .998924

7/14/2002 1048 3827.667926

7/15/2002 1075 3478.999391 32.56 46.65

7/16/2002 1105 3902.833083

7/17/2002 1 125 3987.166072

7/18/2002 1 147 3600.334368 1 1.59 57.13
7/19/2002 1171 3646.000163 16.11 106.28
7/20/2002 1 196 3700.99877 17.18

7/21/2002 1220 3683.998536 19.70

7/22/2002 1241 3335.333656 21.53

7/23/2002 1265 3498.333531

7/24/2002 1287 3488.332126

7/25/2002 1315 3346.498988 22.65

7/26/2002 1336 2970.833999 23 .02 35.48

7/27/2002 1356 2325.334085 28.43

7/28/2002 1386 195 l . 167129

7/29/2002 1410 21 17.666386 103.31
7/30/2002 1435 2320.834272 76.58

 

72

 

 

Peak Daily

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date Peak Time (hrs) Discharge (CfS) K1 (hrs) K2 (hrs) K3 (hrs)
7/31/2002 1461 2507.666705 21.90 39.12
8/1/2002 1485 2632.167684 23.76 62.08
8/2/2002 1509 2817.166862 30.02
8/3/2002 1532 3113.833865
8/4/2002 1554 3313.833648 20.75
8/5/2002 1579 3798.167528 21.43
8/6/2002 1601 3761.164892 18.80
8/7/2002 1625 3084.000818 20.43
8/8/2002 1651 2829.666106 15.32
8/9/2002 1675 2396.834051 18.67 43 .07
8/10/2002 1697 2138.333358 41.15
8/ 1 1/2002 1720 2025 .500278
8/12/2002 1746 2096.666539
8/13/2002 177] 2341.167464 21.97
8/14/2002 1795 2316.500684 20.76
8/15/2002 1819 2120832544 25.77
8/16/2002 1842 1910.667621 52.58
8/17/2002 1865 2145.167678 50.48
8/18/2002 1891 2386.165588
8/19/2002 1912 2275 .499801
8/20/2002 1937 1965.999409
8/21/2002 1959 1848.83317
8/22/2002 1986 1935.333612
8/23/2002 2010 2081.333348 37.28

 

 

 

 

 

 

73

 

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74

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