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This is to certify that the
thesis entitled

ANALYSIS OF THE OCCURRENCE OF MICROCONCHIDS ON
MIDDLE DEVONIAN BRACHIOPODS FROM THE MICHIGAN
BASIN: IMPLICATIONS FOR MICROCONCHID AND
BRACHIOPOD AUTECOLOGY

presented by

Joshua E. Barringer

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for the

MS. degree in

Geological Sciences

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fiflfly 7% 2006/

Date

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ANALYSIS OF THE OCCURRENCE OF MICROCONCHIDS ON MIDDLE
DEVONIAN BRACHIOPODS FROM THE MICHIGAN BASIN: IMPLICATIONS
FOR MICROCONCHID AND BRACHIOPOD AUTECOLOGY
By

Joshua E. Barringer

A THESIS
Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Geological Sciences

2008

ABSTRACT
ANALYSIS OF THE OCCURRENCE OF MICROCONCHIDS ON MIDDLE
DEVONIAN BRACHIOPODS FROM THE MICHIGAN BASIN: IMPLICATIONS
FOR MICROCONCHID AND BRACHIOPOD AUTECOLOGY
By
Joshua E. Barringer

Microconchids were a group of small encrusting organisms that secreted a
spirorbiform shell, almost identical to that of the modern annelid Spirorbis. This study
documents the occurrences of Microconchus on 226 specimes of Mucrospirifer sp. and
200 specimens of Strophodonta demissa, both of which are Middle Devonian
brachiopods from the Michigan Basin The occurrences are described in terms of
microconchid shell diameter, on which brachiopod valve the microconchid occurs, the
location on the valve where the microconchid occurs, where the microconchid lies in
relation to brachiopod shell ornamentation or microtopography, and the direction in
which the microconchid shell aperture Opens.

This study concludes that 1) in the samples studies, strophodontids are encrusted
by Microconchus more often than spiriferids, 2) the average Microconchus size was
similar between S. demissa and Mucrospirifer sp., 3) strophodontids occurring in the
Potter Farm Member have more microconchids than other literature reports, 4) a greater
number of microconchids settled on either side of the center of the brachiopod valve than
settled on the center of the valve or along the commissure, 5) microtopographically,
microconchids prefer the grooves of the costae over all other regions, 6) the gathered data
support the previously published life position of Mucrospirifer sp. (resting on the hinge)

and Lescinsky’s (1995) published life position of S. demissa (convex valve up).

To my beautiful wife, who has filled my life with endless happiness

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Dr. Robert Anstey for his guidance on the statistical aspects
of this thesis, and Dr. Catherine Yansa for her insight as someone who doesn’t “live”
with the brachiopods. I would also like to thank my advisor Dr. Danita Brandt for
helping me shape my thoughts during this entire process, and for her infinite patience
with me (especially in the past few months). Joe Hannibal and Doug Dunn at the
Cleveland Museum of Natural History and Dan Miller at the University of Michigan
Museum of Paleontology were all extremely helpful in granting me access to specimens.
Dan also agreed to access my Strophodonta demissa specimens to the UMMP collection.
Much thanks is also in order for my undergraduate professors in the Department of
Geology (now the Depaitment of Physical Sciences) at Olivet Nazarene University — Dr.
Max Reams, Priscilla Skalac, and Dr. Charles Carrigan. Their enthusiasm and support
are what started me down the geologic path, and their encouragement is what led me to
continue my education here at MSU.

This research was funded in part by the Aureal T. Cross Endownment from the
Michigan State University Department of Geology and the PROM/SE Project at

Michigan State University.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................... vii
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................... ix
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1
TAXONOMIC POSITION OF MICROCONCHUS ............................................... 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................... 8
Materials ........................................................................................ 8

Field Locality ................................................................................. 8
Statistical Analysis ........................................................................... 9
Microconchid Location Analysis ................................................ 10

Nearest Neighbor Analysis ...................................................... 10

Water Flow Pattern Analysis .................................................... 1 1

RESULTS ............................................................................................ 12
Microconchid Location Analysis ......................................................... 13
Nearest Neighbor Analysis ............................................................... 18

Water Flow Pattern Analysis .............................................................. 21
DISCUSSION ........................................................................................ 27
Microconchid Abundance ................................................................. 27
Comparisons ................................................................................. 28
Microconchids and Microtopography of Brachiopod Shells ......................... 3O
Nearest Neighbor Analysis ............................................................... 30

Water Flow Pattern Analysis ............................................................. 32
Microconchus and Spiriferid Autecology ............................................... 33
Microconchus and Strophodontid Autecology ......................................... 33
Limitations .................................................................................. 35
Further Work ................................................................................ 36
CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................... 37
APPENDICES ....................................................................................... 39
Appendix A: Additional Description of Field Locality ............................... 39

Appendix B: Specimens Used in Nearest Neighbor and Water Flow Analyses. . .42
Appendix C: Coordinates Used in Nearest Neighbor and Water Flow Analyses..43

Appendix D: Aperture Orientation Angles ............................................. 50
Appendix E: Brachiopod Specimen Data ............................................... 52
Appendix F: Microconchid Specimen Data ............................................. 65

Appendix G: Rose Diagrams Generated From Water Flow Vector Analysis. ...1 11

REFERENCES .................................................................................... 1 15

Vi

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 — Summary of raw specimen data, including specimen dimensions and

microconchid abundance .................................................................. 12
Table 2 — Occurrences of microconchids on the Strophodonta specimens .................. 13
Table 3 — Occurrences of microconchids on the Mucrospirifer sp. specimens ............. 14
Table 4 — Results of chi square analyses for shell region data ................................. 15
Table 5 - Occurrence of microconchids by microtopographic category ..................... 16

Table 6 — Occurrence of microconchids by microtopographic category (excluding the
unknown and interior categories) ......................................................... 16

Table 7 — Occurrence of microconchids by microtopographic category (excluding the
unknown and interior categories) ......................................................... 17

Table 8 — Results of chi square analyses for shell microtopographic data ................... 18

Table 9 - Results of the nearest neighbor analysis for the center coordinates of the
pedicle specimens ........................................................................... 19

Table 10 — Results of the nearest neighbor analysis for the center coordinates of the
brachial interior surface specimens ...................................................... 19

Table 11 — Results of the nearest neighbor analysis for the aperture coordinates of the
pedicle specimens .......................................................................... 20

Table 12 — Results of the nearest neighbor analysis for the aperture coordinates of the
brachial interior surface specimens ....................................................... 21

Table 13 —- Mean angle, Rayleigh’s spread value, chi square value, Rao’s spacing value,
and associated p values for the nine external pedicle valve surfaces. Results are
without the orientations option enabled ................................................. 22

Table 14 — Mean angle, Rayleigh’s spread value, chi square value, Rao’s spacing value,
and associated p values for the three internal brachial valve surfaces. Results are
without the orientations option enabled ................................................. 23

Table 15 — Mean angle, Rayleigh’s spread value, chi square value, Rao’s spacing value,

and associated p values for the nine external pedicle valve surfaces. Results are
with the orientations option enabled ..................................................... 24

vii

Table 16 - Mean angle, Rayleigh’s spread value, chi square value, Rao’s spacing value,
and associated p values for the three internal brachial valve surfaces. Results are
with the orientations option enabled ..................................................... 24

Table 17 — Rose diagrams for selected specimen surfaces .................................... 25

Table 18 - Specimen numbers, valve used, and number of microconchids present on the
valve for Specimens used in nearest neighbor and water flow analyses ............ 42

Table 19 - Microconchid center and aperture center coordinates used in nearest neighbor

and water flow vector analyses ........................................................... 43
Table 20 — Aperture orientation angles used in water flow vector analysis ................. 50
Table 21 -— Mucrospirifer sp. specimen data ..................................................... 52
Table 22 — Strophodonta demissa specimen data ................................................. 59
Table 23 — Microconchid data for specimens occurring on Mucrospirifer sp. . . . .....65
Table 24 — Microconchid data for specimens occurring on Strophodonta demissa ........ 73
Table 25 — Additional rose diagrams generated from water flow vector analysis... ......1 1 1

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 — Aperture view of a Microconchus on a S. demissa .................................. 2
Figure 2 —- The two brachiopod genera used in this study ....................................... 2
Figure 3 — Brachiopod region map used in this study .......................................... 10
Figure 4 — Illustration showing the microtopographic locations used in this study ........ 10

Figure 5 — Rose diagram based on the compiled data of all nine external pedicle valve
surfaces ...................................................................................... 26

Figure 6 — Rose diagram of aperture orientation vectors based on twelve microconchids
located along the commissure of the nine external pedicle valve surfaces... .......26

Figure 7 — Comparison of the percent of total microconchid occurrence in each valve

region for both genera ..................................................................... 29
Figure 8 — Images showing clustering of microconchids on a S. demissa ................... 32
Figure 9 - Locality maps ........................................................................... 39
Figure 10 — Image of field locality, looking west ............................................... 40

Figure 11 — Stratigraphic column showing the position of the Potter Farm Member... . ..41

ix

INTRODUCTION

Small organisms that secrete a coiled tube (“spirorbiform”) on any hard substrate
are documented from the Ordovician to Recent (Weedon, 1990; Weedon, 1991; Taylor
and Vinn, 2006; Vinn, 2006; Vinn and Taylor, 2007). It was long thought that all
occurrences of these organisms represented a single group with a remarkable longevity.
Both Microconchus and Spirorbis secrete similarly coiled shells, are very small, and
occupy an apparently similar ecological niche (encrusting on hard substrates); thus both
were placed in the genus Spirorbis. However, recent studies (Taylor and Vinn, 2006) of
the shell microstructure of Cenozoic and Paleozoic spirorbiform encrusters revealed
differences significant enough for the researchers to conclude that these two genera are
not the same. These researchers removed Paleozoic microconchids from the Phylum
Annelida and placed it with the Microconchida, an order of an extinct phylum possibly
related to lophophorates (brachiopods, bryozoans, and phoronids, with the phoronids
being the closest relative). The researchers determined that all Paleozoic spirorbiform
encrusters were microconchids, and placed all Paleozoic species previously in the genus
Spirorbis into the genus Microconchus. The most recent known spirorbiform
microconchid occurs in the mid-Jurassic.

As it was long thought that spirorbiform microconchids and Spirorbis were the
same organism, very little research was done regarding the specifics of the spirorbiform
microconchid living style. It was much easier to make direct observations from
specimens of living Spirorbis (DeSilva, 1962; Saunders and Connell, 2001). Thus,
knowledge of microconchid ecology consists largely of generalized assumptions based on

their encrusting lifestyle. This study will document occurrences of Microconchus (Figure

1) in a collection of Mucrospirifer sp. and Strophodonta demissa (Conrad) from Middle
Devonian strata of the Michigan Basin to address questions of the autecology of the
microconchids and their brachiopod hosts. These two brachiopod genera were chosen for
the study due to their accessibility and abundance. They also represent two different
morphotypes (biconvex and concave-convex; Figure 2). Hypotheses to be tested include
whether the microconchids showed preferred patterns in settling site and whether

microconchid settling patterns reflect autecology of the brachiopod host.

 

Figure 2 — The two brachiopod genera used in this study: A. Mucrospinfer sp., brachial valve View; B. S.
demissa, pedicle valve view; C. Mucrospirz'fer sp., lateral View; D. S. demissa, lateral View.

TAXONOMIC POSITION OF MICROCONCH US

At the time of the publication of Volume W of the Treatise on Invertebrate
Paleontology “Miscellanea ” (Fisher, 1962), microconchids had been identified as or had
been placed into various Species of the polychaete genera Spirorbis and Serpula. In the
Treatise, they were described as having small, flatly coiled shells, and attached to the
substratum. Their habitats ranged from marine to fieshwater. Taxonomically, they were
listed in the Class Cricoconarida Fisher 1962 (=superorder Tentaculitoidea [Ljashenko
195 8]).

Burchette and Riding (1977) published a study of the skeletal characteristics of
spirorbiform organisms in a Carboniferous peritidal carbonate environment from Britain.
They found that, even though these organisms resembled modern tubeworms (such as
Spirorbis) in external morphology, they differed from polychaetes in important skeletal
characteristics, including wall structure, internal septa, and protoconch. Additionally, the
observed organisms maintained a helical growth pattern, even when growing erect (i.e.
no longer lying flat on the substrate); polychaete tubeworms tended to not maintain a
helical growth pattern in those situations. Burchette and Riding (1977) noted that these
characteristics were more similar to mollusks than polychaetes, and proposed that the
spirorbiform organisms they observed might represent a previously unidentified group of
substrate-attached “vermiform gastropods.”

Subsequent studies contributed to the description of the “vermiform gastropods”
(Weedon, 1990). Their habitats included peritidal, shallow lagoonal, shallow marine, and
non-marine environments. Total shell diameter (i.e. whorl diameter) was usually less

than 1.5 mm. The early stages of growth were “planorbiform” or “spirorbiform”, while

later stages may have become erect and uncoiled, seemingly as a response to an
obstruction of the normal grth path. Similar to Burchette and Riding’s (1977) report,
Weedon’s (1990) study noted that the shell microstructure, irnperforate septa, and
protoconch structure of the “vermiform gastropods” were markedly different than that of
polychaete annelids. Weedon (1990) then compared the “vermiform gastropods” with
the tentaculitoids, and found that they shared several similar features, including a
protoconch with a calcitic micro-lamellar layer and other teleoconch microstructures.
However, the “vermiform gastropods” possessed a helical shape and a more complex
three layered protoconch, both of which the tentaculitoids did not possess. As it had been
previously noted that the “vermiform gastropods” shared characteristics with mollusks
(Burchette and Riding, 1977), Weedon (1990) postulated that tentaculitoids might also
have molluskan affinities. However, after further study of the “vermiform gastropod”
shell rnicrostructure, Weedon (1991) determined that there was a closer affinity between
the “vermiform gastropods” and the tentaculitoids, than there was between either group
and the mollusks. Class Tentaculita Boucek 1964 was then emended to include the new
Order Microconchida, into which the “vermiform gastropods” would be placed, as they
did not fit into any of the existing tentaculitoid orders. Weedon (1991) suggested the use
of the genus Microconchus Murchison 1839 to describe the “vermiform gastropods”.

In a subsequent study, Weeden (1994) compared the crystalline microstructure of
spirorbiform microconchids with that of modern Spirorbis. Spirorbiform microconchids
have lamellar, punctated crystallites, whereas modern Spirorbis have crystallites with a

chevron-shaped mode of growth (Weedon, 1994). The spirorbiform microconchid

crystallite structure was identical to those found in thick-walled tentaculitids,
brachiopods, and bryozoans.

Other comparisons between spirorbiform microconchids and modern Spirorbis
revealed further differences. Spirorbis is stenohaline, but spirorbiform microconchid
fossils have been found in freshwater, brackish, and hypersaline depositional enviroments
(Dreesen and Jux, 1995; Taylor and Vinn, 2006). Spirorbiform microconchids possess a
tube origin (the first skeletal structure produced by the larva) with a bulb—like enclosure;
post-Jurassic Spirorbis has an open tube origin (Taylor and Vinn, 2006; Vinn and Taylor,
2007). Observations on living Spirorbis reveal that the organism is not attached to its
shell by an organic layer, and creates its shell by secreting a “paste” containing calcite or
aragonite. Observations of corresponding characteristics of spirorbiform microconchid
fossils (primarily the lamellar shell layers) indicate (when compared to living
brachiopods, bryozoans, and mollusks) that the organism would have been attached to the
shell by an organic layer that was responsible for secretion of the shell (Taylor and Vinn,
2006). All of these observations led Taylor and Vinn (2006) to declare all pne-
Cretaceous spirorbiforms to be microconchids, and to remove all such organisms fi'om
the genus Spirorbis and place them in the genus Microconchus until each taxon could be
studied further.

Due to the remarkable convergence in external shell morphology between the
Microconchida and Spirorbis, attempts at determining the taxonomic affinities of
microconchids focus on the microstructure of the shell. As noted earlier, the tube origin
of a microconchid features a bulb-like structure, which differs from the open-ended tube

origin of Spirorbis, but is similar to the protoecium of stenolaemate bryozoans (Nielsen,

1970). The lamellar skeletal microstructures are also similar to bryozoans and articulate
brachiopods (Taylor and Vinn, 2006). Microconchids also possess a pseudopunctate or
punctate shell structure, a characteristic that distinguishes them from mollusks but groups
them with the lophophorates (V inn, 2006). Another characteristic that separates them
from mollusks lies in the cementing of the initial skeletal chamber to the substrate:
mollusks are not cemented, microconchids are. Each of these microstructural characters
is also shared with the comulitids and certain tentaculitids, strengthening Weedon’s
(1991) case for placing the microconchids in the Class Tentaculita. Microconchids are,
however, distinguished from comulitids and tentaculitids by the direction of the
deflection of the lamellae where pseudopunctae or punctae occur (Vinn, 2006). In
microconchids, this deflection is towards the shell exterior, while deflection in comulitids
and tentaculitids is towards the shell interior.

Microconchids range from the Ordovician to the Late Bathonian of the Middle
Jurassic (W eedon, 1990; Weedon, 1991; Taylor and Vinn, 2006; Vinn, 2006; Vinn and
Taylor, 2007). The total tube diameter ranges from <1 mm to >3 mm (Taylor and Vinn,
2006). Microconchid shells can spiral in both a clockwise and a counter—clockwise
direction, but the direction of spiral is constant within a species (Taylor and Vinn, 2006;
Vinn, 2006; Vinn and Taylor, 2007). Whorls start out tightly coiled; in some genera, the
whorls uncoil as the organism grows or encounters obstacles (Taylor and Vinn, 2006;
Vinn, 2006). Thus far, no clear correlation between geologic age and morphological
variation has been noted.

In addition to rocks or hardground (Dreesen and J ux, 1995), microconchids used

brachiopods, bivalves, trilobites, and marine and terrestrial plants (Kesling and Chilman,

1978; Pitrat and Rogers, 1978; Sparks et al., 1980; Alvarez and Taylor, 1987; Bordeaux
and Brett, 1990; Taylor and Vinn, 2006) as a hard substrate. Microconchids were also
noted to have inhabited the (presumably) sheltered undersides of stromatoporoids,
tabulate coral colonies, and ledges, possibly as a response to turbulent environments
(Taylor, 1979; Palmer and Fursich, 1981; Dreesen and Jux, 1995; Taylor and Vinn, 2006;
Vinn, 2006), sometimes as dense clusters containing both juvenile and adult organisms
(N ield, 1986; Dreesen and Jux, 1995; Taylor and Vinn, 2006). Because microconchids
grew attached to a substrate, they were vulnerable to overgrowth by other encrusting
organisms. To combat this overgrowth, certain species of microconchids assumed an
erect mode of growth when encountering obstacles (Taylor and Vinn, 2006).

It is unknown why the microconchids went extinct in the Middle Jurassic only to
have their niche and general morphology filled by Spirorbis and other tubeworms in the
Cretaceous (Taylor and Vinn, 2006; Vinn and Taylor, 2007). As there is no overlap in
the ranges of these two groups, it is possible that the extinction of the microconchids

opened ecospace that Spirorbis then filled.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials

The brachiopods used in this study consist of 200 specimens of Strophodonta.
demissa Hall 1857 (other authors have mistakenly called this genus “Strapheodonta”
Hall, 1852 [nomen vanum]; Muir-Wood and Williams [1965]) collected fi'om the Potter
Farm Member (Traverse Group) at a field locality near Alpena, Michigan, and 226
specimens of Mucrospirifer sp. from the Widder Formation (Hamilton Group) of Arkona,
Ontario, Canada. The S. demissa specimens have been reposited in the University of
Michigan Museum of Paleontology (UMMP); the Mucrospirifer sp. specimens are part of
the Michigan State University (MSU) invertebrate paleontology collection.

The field collected specimens were prepared by washing with water, using a soft
brush to remove any loose sediment. Specimens requiring additional preparation were
immersed in a water and detergent solution and subjected to treatment in an ultrasonic
cleaner. After treatment, a dental pick was used to remove additional sediment and
debris.

Specimen measurements were made using a pair of digital calipers with a
resolution of 0.01 mm. Microconchids were examined with a Nikon binocular
microscope under magnifications of 8x to 50x. Photographs were taken using a Nikon

Coolpix 4300 digital camera with a resolution of 4.0 megapixels.

Field Locality
The field locality is an exposure of the Middle Devonian (Givetian) Potter Farm
Member located approximately 1.5 miles west of the center of Alpena, MI. The Potter

Farm Member is described as consisting “mostly of argillaceous and calcareous

limestone, with some thin beds of gray shale” (Imbrie, 1959) and “blue to gray shale
alternating with crinoidal sublithographic or argillaceous limestones of small lateral
extent” (Warthin and Cooper, 1935). The exposure at this locality consisted of gray
shale, weathering to light brown, with lenses of calcareous limestone present. Additional

information on the field locality is given in Appendix A.

Statistical Analysis

I specifically noted microconchid maximum shell coil diameter, microconchid
shell aperture opening direction (relative to the brachiopod), the brachiopod valve on
which the microconchid occurs, the location of the microconchid occurrence on the
brachiopod valve (using a brachiopod area map [Figure 3] modeled after Sparks, 1980),
and position of microconchids relative to shell ornamentation (microtopography) (Figure
4). Microtopographic categories on the brachiopod shell include: ridge of costae, groove
of costae, side of costae (not definitely lying on either the ridge or groove), hinge,
unknown (indeterminate due to weathering of the brachiopod valve), and “interior”
(microconchids occurring on the interior surface of the valve). For Mucrospirifer sp.,
additional categories were added for the fold, sulcus, growth lines (referring to the area of
growth lines near the beak), a combination of fold and growth lines, and a combination of
sulcus and grth lines. Length, width, and height of each brachiopod specimen (both

those with and those without Microconchus) were also recorded.

 

 

8 9

Figure 3 ~ Brachiopod region map used in this study.

R

G

Figure 4 — Illustration showing the microtopographic locations used in this study. R = “ridge”; G =
“groove”. A “side” location would lie anywhere in between R and G.

Microconchid Location Analysis

In order to determine whether microconchid occurrence on the brachiopod shell is
random or non-random (normal), a chi-square analysis was performed on microconchid
occurrences in nine regions of the brachiopod shell on both the spiriferids and the
strophodontids. A second chi-square analysis was performed on microconchid
occurrences on the shell microtopography of both the spiriferids and the strophodontids.
PAST (PAleontological STatistics software package for education and data analysis;

Hammer et al, 2001) was used to perform the chi-square analysis.

Nearest Neighbor Analysis
The twelve S. demissa specimens that had the highest concentrations of
microconchids on a single valve were selected for nearest neighbor analysis (Sinclair,

1985; Davis, 1986). These specimens are listed in Appendix B. Each valve surface to be

10

analyzed was digitally photographed. The photographs were then loaded into tpsDig (a
digitizing software; Rohlf, 2005). Two sets of coordinates for each surface (for a total of
24 sets) were generated by placing landmarks on the image. The first set of landmarks
was placed on the approximate center of each microconchid shell. Using the assumption
that the center of the shell represented the organism’s original larval settling position, a
nearest neighbor analysis would determine if larval settling patterns were influenced by
the presence of other microconchids. The second set of landmarks was placed in the
center of the aperture of each Shell; this was compared with the previous nearest neighbor
data to determine if there was a preferential aperture opening distance between
microconchids, or if aperture opening distance was largely determined by original larval
settling position. The coordinates generated are listed in Appendix C. Each set of
coordinates was then loaded into PAST, and subjected to the “nearest neighbour (2D

points)” function.

Water F low Pattern Analysis

The same twelve S. demissa specimens (Appendix B) were also analyzed in order
to investigate the possibility that water flow patterns affected microconchid settling
patterns. Each digital image was opened in Adobe Photoshop 7.0 (Adobe Systems
Incorporated, 2002). The “measure tool” was used to determine the angle of the aperture
opening of each microconchid shell. Due to a difference in coordinate system between
tpsDig and Photoshop, the measured angles were adjusted so that the hingeline of the
brachiopod was 0°. The resulting list of angles for each specimen (found in Appendix D)

was then opened in PAST and subjected to the “directions” analysis.

11

RESULTS
A complete table of all brachiopod specimen measurements can be found in
Appendix E. A complete table of all microconchid occurrence data, including diameter,
valve region, microtopographic data, and orientation can be found in Appendix F. Table

1 gives a summary of specimen dimensions and microconchid abundance.

Table 1 — Summary of raw specimen data, including specimen dimensions and microconchid abundance.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

sp.

Number of specimens 226 200
Number of specimens with microconchids 41 189
Percentage of specimens with microconchids 18.14% 94.50%
Number of microconchids 261 1361
Average microconchids per specimen (total) 1.154 6.805
Average microconchids per specimen (only 6 36 7 20
specimens with microconchids) ' '

Average specimen length (mm) 31.2320 18.1 155
Average specimen width (mm) 17.3358 13.9656
Average specimen depth (m) 11.7331 4.1560
Average microconchid diameter (mm) 1.255 1.275
Maximum microconchid diameter (mm) 2.54 3.33
Minimum microconchid diameter (mm) 0.27 0.3

 

 

 

 

A greater percentage of S. demissa specimens possessed at least one

microconchid; however, when considering only those specimens of both species that

possessed microconchids, the average number of microconchids per specimen was

similar. F- and T—test analysis of these occurrence values was performed in PAST. The

F-test for same variance yielded a p (same variance) of0.023161, which does not reject

the null hypothesis of unequal variances at p > 0.5. However, it does reject the null

hypothesis at p > 0.1. PAST performs two types of T-test for same mean: standard T-test

and unequal variance T-test. The T-tests yield p of 0.41473 and 0.49185, respectively.

Thus, both results do not reject the null hypothesis of same means at p > 0.1.

12

 

Additionally, the average diameter of the microconchids was nearly identical between the

two genera.

Microconchid Location Analysis

A summary of the microconchid regional count totals is given in Tables 2 and 3.
On the S. demissa specimens, the highest number of microconchids occurs in regions 3,
4, 5 and 6 for the overall tally, the external brachial valve surface, the external pedicle
valve surface, and the interior brachial valve surface. The interior pedicle valve surface
only had 14 total microconchid occurrences; thus it is difficult to see any patterns in
occurrences. On the Mucrospirifer sp. specimens, the greatest number of occm'rences is
in regions 2, 3, and 6, which correspondito the broad regions on either side of the fold or
sulcus.

Table 2 -— Occurrences of microconchids on the Strophodonta specimens. Counts broken down by valve

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

region.

Valve All surfaces Brachial - Exterior Pedicle - Exterior
Region Count % Count % Count %
1 21 1.54 3 1.00 18 1.89
2 90 6.61 37 12.37 45 4.74
3 394 28.95 83 27.76 286 30.1 1
4 172 12.64 22 7.36 133 14.00
5 180 13.23 23 7.69 135 14.21
6 357 26.23 87 29.10 244 25.68
7 87 6.39 28 9.36 ' 50 5.26
8 22 1.62 4 1.34 17 1.79
9 38 2.79 12 4.01 22 2.32
Total 1361 100.00 299 100.00 950 100.00

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

13

Table 2 (cont’d)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Valve Brachial — Interior Pedicle — Interior
Region Count % Count %
1 0 0.00 0 0.00
2 4 4.08 4 28.57
3 24 24.49 1 7.14
4 17 17.35 0 0.00
5 20 20.41 2 14.29
6 24 24.49 2 14.29
7 4 4.08 5 35.71
8 1 1.02 0 0.00
9 4 4.08 0 0.00
Total 98 100.00 14 100.00

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 3 — Occurrences of microconchids on the Mucrospirifer sp. specimens. Counts broken down by
valve region.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Valve All Surfaces Brachial - Exterior Pedicle - Exterior
Region Count % Count % Count %
1 5 1.92 l 0.76 4 3.10
2 34 13.03 18 13.64 16 12.40
3 65 24.90 32 24.24 33 25.58
4 18 6.90 9 6.82 9 6.98
5 18 6.90 6 4.55 12 9.30
6 84 32.18 44 33.33 40 31.01
7 12 4.60 8 6.06 4 3.10
8 11 4.21 7 5.30 4 3.10
9 14 5.36 7 5.30 7 5.43
Total 261 100.00 132 100.00 129 100.00

 

 

The results of the chi square analysis of regional distribution are given in Table 4.
The following pairs of datasets were compared: S. demissa total occurrences and
Mucrospirifer sp. total occurrences; Mucrospirifer sp. pedicle occurrences and
Mucrospirifer sp. brachial occurrences. In addition comparisons were made between
each S. demissa valve surface and every other S. demissa valve surface. Due to the
disparity of raw count numbers between the various valves, relative percent values were

used in this analysis.

14

Table 4 — Results of chi square analyses for shell region data.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

S. demissa vs Mucrospirifer sp.:
Mucrospirifer Pedicle vs Brachial
sp.
Chi Square 8.9851 4.7775
p (same) 0.34355 0.78107
S. demissa Pedicle vs. Pedicle Interior vs. Pedicle vs.
Brachial Brachial Interior Brachial Interior
Chi Square 9.6726 79.239 4.8854
p (same) 0.28876 0.000 0.76975
S. demissa Brachial vs. Pedicle vs. Brachial vs.
Pedicle Interior Pedicle Interior Brachial Interior
Chi Square 54.741 77.12 17.701
p (same) 0.000 0.000 0.023584

 

 

 

 

 

 

The null hypothesis used in each analysis was that the distributions of
microconchids on the brachiopod valves are the same. The chi square analysis shows a
high probability of similar area distributions between the S. demissa and Mucrospirifer
sp. specimens when considering all surfaces. When comparing occurrences between
pedicle and brachial valve outer surfaces, both the S. demissa and the Mucrospirifer sp.
specimens yielded p (same) > 0.1, so the null hypothesis is not rejected. Among the S.
demissa valve surfaces, each comparison involving the interior surface of the pedicle
valve gave p (same) < 0.01, allowing me to reject the null hypothesis. The comparison
between the brachial outer surface and the brachial valve inner surface gave p (same) >
0.01, thus rejecting the null hypothesis.

The results of the microconchid microtopographic location analysis are given in
Tables 5, 6, 7, and 8. For both the S. demissa specimens and the Mucrospirifer sp.

specimens, chi square analyses gave a p (normal) = 0, indicating a non-equal distribution

15

across microtopographic categories. Both comparisons between pedicle and brachial

valve outer surfaces for each set of specimens gave a p (same) > 0.1.

Table 5 -— Occurrence of microconchids by microtopographic category

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Micro topographic Mucrospirifer S. demissa
category sp. specrmens specrmens
Count % Count %
Groove 130 49.81 706 51.78
Ridge 26 9.96 153 1 1.26
Side 18 6.90 156 11.56
Hinge 5 1.92 19 1.41
Fold 22 8.43 n/a n/a
Sulcus 30 1 1.49 n/a n/a
Growth Lines 8 3.07 n/a n/a
Sulcus and growth lines 4 1.53 n/a n/a
Fold and growth lines 1 0.38 n/a n/a
Unknown 17 6.51 125 9.26
Interior 0 0.00 202 14.74
Total 261 100.00 1361 100.00
Table 6 — Occurrence of microconchids by microtopographic category (excluding the unknown and interior
categories).
Micro topographic Mucrospirifer S. demissa
category sp. specimens specimens
Count % Count %
Groove 130 53.28 706 68.28
Ridge 26 10.66 153 14.80
Side 18 7.38 156 15.09
Hinge 5 2.05 19 1.84
Fold 22 9.02 n/a n/a
Sulcus 30 12.30 n/a n/a
Growth Lines 8 3.28 n/a n/a
Sulcus and growth lines 4 1.64 n/a n/a
Fold and growth lines 1 0.41 n/a n/a
Total 244 100.00 1034 100.00

 

 

 

 

 

 

l6

 

Table 7 — Occurrence of microconchids by microtopographic category (excluding the unknown and interior

categories). Counts broken down by valve surface.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mucrospirifer sp. Mucrospirifer sp.

Microtopographic specimens — specimens —
category pedicle valve brachial valve

Count % Count %
Groove 64 54.24 66 52.38
Ridge 15 12.71 11 8.73
Side 11 9.32 7 5.56
Hinge 1 0.85 4 3.17
Fold 24 20.34 0 0.00
Sulcus 0 0.00 28 22.22
Growth lines 2 1.69 6 4.76
Sulcus and
growth lines 0 0.00 4 3.17
F?“ and gmwm 1 0.85 0 0.00
lines
Total 1 18 100.00 126 100.00

S. demissa S. demissa
Microtopographic specimens — specimens —
category pedicle valve brachial valve

Count % Count %
Groove 551 69.05 155 65.68
Ridge 106 13.28 47 19.92
Side 123 15.41 33 13.98
Hinge 18 2.26 1 0.42
Fold n/a n/a n/a n/a
Sulcus n/a n/a n/a n/a
Growth lines n/a n/a n/a n/a
Sulcus and
growth lines n/a n/a n/a n/a
Fold and growth n/a n/a n/a n/a

Ines

Total 798 100.00 236 100.00

 

 

 

 

 

l7

 

Table 8 — Results of chi square analyses for shell microtopographic data. These comparisons do not
include the unknown or interior categories

 

 

 

 

Mucrospirifer S. demissa S. demissa — *Mucrospirifer
sp. specimens specimens Pedicle vs sp. — Pedicle vs
Brachial Brachial
Chi Square 471.205 1080.282 2.7524 5.9639
5 (same) I 0 0 0.4314 0.42725

 

 

 

 

 

*Due to the morphological variances between valves, fold and sulcus were considered the same category;
thus, there were seven options for microtopographic location for the Mucrospirifer sp. brachiopods for this
test.

Nearest Neighbor Analysis

The nearest neighbor function in PAST computes the area of the smallest convex
hull (i.e. closed shape) that would encompass all of the points, the mean density of the
points, the mean distance between points, the expected distance between points, the
probability that the distribution is random, and R — the nearest neighbor statistic. R is
computed by dividing mean distance by expected distance. An R value of 1.0 represents
a completely random distribution of points, R values less than 1.0 represent clustering
(with 0.0 indicating that all points coincide), and R values greater than 1.0 represent
overdispersal (with 2.15 [the maximum possible value] indicating a regular hexagonal
pattern; Davis, 1986). The Donnelly edge correction was applied, as it is the edge
correction best suited for this analysis (Sinclair, 1985). As the coordinates of the points
representing the microconchids were gathered digitally, all distances are measured in
pixels, and areas measured in pixelsz. The results of the nearest neighbor analysis of the
microconchid center points are given in Table 9 and 10, and the results of the nearest

neighbor analysis of the aperture center points are given in Table 11 and 12.

Table 9 — Results of the nearest neighbor analysis for the center coordinates of the pedicle specimens.
Distances and areas are measured in pixels.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen Number UMMP UMMP UMMP UMMP UMMP

74000 73904 73928 73884 73913
# points 28 26 24 20 17
Area of Convex Hull 539,000 949,000 851,000 862,000 511,000
Mean Densit 0.0000520 0.0000274 0.0000282 0.0000232 0.0000333

earest Neighbors:

Mean Distance 99.817 142.98 148.45 146.29 144.27
Eggected Distance 76.207 106.05 106.03 1 16.24 100.18
p (random) 0.004575 0.002269 0.000832 0.047375 0.00217
R value 1.3098 1.3483 1.4 1.2585 1.4401

 

 

 

pecimen Number

of Convex Hull

ean Densi

earest Nei
ean Distance

Distance

random
value

7386

135.2

95.2
0.00644

1.41

389
0.00003

1

214.1
149.6
0.004

73 86
1

43
0.0000153 0.000034 0.000014

142.93

97.45
0.0021
1.4 1.

7391

l

73

1

954

240.
150.5
0.0001

1.5

 

Table 10 — Results of the nearest neighbor analysis for the center coordinates of the brachial interior surface
specimens. Distances and areas are measured in pixels.

pecimen Number

ean Densi

earest Nei

Hull

bors:
Distance
Distance
random
value

7391
1
515

0.0000291

146.6

106

0.01224

1.3

19

73
1
774
0.00001

191.0

131.
0.0033
1.

0.00001

202.3
131.3
0.00098
1.541

 

Using the shell center coordinates, each valve surface analyzed had an R value of
greater than 1.0, indicating some degree of overdispersion. With the exception of the
external pedicle valve surface of UMP 73 884 and the internal brachial valve surface of
UMMP 73916, each had a p (random) < 0.01. The two excepted surfaces had p (random)
< 0.05.

Table 11 — Results of the nearest neighbor analysis for the aperture coordinates of the pedicle specimens.
Distances and areas are measured in pixels.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    

 

           

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen Number UMMP UMMP UMMP UMMP UMMP
74000 73904 73 928 73884 73913

# points 28 26 24 20 17

Area of Convex Hull 500,000 872,000 845,000 833,000 537,000

Mean Densi 0.0000560 0.0000298 0.0000284 0.0000240 .

Nearest Neighbors:

Mean Distance 96.957 108.23 159.71 144.21 133.68
xpected Distance 73.359 101.59 105.44 114.85 102.69
(random) 0.003604 0.56659 1.67 0.050555 0.035561

R value 1.3184 1.0654 1.5147 1.2557 1.3017

 

 

 

pecimen Number

7386 7386 7391 73
1 1 1 1

903 459 955
0.00001 0.000032 0.000014

366,

of Convex
° 0.000041

can

Nei
Distance
Distance 92.
random 0.046941
value 1

121. 207.
143
0.00351

1 .447

 

20

Table 12 - Results of the nearest neighbor analysis for the aperture coordinates of the brachial interior
surface specimens. Distances and areas are measured in pixels.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen Number UMMP UMMP UMMP
73916 73864 74011
# points 15 15 13
Area/Convex Hull 591,000 807,000 652,000
Mean Densit 000002.54 000001.86 000001.99
Nearest Neighbors:
Mean Distance 152.0 197.1 211.5
Expected Distance 113.13 135.29 131.48
(random) 0.023007 0.002844I 0.000214J
R value 1.3442 1.457 1.609

 

 

 

 

 

When analyzed using the aperture center coordinates, each valve surface had an R
value greater than 1.0. This indicates some degree of overdispersion, similar to the
results of the analysis using the shell center coordinates. However, the external pedicle
valve surface of UMMP 73904 had an R value of 1.0654, which is very close to a
completely random distribution. Its p (random) was 0.56659, indicating a high
probability of randomness. This is in contrast to the other valve surfaces analyzed, as the
pedicle valve surface of UMMP 73 884 and UMMP 73913 and the internal brachial valve
surface of UMP 73 865 had p (random) < 0.1, and the remaining valve surfaces had p

(random) < 0.01.

Water Flow Pattern Analysis

The PAST “directions” analysis yields four statistical values: a rose diagram, a
Rayleigh’s spread value (R), a chi square value, and a Rao’s spacing value (U).
Additionally, PAST features an option (“orientations”) that analyzes linear orientations
on a 0-180° scale. Values were generated both with and without the orientations option

enabled. Both sets of rose diagrams were generated with ten directional bins. The

21

diagrams are displayed in Appendix F. The other three values generated, along with
mean angle, are given in Tables 13, 14, 15, and 16. Rayleigh’s spread value is an
indicator of a single preferred direction (Davis, 1986; Hammer and Harper, 2006);
however, Rayleigh’s test is not appropriate for multimodal data. In such cases, Rao’s test
is a better suited test (Levitin and Russell, 1997). The chi square value simply indicates a
non-uniform distribution of directions; it does not distinguish between unimodal and

multimodal (Hammer and Harper, 2006).

Table 13 - Mean angle, Rayleigh’s spread value, chi square value, Rao’s spacing value, and associated p
values for the nine external pedicle valve surfaces. Results are without the orientations option enabled.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen UNflVIP UMMP UMMP UMMP UMMP
Number 74000 73904 73928 73884 73913
Mean 253.78 230.44 267.31 236.26 292.02
R 0.1523 0.1964 0.371 0.2617 0.1291
p (rand) 0.52651 0.37044 0.035063 0.25694 0.75872
Chi"2 4.857 4.462 5 4.4 1.1 18
p (rand) 0.1826 0.2157 0.1718 0.2214 0.7728
Rao's U 182.8 143.5 152 136 117.8
p (rand) 0.00144 0.2123 0.1088 0.355 0.685

Specimen UMMP UMMP UMMP UMMP

Number 73865 73867 73910 73827

Mean 347.44 302.97 229.69 287.21

R 0.2208 0.1579 0.2889 0.391

p (rand) 0.48895 0.69509 0.29067 0.1 1701

Chi"2 2.867 0.7333 3.933 7.143

p (rand) 0.4126 0.8653 0.2688 0.06748

Rao's U 122.2 137.4 100.7 174.7

p (rand) 0.5897 0.3301 0.8881 0.02476

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

22

Table 14 — Mean angle, Rayleigh’s spread value, chi square value, Rao’s spacing value, and associated p
values for the three internal brachial valve surfaces. Results are without the orientations option enabled.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen UMMP UMMP UMMP
Number 73916 73 864 7401 1
Mean 159.71 295.74 287.25
R 0.3033 0.1155 0.3165
p (rand) 0.25538 0.82362 0.277
Chi"2 2.333 2.333 3.923
p (rand) 0.5062 0.5062 0.2699
Rao's U 107 139 137.4
p (rand) 0.8212 0.3048 0.3283

 

 

 

 

 

Of the p (rand) generated from the Rayleigh’s spread values, only the external
pedicle valve surface of UMP 73928 had a p (rand) < 0.1. Upon observing the rose
diagram generated for this specimen (Table 17 or App. P), it is clear that the diagram is
multimodal; thus Rayleigh’s test should be discarded in favor of Rao’s test (which yields
a p (rand) > 0.1). The directional analysis of the external pedicle valve surface of UMMP
74000 yields a rose diagram that strongly displays birnodality (Table 17 or App. F). This
observation is confirmed by the Rao’s U of that specimen, which produces a p (rand) <
0.01. The rose diagram generated for the external pedicle valve surface of UMP 73 827
(Table 17 or App. F) shows strong multimodality, which is reflected in the p (rand) <
0.05 based on Rao’s U. All of the other specimens have p (rand) > 0.1 for each of the

three tests.

23

Table 15 — Mean angle, Rayleigh’s spread value, chi square value, Rao’s spacing value, and associated p
values for the nine external pedicle valve surfaces. Results are with the orientations option enabled.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen UMMP UMMP UMMP UMMP UMMP
Number 74000 73904 73928 73884 73913
Mean 47.009 138.26 145.17 131.2 71.741
R 0.3803 0.2894 0.1639 0.2456 0.2389
p(rand) 0.0161 0.11282 0.52959 0.30307 0.38478
Chi"2 5.429 1.692 1 1.6 2.059
p(rand) 0.143 0.6386 0.8013 0.6594 0.5603
Rao'sU 196.4 135.6 125.8 131.2 119.4
p(rand) 0 0.3631 0.5722 0.4482 0.6574

Specimen UMMP UMMP UMMP UMMP

Number 73865 73867 73910 73827

Mean 20.439 1 14.32 25.809 50.26

R 0.2689 0.1453 0.2688 0.3284

p(rand) 0.34375 0.73494 0.34407 0.22406

Chi"2 3.4 0.2 2.867 4.857

p (rand) 0.334 0.9776 0.4126 0.1826

Rao's U 122.4 155 126.2 177.5

p(rand) 0.5862 0.116 0.5199 0.01958

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 16 — Mean angle, Rayleigh’s spread value, chi square value, Rao’s spacing value, and associated p
values for the three internal brachial valve surfaces. Results are with the orientations option enabled.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen UMMP UMMP UMMP
Number 73916 73864 74011
Mean 47.864 1 1 1.72 89.262
R 0.02176 0.4545 0.1053
p(rand) 0.99316 0.042414 0.87015
Chi"2 1.8 7.667 2.692
p (rand) 0.6149 0.5343 0.4415
Rao's U 118.8 159.4 137.9
p (rand) 0.6477 0.08432 0.3211

 

The direction analysis with the orientations option enabled produced values that
were mostly similar to the values produced by the non-orientation enabled analysis. The
orientation enabled analysis of the internal brachial valve surface of UMMP 73864
produced a rose diagram with an apparent bimodal distribution (Table 17 or App. P),
which is supported by a Rao’s p (rand) < 0.1. This is in contradiction to the non-

orientation enabled analysis, which produced a Rao’s p (rand) > 0.3.

24

Table 17 — Rose diagrams for selected specimen surfaces. A complete table of all rose diagrams generated

 

is given in Appendix F.
Specimen Valve Rose diagram without Rose diagram with
surface orientation adjustment orientation adjustment

 

UMMP Pedicle
74000 external

 

UMMP Pedicle
73928 external

 

UMMP Pedicle
73827 external

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

25

Table 17 con’t — Rose diagrams for selected specimen surfaces. A complete table of all rose diagrams
generated is given in Appendix F.

 

UMMP Brachial
73 864 internal

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A rose diagram was produced based on the compiled data of all nine external
pedicle valve surfaces (Figure 5). This diagram shows strong modality towards the lower
left, with other “spikes” towards the upper left and upper right (with the hinge of the

brachiopod running from upper left to upper right).

 

Figure 5 — Rose diagram based on the compiled data of all nine external pedicle valve surfaces.
Another rose diagram (Figure 6) was generated based on the aperture orientation
of twelve microconchid specimens located along the commissure of the nine external

pedicle valve surfaces. It shows a strong unimodality towards the lower left.

 

Figure 6 — Rose diagram of aperture orientation vectors based on twelve microconchids located along the
commissure of the nine external pedicle valve surfaces.

26

DISCUSSION
Microconchid Abundance

Based on the summary of microconchid occurrences (Table 1), it is apparent that
there is a higher percentage of S. demissa individuals encrusted with microconchids, even
though the average Mucrospirifer sp. surface area is larger than the average of S.
demissa. However, when considering only those specimens that had microconchids, the
average number of microconchids was similar (6.36 per Mucrospirifer sp. and 7.20 per S.
demissa).

Sparks et a1. (1980) performed an analysis of all epizoans occurring on 582
specimens of the brachiopod Paraspirifier bownockeri collected from the Middle
Devonian Silica Formation of Ohio. They noted only three total occurrences of
microconchids on these specimens, and observed that microconchids occurred on
bryozoans, corals, other brachiopods, trilobites, and bivalves collected from the same
area. Hoare and Steller (1967), in a study of3105 specimens of Paraspirifer,
Strophodonta, Megastrophia, Protoleptostrophia, Spinocyrtia, and Brachyspirifer, all
also from the Middle Devonian Silica Formation of Ohio, made no mention of observing
even a single specimen of a microconchid. In contrast; Kesling and Chilman (1978)
noted that microconchids were quite common in certain units of the Silica Formation, and
that large numbers were found attached to specimens of Paraspirifer, other spiriferids,
and strophodontids.

In a study of the Spiriferid brachiopods of the Traverse Group of Michigan (of
which the Potter Farm Member is a part), Pitrat and Rogers (1978) examined 280

Spinocyrtia brachiopod collected fi'om the Norway Point Formation in Alpena County.

27

They noted a total of 77 microconchids occurring on 59 of the 280 specimens. This is an
average of 1.3 microconchids per shell — less than what was observed on either group I
analyzed. Pitrat and Rogers did not note a biological reason for microconchids
occurrence. As they observed no “clustering” or preferred orientation among the
microconchids, they postulated that the brachiopods may have simply provided a hard
substrate for the microconchids.

In a study of Middle Devonian brachiopods of the Hamilton Group of New York,
Bordeaux and Brett (1990) noted occurrences of microconchids on 150 brachiopods out
of a group of 2,500 specimens spread across 17 brachiopod species. While they did not
give detailed occurrence data, they did note that the microconchids preferred hosts with
shallow costae as opposed to those with more angular and deeper costae. General shell
morphology did not appear to play a major role in microconchids occurrence. Their
findings are in agreement with similar observations made by Hurst (1974).

None of these studies report microconchid concentrations as high as those I
observed in the S. demissa specimens collected fiom the Potter Farm Member. Aside
from the S. demissa, I also observed microconchids occurring on bryozoans, gastropods,
corals, and crinoids. The difference in concentrations may be due to environmental

factors, such as water depth (Smrecak and Brett, 2008), turbidity, or current distribution.

Comparisons

When observing the distribution of microconchid occurrences on the brachiopod
valves, there are a few differences between the two genera (Figure 7). A higher
percentage of microconchids occurs in regions 4 and 5 of S. demissa than in the same

regions of Mucrospirifer sp. In Mucrospirifiar sp., these two regions compose the fold or

28

sulcus; in S. demissa these regions are not topographically differentiated from regions 3
and 6. However, for both genera, the peak occurrences of microconchids are in the
regions that are adjacent to the central portion of the valve (regions 3 and 6). The chi
square comparisons between the total occurrences on the two genera did not reveal any
significant differences. Most brachiopods have lateral inhalant currents and a medial
exhalant current (Rudwick, 1970; LaBarbera, 1977). If microconchids relied on these
currents to bring them nutrition, I would expect to find a higher distribution of
microconchids on the lateral edges of the brachiopods. My data, however, do not reflect
this. Instead, they seems to more closely fit Hurst’s (1974) conclusions that

microconchids are not reliant on the brachiopod’s inhalant or exhalant currents.

 

Microconchid Occurrences

w
m
j‘.

I

l

 

N N (a)
O 01 O
I

Ell/lucrOSpirifer I
!,.S!r°Ph9d°nta;

.a
0

Percent of Microconchids
or a

 

 

 

O

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Valve Region

 

 

 

Figure 7 — Comparison of the percent of total microconchid occurrence in each valve region for both
genera

29

Microconchids and Microtopography of Brachiopod Shells

' The microtopographic data, on the other hand, show a high degree of preference
for grooves over all other possible locations. This preference is most pronounced in the
strophodontids. This distinct preference for grooves may explain the difference between
the two species in microconchid occurrences in valve regions 4 and 5, as the spiriferids
have the fold and sulcus in this region, while strophodontids have a more uniform
surface. The preference for grooves extends across both the external pedicle valve
surface and the external brachial valve surface of both genera. This marked preference
could indicate that microconchid larva would attempt to settle in a more “sheltered” area.
This type of larval settling behavior on a larger scale (i.e. under rock ledges, coral, or
bryozoan colonies) has been noted in other occurrences of microconchids (Bordeaux and
Brett, 1990; Dreesen and Jux, 1995; Taylor and Vinn, 2006), and has also been observed
in the behavior of living Spirorbis (Saunders and Council, 2001). However, simply being
“sheltered” does not automatically mean that an area would be preferred by
microconchids, as evidenced by Bordeaux and Brett (1990) finding that microconchids

did not settle in “deeper” costae of specific brachiopod morphologies.

Nearest Neighbor Analysis

Because it appears that the larval microconchids may have had at least
some control over their final settling location, it follows that they would have some
control over where they settled with respect to other pro-existing microconchids. Both
nearest neighbor analyses indicated that there was some degree of overdispersion in the
locations of microconchids on the individual valves. However, there were many

observed instances where two (or more) microconchid shells were adjacent to each other.

30

The results of the nearest neighbor analysis are in contrast to other observations (Figure
8). Clustering of microconchids has been noted in other studies (N ield, 1986; Dreesen
and Jux, 1995; Taylor and Vinn, 2006). If the microconchid larva preferred sheltered
areas, it is possible that being adjacent to a large pre-existing microconchid shell could
provide a similar sheltering effect as the brachiopod shell costae. Alternatively, Nield
(1986) postulated that microconchid larva could have used the presence or absence of
mature microconchids as a guide to settling environment. It is possible that my results
differ because of my methodology. Due to the limitations of the software, the nearest
neighbor analysis was based on single pixels representing the entirety of a microconchid.
In reality of course, microconchids are much larger than a single pixel. A better analysis
could be performed if some way were found to treat the entire microconchid shell as a
single point with a diameter and a circumference. At present, I do not know of a way to

accomplish this.

31

 

Figure 8 - Images showing clustering of microconchids on a S. demissa. Top image is unaltered digital
photograph; bottom image has microconchids circled to illustrate clustering.

Water Flow Pattern Analysis

The water flow pattern analysis based on microconchid aperture orientation
produced a wide range of results. Some valves showed a bimodal distribution, others a
multimodal distribution. Because there is such variation from brachiopod to brachiopod,
it is possible that the distribution is dictated by outside currents. The brachiopods were
not collected in situ, so there is no way to know whether they were all oriented in certain
directions or not. As microconchids grow in a helical pattern, the aperture orientation of
each individual changes throughout its life. It is also impossible to determine whether the
microconchids present on the brachiopod shell were living or dead at the time of

preservation; thus, the apparent orientations may not represent life orientations. The

32

small sample size (twelve valve surfaces) also may not be a complete representation of

the population.

Microconchus and Spiriferid Autecology

In addition to microconchid autecology, this study can provide some insight into
the life positions of the two genera of brachiopods. Sparks et a1. (1980) and Alexander
(1986) used epizoan occurrence patterns to postulate possible life positions for several
brachiopod genera. Similarly, Hurst (1974) and Bordeaux and Brett (1990) used epibiont
abundance data to determine degree of valve exposure. For example, a 1:1 ratio of
epibiont occurrence between pedicle and brachial valves would indicate an equal
exposure of the valves to currents. In a brachiopod genus with a biconvex shell
morphology (like Mucrospirifer sp.), an equal exposure of the valves would mean that
the brachiopod rested on its hinge in life position. The specimens of Mucrospirifer sp. 1
Observed had a 1:107 ratio between pedicle and brachial valves, with similar ratios
between the corresponding regions of each valve. Following Hurst and Bordeaux and
Brett, it would appear that Mucrospirifer sp. rested on its hinge while it was alive. This
life position echoes findings by Richards (1972), Alexander (1984), and Spjeldnaes
(1984), all of whom proposed equally or near-equally biconvex brachiopods as living

with the commissure vertical or nearly vertical to the substrate.

Microconchus and Strophodontid Autecology
The strophodontids have a concavo-convex morphology, and a 1:3.18 ratio of
microconchid occurrence between the brachial and pedicle valves. In concavo-convex

morphologies, Bordeaux and Brett (1990) found a greater frequency of encrustation on

33

the convex valve, and that most epibiont occurrences on the brachial (concave) valve
were along the commissure. In S. demissa, the convex valve is the pedicle valve, which
has a higher frequency of microconchid occurrence in my study, agreeing with Bordeaux
and Brett (1990). However, the microconchid occurrences along the commissure of the
brachial (concave) valve of S. demissa in my study compose only 27% of the total
microconchid occurrences on the brachial valve. This is in contrast to Bordeaux and
Brett. Based on the brachialzpedicle ratio, it would appear that the pedicle valve of S.
demissa was more exposed while the brachiopod was alive. It is possible that the
quantity of microconchids I observed on the brachial valve Of S. demissa are
microconchids that grew after the S. demissa had died. This would explain the apparent
disparity between my findings and those of Bordeaux and Brett.

Alexander (1984) performed current stability tests on concavo-convex brachiopod
shells and found that shells with this morphology are potentially stable in nearly all
orientations, with the only inherently unstable position being the shell oriented
perpendicularly to the substrate and parallel to the prevailing currents. Howevever,
Richards (1972) had previously assigned concavo-convex brachiopods to a life position
convex valve down, with some genera living somewhat infaunally (only the commissure
would protrude above the sediment). Lescinsky (1995), however, refuted Richards
(1972), concluding that concave-convex brachiopods lived with the convex valve up
since this was a “more stable orientation” than convex valve down. Since my
strophodontids were more heavily encrusted on the pedicle (convex) valve and typically

the level of encrustation indicates level of exposure (Hurst, 1974; Bordeaux and Brett,

34

1990), my findings would indicate a strophodontid life position of convex valve up,

which is in agreement with Lescinsky (1995).

Limitations

For the Mucrospirifer sp.s, I am limited to the 235 specimens that are present in
the MSU collection. These specimens were not self-collected, and I do not have access
to any field notes, not am I aware of the specimens’ preparation history. Certain
specimens seem to show a “smoothing” of both fine features of Microconchus and of the
brachiopod shells, leading me to believe that either these shells were exposed to erosion,
or were abraded during the cleaning process (more likely). For the S. demissa specimens,
I am limited to those which were preserved in the sediments, and of those, the one I was
able to collect (i.e., the normal fossil record bias). Thus I am unable to get a complete
picture of the community and environment of which they were originally a part.

The specimens collected from the Alpena field locality were collected primarily
from the surface. They therefore had been exposed to the elements for some period of
time. Theoretically, they would have also been exposed to currents and bioturbation after
the death of the brachiopod but before the initial burial of the shell. It is possible that
additional Microconchus may have been on the shell, but were removed during these
processes. A thin spiral trace with the same size and pattern as Microconchus was noted
on certain shells. Additionally, the brachiopod shells collected were not always
completely intact, thus slightly skewing the shell dimension data.

I used a pair of digital calipers, capable of measuring to the hundredths of mm, to
record my measurements. The Microconchus shell diameters fell within a range of 0.27

to 3.30 mm, with an error range on these measurements of +/- 0.01 mm. Due to their

35

small size, it is possible that a more precise measurement of coil diameter could have
been obtained using a measuring device capable of finer measurements on a smaller scale

(perhaps to thousandths of mm).

Further Work

It would be beneficial to visit other exposures of the Potter Farm Member (see
Appendix A) in order to collect specimens from these localities. The specimens could be
analyzed similarly to this study, and then compared to the results of this study. If the two
sets of results coincide, then it could indicate a widespread abundance of microconchids.
If the results do not coincide, then it could mean that the specimens I collected are a
random anomaly in the overall microconchid distribution. Additionally, more specimens
could be collected from the Alpena exposure of the Potter Farm Member, to add to the
bank of data I have collected herein.

Another interesting direction of study would involve gathering
paleoenvironmental data on the area during the Middle Devonian. If it were possible to
map out the ancient shoreline and/or epiric sea depth, and correlate that data with
microconchid occurrence and abundance data, it may be possible to isolate a specific type
of environment that was conducive to microconchid multiplication. It may also help
explain why I observed a high abundance of microconchids, when other researchers

observed a much lower abundance.

36

CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion:
. In the samples studies, strophodontids are encrusted by Microconchus more often
than spiriferids.
. When considering only those specimens that had microconchids, the average
number of microconchids per specimen was similar between the strophodontids
and the spiriferids.
. The largest single Microconchus occurred on a S. demissa, but the average
Microconchus size was similar between S. demissa and Mucrospirifer sp.
. Strophodontids occurring in the Potter Farm Member have more microconchids
than other literature reports.
. A greater number Of microconchids settled on either side of the center of the
brachiopod valve than settled on the center of the valve or along the commissure.
. Microtopographically, microconchids prefer the grooves of the costae over all
other regions.
. Nearest neighbor analysis shows a tendency away from clustering, but the
presence of clusters belies this, as clustering may have provided a slight degree of
shelter to larvae or may have served as an indicator of a favorable environment.
. There is no preferred orientation of microconchid apertures when considering a
population of brachiopod specimens; however, preferred orientations may be

displayed on single specimens.

37

9. My data support the previously published life position of Mucrospirifer sp.
(resting on the hinge) and Lescinsky’s published life position of S. demissa

(convex valve up).

38

APPENDICES
Appendix A
Additional Description of Field Locality

The exposure is in a drainage ditch on the northwest corner of the intersection of
North Bagley Street and Burkholder Drive, south of the North Bagley Street bridge over
the Thunder Bay River. The vertical height of the ditch is three feet, and the slant height
is seven feet. The ditch is 130 feet long, and trends roughly east-west (100°-270°). The
exposure is located in the NE V4, SE 1/4, Sec. 20, T31N, R8E. Coordinates recorded with
a Magellan Meridian Gold GPSr while receiving strong signals from eight GPS satellites
and two WAAS satellites were N45°04’00.60”, W83°28’20.34” (W G884). The elevation
(determined from a topographic map) of the site is approximately 610 feet above mean

sea level.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 9 —- Locality maps; stars indicate field area. Left: United States map; Right: topographic map of
Alpena field area.

39

 

Figure 10 — Image of field locality, looking west. Field pack at right for scale.

Irnbrie (1959) describes two other exposures of the Potter Farm Member in close
proximity to my field locality: one in the “fields along section line fence,” SE ‘/4, Sec. 20,
T31N, R8E (approximately 0.5 mi west of my locality); and the other as a “pit in
northwest comer of Alpena Cemetery” (now named Evergreen Cemetery), NW V4, SW
1/4, Sec 21, T31N, R8E (approximately 0.2 mi east of my locality). This latter exposure is
also mentioned by Dorr and Eschman (1970). I was unable to locate the

Alpena/Evergreen Cemetery exposure during this study.

40

DOMINANT
LITHOLOGY

OUTCROP NOMENCLATURE

GROUP FORMATION MEMBER

Point Mbr
Thunder Bay Ls Potter Farm Mbr
Norway Point Mbr

Four Mile Dam Mbr

Alpena Ls
Newton Creek Mbr

Traverse Gr
Killians Mbr

Long Lake Ls
Genshaw Mbr

Ferron Point Fm

Rockport Quarry
Bell Sh

 

Figure 11 - Stratigraphic column showing the position of the Potter Farm Member in the Middle Devonian
(Brian). Column taken fi‘om Catacasinos, et a1 (2000).

41

Appendix B
Specimens Used in Nearest Neighbor and Water F low Analyses

Table 18 - Specimen numbers, valve used, and number of microconchids present on the valve for

specimens used in nearest neighbor and water flow analyses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen Number of
Number Valve Microconchids
UMMP 74000 Pedicle - External Surface 28
UMMP 73904 Pedicle — External Surface 26
UMMP 73928 Pedicle — External Surface 24
UMMP 73 884 Pedicle — External Surface 20
UMMP 73913 Pedicle — External Surface 17
UMMP 73 827 Pedicle — External Surface 16
UMMP 73 865 Pedicle — External Surface 15
UMMP 73867 Pedicle — External Surface 15
UMMP 73910 Pedicle — External Surface 15
UMMP 73916 Brachial — Internal Surface 15
UMMP 73 864 Brachial — Internal Surface 15
UMMP 7401 l Brachial — Internal Surface 13

 

42

 

Appendix C
Coordinates Used in Nearest Neighbor and Water Flow Analyses

Table 19 — Microconchid center and aperture center coordinates used in nearest neighbor and water flow
vector analyses.

External Valve
Microconchid
Specimen Center Aperture Center
Number Coordinates Coordinates

X Y X Y
UMMP 74000 720 1300 742 1296
902 1281 877 1281
598 1088 572 1070
1 153 681 1 114
843 1 179 875 1 192
878 1 152 916 1 137
958 1 133 948 1 145
927 1099 918 1 1 10
1039 742 1032

664 988 664
873 655 891
979 8 932
876 875 860
669 909 748
1236 1225 1273
1 197 1 110 1178
1082 1125 1036
1 100 1 135
1081 1335 1 1 10
887 1 184 861
961 1263 936
968 1395 1013

1214 1 1

1 189 1459 1 142
1250 1562 1291
1001 1513 978
819 1592 791

688 1513

UMIVIP 73904 1280 659
1361 696
1425 982
1460 1099

 

43

Table 19 (cont’d).

Pedicle

Specimen Center Aperture Center

Number Coordinates Coordinates
‘X Y' XI Y

UMMP 73904
996 1486 979 1458
922 1221 864 1229
922 1006 865 1070
902 619 888 569
699 351 726 361
1064 495 1030 505
1279 1245 1285 1202
1233 993 1250 1007
1259 905 1294 903
1286 769 1353 794
1 1343 639
1191 531 1248 559
1383 524 1369 522
1360 1020 1326

1568 1213 1578 1189

1725 1226 1715 11
1666 1132 1700 1152
1497 875 1450 869
1566 639 1537 662
1648 813 1674 787
1701 717 1 758
1793 839 1758 853

Uhdhfl373928 581 981 19 961
844 472 791
933

1044 1103 1065
968 1171 1
1095 1255 1048
1239 1388 1292
1265 1281
1408 1191
1 1347
1529 1235
1502 1062
1316 993
141 872

 

Specimen
Number

UMMP 73928

UMMP 73 884

UMMP 73913

Table 19 (cont’d).

Center

Coordinates

X

45

Y

803
662
458
367
162
270
640
731
859
732

1386
1172
1133

912

563
734
536
592
417
1
1047
485
373
91 1
981

Valve

Aperture Center

Coordinates
X

1165
1072
1191
1141

Y

 

Table 19 (cont’d).

Vdve

Specimen Center Aperture Center
Number Coordinates Coordinates
‘X Y' XL Y
UhthP 13
984 1219 934
1002 1353 1045
811 1218 840
709 1298 71
531 1223 505
1309 463
366 1200 347
240 1082 222
590 1466 632
911 1595 931
772 1572 823
626 1560 615

Uhflyfi’73865 522 698 475
560 864 573
1169
874 938 902
971 1052 975
1264 1049 1243

1256 1281
924 1197
1016 1194

11
1535 1135
1626 1184

1312
1574 1064
1548 1030

IJhdth'73867 358 1144
932

 

46

Table 19(cont’d).

External Pedicle Valve

Specimen Center Aperture Center
Number Coordinates Coordinates
X Y X Y
UMMP 73867
1101 1412 1074 1386
1248 1220 1248 1220
1364 1113 1389 1131
1758 989 1718 961
l 180 487 1 158 541
1296 175 1301 229
1531 255 1508 17
736 1204 695 1216
913 1215 958 1208
818 1061 831 1085
950 1002 973 992
923 913 942 895
738 762 744 750
837 603 844 591
1058 889
1257 1233 1256

1222 1217 1047
1091 1106 724
1214 1214 711
1261 1243

1

 

47

Table I9 (cont’d).
Internal Brachial Valve

Specimen Center Aperture Center
Number Coordinates Coordinates
Y X
UMMP 73916 1286 687
1 197 1031
1328 976

UMMP 73 864

UMMP 7401 1

 

48

Table 19 (cont’d).

Brachial

Specimen Center Aperture Center
Number Coordinates Coordinates
‘Y IX 'Y
UMMP 74011

384 1172 372
1193 1 11
859 1 898
679 690
856 845

605 899

 

49

Appendix D
Aperture Orientation Angles

Table 20 — Aperture orientation angles used in water flow vector analysis

 

External Pedicle Valve Surfaces

 

Specimen UMMP UMMP UMMP UMMP UMMP UMIVIP
Number 74000 73904 73928 73884 73913 73867

 

 

214.6 137.2 176 218.7 209.9 239

 

294.6 310.5 328.7 327.6 343.3 33.9

 

304.6 120.2 138.2 138.2 321.7 140.2

 

235.4 246.4 149 154.2 46.6 230

 

50.9 265.4 297.9 328.6 226.5 296.2

 

221.5 345.8 338.1 137.4 245.1 116.3

 

122 6.9 243.1 194.5 104.5 316.9

 

352.4 250.9 218.1 94.3 76.4 326.3

 

199 4 133.7 312 13.5 25.4 314.4

 

225.5 322.6 225.5 309.2 271 214

 

175.6 239.2 220 139.1 268.3 130.3

 

306.6 174.3 213.5 108.4 310.5 335

 

214.4 143.4 0 297.9 253.9 35.5

 

Apem‘re 125.4 114.2 260.9 287 23-7 79-4

 

Angles 65.1 182.7 128.3 267.6 124.5 252.3

301.4 139 342.4 319.8 112.1
218.7 308.8 333.6 264.6 211.6
33.7 254.1 302.2 204.1
46.8 232.4 269.1 235
293.3 294.1 135.3 213.4
233.5 155.9 314.6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

57.7 311.5 25
47.8 8.1 236.7
211.2 200.6 262.3
45 113.3
254.5 352.5
216.1

 

50

 

Table 20 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

External Pedicle Valve Internal Brachial Valve

- Surfaces Surfaces

Specimen UMMP UMMP UMMP UMMP UMMP UMMP

Number 73865 73910 73827 73916 73864 74011

255.7 357.6 317 221.5 262 56.7

14.2 150 261.5 162.1 300.1 307.2

203.9 129.2 44 53.3 329 197

338.6 174.4 317.4 179.3 207.8 182.5

320.8 214.2 184.1 311.6 92.2 39.4

264.5 228 310.9 214.6 123.9 235.8

193.6 210.2 40.1 69.1 134.1 306.9

me 352 332 250.1 257.6 85.6 305.2

34.9 35.6 232.5 338.4 119.5 257.9

130.1 265.4 240.1 226.6 291.1 111.3

214.2 227.3 45.4 79.3 302.7 358.7

49.2 253.2 2.8 140.5 52.1 248.8

341.6 317.5 216.6 100.7 327.5 304.7
34 53.9 253 168.4 297.1

89.1 202* 129.7 226.5 -

 

 

 

 

51

 

 

 

 

 

 

I r"

APPENDD( E
Brachiopod Specimen Data

Table 21 — Mucrospirifer sp. specimen data

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen Length Width Height Total Number of
Number (mm) (mm) (mm) Microconchids

1 28.97 18.41 16.63 0
2 31.26 19.69 13.47 0
3 31.49 22.37 11.76 0
4 27.34 18.10 11.93 0
5 36.63 21.07 13.70 0
6 30.17 19.22 15.79 0
7 31.01 19.27 13.19 0
8 30.31 19.72 12.92 0
9 27.37 14.84 8.74 0
10 31.01 17.94 11.80 0
11 32.71 17.66 12.65 0
12 30.07 16.06 9.43 0
13 31.08 18.79 12.17 0
14 30.98 16.89 13.45 0
15 28.72 19.35 13.98 0
16 31.31 18.38 13.29 0
17 30.07 20.18 14.60 0
18 32.95 19.25 13.31 0
19 31.59 20.68 13.69 0
20 31.80 20.56 16.37 0
21 29.56 19.08 14.67 0
22 35.34 21.00 15.10 0
23 33.00 20.94 16.29 0
24 28.43 15.08 5.85 0
25 26.50 13.82 5.45 0
26 29.63 14.49 4.78 0
27 24.29 13.04 7.00 0
28 24.52 14.94 8.49 0
29 31.81 14.95 9.65 0
30 35.47 16.50 10.87 0
31 35.99 15.70 9.90 0
32 30.82 15.46 8.11 0

 

 

 

 

52

 

 

Table 21 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen Length Width Height Total Number of
Number (mm) (mm) (mm) Microconchids
33 34.00 15.38 8.93 0
34 35.01 17.42 10.09 0
35 27.49 11.64 8.45 0
36 36.13 18.10 10.18 0
37 35.43 16.32 7.09 0
38 35.24 12.88 5.36 0
39 29.50 13.52 9.69 0
40 32.31 15.67 7.14 0
41 36.32 12.83 8.56 0
42 37.91 18.30 10.03 0
43 33.74 17.45 6.39 3
44 35.86 17.04 7.66 0
45 34.72 18.39 8.27 0
46 40.14 20.02 17.51 0
47 25.14 17.53 11.40 0
48 32.29 13.47 6.75 0
49 32.89 16.15 10.93 0
50 32.13 16.44 13.31 4
51 37.98 19.25 13.45 9
52 32.13 20.05 13.23 3
54 30.54 17.65 14.50 10
55 35.47 21.25 16.55 9
56 29.15 17.42 12.72 34
57 34.54 18.26 13.10 15
58 32.14 15.72 12.86 11
59 31.70 19.40 14.53 24
60 24.24 16.94 12.24 9
61 26.24 13.55 9.02 1
62 26.82 18.51 12.99 4
63 33.28 20.67 12.52 2
64 32.16 22.32 13.09 0
65 29.26 16.56 1 1.87 4
66 33.21 22.51 16.27 1
67 29.87 16.38 13.14 15
68 34.42 19.20 12.96 0

 

 

 

 

 

53

 

Table 21 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen Length Width Height Total Number of
Number (mm) (mm) (mm) Microconchids
69 22.59 12.85 8.58 3
70 25.75 16.43 14.60 11
71 35.29 18.77 12.54 2
72 30.59 17.99 12.93 2
73 15.35 7.90 5.22 0
74 25.24 13.84 8.18 0
75 20.06 12.73 6.65 0
76 29.95 13.72 7.60 0
77 32.37 16.09 7.56 0
78 30.48 12.93 5.66 0
79 31.68 15.44 9.30 0
80 25.18 10.74 7.55 0
81 34.65 15.06 9.00 0
82 29.00 12.96 7.21 0
83 34.06 16.15 11.51 0
84 33.66 15.79 9.71 0
85 31.16 12.70 8.08 0
86 31.29 18.96 12.01 0
87 26.25 17.82 7.10 0
88 33.44 17.46 10.15 0
89 30.60 15.70 8.04 0
90 32.95 14.89 9.39 0
91 28.76 15.60 9.97 0
92 28.23 13.01 8.52 0
93 35.48 14.38 8.35 0
94 24.59 11.22 11.13 0
95 23.80 11.99 5.33 0
96 30.61 16.60 9.98 0
97 34.1 1 17.10 9.98 0
98 38.36 19.75 14.77 0
99 31.87 16.72 12.42 0
100 34.89 19.33 9.21 0
101 39.62 18.08 13.93 0
102 39.24 14.31 10.14 0
103 41.91 15.57 10.36 0

 

 

 

 

 

54

 

Table 21 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen Length Width Height Total Number of
Number (mm) (mm) (mm) Microconchids
104 36.36 18.02 12.39 0
105 34.45 12.66 9.93 0
106 30.60 19.12 12.87 0
107 32.00 17.99 13.83 0
108 35.33 19.11 12.75 0
109 28.50 13.22 8.74 0
110 27.48 15.66 9.96 0
111 27.33 19.09 11.72 0
112 31.24 17.53 12.10 0
113 31.90 19.34 12.91 0
114 37.80 19.34 13.70 0
115 28.89 18.23 14.30 0
116 31.40 18.02 13.57 0
117 27.51 17.41 15.31 1
118 34.85 20.38 13.81 0
119 30.04 18.89 12.92 0
120 30.53 21.66 15.28 0
130 29.18 18.48 14.65 0
131 31.79 19.33 14.03 0
132 31.02 18.43 10.88 0
133 29.18 19.80 13.41 0
134 29.10 18.32 14.48 0
136 29.23 19.09 12.09 0
137 28.24 16.54 11.87 0
138 39.03 18.65 13.39 0
139 32.98 18.92 13.67 0
140 29.26 18.47 15.33 5
141 32.43 19.09 11.39 0
142 34.85 20.16 13.92 0
143 27.71 19.08 13.09 0
144 35.47 20.91 15.43 1
145 31.18 18.30 13.50 0
146 36.44 22.17 16.15 0
147 27.11 17.28 12.84 0
148 31.25 19.16 14.71 0

 

 

 

 

 

55

 

Table 21 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen Length Width Height Total Nmnber of
Number (mm) (mm) (mm) Microconchids
149 29.14 18.93 11.30 0
150 31.94 22.62 16.70 0
151 34.59 18.81 10.91 0
152 29.15 14.67 10.25 0
153 38.45 20.07 14.85 0
154 35.29 19.94 14.40 0
155 39.50 18.89 12.66 0
156 27.18 18.38 14.93 0
157 29.16 16.95 10.92 0
158 29.74 19.52 12.62 0
159 29.90 19.44 13.31 0
160 30.52 18.85 11.74 0
161 28.63 17.70 8.55 0
162 23.71 22.04 15.24 0
163 38.10 18.39 13.54 0
164 30.09 17.46 12.09 0
165 33.07 17.46 12.34 0
166 29.14 16.12 11.35 0
167 27.36 12.68 7.63 0
168 32.72 14.47 8.10 0
169 25.78 16.18 14.75 2
170 29.17 19.73 14.97 0
171 33.29 20.85 14.47 0
171 33.29 20.85 14.47 1
172 28.37 15.23 11.38 0
172 28.37 15.23 11.38 4
173 24.46 19.61 14.92 0
173 24.46 19.61 14.92 2
174 26.55 15.90 9.08 1
175 33.40 20.50 1 1.97 0
176 26.90 19.78 14.84 0
177 29.56 21.52 13.96 0
178 29.40 19.22 13.75 0
179 27.69 18.54 13.18 0
180 26.24 17.94 13.48 0

 

56

 

Table 21 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen Length Width Height Total Number of
Number (mm) (mm) (mm) Microconchids
181 31.83 17.97 13.89 0
182 32.89 20.48 14.39 0
183 32.94 20.90 14.68 0
183 32.94 20.90 14.68 3
184 34.32 20.50 15.57 0
185 32.12 17.19 10.24 0
186 30.35 18.93 13.37 0
187 26.82 12.60 7.78 0
188 27.49 20.00 12.63 0
189 33.27 17.46 12.53 0
190 33.99 18.10 12.76 0
191 27.68 14.64 11.90 0
192 27.69 16.34 12.24 0
193 30.72 15.96 1 1.25 0
194 29.58 15.25 11.46 0
195 33.70 15.16 9.42 0
196 25.29 13.18 9.00 0
197 25.73 13.02 8.55 0
198 24.88 14.81 10.34 0
199 27.55 15.15 7.98 0
200 28.13 16.48 11.84 0
201 30.14 18.73 13.88 0
202 25.08 13.81 10.49 0
203 25.77 16.43 11.20 0
204 24.50 13.52 10.23 0
205 32.35 18.22 12.31 0
206 24.94 13.85 10.60 0
207 28.18 15.26 11.01 0
208 28.80 14.76 10.62 0
209 30.19 14.95 11.83 0
210 30.11 16.65 11.17 0
21 1 29.69 17.20 10.18 0
211 29.69 17.20 10.18 1
212 32.12 21.40 15.34 0
212 32.12 21.40 15.34 3

 

 

 

 

 

57

 

Table 21 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen Length Width Height Total Number of
Number (mm) (mm) (mm) Microconchids
213 28.54 17.08 11.01 0
213 28.54 17.08 11.01 5
214 28.26 17.89 13.65 0
214 28.26 17.89 13.65 10
215 28.47 18.73 15.66 0
215 28.47 18.73 15.66 3
216 37.04 19.15 15.52 0
216 37.04 19.15 15.52 2
217 31.67 17.36 13.43 0
217 31.67 17.36 13.43 23
218 28.16 17.97 13.29 0
219 32.88 20.41 11.67 0
220 34.49 19.00 1 1.49 0
221 35.65 21.28 14.83 0
222 27.54 16.61 11.07 0
223 29.37 15.82 11.76 0
224 30.80 18.89 13.36 0
225 33.75 19.26 13.71 0
226 31.74 15.11 10.15 0
227 28.71 18.80 13.86 0
228 51.00 16.17 12.81 0
229 55.54 17.77 12.22 0
230 38.68 15.18 9.64 0
231 43.70 19.14 10.16 0
232 47.40 17.86 8.26 0
233 36.12 13.79 9.66 0
250 32.55 15.84 12.23 13
251 23.45 16.02 13.09 1
252 27.06 20.39 13.90 1
253 32.51 19.03 15.00 3

 

 

 

58

 

Table 22 - Strophodonta demissa specimen data

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen Length Width Height Total Number of
Number (mm) (mm) (mm) Microconchids
UMMP 73826 23.22 17.11 4.81 1
UMMP 73827 20.49 17.09 6.54 23
UMMP 73828 19.98 16.77 5.05 14
UMMP 73829 15.81 11.11 2.77 5
UMMP 73830 19.84 16.02 5.90 8
UMMP 73831 21.79 15.94 5.23 9
UMMP 73832 19.28 15.99 2.83 1
UMMP 73833 20.48 17.81 6.98 2
UMMP 73834 13.40 9.94 2.87 1
UMMP 73835 18.56 13.74 2.64 l
UMMP 73836 16.47 14.06 4.63 2
UMMP 73837 13.91 11.04 2.96 6
UMMP 73838 15.38 11.56 2.02 2
UMMP 73839 20.09 14.24 4.20 5
UMMP 73840 19.48 14.41 4.29 8
UMMP 73841 18.29 12.76 3.46 7
UMMP 73842 21.90 17.76 5.53 4
UMMP 73843 16.65 13.24 4.95 11
UMMP 73844 21.26 18.89 7.09 9
UMMP 73845 15.84 11.19 2.64 1
UMMP 73846 19.53 18.59 7.75 1
UMMP 73847 12.98 9.95 2.80 0
UMMP 73848 18.68 16.04 5.64 4
UMMP 73849 19.33 15.27 3.17 11
UMMP 73850 16.68 13.12 3.99 1
UMMP 73851 20.51 15.70 5.26 9
UMMP 73852 23.91 17.71 5.80 11
UMMP 73853 20.03 15.95 5.77 3
UMMP 73854 16.75 11.91 3.57 3
UMMP 73855 22.18 14.64’ 5.71 2
UMMP 73856 16.74 13.89 3.90 10
UMMP 73857 17.52 15.22 5.19 5
UMMP 73858 14.78 11.10 2.84 8

 

 

 

 

 

59

 

Table 22 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen Length Width Height Total Number of
Number (mm) (mm) (mm) Microconchids
UMMP 73859 15.82 11.21 1.56 14
UMMP 73860 18.54 16.11 5.37 9
UMMP 73861 16.24 12.29 2.27 3
UMMP 73862 16.48 11.87 3.17 10
UMMP 73863 13.15 9.03 2.59 4
UMMP 73864 17.28 14.42 2.52 16
UMMP 73865 16.71 12.87 3.04 15
UMMP 73866 19.48 16.03 6.54 6
UMMP 73867 20.13 16.79 5.65 19
UMMP 73868 21.15 18.32 6.57 4
UMMP 73869 16.68 10.66 3.31 8
UMMP 73870 16.92 13.56 3.58 3
UMMP 73871 14.72 11.12 2.61 3
UMMP 73872 18.25 13.09 3.02 2
UMMP 73873 21.15 15.88 5.22 4
UMMP 73874 20.29 15.19 4.86 7
UMMP 73875 14.20 10.98 2.89 12
UMMP 73876 20.72 15.39 4.01 3
UMMP 73877 16.23 11.57 3.19 4
UMMP 73878 17.83 13.46 3.67 10
UMMP 73879 14.08 11.77 3.99 5
UMMP 73880 18.15 17.08 5.19 0
UMMP 73881 15.94 12.25 3.97 12
UMMP 73882 13.28 11.14 3.49 11
UMMP 73883 22.90 14.11 4.14 3
UMMP 73884 19.75 15.88 4.32 21
UMMP 73885 20.12 14.82 4.07 10
UMMP 73886 22.63 15.45 2.92 4
UMMP 73887 20.47 16.68 5.12 7
UMMP 73888 19.54 16.21 4.75 4
UMMP 73889 21.27 12.67 5.05 1
UMMP 73890 22.13 17.30 5.08 11
UMMP 73891 16.31 12.95 5.24 6
UMMP 73892 20.46 15.15 4.68 1
UMMP 73893 19.73 17.27 5.15 2

 

60

 

Table 22 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen Length Width Height Total Number of
Number (mm) (mm) (mm) Microconchids
UMMP 73894 16.04 13.79 4.57 3
UMMP 73895 22.17 16.70 5.71 7
UMMP 73896 8.14 6.58 1.71 2
UMMP 73897 16.97 13.71 3.85 13
UMMP 73898 19.91 12.75 3.51 0
UMMP 73899 10.64 8.18 2.25 0
UMMP 73900 19.39 14.64 2.81 3
UMMP 73901 16.65 14.07 3.70 5
UMMP 73902 8.78 7.29 1.05 3
UMMP 73903 22.22 17.16 5.82 4
UMMP 73904 23.36 15.26 4.83 26
UMMP 73905 21.79 17.98 6.20 6
UMMP 73906 20.55 16.88 5.41 13
UMMP 73907 17.34 14.60 4.78 3
UMMP 73908 20.48 19.06 8.09 11
UMMP 73909 20.69 16.56 5.68 7
UMMP 73910 14.87 10.89 2.99 18
UMMP 73911 20.04 15.55 6.12 10
UMMP 73912 18.89 14.89 4.13 4
UMMP 73913 18.27 14.21 4.13 17
UMMP 73914 14.66 10.89 3.13 4
UMMP 73915 17.57 13.82 4.29 3
UMMP 73916 17.91 13.67 2.91 15
UMMP 73917 12.78 10.19 2.97 8
UMMP 73918 18.21 12.32 4.02 4
UMMP 73919 17.77 12.96 1.95 4
UMMP 73920 19.71 15.04 3.26 2
UMMP 73921 23.30 18.73 6.28 1
UMMP 73922 20.02 16.77 6.04 25
UMMP 73923 20.24 16.46 3.95 3
UMMP 73924 21.43 12.06 6.17 13
UMMP 73925 22.30 16.28 4.32 14
UMMP 73926 21.78 18.47 6.70 8
UMMP 73927 18.62 13.34 4.19 2
UMMP 73928 18.58 15.37 4.96 34

 

61

 

Table 22 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen Length Width Height Total Number of
Number (mm) (mm) (mm) Microconchids
UMMP 73929 17.97 14.37 3.99 13
UMMP 73930 23.17 14.95 5.25 13
UMMP 73931 19.63 14.42 4.68 8
UMMP 73932 19.02 14.91 4.62 7
UMMP 73933 15.35 11.17 2.71 1
UMMP 73934 25.14 17.27 5.91 13
UMMP 73935 15.89 13.02 4.88 9
UMMP 73936 11.25 8.47 2.12 5
UMMP 73937 22.16 16.22 3.07 9
UMMP 73938 17.91 15.01 4.18 1
UMMP 73939 13.31 10.98 2.87 3
UMMP 73940 21.36 16.12 3.77 3
UMMP 73941 15.24 11.31 3.90 4
UMMP 73942 12.86 10.65 2.97 12
UMMP 73943 20.08 13.50 4.23 1
UMMP 73944 19.22 13.00 2.03 9
UMMP 73945 18.13 13.35 4.45 15
UMMP 73946 15.35 11.56 2.65 0
UMMP 73947 19.18 16.26 5.01 6
UMMP 73948 20.65 18.50 6.03 8
UMMP 73949 20.86 13.54 3.45 1
UMMP 73950 23.03 16.67 5.33 4
UMMP 73951 21.15 18.03 6.31 4
UMMP 73952 17.11 12.26 3.62 0
UMMP 73953 25.16 18.27 5.60 3
UMMP 73954 17.54 13.97 3.96 12
UMMP 73955 18.21 16.01 5.67 7
UMMP 73956 17.57 13.79 4.35 0
UMMP 73957 20.14 14.23 4.67 8
UMMP 73958 18.41 13.65 3.42 2
UMMP 73959 18.35 14.00 4.49 13
UMMP 73960 14.91 13.56 4.41 6
UMMP 73961 20.24 15.85 4.60 2
UMMP 73962 18.34 14.47 4.07 5
UMMP 73963 21.09 16.76 6.11 9

 

62

 

Table 22 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen Length Width Height Total Number of
Number (mm) (mm) (mm) Microconchids
UMMP 73964 21.63 17.85 3.37 12
UMMP 73965 22.94 14.97 4.43 15
UMMP 73966 15.03 10.27 2.65 11
UMMP 73967 17.89 13.28 2.69 1
UMMP 73968 21.43 19.69 6.86 11
UMMP 73969 11.42 9.03 2.40 7
UMMP 73970 23.09 16.13 5.20 8
UMMP 73971 18.32 13.46 3.91 3
UMMP 73972 19.13 13.07 3.94 2
UMMP 73973 15.76 12.75 3.60 13
UMMP 73974 17.13 12.33 3.47 13
UMMP 73975 16.38 13.24 4.19 10
UMMP 73976 15.01 10.71 3.03 8
UMMP 73977 17.09 13.93 3.70 6
UMMP 73978 15.52 11.02 3.47 8
UMMP 73979 20.76 13.53 3.89 0
UMMP 73980 17.04 11.22 3.04 8
UMMP 73981 15.07 12.67 3.28 8
UMMP 73982 18.51 15.51 2.76 3
UMMP 73983 17.46 12.84 3.42 3
UMMP 73984 15.38 11.84 3.49 2
UMMP 73985 22.92 17.89 5.49 5
UMMP 73986 16.36 11.69 3.50 12
UMMP 73987 19.06 15.57 3.61 5
UMMP 73988 19.65 15.00 4.70 3
UMMP 73989 19.24 15.23 5.25 12
UMMP 73990 20.88 16.15 6.47 9
UMMP 73991 22.01 16.23 4.95 9
UMMP 73992 18.05 14.84 3.90 7
UMMP 73993 21.39 17.75 6.16 9
UMMP 73994 16.74 12.77 3.70 5
UMMP 73995 16.27 11.62 3.28 6
UMMP 73996 10.80 7.63 2.33 3
UMMP 73997 18.09 14.59 5.00 11
UMMP 73998 18.05 13.33 3.53 5

 

 

 

 

 

63

 

Table 22 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specimen Length Width Height Total Number of
Number (mm) (mm) (mm) Microconchids
UMMP 73999 11.22 9.25 2.79 0
UMMP 74000 22.17 17.18 5.92 33
UMMP 74001 16.81 14.70 5.41 9
UMMP 74002 10.15 6.61 1.64 2
UMMP 74003 19.00 13.59 4.15 11
UMMP 74004 17.21 11.88 3.08 3
UMMP 74005 10.20 8.10 2.23 0
UMMP 74006 10.89 8.71 2.09 3
UMMP 74007 19.13 17.59 6.56 3
UMMP 74008 19.90 17.47 4.88 7
UMMP 74009 13.24 10.71 3.12 3
UMMP 74010 21.12 16.80 3.60 3
UMMP 74011 19.81 15.31 3.31 15
UMMP 74012 18.72 14.27 3.02 0
UMMP 74013 10.95 7.81 2.67 6
UMMP 74014 18.05 13.28 3.96 1
UMMP 74015 20.38 16.53 2.77 10
UMMP 74016 11.35 8.89 2.43 4
UMMP 74017 13.59 10.58 2.62 10
UMMP 74018 19.28 14.11 3.76 3
UMMP 74019 16.56 12.20 3.63 1
UMMP 74020 18.95 15.94 6.02 8
UMMP 74021 17.38 12.82 4.20 3
UMMP 74022 18.43 12.25 3.17 2
UMMP 74023 20.49 17.72 5.55 2
UMMP 74024 18.50 13.12 4.13 8
UMMP 74025 10.59 8.53 2.40 5

 

 

 

 

64

 

APPENDIX F

Microconchid Specimen Data

Table 23 - Microconchid data for specimens occurring on Mucrospirifer sp. P = pedicle valve; B = brachial
valve; P-I = interior surface of pedicle valve; B—I = interior surface of brachial valve; G = groove of costae;
R = ridge of costae; Side = side of costae; ? = unable to determine

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Spec1men No. Brachral Region location

43 2.32 P 3 ?
43 1.83 P 6 G
43 1.68 P 6 G
50 2.09 B 3 G
50 2.02 B 3 R
50 0.74 B 6 G
50 1.45 B 6 G
51 2.18 B 2 G
51 0.94 B 3 G
51 2.08 B 8 Fold
51 2.05 B 9 Fold
51 0.70 B 6 R
51 0.59 B 6 G
51 1.90 B 7 G
51 1.42 B 6 G
51 0.68 B 6 G
52 2.29 P 3 R
52 2.02 P 6 Growth lines
52 1.87 B 3 Side
54 0.95 P 3 G
54 2.43 B 3 G
54 2.22 B 2 G
54 1.78 B 3 G
54 1.29 B 6 Side
54 1.22 B 6 G
54 1.68 B 6 G
54 1.56 B 7 G
54 1.66 B 7 G
54 0.97 B 6 G
55 0.63 P 2 ?
55 0.93 P 3 G

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 23 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specunen No. Brachral Regron locatron
55 0.74 P 3 G
55 0.35 P 3 G
55 1.48 P 4 Sulcus
Sulcus and
55 0.64 P 9 growth lines
55 1.91 P 6 G
55 1.89 P 6 G
55 1.74 B 4 Fold
56 0.56 P 3 R
56 1.60 P 3 G
56 1.53 P 3 G
56 1.49 P 3 G
56 0.87 P 3 G
56 0.66 P 3 R
56 0.81 P 3 G
56 0.41 P 3 G
56 1.64 P 3 G
56 1.02 P 3 G
56 0.34 P 2 G
56 0.72 P 2 G
56 0.49 P 2 R
56 0.57 P 2 G
56 0.27 P 2 G
56 1.19 P 2 R
56 1.41 P 5 Sulcus
56 0.55 P 5 Sulcus
56 1.14 P 5 Sulcus
56 0.57 P 4 Sulcus
56 1.09 P 4 Sulcus
56 1.04 P 9 Sulcus
56 0.57 P 6 G
56 1.77 P 6 Side
56 0.81 P 6 G
56 1.71 P 6 Side
56 1.93 P 7 Side
56 1.90 P 7 Growth lines

 

 

 

 

Ox
0\

 

Table 23 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specimen No. Brachral Regron locatron
56 1.67 P 6 G
56 0.34 P 6 G
56 0.62 P 6 G
56 1.77 P 6 G
56 1.00 P 6 G
56 0.78 P 6 R
57 0.56 P 2 ?
57 1.96 P 3 G
57 1.94 P 3 Side
57 1.87 P 3 G
57 0.70 P 2 R
Sulcus and
57 1.59 P 8 growth lines
Sulcus and
57 1.18 P 9 growth lines
57 1.86 P 6 G
57 0.98 P 6 G
57 2.14 B 3 ?
57 0.90 B 8 F0“ at“ gmw‘h
lmes
57 1.25 B 6 ?
57 1.41 B 6 ?
57 0.87 B 7 ?
57 0.92 B 7 ?
58 1.36 B 3 G
58 0.79 P 1 Hinge
58 1.22 P 1 Hinge
58 0.51 P 3 G
58 1.82 P 2 R
58 1.63 P 2 G
58 0.40 P 4 Sulcus
58 0.80 P 9 Sulcus
58 0.41 P 5 Sulcus
58 1.62 P 6 G
58 0.60 P 6 G
59 0.84 P 3 G

 

ON
\I

 

Table 23 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic

Specimen No. Brachral Regron locatron
59 0.51 P 3 G
59 0.94 P 3 G
59 0.78 P 3 G
59 1 .29 P 5 Sulcus
59 0.42 P 5 Sulcus
59 0.82 P 5 Sulcus
59 1 .08 P 6 G
59 0.90 P 6 G
59 0.95 P 7 Growth lines
59 0.74 P 1 Hinge
59 0.76 P 1 Hinge
59 0.75 B 3 G
59 1.78 B 2 R
59 1 .09 B 2 G
59 0.95 B 3 G
59 1.82 B 3 G
59 1.67 B 4 Fold
59 1 .16 B 4 Fold
59 1 .05 B 9 G
59 1.96 B 9 G
59 1.55 B 6 G
59 0.43 B 9 G
59 0.87 B 6 G
60 1.88 P 6 G
60 1 .85 P 6 G
60 2.16 B 2 ?
60 2.22 B 3 G
60 1 .66 B 2 G
60 1.40 B 6 R
60 1 .64 B 6 G
60 1.74 B 6 ?
60 2.31 B 7 Growth lines
61 1 .58 P 5 Sulcus
62 2.13 B 6 Fold
62 1.43 B 6 G
62 l .81 B 6 R

 

O\
00

 

Table 23 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic

Specrmen No. Brachral Reglon locatron
62 0.93 B 6 G
63 1.25 P 3 R
63 1.93 P 6 G
65 2.42 B 3 ?
65 1.30 B 4 Fold
65 1.21 B 6 G
65 0.52 B 6 G
66 2.02 B 5 Fold
67 0.86 B 2 G
67 1.97 B 2 G
67 1.35 B 2 Side
67 0.79 B 3 R
67 1.64 B 3 G
67 1.99 B 3 R
67 1.98 B 3 Side
67 0.83 B 2 G
67 2.13 B 2 Growth lines
67 1.00 B 8 Sulcus
67 1.60 B 9 Sulcus
67 1.39 B 6 R
67 1.14 B 6 ?
67 1.19 B 7 ?
67 0.80 B 1 Hinge
69 2.28 P 2 Side
69 1.82 P 6 G
69 1.50 B 6 ?
70 1.63 P 2 G
70 0.66 P 3 G
70 0.80 P 3 G
70 0.68 P 3 G
70 1.63 P 4 Sulcus
70 1.00 P 5 Sulcus
70 0.46 P 5 Sulcus
70 0.93 P 6 G
70 1.70 P 6 G
70 0.96 P 6 Side

 

 

O\
\O

 

Table 23 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic

Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
70 1 .64 P 6 G
71 2.12 P 6 Sulcus
71 2.24 B 6 R
72 1 .12 B 8 Fold
72 1 .63 B 5 Fold
1 17 2.01 B 5 Fold
140 1 .08 P 9 Sulcus
140 1 .54 B 9 Fold
140 1.18 B 5 Fold
140 0.64 B 6 G
140 0.85 B 6 G
144 0.86 P 4 Sulcus
169 1 .27 P 6 G
169 2.19 B 3 R
171 1.53 P 3 G
172 0.79 B 3 G
172 0.95 B 3 G
172 0.76 B 4 G
172 0.65 B 5 Fold
173 1.75 P 6 G
173 1.17 B 6 G
174 1.46 B 3 G
183 0.48 P 4 Sulcus
183 1 .01 P 9 Sulcus
183 1.65 P 9 Growth lines
21 1 2.08 B 3 ?
212 1.87 P 3 R
212 1 .63 B 6 R
212 0.97 B 4 Fold
213 1 .08 B 6 G
213 1 .87 B 6 Side
213 0.94 B 6 G
213 1 .10 B 7 Side
213 0.55 B 6 Side

Sulcus and

214 2.53 P 8 growth lines

 

 

Table 23 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locat10n

214 1.18 P 2 G
214 2.01 B 2 G
214 1.24 B 2 G
214 1.80 B 3 R
214 2.39 B 8 Fold
214 1.35 B 4 G
214 1.66 B 6 ?
214 0.42 B 2 G
214 0.92 B 8 Fold
215 1.40 P 6 R
215 2.01 B 6 G
215 1.71 B 6 Side
216 0.94 B 2 Side
216 2.44 B 8 Fold
217 1.08 P 3 G
217 1.64 P 4 Sulcus
217 0.41 P 6 G
217 0.55 P 6 G
217 0.62 B 3 Side
217 0.50 B 3 G
217 0.54 B 2 R
217 1.40 B 3 G
217 0.94 B 3 G
217 0.85 B 3 G
217 0.47 B 3 G
217 0.69 B 3 G
217 0.55 B 2 G
217 0.82 B 2 R
217 0.62 B 3 G
217 0.75 B 4 Fold
217 0.84 B 5 Fold
217 2.03 B 4 Fold
217 0.96 B 9 Fold
217 0.59 B 6 Side
217 0.42 B 6 G
217 0.84 B 6 G

 

\l
r—a

 

Table 23 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic

Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
217 0.54 B 6 G
250 0.55 P 3 Side
250 0.57 P 3 G
250 1.32 P 2 G
250 2.54 P 5 Sulcus
250 1.21 P 4 Sulcus
250 1.27 P 8 Sulcus
250 0.80 P 8 Sulcus
250 0.67 P 6 G
250 0.78 P 6 G
250 1.16 P 6 G
250 0.49 P 6 G
250 0.71 P 6 G
250 0.91 P 7 Growth lines
251 0.88 P 4 Sulcus
252 1.26 B 3 Side
253 1.58 B 6 R
253 1.91 B 6 G
253 1.49 P 2 Growth lines

 

 

 

 

 

72

 

 

 

Table 24 - Microconchid data for specimens occurring on Strophodonta demissa. P = pedicle valve; B =
brachial valve; P-I = interior surface of pedicle valve; B-I = interior surface of brachial valve; G = groove
of costae; R = ridge of costae; Side = side of costae; ? = unable to determine

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specunen No. Brachral Regron location
UMMP 73826 0.71 B 2 G
UMMP 73827 0.38 B 2 ?
UMMP 73827 0.39 P 1 Hinge
UMMP 73827 0.73 P 3 G
UMMP 73827 0.76 P 6 G
UMMP 73827 0.78 B 2 ?
UMMP 73827 0.85 P 3 G
UMMP 73827 0.86 P 8 G
UMMP 73827 0.87 P 2 G
UMMP 73827 1.08 B 9 ?
UMMP 73827 1.12 P 3 G
UMMP 73827 1.22 P 4 ?
UMMP 73827 1.23 P 8 G
UMMP 73827 1.32 P 1 Hinge
UMMP 73827 1.45 P 4 G
UMMP 73827 1.47 P 3 G
UMMP 73827 1.52 P 7 ?
UMMP 73827 1.64 P 6 G
UMMP 73827 1.67 B 2 ?
UMMP 73827 1.75 P 6 ?
UMMP 73827 1.87 B 2 ?
UMMP 73827 2.00 B 2 ?
UMMP 73827 2.11 P 6 ?
UMMP 73827 2.25 B 2 G
UMMP 73828 0.64 P-I 7 Interior
UMMP 73828 1.07 P 1 Hinge
UMMP 73828 1.14 P-I 2 Interior
UMMP 73828 1.14 P-I 6 Interior
UMMP 73828 1.16 P 1 Hinge
UMMP 73828 1.36 P-I 7 Interior
UMMP 73828 1.42 P 7 ?
UMMP 73828 1.47 P—I 7 Interior
UMMP 73828 1.48 P-I 7 Interior
UMMP 73828 1.64 P 6 Side
UMMP 73828 1.94 P 2 ?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

73

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73828 2.02 P 3 R
UMMP 73828 2.03 P 3 Side
UMMP 73828 2.18 P-I 2 Interior
UMMP 73829 0.39 P 5 Side
UMMP 73829 0.70 P 5 G
UMMP 73829 0.80 B 4 Side
UMMP 73829 1.26 P 5 G
UMMP 73829 2.88 P 5 ?
UMMP 73830 0.66 B 4 ?
UMMP 73830 0.83 B 9 Side
UMMP 73830 1.01 B 6 G
UMMP 73830 1.07 P 5 G
UMMP 73830 1.51 B 4 Side
UMMP 73830 1.53 P 4 G
UMMP 73830 1.60 B 3 G
UMMP 73830 1.81 B 3 Side
UMMP 73831 0.51 P 3 ?
UMMP 73831 0.71 B 5 G
UMMP 73831 0.79 B 6 G
UMMP 73831 0.86 B 6 G
UMMP 73831 0.88 P 7 R
UMMP 73831 1.60 P 5 G
UMMP 73831 1.91 P 6 G
UMMP 73831 2.03 P 6 G
UMMP 73831 2.85 P 3 Side
UMMP 73832 1.55 B 7 ?
UMMP 73833 0.44 B 9 Side
UMMP 73833 0.58 P 2 G
UMMP 73834 1.14 P 8 Side
UMMP 73835 1.96 P 6 ?
UMMP 73836 0.55 B 3 G
UMMP 73836 0.78 B 5 Side
UMMP 73837 0.49 P 3 G
UMMP 73837 1.03 B 3 ?
UMMP 73837 1.12 P 6 ?
UMMP 73837 1.31 P 6 R
UMMP 73837 1.67 P 7 G

 

 

 

 

 

\l
.h

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73837 1.94 P 4 R
UMMP 73838 1.17 B 3 ?
UMMP 73838 1.95 B 6 ?
UMMP 73839 0.73 P 2 G
UMMP 73839 0.74 P 3 G
UMMP 73839 1.53 B 3 ?
UMMP 73839 1.68 P 3 Side
UMMP 73839 2.28 B 6 Side
UMMP 73840 0.77 P 6 ‘7
UMMP 73840 0.96 P 6 ?
UMMP 73840 1.04 P 5 ?
UMMP 73840 1.31 B 7 ?
UMMP 73840 1.46 B 2 ?
UMMP 73840 1.68 P 4 7
UMMP 73840 1.71 P 6 ?
UMMP 73840 2.46 P 3 ?
UMMP 73841 0.64 P 3 ?
UMMP 73841 0.78 P 2 Side
UMMP 73841 1.13 B 2 G
UMMP 73841 1.23 P 3 G
UMMP 73841 1.71 P 3 ‘?
UMMP 73841 1.92 P 2 Side
UMMP 73841 3.02 P 3 G
UMMP 73842 0.75 P 3 Side
UMMP 73842 0.95 P 4 G
UMMP 73842 1.03 P 3 G
UMMP 73842 1.38 P 6 Side
UMMP 73843 0.56 P 6 ?
UMMP 73843 0.97 P 3 ?
UMMP 73843 0.98 P 3 ?
UMMP 73843 1.00 B 5 R
UMMP 73843 1.33 P 6 R
UMMP 73843 1.42 P 6 ?
UMMP 73343 1.43 P 6 Side
UMMP 73843 1.46 P 6 ?
UMMP 73843 1.63 B 6 ?

 

 

 

75

 

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73843 1.77 B 6 G
UMMP 73843 1.95 P 6 ?
UMMP 73844 0.78 P 1 hinge
UMMP 73844 1.36 P 3 G
UMMP 73844 1.36 B 5 G
UMMP 73844 1.43 P 4 G
UMMP 73844 1.43 B 3 Side
UMMP 73844 1.69 B 7 G
UMMP 73844 2.06 B 6 G
UMMP 73844 2.07 B 3 Side
UMMP 73844 2.25 B 3 G
UMMP 73845 0.79 P 4 G
UMMP 73846 0.82 P 2 “.7
UMMP 73848 0.80 P 9 G
UMMP 73848 0.86 P 3 ?
UMMP 73848 1.06 B 2 ?
UMMP 73848 1.21 P 7 G
UMMP 73849 0.72 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 73849 1.13 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 73849 1.18 B-1 2 Interior
UMMP 7 3849 1.24 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 73 849 1.27 B-1 2 Interior
UMMP 73849 1.30 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73849 1.62 B 7 G
UMMP 73849 1.73 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73849 2.29 B 6 G
UMMP 73849 2.68 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 73849 2.97 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73850 0.91 P 4 ?
UMMP 73851 0.60 P 3 G
UMMP 73851 0.79 P 4 G
UMMP 73851 0.89 B 6 G
UMMP 73851 1.03 P 6 ?
UMMP 73851 1.25 P 5 G
UMMP 73851 1.43 P 5 G
UMMP 73851 1.60 P 6 ?

 

76

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron location
UMMP 73851 1.64 P 3 G
UMMP 73851 1.70 P 3 R
UMMP 73852 0.58 P 6 G
UMMP 73852 0.91 P 2 Interior
UMMP 73852 0.91 P 7 Interior
UMMP 73852 0.96 P 6 G
UMMP 73852 1.03 P 4 G
UMMP 73852 1.03 B 3 Interior
UMMP 73852 1.27 P 3 G
UWP 73852 2.44 P 2 G
UMMP 73852 2.57 P 9 G
UMMP 73852 2.77 P 5 G
UMMP 73852 2.91 P 6 G
UMMP 73853 1.14 P 3 G
UMMP 73853 1.23 P 3 G
UMMP 73853 1.40 P 3 G
UMMP 73854 1.03 B 9 G
UMMP 73854 1.36 P 4 Side
UMMP 73854 1.76 P 5 G
UMMP 73855 0.74 P 3 G
UMMP 73855 1.14 P 3 G
UMMP 73856 0.72 P 2 ?
UMMP 73856 0.87 P 4 ?
UMMP 73856 0.96 P 4 ?
UMMP 73856 0.97 P 6 ?
UMMP 73856 1.15 P 6 ?
UMMP 73856 1.40 P 9 ?
UMMP 73856 1.42 P 5 ?
UMMP 73856 1.85 P 4 ?
UMMP 73856 2.66 P-I 3 Interior
UMMP 73856 2.98 P 3 ?
UMMP 73857 0.66 B 7 Side
UMMP 73857 0.69 B 6 G
UMMP 73857 1.14 P 5 G
UMMP 73857 1.40 B 2 G
UMMP 73857 1.50 B 2 ?

 

 

 

 

77

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73858 0.72 P 7 Side
UMMP 73858 0.90 P 3 ?
UMMP 73858 1.52 P 4 G
UMMP 73858 1.57 P 6 G
UMMP 73858 1.57 P 3 Side
UMMP 73858 1.67 P 4 G
UMMP 73858 2.00 P 2 G
UMMP 73858 2.93 P 3 G
UMMP 73859 0.58 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73859 0.61 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73859 0.82 B 6 G
UMMP 73859 0.96 B-I 2 Interior
UMMP 73859 1.22 B-1 4 Interior
UMMP 73859 1.24 B-1 4 Interior
UMMP 73859 1.30 B-1 4 Interior
UMMP 73859 1.44 B-I 5 Interior
UMMP 73859 1.46 B 5 ?
UMMP 73859 1.48 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 73859 1.50 B-1 4 Interior
UMMP 73859 1.54 B-1 2 Interior
UMMP 73859 1.57 B 7 G
UMMP 73859 1.72 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 73860 0.79 P 3 G
UMMP 73860 1.00 P 6 Side
UMMP 73860 1.05 P 3 Interior
UMMP 73860 1.21 P 5 Side
UMMP 73860 1.28 P 5 G
UMMP 73860 1.59 P 3 Interior
UMMP 73860 1.63 P 3 Interior
UMMP 73860 1.77 P 5 Side
UMMP 73860 3.13 P 6 Side
UMMP 73861 1.57 P 6 Side
UMMP 73861 1.66 P 3 Side
UMMP 73861 2.06 P 3 G
UMMP 73862 0.89 P 2 G
UMMP 73862 0.95 P 2 G

 

78

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73862 1.00 P 7 G
UMMP 73862 1.12 P 5 G
UMMP 73862 1.17 P 6 G
UMMP 73862 1.22 P 6 R
UMMP 73862 1.54 P 5 G
UMMP 73862 1.55 B 6 ?
UMMP 73862 1.98 P 3 G
UMMP 73862 2.54 P 6 Side
UMMP 73863 0.48 P 5 G
UMMP 73863 1.23 P 6 G
UMMP 73863 1.26 P 3 Side
UMMP 73863 1.27 P 3 R
UMMP 73864 0.31 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 73864 0.51 B-1 4 Interior
UMMP 73864 0.79 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73864 0.97 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 73864 1.09 B-1 4 Interior
UMMP 73864 1.16 B-1 9 Interior
UMMP 73864 1.42 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 73864 1.46 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 73864 1.46 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73864 1.46 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73864 1.55 B 6 G
UMMP 73864 1.58 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 73864 1.65 B-1 4 Interior
UMMP 73864 1.68 B-1 7 Interior
UMMP 73864 1.90 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 73864 2.06 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 73865 0.65 P 7 ?
UMMP 73865 0.96 P 4 Side
UMMP 73865 0.97 P 6 G
UMMP 73865 1.10 P 6 G
UMMP 73865 1.15 P 3 G
UMMP 73865 1.29 P 4 Side
UMMP 73865 1.37 P 4 G
UMMP 73865 1.43 P 6 ?

 

 

 

79

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73865 1.44 P 6 R
UMMP 73865 1.47 P 4 R
UMMP 73865 1.65 P 2 R
UMMP 73865 1.74 P 4 ?
UMMP 73865 1.96 P 4 G
UMMP 73865 2.59 P 5 ?
UMMP 73865 2.64 P 6 ?
UMMP 73866 0.99 P 3 G
UMMP 73866 1.35 P 6 G
UMMP 73866 1.42 B 6 Interior
UMMP 73866 1.93 B 6 Interior
UMMP 73866 2.58 P 6 G
UMMP 73866 2.61 P 6 G
UMMP 73867 0.66 P 3 R
UMMP 73867 0.74 B 3 G
UMMP 73867 0.80 P 3 G
UMMP 73867 0.85 P 3 ?
UMMP 73867 0.89 B 3 G
UMMP 73867 1.04 P 6 R
UMMP 73867 1.07 P 4 G
UMMP 73867 1.11 P 7 G
UMMP 73867 1.14 P 3 R
UMMP 73867 1.15 P 7 G
UMMP 73867 1.22 B 6 Side
UMMP 73867 1.25 P 5 G
UMMP 73867 1.34 B 1 Interior
UMMP 73867 1.42 P 3 G
UMMP 73867 1.46 P 6 G
UMMP 73867 1.50 P 6 Side
UMMP 73867 1.57 P 5 G
UMMP 73867 1.88 P 3 R
UMMP 73867 2.01 P 4 G
UMMP 73868 0.53 B 2 G
UMMP 73868 0.89 B 2 R
UMMP 73868 1.42 B 6 Side
UMMP 73868 1.85 B 2 R

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locat1on
UMMP 73869 0.82 P 6 G
UMMP 73869 1.17 B 5 G
UMMP 73869 1.44 P 5 G
UMMP 73869 1.51 P 5 G
UMMP 73869 1.56 P 3 Side
UMMP 73869 1.68 P 4 G
UMMP 73869 1.70 P 3 G
UMMP 73869 2.25 P 3 Side
UMMP 73870 0.93 B 7 G
UMMP 73870 1.30 B 7 ?
UMMP 73870 1.31 B 3 G
UMMP 73871 1.46 P 5 G
UMMP 73871 1.94 P 3 G
UMMP 73871 1.98 P 3 G
UMMP 73872 0.83 B 7 ?
UMMP 73872 0.97 B 3 ?
UMMP 73873 0.65 B 5 ?
UMMP 73873 0.85 B 4 ?
UMMP 73873 1.52 P 6 G
UMMP 73873 2.12 P 2 R
UMMP 73874 0.68 P 6 G
UMMP 73874 1.05 P 3 Side
UMMP 73874 1.17 P 6 G
UMMP 73874 1.25 P 3 G
UMMP 73874 1.42 P 6 G
UMMP 73874 1.59 P 5 G
UMMP 73 874 1.61 B 1 Interior
UMMP 73875 0.40 P 3 G
UMMP 73875 0.47 P 3 G
UMMP 73875 0.47 P 3 G
UMMP 73875 0.56 P 3 G
UMMP 73875 0.70 P 3 G
UMMP 73875 0.72 P 4 G
UMMP 73875 1.16 P 5 R
UMMP 73875 1.17 P 3 G
UMMP 73875 1.24 P 5 G

 

81

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron location
UMMP 73875 1.57 P 7 Side
UMMP 73875 1.64 P 5 Side
UMMP 73875 2.25 P 9 G
UMMP 73876 0.98 P 5 G
UMMP 73876 2.53 P 6 Side
UMMP 73876 2.72 P 4 G
UMMP 73877 0.98 B 9 Side
UMMP 73877 1.32 B 5 G
UMMP 73877 1.44 B 6 G
UMMP 73877 1.52 P 6 G
UMMP 73878 0.84 B 4 G
UMMP 73878 0.85 P 2 ?
UMMP 73878 1.09 P 3 ?
UNflVIP 73878 1.12 P 5 Side
UMMP 73878 1.14 P 3 ?
UMMP 73878 1.50 P 4 G
UMMP 73878 1.68 P 6 G
UMMP 73878 1.87 P 4 R
UMMP 73878 2.22 P 4 G
UMMP 73878 2.71 B 4 G
UMMP 73879 0.90 P 7 ?
UMMP 73879 1.22 P 3 ?
UMMP 73879 1.25 P 5 G
UMMP 73879 1.39 P 6 ?
UMMP 73879 1.86 P 3 ?
UMMP 73881 0.65 B 3 G
UMMP 73881 0.71 B 3 G
UMMP 73881 0.83 P 2 ?
UMMP 73881 0.95 P 3 Side
UMMP 73881 1.42 B 6 ?
UMMP 73881 1.47 P 3 G
UMMP 73881 1.86 P 5 G
UMMP 73881 2.03 P 3 G
UMMP 73881 2.04 P 5 G
UMMP 73881 2.37 P 7 ?
UMMP 73881 2.65 P 5 G

 

82

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73881 3.19 P 3 G
UMMP 73882 0.46 P 5 R
UMMP 73882 0.47 P 3 Side
UMMP 73882 0.70 P 5 G
UMMP 73882 0.89 P 6 G
UMMP 73882 0.90 B 6 G
UMMP 73882 0.94 P 6 G
UMMP 73882 1.11 P 3 R
UMMP 73882 1.35 P 3 G
UMMP 73882 1.36 P 6 G
UMMP 73882 1.61 B 3 G
UMMP 73882 1.84 P 3 G
UMMP 73 883 0.65 P 6 G
UMMP 73883 0.88 P 6 Side
UMMP 73883 1.32 B 3 Side
UMMP 73884 0.49 P 5 G
UMMP 73884 0.54 P 6 R
UMMP 73884 0.74 P 5 G
UMMP 73884 0.86 P 6 G
UMMP 73884 0.96 P 4 G
UMMP 73884 1.07 P 4 G
UMMP 73 884 1.19 P-I 5 Interior
UMMP 73884 1.25 P 3 G
UMMP 73884 1.28 P 8 G
UMMP 73884 1.30 P 3 G
UMMP 73884 1.46 P 6 Side
UMMP 73884 1.66 P 5 G
UMMP 73884 1.74 P 4 G
UMMP 73884 1.84 P 6 R
UMMP 73884 1.98 P 4 G
UMMP 73884 2.13 P 9 G
UMMP 73884 2.19 P 3 G
UMMP 73884 2.24 P 2 G
UMMP 73884 2.34 P 6 G
UMMP 73884 2.75 P 6 G
UMMP 73884 3.29 P 3 Side

 

 

83

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron location
UMMP 73885 0.80 P 5 G
UMMP 73885 0.88 P 6 G
UMMP 73885 0.93 P 2 Side
UMMP 73885 1.21 P 3 ?
UMMP 73885 1.27 P 6 G
UMMP 73885 1.29 P 3 G
UMMP 73885 1.43 P 3 Side
UMMP 73885 1.56 P 9 Side
UMMP 73885 2.17 P 6 G
UMMP 73885 2.98 P 2 G
UMMP 73886 0.58 B 9 Side
UMMP 73886 1.03 B 6 G
UMMP 73886 1.44 B 6 Side
UMMP 73886 1.93 B 6 G
UMMP 73887 0.67 B 3 R
UMMP 73887 0.77 P 6 G
UMIVIP 73887 1.20 Interior 1 Hinge
UMMP 73887 1.36 B 4 R
UMMP 73887 1.38 B 3 R
UMMP 73887 1.55 B 6 ?
UMMP 73887 1.76 B 6 R
UMMP 73888 1.01 P 2 G
UMMP 73888 1.02 P-I 7 Interior
UMMP 73888 1.53 P 3 Side
UMMP 73888 1.80 P 4 G
UMMP 73889 0.58 B 8 R
UMMP 73890 0.74 P 2 G
UMMP 73890 0.74 B 2 Side
UMMP 73890 0.78 P 6 Side
UMMP 73890 1.15 P 6 G
UMMP 73890 1.29 P 3 G
UMMP 73890 1.34 P 7 ?
UMMP 73890 1.40 B 6 G
UMMP 73890 1.45 B 6 ?
UMMP 73890 2.18 B 3 G
UMMP 73890 2.30 P 3 G

 

84

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73890 2.31 P 3 G
UMMP 73891 0.97 P 5 G
UMMP 73891 1.05 P 5 G
UMMP 73891 1.28 P 6 Side
UMMP 73891 1.50 P 3 G
UMMP 73891 1.60 P 3 G
UMMP 73891 1.91 P 8 Side
UMMP 73892 2.32 P 2 G
UMMP 73893 1.13 P 3 ?
UMMP 73893 1.45 P 6 G
UMMP 73894 0.78 P 3 G
UMMP 73894 1.11 P 4 R
UMMP 73894 1.66 P 3 R
UMMP 73895 0.75 B 6 G
UMMP 73895 0.81 P 7 G
UMMP 73895 0.84 P 3 Interior
UMMP 73895 1.29 P 4 G
UMMP 73895 1.34 P 8 G
UMMP 73895 1.43 B 3 G
UMMP 73895 1.60 P 6 G
UMMP 73896 0.34 P 4 G
UMMP 73896 1.32 P 3 Side
UMMP 73897 0.39 P 3 G
UMMP 73897 0.40 P 6 G
UMMP 73897 0.44 P 3 G
UMMP 73897 0.48 P 3 G
UMMP 73897 0.51 P 6 G
UMMP 73897 0.63 P 6 G
UMMP 73897 0.75 P 3 G
UMMP 73897 0.87 P 3 G
UMMP 73897 0.87 P 4 Side
UMMP 73897 0.92 P 3 G
UMMP 73897 1.84 P 4 G
UMMP 73897 1.87 B 9 R
UMMP 73897 3.03 P 4 Side
UMMP 73900 1.26 B 4 Side

 

 

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73900 1.67 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 73900 1.89 B 4 R
UMMP 73901 0.97 P 4 G
UMMP 73901 1.15 P 6 G
UMMP 73901 1.26 B 6 R
UMMP 73901 1.37 P 2 G
UMMP 73901 1.49 P 5 G
UMMP 73902 1.52 P 6 R
UMMP 73902 1.58 P 6 Side
UMMP 73902 1.70 P 7 Side
UMMP 73903 0.93 B 2 R
UMMP 73903 0.97 B 7 R
UMMP 73903 1.27 P 4 R
UMMP 73903 2.14 B 2 G
UMMP 73904 0.38 P 5 G
UMMP 73904 0.58 P 5 G
UMMP 73904 0.68 P 6 Side
UMMP 73904 0.80 P 5 G
UMMP 73904 0.84 P 6 G
UMMP 73904 0.89 P 4 Side
UMMP 73904 1.02 P 3 G
UMMP 73904 1.11 P 5 ?
UMMP 73904 1.13 P 3 ?
UMMP 73904 1.19 P 6 R
UMMP 73904 1.34 P 6 Side
UMMP 73904 1.37 P 5 G
UMMP 73904 1.39 P 6 G
UMMP 73904 1.39 P 6 G
UMMP 73904 1.42 P 4 ?
UMMP 73904 1.44 P 3 ?
UMMP 73904 1.49 P 6 G
UMMP 73904 1.51 P 3 G
UMMP 73904 1.53 P 3 ?
UMMP 73904 1.55 P 3 G
UMMP 73904 1.58 P 6 G
UMMP 73904 1.63 P 3 ?

 

86

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73904 1.70 P 5 G
UMMP 73904 1.74 P 3 Side
UMMP 73904 1.88 P 6 G
UMMP 73904 1.92 P 5 Side
UMMP 73905 0.43 B 6 G
UMMP 73905 0.95 P 4 R
UMMP 73905 1.15 P 1 Hinge
UMMP 73905 1.54 P 3 ?
UMMP 73905 1.73 P 6 R
UMMP 73905 2.19 P 6 G
UMMP 73906 0.51 P 5 G
UMMP 73906 0.64 P 3 Side
UMMP 73906 0.74 P 4 Side
UMMP 73906 0.97 P 4 ?
UMMP 73906 1.04 P 7 R
UMMP 73906 1.10 P 2 R
UMMP 73906 1.17 P-I 2 Interior
UMMP 73906 1.20 P 3 G
UMMP 73906 1.37 P 6 G
UMMP 73906 1.56 P 6 R
UMMP 73906 1.60 P 7 Side
UMMP 73906 1.67 P 3 G
UMMP 73906 2.59 P 4 G
UMMP 73907 0.55 B 5 G
UMMP 73907 1.53 B 4 Side
UMMP 73907 2.64 P 4 G
UMMP 73908 0.70 P 2 G
UMMP 73908 1.37 P 4 G
UMMP 73908 1.40 P 4 ?
UMMP 73908 1.51 P 4 R
UMMP 73908 1.61 P 5 R
UMMP 73908 1.79 P 5 Side
UMMP 73908 1.88 P 3 R
UMMP 73908 2.14 P 6 ?
UNflVIP 73908 2.27 P 2 ?
UMMP 73908 2.28 P 3 G

 

 

87

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73908 2.56 P 3 G
UMMP 73909 0.40 P 3 ?
UMMP 73909 0.74 P 3 Side
UMMP 73909 1.07 P 2 Side
UMMP 73909 1.14 P 6 R
UMMP 73909 1.72 P 5 G
UMMP 73909 1.78 P 5 G
UMMP 73909 2.18 P 6 G
UMMP 73910 0.37 P 3 G
UMMP 73910 0.42 P 5 G
UMMP 73910 0.46 P 3 G
UMMP 73910 0.57 P 5 G
UMMP 73910 0.57 B 3 Side
UMMP 73910 0.60 P 3 G
UMMP 73910 0.60 P 5 R
UMMP 73910 0.63 P 3 G
UMMP 73910 0.69 B 2 G
UMMP 73910 0.73 P 7 G
UMMP 73910 0.82 P 3 G
UMMP 73910 1.03 B 2 G .
UMMP 73910 1.08 P 6 R
UMMP 73910 1.19 P 3 G
UMMP 73910 1.50 P 6 G
UMMP 73910 1.51 P 3 Side
UMMP 73910 1.79 P 5 Side
UMMP 73910 2.79 P 4 G
UMMP 73911 0.91 P 7 R
UMMP 73911 1.08 P 3 ?
UMMP 73911 1.11 P 3 G
UMMP 73911 1.26 P 3 G
UMMP 73911 1.32 P 7 G
UMMP 73911 1.35 B 6 R
UMMP 73911 1.42 P 3 R
UMMP 73911 1.67 P 3 ?
UMMP 73911 1.68 P 6 R
UMMP 73911 2.25 P 9 Side

 

88

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73912 0.54 B 6 G
UMMP 73912 1.31 B 6 G
UMMP 73912 1.40 B 6 G
UMMP 73912 2.92 P 6 ?
UMMP 73913 0.38 P 4 Side
UMMP 73913 0.38 P 6 G
UMMP 73913 0.45 P 6 Side
UMMP 73913 0.58 P 9 G
UMMP 73913 0.65 P 5 R
UMMP 73913 0.78 P 5 G
UMMP 73913 0.79 P 3 Side
UMMP 73913 0.99 P 5 G
UMMP 73913 1.01 P 5 G
UMMP 73913 1.31 P 5 G
UMMP 73913 1.40 P 6 R
UMMP 73913 1.44 P 6 R
UMMP 73913 1.45 P 6 G
UMMP 73913 1.51 P 5 R
UMMP 73913 1.60 P 4 G
UMMP 73913 1.74 P 6 G
UMMP 73913 2.38 P 6 G
UMMP 73914 0.31 B 2 G
UMMP 73914 0.32 B 2 G
UMMP 73914 0.83 P 4 G
UMMP 73914 1.64 B 2 G
UMMP 73915 0.75 P 1 Hinge
UMMP 73915 0.76 P 2 ?
UMMP 73915 1.55 P 3 G
UMMP 73916 0.41 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 73916 0.54 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73916 0.73 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 73916 0.77 B-1 7 Interior
UMMP 73916 0.78 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 73916 0.97 DJ 3 Interior
UMMP 73916 1.18 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 73916 1.27 B-1 6 Interior

 

 

 

 

 

89

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron location
UMMP 73916 1.28 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73916 1.31 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 73916 1.47 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73916 1.64 B-I 6 Interior
UMMP 73916 2.04 B-1 7 Interior
UMMP 73916 2.22 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73916 2.50 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 73917 0.89 P 7 ‘7
UMMP 73917 0.98 P 6 ?
UMMP 73917 1.10 P 4 ?
UMMP 73917 1.43 P 5 ?
UMMP 73917 1.45 P 4 ?
UMMP 73917 1.70 P 4 ?
UMMP 73917 1.72 P 5 ?
UMMP 73917 1.92 P 8 ?
UMMP 73918 0.55 B 3 G
UMMP 73918 0.86 P 6 G
UMMP 73918 1.70 P 4 G
UMMP 73918 3.02 P 3 G
UMMP 73919 0.57 B 3 G
UMMP 73919 0.98 P 7 ?
UMMP 73919 1.22 B 7 Interior
UMMP 73919 1.41 P 7 ?
UMMP 73920 0.91 B 3 G
UMMP 73920 2.16 B 3 G
UMMP 73921 1.38 P 6 G
UMMP 73922 0.38 P 1 Hinge
UMMP 73922 0.47 B 7 G
UMMP 73922 0.47 B 7 Side
UMMP 73922 0.49 B 7 Side
UMMP 73922 0.54 P 3 G
UMMP 73922 0.54 B 7 G
UMMP 73922 0.56 B 6 ?
UMMP 73922 0.59 B 3 G
UMMP 73922 0.79 P 4 G
UMMP 73922 0.81 P 9 R

 

90

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73922 0.83 B 3 Side
UMMP 73922 0.88 P 4 G
UMMP 73922 0.88 B 2 Side
UMMP 73922 0.89 B 3 ?
UMMP 73922 1.02 P 6 G
UMMP 73922 1.04 P 6 G
UMMP 73922 1.06 P 3 G
UMMP 73922 1.09 B 6 G
UMMP 73922 1.21 P 3 R
UMMP 73922 1.33 P 6 Side
UMMP 73922 1.37 B 9 G
UMMP 73922 1.41 P 2 ?
UMMP 73922 1.52 P 4 G
UMMP 73922 1.57 P 5 Side
UMMP 73922 1.62 B 3 ?
UMMP 73923 1.03 P 3 G
UMMP 73923 1.26 B 3 G
UMMP 73923 2.05 P 3 ?
UMMP 73924 0.37 B 3 G
UMMP 73924 0.42 B 4 G
UMMP 73924 0.45 P 3 G
UMMP 73924 0.45 P 5 G
UMMP 73924 0.47 P 6 G
UMMP 73924 0.69 P 4 G
UMMP 73924 1.12 B 3 ?
UMMP 73924 1.15 P 4 Side
UMMP 73924 1.44 P 4 Side
UMMP 73924 1.47 P 4 G
UMMP 73924 1.68 P 3 G
UMMP 73924 2.37 P 5 G
UMMP 73924 2.82 P 5 G
UMMP 73925 0.55 P 5 G
UMMP 73925 0.58 P 4 Side
UMMP 73925 1.01 P 3 G
UMMP 73925 1.05 P 5 G
UMMP 73925 1.24 P 3 Side

 

91

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73925 1.26 P 3 G
UMMP 73925 1.47 P 3 G
UMMP 73925 1.59 P 4 R
UMMP 73925 1.88 P 4 G
UMMP 73925 1.98 P 4 G
UMMP 73925 2.14 P 9 G
UMMP 73925 2.28 P 3 Side
UMMP 73925 2.65 P 6 G
UMMP 73925 2.68 P 9 Side
UMMP 73926 0.59 P 6 G
UMMP 73926 0.93 P 5 G
UMMP 73926 1.27 P 6 G
UMMP 73926 1.32 B 2 ?
UMMP 73926 1.70 B 2 ?
UMMP 73926 1.83 P 3 G
UMMP 73926 1.97 P 8 R
UMMP 73926 2.28 P 3 G
UMMP 73927 1.45 P 8 Side
UMMP 73927 2.38 B 6 G
UMMP 73928 0.36 P 3 G
UMMP 73928 0.37 B 3 G
UMMP 73928 0.38 P 3 G
UMMP 73928 0.47 P 4 G
UMMP 73928 0.47 B 2 G
UMMP 73928 0.54 P 4 G
UMMP 73928 0.64 B 6 ?
UMMP 73928 0.66 P 6 G
UMMP 73928 0.76 P 9 G
UMMP 73928 0.81 P 6 G
UMMP 73928 0.94 B 3 G
UMMP 73928 1.00 P 3 G
UMMP 73928 1.01 P 6 G
UMMP 73928 1.12 P 6 G
UMMP 73928 1.21 P 5 G
UMMP 73928 1.23 P 5 Side
UMMP 73928 1.25 B 3 ?

 

 

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron location
UMMP 73928 1.27 P 5 Side
UMMP 73928 1.28 B 4 ?
UMMP 73928 1.35 B 3 ?
UMMP 73928 1.39 P 8 G
UMMP 73928 1.41 P 6 G
UMMP 73928 1.43 P 4 Side
UMMP 73928 1.51 P 3 R
UMMP 73928 1.51 P 5 G
UMMP 73928 1.58 P 4 G
UMMP 73928 1.64 B 6 G
UMMP 73928 1.71 P 4 G
UMMP 73928 1.73 P 4 G
UMMP 73928 1.75 P 5 R
UMMP 73928 1.78 B 6 Side
UMMP 73928 1.83 B 7 R
UMMP 73928 2.00 P 5 ?
UMMP 73928 2.06 P 5 G
UMMP 73929 0.64 P 4 G
UMMP 73929 0.78 B 6 G
UMMP 73929 0.93 P 5 G
UMMP 73929 1.13 P 4 G
UMMP 73929 1.24 P 5 G
UMMP 73929 1.40 B 5 G
UMMP 73929 1.52 P 5 G
UMMP 73929 1.71 P 6 ?
UMMP 73929 1.73 P 5 G
UMMP 73929 1.80 P 3 G
UMMP 73929 1.91 P 6 G
UMMP 73929 2.17 P 3 R
UMMP 73929 2.32 P 6 G
UMMP 73930 0.30 P 3 G
UMMP 73930 0.51 P 3 G
UMMP 73930 0.65 P 3 G
UMMP 73930 0.67 P 2 G
UMMP 73930 0.71 B 3 G
UMMP 73930 1.04 P 3 R

 

 

 

 

 

93

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron location
UMMP 73930 1.20 P 7 G
UMMP 73930 1.31 B 6 G
UMMP 73930 1.39 P 6 G
UMMP 73930 1.59 B 3 G
UMMP 73930 1.80 P 6 G
UMMP 73930 2.16 P 6 G
UMMP 73930 2.17 P 3 Side
UMMP 73931 0.64 B 4 R
UMMP 73931 0.87 P 6 G
UMMP 73931 0.95 P 5 G
UMMP 73931 1.23 P 3 G
UMMP 73931 1.45 P 5 G
UMMP 73931 1.78 B 3 ?
UMMP 73931 1.90 P 6 G
UMMP 73931 2.42 P 6 G
UMMP 73932 0.64 P 6 Side
UMMP 73932 0.72 P 5 ?
UMMP 73932 1.09 P 3 G
UMMP 73932 1.11 P 6 G
UMMP 73932 1.43 P 2 G
UMMP 73932 1.49 P 6 R
UMMP 73932 1.70 P 3 G
UMMP 73933 1.61 P 6 G
UMMP 73934 0.41 P 1 Hinge
UMMP 73934 0.51 P 1 Hinge
UMMP 73934 0.66 P 6 G
UMMP 73934 0.78 P 3 G
UMMP 73934 0.81 P 8 Side
UMMP 73934 0.86 P 6 G
UMMP 73934 0.91 B 3 G
UMMP 73934 0.96 P 6 G
UMMP 73934 1.01 P 4 G
UMMP 73934 1.09 P 8 G
UMMP 73934 1.25 P 5 R
UMMP 73934 1.30 P 4 G
UMMP 73934 2.15 P 6 R

 

 

 

 

 

 

94

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron location
UMMP 73935 0.32 B 3 G
UMMP 73935 0.48 B 6 G
UMMP 73935 0.64 B 6 R
UMMP 73935 0.73 B 6 G
UMMP 73935 0.78 B 6 G
UMMP 73935 0.89 B 3 Side
UMMP 73935 1.10 B 3 ?
UMMP 73935 1.86 P 5 G
UMMP 73935 1.93 B 7 ?
UMMP 73936 0.54 P 4 G
UNflI/IP 73936 0.70 P 3 R
UMMP 73936 0.86 P 5 G
UMMP 73936 1.30 P 3 G
UMMP 73936 1.31 P 6 G
UMMP 73937 0.60 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 73937 0.80 B-1 4 Interior
UMMP 73937 1.11 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 73937 1.18 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73937 1.20 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73937 1.34 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 73937 1.43 B 5 G
UMMP 73937 1.57 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 73937 1.74 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73938 1.95 P 7 Side
UMMP 73939 0.96 P 4 G
UMMP 73939 0.98 P 4 G
UMMP 73939 1.11 P 5 Side
UMMP 73940 1.03 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73940 1.31 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 73940 1.88 B-1 9 Interior
UMMP 73941 0.31 B 3 R
UMMP 73941 0.43 B 3 G
UMMP 73941 0.85 B 5 ?
UMMP 73941 1.00 B 6 R
UMMP 73942 0.52 P 3 ?
UMMP 73942 0.53 P 3 ?

 

 

 

 

 

95

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen NO. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73942 0.56 P 3 ?
UMMP 73942 0.88 B 6 ?
UMMP 73942 0.96 B 4 R
UMMP 73942 1.07 P 3 ?
UMMP 73942 1.07 P 4 ?
UMMP 73942 1.19 P 3 ?
UMMP 73942 1.82 P 3 ?
UMMP 73942 1.86 P 4 ?
UMMP 73942 2.22 P 6 ?
UMMP 73942 2.59 P 3 ?
UMMP 73943 1.34 P 6 G
UMMP 73944 0.94 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 73944 0.95 B-1 9 Interior
UMMP 73944 1.01 B-1 9 Interior
UMMP 73944 1.12 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 73944 1.32 B-1 8 Interior
UMMP 73944 1.49 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 73944 1.66 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 73944 1.71 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73944 2.55 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 73945 0.45 P 5 G
UMMP 73945 0.63 B 6 G
UMMP 73945 0.84 B 6 ?
UMMP 73945 0.85 P 6 G
UMMP 73945 0.87 P 4 G
UMMP 73945 1.16 B 6 G
UMMP 73945 1.24 P 5 ?
UMMP 73945 1.29 B 5 G
UMMP 73945 1.32 P 3 G
UMMP 73945 1.37 P 3 G
UMMP 73945 1.47 P 4 G
UMMP 73945 1.57 B 3 G
UMMP 73945 1.61 P 3 G
UMMP 73945 1.73 P 5 G
UMMP 73945 1.93 P 6 R
UMMP 73947 0.81 P 6 G

 

 

 

 

 

96

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Region location
UMMP 73947 1.02 P 3 G
UMMP 73947 1.08 P 6 G
UMMP 73947 1.25 B 6 R
UMMP 73947 1.33 P 3 ?
UMMP 73947 1.59 P 7 Side
UMMP 73948 0.44 P 3 G
UMMP 73948 0.44 B 7 G
UMMP 73948 0.82 B 6 G
UMMP 73948 0.98 B 6 G
UMMP 73948 0.99 B 6 G
UMMP 73948 1.08 B 3 G
UMMP 73948 1.25 B 8 G
UMMP 73948 1.38 B 6 G
UMMP 73949 1.10 P 9 G
UMMP 73950 0.35 B 5 G
UMMP 73950 0.68 P 6 ?
UMMP 73950 1.23 P 5 G
UMMP 73950 2.35 P 7 ?
UMMP 73951 0.42 P 6 G
UMMP 73951 0.96 P 3 G
UMMP 73951 1.01 P 3 R
UMMP 73951 1.55 P 6 Side
UMMP 73953 0.94 P 7 G
UMMP 73953 1.29 P 6 G
UMMP 73953 1.54 P 7 ? .
UMMP 73954 0.42 P 4 ?
UMMP 73954 0.55 B 3 G
UMMP 73954 0.66 B 5 G
UMMP 73954 0.70 P 9 ?
UMMP 73954 0.79 P 4 G
UMMP 73954 0.93 P 4 G
UMMP 73954 1.13 P 6 ?
UMMP 73954 1.23 B 6 G
UMMP 73954 1.46 B 6 G
UMMP 73954 1.66 P 3 G
UMMP 73954 1.88 P 6 Side

 

 

 

 

 

97

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Reglon location
UMMP 73954 2.08 P 3 G
UMMP 73955 0.94 B 2 ?
UMMP 73955 1.30 P 3 R
UMMP 73955 1.43 B 2 ?
UMMP 73955 1.45 P 5 G
UMMP 73955 1.53 P 5 G
UMMP 73955 1.55 P 7 G
UMMP 73955 1.71 P 3 G
UMMP 73957 0.43 P 3 G
UMMP 73957 0.47 B 5 G
UMMP 73957 0.55 B 6 G
UMMP 73957 0.74 B 2 G
UMMP 73957 0.82 B 6 G
UMMP 73957 0.99 P 3 Side
UMMP 73957 1.09 P 2 R
UMMP 73957 1.64 P 6 G
UMMP 73958 0.74 P 7 Side
UMMP 73958 1.19 P-I 2 Interior
UMMP 73959 0.41 P 6 G
UMMP 73959 0.60 P-I 5 Interior
UMMP 73959 0.72 P 7 G
UMMP 73959 0.86 P 3 R
UMMP 73959 0.97 P 6 G
UMMP 73959 1.02 P 7 ‘7
UMMP 73959 1.05 P 5 G
UMMP 73959 1.07 P 7 G
UMMP 73959 1.09 P 3 G
UMMP 73959 1.42 P-I 6 Interior
UMMP 73959 1.43 P 2 ?
UMMP 73959 1.84 P 3 ?
UMMP 73959 2.00 P 6 Side
UMMP 73960 0.53 P 3 Interior
UMMP 73960 0.59 P 4 G
UMMP 73960 0.82 P 3 G
UMMP 73960 0.91 B 7 R
UMMP 73960 1.15 P 8 G

 

 

 

 

 

98

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Reg10n locatron
UMMP 73960 2.73 P 3 G
UMMP 73961 1.52 B 7 ?
UMMP 73961 2.28 P 7 ?
UMMP 73962 0.77 P 6 ?
UMMP 73962 0.83 P 3 ?
UMMP 73962 0.85 P 5 ?
UMMP 73962 1.02 P 6 ?
UMMP 73962 2.72 P 4 ?
UMMP 73963 0.54 P 5 G
UMMP 73963 0.79 P 1 Hinge
UMMP 73963 0.98 B 7 R
UMMP 73963 1.03 P 3 G
UMMP 73963 1.21 P 5 R
UMMP 73963 1.23 P 3 G
UMMP 73963 1.49 P 4 G
UMMP 73963 1.73 B 2 Side
UMMP 73963 2.15 P 4 Side
UMMP 73964 0.53 B 3 G
UMMP 73964 0.65 B 3 R
UMMP 73964 0.80 B 4 ?
UMMP 73964 0.88 B-1 4 Interior
UMMP 73964 0.94 B 4 ?
UMMP 73964 1.05 B-1 4 Interior
UMMP 73964 1.12 B 6 ?
UMMP 73 964 1.27 B-1 4 Interior
UMMP 73964 1.62 B-1 7 Interior
UMMP 73964 1.86 B 3 G
UMMP 73964 2.12 B-I 4 Interior
UMMP 73964 2.50 B-1 4 Interior
UMMP 73965 0.47 P 6 R
UMMP 73965 0.60 P 1 Hinge
UMMP 73965 0.65 B 7 G
UMMP 73965 0.69 P 3 G
UMMP 73965 0.84 B 2 G
UMMP 73965 1.01 P 5 G
UMMP 73965 1.04 P 6 G

 

 

 

 

 

99

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73965 1.13 P 7 Side
UMMP 73965 1.13 B 7 G
UMMP 73965 1.17 B 3 G
UMMP 73965 1.81 P 3 G
UMMP 73965 1.81 P 4 R
UMMP 73965 1.97 P 3 R
UMMP 73965 1.99 P 6 G
UMMP 73965 2.38 P 4 G
UMMP 73966 0.56 B 6 R
UMMP 73966 0.60 B 3 G
UMMP 73966 0.78 P 3 G
UMMP 73966 0.83 P 3 R
UMMP 73966 0.85 P 9 Side
UMMP 73966 1.17 P 3 R
UMMP 73966 1.21 P 3 G
UMMP 73966 1.25 P 5 G
UMMP 73966 1.31 P 3 G
UMMP 73966 1.45 P 6 G
UMMP 73966 1.58 P 6 G
UMMP 73967 0.80 B 5 G
UMMP 73968 0.53 P 1 Hinge
UMMP 73968 0.56 B 3 G
UMMP 73968 0.72 P 3 G
UMMP 73968 1.01 P 3 R
UMMP 73968 1.07 B 6 G
UMMP 73968 1.15 P 6 ?
UMMP 73968 1.38 B 3 R
UMMP 73968 1.57 B 6 R
UMMP 73968 1.77 B 5 R
UMMP 73968 1.93 B 3 G
UMMP 73968 2.02 B 4 Side
UMMP 73969 0.41 B 5 G
UMMP 73969 0.85 P 3 G
UMMP 73969 1.25 P 5 Side
UMMP 73969 1.36 P 5 G
UMMP 73969 1.56 P 4 G

 

 

100

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter _ Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73969 1.97 P 3 ?
UMMP 73969 2.33 P 3 G
UMMP 73970 0.48 P 2 Side
UMMP 73970 0.56 P 6 G
UMMP 73970 0.95 P 5 G
UMMP 73970 1.18 B 4 R
UMMP 73970 1.58 B 3 R
UMMP 73970 1.60 P 4 G
UMMP 73970 1.65 P 6 G
UMMP 73970 2.66 P 3 G
UMMP 73971 0.85 B 6 R
UMMP 73971 0.89 B 6 G
UMMP 73971 1.34 P 3 G
UMMP 73972 0.59 B 3 G
UMMP 73972 0.79 P 3 G
UMMP 73973 0.49 B 6 ?
UMMP 73973 0.67 P 7 G
UMMP 73973 0.70 B 6 ?
UMMP 73973 0.92 P 3 R
UMMP 73973 1.17 B 4 ?
UMMP 73973 1.21 B 7 ?
UMMP 73973 1.22 P 3 Side
UMMP 73973 1.23 P 3 ?
UMMP 73973 1.31 P 6 ?
UMMP 73973 1.33 P 6 G
UMMP 73973 1.79 P 7 Side
UMMP 73973 1.94 B 5 ?
UMMP 73973 2.53 P 6 Side
UMMP 73974 0.52 P 6 G
UMMP 73974 0.57 B 6 G
UMMP 73974 0.68 P 5 G
UMMP 73974 0.72 P 6 Side
UMMP 73974 0.87 P 2 Side
UMMP 73974 0.93 P 9 G
UMMP 73974 1.01 P 3 Side
UMMP 73974 1.08 P 4 G

 

 

 

 

 

101

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron location
UMMP 73974 1.08 P 3 G
UMMP 73974 1.15 P 6 G
UMMP 73974 1.61 P 4 R
UMMP 73974 1.70 P 3 R
UMMP 73974 2.36 P 4 G
UMMP 73975 0.44 B 3 G
UMMP 73975 0.55 P 5 G
UMMP 73975 0.59 B 3 G
UMMP 73975 0.66 P 5 G
UMMP 73975 0.75 P 3 G
UMMP 73975 0.75 B 3 G
UMMP 73975 1.06 P 4 R
UMMP 73975 1.28 P 6 G
UMMP 73975 1.42 P 8 G
UMMP 73975 1.84 B 3 G
UMMP 73976 0.77 B 2 G
UMMP 73976 0.86 B 3 ?
UMMP 73976 0.87 P 6 R
UMMP 73976 0.90 P 6 R
UMMP 73976 0.97 P 6 G
UMMP 73976 1.05 P 3 Side
UMMP 73976 1.12 P 4 G
UMMP 73976 1.34 P 6 G
UMMP 73977 0.58 B 6 R
UMMP 73977 1.14 P 7 G
UMMP 73977 1.21 P 6 G
UMMP 73977 1.59 P 5 G
UMMP 73977 1.61 P 4 R
UMMP 73977 1.80 P 2 G
UMMP 73978 0.48 P 6 G
UMMP 73978 0.60 B 6 G
UMMP 73978 0.88 B 3 G
UMMP 73978 0.88 B 6 G
UMMP 73978 0.97 B 3 G
UMMP 73978 0.99 B 6 R
UMMP 73978 1.39 B 4 G

 

 

102

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73978 1.49 B 1 Hinge
UMMP 73980 0.39 P 3 ?
UMMP 73980 0.63 P 4 R
UMMP 73980 1.10 P 8 Side
UMMP 73980 1.39 P 6 ?
UMMP 73980 1.47 P 2 ?
UMMP 73980 1.58 P 3 G
UMMP 73980 1.74 P 6 ?
UMMP 73980 2.07 P 3 ?
UMMP 73981 0.45 P 3 G
UMMP 73981 0.52 P 7 G
UMMP 73981 0.62 P 3 G
UMMP 73981 0.79 P 6 G
UMMP 73981 1.01 P 2 R
UMMP 73981 1.49 P 3 G
UMMP 73981 1.51 P 6 G
UMMP 73981 2.38 P 6 Side
UMMP 73982 0.56 B 5 G
UMMP 73982 0.70 B 3 R
UMMP 73982 1.31 B-1 4 Interior
UMMP 73983 0.73 P 5 G
UMMP 73983 1.14 P 3 G
UMMP 73983 1.67 P 3 G
UMMP 73984 0.93 B 3 G
UMMP 73984 1.08 B 6 Side
UMMP 73985 0.74 P 8 G
UMMP 73985 1.18 P 5 G
UMMP 73985 1.25 P 4 Side
UMMP 73985 1.40 P 2 R
UMMP 73985 1.47 P 7 G
UMMP 73986 0.53 P 3 G
UMMP 73986 0.64 P 3 G
UMMP 73986 0.79 P 6 R
UMMP 73986 0.87 P 6 Side
UMMP 73986 0.91 P 6 G
UMMP 73986 1.17 P 3 ?

 

 

 

 

 

103

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73986 1.26 P 4 Side
UMMP 73986 1.28 P 3 G
UMMP 73986 1.46 P 6 G
UMMP 73986 1.74 P 3 ?
UMMP 73986 2.25 P 4 Side
UMMP 73986 2.85 P 3 ?
UMMP 73987 0.87 P 9 G
UMMP 73987 1.04 P 3 G
UMMP 73987 1.24 P 6 G
UMMP 73987 1.50 P 7 G
UMMP 73987 1.79 P 7 R
UMMP 73988 1.25 B 3 G
UMMP 73988 1.27 P 3 G
UMMP 73988 1.45 P 4 G
UMMP 73989 0.58 P 6 G
UMMP 73989 0.58 P 6 G
UMMP 73989 0.76 P 3 G
UMMP 73989 0.82 P 5 Side
UMMP 73989 0.93 B 9 Side
UMMP 73989 1.07 B 6 R
UMMP 73989 1.40 P 5 G
UMMP 73989 1.47 P 7 Side
UMMP 73989 1.94 P 4 G
UMMP 73989 2.23 B 6 R
UMMP 73989 2.53 B 3 G
UMMP 73989 3.24 P 3 Side
UMMP 73990 0.30 P 7 ?
UMMP 73990 0.60 P 3 G
UMMP 73990 0.94 P 5 G
UMMP 73990 1.01 P 6 Side
UMMP 73990 1.39 P 3 G
UMMP 73990 1.60 P 3 G
UMMP 73990 1.66 P 4 G
UMMP 73990 2.02 P 6 Side
UMMP 73990 2.71 P 3 R
UMMP 73991 0.57 B 4 G

 

 

 

 

 

104

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen NO. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 73991 0.61 P 6 G
UMMP 73991 0.64 P 1 Hinge
UMMP 73991 0.85 P 4 G
UMMP 73991 0.91 P 6 Side
UMMP 73991 0.94 P 3 Side
UMMP 73991 0.98 P 1 Hinge
UMMP 73991 2.34 P 6 G
UMMP 73991 2.52 P 3 G
UMMP 73992 0.81 P 5 G
UMMP 73992 1.15 P 3 ?
UMMP 73992 1.18 P 3 G
UMMP 73992 1.47 P 6 G
UMMP 73992 1.51 P 4 G
UMMP 73992 1.67 P 3 ?
UMMP 73992 2.21 P 3 ?
UMMP 73993 0.44 B 6 G
UMMP 73993 0.49 B 6 G
UMMP 73993 0.71 B 2 R
UMMP 73993 1.14 B 5 R
UMMP 73993 1.34 B 3 ?
UMMP 73993 1.38 P 5 ?
UMMP 73993 1.63 P 5 ?
UMMP 73993 1.67 P 6 ?
UMMP 73993 1.82 P 5 ?
UMMP 73994 0.87 P 3 R
UMMP 73994 1.08 P 6 G
UMMP 73994 1.23 P 6 G
UMMP 73994 1.92 P 6 G
UMMP 73994 2.05 P 3 R
UMMP 73995 0.51 P 6 G
UMMP 73995 0.88 P 1 Hinge
UMMP 73995 0.92 P 6 Side
UMMP 73995 0.96 P 4 G
UMMP 73995 1.12 P 4 G
UMMP 73995 1.13 P 6 G
UMMP 73996 0.48 P 6 G

 

 

105

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron location
UMMP 73996 0.58 P 5 R
UMMP 73996 1.92 P 4 R
UMMP 73997 0.49 P 4 G
UMMP 73997 0.78 B 3 G
UMMP 73997 1.23 B 3 G
UMMP 73997 1.31 P 9 G
UMMP 73997 1.38 B 2 G
UMMP 73997 1.42 B 6 G
UMMP 73997 1.47 P 6 G
UMMP 73997 1.53 B 3 Side
UMMP 73997 1.87 P 6 Side
UMMP 73997 1.98 P 6 G
UMMP 73997 2.03 P 6 G
UMMP 73998 0.52 P 6 G
UMMP 73998 0.67 B 3 G
UMMP 73998 0.73 P 5 G
UMMP 73998 0.84 P 6 G
UMMP 73998 1.04 P 9 G
UMMP 74000 0.48 P 3 G
UMMP 74000 0.63 P 3 G
UMMP 74000 0.75 P 3 G
UMMP 74000 0.78 B 9 G
UMMP 74000 0.80 B 6 Side
UMMP 74000 0.87 P 5 G
UMMP 74000 1.10 P 3 G
UMMP 74000 1.12 B 2 G
UMMP 74000 1.13 P 6 G
UMMP 74000 1.18 B 7 G
UMMP 74000 1.21 P 5 Side
UMMP 74000 1.27 P 3 G
UMMP 74000 1.33 P 3 G
UMMP 74000 1.38 P 3 G
UMMP 74000 1.40 P 4 G
UMMP 74000 1.41 P 5 G
UMMP 74000 1.45 P 6 R
UMMP 74000 1.50 P 4 G

 

 

 

 

 

106

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen NO. Brachral Regron location
UMMP 74000 1.51 P 2 Side
UMMP 74000 1.54 P 3 R
UMMP 74000 1.54 P 3 G
UMMP 74000 1.59 B 6 R
UMMP 74000 1.63 P 5 R
UMMP 74000 1.70 P 3 G
UMMP 74000 1.71 P 5 Side
UMMP 74000 1.80 P 5 G
UMMP 74000 1.83 P 3 G
UMMP 74000 1.93 P 6 G
UMMP 74000 2.02 P 6 ?
UMMP 74000 2.06 P 3 G
UMMP 74000 2.50 P 5 G
UMMP 74000 2.70 P 6 G
UMMP 74000 3.33 P 3 G
UMMP 74001 0.78 P 3 ?
UMMP 74001 0.88 B 3 G
UMMP 74001 1.23 P 6 G
UMMP 74001 1.76 P 9 ?
UMMP 74001 1.78 P 6 G
UMMP 74001 1.85 P 4 R
UMMP 74001 2.03 P 6 G
UMMP 74001 2.24 P 4 ?
UMMP 74001 2.42 P 2 ?
UMMP 74002 0.63 P 3 G
UMMP 74002 1.23 P 6 R
UMMP 74003 0.65 P 3 G
UMMP 74003 0.84 P 4 G
UMMP 74003 1.16 P 6 G
UMMP 74003 1.20 B 3 G
UMMP 74003 1.23 B 6 G
UMMP 74003 1.49 P 4 G
UMMP 74003 1.55 P 3 G
UMMP 74003 1.59 P 6 R
UMMP 74003 1.64 P 3 R
UMMP 74003 1.94 P 4 R

 

 

 

 

 

107

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron location
UMMP 74003 2.52 P 3 ?
UMMP 74004 0.75 P 6 G
UMMP 74004 0.95 P 3 G
UMMP 74004 0.98 B 6 G
UMMP 74006 0.77 P 5 G
UMMP 74006 0.98 P 3 R
UMMP 74006 2.64 P 3 G
UMMP 74007 1.47 P 6 Side
UMMP 74007 1.65 P 6 G
UMMP 74007 1.87 P 3 G
UMMP 74008 0.64 P 8 G
UMMP 74008 0.91 P 6 R
UMMP 74008 0.95 P 4 G
UMMP 74008 0.96 P 6 Side
UMMP 74008 0.99 P 4 G
UMMP 74008 2.78 P 3 G
UMMP 74008 2.85 P 6 G
UMMP 74009 0.36 B 4 Side
UMMP 74009 0.93 B 5 R
UMMP 74009 1.14 B 6 G
UMMP 74010 0.53 B 3 G
UMMP 74010 0.97 B 2 R
UMMP 74010 1.70 B 8 G
UMMP 74011 0.66 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 74011 0.74 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 74011 0.98 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 74011 1.01 B-1 4 Interior
UMMP 74011 1.05 B 3 G
UMMP 74011 1.1 1 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 74011 1.23 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 74011 1.33 B—1 5 Interior
UMMP 74011 1.37 B 3 R
UMMP 74011 1.40 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 74011 1.43 B-1 6 Interior
UMMP 74011 1.45 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 74011 1.50 B-1 3 Interior

 

 

 

 

 

108

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brachiopod Diameter Pedicle or Valve Microtopographic
Specrmen No. Brachral Regron locatron
UMMP 74011 1.50 B-1 4 Interior
UMMP 74011 2.21 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 74013 0.58 P 2 ?
UMMP 74013 0.61 P 5 R
UMMP 74013 1.19 P 2 R
UMMP 74013 1.30 B 9 G
UMMP 74013 1.52 P 6 R
UMMP 74013 1.92 P 9 G
UMMP 74014 1.53 P 3 R
UMMP 74015 0.81 B-1 4 Interior
UMMP 74015 0.91 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 74015 1.01 B 7 ?
UMMP 74015 1.03 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 74015 1.22 B-1 6 Interior
Ulvflle 74015 1.31 B 8 G
UMMP 74015 1.33 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 74015 1.45 B 9 R
UMMP 74015 1.47 B-1 3 Interior
UMMP 74015 2.01 B-1 5 Interior
UMMP 74016 0.54 P 3 G
UMMP 74016 0.76 P 6 G
UMMP 74016 0.86 P 3 G
UMMP 74016 1.38 P 6 G
UMMP 74017 0.83 P 6 R
UMMP 74017 1.05 P 3 R
UMMP 74017 1.11 P 6 G
UMMP 74017 1.37 P 6 G
UMMP 74017 1.42 P 4 R
UMMP 74017 1.59 P 3 G
UMMP 74017 1.60 P 6 G
UMMP 74017 1.97 P 9 G
UMMP 74017 2.34 P 3 G
UMMP 74017 2.85 P 5 G
UMMP 74018 0.50 B 3 G
UMMP 74018 0.86 B 3 R
UMMP 74018 1.70 B 6 G

 

 

 

 

 

109

 

Table 24 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Braehiopod Diameter Pedicle or Vaive Microtopegraphic
SpeCImen No. Brachial Region locatlon
UMMP 74019 0.87 B 7 R
UMMP 74020 0.43 P 6 G
UMMP 74020 0.49 P 5 G
UMMP 74020 0.53 P 6 ?
UMMP 74020 0.81 P 3 G
UMMP 74020 1.02 P 3 G
UMMP 74020 1.15 P l Hinge
UMMP 74020 1.41 P 6 Side
UMMP 74020 1.44 P 7 G
UMMP 74021 1.13 P 4 G
UMMP 74021 1.49 P 4 G
UMMP 74021 2.45 P 6 ?
UMMP 74022 0.60 P 3 G
UMMP 74022 1.43 P 3 G
UMMP 74023 2.70 B 7 R
UMMP 74023 2.82 P 2 R
UMMP 74024 0.41 P 3 G
UMMP 74024 0.46 P 3 G
UMMP 74024 0.75 P 6 G
UMMP 74024 0.94 P 3 G
UMMP 74024 0.96 P 5 G
UMMP 74024 1.30 P 6 ?
UMMP 74024 1.34 P 3 G
UMMP 74024 1.75 P 6 R
UMMP 74025 0.55 B 6 R
UMMP 74025 0.68 P 7 G
UMMP 74025 0.82 P 7 G
UMMP 74025 1.49 P 6 Side
UMMP 74025 1.53 P 4 R

 

110

 

Appendix G

Rose Diagrams Generated From Water Flow Vector Analysis

Table 25 — Additional rose diagrams generated from water flow vector analysis

 

 

 

 

 

 

S cimen Valve Rose diagram without Rose diagram with
pe surface orientation adjustment orientation adjustment
UMMP Pedicle

74000 external
UMMP Pedicle
73904 external
UMMP Pedicle
73928 external

 

 

 

 

 

111

 

Table 25 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

S imen Valve Rose diagram without Rose diagram with
pec surface orientation adjustment orientation adjustment
UMMP Pedicle

73884 external
UMMP Pedicle
73913 external

UMMP Pedicle

73865 external

 

 

 

 

112

 

Table 25 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

S imen Valve Rose diagram without Rose diagram with
pec surface orientation adjustment orientation adjustment
UMMP Pedicle

73867 external
UMlVfP Pedicle
73910 external
UMMP Pedicle
73827 external

 

 

 

 

113

 

Table 25 (cont’d).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

S imen Valve Rose diagram without Rose diagram with
pee surface orientation adjustment orientation adjustment
UMMP Brachial

73916 internal
UMMP Brachial
73864 internal
UMMP Brachial
74011 internal

 

 

 

 

 

114

 

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117

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