_ This is to certify that the . thesis entitled "EUACMRI'TICtTICIJ U? RUPAL INDIA" presented by l ' ‘ GURBUX KODUI'AL CIHYGAL NI has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for M ° ,&,..,_degree in‘f‘ sew-712311: ure ; egg/w Major pretessor I ‘ ‘. . l 7 IV I Date Member 26, 1946_ i i l x A III I I I | I I.II.I‘ ’0‘ fr &.»‘..IQ; ..... .;. u. 1". . r r . o . r .. . . .. . .. 3 v. t ..M : . ... . . . 1; .00. .3... v A... 1. Co— vvil l»! I! f; . e H. :i J . t . .. ....I . . . . ,. u...uu7..,..t....... usiruofimzé 7.3.1 E ‘ .2..fl~1l..1. . t. .1IL . , n .«It .l. .mu. efgi‘il...‘ .ll 1‘: llllla . Ill-.11. .0... .l: . nullll ‘ s4 ‘ 4 t‘. ‘I‘I‘.C¢(I_‘IO t“‘l‘l‘l1¢lt4 nll II ‘ ll .... . .2 a ‘. Jill --|...;.tl11: vi .r..’ "ELECTR FICATION 9 RURAL INDIA" by ' e. K. CHHGANI, B. So. (Agri.) Postgraduate Research Student in Agricultural Engineering A TERSIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Kichigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements ' for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Agricultural Engineering November, 1946 _, _ _,___‘,Vr, I OUTLINE OF WORK I. FOREWORD. II. PREFACE. ! III. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. IV. TABLE OF CONTENTS V. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOFS. VI. INTRODUCTION: 5 R General Introduction to the Problem: General conditions of food and agriculture in India. Famines. Early agriculture progress. Need for This Work: The present agricultural conditions in India. Existing food shortage and shortage of agri- cultural labor in various parts of India. Objects of This Work: 1. To review the history of rural electri- \ fication in the United States. 2. To review the difficulties that arose in the way of extending electricity to the farms in the U.S.A. 5. To study the methods employed by the Government and private agencies in the 1 extension of electricity to the American rams. 4. To study the social and economic importance of rural electrification in the United States. 5. To study the various possible uses of electricity on the farms in the U.S.A 6. To study the cost of ownership and opera- tion of the electrical appliances and equipment most commonly used on American farms. 18 "3833 I 7. To study the present status and the future program of the development of rural electrification in the U.S.A. 8. To study the agricultural conditions existing in India. 9. To study the extent of electrical power consumption in India as compared to other countries. 10. To examine the probable difficulties in the extension of electricity to the farms in India. 11. To determine the factors essential for widespread use of electricity on the farms 11L India. 12. To draw conclusions regarding the future of rural electrification in India. Scope of This York: No previous literature directly pertaining to the electrification of rural areas in India, has been published either in India or in the U.S.A. This work is intended to survey the existing literature and the work done on rural electrification in the two countries. It is a maiden attempt to correlate the data and the statistics available in the field of rural electrification in India and in the U.S.A. The data is obtained from the government publica- tions, government departments and the manu- facturers by request. No experimental or laboratory work is involved. Wherever necessary or desirable, the author undertook tours to get first hand information and pic- turesque impressions concerning various projects. Due to the almost entire absence of rural electrification in India, the cost of ownership and operation of electrical appliances, could not be worked out for the Indian conditions. Personal views of the author are avoided as far as possible. any authentic views are quoted indicating the source of information wherever possible. This text deals with the development of the rural electrification in an attempt to bring out as clearly as possible the fundamentals of a successful effort in extending electri- city to the rural areas. These fundamentals are arrived at by studying the various stages of the development of rural electrification and the methods developed as a result of ex- perience in the United States. An attempt is made at applying these fundamentals to the . existing agriculture conditions in India. Finally the conclusions are drawn regarding the possibility of electrifying Indian farms and the future of rural electrification in h India. b Method of Procedure: In the earlier chapters of this text, a study ‘ of the rural electrification and the methods -~‘ VII. VIII. ;_....)_ IV of using electricity on the farms in the United States is made. Its social and econom- ic importance to the nation is indicated. Later chapters deal with the various uses of electricity and the economics of the most commonly used electrical equipment on the farms in the U.S.A. A chapter indicating the probable obstacles in the way of rural electrification in India is included. Based on the study and comparisions above, con- clusions are drawn regarding the future of rural electrification in India. A summary of this work is given at the end of the text. Then follow the footnotes, litera- ture cited and bibliography respectively. CHAPTER I. A short history of rural electrification in the United States. Early efforts for electrification of the American farms. Creation of the CREA. Government assistance in promoting rural electrification. Ores- tion of the REA. The Emergency Relief Appropriation Act. The Norris-Rayburn Act of 1956. The Task of the REA. CHAPTER II. ObEztacles in the way of rural electrification in the 11.3.3, Want of technical developments. Opposition IX. XI, XII XIII XIV XV. from the industry and the States. The methods em- ployed by the Federal Government in overcoming these obstacles. Nation-wide effort. Self help cooperatives. Rural Electrification Act of 1959. other aids to the REA cooperatives. Facilities to cooperatives. Financial and farmers. Extension Service. CHAPTER III. Social and economic significance of rural electrifica- tion and the REA in the U.S.A. Importance of rural electrification in decentralization of large indus- tries and in the development of rural industries. Rural electrification an important tool in National defense. Uses of electricity Uses of electricity Uses of electricity Uses of electricity and storage. USes of electricity IJses of electricity CHAPTER IV. on the farm - in homemaking. CHAPTER V. on the farm - in animal husbandry. CHAPTER VI. on the farm - in dairying. CHAPTER VII. on the farm - in food processing CHAPTER VIII. on the farm - in the fields. CHAPTER IX. on the farm - in poultry farming. VI XVI. CHAPTER X. Uses of electricity on the farm - in horticulture, and fruit preservation. XVII. CHAPTER XI. Uses of electricity on the farm - miscellaneous uses. jquI. CHAPTER XII. Electrical power consumption of the various electrical appliances most commonly used on the farm in the U.S.A. Initial cost of purchasing electrical equipment for an economic unit of the farm in the United States. Recurring cost of maintenance (cost of ownership) and Operation of electrical equipment in the U.S.A. XIX, CHAPTER XIII. The future program of rural electrification in U.S.A. Federal allotments for the REA programs. Place of the power companies in the REA prOgrams. Xx. , CHAPTER XIV. General conditions of agriculture in India including topography, climate and the existing methods of culti- vation. XXI. CHAPTER xv. A short history of the development of electrical power in India. Graphical representations of the total electrical power consumption and rural electrification in the various countries. XXII, CHAPTER XVI. 1§I~obab1e difficulties likely to be met with in India in the extension of electricity to the farms. Factors essential for successful rural electrification in India. Possible methods of encouraging the use of electrical energy on the farms in India. XXIII. CHAPIER XVII. Conclusions regarding the possibility of electrifying the farms in India. Views of authorities on electri- fication of rural areas in India. Government program of development. The future of rural electrification in India. XXIV. SUliL-‘LARY. XXV. FOOTNOTES. IRVI. LITERATURE CITED. XXVI I . BIBLIOGRAPHY. PREFACE. This book is dedicated to the millions of farmers and landowners in India whose unending efforts towards increas- ed agricultural production during the past centuries have proved inadequate for the minimum needs of India. It is a maiden attempt intended to bring to the people of India the knowledge of the benefits of mechanical methods and of using electric power on the farm. Besides, it outlines the most suitable methods of promoting the use of electri- city on the farms in India. The objects, need and the scope of this work are clari- fied in the introduction. Before writing this book, the author has had an occasion to travel in more than twenty States of the Union. Observations made during the tours are included in this work. Wherever possible, photographs have been included to give clear and picturesque impressions to the readers. The text of this book deals with the development aSpect of rural electrification in the U.S.A. in an attempt to bring out as clearly as possible the fundamental princi- ples of a successful effort in extending electricity to the r‘LII‘aIL areas. These fundamentals are arrived at by studying a“? Various stages of the development of rural electrifi- caticni and the methods developed as a result of the experi- encess gained in the United States. An attempt is made at appIYing these fundamental principles to the existing agri- cultlllral conditions in India. The subject matter has been divided into seventeen chapters. The first three chapters describe the progress of rural electrification and its importance in the social and economic development in the United States. The obstac— les in the way of extending electricity to the million of American farms and the measures taken in counteracting those obstacles are discussed in these chapters. Chapters IV to XI describe the various methods of using electricity as observed on the American farms. In Chapter XII the most common uses of electricity on average American farms are indicated in preferential order. Ap- proximate cost of the appliances and the equipment necessary for the household purposes is calculated showing electrical energy required for their operation. Probable obstacles in the way of electrification of rural India are outlined. Factors essential for the exten- Sion of electricity to the millions of Indian farms are determined. The possible methods of reducing the cost of Supplying electrical energy to the rural areas in India are indicated. Finally the future of rural electrification in India is indicated in the concluding chapter. A short summary of this work is given after the con- cluding chapter. The numerical figures appearing against certain words and Efllrases in the text refer to the footnotes which follow the summary. Quotations have been marked with alphabetical letteazua and their source stated against the respective iii letters in the literature cited following the footnotes. Finally a short bibliography is given for the assistance of those who may carry on further study of the subject. It is hoped that the contents of this book will find their way through the various channels to the millions of farmers and land-owners in India who will in the course of time adept the mechanical methods of farming and production and for whose benefit this work is undertaken. East Lansing, Michigan. U.S.A. - November, 1946 G. K. Chugani iv ACKNOWLEDGKENTS. Before commencing this work, I would like to express my sincere appreciation of the help given by the various business firms, electric corporations and officials of the Government Departments in India and U.S.A. in securing published and unpublished data for this work. In particular, I wish to record my grateful acknow- ledgments to Mr. Russel Wells, Resident Manager, Karachi Electric Supply Corp., Karachi, Mr. V. G. Motwane, Manag- ing Director, Eastern Electric and Engineering Company, Bombay, and Mr. G. K. Ahuja, B. Sc., A.K.I.E. (India), De- partment of Supply, Government of India, Karachi, for their invaluable help in securing the data and literature from Various sources in India. I am greatly indebted to Mr. D. E. Wiant, Professor in Charge of rural electrification and Professor A. W. Far- rall, head of the Department of Agricultural Engineering at the Michigan State College, under whose guidance this Work was undertaken, for their invaluable help in making this book a success. My special thanks are due to Mr. A. L. Lane, Assistant Maimager, Detroit Edison 00., Mr. D. G. Womeldorff, Eanager of I'htral sales, Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois and Rip, R. B. Constam, Manager for appliance advertising, Westinghouse Electric Corp., fop their PermissiOn to use the various photographs included in the Look. East Lansing, Michigan. U.S.A. - November, 1945 U- K. Chugani "J In .4 x "X ,J‘NJ- A Ir ‘.' 1} \Rqfi‘epq'. 3'. .“ "' Q I - , I, V "I m), R — ‘7 44:. Q . ‘. .‘V". O'« , 'mg. I . ‘. . v“ 2 1- '0 2. 5. 4. 5. 7. TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD PREFACE AC ll“: 0 TIL Iv; DGLT * N T S LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOIS ILTRODUCTIOH General Conditions of Food and Agri- culture in India. Early Efforts of the Government to Relieve Famines. Need for This Work. Objects of This Work. CHAPTER I. Early History of Electrification in the United States. The Committee on Electricity in Rural District. The First Rural Electrification Cam- paign. Ineffectiveness of the First Campaign. The Committee on the Relations of Elec- tricity to Agriculture. The Second Rural Electrification Cam- paign. The First Experimental Rural Electri- cal Line. EXtinction of the CREA. Two Schools of Thought. The Turning Point in the Government Efforts. Reed for Federal Aid. Creation of the Rural Electrification Administration (REA). Progress of Rural Electrification Under the REA. The Rural Electrification Cooperatives. The Rural Electrification Act of 1956. The Functions of the REA. The Administrators of the REA. The Basis of the REA Programs. The Task of the REA. RAPTER II The Main Obstacles in the Development of Rural Electrification in the U.S.A. Page iv xiv \1 CD CJ'ICNH l—-' CDx'I (2 vi vii Lack of Engineering Skill. 18 Lack of Education Among the Farmers. ls Omission of Cost Factor in the Early Efforts. 22 Failure of the Effort by Private Com- panies and Farm Organizations. 22 Opposition from the Utilities and the States. 25 Undefined Laws Existing in the Various States. 24 "Spite Lines" Construction by Power Companies. 25 The Right of Way Problems. 25 The Ultimate Victory in Overcoming Opposition. 26 Uniform Laws for Rural Electrical Cooperatives. - 26 Fighting the Problem of Interference With the Telephone System. 27 Reduction of Costs. 27 The Development of Engineering Skill 29 Standardized Distribution Voltages for REA Projects. 60 Loans at Low Rates of Interest. 30 Reductions in the Rates of Insurance. 31 Partial Exemption in Taxation. 51 Reduction in the Actual Cost of Con- struction. 52 The Grouping Ilans of COOperatives. 53 rAids to the Consumers. 55 Training the Farmers. 55 Einancial Assistance to the Farmers. 56 Research in the Economic Design of Electrical Equipment. 56 The United States Extension Service. 59 Uniformity of Administration and Accounting. 40 8. CHAPTER III 41 The Rational Importance of Rural Electrification. 41 Social Significance of Rural Electri- fication. 41 Economic Significance of Rural Elec- trification. 45 The Use of Electricity in Rural In- dustries. 45 The Importance of Rural Electrification in National Advancement. 44 Rural Electrification and National Defense. 45 viii 9. CHAPTER IV 46 Uses of Electricity on the Farm: In the home-making. 46 Lighting. 47 Water supply. 51 Cooking. 55 House-cleaning. 61 Laundry work. 65 Refrigerators. 66 Freezers. 68 Water heating. 7O 'Dish washing. 73 Electric fans. 75 Fly control 77 Electric buzzer. 77 Electric clock. 77 Radio. 79 Electric shavers. 80 Curling irons. 80 Sewing machine. 80 Meat grinding. 80 Electric radiators. 85 Automobile engine heaters. 83 Household motors. 84 Artificial sunshine. 84 Heating pads. 86 House heating. 86 Other uses in home-making. 86 10. CHAPTER V. 89 Uses of Electricity on the Farm: In Animal Husbandry. 89 Water supply. 89 Water heating. 90 Grooming machines. 90 Ultra violet rays for the cattle 9O Feed and forage grinding or chopping. 93 Green-feed cutting. 96 Hair clipping. 96 Taming of bulls. 93 Bull exercizer. 98 Manure pumping. 98 Manure drying. 98 Other uses in animal husbandy. 98 11a CHAPTER VI 100 Uses of Electricity on the Farm: In dairying. lOO Milking. 100 Dairy refrigeration. 102 Freezing of dairy products. Milk pasteurization. Milk sterilization. Cream separation. Butter making. Cheese making. Sterilization of the dairy equipment. Butter fat testing. Bottle washing. Other uses in dairy work. 12. CHAPTER VII Uses of Electricity on the Farm: In food processing and storage. Grain threshing. Corn husking and shredding. Corn shelling and grading. Grain and seed cleaning and grading. Seed testing. Storage of grain, corn and hay. Hay drying. Drying of grain and small seed. Feed processing. Ensilage making. Other uses in food processing and storage. CHAPTER VIII Uses of electricity on the Farm: In the field. ’ Plowing. Irrigation. Land drainage. Farm fencing. Soil heating. Soil sterilization. Other uses in the field. 14. CHAPTER IX Uses of Electricity on the Farm: In poultry farming. Incubation. Chick brooding. Ultra violet rays for laying hens and Baby chicks. Cooling and storage of eggs. Cooling and storage of poultry. Cleaning, candling and grading of eggs. Water supply. Pot'Water Other uses in poultry farming. 127 127 129 129 151 154 156 156 157 157 157 140 144 144 145 145 145 148 148 ix 15. CHAPTER X Uses of Electricity on the Farm: In horticulture. Soil heating and sterilization. Lighting and glass houses. Spraying of insecticides. Removing spray residue from the fruits. Fruit preservation by refrigeration. Fruit canning. Dehydration. Fruit grading. Other uses in horticulture. 16. CHAPTER XI Uses of Electricity on the Farm: Miscellaneous uses. Farm shop. Portable electric motor. Cotton ginning and pressing. Wood sawing, planing, etc. Painting and spraying. Sheep shearing. Stump removal. Bug hatching. Seed potato cutting. Pea Vining. Burglar alarms. Electric truck. Individual hydro-electric plants. 17. CHAPTER XII 113. Ownership and Operation of the Electri- cal Equipment. Study of Costs Limited to Home Appli- ances Only. The Initial Cost of household Electri- cal Equipment. The Life of Electrical Equipment. The Cost of Ownership. kanufacturers of the Equipment. Cost of Operation. Average Monthly Consumption of Elec- trical Energy for Other Equipment. CHAPTER XIII The Present Position of Rural Electri- fication in the United States. Intensity of Rural Electrification in Different States. 149 160 161 161 161 164 166 166 169 169 172 175 175 174 174 175 178 The Future of Rural Electrification in the United States. Reduction in the Cost of Electrical Energy in the Various States: In Arizona. In Arkansas. In Colorado. In Georgia. In Illinois. In Louisiana. In Missouri. In Oregon. In Virginia. Modification of Laws Concerning Rural Electrification in the United States. In Massachusetts. In New York. In Texas. In Virginia. Research in the Design of Electrical Appliances and Equipment. In California. In Colorado. In 1111110213 0 In Michigan. In New Jersey. In New York. In Ohio. Education and Training of the Farmers. Place of Utilities in the REA Programs. In Indiana. In Iowa. In Kansas. In Kentucky. In Louisiana. In Massachusetts. In Minnesota. In Missouri. In Nebraska. In Pennsylvania. In Oregon. In Tennessee. In Texas. In Washington. In wyoming. Future Plans of the REA. Federal Allotments for the Three-year Tentative Program of the REA. The Importance of the Future Programs of Rural Electrification in National Economy. 194 198 198 199 199 200 200 200 201 201 201 202 202 202 205 205 205 204 204 204 204 206 206 206 207 208 209 209 209 210 210 210 210 211 211 212 212 212 212 212 212 215 214 216 xi xii 19. CHAPTER YIV 217 General Conditions of Agriculture in India. 217 Topography, Soils and Climate. 217 Crops Grown. 220 Seasons and Methods of Cropping. 220 Investment and Capital. 222 Agricultural Implements Used. 222 Irrigation. 225 Harvesting. 225 Threshing and Winnowing of Grain 225 Storage. 224 Hay-making. 224 Sugar Cane Crushing. 224 Care of the Animals. 225 Food Processing and Preservation. 226 The Farmer's Home and Living. 226 20. CHAPTER XV 228 Development of Electrical Power in India. 228 Hydro-electric Energy in Bombay Pro- vince. 228 Electrical Power in hadras Province. 250 Electricity in Travancore State. 251 Electricity in Kashmir State. 252 Electrical Power in the Punjab Pro- vince. 252 Electrical Power in the United Pro- vince. 255 Potentialities of India in Regard to the Development of Electrical Power. 254 Trends Towards Further Electrification of India. 254 Statistics of the Farms Electrified in the Various Countries. 255 21. CHAPTER XVI 258 Obstacles Likely to be Net With in the Electrification of Rural India. 258 historical Background of the Indian Economics. 259 Beginning of the British Rule in India. 240 The Government Program of Postwar Development in India. 241 Questions to be Considered for the Electrification. 241 Scope of the Use of the Electrical Farm Machinery. 242 xiii Similar Situation in the United States. 245 Mechanization of Farming and the De- velopment of Industry. 245 The Need for Industrial Development in India. 244 Small Size of Land Holdings. 245 Low Financial Standing of the Farmers. 246 The Question of National Resources. 248 Possibility of Economic Production of Farm Equipment in India. 249 Ability of the Farmers to Take Advant- age of the hechanical Bethods of Farming. 251 Large Scale Effort Kecessary for Successful Electrification of Farms. 252 22. CHAPTER XVII 254 The Conclusion. 254 Neasures Necessary or Desirable for Successful Electrification of Rural India. 254 The Future of Rural Electrification in India. - 26C 25. SUEIARY 265 24. FOOTNOTES 266 25. LITERATURE CITED 270 ”J H 0'; o l. 5. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9. 10. 11. l2. l5. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. A Farmers' Cooperative in Michigan. Demonstration Truck. fExperimental Nodal of an Elevator. Gas Station Owned by A Cooperative in Lichigan. Home Hade Pig Brooder. An Electrified Kitchen. Cleaning the Lamps in the House. Water Pump. Electric Range with Automatic Time Controls. Electric Toaster. Cleaning the House With an Electric Vacuum Cleaner. Hand Iron with Temperature Control Switch. Ironing Machine. Electric Refrigerator. A Frozen Food Unit. Electric Water Heater. An Electric Dishwasher. An Exhaust Fan for Ventilation. Electric Fly Trap. Shaving With an Electric Shaver. Grinding Meat with an Electric Meat Grinder. A Fractional H.P. Portable Motor for a Farm House. Page 15 2O 21 54 58 49 5O 52 6O 62 65 .67 69 72 74 78 81 82 85 xiv 41. 42. 45. 44. 45. 46.‘ 47. 48. Electrically Operated Lawn Mower. Floating Type Electric Water Heater. An Electric Insecticide Spray for Spraying cows. An Electric Hammer hill. An Electric Feed Cutter. An Electric Feed Mixer. Hair Clipping with Electric Hair Clippers. Milking with an Electric Milker. Electric Milk Cooling Tank. Frozen Food Unit for a Small Dairy. Electric Cream Separator. Electricity Used in Cheese Raking. Electricity Used in Butter Fat Testing. An Electric Elevator for Elevating Corn Cobs. A Corn Sheller. Electricity in Grain Storage Building. An Electric Grain Elevator (vertical). An Electric Grain Elevator (Operating at an angle). An Electric Elevator for Elevating Bags of Feed. Wagon Loading With an Electric Elevator. Model of a Mow Hay Drier. Lighting a Hay Barn with Electric Lights. An Experimental Electric Plough. Rotary Spray Irrigation. Soil Heating by Electric Cables. Battery Brooders Heated with Electricity. 37 91 92 101 105 105 107 109 110 115 114 117 117 118 119 120 122 125 128 150 155 158 XV L L. 49. 50. 51. 52. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 65. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. ,_i,_ ___ .._ __._ _— . .... .._—,._——.—.——-—— m———w-—— .--—-_. ww— Cleaning the Incubator Trays with an Elec— trically Driven Wire Brush. An Electric Chick zrooder. The Under-side of a Lamp Type Chick Brooder. Electric Chick Brooder Showing the Surrounding Corral_ for Young Chicks. Providing Fore Room and Light for the Growing Chicks. Providing Warm Water with Electricity for the Laying birds. An Electric Poultry Water Warmer. An Electric Food Dehydrator. An Electric Food Dehydrator and Dried Food Exhibits. An Electric Potato Grader. Another Type of an Electric Potato Grader for Small Sized Farms. Electricity in the Farm Workshop. A Portable Light for a Farm Workshop. A Portable Motor Operates a Grain Elevator. A Portable Electrically Driven Air Pump for Inflating Tires. A Portable Motor Operates a Concrete Mixer. An Electrically Operated Circular Saw. An Electrically Operated Paint Spray. Faulty Electric Installation in House. A Properly Designed and Properly Installed Electric System. Graphical Representation of Farms Electrified in the United States. (U.S. Census data) 159 141 141 142 142 146 147 155 167 168 170 171 177 177 192 xvi xvii 70. Map of the United States. 195 71. An Experimental Electric Frost Prevention De- vice. 205 72. Map of India. 219 75. Percentage of Farms Electrified in the Various Countries. (REA Data in 1956.) 256 I NTR ODUC T 0N . General Conditions of Food and Agricul- ture in India: India has been known for centuries as an agricultural country. Due to the almost unlimited variety of soils, climate and rainfall, it is possible to grow almost any crop known to agriculture on the Indian soils. Yet India has had to face famines from time to time and pay a heavy toll in the form of millions of human lives and cattle. This state of affairs has not been fully explained. Attempts have been made to plan adequate production. Numerous commissions have been appointed to investigate the causes of famines and suggest remedies. Experts have been invited from European countries to suggest improvements in the methods of agricultural production. Research institutions have been set up. In spite of all these efforts, the agricultural conditions in India have not materially changed from what they were sixty years ago. Early Efforts of the Government to Re- lieve Famines: The Government Department of Agriculture was first started in India in 1771, after the severe famine in the Province of Orissa1 in the year 1766-67. The failure of this department is evident from.the great South Indian famine of 1876-78 in which 5,250,000 lives were lost in British India alone. The Department of Agriculture was therefore closed down in 1878 and a Famine Commission appointed. As a result of the report of the Commission in 1880, the Department of Agriculture was reopened in 1881. Famines continued to occur, the most important being the great famines of 1396-97, 1399-1900 and the most recent famines of 1945-46. After extensive tours of India, in his report submitted in 1895, Dr. Voelocker, an expert chemist, described the differences among the agricultural practices existing in various parts of the country as follows:a 1. Those inherent in the people as 'cultivators',2 viz. distinctions of races and castes. 2. Those due to external surroundings, viz, cli- mate, soil, rainfall, irrigation facilities, availability of manure, grazing and fuel wood facilities, etc. 5. Those due to want of knowledge and education, iz. diversity of agricultural practices. Dr. Voelcker stressed the need for high class agri- cultural education facilities in India. He suggested establishment of agricultural colleges, research institu- tions, experimental and demonstration farms and provision of "Fuel and Fodder Reserves."5 He indicated that the racial and caste distinctions would vanish with agricultural improvement. Raising of the standard of living of the peasant pepulation appeared to him essential for the industri- al development of the country. Besides, Dr. Voelcker sug- gested intensive and extensive farming, improvement in land tenure, manuring and fertilizer practices, land drainage and irrigation facilities, cattle breeding, quality of food crops, crop disease and pest control measures, rotation and and distribution, methods of inquiry and statistics. Yeed for This Work: Strangely enough, the conditions in India today are little better than in the latter part of the nineteenth century described in Dr. Yoelcker's report. The Famine Commission appointed after the famine of 1945 under the lead rship of Sir John Woodhead made recommendations on the lines similar to those suggested by Dr. Voelcker in 1895, stressing among other things, the need for agricultural education, ir1igation, statistics, intensive farming, ex— tensive farming, crop disease and pest control, and improve- ment in manuring and other production practices. An extract from the report of the Famine Enquiry Commission published _ b in 1940, follows: "The food position in relation to population appears to be in certain respects less favorable than in 1680. There is, however, no fully satisfactory evidence that the standards of nutrition have declined since that date. India, in relation to the existing stage of her industrial and economic development, is overpopulated, increasing pressure of population manifesting itself in various ways. On the other hand, the advance of science has opened up possibilities of increasing food production which did not exist sixty years ago." In the concluding chapter of the Famine Commission's report, Sir John Woodhead states:0 "In our report we have insisted that India does not lack the material resources necessary for advancement and prosperity, but these can be developed only by the efforts of human beings - by the governments and people of India - and success depends on the spirit which sustains the country in the tremendous task with which it is faced." As a result of public agitation in India and realiza- tion by the government during the World War II that the delay in development of industry and agriculture in India was neither desirable nor possible, an all out program of development was adopted by the governnent. A separate Department of Planning and Development was created and sug- gestions have been made to continue the existence of the Food Department temporarily created during the war. The proposed activities of the Department of Planning and Eevelcpment include a variety of long and short term pro- grams for the development of industry, communications, highways, various branches of agriculture engineering, and in numerous other departnents. An acute shortage of agricultural labor was experi- enced in certain parts of India during World War II due mainly to the development of industries, enlistment in the war services and prevailing diseases and illness in the rural areas. Need for mechanized cultivation was therefore keenly felt. The agricultural production statistics of 1945 and 1946 indicate a shortage of food grains in India to the extent of approximately four million tons. Based on the results of the famine in 1943, the lives of 12 to 15 million people are in danger unless assistance is given from other countries, primarily the Uniteq States, which is the only country at present producing appreciably more than its local requirements. Need for mechanized cultivation and the use of electrical power on the farms in India therefore cannot be overemphasized. Objects of This York: The objects of this work may be summarized as follows: 1. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ll. 12. To review the history of rural electrification in the United States. To review the difficulties that arose in the way of extending electricity to the farms in the UQSopso To study the methods employed by the Govern- ment and private agencies in the extension of electricity to the American farms. To review the social and economic importance of rural electrification in the United States. To study the various possible uses of electri- city on the farms in the U.S.A. To study the present status and the cost of ownership and operation of the electrical appliances and equipment most commonly used on American farms. To study the future program of the development of rural electrification in the U.S.A. To study the agricultural conditions existing in India. To study the extent of electrical energy con- sumption in India as compared to other count- Pies. To examine the probable difficulties in the extension of electricity to the farms in India. To determine the factors essential for wide- spread use of electricity on the farms in India. To draw conclusions regarding the future of rural electrification in India. ‘1‘ CPAPTRR I Early History of Electrification in the United States: In the United States, rural electrification is of recent development. The previous generation of farmers saw the benefits of mechanized farming and the advantages of tractor power as compared to the animal power on the farm. The present generation has seen the tremendous ad- vantage of electricity on the American farms and in the farm homes. Electricity was introduced into the United States in the latter part of the nineteenth century. The first cen- tral station service was started in few York in 1882 by Thomas A. Edison through the generating station at Pearl Street, New York, N.Y. Until about 1910, the electrical installations in the country were designed for 2,200 volt transmission. Long distance transmission was almost im- possible at such low voltages. High voltage transmission at 110,000 volts and 220,000 volts was used in the 2nd de- cade of the twentieth century when low voltages were stepped up through transformers and carried over longer distances at high voltages. These high voltages were stepped down before distributions at low voltages. The highest trans- mission voltage since achieved is 287,000 volts at Boulder Lam supplied by the Bureau of Light and Power in the city of Los Angeles, Cal. over a 270 mile transmission line. The Committee on Electricity in Rural Districts: In 1911, the Committee on Electricity in Rural Dis- tricts appointed by the National Electric Light Associa- tion submitted its formal recommendations as follows:d 1. That the U.S. Department of Agriculture be urged to get out a bulletin on the use of electricity on the farm. . 2. That resolutions like tlose adopted by the Nation- al Natural Gas and Casoline Engine Trades Associa- tion be sent the Secretary of Agriculture. 5. That electric motorizing of farm machinery be in- vestigated. 4. That publicity experts be employed. In their report, the Committee stressed the need for education of the farmers, publicity and the cooperation of agricultural colleges and the U.S. Department of Agricul- ture in their propaganda. They recommended the supply of electricity to the farms at the same rates as prevailing in the neighboring towns and cities. Unless the rates were low enough, it was feared that the high cost of electrical energy would prevent its penetration into the farms. EgggFirst Rural Electrification Campaign: The Committee's recommendations were carried out. A census of electrified farms was made all over the country. Representatives of the utility companies agreed in opinion, t0 the advantages of farm electrification but were unable to supply electricity to the farms except at prohibitive cost as would be permitted by profitable business enter- Prise. As the "Thought once expressed never dies", so did the thought of electrifying American farms once expressed, keep itself alive. The public interest in rural electri- fication was aroused. This was the beginning of the first rural electrification campaign. Ineffectiveness of the First Campaign: ' As a result of the efforts of this campaign, the dov- ernment propaganda and the technical develcppents in elec- trical engineering, electricity was extended to a few farms scattered all over the United States. Statistics were com- piled. It was found that in 1924, only 2.6 percent of the farms in the United States had central station service. At that time, a very negligible percentage had individual generating plants. The progress in rural electrification fell short of the expectations. The primary cause of the ineffectiveness of the campaign was the lack of knowledge and education among the farmers regarding the miraculous benefits of electrical energy. Detailed description of the causes of the failure of this first effort are discussed in the next chapter. The Committee on the Relations of Elec- Egicity to Agriculture: Soon after the widespread agricultural depression in the years following the First World War, the need for in- cPeased agricultural production and falling prices, gave impetus to the use of electricity on the American farms. In 1925, a Committee on the Relations of Electricity to Agriculture (CREA) was appointed from among the members of National Electric Light Association and the American Farm ‘. Em... . IL‘- TA; V ’13—" L ~ "Z— a__'_' I I1. Bureau Federation. This Committee was primarily a fact- finding Committee with headquarters at Chicago. Later, the CREA consisted of the representatives of manufacturers, U.S. Departments of Agriculture, Commerce and Interior, American Societies of Electrical and Agricultural Engineers; Power companies; American Farm Bureau Federation; American Home Economics Association; Ceneral Federation of Women's Clubs; National Association of Farm Equipment Manufac- turers and individual manufacturers. The Second Rural Electrification Cam- paign: The formation of the CREA earmarked the second all out attempt to examine the possibility of electrification of the farms in the United States. The general trend of thought of the members of the CREA was towards private ownership of public utilities rather than Federal or State Control. They firmly believed that government control would be ineffective in economic problems. The CREA therefore embarked on a farmers' educational program. Various methods of education were adopted such as extension bulletins, new letters, technical bulletins, trade journals, press articles, annual reports, etc. Agricultural Experimental Stations were established at the Agricultural Colleges in most parts of the country and the results of their researches disseminated among the farmers through the United States, Extension Service4 and other channels. The research at the experiment stations was carried on by the experiment station staff with the c00peration of the teaching staff of lO agricultural colleges which were already established. Twenty-seven different states appointed such com- mittees (CHEA) for similar activities in the respective states. The First Experimental Rural Electrical Line: The first experimental rural electrification line was installed in tie State of tinnesota under the Red Wing Pro- ject in 1925. It was 6.3 miles long and cost :1770 per mile. Results indicated that the energy consumption cost varied from nearly 40% per K.W. hr. if the monthly power consumption did not exceed 20 h.W. hr. to 5.0¢ per K.W. hr. approximately if the monthly power consumption exceeded 500 K.W. hr. For the year 1924, the average electrical consumption for each family supplied from the Red Wing Pro- ject was 151 h.W. hr. per month at an average cost of 10.28¢ per K.W. hr. delivered to the customer.8 In 1327, the average monthly consumption per customer for the same ex- perimental line was 265 K.W. hr. at an average cost of 6.46¢ per K.W. hr. These costs were however still too high for the farmer. ixtinction Of the OSHA: _‘ L After a ten year struggle with the question of rural electrification with the support of the utilities, the CREA bewan to dwindle, not because it had failed but be- cause its job had been done. It had pioneered the electri- fication of rural America. The public interest was aroused by the preliminary findings of the CREA indicating vast 11 PM scope for rural electrification n the United States. Ly 1959, the Rural Electrification Administration had come in- to existence. It had begun the wide-spread of promoting the use of electricity on the farms all over the country. The continuance of the CREA had therefore little use. It was therefore that the CiEA was formally closed down in 1939. The experimental work was however continued at the agricultural colleges. Two Schools of Thought: The economic condi ion of the American farmers in the thirties was depressing. ‘The authorities widely declared that for the economic and social rehabilitation, rural electrification was the first essential. The utility companies could not relieve the situation on profitable business basis. At this stage there were we schools of or thought. The utilities suégested a raise in the national level of farm income to a point where electricity could be supplied to farms on profitable business terms. The agricultural authorities vehemently believed that the cost of electrical service must be lowered to a point where the farmers could pay for it at the existing level of incomes and thus increase their incomes. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was inclined towards the latter school of thought. The Turning Point in the Government fF‘——”' “'— afforts: ' Subsequent efforts at rural electrification with the President's support were on a nation-wide scale. Federal a )y... s...- E an. «E funds were sought and granted. Tris change in the finan- cial aspect marked the turning point in the Government efforts and rejuvenated the progress of rural electrifica- tion in the United States. reed for Federal Aid: by 1933, the sponsors of rural electrification having tried for over 20 years, the various methods of extend- ing electricity to the farms, had come to believe tLat feder- al aid was essential before the farmers could enjoy the benefits of cheap electrical power. The repeated at empts for the electrification of American farms before 1335, had served one important purpose; that is they created a nation- wide interest in rural electrification and convinced the Power Supply Companies as well as the consumers that the presence of electric power on the farm will be of tremen- dous advantage in national economy. This was indeed a great accomplishment and formed the basis of later developments in rural electrification. Creation of the Rural Electrification Administration(kWAf: Due to pressure from popular national organizations such as; American Farm bureau Federation, National Grange, etc. and the national need for rural electrification, Presi- dent Roosevelt solicited allotment of funds from Congress for rural electrification as an emergency relief project to relieve unemploym.nt and to promote private and public business enterprise. In the Emergency Relief Appropria- tion Act of April 8, 1933, the Congress approved $100,000,000 AeMoHHoo opspm 2mm Inflow: "mmmpadouv .cmmflfiofla cw m>muwaodooo .maoEpmm d .H .mfih .lb '-I.n.fi© . (Hi. .I.. .03.“er .l. .. - }_J Lb- for rural electrification. 0n Lay ll, less, the Rural Electrification Administration was created to promote the generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy in rural areas. Progress of Rural Electrification Under the REA: At this stage, rural electrification in other coun- tries such as; Kolland, Lelgiun, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Trance, Germany, the Ietherlands, Australia and New Zea- land had greatly advanced ranging from 50 to over 100 per- cent of the total farms as compared to about 11 percent in the United States. In the vicinity of Ontario, Canada, the percentage of electrified farms was in the neighbor- hood of 15$. he Rural Electrification Cooperatives: In the United States, the state of Washington had the lead in rural electrification. Several non-profit electric cooperative companies were established. These companies purchased power from the central municipal generating plants and distributed it among themselves at comparative- ly low costs. In the state of Washington these cooperative companies purchased power at about 7 mills (i.e. 7/1o¢) per K.W. hr. and were able to distribute at 5i a X.W. hr.f Farther East of Washington state, the retail costs of electrical energy were a little higher ranging from 5d to 5¢ a K.W. hr. By the end of 1955, thirteen states ex- perienced the birth of rural electrification cooperatives. In all, 46 such cooperatives were established on non-profit- able basis. The Rural Electrification Act of 1956: On Ray 20, 1936, the Congress passed the Norris-Ray- burn Act extending the life of REA by 10 years. The bill was introduced in the Senate by Senator Georpe W. Norris, of Nebraska, and in the House by Representative Sam Rayburn, of Texas; hence the name. Under the Act, the REA was made a confirmed lending agency of the Federal Government under an Administrator appointed for a period of 10 years at an annual salary of $10,000. The Functions of the REA: The REA was authorized to make loans to persons, cor- porations, States, Territories of the United States, muni- cipalities, cooperatives, non-profit organizations, peoples' utility districts and associations or companies organized on limited-dividend basis, up to a maximum of 340,000,000 apportioned among the States. Loans were to be made against adequate securities for financing construction and Operation of generating plants, transmission lines and distribution lines for supplying electricity to persons in rural areas who were not receiving central station service. The REA was also empowered to make loans for wiring the premises and the purchase and installation of electri- cal and plumbing equipment. Preference was to be given to the needs of public and non—profit organizations, companies or bodies. The loans were to be amortized within a period of 25 years. This period has been extended to 55 years Ill»! {lib .dl .Jk. under the Department of Agriculture Organic Act of 1944.g Under the provisions of the Act of 1956, the REA was to make loans at low rates of interest. In 193‘, these loans were made at 5 percent interest. The rate of interest has steadily been reduced. ender the Act of 1944, the rate of interest has been lowered to 2 percent.3 The Administrators of the REA: Mr. Morris L. Cooke was the first Administrator of the REA. Under his able administratorship, strong foundations of the REA were laid. After the resignation of Mr. Cooke in 1957, Mr. John M. Carmody became the Administrator. In 1959, when Mr. Carmody was appointed the head of the Fed- eral Works Agency, Mr. Barry Slattery took charge of the administration of the REA. During his tenure of office, due to the impetus given by war, the REA programs and pro- jects made considerable progress. Since 1945, Mr. Claude R. Wickard the former Secretary of Agriculture has been the Administrator of the REA. The Basis of the REA Progggmg: The basis of the REA programs was the safety of elec- tric installations and simplified rate schedules providing low rates for higher power consumption. The policies of the REA had to be modified from time to time due to oppo- sition from the industry, utilities and certain public organization. Why this opposition and what measures were taken to overcome it, are dealt with in Chapter XIII. Under the Reorganization Act of 1959h, the REA was 17 brought under the Department of Agriculture. henry A. Wallace was the Secretary of Agriculture then. The staff of the REA was increased. Experimental work was planned on the basis of Regional Electric Service which comprised regions of 100 to 2,500 route—miles of rural lines. These regions covered from one to five counties. The Task of the REA: The main task of the REA was to keep the rates low enough to be within the reach of farmers if the REA experi- ments were to be successful. To the industry this task seemed impossible. But the REA did not give up. The crea- tion of the REA was based on the assumption that rural electrification was possible. And why not? It had succeeded in several other countries such as; Norway, Sweden and Germany. An English poet once wrote: "He, poor fool! He didn't know It couldn't be done; so He went ahead - and did it!" So the REA went ahead with their work of rural electri- fication and did it. . E M “v7.4." . >1.-. 18 CHAPTER I I The Main Obstacles in the Development of Rural electrification in the U.S.A. In handling the job of rural electrification, the Government efforts met with numerous obstacles in the form of individual, public and State opposition, the inadequacy of technical developments in production, transmission and distribution, etc. In its report in 1954, the Mississippi Valley Committee explained the causes of slow growth of rural electrification as "the lack of interest by operat- ing companies in rural electrification, high cost of line construction because of the unnecessarily expensive line used, onerous restrictions covering rural line extensions, and high rates".1 Lack of Engineering Skill: The primary obstacle was the lack of engineering skill in transmission and distribution of the normal transmission voltages of 2200 volts over long distances. This was over- come when high voltage transmission was perfected. Low voltages were "stepped up" as high as 110,000 volts to 220,000 volts for transmission purposes. These voltages could be easily transmitted over longer distances before being "stepped down" for distribution purposes. Further engineering developments made it possible to build up a net- work of transmission and distribution lines extending thousands of miles in length. 19 Lack of Education Among the Farmers: Second obstacle in the way of rural electrification was the ignorance of the common farmer as to the usefulness of electricity on the farm. He had to be convinced that electrification of his farm would enable him to accomplish heavier jobs in less time with safety and ease in opera- tion. Till the thirties, due to the fact that rural elec- trification was only a private enterprise and more or less a localized effort by individuals, organizations and power companies involving high costs of installation and power consumption, the common farmer did not believe that elec- trification was economically possible on the farm. This lack of knowledge among the farmers was overcome by education of the rural population through the medium of Extension Service4, advertisement, propaganda and the press. More experimental stations were established. Demon- strations and fairs were held in the States and counties to demonstrate the use of electrical equipment and appli- ances. The public was kept informed of the new develop- ments by issuing news letters, broadcasting programs, ex- tension bulletins, technical publications, etc. Experi- mental rural electrical lines were built to prove by demon- stration to the farmer that rural electrification was actually economic under normal conditions. It was proved to the farmer that the presence of electricity on the farm was an asset in the form of safety, ease of operation and in handling heavier jobs in less time. Aowmaaoo epwpw cmwfigoflfi mo hmopaSOQV .memnofia CH nae: minimise mQHHHE/mah s S.” news was .QEBQ amuse HwOHE‘omHe ca can: penance x033 mafia. .pCeEoiHSvo Hmofiapooao Shem can mo end 33 mogmapmaofima .m . . I. 21 Lilli- a Fig. 5. An experimental model of a vertical cup type elevator. The motor—driven equipment on the right is a capacity measuring device. (Courtesy of Michigan State College) 22 Omission of Cost Factor in the Early Efforts: Inspite of the confirmed demand, rural electrification made little headway until the late thirties. One of the main causes of this early failure was that in almost all their early efforts, the cost factor was omitted. In sever- al caSes, the farmers were to pay for the installation of the transmission lines and distribution leads, for the wiring and equipment etc. The farmers did not use enough electricity to justify the expenditure involved in the installation of electrical service on individual farms. Added to this was the high cost of power consumed as dis- cussed in the previous chapter. The power companied lower- ed the rates of electrical energy as far as their business enterprise permitted. Still however, the rates were higher than the farmer's pocket. To bring the initial and opera— tion costs of electrical service on the farms within the financial reach of the farmers, private enterprise was not enough. Large scale effort was necessary. When the pro- gram.of rural electrification was nationalized and the REA created in the later years, the farmers began to consume more electrical power on their farms which made it possible for both the power companies and the farmers to install electrical service on the farms. Failure of the effort by Private Com- Apanies and farm Organizations: The attitude of the industry had never been opposed to rural electrification. The utilities were however, un- . if i DOC. 7‘ a. .\\ I") (,4 able to cooperate unless the returns were at least to pay the cost of supplying electricity to the rural areas. They cooperated with the farm organizations and the CREA in solving the problem. As might have been expected, their efforts achieved only a limited degree of success. Unless the cause was supported by public funds, extensive rural electrification could not be expected. Ultimately the Federal funds were made available. An Emergency Relief Appropriation Act was passed in 1955 mak- ing an allotment of $100,000,000 for the creation of the Rural Electrification Administration (REA). The aims, objects, functions and powers of the REA have been dealt with in the previous chapter. Further appropriations have been made from time to time for the functioning of the REA and its numerous projects. Until June 50, 1945, the total appropriations amounted to $564,968,184 including those for the fiscal year 1946 ending June 50, 1946.3 Opposition from the Utilities and the States: Under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1955, the Rural Electrification Administration was an emergency organization for unemployment relief. In bringing about quick relief, the cooperation of the industry, States and the public farm organizations was essential. The States gave a hearty welcome to the REA at the time of its birth. But later, at the instance of the utilities, they did not agree with the Administrator's plan of action. Several States declined to cooperate. Instead they opposed and l‘ 'i “is rested barriers in the way of ??A programs. in the Various Some States gave the rural electrical cooperatives the same consid ration as they gave the public utilities. Thus they claimed regulatory powers over the ISA coopera- tives. Others claimed no regulatory powers over them since the general statutes of the States authorized non- profit organizations of various kinds. Some States author- ized the rural electrical cooperatives by special statute while others declared such cooperatives unlawful. Thus while the installations of transmission and distribution lines by privately owned utilities had the State facilities in the form of the right of eminent domain, the EBA pro- gram was hampered by varying laws in different States. This confusion was because the nation had the development of rural electrification with unexpected speed. The States were not prepared for the proposed revolutionary changes of rural electrification and the LEA programs. The power companies tended to establish monopoly over power supply. To a certain extent, they had control over the private or municipal competition. As such in the earl- ier stages they succeeded in preventing the entry of ERA in certain States e.g. New York, Rhode Island, Connecticut and Kassechusetts. In cases brought before the courts in various States, the judgments were inclined to favor the cause of rural electrical cooperatives and excuse them from the State Supervision because of the futility of (‘3 07 supervision over such non—profit organizations. Recently as a result of prolonged conflict over the question of the control of Putlic Utility Conmission over the rural electric COOperatives in New York State, Eural Electric COOperative Act was passed in 1042 to exempt the rural electric co0peratives from the Commission's control. The utilities feared that the competition with the REA would be detrimental to their business interests. It was explained that there was no conflict of interests be- tween the utilities and the REA since the rural electrical COOperatives were mainly consumers of electricity and it was for the industry to supply electricity to the cooper- atives at the rates which the farmers could pay. Despite the utilities continued to oppose the efforts of the REA in the electrification of American farms. "Spite Lines" Construction by Power Com- panies: In the earlier stages, due to its right of eminent domain and priority of interests with the State officials and highway commissions, the industry blocked the way for the REA sponsored rural lines. In several cases the power companies installed short distances of new lines - more expressively called "Spite Lines," - to obstruct the pro- posed REA lines. The Right of Way Problems: Some States refused the right of way for the construc- tion of rural lines on the grounds that they were ugly (defacements along the highways which were already overcrowded \ \ N) O} with the telegraph and telephone lines. In such cases of State opposition, the farmers COOperated and passed the lines through their farms. The Ultimate Victory in Overcoming Opposition: In the continued struggle with the industry, the ultimate victory was won by the REA. Almost all the legal proceedings were decided in favor of the electrical cooperatives. This enahled the EPA to work its way into more States every year. Uniform Laws for Rural Electrical Coopera- tives: The time factor being of essence in the unemployment relief work of the REA prOgrams, it was considered necess- ary to have uniform laws all over the United States with regard to the REA COOperatives. The idea of uniformity of laws was not entirely new. The Public Works Adminis- tration had succeeded in getting uniform laws passed in several States to facilitate PWA projects. Two of these projects provided for the creation of 'farm electrification c00peratives' and 'public power districts'. The REA therefore preposed and succeeded in getting approved the Rural Electrification Act in 1959. The act exempted the rural electric c00peratives from regulation by the State Commissions, and gave them wide powers in- cluding the right of eminent domain. It has since been adopted in most of the States of the Union. At present there are only three out of 48 states which have no rural electric COOperatives, viz; Connecticut, Rhode Island and lassachusetts. Fighting the Problem of Interference With the Telephone System: A problem of engineering nature was experienced in the extension of rural electric lines to the farms. This was the interference with the telephone system. There the rural electric lines ran parallel to the telephone wires, the latter picked up induced voltages from the former and created a hum, buzz or other noises in the telephone con- versations. This was overcome later in the one-wire in- stallations of the telephone system using the ground as return wire. In the modern design of telephone lines this inter- ference is eliminated. Some old telephone companies de- manded electric cooperatives to pay for moderization of telephone lines to prevent interference with their system. They had the support of the power companies interested in the elimination of electric COOperatives. The REA legal staff fought and won against all this Opposition which re- sulted in its penetration into almost all the states of the Union. Reduction of Costs: Before the birth of the REA cOOperatives, the customers had to pay for the initial cost of the installation and distribution leads to their farms. This cost was in the neighborhood of $2,000 to $2,500 per mile of electrical line. Besides the customer had to pay for the maintenance of the installation. The companies charged the maintenance cost amounting to about 8 percent of the initial cost of the entire installation annually. Taking for example an average of three customers to a mile5 of the electric line which cost an average of p24,000 per mile, each farmer invested $800. of his valuable capital. His annual ex- penses for maintenance were: Interest at customary rate of 6 percent on N g800. $48.00 Naintenance charge by the power companies at per- cent on the initial in- vestment viz. $300. .364.00 5112.00 The cost of electrical energy for a low - marginal consumer (i.e. a customer using 100 K.W. hr. per month)5 was about 12¢ per K.W. hr., that is $144.00 a year. Thus a low-marginal consumer had to pay $256.00 for 1200 K.V. hr. energy consumed annually or 21.35% per K.W. hr. For a well electrified farm, the monthly consumption of electrical energy averages around 500 K.W. hr. For such increased consumption, the energy cost was about 6.00¢ per K.W. hr. In the example above, the cost of electrical energy for a 500 K.W. hr-a-month consumer would be $560.00 for 6000 K W. hr. energy consumed annually or 7.87¢ per T’1U hr. nearly including maintenance expenses.6 The main task of the REA was to lower this enormous cost of electrical energy. The only method to gain the farmers’ favor was for the REA to supply electrical power within the economic reach of an average farmer. The task was bodly approached with the result that the REA coopera- tives were supplying energy E 4E¢ per K.W. hr. Even prior to the creation of the REA the TVA started in 1955 was charging a maximum rate of 5¢ per h.W. hr. for domestic purposes. These rates have prOgressively decreased. In some cases they have been reduced to less than 2¢ per K.W. hr. How the REA was able to achieve these low rates sounds mysterious. The remaining part of this chapter will throw some lights on that mystery. 11: H- The Development of Engineering Sk A factor of prime importance in lowering the costs was the development of engineering skill. The engineers of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) succeeded in erecting transmission lines with widely spaced poles viz. 400 feet apart instead of 200 or 250 feet spacing in practice before. Conductor wires were redesigned to last for 25 years and resist varying weather conditions, winds, rains and snow. The conductors had to be strong enough to support their own weight in all weather conditions. The use of creosoted pine poles instead of the cedar poles and introduction of steel reinforced conductors lowered the costs appreciably. For the small farmer, the cost of the transformergg and meter had to be lowered. 600 watt transformers were therefore introduced instead of the 1500 watt transformers. in use before. Smaller meters were invented by the rural electrification engineers. Large orders for the transform- ers and meters were placed by groups of c operatives thereby .. \. \ 50 saving in cost. The new meters had a small test light. In case of trouble, if this test light was still in order, probably only the local fuse had blown out which could be replaced without expert service. This saved service expenses to the farmer. The introduction of cyclometer meters further lowered the meter costs. The farmers could read their own meters and keep records on a card. Only periodical checking was necessary. This saved expenses in employing meter readers. Standardized Distribution voltages for REAAprojects: The rural electrical cooperatives purchased electri- city from the power companies which often have varying transmission voltages. This requires different design for all installation equipment including transformers, fuses, meters, insulators, lightening arrestors, etc. for various cooperatives. The REA standarized the distribution volt‘ ages at 7200 for all REA c00peratives. This enabled the' REA cooperatives to place large orders in groups for their requirements. The manufacturers could forsee the needs of the various cooperatives and reduce costs by way of mass production of the installation. Loans at Low Rates of Interest: The terms of the creation of the REA were based on low rates of interest to be charged on the loans made for all rural electrical projects. The loans were made to the cooperatives who in turn made loans to their members. The . d rates of interest at present Charged on such loans is 2p ‘?“f "I“ -.A A _ as against Gj on customary loans. This in itself results in an annual sa'ings of nearly l20,000,000 to the rural electrical users. Reductions in the Rates of Insurance: Under the Federal Government laws, Workmen's Compen- sation policies are to be taken out by contractors during the installation of the rural electric lines. These policies are to be taken over by the cooperatives when the installation work is complete. 3y new laws, RE COOperatives were granted special insurance classification which reduced not only the premiums against the Workmen's Compensation policies but also those against contractor's performance bonds, public liability and prOperty damage, and fidelity bonds from 25 to 50 percent annually. The quality of installations was improved so as to be more safe and long lasting. National electric safety codes were strictly adhered to. This induced the insurance companies to reduce fire insurance premiums. This saving in insurance premiums alone amounts to several million dollars annually which ultimately reduces the cost of elec- trical energy. Partial Exemption in Taxation: In most of the States, the rural electri ication cooperatives were subject to the usual taxation as was im- posed upon the power companies. Some States like kissis CD ippi and Kentucky excused electrical cOOperatives from taxation entirely. Other states granted them partial relief from taxes, e.g. T.yom :n nouisiana, Iowa anl Colorado. The REA urged only par a1 relief from taxation and recommend- ed tire t the electricr ccoreratives be taxed according to their ability to pay. The reduction in taxes was another branch chOpped off the tree. Reduction in the Actual Cost of Con- struction: The next main item 01 cost reduction is the cost of actual construction work. Iew construction techniques were devised. The 'moving belt principle' of construction which has been so well developed in the auto 2100; 1e and other industry in the United States and European co*ntr1es was adOpted. The only difference was that instead of a moving belt or chain passing along a line of workmen, a series of crews of workmen moved along the road. Under la the entire labor is divided into small crews Cf. 33" H m *3 lb}. ici P ._,_ of specialized groups. Each group is sent out along the line of construction in waves. For example the staking or laying out of the line starts first. When the staking crew has had enough lead, hole digring crew follows. Then follows a batch of workers distributing the preper size of poles along the line of stakes or holes. Another batch attaches accessories such as; insulators, bolts and nuts, brackets, etc. to the poles. Then follow the crews for setimi ng poles, stretching wire, attachin transformeis, connecting branch lines, etc. This method of construction is also referred to as 'Streamlined Construction'. It gives bet er urnout of work and increases e. “ici one; by nearly 30 percent. ° . V, 1.0., The Croun1nQ_Pl.ns Cl Coooeratites: The cost of wiring, plumbing and the purchase of appliances had to be broudat down next. The redmi ti on in these items was possible only to a certain extent by the "P011 , \J ’0 ing plans suc, as; 'group wirinc plan', 'group plumb- ing plaa', group purchasing plan', etc. The diStribution voltages were standardized. This made the design of appliances more uniform and made bulk manufac ure of elec- trical appliances pos si‘le. Both these factors coupled with 'group purchasing plan' reduced the cost of the appliances to a certain extent. Aids to the Consumers : Aside from these efforts of the Government directl;¢ a1 med at reduci Lng the costs of electrical enerJ , aids were given to farm consumers of electricity. These aids were in the form of direct financial help, relieving their personal real estate property from liabilities of the cooper- atives of which they were members and in several other forms. Some of these aids to the consumer are described in this chapter. The rural electrical cooperatives aim at helpinb thos farmers who are willi11 to help themselves. REX was forrned ,— I‘J —. \J not to give in charit y or donations but to make secured loans for rural electrification. Loans W81°6 therefore given to the COOperatives only against mortgages on the electrical lines. The mortgages were not on the personal or real estate Amwmafioo mpmpm Camufiofié .mOfl.p.Hmm Comemme "kamopgdoov .cwwfiflofig CH mpfiumpmmooo m ha, @955 Qowpwpw mmw w macaw nmmhwopoflm wage .mpozfiwm 23 Low ofluocOom mfl mmmCMmdL ,Ho @9308 o>fipwpomooo w .uflm .7 Park. . are 10-00 \ C J O '1 property of the members of the cooperatives re eiving the loans. In the case of coopefietives whose securities were not enough for the loans sought accor ing to the require- ments of the REA provisions, the ETA staff devised self- help cooperatives. The object of these self-help c00pera- tives was to reduce the cost of installation and wiring thus reducing the amounts of loans necessary from the REA. The reduction was brought about by mplcying the cOOpera- tive members for labor work, cutting poles, etc., and placing wiring contracts with one engineering firm by group- svstem. The costs having been reduced, more of the neighboring farmers were likely to cooperate thus raising tile membership of the cooperative which thereby would have 'becn recognition. This type of cooperatives are still popular with the Idess prosperous communities. They are unique in their “marking and.are less likely to be found in the more pros- pe rous communitie s . TIVaininr the Farmers: The farmers and the managers of COOperatives had to ‘bEi trained in the prOper use of the electrical equipment, Sexfety codes, first aid, etc. This was done by holding training classes, short courses and conferences with the 1fielp of the educational institutions, the American Red (3Poss, etc. Farm Equipment Tours and Travelling Caravans demonstrating the safe and efficient way of operating C»! O) electrical equipment were organized at convenient centers for the farmers. Exhibits were displayed at the county fairs and State fairs and the use and operation of the electrical appliances and equipment explained to the visi- tors. Financial Assistance to the Farmers: As regards the financial aids to the consumers, the Electric home and Farm Authority (EHFA) financed the pri- vate purchases of the more expensive electrical appliances and equipment. The EHFA pays for the initial cost of pur- chase of the customer's equipment and recovers from him the .full amount with interest in installments. The customers pay the monthly installments along with the monthly elec- tric bills to the cooperative or the utility as the case Inay be. The cooperative or the utility credits the amount of the monthly installments in the accounts of the EHFA Enitil the amount is fully paid by the customer. The BETA thorrows its money from the banks at customary rates of irrterest and is a self supporting organization without Eflsderal appropriations. Efii§earch in the Economic Design of Elec- t . :4 to .‘glipal Equipnen . The manufacturers and the American Society of Agri- cultural Engineers collaborated in the design of electrical ecluipment and appliances suited for the farmers' needs. [The manufacturers cooperated with the Government and em- ployed experts for research in such design work. Criticism has been levelled against research work by the manufacturers i ”I MW} (Q on the grounds that they know little about the farmers' w- r sell +4- needs and are more interested in the n5 campaigns. At present therefore, the farmers' representatives are called to cooperate with the manufacturers, American Society of Agricultural Engineers and the Government representatives in planning the development programs. Several new pieces of farm electrical equipment such as; grain elevators, milk coolers, refrigerators, chick brooders and What not have been designed keeping in mind the items of initial cost, energy consumption and the farmers' needs. Improvement work in the design is in progress by the various manufac- turers and the Government experimental stations. In several instances, wherever possible within limits Of safety, the farmers are advised to use home made equip- Inent such as; later heaters, water tanks, pig brooders, iportable motors, etc. Instructions regarding construction Of such home made equipment are issued through extension ENAlletins and exhibition of models at the state and county -fairs, in caravans, etc. In case of inventions made by the REA staff, the (zovernment secures the patent for the inventor in his name. 'The Government departments are entitled to using the in- Vention without paying royalties. In case however, private Companies use the invention, they pay royalties to the in- Ventor in whose name, the invention is patented. Thus the REA electric cooperative members receive the benefit of the inventions free of cost. 4? 33:8 Beam nemEoE mo .mmepadoov .95..” one. by pagans“ mcflon anm mmfla 03p mammx now assume? uaoo CH mcflaafiflo Sop.“ mm?“ coon, 3mm mammx coa>mo mHmEHm mane .ampooao, med onwEoEos ¢ .m .wE 59 The research work started by the CREA is still in pregress at the 00118585 and the universities. As a re- sult of these researches several pieces of new electrical .equipment have been designed. Lore staff is being employed every year. Besides the colleges, the administrator of the REA appoints Student Engineers who are qualified graduates from universi ice and colleges for research work. by this method research work has been speeded up in vari- ous problems of rural electrification. I Ehe United States Extension Service: All these measures are in progress even today in vari- ous parts of the United States not only in the development of rural electrification but also in several other fields of development such as; engineering, agriculture, home economics, etc. A well organized Extension Service is in charge of this educational work. The United States Exten- Sion Service is a part of the Federal Department of Agri- CIulture and Operates on a network system controlled by the :Federal Director of Extension at Washington, D.C. It works 1&1 cooperation with the land grant colleges established in Iilmost all the states of the Union. The United States Extension System employs various Ineans of educating the farmers in agriculture and home economics developed through years of experience. Extension ‘bulletins, technical bulletins, press articles, short Courses, conferences, lectures, 4-H Club projects for boys and girls, caravans and radio programs, employment of State and County leaders, home demonstration agents, extension specialists, etc. are some of the methods employed in the United States Extension work. On account of the well organized Extension System, excellent highways and a well developed communication system as existing in the United States, it is possible for the national leaders to reach the most distant rural population just within a few hours. Whatever men and materials the nation may need in time of any emergency such as war, epi- demic, drought, famine or floods, the cooperation of the entire nation could be obtained almost at once through the Extension Service. ;§piformity of Administration and Accounting: A very important factor in the successful reduction Of costs was the uniformity of administration. A scheduled Inanagement was planned for the REA cooperatives. A uni- Iform system of accounting as worked out by the Federal iPower Commission and the General Accounting Office was in- ‘troduced. The forms for contracts, budgets and auditing 'Were standardized. This standardization saved much time in.the comparison of projects, preparation of consolidated Statements, etc. Contract work was simplified and projects accomplished with more speed. This uniformity of administration was possible primar- ily because rural electrification was one huge project Spread all over the country with a central administrative staff. The success in reducing costs was to a great measure due to the well organized and capable administration. 40 41 CLAPTET III The National Importance of Rural Electrification: The vast country f the United States has been in a constant state of development and progress. The rural, agricultural and industrial enterprise has developed by leaps and bounds on account of the tremendous natural re- sources and a United effort by the people. The method of government of the country has greatly accelerated the Nation's progress on the whole. The inevitable Opposition from the utilities has not stood in the way of rural pro— gress of the country mainly because the development pro— grams are too far overwhelming in magnitude.’ Nation—wide Scale of programs and unified effort are the two funda- Inental secrets of success of the develOpment programs. Rural electrification has been a nation-wide enter- prise, the social and economic importance of which was fore- seen by the national leaders. The aims of this enterprise 11&3 been to bring comfort and happiness to the farmers' }1omes all over the country. The farmers' welfare being the ‘backbone of a nation, the spread of rural electrification COuld not be prevented. @1231 Significance of Rural Electri- fication: \w The presence of electricity on the farm has an import- ant social significance. It links up the rural areas and facilitates the general uplift and development of the Country. It promotes the social and cultural contacts h—m-o—u pkg-".5 «1 .--—_-.~—.‘ . . — _. dis (0 among the people of the rural areas on the one hand and those of the rural and city areas on the other. By the use of electricity the extension work and the education of the farmers made easy and more complete. The presence of adequate telephone, telegraph and radio communications in the rural areas is a definite asset to the extension workers in reaching the rural communities and in establish- ing a link between the farmers and the outside world. The work perfoined by electricity, being safer, quicker and less exhausting, the rural communities and farm famil- ies get more leisure hours for social and cultural contacts among the rural neighborhoods. This makes life on the farms and in the villages as delightful and comfortable as in the towns and cities thereby eliminating to a certain extent the rival feelings among the city residents and the country folks. The presence of electricity helps in improving the liealth of the people. The electric lights, hot and cold iPunning water and good drainage and sanitation, are but a lfew essentials of health brought within the reach of an average farmer by rural electrification. In case of dis- ease or epidemics and in hospitals, there is no handier combating tool than electrical power. For example in the Sterilization of apparatus, x-rays, surgery, excavating and in numerous other processes, electricity finds important uses. Without electrical power, effective control of epidemics and disease would be almost impossible. Thus 45 rural electrification adds considerably to the lon;evity of the rural population. Economic trificati Significance of flural Elec- o : In the field of national economics, rural electrifi- cation has proved useful in more than one way. fiith the increased education through extension service, knowledge about imp oved metLods of farming and weather forecasts given to him over the radio, through the press or news letters, etc., an American farmer has been found to make better use of his finances, labor and the services offered him by the utilities. This adds to the wealth of the American farmers thereby adding to the wealth of the nation as a whole. The trends of tLe industry in the United States as in almost all other countries where industrial developments took place, have been towards centralization, which has re- ulted in overpopulation of the industrial centers and for- metion of slum districts in the hearts of the cities. The mOdern thinkers on industrial and economic matters have therefcre recommended decentralization of the industry all over the country. Rural electrification has played and Will play its part in this industrial re-shuffle. A survey of the farm users a? electricity shows that the development in rural industries is already afoot in preparation to re- lieve the centralized industry. The use of electricity in Rural Industries: Among the farm industries, electricity is used for seed ,. ‘--._1_, cle anin', seed processing: cotton inr‘PU: cold storage, sheep farmirg, fruit and vegetable gradi nu, and for numer- ous other purposes. In :he forests, it is used for wood- cutting and sawing, planinL, etc. In food industry, it is 13ed for canninL, dehydration, fruit-packing, meat-packing, slaughter houses, flour mills, sugarcane mills, etc. For mining purposes, rural elecirical lines supply coal, phosphate and graphite mines, oil pumps, refineries, roller mills, asphalt plants, etc. Among other rural industries, electricity is used in the ins nufactu1e of brick, tile, cement and Llass including Cigging shale, stor e and other minerals. In chemical industry, electricity finds an i Mort ht place in the manu- factu.re of fertilizers, paints, varnishes, pigments and other chemical products. In textile industry, it is used in the manufacture of hosiery, clofshi ing, silk, knitted wear, mercerized cloth, rayon and other types of cloth. Besides rural industries, electricity finds a number 05 commercial uses such as in theaters, amusenent parks, 8&3 stations, farm worker nop, nachine she ops, advertising and other commercial pmlr oses. EI§_;£ppjtance of Pural Electrification 31—JEIiCnal Advance ent: Towards the end of tie nineteenth century and early in the tven tieth century, the introduction of mechanical power on the farm relieved agricultural lahor from the farms for industrial purposes - a feat are essential for the social and economic advancement of a nation. When electricity was introduced on the farr, more aercultural labor was released for industrial use. When BIA took over the de- velopment of rural electrification, hundreds of thousands of farm laborers took to industrial enterprises thus re- ducing the total percentage of pepulation engaged on the farms for agricultural procuctien. Rural Electrification and Yational Lefense: Incidental y this lahor released from the farm was utilized in the last World War. It was not only the men released by rural electrification but also the electrical power extended all over the country that was invaluable in the unequalled war effort put forth by the nation as a whole. In the production of materials and the maintenance of the health of the people, in the Army and haval camps, training schools and hospitals, in the airways radio system, beacon lighting, telephone and telegraph lines, military radio system and such other institutions of the war effort, electrical power was an invaluable asset. Thus rural electrification has proved to be of defin- ite importance in National Defense. \ I .a (4)) CHAPTER IV Uses of electricity on the farm: In the home-makinfi: When the national importance of rural electrification was realized, the idea that the use of electricity was safe, economic and time—saving vas conveyed to the farmers through all the possible channels of education as explained in the preceding chapters. The farmer was convinced that electricity would bring to him the speed of work and sim- plicity of operation thereby enable him and his family to snatch a few moments everyday for recreation and social contacts. Above all he was made to realize that electri- city would bring health to his family. This done, it was but natural to expect a rapidly increasing demand for electricity from the farmers. The purposes for which electricity has been used on the farms in the United States vary from place to place according to the individual needs of the farmers. This chapter and the next few chapters are devoted to the des- or'iption of how electricity is used for the various purposes on the American farms. The object of all human efforts by any nation is to haVe happy homes for its people. Lack of adequate home comforts in a nation is one of the root causes of inter- national unrest. American economy aims at providing a better standard of living for all classes of workers, at providing them with increased education and all the conven- - - I- - .. ‘.A.'. v. I I 47 iences and comforts of home life. With increased educa- tion and guidance through United States Extension System and other channels, an American farmer is able to get better returns from his investments and enterprises. He is taught to realize the importance of the health of his family, the sanitation of his house, the education of his children and of the social and cultural contacts with his neighbor- hood. For each of these purposes electricity has been in- valuable to the farmer. Lighting: The need for lighting in a farm home can hardly be over- emphasized. Adequate lighting of the house is essential for preserving eyesight and the health of the family. In- adequate lighting slows down the work besides being detri- mental to health. Electric lighting is safe, simple to Operate and economically cheap in the long run. Electric lighting in the rural areas has become very common in the United States; so much so that in some states a house is considered incomplete without electric lighting. The far- mers often start the electrification of their farms with the idea of "Let us have electric lights." Defective lighting is exhibited in shadows or glare in the eyes obstructing work. Poor lighting results in near sightedness, a common defect in children. Passing from a brightly lit room to a poorly lit room affects eyes. For adequate lighting, a lamp in the center of the Pomh with additional floor lamps and wall brackets located -k M'...~. g; 03 at suitable places for different purposes avoiding glare from the mirrors, window panes, etc. is essential. Glare from unshaded lamps has noticeable effect on the eyes. With prOper lighting, work is made more convenient and the house appears more presentable. Either gas filled or vacuum lamps are used. The fonner are better for the eyesight. There are three ways of receiving light from an electri- cal source: 1. Direct method: In this case, the light from the source of illumination is thrown directly on to the objects. 2. Indirect method: In this case opaque reflectors throw the light from the source to the ceiling whence it is reflected to illuminate the entire room. 5. Semi-direct method: In this case the light from the source is diffused through the lamp shades to prevent glare and shadows. Proper wiring of the house is essential for safety aSainst electric shocks and fire hazards. While wiring the house, providing a sufficient number of convenience outlets at suitable locations, e.g. underneath the breakfast table, in the kitchen and in all the rooms of the house, adds to the Convenience of operation of the movable electrical equip- ment. A proper control of lights using two-way and three- Way Switches for more than one control for a light or series 49 Fig. 6. An electrified kitchen fitted with adequate lighting, hot and cold water and other electrical kitchen appliances. (Courtesy: "Northern Illinois Farm Life" magazine) Fig. 7. Adequate lighting is necessary in the house, for the health of the family. Lamps should be cleaned regularly. Mrs. Earl of Illinois cleans her fluorescent lamp unit in her modern farm home. (Courtesy: Northern Life) 50 51 of lights, wherever necessary. Lighting of closets, passage- ways, staircase, open yards, porches, cellars, garefies, and store rooms should not be neglected. These places need as much attention in planneC lighting as any of the offices, study, living or bedrooms. Water supply: If a city dweller is not conscious of the advantages of having a running water supply in a farm home, just turn off the water mains in his area and he will know. All the O home jobs requiring use oi water, such as cooking: Washing, laundry, home cleaning, and care of the family are simpli- fied and speeded up by having running water in the house. Electrically operated water systems save time and labor and improves sanitation. An electric pump with an automatic switch control does the job of filling up the water tank with no attention or care. An electric ozonator could be added for purification of water for drinking purposes. Larger tanks are desirable for a farm house to provide for Sufficient water supply for fire protection. A gravity water supply system is fairly satisfactory for daily needs. The job of home-making is undoubtedly a tedious one. No one would therefore appreciate relief in one's work as much as a hguse-wife would. Much of the domestic work such as house cleaning, washing, and cooking if accomplished by electrical methods saves time, gives more hours of leisure and thereby adds to the comfort and happiness of the family. Jaesides, it saves time and thus gives more turn-over of work Fig. 8. A water pump provided with automatic switch controls is a great convenience to the farm family. (Courtesy: "Korthern Illinois Farm Life" magazine) 0'] (‘0 53 on the farm thereby aSSisting the family in economic farm management. Proper libhting, availability of hot water and refrigerator service safeguard health and give longe- vity to the farmer and his family. In the United States, the farm women have a full time job on the farm and in the farm home. Prior to rural elec- trification, the surveys indicated that on an average, the farm women work nearly 64 hours a week with the work dis- 1 tributed as follows?C H 0111" S Home-making 52 Farm work 11 Other work 1 Out of the 52 hours of homemaking, 57 hours are devoted to the routine work such as preparing meals, house cleaning, looking after fires, laundry and mending. The farm work on which most women were engaged comprised dairy, poultry and raising of fruits and vegetables. The percentages of the time devoted to the various items 0f farm women's weekly work of 64 hours follows:l Percentage of total work Food preparing meals 25.3 clearing away meals 13.5 food preservation 1.3 other food work 0.4 Total for food 40.5 ' HOuse cleaning and straighten- ing tho house care of fires, lights, water supply, repair of } .J (\3 o (O furnishings and care of house surroundings 5.5 total for house 16.4 Laundry 8.3 Clothing ‘ Sewing 6.5 mending clothes 2.7 other case of clothing 0.5 9.5 Total for clothing Care of children and other members of the family 5.8 Purchasing, planning and home management 2.8 Kiscellaneous 1.4 Total in the homemaking 82.5 Outside farm work viz. Dairy, poultry, gardening, etc. 17.5 100.0 Experiences of the farming families in home-maintenance with the electrical methods of work indicate an improvement in the quality of work in less time. The savings in time makes possible attending to the more profitable work such as dairy, poultry and gardening, thereby adding to the family's income and making possible better standards of llVlng. A comparison of 5 Illinois farm families during typical weeks before and after electrification of the farm is repre- sented graphically on the next page. These graphs indicate that after electrification, the savings in time from the I‘Outine work coupled with a little curtailment in leisure hours is utilized in more productive occupations. U7 CI] Cooking: The major job of the home maintenance is cooking. Studies made by the United States Department of Agricul- ture indicate that farm women spend about 16 hours a week on cookin“ I-‘ t \J . An electric range used for cooking not only reduces the weekly hours of work but also adds to the quality of the cooked food. The advantages of using electricity for cooking pur- poses maybe sumcarized as follows: 1. Temperature control is far more accurate with an electrical range than with any other cook- ing device. With the use of time switches, it is possible to place food in the oven, set the thermostatic controls and switches, set the time, and without further attention the cooking will be started at the set time ahd the switch turned off when the food is ready. Thus the housewife can attend to several items of work at one time, go outdoors if she p eases and on return find a hot meal ready for her and the family. 2. Cleanliness and hygiene during and after cooking until the food is served is a Pd 1 outstanding ad- vantage of an electrical range. The latter pro- duces neither soot nor smoke. No ashes have to be cleaned. The kitchen is maintained cleaner. Less attention is necessarv for cleaning the _ ”WWW , i-“ .i_ 4. Cl (,‘a stoves and the kitchen. Flectric ranges pronerly designed confine the heat where needed. Less heat is Liven off to the atmosphere in the kitchen or the room where 1",!" . inis provides better com- p. the ranLe is lace '5 fort to the attendant. In hotter regions or in the surner months therefore an electric range is ideal ior cooking purposes. tooxing by electrical methods is more efficient. Tests carried out at Purdue indicate that electric cooking on surface burn (D rs is 15 times as effi- cient as coal and more than twice as effic i» Gnt as kerosene. This leakage of heat from stoves using coal or kerosene makes the room very unctmfort— able and makes cooking an unpleasant task. In places where coal, wood or other fuel is cheaply available, combination furnaces making use of the fuel and electricity can be used with advant- age. In a combination range, as_the cook gets used to the convenience, reliability and economy of the electrical cooking, the coal range is very little used. In cooking with electrical ranges properl‘r install- ed by authorized persons, one does not handle open flames or exposed electrical connections. No US gase are given off unlike the combustion waste f any kind of fuels. This ensures safety of Eig- 9. An electric range with auto- matic time controls and an electric coffee percolator are a convenience the farm family enjoys. (Courtesy: "Lorthern Illinois Farm Life" magazine.) health erd prooerty and prov 'es neat and health- ful surro00o1~5s to work in. 6. Electrical r515 es last 113-511 61‘ 1211 “In other F811 with the exception of heatin5 elements which 5rht reCui re occasional reolacement. The init- ial cost thou5h hI5her t an other ran5es is well returned to the owner in the £33” of cheap opera- tion cost even at a three cent rate. Adding to this th e savin5 in time in cleanin5 the stove and the savin5 in time in cle=ner the stove and the SUPPO"RQ QinTS, the electric ran5es will be found to be more economical than any other cooking de- vice. Two power companies in Wisconsin have found it suffi— Ciently accurate to assume a cons option of one 3.7. hr per person psi? day for rural families of 4 to 7 members where all the cooking is done electrically. Careful use of an electric ran5e reduces the electrical power consumption. Increasin5 experience of the cook adds to economy in power consumption therebyn akin the owr ers} ip of a range more economical. A Pressure cooker can be used for coolzin5 a variety of foods at one time. Using a coffee percolator reduces the time taken in making coffee to less than one half of the time required on an electrical ran5e. The use of a toaster PTOVlded with automatic heat control, makes ssiole the hot toaSt ser'ed at the table with less effort and atte Mt on. It Bayes the annoying trips to the kitchen by the hostess. Samuiwich toasters make it possil ssurdwiches at the table. Waffle irons can be used for lxnne cooking of cakes, Electric cookers can conveniently cook small dinners arui are ideal for smcll oarties and jicnics. Electric {Erills and chafin5 QlSheS can be us.d for various purposes such.as toastin5, frying, broilin5, etc. In an electric e55 cooker, e ”s can be boiled with a ffnv teaspoonfuls of water heated to the required de5ree. TEwo, three and five teaspoonfuls of water poured in the 855 cup determine the de5ree of boilin5 as soft, medium and hard respectively. The principle is Uiat the water COmpleting; the electric circuit evaporates as steam and the greater fine quantity of rater, the lon5er is the time of boiling. Hot plates are a fair substitute for electric ran5es for minor cookin5 purposes. They are also called table stoves and often supplexent coal ran5es. When the electric ranges are installed, there is little use for the hot plates. A small electric oven is another substitute for an electric range. It is a miniature electric ran5e on a plug and socket arrangement adapted for li5hter cooking work. It is more handy to operate. There are several kinds of electrical appliances speci- ally desi5ned for various items of cookin5. For instance, a teakettle, an imIersion water heater, a water heating jar, etc. They are all very handy inexpensive cookin5 6 2% 232 ma 0E0: Sham m :fl memp mhdpowmv .Cmflopwx me Scam Gnu op mmpmog mLp mo mmapp wnwhoccw ofip w mm>wm maow# ummwxmmmp asp um pmpmmop oapuomam Cd .OH .wfih appliances. A farming family may well own these accord- F‘i [—0 :5 1D :5 O (“D U) o to their means and 'rJo Several.rufl{es and s z (D s of the various cooking appli- ances are available in the market. ”General Electric", "Edison Electric", and "'~‘.'estin;house"”3 are some of the well-known American makes. The choice of sizes and makes depends upon the family requirements and individual pre- ference. House-cleaningi In a modern home, the job of cleaning the floors, rugs, draperies, furniture, walls, etc. is one of the tedious tasks of a homemaker. The number of children and tie size of the house determine the amount of work necessary to keep the house clean and tidy. A vacuum cleaner operated by a mall motor facilitates and speeds up this job. It can be used while standing erect or bending slightly while reach- ing underneath the furniture. Apart from the simplicity H: 0 ooerat L w .4 i on, it does a more thorough jOJ of cleaning than otherwise. Nuch of the dust that is usually stirred up in the room and resettles soon after hand dusting is drawn into the vacuum cleaner and taken out of he room. Small insects, fine feathers from incubators, fine spider webs, etc. could be completely eliminated from the house by use of an electric vacuum cleaner. Electrically Operated equipment is available for sand- ing, Scrubbing and waxing of floors that is necessary in a house occasionally. uch equipnent is rarely owned by families. F ig. 11. House cleaning with a vacuum cleaner. (Courtesy: "Northern Illinois Farm Life" magazine.) C) (4 They can however be conveniently rented in most of the towns cheaply. A better job of sanding, scrubbing and waxing is possible with electric equipment. The latter could easily be handled by children and is operated while standing. An attachment that can be used on a vacuum cleaner with advantage is a spray painter for minor painting jobs like wire screen and furniture painting. Much time and labor could be saved. The initial cost of a spray painter attachment is rather excessive and may or may not justify its ownership by a family for domestic purposes. Laundry work: The most disagreeable part of the farm house keeping is washing the linens and the entire family's clothes. An electric washing machine saves a great deal of toil. The soiled clothes are placed in the machine. Required quanti- ties of soap and water are poured in and the switch closed. Washing is done by the action of an agitator provided in the machine. The time required for washing varies accord- ing to the make of the washer. After washing, the clothes are placed for drying. With the modern machines such as; "Bendix" washing machines,8 it is possible to feed soiled clothes into the machine at one end and get clean and almost dry clothes at the other end. The clothes are then ready for pressing. Pressing is done either by ironing machines or by hand ironers. For liohter work, electric hand irons are L) 64 i. ..\. a.» .2, CIA. I .6- ‘6 . cttt in .- ‘l v.0? \ V‘ I¥ii \ \ nun.-.u.u--:-n “ 0 II- “ ......... 'kOoL--on.-. ‘i. 0655)) ‘0. I...“ On; to f S d.K Hr. 80 t W t 8.5 n ngu a co 0 ., ..L Fig. 12. A farm woman in Rich the family with an electric hand some of the minor press. iron prov ided with a temperature control axitch. Fig. 15. Pressing of sheets, table covers, napkins and house- hold linen requiring flat pressing is easily handled by an ironing machine. (Courtesy: Northern Life) used. The ironing machines occupy small space and are simple to Operate. They are economic to maintain in the q long run. Several types and sizes of washing and l J. ’1 "f I J. o1‘ng machines are on the market. Almost every middle class American home is equipped with a washing machine. It is considered to be one of the most useful pieces of equip- ment in a farm home. Refrigerators: Researches by various scientists and the Government departments have indicated that temperatures below 500 F materially check the growth of bacteria and fungus. Large quantities of cooked foods, vegetables and milk are wasted daily due to spoilage on account of the bacterial and fungus activity. This wastage can be considerably reduced by keeping foods in the refrigerators, wherein lower tempera- tures inhibit the bacterial and fungal activity. Thus the foods are kept in edible condition for longer periods. Possession of a refrigerator in a farm home eliminates fre- quent visits to adjoining towns for obtaining fresh food supplies. A refrigerator provides a wider variety and better and better quality of food and fruit for the family at all times resulting in better health of the family. Electric refrigerators maintain a constant temperature un- on like ice boxes which maintain diiferent temperatures at different times depending upon the quantity of ice in them. The dirt particles contained in ice are eliminated in an electric refrigerator. Thus electric refrigeration is better Fig. 14. An electric refrigerator. makes it convenient for the family to preserve milk, eggs, meat, fruits and other foods for several days. (Courtesy: Northern Life) than ice refrigeration. 1 7 l - The results in bulletin no. 28 of the Iowa Engineer- ing Experimental Station indicate that approximately 1 to 1.5 cu. ft. size of refrigerator per person in a farm family is adequate. If several days' rations are to be stored in the refrigerator, the size should be greater. Considering the cost of ice and the family labor required to maintain an ice box, a mechanical refrigerator is sore economic to maintain in a farm home. In the United States several makes of refrigerators are on the market such as "General Electric", "Westinghouse", "Kelvinator", and "Erigidare". For the farmers' use, general purpose refrigerators have been designed. These refrigerators are compact in size, consume less energy and have other conveniences such as; automatic lighting of the inside when open, design of shelves according to the family requirements, etc. Freezers: Some of the modern American homes are equipped with small freezing units. The size of these home units varies according to the size of the family. The purpose of a home freezer is to preserve foods over a period of several months. It does not replace a refrigerator, since the temperatures maintained in a freezer are very low. The refrigerator temperature is generally higher and varies in the neighbor- hood of 450 F. The purpose of a refrigerator is to keep the the temperature low for short duration preservation. A frozen food unit for a farm home. The motor driver com- pressor is shown at the right. (Courtesy: Michigan State College) 69 _-__ ;.__u.—- *v—v‘“ —- The practice of freezing of foods has become very common in the United States. It saves the national waste of food. A small freezing unit owned by a family is a great convenience. It sav s expenses as well as the trouble of making trips to the locker freezer plants where the family might otherwise rent a freezing box. Almost all makes of refrigerators have a small compart- ment for freezing ice cubes. Often times this compartment is not used. Some housewives use this compartment for freez- ing small quantities of foods like meat and fruits. This method could however, be used for preserving only small quantities of foods, because of the size of the compartment. The modern freezers are rust proof and prevent contami- nation of food, during the period of preservation. One such freezer called "Eskimo Freeze" has been perfected recently by Reynolds hetal Company, Louisville, Kentucky. It has a food storage space of six cubic feet and is equipped with 1/5 F.P. motor. The inside is lined with aluminum to make it rust proof and easy to clean. It does not absorb any food odors and weighs only 185 pounds. The high conductiv- ity of aluminum liner inside increases the rate of cooling and therefore the rate of freezingg flgfier heating: Those of us who are always used to having hot running Water in the kitchen and bath have only to imagine ourselves taking a shower with freez'ng cold water or sitting in a bath tub of cold water while it is below freezing temperatures out in the open. The usefulness of hot water in maintain— ing the health of the family, for washi g clothes and dishes, in showers, can hardly be emphasized enough speci- ally during tie winter season. Heating water on an electric range or a coal range, is not convenient even though it is somewhat economical in cost. At the modern rates of electrical energy, heat- ing water by immersion water heaters is convenient and in- expensive. If the house is fitted with an electric ranoe as well as a hot water tank, the switch arrange ents are so made that only one of the two operates at a time, thus preventing the overload on the installation. Thus the wiring can be made less expensive by designing it for lower loads. In modern installation, the time clock switches are used which operate automatically at the set intervals of time. The most satisfactory electric water heater for a family of five persons is about 60 gallon capacity. It has two heating elements. The one at the top takes about 1500 watts and the one at the bottom takes about 500 watts or 750 watts. Both the elements are thermostatically controll- ed. There are however various types and capacities of water heaters on the market and the choice depends upon the in- dividual needs and the size of the family. In the areas where the sun's rays are available in plenty, a combined solar or electric water heater is far mOre efficient than either solar or electric heater alone. ADOLPH SCI/”LIE FARM M‘KINLEY “VP I'll/RON C0. WATER HEITING SALES FARM SERVICE 640-40 An electric water heater in the basement provides a con- stant supply of hot water in the house. Automatic time switches are generally pro- vided in electric water heat— ers. (Courtesy: Detroit Edison Company) 72 r1 ‘9 n .. a —. m ,2 .2 2 a4. .. ._ lhese comt_nes tater Eeaters are usea in some intsances . ‘ .p . F" r ‘ .' ‘l \' " "" ' in Calliornia, "axes, and OLhEP tarher states. For water heatinr purposes b? any NetROd: SOOd in- LJ A- ‘1 Cf O ('1 sulation is necessary to reduce the r -iiation loose a minimum. The tank as well as the pines carryin“ hot A. 'ent hot water "3 ’D H. O i - water should be well insulated. To supply system in the h:1use, a well insulated tank, a mak and break type thermostat and 15 to 20 gallon tank capa— city per member of the fa m lr are the essential require- :uents. Easily replaced heating elements cccnomiz the (I) ".CD by reducing the cost of repairs when the ° ‘-°. Elbk ‘0’0’2‘1‘31‘J 1‘1): you will bless the inventor If you are a housewife, of the electric dish washer. In many Anerican h mes an electric dish was}:er has cm: e to be reco ni zed as a piece .9 I regular ki chen equipment. E shes collected iron the Ir") C table ha*e just to be placed in a wire basket inside the .J uashinb Lachirle. In a few minutes they are washed did a $- ’0 (D s. (D cleaned automatically. Io scrubbing or wiping is nec or 7‘ Sued-Ir“; . By this meth 'od , 9 better job is done. Use of hot water at r. r ,, n‘ H G.) (a H. .3 O (D tié;ier ter.n eratures is no hands need be used h (1’) during the process. Use of ur clean kite :en cloths or di cloths is entirely eliminated thus making the job more sanitary. A dish was} in; machine gives far greater speed of work tlan is pos sisle by Land method. One of the objections to a dish washing machine is that Cb) Fig. 17. An electric dishw ' as} ' <flier does a thorough lassware job of w and enamelwar , Illinois Farm Life" mar C. C} n a nacrlne than by hand vasn- more hot water is required ing, but this objection is over-ruled in vi.w of 'he ad- CC) however, an electric dish washer will have no u-e. Another objection is that all kinds and sizes of dishes and table equipment cannot be washed in a oish w sher. ode sized dishes that do not fit into the dish waszer have to be wash- ed by hand. Flectrickfans: Comfort is a desirable feature in a home. In the summer months, Specially in hot regions, heat of the day often be- ) comes op ressive and a source of great discomfort. Elec— tric fans increase the circulation of air in the room and 3 O the discomfort. If the breez of the ian 18 passed over cold water or some wet cloth, a pleasant cooling effect is produced in the room. In the winter time ordiiary electric fans are useful in having equal heat distribution in the rooms. The uneven ~< heating of rooms uue ('f‘ o imoroper air circulation can be corrected by providing a fan in the cold air duct of the heating furnace. An oscillating fan used alongside a hot water radiator helps maintain even temperature in all parts of the re on: 0 Electric fans may well be used to exhaust gases and odors from the kitchen or smoke from the living room. Ven- o draw fresh air into the rooms tilating fans also help t t and keep them tell ven ilated. In the winter nonths, their 76 An exhaust fan removes odors and provides ventilation in the house in warm days. (Courtesy: Northern Life) 77 usefulness is even more important since they provide ex- haust of Burnt gases, smoke, steam, etc. from the house while the doors and windows nave to be kept closed due to the cold weather. Several types of ventilatin fans are E on the market. They are not expensive and are cheap to maintain. Fly control: Electric fly traps control flies effectively inside buildin s as well as outside. The traps comprise an elec- g trically charged screen energized from tie electrical mains through a low capacity transformer. The screens are pro- vided with guards to prevent accidental contact. The flies attempting to pass through the screens to enter the build- ing or come out of it come in contact with the charged screens and die instantaneous y. The operating voltages are as high as 4000 volts. The capacity of the transformer in the circuit being low, the fly trap is quite safe in case of accidental contact by human beings. Electric buzzer: An electric buzzer or tell is a common family require- ment for the convenience of visitors, calling folks to meals, etc. It saves both the visitor and the host the annoyance of door knocking. Electric clock: An electric clock requires no winding: regulating or oiling. It keeps more accurate time. The annoying tick of clock is avoided in a noiseless electric clock. It costs Fig. 19. An electric fly trap helps to keep down the fly population irside or outside the farm buildings. (Courtesy: Iichigan State College) 79 only a few cents per month to maintain. Recent developmdlt in electric clocks provides alarm deVices. Some electric clocks are coupled with a radio set, which provides the autona is turning on of a radio program at the desired time followed by a buzz at the set time. Thus the strain of a sudden alarm on the human nervous system is avoided. The electric clock is certainly a very handy and economic time piece for a farm home. Radio: The use of a radio is known to every American. Its utility in keep'nq the farmer informed about the weather conditions, commodity prices in the markets and the news of the day can hardly be overestimated. In the United States several educational programs are broadcasted by the United States Extension Service and the utilities over the radio system for the benefit of the farmer. For recreation to the farmer and his family, a radio is a boon. It brings to them the music and entertainment across the hundreds of miles. They can listen to the master minds or to the politicians while sitting in their very homes as well as any city dweller does. To own a radio therefore is certainly of educational as well as recreation- al importance to the farming family. A modern home is considered incomplete without a radio. A variety of sizes and makes is available on the market. The range and selectivity of the radio varies with the make and its cost. Electric shavers: The daily routine of shaving is simplified by an elec- tric shaver. Use of blades, soap and water is all elimin- ated. An electric shaver is a handy piece of equipment for all men and women. It saves time and the maintenance cost is negligible. Electric shavers are commonly available on the market in double-head and triple-head types. There are also single-head and twin-dual types of shavers in the market. The triple-head and twin-dual (or four-head) types are more efficient in performance. Curling irons: For the women in a farm home, maintenance of a curling iron for the hair is an asset to beauty. A curling iron takes a load only of about 25 watts and is useful in Vary- ing hair styles. It is a simple handy appliance for women who desire to look beautiful. Sewing machine: A woman who has worked at a sewing machine operated either by hand or foot power, sewing.machine can readily appreciate the utility of an electric sewing machine. The latter turns out a better job in less time with easier operation. The energy consumption of an electric sewing machine is almost negligible. Meat grinding: Kincing and grinding meat can be accomplished by a small electrical meat grinder. This little device comprises a small motor connected to the meat grinder by means of a 81 Fig. 20. An electric shaver is a great convenience to the family. It eliminates the use of soap, water and razor blades. (Cour- tesy: Northern Life) ,9“ .i‘_ —l ‘4 . 21. An electric meat grinder simplifies the job of mincing meat. (Courtesy: Northern Illinois Farm Life" magazine) C0 C23 1 u w V-belt. It consumes less than n ;.L. hr. per 100 lbs. of meat ground and saves much of the hard work done and the time spent in butchering. Electric radiators: On a cool day, an electric radiant heater helps to warm up the room, especially when it is not cold enough to start the furnace or light the stove. For shorter dura- tions, electric heaters are convenient to operate. They re usually used for supplementary or occasional heating 9.5. in bathrooms, children's playrooms, etc. Automobile engine heaters: If you have tried to start your car early in the morn- ing after leaving it in an Open garage on a cold night, you will easily realize the usefulness of an automobile heater. An electric automobile heater is a simple piece of equipment and saves much time and worry. On a cold morning, just plug it in for a few hours just before start- ing the engine. On extremely cold nights, keep the heater on all night long. Few people realize the utility of heated automobile garages. If only we knew the dangers of parking cars in unheated garages, we would lose no time in installing our garages with heaters or radiators. Automobile gasoline contains small quantities of sulphur. This sulphur is always present in exhaust gases to a certain extent. It forms oxides of sulphur with the exhaust gases. In cold weather these oxides of sulphur settle down in the garage (W 4 _J k) and form sulphurous acid and monoxides of sulphur. Even the traces of these are dangerous to human beings. Heated garages prevent the formation of these harmful gases. In absence of heated garages, it is necessary that the doors of an automobile garage be kept cpen for some time before entering. Household motors: A portable motor is a very convenient piece of equip- ment in a farm home. It can be used to Operate a small churn, grinder, mixer, ice cream freezer, etc. For example a "kitchen aid" now on the market has several attachments to adapt its use for mixing, pastry cutting, food chopping, meat rinding, egg beating, heating small quantities of 8 water, slicing and washing potatoes and whipping cream. It is equipped with a 1/10 E.P. motor which consumes 1/6 K.W. hr. per hour of operation. Artificial sunshine: Natural sunshine is found to contain ultra violet radiation rays which give health and vitamin energy to human beings and animals. Artificial lighting however much develop- ed and well designed it may be is a poor substitute for sun- light. As nature would have it, sunlight is not available H- for human use for most part of the year and when it s needed the most. in the winter months. Tungsten filament lamps, carbon BPCS: mercury 0P combinations of mercury and tungsten have been found to produce artificial light rays closely resembling sunlight. Fig. 22. A portable fractional E.P. motor for a farm home is use- ful for miscellaneous purposes. (Courtesy: Michigan State College) 50 O3 Featinggpads: I Elderly people and babies in the family occasionally need sudden warming up due to illness or effects of cold. heating water for a hot water bottle takes time and is inconvenient. Hot electric pads can be used almost in- staneously whenever needed. They are cheap to maintain in operation. With an automatic time switch and thermostatic control, these pads can be turned on before going to bed so that they will be automatically turned off at the set time. House heating: From the point of view of comfort, health, cleanli- ness and convenience, electric house heating is desirable. The initial cost and the operation cost is however not as yet within the reach of an average farmer. Researches are being made in this direction and it may no be far to expect that benefits of electrical house heating may be brought within the financial reach of the farming families. Other uses in homemaking: Besides the above electrical appliances for the efficient home maintenance, the following electrical devices could well be used at home with advantage, viz: Ornamental and decorative lights, Baby's bottle warmers, Juice extractors, Mixing and stirring appliances for the kitchen, PhonOgraph and piano motors, lair driers, hot air towels, Fig. 23. An electrically driven lawn mower used by a farm family in Illinois. (Courtesy: l'orthern Life) humidifiers, Inhalers (for colds, bronchitis, etc.) Cigarette lighters, Drink mixers, Patters for skin treatment, Toys and toy ranges, Pant pressers, Tie pressers, Exercisers, Garden lawn mowers, and numberous other home appliances. In nost cases these devices are inexpensive and omic to maintain. econ- (I) C.) 09‘ Q C liliPTiHi V Uses of electricity on the farm: In Animal husbandry: The value of electricity in the barn has been recogni- zed by most Anerican farmers. Lighting of the barn facili- tates feedinC, waterina, and milking the animals. Experi- ments have proved that the capacity of one lamb feeder could be increased by about 20 percent by installing elec- tric lights. The electric lights may be gas-filled or vacuum lamps. In dusty places, gas-filled lights are not desirable since due to high operating temperature of gas-filled lamps, the heat transmitted to the dust particles surrounding the lamps may start fire hazards. Vacuum lamps are therefore recommended for all dusty locations. L I.» ,ghting is equally necessary in sheep, hog and cattle barns, haymows, silo chutes, feed storage rooms, granaries, hous U) poultry houses, incubat‘r houses, brooding , etc. They add to the convenience and speed of the work. Water supply: Adequate drinking water supply and water for washing the animals is essential for the health of the cattle and for better production ultimately. A running water supply line from the home water supply tank satisfactorily pro- vides running water at all times for the animals. A star— line water bowl system or other suitable water bowl system may be installed in the barn. 90 Water heatin : L4 In cold wea her, warm racer has to b provided in the pipe liies of the water bowl system to prev ert freezing and to provide water at suitable temperature for dr"n“'n pur- poses. bes;des, hot water will be necessary for washing the animals, cleaning the barns, etc. hot water supply could be provided at reasonably low cast by installins an electric hot water tank as explained in the previous chapter. V ‘4! .- . ,. ‘. .° , (”“0023 L,‘-" 'f-‘_’."". 1? Q \4' Portable knap-sack type grooming machines prevent the contamination of milk from dirt, hair and scurf of the cows. Electric grooming machines require less than two miiutes per dayf or glaciin‘ a cow. Thus it is possible to groom all cows on the sarie day. The operation cost is negligible as compared to the amount of convenience they provide to the farmer or the dairy herd owner. Ultra violet rays for the cattle _ A3 a; ;nl_ined in the previous chapter, the sun's rays CD Fave add .tion.al qualities as compared to artificial light- ing. With electrical methods, ultra violet rays have been developed vhich carry within themselves some of the most desirable qualities of the sun's r ya. An ultra violet ray 1331p provided t a convenient place in the barn (D tain the azu imals and attendants in better ”lea th. The 831;“ :als and attendants are expose ed to the ult ra vi ole t rays Occasionally as advised by the voterrarian or doctor. 1.. . ry,‘ i_o. as. A floating type electric water heater is ps Wrter from freez- ing. Fotice ‘he Leater on the e tank. Court— left sit , ( ' n State College) esy: 3i 0 {)A {3‘ (D H' 0}, CD t l‘ Sprayitq the cows with in- secticides increases the milk yield of the dairy herd. An electric sprav is inexpensive 9nd does a better and quicker job of spraying. (Courtesy: North rn Life) '1 — ’1 ‘1 u a g ’ h 1". ‘ ‘ .‘ 1 l '0 ~13 vv‘v ‘1 . 7". f) y‘ ’\ V\ O .L ~..' ~ \A (ls-.1“ - 1 \J "V _ _.-\ A e- L; __. k4. ‘ g ‘- k’ L La -n;; types t; can be accomplished tf installin“ a small electrically O K) - " ,l. 0 .‘fi 7 2 M n1,, r, ° _, o L” .V. ersteo 0Plhder. larieus names and Slmes Cl LLeSe mach- fri L10 A r‘ L‘(\ \y 1" ' ' ‘3 u. 'T' . I "' ‘y 3 7 * y‘ a ’9 -~~ ‘ ‘ . fl nes are on tie Lariat. The, are incapenslve to maintain - 31 r\ ’\ *q and save a lot of eiiort. Green-ieed cuttin : :- ,, ‘ e ,.:-, , A - . - ,A s ., o if green feed is ULVGI to the animals, cho3,lnb oi the ~ A {a eed is general y necessarr oe ore leading. Electric green 0 H.) feed cutters or feed cto; ers of suitable site are cheap ‘ and may oe provided on the farm or eificiency and conven- Electric clippers ielp keep cows, horses and other live- - a , , , . . ,--.-. i, .- fl '1: l .‘3 stock clean. Cows yrodics cleans“ ii i ii kept cilpgeu. . -~v.\ '- . A A '1 .- V. fir N n . v -\ ._ v "\ : .-’ ,-» Electric clitrers are airple ani ineapensive. “aintexance .' .3 .2 ‘ ,fi 3 ‘_ o ‘_0 cost of electr:c hair CILSEGPS is neb iglble. Intermitcnt high voltages may be used to bring bulls under control. Electric stock from a charged wire will 1 scare the pull fr m appreacuin* bu tire again and thus “—1 effectively bring it under cantrol electric sLock hazards. Horses are snec {3. Electricity should therefore not 08 used wrere horses are likely to come in contact with ex- DOSe electrical wires. p1 “F M '. uu:%5£fi$"‘“’*“ ‘ Jena grinding with an electrically operated ha her will on a farm in Lichiaar. (Courtesy: Detroit ‘dison Company) (7) ,1; An electric Illinois farm. (Courtesy: ‘J 'Torthern Illinois Farm Ti_'e' magaz;ne feed cutter on an 1 ‘J CL) (7 ) Fifi. 28. An electric feed mixer on a Northern Illinois farm. (Courtesy: "Iorthern Illinois Term Life" magazine) 29. Regular hair clipping of the dairy herd helps in producing cleaner milk. Electric hair clip; rs are inexpensive and cost nebligible to maintain. (Courtesy: ”Iorthern illinois farm Life" magazine) Certain electrical devices have tern developed to provide movement and exercise for the bull. Thev keep J. O (D O) O (f: (D ct :3‘ CD the bull healthf and strong. The newer devi ~ U {3 bull forwards and CaoiWaDQS instead oi round and round. They use fractional 1.x. motors and use little electri- city. 1178.11 up 3 ilurfl hi1} to Cleani- o the barn is greatly simplified by using *8 an electric pump to pump out the liquid manure from the barn sewage pits or cisterns. The sewage pumped out is u. e field in tans wagons where it is spread L) then taken to H out as manure. Kanure dryiddi Some of the owners of large dairies and poultry houses find it economic to dry manure and sell it whenever in excess of their own requirements. An electrically heated drum contaiiing manure rotates at a fixed speed necessary for drying. The dry manure is delivered at the other end. Usually dry manure is ground before being sold. An ordin- ary hammer mill will do the grinding job satisfactorily. Other uses in animal husbandry: Aside from the uses of electricity in animal husbandry as described above, electrical power is required in the veterinary hospital. It is well used for barn and feed storage ventilation, fly control, elevating tie wood shavings from Jhe barn by means of an electric blower, feed mixing, milking the with el ,, 0 animals, ewhere in‘m- O -‘ .L etc. These uses 3 book. have been dealt 99 ‘3 5' CD ii d) (D 0 H3 ('0 H (D 0 CT "3 40 O f—Jo d. r A H J. :3 ,CL ‘1) 3—10 *3 ‘< H. '5 Q: L (D {‘1' "3 <1 183 made possible the large scale production of milk and dairy pro- ducts for the millions of American people. With electri- cal installation in the dairy barns it is possible to improve the quantity and quality of milk available from the animals. fiilliiII? The modern electric milkers have effected consider- able savings in the total time required in milking. For herds of 20 to 25 cows, the savings in time has been worked out to average more than 50 percent. In 1950, out of the total cost of milk in the United States, 50 percent approxima ely was for milking alone. Thus a 257 (4 savings in the cost of milk was brought about merely by the use of electric milking machines. Rotary combine milkers or "Rotolacters" reduce the cost of milk? g'by nearly 70 percent. The initial high cost of rotolacters however, makes the installation of these machines lrohibitive on individual farms. Electrical washing machines for the electric milkers speed up the work and bring about reduction in the cost of producing milk. The dairy should be one of the cleanest and the most Sanitary places on the farm. Electricity has therefore Electric milking is quicker and more hygenic giving less bacterial count in the milk. This photograph shows an Illinois farmer milking a cow with an electric milker. (Courtesy: Northern Illinois Farm Life" magazine) more uses in the dairy than in any other farm building. In dusting, scrubbing of floors, fly control, bottle wash- ing, etc., electrical power saves expenses and energy. In dairy refrigeration, milk pasteurization, cream-separation, butter making, cheese making, etc., it is invaluable. Dairy refriyeration: In most states the quality of milk sold in the market is controlled by law; for example milk must not contain more than 150,000 tacteria per c.c. before pasteurization and not more than 15,000 bacteria per c.c. after pasteuri— zation. Also that no milk containing more than 50,000 bacteria per c.c. is to be sold to any customer. In several states, it is specified that milk should be cooled to be- low 500 F immediately after milking. Ly experience as well as experiment, it has been found that milk cooled immediately to below 500 F, does not increase in bacterial count within about 12 hours or longer. Later the germicidal properties of fresh milk are gradually lost and even with low count milk will sour at ordinary room temperatures. The keepinb quality of cream is preserved by rapid cooling which prevents the bacterial activity. Brine cool- ers may be used for refrigeration of cream. There are "Dry" and "Wet" types of coolers on the market. They may be box type or concrete tank coolers. Data from Texas state indicates that the cost of electric cooling is approximately half of the cost of ice cooling. 105 Fig. 31. An electric milk cooling; tank for a dairy farm. (Courtesy: "Northern Illinois Farm Life" magazine i4) Freezing 0 dairy products When products like butter, cheese and ice cream are to be preserved for longer periods extending over several months, freezing units are very useful. The use of freez- ing units has already been described in connection with the electrical equipment for a farm home in Chapter VI. Kilkgpasteurization: An effective method of controlling the bacterial activity in milk is to raise the temperature of milk to about 1400 F and retain this temperature for about half an hour. This method of pasteurization is called the holding method because the milk is held in large tanks at 1400 F for half an hour. Electrically heated and thermostatic- ally controlled tanks are used for this method. Another method of pasteurization is the flash method wherein the milk is raised to 1650 F for about one half of a minute before cooling. This is accomplished by passing the milk over hollow metallic tube through which hot water is circulated. Several makes of pasteurizers are on the market. In the flash pasteurization method, the vitamins are destroyed but it has the advantage of being quicker. Both the methods are in use in the United States. After pasteurization, the milk is bottled in sterili- zed bottles. The bottles are then sealed. Electric bottle fillers simplify the entire process. Milk handled by electrical devices is less apt to be contaminated and hence keeps for longer periods without sour- ing. Fig. 52. An electric frozen food unit for freezing: small quantities of dairy produce. (Courtesy: Richi— gan State College) ifilk sterilization: Recent researches have proved that milk can be kept :from souring at room temperatures by raising it to temper- zitures as high as 2800 F for 4 seconds. The treatment in- ‘volves forcing the milk through small nozzles in the form (of a fine spray into chambers heated to 2800 F. The fine spmay makes even'heating of the whole mass of milk possible. {The process is however, not yet being used on a commercial scale. (Dream separation: Electrically Operated cream separators require very little in the form of energy consumption. Various sizes are available.- Portable motors may be used for operating cream separators. An electric washer facilitates the job of ckaaning the separator. Thus by means of electricity the entire job of cream separation and cleaning the separ- ator is accomplished in just a few minutes. £14tter making Where butter making is done on the farm, an electric (fliurn saves a lot of the monotonous labor and turns out a 'better product. A lB-gallon cream capacity churn operated EB? ; U,P. motor requires less than 1 k.w. hr. for 100 lb. of butter churned. The electric churn needs no attention (Nice it is started. If enough cream is produced on the lfarm, butter manufacture in the home will be a paying side ihdustry and will justify ownership of an electric separa- tor and an electric churn. 107 Fig. 55. An Illinois farm woman uses an electric cream separator. (Courtesy: "Forthern Illinois Farm Life" magazine) The recent electric churns placed on the market have special arran5ements inSide for workin5 the butter. Thus in such churns no w rkin5 of the butter is necessary after it is taken out of the churn. Cheese mak n5: Cot ta5e cheese can be n1ao e with the help Of an elec- tric machine. The entire process is automatic requiring little attention. The ownership and operation cost of the machine nay or may not be justified for a farmi family de- pending upon the consumption Of cotta5e cheese by the fam- ily or in the nei5hborhood. Sterilization of the dairy equipment: Electric washin5 machines are invaluable in cleaning the dairy appliances. They provide water under pressure and make it possiole to work with water at boilin5 tet1per- atures.y Thus a reasonable de5ree of sterilization is achieved in everyday cleaning work of the dairy equipment. For laboratory and experimental wor1:, electricity is used for sterilization. The latter may be electric hot air sterilizers or hot water sterilizers. The fc r1er are more desirable since they are easy to control and provide a wider variety of des i5n. The newer sterilizers can be Operated at varyin5 pressures and temperatures Which is best controlled by electrical methods. butter fat tes olllb Electrically Operated butter fat testin5 machines Operatin5 on the principle Of a centrifu5e are available on 5.. .<———— \\ F‘ia. 34. Electricity is used in cheese making. Lotice the small motors Operating each .1“ the stirrers. (Courtesy: "l‘Iorthern Illinois Farm Life" macazine) 139 llO Electricity is used in testin5 t he percenta5e of butter fat in milk. (Courtesy: "Horthern Illinois Farm Life" magazine) I“. [.1 H the market. Tith the help of these mac} i1 res, it is 51’) possirle for t1 1e farmer to keep a v tch on the butter fat percentage in the milk from 1 is herd. If he Observes a deterioration in the quality, 11e on n take ti mely precautions by added attention to his cattle or by consulting a speci— alist. Bottle washin5: Electric bottle washers perform all the functions Of bottle washin5 i.e. rins nq with hot water, brush‘n the r-’° inside eni outs de by means of rotary brushes and deliver- ing the bottles in absolutely clean condition with almost no breo akage losses. A sin5le I“rusn washer will wash clean the inside of the bottles, the outside bein5 taken care Of by hand. Sin5 le brtsh ‘Ottle washers will require a 1/6 E.P. motor. for more brushes 6.5. in the case of the two and three brush bottle washers, ; H.P. motor will he suit- atle. Four or rore brush types of bottle washers are used Other uses in dairy work: In ao dition to the uses of electricity in dairyin5 d,scrioed above, electricity is used in li5htin5 the dairy buildin5s, -arns and1flil; rooms, in clea nin5 the dairy equipnent and in providin5 hot wate or service. These uses J have been discussed in the precedin5 chapter. llB hr‘T‘*7 ‘3'"? _Y 1... .. A) L 4 $.1— Animal feeds and human foods,u:fs have often to be ‘processed sitter for “tors e or consumption. Electricity ies *he processec and saves time and la}:or. It maintains a constant workin5 speed of the n3: miine ard is therefore exinentlv suited for use in threshinc oi 5rain, corn huskin5 and shellin5, hay taliW1 etc. it can we used for cannin5, cold stora e ard other CJ Grain threshers usin5 two or th“e electric rotors are availatle for threshing wheat, oats and other 5rain. T es e twlre kin5 machines have teen popular in the nest ard ar‘ still in use in some parts of the United States where ntro— \ CD F- combines are not used. In must tarts hcwever, the £1 £ C ("P C) :5 (W ' C) 0 ’3 l o w .4 C) 01 ya i | C3 Ci '1 a". (W ’_ (1‘! 7‘" (D r. .—+« D Q? . . 1 L- \ . 1 n , ' . . - — 4— - :1 dse CI stat-tnari t res~ 11LQ Lacuines. V11 Cue tELes i 1‘ » .ni- 3»- .1-«74- ' ~~‘ .~ (“"30 ”T? '1‘ “‘("7'3" ‘ z tn 1' 4" ~§ ') VI‘“ ;-8.l"..7€:oc-1-1 '5 CC-..!.:_;_:LP. a (:1. s L,“ Lg. {-3 “a5 55 t . 5455 5343 S C:_Pe 5‘1 awn ‘I " ' "“1 I 1r “.1 ‘. ”V "j ‘1 a {-1 ‘1 , -4 - DJ a tractor and othees ale sellerropelied. :Or crumple rassey—Earris self—propelledc wcz:in has all the driving nechanism, fuel tank and the Operator's seat mounted on 1 raH on art handling (T1 the come ne. This facilitates the o: '[ . '4 tne Cfiutine. ( ‘3 * 3 3 ’3" U) k—-‘ *J. H "1 -~. 7.» q 1 {‘1‘ 4 y-\ ~\ . and snieuOiflb. Fig. 36. An Illinois farmer uses elec- tricity in elevating corn cobs. (Courtesy: "Iorthern Illinois Farm Life" magazine) ll- fig. "7. A 1‘31“"61‘ Jr. Lortfir‘r‘n Illinois uses a corn shellrr on the farm. r‘ourtes~,r: ”Ifort‘hern *1 libois :91“: Life" ,,. ”2, .9b 4 Le) ‘ .-'5I .6; ci ted by elect 1J- stor C" . NJ practiced, electr q‘r v; p‘-‘ to operate Luskcr- deii the farm. Corn an .. coder machine, especially so y rerd owned is not larée enough t ° , .1. _ ('1‘, ‘ j rical .r truetcr snreoced 1’? O \"51‘ . l-«J ‘ , Q 4‘ ”'15.. . . 62C; {1110. leg. “nere l’C'J-V iage icity can be economically O justify a silo on f‘. :_'Y)plz'? \"'. LA C .1 'IJKA'-L“£I. Corn sLellers operated by hand till he commonly found on every corn brewing farm. A % E.P. motor will more than double the cagacity of a necessary for an electrically operated corn tines, stelling and grad 1 1:3 71 r L4 operation. .P. motor to 1500 to 2000 lbs. of clean? Grain and seep p; A fanning will remo Y"? mp trash therety i roving *1 .L o % F.P. rotor will eff - ~. 5 , .‘1 and save tine and laDCPo quality of the grain or S H- constart speed which In vegetable growin‘ improves quality of vebe an arrangement for 5r Will deliver ‘ l erat ‘- iple o. x ‘ corn sleller. Ho cranking is Sheller. Often irg of corn is done in the same will be GHOUéh for capacities up shelled corn per hour. ~ ' I anoo ow oflmam esopw on oHLMmmom pm mmme popw>ofim ompfiao hHHonhpowfie c¢ fig. 40. An elevator operated by a fractional H.P. motor is used in filling the granaries. (Courtesy: Kichigan State College) Fig. 4.1. An electric elevator for eleva- ting; bags of feed. (Courtesy: "Iforthern Illinois Farm Life" magazine) 119 Fig. 42. An Illinois farmer loading a wagon with corn by using an electrically operated elevator trounted on wheels. (Courtesy: "Northern Illinois Farm Life" magazine) 121 storage are po sihle by the use of electricity. This re- duces the total cost of storage. The cost of a grain elevator is thus amply repaid the farmer. Considerable amount of spoilage of hay can be avoided by preper handli-g. Timely removal of hay from the field to the mow will prevent losses due to untimely rains. A motor-driven hay hoist hastens the slow process of trans- ferring the hay from the wagon to the mow. Two to five H.P. motor will do the job satisfactory depending upon the 1 \ capacity of the lay hoist. Hay dryirg: TranSport and storage space for green feeds can be greatly reduced by making hay. Use of dry hay reduces the Iiecessary ration of concentrates for dairy animals. This lcawers the cost of dairy maintenance. Hay with less than 203 moisture is considered to be dIfiy and is reasonably proof against fire hazards. Green Efibsiss cut in the field has much higher moisture percentage vaifying from 50 to 70 percent. Drying of green grass in ‘Uie field will take several days of continuous dry weather. Eleactric hay drier makes it possible to dry hay artifici- alLLy. It has been found by esperience and experiwent that dPfi(ing 1ay with more than 55 to 40 percent moisture content is IlOt economic due to the axe ssive electrical energy re- qdired.to reduce the moisture percentage below 203. It is ‘mserefore desirable and economic to leave the hay in the field to reduce tie moisture percentage to about 55 to 40 Fig. 45. A model of a mow hay drier. Air is forced through the central tunnel by means of a fan. The side tunnels give equal distribution of the air through the mow. (Courtesy: hichigan State College) before taking it to the row for artificial drying. Several types of driers have been des type drier is more commonly used. One main tunnel runs along the length of the mow and several ide tunnels run (0 alvn the Width Of the MOW at fixed S A(:I‘ U icing. Air is driven 1") 93 into the now by reans of an electrically operated fan, through tie tunnels over which bay is stacked in the usual manner. The period of time for which the fan should be operated is determ’ned by the percentage of moisture in the hay. Details of construction of sach hay driers have been worked out by several experimental stations in the various states. These details are supplied to the interest- ed farmers on request. Before hoisting hay into the barns, baling of hay is scnnetimes desirable. An electric motor can be adapted for Sizationary balin5 of hay. 5 to 7% K.P. motors will Opera- te: hay presses satisfactorily for smaller capacities. For :lajrger bales, up to 25 ?.P. may be required. baled hay is then transferred to the storage barns by means of a hay hO St. Ho Drfirin; of grain and small seed: Small seeds like sweet clover and blue grass usually rueed some artificial drying to keep them viable. Drying of (ern and wheat seeds has been considered advisable. The gn=inciple of drying either grain or seed is the drawing 0? hot air by an exhaust fan and forcing it through the entlr‘e mass of brain or seed until the moisture percentage }.J :0 ”B is 20 or less as ray be required. Suitable installations working on this principle may be used. Usually the job of design is entrusted to experts or business agencies who employ experts for such design work Feed processing: Grinding and mixing the feed for animals is rather an unpleasant job for a dairy herd owner. flor livestock feeding, harder gains such as millets, wheat, barley and rye have to be ground. For poultry feeding they are usually cracked. A feed grinder or a hammer mill could be satisfactorily operated with one F.P. to 5 E.P. or a larger motor. A separate small motor may be used to operate the elevator carrying the ground feed. Feed mixers are usually installed alon with feed grinders, but in case ground feed is purchased, separate feed mixers are available. These mixers can be used for mixing any feeds for dairy livestock and poultry. A 2 :.P. motor will satisfactorily operate a feed mixer up to 2 tons per hour capacity. By this method, the feed is thoroughly mixed and screened and a uniform mass produced for better health of the livestock. Bits of iron and steel are re- moved by a powerful magnet at the delivery and of the mixer. §_sila;e making: Ensilage is considered to be an excellent feed mixed 2' ith green feed for dairy animals, horses, sheep and Chickens. It is essential for economic milk production in the iiddle West. It improves the health of the livestock 125 Fig. 44. An Illinois farmer lights his hay mow with electric flondlights. (Courtesy: "Northern Illinois Farm Life" magazine) and reduces feedinb costs. EnSilage cutters and silo fillers can be operated with electricity for economy in cost. 5 to 7% N.P. motor will satisfactorilv handle a 12 inch cutter and deliver the ensilage into the silo. Other uses in food processing and stora"e: Aside from the uses of electricity for feed process- ing and storage described heretofore in this chapter, elec- tricity is used in dry H- ng rice, corn and hops. It is used in the dehydration of foods such as meat, fish, fruits, potatoes and vegetables. These uses have been discussed in Chapter XII. x a 73-‘1'3- wry-7 C‘E-$¥L -_.A-s Ji— Uses of electricity on the farm: In the field: Electricity is adopted for use in actual field work plowing the land to deliveri for various Operations from the produce in the stcrage barns or graineries. In the J" United States ior field work, electricity is mere common- izn and land drainage purposes b’r C‘.‘ ly used for irriga pumping. In the nurseries and experimental work, it is used for soil sterilization mid soil heating. In this chapter the various uses of electricity in actual field work are dealt with. (Rf, I‘J 5‘ Early experimental work in electrical plowing was done 1"! by a Frenchman towards the end oi the nineteenth century. The plowing unit desiéned by him is shown by a schematic diagram on tie next pee-e.n In other European countries like Switzerland and Holland, experimental work on elec- trical plowinp has been tried in small fields. In the Uiiited States, the early experimental work in plowing by EBlectrical power was done in the early thirties. It has Iweceived little attention within the past years. A ccnumon gasoline tractor is eminently suited for heavy tillage work on the farm. It has succeeded in replacing the animal power in most parts of the United States. It Oaerates more economically than electric plowing devices for large scale farming. or tillage 128 1‘1 18. 450 Schematic diagram of an electric plough: 1. Overhead electric wires. 2. lead for the motor. 5. Wagon 4. Yindiné drum and return drum for the cable. 5. hauling cable. 6. Return cable. 7. Anchors 8. In- termediate anchor. 9. self-adjust- ing pulleys. 10. the plough ll. ploughed land. In electrical plowing, an electric motor is used as the motive power in place of a tractor. The motor is Operated by a lcno flexible extension cable tapping elec- spacing along the sides a. the field. The wear of the electric caoles becomes an expensive item. Also the hEHdlan of a long cable is somewhat inconvenient in field work. Irrigation: There are numerous methods of irrigaticn. The advant- ages of artificial irrigation are known to every fasmer. It is beyond the score of this work to discuss the sub- : length. Suffice it to say that U +’- ' .. - .2 L- ect oi irribation at an CJ. electric pumps are simple and economic devices for various methods of irrigation. host pumps in uSe are of the cen- 'J triiugal type. An automatic switch control can be made to operate the irrigation pump. N The principle of operation 01 an automatic switch k CCntrol pumo is to overate the switch of the motor by rmaans of a lever connected to a float in the tank. 0 ‘ SCDOD as the level of water in the tank falls below a par- 'ticular level, the switch is closed and the puma starts Vmurkind. Thus an electric pump does not require constant at te ndance . r i i -ahd drainage: \_ ' L The soils of the European and American countries are H , 1 ’Y t ”1 c on the whole 173-5. “ix-2e excess of water s nar:.:ful to t—Jo }-J no p ma a .ecpmpm depmcp exp Mo magma mdofiam> ea memoahsm ummfiamfl ace news new mpflwfimg mHompudm .mmowpme mowpemfiaafi menu a op meanesa an dmnflwm Gama myp weaken w goumt m tampon heme .me .mam $1.: 3 "r w r. \ ° - .. L .- 1... ‘ w the soils. in entrene cases it causes tze loriaticn ef °WmeS or salt lands .n norgal 09563 of womrrgte‘v "net" soils, LR? yield.. The exce instaljjxnj elec tri electric 9’1 ,- a v. ate? .1. run of generally used f it sence of the tion purposes. T end AL trifu 1 electric .1; (A CD 1‘3 lower lay out water 0“; liatter case, a ne 0633 water from the it is pumped out Cation if fmuui 1‘ n . ‘ . ~arm 1en01nh. Hundreis of crOp is stunted in bro\ “0 LR) .° :1 r11-. 3 (I ('\_ | U \ I l, . -- J. - would such for drainage may be h .L T’OTI’.’ suitable for vth and less r.. ' bives "t water has thereiore to he removed efficiently done by c purm of adequate capacities. A... 14'! land has to he drained to remove seepaée from -. Y" .Ltl vet be test suited lands. The water so pumped out is b irrigation oi done ther bv irstallin“ cen- W 1irectly from to 1r out ster (‘3 131,111: 1'“ S L A ”I 0; soil by tube—well system or by draw- the open dra ina age diici es. In the t wor1c of open drains, collects the ex- field into the rain drain from where +h JA-A- into e county drain or used for irri- irrigation purposes {‘0 tlousa nc1s or dolls“ are spent annually 1?: by tie Amer'ca an farier in installin5 elaborate wire a . ‘ . r ,- » s .9 n n u . , iences, walls or neuoes roun1 ileir Terms. lartei wire 3 F. -\ 1 \‘ -,«. '09 - A. -\ or woven wire iences are more coxnon .han other tJ LED of Iitrod uced to the American l... ' . . - r - "1 fences. Lhen electrLCiti was ‘fl‘ 1 \ ’ '9 "n ’4 ‘ n '1 1 “'1 4 ~ A d fl) farmer, electric fences eeca e very popular as an eliec- tive protection a5ainst dana5e by stray animals and tres— passers. In nest electric fence es, only one energized wire is used. This wire is called the hot wire and is placed acout T; to 5; eat above the Lgerminal dependin5 upon ,h‘ size rf the animal fenced in or a5ainst which protection is oesired ~for certain types of animals like sheep, more ‘ran one wire is necessary. In that case only one wire is energized. The other wire is neutral and is placed not less than 8 inches from the 5 round. The dis- tance between the neutral wire and the ground generally varies between 9 inches to 2 ft. The distance between 'the hot wire and the neutral wire 5enerally varies be- imween one to 15 ft. [—10 Z I». l .L O S C) pa For e 15* n; the hot wire an electric fence con- d fence controllers built r5 ‘treller is necessa ry. Sta nda Ori the principle of safe currents for human lives in- CILuding men, women and children, approved by the Under- ‘WI‘iters' Laborator’i as or other recognized bodies are av il- able on tie market. Homemade fence controllers are hi5h- 1“ unsafe as tnev permit nearly 10 ti; es the urrer ts Stare for human beings. In wet weather, the homemade electric fence controller, may turn the farm fence into a death trap. The standard approved fence controllers are of various types and sakes. The main variations in th principle of operation are:q l. Eon-interrupted D.C. Type, 2. Ion-interrupted A.C. Type, 3. Intermittent A.C. Type, 4. Intermittent D.C. Type, and 5. Single impulse A.C. Type. Direct curr nt fence controllers are usually safer since the input in a d.c. fence controller is low. Alter- nating current fence controllers are reasonably safe with- in the standards approved by Underwriters‘ Laboratories and other recognized bodies. The single impulse A.C. type fence controller is of fit; Inore recent developnent. The A.t. is first rectified to (D pulsating 3.0. The voltage is then stepp d up to reduce the value of current in the circuit. 60 to 80 milliamps 13.0. is considered to be a reasonably safe ran5e for }Iuman beings. 15 milliamps is usually provided in the lgine. The negative terminal of the circuit is connected tc) the hot wire and the positive one is grounded. This Egives the advantage of the polarity effect of the human hmody which is positively charged and therefore receives a stronger shock than otherwise. The strength of the Sliock is independent of the length of contact with the “hire. The maximum intensity of the shock is experienced at: the first instant of contact, being rapidly damped as "VU'v ‘ 134 as soon as the contact with the wire is made. Soil resting: with the reduction in cost of electrical power, ,-. soil heating has become prOLitable to the nurseryman, the florist and the market gardener. By heating soil Ho t is possible to promote the growth of the plants and have the produce on the market out of season when the prices are the highest. The germination percentage of the seed is better in electrically heated soil beds. Such beds require less time and labor for preparation for sowing. The cost of manure is saved. All these factors add up to increased profits to the nurseryman. A hot bed is easily prepared by laying a soil heat- ing cable and a control thermostat at the bottom of the soil bed. The cable is covered by 4 to 6 inch layer of rich soil. This makes it possible to raise seedlings and flowers even in the coldest season of the year or amidst snowy leather. The average electrical power con- sumption for heating a 3 ft. by 6 ft. soil bed varies from 1 to 1% K.W. hrs. for every 24 hours of operation. The factors affecting the power consumption are the out- Side temperature and the temperature setti.g. The General 1Electric Company, Schenectady, New York has a ready-to- IDlug hotbed equipment on the market. It can be obtained 1&1 varying sizes from any of the dealers in the United EStates. Other makes of hotbeds are also available. w. 3338 scream cmwonfiu "mmeuascov .95ng 23 .8 Apache Loxofié dam Cowpwnfiecfiew magma CH. muHSmea use .Samowpmsouam waned,“ 93 no.“ amen ne>m mmnwpoam Humow mo .3:an m Spmmcaevcs mmfinmo Hmowcfioeao mewmma duo. magmas HHcm .5» .mfirm Rev... ._ .. So P. lization: 1» l ster In experinental work in the laboratories and green houses, at times it becores necessary to kill soil organisms for the study of micro-organisms causing plant diseases. Electricity is best suited for soil sterili- zation. The mass of soil is sterilized by placing it at a particular temperature for a specified time. The A fl sterilized hotteis provide deal conditions for plant germination and the growth of the particular micro-organ- isms under study. Other uses in the fiele: Aside from the field work described above, electr' City is used for threshing grain, husking corn and other field work described in the earlier chapters. -It may be used in an electric truck. The use of electricity in an electric truck is described in Chapter XI. CERF]??? IX Uses of electricity on the farm: In poultry farminh. Poultry farming has made considerable progress in the United States. It has been found to be a very paying side industry to the farmer. Electricity is valuable to the poultry farmer in various ways such as; incubation, brooding, feeding and improving the health of the stock. Besides it is useful in lighting, water supply and gener- ~I.A. al cleaning of the poultry house. Incubation: Electric incubators are simple, clean and less sus— ceptible to fire hazards. They save time and labor and give higher percentage of hatching. An electric incuba- tor requires no more attention than occasional inspection of eggs and adjustment of the thermostat if necessary. There is less contamination, better ventilation and better control of temperature and humidity in an electric in- Cubator. The turning of eggs is essential for higher percent- Eige of hatching. In an electric incubator it is done aJitomatically by Operating a lever which moves the trays Cwbntaining eggs, through an arc of 90 degrees. To prevent disease among the chicks, scrupulous cleanliness of the incubator and the trays is important. ‘* trotary wire brush cleans the trays thoroughly. The in- E3irfle of the incubator is cleaned by hand. 158 ‘- .JI'W {IIIIIII r . _ l;§'1if‘?:; .‘ "Int-um.“ WW“! W04 II ”Milly ,lfll‘i”, w Hui. W" ‘ Fig. 48. Battery brooders are conveniently heated by electricity. (Courtesy: "Northern Illinois Farm Li “e" ma agazine) Fig. 49. Cleaning the incubator trays with an electrically driven ro- tary wire brush. (Courtesy: "Northern Illinois Farm Life" magazine) 139 140 The consumption of energy per 1000 eggs hatched yr varies widely from «5 n.T. hrs. in large incubators to O l 200 h.fi. hrs. in small incubators depending upon the insulation. In well insulated incubators, the energy eon— sumed is less. Several makes and models of electric incubators are on the market with automatic heat and humidity control. The enerby consumption varies very little from one make to another if the capacities and other factors are the same . Chick brooding: An electric chick brooder saves time and labor. The Operator has no worry about watching the tenqeratures fre- quently. This convenience is appreciated specially at night. In an electric chick breeder, the temperature is set and adequate ventilation provided. Then the operator can have a peaceful night's rest or during the day time attend to other work. Heating of the breeder with electricity gives an even distribution of heat in the breeder. Electrically brooded chicks are healthier and develop more rapidly. The mor- tality percentage is lower in the case of electrically brooded chicks. Several types of electric breeders are available. A ‘black heat type breeder consists of a curtained compart- rnent with insulated ceiling and canopy, a thermostat, a ventilating tube and a double glass inspection door. The An electric chick breeder. (Courtesy: Michigan State College) The underside of a lamp type chick breeder showing how the feeders are placed partly under the breeder during the first week of the life of the chicks. (Courtesy: Nichigan State College) Fig. 52. An electric chick breeder show- ing the surrounding corral to prevent wandering away of the chicks in the first few days after hatching. (Courtesy: hichi— gan State College) is f ‘ WILLIAM SCHUM/IN FARM sl‘rwp HURON co CH/L‘K ammo iv JALEI FAR/V SERVICE 5 two-w ig. 53. Growing chicks need room for proper growth. The chicks should have access to sunlight while the chick breeder is kept inside the breeding house. (Courtesy: Detroit Edison Ce.) J: lorooder may be supported on a rope and pully system to iTacilitate cleaning. This type of breeder is kept close two the ground and therefore has comparatively less fire I‘isk than the radiant type. sible t...‘o In the radiant type, the heating element is v c3n.the underside of a cone-shaped structure hung from ieke ceiling. In this type there is no problem of venti~ 3_ation and cleaning, but the energy consumption is higher. 1Tb is preferable to have the characters of the two types czcmnbined in one. The Operating temperatures are main- tzained at 900 F to 1000 9 inside the breeders. The size c>f the breeder sieuld be based on providing 7 square iloches per chick and 14 square inches per poult or bird. r: Yflflen the breeder is used prior toic 3 re 15, a capacitv U . ’— fl R cxf 10 square inches per chick should be provided. In the recent years, lamp type of chick breeder has fkyund favor with the farmers. In this type, the source Of? heat is an ordinary lamp. The lamp also provides :Li4ght for the clicks, so essential Cor their healthy grow h. 4%lO—watt to lBOO-watt lamps are used according to the size 01? the broader. The photo raghs on the next page show the first week of the life (D "S C C“ C *3 F. :5 tliis type of breed of‘ the chicks, the breeder is surrounded by a metal ring 01‘ a corral to prevent wandering away of the chicks. Later this corra is removed. Also for the first few 1 1 0 '1 - c 1 ' ‘ QBQTS, the cnick feeders are placed under tne eroeoer. m 5 fi , ‘ . .Jsese feeders are gradually removed away from the breeder. 144 {woultry hires and chicks. Sunlight provides vitamin D 51nd helps in tie assihilation of calcium into the animal's inshine is available. ’1) Tyody. in winter months, less Egrtificial sunli.ht in the farm of ultra violet rays is all excellent suhstltute for sunlight invented so far. Alled suslane contains m fr Zihe ultra violet lamp popularly c nuercury vapor between tungsten electrodes. These lamps T’ave replaced the elder quartz mercury type and carbon acre lanps previous y used. The sunlamp serves for liohtinv as well as‘a source 01‘ ultra violet rays. kaey chicks growing under ultra 'Vi(3let lioht are healthier and more sturdy ‘han otherwise. 1 C‘Dolinb and storage of sags: United States Departnent of Agriculture statistics lildicate thrt revenue from eggs could be gseatly increased “arners eel e' iHheufatolv after collection and . ~53 OK.) ~"“ '4 if‘ —.~. c- 53‘ O o tW1en.store at proper temperatures. Electric refrigera- tiJDn prevents spoilage of epgs. a home a de coolinp .1 ' o '1 '\ (491110e conSists e1 ianninb an Open tank oi wai the; the cool air to pass over the eggs. The latter are L reset in screen bottomed buckets to facilitate circulation F" CI] of the air. An rrijxary electric fen is a very sinple and henflj dev’ce :73 ecolino ec;s t3 this method. Cooling tr; ct‘r:;e w; “ ,1trk' 119 qualitm r: ”ressed fOL1 is .aiuta_ned I: refrig— ers'i‘n. 1n storin; for lanbii periois, a freesinb unit ' "‘ ’ “~."‘ ‘ '-‘ " ' "Q .34 “'1’; ”'1 '. u’ 3 'I '.~ " 5" . 1 ' ‘ keeps t:c poultry ire- cetqiluzttln :n quality. - more 1- m .‘ " ,-,.._°. w ' . -0 1- ». -‘ 3,..4- ' m " e. .0 t. C11VV~QyJ («ht-Lil J L L-LCv‘Ib ‘\ J- ....k . e p-fi:.—lc-’V£'Lt*h‘ln- [L‘u 4.:‘1- 8:4.1“; ‘ 1 -4 .. x 3, -,_ , .v - . 1'7 has been 5 wen in Chapter »I ante. h 1 r- f‘ -,r\ 2 vyw . (‘ ‘.' _" 1 '9 I“; ‘ V- 2‘“( I“ . '- A ‘ r‘ . f . ‘4'...- Og- L.‘L)’ C A. u-—A—b— ’ \A LJ“ (4 \4... L) \ ‘- VL’n . ,1 -,-u ‘ . ..~‘ ', “1 V ‘ p '. r 1' * - '7 ‘4‘ I: n ‘ -. I eggs er: cleantu seticlactcrll5 oy tun“ tuifinb. J- iracticnal 3.P. motors save bht facilitates I»). (V . '1‘“, -— , .,.'.L- ., 7.. —. '._; S.-L\A.L4.l-6 (Jr 8693 V, .L Uh. 81* 64.90 tr..C l [3 "1" ~ ‘ ’ ‘so "‘ hq . " Ff .,"" " .. 9 " ‘ . \ ceterginatiun bl tle gualltj oi €098 cl rebectiun oi cor 3‘”)ng 1“”‘11’7 ttr ~.-n E/J. _k‘r (lute. .L. 'J €500 -' ~~ : .- .3, . ~ an” .~ ° -- ' ——.~ v .9 -. from the sLlcgeu steels, there»; aVOluth renaltd a alhst H ‘. v- ~ A ‘n A '- ‘ O ' “. ' ' ‘. . V n A rn ‘ ’I Q' ‘ '4'. ,--. M g1_é pl ch8 trlhbs LBELCB incune lGI nastier e¢c "-3 A,.!.'.' . —.y.. . 3 ’1» -. .9 - T 1 -. 3... ~. L-ich are consluereu suflcrlor i; qualitg. Mano o_auir5 " \ v ' . ’“1‘ ‘ - . . r‘ '9 3 ‘ to l‘: j ‘ "‘ 1 " “ .‘ '- ‘" is a slow doc. I* is sih;__l-ec a'u bbccutu by c; as La 4 —°. ~ T7 . ~.»— ~ -~ 3 1 ~- electric graders. csusllj erbs are sold in tLree seLsrate grades according to their size and weight. ‘~-1‘\ 1V _' ELL-r. 5"};‘9J‘IL: ,c- -z .- : v4— :. 7.. 2... ,. a. [is alI‘eadd‘ :3\)J_Illleh C -._1. ‘3’ 811 ]__~ v'yethClX. -L~!-:)PCVeD 1;; A W 1 :0 — L a . x ‘ e - ‘ :.r .. - —~. . -geal’m .LJ. we eel is *rovlueu leg orlnxalnb at all lines. ‘f‘ .. ,N . .. 1, >2 . . ,—V - F- (v.-. —-, ,- . L. ’ -‘ - ° -,»-. . n '1 1,. ,- A 3 g1 4n poultr; neepinb, apart Lrwm IESleth 1“ Yealtnj Li us, ccngtant water sunglj increases e05 production by nearly ter for the laying birds gays ‘s in the form of more evrs LJU~ H" (Fourtesy: northern IllinO' LQUSQNHG . .L Q \— 1i I" 'Hpe Carrying Intake Valve -. Wire lo Heater (‘ '/ Screen—v” ' Trumbull Heater I35 Watts Ground Out/r To Fit Pipe POULTRY WATER , ‘ Prevents Freezmg At IO' Baton 2.. x - Thermostatically Controlled res-40 3-. J _ ‘t 118- 55. Courtesy: Letroit Edison Company. water in the taut falls. This starts the nuns and keeps it working until the water level in the tank raises the float far enough to throw the switch open. T- A4' u-n {-9 v1. -.'\J _' 03C. l~—’.A . * —“ _ ‘- ‘ ' h J ‘3 “ r‘ 1W ' i‘. \ _. #7. ,- 1.11 tILe Wiiltfj‘? ligtDIgtlJS , Lil‘e LlP~iS SI=OL]]-L.I_ be 2,1 C V lined ‘ ‘ *1 " * “—v - -' -,~..: . mu: ~ fl ' - r. with WRPL Later it: dPJludibO ills can ce cone bv L803- ing tflva'vrter tluuugfi; an electric imi.or seateru Tfhe pro- LJ. vis on of warm water [as teen found to increase the egg production by 12 to S nercent lurin v Other "-ses in ‘zéuoultr; l“.*."I1'_l" O a In addition to the uses detailed above, the poultry farner uses electricity in light n5, cleaning and venti- lating the goultry house as d;scussed in Chapter VI. rlJ' 'eed grinding or feed cracking and feed mixing are some of the other uses. These have been described in Chapter IX. To prevent contagious diseanec appearing in the poultry stock, sterilamps have been found to be useful. Providinr sterilamps in laying houses aids in controlling \J .. .9 _ ratory diseases. +1- bronchitis and other .e3f i :__J it» i.) TT 4" 1 A. 0 -~. 3‘ +1», ( vn. L«vi-36.33 C; o‘_, '1’ ’3' {JP -1”.-. , 1n hvrtic l Orchards fcrm an iujortsnt part of agriculture in ' t and vegetables at all tines during ite year. Preserva- tion keeps fruits and ve5etatles in reasonably fresh con- dition. Electrical nower iinds an in :portar t [lace in tlis field. Soil heatin5 arrw steril'zatiir‘ :1 ('1' *3 H. O f- a '3‘.“ ,fid i') C C) C t— ‘) Elec. C O) O t-’° H C!) d (7.5 "S F a. [J H. N m I soil heatin5 an tion have been discussed in Chapter Till. Uotbeds in a ursery improve the seed 5ermination and groduce vi5or- ous seedlin5s. Returns from an orctard depend consider- atly on the quality cl seedlin5s planted. Notheds there— fore find favor with the nurser5men. o o - fl" ‘_ ~. _‘ ld5ht1n5 and 5lsss rouses: Ex'erlterts ta"e :roved that seedlings and flowers grow better under sunli5ht. The 5reenhouse construction is based on the principle of proxflic7n5 as much sunlioht to the plant as possible. In absence of the sunli5ht, artificial sunlarps provided in 5reenhouses help vi5or- ous growth of youn5 plants. Artificial li5htin5 of 5reen sous with sunla ps at ni5ht tire in effect, pro- vides more i5ht hours for the youn5 plants. This results in better foilage and helps the plants to become disease resistant in earlier sta5es of 5rowth. Also it helps in early natu it“ v? flowers. Provision of artificial sun— langs in nurseries and flower beds is thus amplv repaiu :in the form of higher prices for the seedlings and flowers Several fruits require spraying witn insecticides tzo prevent insect attacks or plant diseases in the ripen— i n5 sta5e. Timely sprayin5 saves lar5e quantities of the c:rop from hein5 destroyed. Common method of spraying is b}; haulin5 a tank of the Spray solution or powder and f<3rcin5 the sprayin5 material throu5h a nozzle held pcointin5 towards the trees. Hand sprayers like bucket knapsack sprayer employing a small tank under Slrrayer or Iressure may be used for li5hter we k. Peerless dust gun p 1:3 a handv ‘evice for spreadin5 dust on the trees for Shiall orchards. For lar5e orchards, tractors are used. Lsr5e tanks Oi“ the spray material are hauled behind the tractor and 0PM? man directs the spray nozzle towards the trees. By adgjusting the speed of the tractor and the opening of thfi? sprayer nozzle, the desired ouantity of the insecti- Cilflea can be evenly spread over the thole area. Some enEfiineering companies specialize in the manufacture of LI. Sprwaying equipment. Various types and sizes of Sprayers have been put on the market by these companies. Electric spray plants are emoloye in.several parts of the United States. These plants are lccated at convenient places in the orchard. They are S‘tationary. The pipe lines lead to all the trees to be spmayed. The principle of spraying is the same in station- aary electric units as well as a movable unit Operated by a tractor i.e. the spraying material is forced out through a nozzle and sprayed over the trees. The advantages Cf a stationary electric sprayirg plant are: 1. Savings in time by one half to two thirds the ins required in movable units. 2. Rough ground can be sprayed without difficulty and without waste of the spray material. 5. There is no damage done to the trees and irri- gation ditches. 4. Packing of the soil which results from the hauling of the tank wagon behind a tractor is avoided. 5. Teather conditions do not interfere with opera- tion of spraying. Tine factor in spraying in- secticides is of vital importance. Electricity makes spraying possible after rains even in wet fields where portable units cannot be taken. 6. In portable units, the efficiencv cf the worker determines the quality of spraying. The man Mf'm" handling the sprav nozzle has to be attentive at all tires. This elemer is avoided in stationary spray slants resulting in more effective resistance of the crop to insect and 1 disease attacks. 7. Stationary plants are less likely to need re- 1 pair or go out o: adjustment. Cost of sprayiig y a stationary electric unit is no greater ttan that by portable units. Electric stationary spraying units should be installed at a convenient lcw level location. This will save the spray liquid in the pipes by allowing it to flew back into the tank after spraying is finished instead of allowing it to run out of the tank if it were placed at a higher level. 0 W ;L_re33due from the fruits: The residue of insecticidal spray is harmful to human health. It should be removed from the surface of the fruits before using the latter for human consumption. Washing with water removes the spray residue satisfac- torily. The washing is best done by spraying water from nozzles held close to the fruits. In the case of fruits having oily or waxy coating, hot water is necessary. The fruits are kept floating in water tanks and the pressure of the water jet is enough to perform the job of cleaning. The use of electric power economizes the cost of pumping and heating water. The entire process of cleaning H 07 CG is simplified and made automatic by using electrical methods in pumping water, heating, etc. as described before. Excessive washing of fruits affects the keeping qual- ity of the fruits. Therefore dilute ch mical solutions are used for washing. These solutions destroy the poison- ous properties of the spray residue. For example a very dilute Hydrochloric Acid solution washes the arsenic residue from fruits like apples. The process of washing with a chemical solution is the same as for washing with water. Fruit preservatitn by refrigeration: Refrigeration is the best method of preserving the "'1 keeping qualities of a product. aruits, vegetables, €883: dairy products and other foodstuffs can be kept in fresh condition for several days by domestic refrigeration. hilk can be kept without souring for several days by re- frigeration. Apples, oranges, tomatoes, cabbages, etc. can be stored for longer duration at low temperatures. As discussed in Chapter VI, when the foodstuffs are to be nw of foods is reconnend- \..' H. stored for several months, frees ed. Freezing can be practicai for fruits, vegetables or meat alike. Reference has been made to the preservation of foods by refrigeration and freezine in Chapters VI and VIII. The details of refrigeration and freeuing methods, the variations in operating temperatures for various foods uffs, etc. are beyond the scope of this book and are therefore omitted. Fruit canning: Canning is a co» on method of preservation of fruits. Fresh fruits along with some preservative usually sugar ed cars at hipier temp er- [‘1 Solution are sealed in sterili atures to kill harmful bacteri Use of electricity facilitates handling and novewent of the cans by means of chain elevators. It is well empl';~re ed in washing fruits, heating water and sterilizing and sealing cans. 8y em— ploying "a moving belt principle", wierein a moving chain carries tie cans from the depa Mt ent of work to another, the entire process of canning is simp ified. Dehl'dra tio on: During World War II, derydration of frtfi ts, vege- tables, meat and fish saved a lot of transportation and storage space so vitally needed. Dehydrated products I?) rt- Ye alalities of the fresh products. 3. .1 .4 retain most 0 Apples, peaches, pears, plums, prunes, raspberries, crab- a‘ plea, apricots, blackberries, olr1eberries, etc. when dehydrated unoer controlled tempera ture, humidity and velocity of air, retain a flavor very much similar to their natural flavor. They reE ain ori ina l volulne and appearance when re—hydrated. Fruits like gooseberries, strawberries, and cherries do not give 500d dehydrated products, due to excessive TElse-din". Dehydration of “rajes is common for certain E9 .2 b CL 'Varieties only. The ehy drateu bra pe s are available in the market in the form of raisins. loo FINN) DE ll \' DRA'I‘l Phclng Fresh Food in Dehydrntor Hrs. Run-all 3. Kerr, Housewife - Bud Ax- Sllel Office kdnrtiuin‘ 3-17-43 I 81752-16 Tie. .56. (Courtesv: Detroit Edison Food Dohydrltor And Dried Food Exhibit - Bad Axe Sllal Office Advertising 3-17-45 : 61752-2 :ig. 57. (Courtesy: Detroit Edison Company.) [J O) I...) (I "v—\ A t x‘ "‘ 4‘ 1. W? “Z J" —. 4 "“‘ ~ 1" " (. , I- . \ ile Froorzc It at“ craclow consis s ol pass L, ire , a . 3 o .. . . _ 1 a a v. 1" 1 - - n- c M \FSkUi lfilits LPLH 'nb COhleT Chm s- N ipaifa lunucl to L‘ “ J ’1 _ ' " .13.. '7? n' I: A ' - ‘\ ' '2 . ‘1“ she 1.ctzxsr win, tne :: 23$:LLJ r‘-u ..J\e-fn,t kl sur‘ 1n_tn_e 1 ' ‘1‘ -. r‘ 17'. '4‘ - 1 .. ‘ I‘ 2“ A (' ' . _o v - tunnel seinv next unoer control. iLe lruit is usually 9 . : c as - ~ . a 1 . VA c v 3 carried in imwgr zuounteu on troilevs. ihe tUJHeL JS .‘ I 1': ‘ " 2" f‘. r: ‘ vi ' -'r\ ‘ " ‘7 1‘: ‘—’ ' " , ’ fl ' ‘. ‘- fi.ted ‘itL glass L nlovs and tuelmOgeters to *acilitate m 2 , 'v ° -1r 'r ' .m a‘iae tr ~ insoectnon. lLe all c_rc lotion is controlled t; an ea- ' 4 -‘ '3 ‘— '9 VFW"- » ' r“ a A \ . v': '0' “1’" 1 a" . an 3nd 8 Cm_nn€3. ihe LOulEP CHM Ll 1:6 tunnel 18 o 1 a r: t A ~ n u ~ —L w a .5 J v 9o lbu - 0? SC ACQC“ulH h:“n 4 9 f ”U V; t 9 l?‘ t to 4 ‘H -‘ 1- _‘ 1 ‘ !_ ,' 'V .. .: A 3 J. v. -' ‘9‘.-‘~ c ‘1‘ ',. , - ‘ '9 v». w--: be oergoreted. .unlolcg is Hoyt around LON varylnb with the amount of water to be removed from t '. ~ ~< -‘ u ,"9 _ ”H. h. "N u .v‘ . y‘~ q -‘ ..l r ‘ >. ‘. ancnp vegetables, potatoes, turribs, s; neon, anc - a -. 1‘“ - fl . ‘ j ‘ 1 ‘fi1fi ‘ 1‘» a. ‘ ‘fl fl ‘\ r- s 1 seuash can be well dehyorated. anucsro and asparagus do -: -' o . . '1 1"? ' ' "fl ‘ A ‘i u 'Y“ 7 '~ ~'~_ no. blve satisfactory derycrate erudicts. Sane vegetalles Id .4 m ('9 FJI C) S . require blanchfn~ before dehyd L) 7.7 .4 3.! l ‘Thlt LPaolLQ: gradinr of fruits accordin to weiLnt or size brinbs H Q1 LID .J 4 o H 0 better returns from tie better iruits. Usual luster Operates a neoium sized grader fli' (t )_Tl D C) V W m 0 M (’f‘ ‘A K‘ O W about 2; boxes an hour. Electric -rple grading rachires H are available on tie rarket. pulb “raders an; roiett An electric fruit grader machine Operates at ne (._ w . V -~ .. _. “_ _ '2 9 J- . ‘__ 1 (aisle cost and saves nuch time ano toll. :b brings more .2 .’i , D . 3 Price lor larver lrults. “.mCHNmeE :mmflu {Lam mwonmaaw CpmgpaouzuhmeLLOOV .wuflwwmn pom mco use moopwpom dopoomwp use cznppom pom mCO «popw>mfim wxu opcm mmcpwuog mAp mmw Ludwmm hmwmpw age .Epwm Imumu pom ego .mpumwcmppw owhflu mfls co aodw mm .hu nucuom omppueflw cm wens 9089mm mflomaHHH c4 0 SORTING w a a: c: 0 cf 0 u. iner ! \, smaller A n Gtrer 3353 ’n A‘rtfculture: Apart "rcw ‘11? 39: uses is Mscikil Tn 1737‘tiCQltdI‘El any other latcrster?. Tn l heating, in tie sterillzatf etc., electrici;J is cc 4:‘ .9. '1 9 .21.. rL cL_tlre, electr‘clcy - -m. .1 m. - l-meht:l yer; scge as ln h. . ’N ' . a u - -.:' 1 ' f -. 7" /“ lbhtahv ace 0 can NC, in scil \, A“ '1'-1-‘. .‘4---, . .,. . ea -l Ulccrlcer apwarltls, 'I - -. A' ..-.;r uni-Brig. 1c (3 1" l’fi . -7. .,... o . . d _ P... 8 e 9. VJ K . .x r n l a 3 d t 9 6 VJ S ..u n; 8 1L 8 h 1P... ,5 u . a c. . l O r l o n t m. e 2.. 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(C only M... n}. a. on. 1 n... u e n.” a .nn. 9“ .. .1. u r- a u. r a t r S . l f C e m. t O r. e n. 4.. .1 g .H 1 W e 0 a 3 S O .L P .l S 1.... 8 S E P. u 3 .. l ......,. .HL n. .1 at h I. ..L a f E .l S will .1 a. a... . . . n P r. f a _. .t e .n . u u a. l. O Q i. L. w . . .. e l 8. P r e. n u. 6 w... 8 m l 0. Wu. - 1. n v “I. o L a]... _. _ 1.: 1 1n.“ r); .L ml. 8 “I.“ S 3 * VJ 1 .c x .L C 0 -u 1.. 4L C C u...“ 1* e D Yu .1 a... .1 1R 1 L a-“ .. l _... l 1~ . u C :0 .l a; 1L 8 8 V 0 ml 1; .o C S .v . .. -.L H. u a... S n... no a w: n .. (A C. a T n G .l e 3 S .1 S d ._ . t f q .. L P n s e O C 9 ml. )U 1,.“ n! 1w“ . L "V- WIM n. U V M o..-_ O» 0.1— a A b 1......“ a. 0.9. 0 d a C t. t L 9 n .1 T C w. L .7. S l P t l v; .o . u ”H U Q L a n- u 9.. o. a f 8 an... O 1 -..-u e n- t. a d n. n c .... e e V r d. 0 o t .. .- C l L... :2. r a... “J 1.. C .1. .1 .H G o .3 .0 d w.“ Va n. r 9 t l. .o C 1 L ex 9, .n . 1 e C C a... .n . n r 1L VJ a. 1Q .. 1. u 1-. .1 l O 3 n... 2 9 H. n. C 8 a... .L .l a a h; l a; P. O l n.“ W. 00 , "J W. 2., O .zu. n 11— x5 fit“ a h; m e l o. _ +- S m... u o, a O . ._ . . n C n e .. n. C. to 8 n... 2 G n .. - s w” t 3 . . . l t p, C e n a l e d o 9 .-. a. 7 t J P .1 P P .l S l n t 1 r. . l. “a. I“ :u . 3,: Jr. J. . a O -c .o T. n1. .U H v... .1 no A 8 . .t u +. u P. a...“ .3. CA G P .h C a t . . V p C e C 8 .3 H. S . c e O .3. U. n n n... l n S e .1 . . a .l n ..r. a...“ e n P 8 e. G .l o o _-- 1- I P. e n n. S O 3 .1 S S m l .6 .l a n n. “.1. a l 2 .5 x: 1 a t .T. .. a P u 8. m 0 .7)... t 3 .c .1 . l l C .. w. c .1 .1 1 t l d e .1 1. e . . s l e o t u m e s r n e c r u i S . . n 9 9 l P. 3 P 8 h u a a . ... O 9 O Q. a .. . 1. f _ C 6 .1 L. t o l LL 0 .w v. t T .C, a... e m - le ctricity is a Landy source E of p929? for LFe farm wnrk- sac: Yotice that the ncrk— shop is adequately llsh ed by electric 13433. (@0urtesy: "Zowtlern I‘linois Farm Life" nauazine.) A.®00Hfloo mpmpm Cwmflnowu "mmeLSOQV .ogafim wwc>m 65m mmdoo; opmxa DLHHH aogcp op mm on mapmumzmwm r mm mhma mam .Qcamxnob 29m- mgp Lem pQwAH maomppcm .Hw .wfih C. o r H . O ‘ _ _ _“ A‘ ‘ ‘ .‘ , . u. (fPlZAi stcaxés era; t 07. rl.nr‘r.. 4 T‘\-.‘ ~r ' I, . 4‘ érév' '- J I ’31:). '- . 1 r '1 .. +41- . .- .. ~ 0. A ..eel resser: lo smoot; i}e brim; stones 5?; F's“? “erls. U a ‘ q o a {an -. A c ' s‘re«.:°.g afn. can u sa.. r“ a ‘ I'j ‘ . - 3 f t? ‘ . , ’Q . \R \\ .\ I . .. ooL.erth ;ron: rlectric solaerlug iron 13 .‘ 1"} T 1I _‘0 2 a . Irrx ‘7 ' r. ‘— a a 1 Li; cev_cc contenient to nor“ .lt}. 9. A steel lathe. 9. A wooi latte. 10. A buffer. Outside this list, tiere mi ht be other pieces of libht electrical ecaiozent accorilna to needs of the 1a“~ mer or the neighborhood. For example, a larger meat grinder, painting and spraying equipment, etc. could be installed in the workshop building. If considerable re- placement of metallic bearinbs is done on the farm, a portable electric metal relt1n“ pot for babbiting bear- ings could be installed in the farm workshop. Host of the equipment listed above will oe onerated by fractional 3.3. mo.ors. ine total consumption of elec- trical energy will vary with the amount of use of the equipment. On tne whole the energy cost is neeligicle in View of he convenience it affords and the saving in re- r ctarges of the fanm equipment. iphting of a farm r~ DE. shop should not be neblected. Adequate 11 ‘t for the .,-‘ ' 4.- k.) workers is important for the-r health as well 93 fl " 5 IL? speed n l. 1, Oi “I'JI‘J'IL . Portable electric motor: onal 1.P. motor makes an excellent portable H- A fr ct $0 165 62. An Illinois farmer uses a portable motor for the opera- tion of an elevator on his farm. (Courtesy: 'fiforthern Illinois Farm Life" madazine.) 166 trical devices by a suitable pullev and belt arranpements. Dor exavrle a thxm°‘ur“n weeniru machire "writ wririer - ml. ., (I. 9 J... , IL. -..l ‘U .i. .4 . I, .Anwll'l J C) .._.Lk.4. , ‘ O D feed grinder, rotarv wire brus: cleaner, corn sheller, fanning mill, grindstone, concrete mixer, etc. could all be operated by a portable motor. 4 0 I Portable motors may be mounoed on a tripod or a O 1 7V 0 trolley. Larger motors With 5 to 73 :.P. capacity are supported on wheels to fa-ilitate transport. Fractional H.P. portable motors are mounted either on tripods or :ooden boards for convenience in handling. Cotton fiinnin&_end_firessing: Electricity is being used for cotton ginning and pressing work in factories. Large cotton growers have such factories adjoining their fa ms. Smaller growers generally get the ginning and pressing of cotton bales done in a neighboring factory. Electricity is used almost invariably in modern cotton gins. I ." (“I _ ID“ A InOO‘-g 88"..Lnu, }—-‘0 plan nv, etc.: A portable motor is well adapted for wood sawing. hany farmers cut their firewood from their own wood lot. Sawed logs for firewood and other city uses bring increas- ed returns. A 5 H.P. motor will satisfactorily operate a circular saw. Usu lly larger motors are employed for l the operation of saw machines, planers and other w~od machines. The length of the logs out varies from 12 to 24 inches or yore as required. The energy consumption is F15. 65. A farmer's wife in Northern Illinois uses a portable electrically driven Lump to inflate her tires. (Courtesy: "Northern Illinois Farm Life" magazine.) Fig. 64. A portable motor may be used in operat- ing a concrete mixer. (Courtesy: "I'Jorth— ern Illinois Farm Life" magazine.) (:0 CD .J 13) more with shorter lengths. for cuttinO the logs into ‘3 pl inks or Loards, an electric hand saw as used. I' then smoother fiiish 1s required, the planks should be planed by an electric plan;ng raohire. A portable 0 motor will do both the jobs of sawinb as well as planing. The operation speed c L w the circular saw or plan n“ mach- “ “b ine is usually equal to the speed of the rotor i.e. approximately 1450 r.p.m. A variation up to 500 r.o.m. On either side does not interfere with satisfactory opera- tion. .2 .’ -. -— .' —. Pcintinfi and spraying: A ractional N.P. motor furnishes satisfactory power for a snall paint sprayer used for coating wood with pre- serving material, painting the house and.furniture, spray- ing disinfectants, etc. It is also adapted for use in tire pumping and whi‘ewash removal. The removal of white- wash is d ’3 ,ne by employing high air pressure and forcing the air through a small nozzle. An electric sprayer pre- vents waste of paint and performs the job more evenly. .L‘TJ No retouching is necessary or jobs done by an electric sprayer. The extra cost is negligible while the savings in time and improvement in the quality of work are valu- M able to the armer. Sheep shearing: Using electric clippers for sheep shearing makes the job simpler and nore even. Electric clippers reduce shearing time to less than half thrt required for hand \ V .. 5.4 i.) .. . I s /, Fig. 6.5. An electrically operated cir- cular saw suitable for farm uses. (Courtesy: "I~’orthern lllinois Farm Life" magazine.) 171 Fig. 66. An electrically operated paint spray used by an Illinois farmer. This unit may be used for pump- ing (see fig. 63.) Courtesy: "Northern Illinois Farm Life" magazine.) shear'n5 by clippers or blades. In a lar5e flock this *1 o o zu- go r-r ' D .. savin5s in tire is W :11 app Energy consurlption of electric clippers is very small. Early experiments in Oregon proved a savin5s in ccs t of Shearin5 by nearly '- -/ s .- .- 4 0 .V leg when electric clippers were substituted for hand clippers. Stur"3 renuvval: Often tines the job of removing ugly tree stumps from the farm presents a problem to the farmer. A pro- cess of destroyin5 these stumps has been developed by electrical methods.r No blasting is necessarr. The electrical moths d employs the 1rinci-pl e of a blower which ma;es the stump burn faster. It consists of a vacuum cleaner fixed with a special B—tan heap. In each of these n i i - l . zle. -be nozzles consist of 3 inch N taps is fixed a no pipes varying in len5th from 4‘to 12 ft. Each nozzle is connected to each of the ei5ht taps in the head of the vacuum cleaner. The fire is started by using crude oil or crank case oil. As the stumps burn, the nozzles are pushed deeper into the stumps to burn them deeper. One nozzle thus burns each root stump. One man can operate about six stumps simm1ltneously. MP1 ally a 4-foot sturp burns in ei5ht hours. The type of wood determine es the rate of burni n5. For example pine, spruce and fir burn quicl :er regardless of moisture contait. Cedar resists fire successfully being wet and porous. The rate of burnin5 in cedar stumps is therefore slower. . 7‘ ‘7‘" 1'“ ou5 hatching: Certain types of bu5s eat and live on other types of bugs which are harmful to crops. For example lady bird beetles live on mealy bu5s or aphis wvich are pests on citrus trees. Lady iird beetles are therefore hatched artificially by raisin5 nealv burs on potato sp cuts. The room temperature is kept uniform at 70 to 800 F by an electric therrostat and space heaters. Enough venti- n5 potatoes } fi lation is provided in the room for the sarout‘ and for the insects in the room. In California, these beetles are sold to citrus 5rowers and others in capsules of ten each. Seed potato cuttin5: Cutting the seed potato for planting is a slow job if done with a knife by hand. in electric cutter does the same job in less time with less labor. The cutting is more even. Due to the proper cuttin5, the bercentage of germination of potato tubers is likely to be hioher. Pea vinip5: Pea vinin5 and shelling of peas is economically done by usin5 a 20 F.P. motor. The vines are fed at one end in a specially desi5ned machine which automatically does the job of separatin5 the pods from the vines and shells the peas out of the pods. The vines and rod skins are delivered separately from the shelled peas. The modern practice of using a field pea viner Oper- ated by pulling it behind a tractor has to a certain extent ' Tn- ism-1T D ‘ . -... Van“..— }—J \J [B replace the use of electricity in pea Vining. It is likely that the field pea Vining will supplant the stationary pea "ining methods ex ept in the areas where the vines and pod sxfns fetch hiph prices as livestock Burglar alarms: Theft of livestock 91 £15 £1: C5 *‘5 0 ED *5 C1“ <4 alon; tie h ghways ("‘4 in the United States. (J Q :3 has become increasinbly csvn One method of protection is by keeping the area well liehted. The use oi burglar alarns is another method. A simple installation causing an alarm bell to ring and f.’ H bht up the particular area of burglary protects the H ives and property of the farm fanily. The principle of Operation is that the alarm bell rings when the circuit is opened. The circuit is closed by hard. The current through a sol noid or relay is hep, low enough so that once the circuit is opened even for a moment, it cannot be automa ically closed. Thus the bell keeps ringing until reset by Yand. A flood light for the yard connected to this alarm, can be nade to lidht up when the alarm is on. .ndication regarding the area of burglary is 1.4. I 8. Ll H) O ‘ desired, a separate alarm outfits for each area will be necessary. The yard lights for each area are then con— nected to the respective alarm bells. Electric truck: Electricity is not cormonly used in trucks. Gasoline 'I has Been found to he an excellcxt stl ‘ '1 ‘W “| a: ' " ‘\‘ ‘1 ‘ A “ v transport. gar smarter LLSt9LCeS s«we truems have Lee. I" used to Operate on e1 ect1ic payer. 4U tie Shirties, in (‘f‘ :3” CD U) H‘ f“) 5“" (D (x F4 Q M O ’) ,J (I {—0 ‘0 e stir; is 1 Cr es ed a éz—c e11 1 r to ne11ver Tls proeucts threubh a 14; Mlle route . s _ , . u , » a , . ,- ., - dslly The betterres more agar;eu Qs_ly b; means of a O I I I 30 ampere mercuiy arc 1ect' ier 0s;ra ea from the a.c. . I7". ,- .. A -- _ 4 , W W , 1 " vvv ma;ns. 1he enerby COHSUKpLLOn "was iodnd to he 375 n.1. hrs. fer lO~ mfles. SEC net cost of operation as cal- cu.letefi inolultlinb d precfatién, insurance, interest and -n — -vv- 1 A v‘ . .- .-‘. '| -- ‘ ‘.-‘ '7- 4 ‘ r‘ “ enerxé consu1s410n was setmeeu u to 4 cents per mile. Ho fgrther detsfils regarding the eco nomics of using electric 1V? er 1r tvnuflrs rate re!“ L .x txt. "". _. ..' , . .A r- L,. D" ..,. '7' . 4— 9 V in eye's w are a s-L¢ral -LCJ 01 we er -Lo available in the form of a stream 03 sexe other source of water . _ 1.- .2 . A ‘ porer, s all ‘ero-elett11 p1r1t° nag be ,nstsllea to w j —‘ -, \.~ .I'fi . y- '. ’A 3 \R . -.\ v I . .’ sunglye ele We r.“ clLy to a ibflm. ”Lere gorer Cuhp&hf serq1ce r. . "L. 1a“ 1 ° ".09. 1,. ~ -. [as “CU ¢es Reac ,u, :43” *nslnlern‘ 9*:ctr331tr trod in; units are invaluable. TLe cost per klllcwatt hour of energy is Lith for insiviiual plarts. In th United States, the use of electr citv has been so we 11 recognize that the high cost of “rueuti-5 electrical energy by in- .J dividual gnlts, flees net interfere with the use of elec- trical power. To 5e erete power by hydro—electric methods, the t.) ght 01 a },J. v.2ter in tl1e stream is made to fell free a he .1 W 'i my.) 3611- " ’ J 1.--r r7 —¢UT'-LI‘O- 34*; x." f ‘ ‘ -.\A - fi'~‘v ~ 17‘.) ‘ . ‘A—o - V'fr.) Y! J x) 4. \—' V l tr- "1 .. .UQ Mo TV" I .. ~ .1'r7'nzn "lw*’+’6 L4y~lA\‘_ \- ¥— -‘;.u .ffx Y7K ‘- A, —\’ in \\N . ( a t CG 0 1 SGTVV -b y .— ded '1 1 Luck.) 3 “PUV or ny “IL '1 L4 .‘fi-C“ 110 J. ERGO .L \ I 1'1- A J— r CC :‘l' f: Y .L alts a V‘. I’\ w-v J: . . I CL at} \. ,4" ,'>‘ .-...L W 2p U es .I-“ are t beep“ 'ts 'r‘ . y- .L ‘ MA.‘L ,. quu LC ‘ - urr " lug L) 0 1 . €TV;C€ v.1 ~ 1 3 -L-hv‘. U s ,- 1 4t C - wig-.4“ .n..\.'. ‘nr‘w’ .. t r g .1" a 1L . 4 C S S G «1 * a.- UV- -b -J- Inn-910:“: c “.7" T 1 Amumafico e23 Evie? 33m 78 833 £958 ”$3,303 $2308 5“deme ©3833.» .wfiwsopp mvfiopa cum now. 33 my UHDQA. mowwnflfimpm 0% om hoaog (Ho .3293 mmadmcm law mpflrmm .0:ng a we Soprapm fimowppomflw Umdmmpmzfl .3 23 EESWE 13.39.,“ ‘q E,” .mE £33m qua. Egmfimmw 3:338 ¢ 36%: 23.: Iii ’ II V q - . HRQ 3. . g hxgfi # dzfifitaa. 8% g $23.3 mWéwwfiflwN f‘ “‘ Q\‘>-'fi.‘-~ lay-m r. "I . 5.; 4.; -‘. 4'“; .L A ' '1 ~ -. . " 1 - - \ 1 Ta" ‘ . I \ 25.1197.un ’IA!)\- Fr; Art.) 3(* ‘I’WY {F f n _ _‘—Cf.:.1- ._ '1 | ..9 4; r , 1.1 ,» . o 0;“ L “T male. ‘2' fl ‘ A "‘ ‘9 Q 3 . ‘ - ' a . ‘ I‘."‘ !— . v.“ V r'\ " ‘\ \ “ In a earwed soecrtly celr eq tee in tre Ia~eh Lans- IV: 1 1 e .0“va 13119 ‘L‘ey‘T‘: “ “TI'T f‘ ' 3“ “'1'" ".l ’ 7" ‘2 't ' "‘ C‘ l 1‘ 7" .LL—L. I: - II;‘* .1- ¢ ’ U L . —U\‘~l K, $'b——\JLJ‘—: 8A, .A- 4‘ OVJoJ :LJS€". veg ' 9—- r. :1 v 7‘. ‘ t . F 9 (« -,- .~ ‘ ' liat tie utilTLU ,T the klebur-Cdl euulem-ut rzH er than '9 o " u‘ " “ . 4" V ‘. ‘ '. ‘.. p .-- {- ~ . ~ A v' --,—. A — ‘ . : 3— ' O .‘ 'Ifi Its cost was the Cw’ern..b Teeter Th auuershIg 3T LLC various electrical devxees by the farming families. Under the 3X45tinb fihareiel status of the the: can . 1‘ ‘7‘ .. ,. #0 ,...\ .._,_, "I". _ It- ‘- .. l ' .‘ _- . ‘ faPLCPS, this CesertaeLtu Her ItaLuLBLlr Le nelu tree for firitary urre of the Rewriceh farrers. The o_de¢ of pre- ference for the rest cf the m.uirrnent varies with the indiviiual heegs aha the tywe SLQ extent cf Larrlng. 1 J For example, acne ferwers attacn were Importance to tie ut;1;tv of a miLK;nQ pastime and would even pre“er it to lavinb a pressa3e water svstem on 1110 faIm. A farxer's \ Tl": no f‘” ”‘1' Y‘.T1sz€nr I; 6‘] C‘ A+I‘I': fl .2 ’30?" __ 1_ _ v 3 n‘; .| s~ I “uni. ...&L‘/ K _, u; 1 “Li .- .\.‘ v .Lu J... ml c, ...x~ d. “a OLA... L-b g C- .ZLG to the 4Mlxing fiaCLiLG. Io OPQ€P of prele PCLCE WOixld tte ereiere be accurate. Considerfihf a mixee farm, WO‘EVEP, 1- 1- - 1. ° - ,. ,- .1 ... .‘ - y”- z -‘ .21, ., , the OLSGPVfiLj -ens Ah rebate to teenty LnIh T ems ef elec~ trical equitmeht, mace in the 13°0h-P netille power line, (D C J 0:: :4 C :1 C’) . - . .. '5 .3- - . Gate an 3ru€r 0: preiereuce Electric li5hts in the farm hcuse. Pressure water ‘ ten. to w m 0 ”33 «)1 LC:- 01 to H o 0 fl . .._J p) (D (n -. *1 O t :3 C“ ~< SD 0 C“ b (D 0 dc libhts in the b 3 O p. r 0 L71 1.J a) o . .- . '.Jfim-L‘;“-v“—r T '1 ' r '11") \v ‘ . ‘ Ct 4.. \IL . (7 .(:l‘-.V " ( \‘f‘.v' 1 LJ. L... :‘._.)U .“J‘p *. 6. O *‘ ‘7: n]. -.‘9.b..«.‘».”o ‘1' Q ‘r ‘n "-r * W51 0. “CiteL - '- QU‘ x O 7' [‘3 '\ 1 w - ‘A ~¢1 l. .'3LJLAL-. C.'.'\3;—;....F‘-.L 0 r" ".2 1. 1 . . r‘ ‘3 2. tIlA 0-0 e . '7 Qrinccr. FJFUffJPJH 3 w (J L “ ~ ‘ ’3 ‘1" ‘- <4. 4. Leer.) 1319540 “ruff. C «rvL .3 - , .‘,- ['- 13 o ’ ‘. u. vuil: 3 r»*0 cc. Pay crjer. r." D w-‘ who ,: . :2 .~-‘ , . Lloe TGL.L&.L.IA-:PAC‘ *LC“LS l ‘ €1.éctr HQ ‘77.! 71" }:C r ‘+ V“ l. ()-{’qp. 4‘ ’\ n11 1(- 1» h a ‘r (‘le ‘l.---U--_ nG-d a- \l .' - a;.: J.Cgkfi-l-~,' L\, La _...._ .L 1 DJ > I14 ..J . Sttxi: r‘? C' ctr: 1:. ’1r tt; herv% s-wflfi- A; r). r:.(< a: i- o s C - K, \ .___ v . m1“ "‘ : A T". J 1 - . t‘ - :1 O ‘ Vv- v« -2 4“," - p ‘vn Ihe ccuect e1 tune WcrA 13 to eAaaIne bAe cost True the point of View er tteir being applied to the fermvng ‘ ‘f data for mechanical ‘ I] _" 0 .. ' .' -‘ .A .9 f". -, ‘ A ecrcltlen- Lu The a. -Le absetce "' . " ' ‘ - a}! r " 'nn .1 7' . “w. 3" '\ ‘ ‘ P " ~v pewer reqMLPELtntS c: 1L4 an Ier s LCACS LL10 study ver; ,3 9 -. n3 rrt‘ n .' ‘ j eTILLcult. .Llle Tern - acres to several hundred acres, teirg owned either p? a " . ‘9 71 D. ‘ ‘ ‘\‘ viN‘.' ' ‘fi "‘,1".‘. ' 1‘ ,v ~ ‘ NultTcual L.T1€P$ DP ;-;nt TeeITTze. Due to the almost M entire absence of electricel recap is not .ossitle to foresee accurately, whfch of the rech- inery ies greater score in India. The use of electricity s »1 '. \ ~I 1' ‘ " I . h . 5V ‘ ’C. ' ‘Iv ‘ '7'" ‘ ' F‘ '. -: in Inm;a COLlu ce feieseen lJ the Term “ewes, fer iPT+— ., .9 1 -7 .— . . I , . ~ n '9 ~ J V“ . 3 x‘ -- .—. -~ r 2 J- ‘- - . LatIcn the cerreue, 1n t.xed Tern ro and In the rural .. ‘,7 . ... : -- ._ u. y -'-‘§__ '-.. r. - h . ,’_ -‘ - - Tncxstrles RuCh Tn the same ha“ er as eIcetcgec In the 3\ <, r: . - \ 3- ‘ \ 1 '. ‘ --.- 1 ‘1 ‘9 ‘5 q .. (« wececlnb chapters. Lee to the swerlnees c; L010_Ubs and .1 L I. other aQricultural con;:tionc flescrfted l? ‘ \ Innnw ; 3W y..._ A ‘f_~——+: tiere is no im;ea-ate nrosnect of clectr. rw" ployed in all the farm uses oetailed here-to-fore. In 1 " ,his worn tterefore, the consiaeration o: costs is limited to tte wagn itens of household uses only, nanely: Liéhting Pressure water system Washing machine Household refriberator Electric stove fiend iron Radio Tater heater Vacuum cleaner Utility rotor, L-r.r. for miscell- aneous uses. The consumption of electrical energy has however, oeen discussed for all the items that sake use of elec- tricity on the farms. he initial cost of household elec- ical eguigrent: the products placed on the market ty a numter of manufacturers and the amount of use to which it is put by the various farm families, it is hardly pocsitle to generalize the cost of ownership and operation of the various electrical appli— ances. The situation created by World War ll added to the inaccuracies of such generalization. All attempts at estinating the average costs therefore, serve only as m M a rough ruice in inflicatin; the de ratility or otherwise of owning tte equipm nt. During the war, most of the electrical appliances were not available in the open market. After the war, some of the manufacturers have resumed production but the [—1 m H Price levels are highly uncertain due to econouic and political turmoil within the notion. labor strikes and the official policy of price control are two of the im- portant causes for this uncertainty of price levels. When the Ojfice of tie Price Adninistration (CPA) was abolished in 1943, the prices of some commodities went up while the prices of other cormodities fell down; more items of electrical machinery spreared on the market. then the CPA was restored in fie latter part of the year, the price levels were restored, but the availability of cf the electrical appliances and equi ren was still un- IT} certain. After the electi C) ns in Hovemter, 1946, with the victory of the Republican representatives over the Demo- crats, the price situation is likely to change all over the country. The OPA has withdrawn the ceiling price levels for several comm dities ircluding electrical equip- ment. Thus the estimate oi cost, if based on the price levels in 1946, will he breatly distorted and inaccurate. It is therefore, that the followinb cost figures are based . on the 1942 price levels. These price levels may be ex- pected to he revived after the intra-national economic conflict subsides within the next few years. The life of electrical equignert: The life of the electrical equipment is a variable factor depending upon the amount of use it is put to and *4. the care with which it is handled. Hiring installat on “~3 . . - L ‘mu‘l-‘\.“-—' I 182 once carefully done will ordinarily need no major repairs or replacements within 20 to 25 years. lost of the elec- scussed above will last for about 15 H0 trical equipment d to 20 years witVout any appreciable enpense on repairs. Allowing for the difference in the makes of equipment and the way in which they are handled, the life of all the electrical equipment is considered to average in the neighborhood of 15 years. m A. D a 1-. . . lie cost oi cwuePSLIL3 The ownership of the electrical equipment during the year involves several items of cost, namely: Deareciation Interest Repairs Fousing the ecuignent Insurance T xes, etc. All these items are more or less variable. For example, the depreciation during the earlier years for new equip- ment is comparatively wore while the repair expense is alnost nil. In later years, the depreciation cost reduces while the repair cost increases. The annual cost of owner- ship therefore, varies to a certain extent depending upon these items. :For the field wachinery, these items of cost are comparatively higher than for the household equip- ment. Assuming the life of the electrical equipment to be 15 years, the cost 6f ownership in one year has been work-' ed out to be approxinately 15 percent of the initial cost. This is for all field machinery. For power machine 3, .ta ____r ‘ - renal-“I‘D: "nu-”1 I E's." {FM—- the annual cost of ownerslin has been 6: ti::ated at about 20 percert of the ini_tial cost. For the estinates in this an average depreciation of 15 percent annually is allowed on all equiyrent. The quality and the make of the equipment are the matters of choice and JUL ividial pre erences of tlze far- mers. For our estimates, t’V e costs provide for a reason- ably superior quality of equipment of any reliable make, which could be afforded wi thi tle financial means of an average AmericD n fa 71Her. The folchLL5 statement in- dicates the arnroxcvcte cc.s t of oumership in one year of tie ele ical equ:tmert, based on the price levels exist- ing in 1942. Annual cost of ownership Initial ( 5} of ini- ltem Cost tial cost.) Cost of v: rinb a $203.00 :so.oo five-room farm house, providing adequate numVer of liéhts and convenience out- lets. Pressure water 135.00 20.;5 systeru 049ep well water pump. Wa ling machine. 85.00 12."5 Household refriber- 110.00 16.30 atcr. Electric range; 4 150.00 28.50 burner type, with' oven. Fand iron. 5.00 .75 Radio. 50.00 7.50 ‘In'l‘f J7: Am -—— Water heater, 6? gal- 3’1 Lanuf lo“ tank cap801ty. aoturers of tEe eqnjljop In tVe state ent above, on any reliable wake Oi arpl i 1 ." nr“ _ L “we .1,“ 1- IELC‘ 118 8 makes . -- .2 fin: : 1 .- vit1 ore e;.ic:ent sch: t- H .1) U Q s E (b “S L... ( availal 1. Lamps semi wires "'r“ p ”I 1111413c n2‘...klul 'LJ LJ 1 q: f ‘1'” ., . JESILLD‘; 112101111168 ’3 Reirigeratcr (house- hold) r) /‘.2 101%... O Hater heater (.4 (‘1 C1 (3 a "<' p... C) H (D £3 '4 F) ”D H J I .J (1 Q gs "- . m ‘ ‘r‘\ ~ 1 a tie prices nave oeen cased ances havine reasonable .he number of "an market, the £011 010 and not vorv expenSive: ”encral Electric Co., Iela Park, Tle'eland, Ohio Genera - ctric uo., Sela P rk, Cleveland, chic nestinoVousJ I.f;. Pittsburg, Penn. ’ l 'fi ez1era1 Electric 00., ela Park Cleve1'- ‘I _, ., T“ : oe oral Llectric Co., - 73 1.- r31 - ‘, : cm: “9121 1131411, die velalu, ,1 O "t. ’MnT—‘Y “0: I" v‘ ‘11." u;- .. _.__. ‘3 I . '- ‘. . II...- Chl b In... «,1 n A (1‘ +— —" n A ‘ C y) .- l- 3 A .' N . l k U A. - ‘ _ - .1- 1.. r1, 0 ° ‘,—.. 1.4— 1 .7 . --.1_ 4 °.—. ‘, A file crmfls 1- .111. {mu . .9 p“ .1“ tion -s 1JH3 -ain ,, - . :1-.1..! - 1.1... . .,-.. .. r: _ -1... 9 _ 1" 1.1 - 1,1: -.,., . J- ite I. C\.TJS t—h ~- vfitz .A 4 - l ., '~ [Kl :I:' \J .L ' '.I 1.1.. 2- t .l. (3:; I“; ' V- — S e ‘. /.~_I- )4'41— fin 'J. \_.' A. .L L - - - . - .1 . 1 . 1 ° ~ A. 1 I ~ . n . - (3fhe11 ltGTJS 3-1”: as ._ Lrliw'ti.n1 in. 1:-cgniir¥,._cr-i110 a 1“ ‘ ‘ -| r. A ‘ v. 1 . " 1 - a 1 3 ‘2 #- part oi Lye cost ti 0:918tlpn, are almost 1ebiibiole for w -. - w . 1‘ ‘9 ' -~ " ' ‘ " ‘r‘. W1 ,-\ ‘ " . ’ '3 L3 ‘1 3 7‘ " a ‘ '\ eiectrtcal La nines» nna .rc tlcreior; omitted in these cost calculations. m1- - -\ v-‘I IN A ' ~ 2 ~~‘-‘ \ ‘ fl '4" 1' - -. - ‘ 1118 (:08!) ml 'LflflCtHLtf. o- t. u 11r€n1t . :5) C) :_J 0 o (“1‘ ’1 l.)- o (.3 3-4 0 a) will eviiently vary vitn tLe amount 9; use to which it i n n t - - 3 o a r- c. ‘0 "1" ("11" N ~ . r- ’3 \ ‘ ‘1'1 ‘3 0 t1 r" - "‘1- p. L) ”1'1 . ;_(-‘I“H' ’4!!~.‘I . n (‘x LIQ‘.\_.. /\ , 1..\_.“_ e J,LJ .le COC) . 1“)“ ‘ _ . _ . _ \ _‘ - ,. fl 1_ {x _ 0 ~.- 9 o ‘ +1 1 o _ state epts ag‘carlxg rereaiter :uw1CFte . e Willovatt . .-... .. ,, -.. :1 ... or .1 . eQuigacnt -1 a farm Lone or on the -arr. ihe data is 0 -~. _ _‘ ' ‘1'", _- - ‘ Q ~ ;_ 9 fl _ 1 1‘" _o _. r: ‘1 ‘ q— ‘ based on the 4.“ statiscl s availa.1e in 1.16. it has a. .- , a I! p “, “,"“ v 1 Q ‘N -. J .o ccnmxx1 unit oi L-c 9?.uoit s “or; cou1M.1xa.uaoe flicable to all tic electrical acnliances since the ' ' n 77" ‘7 1 '. 1 7 ' a . “" r" nature 0: fiJPn rer rwed .J eacr ‘rrie ous.ue:aely. lhe .. L .1 ~L, T --'--‘ I‘.~ . " .:I\_" 1 ..-.~"‘1 II ,.,_ 1 r- 1- - frl t-‘.« H 0", 11?]... Us 91401, LID ' .L U1." [1-19 V9~+)..‘.H uLLJ <-.i.‘g.l._.:~;.pL-J .a‘. k. ’ Lille-Pf}; 3T8 ’ . _- 1: . . . . .. 1 1. been mentioned 1; a catarale 3011-3. m1, .- . a - ‘ 31 4-"): 1 -,~. v.11 v-r in n ‘3 ‘1" ‘1‘ .-,.-‘. 1118 .\-'()t Ci LIA—CC L1... ._C.-:—L 9-31)... "-d ‘AF-Jk) quEaLA LI8,S)\A 0'1 8 ~‘ 4" *3 f , A 1 -° ‘ . 1 -' '- v‘. :‘1 Ueneral raLe cl 3/ ner Lillowatt hoLr, s:-ce in lLCt c1 1-‘ H-Lp}r~r—- 4": 3'1 ‘1.H (\‘1 nwun v3 <1 A“ ’1p’.‘!"p. 3r1 9 3 1. ~' \fiv L: O Q ‘1‘: ”.40, L k'i ‘6‘” bxz‘ 3.x... . .\1. L."" 4.1. 0' “KI k- KI _'.. J‘AVLEJ'J L\'-A- “ _ . 3 . o l -1, m .9 ,1. A 3- P f‘ / ‘.'. 1 .. - -¥- S A.-‘3IVL’ t1-o P: J? .. :1 4.11 uL-e 1194;5_13(311}-00x1 VJ. Col/I :81“ -._1..LlO'.~.'ciLu .1. 1".) .‘ (D l' 5 I: T) C. -.- - m T 4.1.. +. had? or even less. in 0 nor stag: q 1» ° 11.. ("W - p. l-’ '1 .- _.1 J- - ‘. 1 _- - n1 LQP, c/ or loss ccr “illumac near is t .' ‘1'? ' . .'.-'- .‘J fir . - L. « I] '- l4 ' -s J ‘v’ t V ',\ . .\".l ‘ VII- A 1* «i a... n ._ \o I: h * 5 . D ”an - “1 Chat—0A 1;. '.r1 'L L). ‘ A. T+pwf ,— .‘ 'J . , . fl 1 7.. P 5 3 C 3 o d. P. _._~ ...v n- qI._ P... 1 _ n. w W. I. . W.— ... h ..... a... A . . . . ._ 4:; 1+ 9 n. u .. 5L 1-. - ( d. fi 0.... v... ‘n ) 1|— VII; . . :u (v «4. ur\ \ 7 3 P ,- l I \ F. 1M " HG /4I\ ' ‘ . v a O "7 I My _—‘ 'I i3 q ., {4. pd l r CPS . 95‘ v .5‘ ~ \-—. m .~. “A ‘i.\_/. .41 MU. . Clea fi1‘11“. VL'.\,.- fa 7 ‘1 O; u.- C 'I -‘4 .— r u e 11 e ‘r NT} cu 0 m1; fivefin“e refiiFly Cénnufi“f’en ”f Cleo- " —.' 1 '. V ' n " ‘~‘ ‘ 4' I1 , ‘ . r ‘ '°. ‘\ , ‘\’ ’ s ’ 4‘ Bruce 4. 61.9314‘ I x, r“ . _ 1' P flu. ‘ : .”,'",1 ,—.. ‘ .... .. ‘ _ . _ ._ w \ ,- n Y Lpe follvw; U statercnt slows tre avePGQe monthly con- . "' "' A I“ - K - . ."- ' .. . - . urmntion in “._. fins. me? LFe rest h. the electrical earli- encee in use on 5Pe fr? 3.” Ifie eeFails For the feem Fave 1 '\ --. "w ‘ -. '1' v - \ 1 “ ”x" l‘ ’ Pu ‘ ‘~- A SQUJ§”9nt are bimefi segurateeg fr\n fine 0 c. fLe Iarm ;.T. hr. ,Jst of Oper- Consumpt- etfon per unit I -7 t;0n per ;72; per $.7. T ' ‘1 v -. t . t item e31, Uhii. hr. Earn hone eouipwent Cl’ck fine mmntb, 2 0.01 cnée Sgtgilgr Coffee per- One monqh, ?or 5 0.10 coletor a frmTlg of 5 es?swns. A»: Curling iron One month, for 0.5 0.01 #1313." y). 5 .LE, ,.- 9 perenns. e f? Fan (house~ hold) One went? fer 2 0.04 Q ~ , o .0 r- e *emxly of o 0.16 Freezer Ore moufh, a family of o s EGYPSOD O (‘3 Heater (glcw- One hcur of use 1 0. ing or radi- ant) l (j Feeting Dad One bcur of use 0.5 i. 1 W239. 1‘ am- ermmmu-n “.1 18 . q-r “ 1 Id ‘ u.-. tr. cost of Oper- f“ . consumpt- etfon oer 1.1t ion fur ; 2x pe: L. . Item Ur7t nn't hr. House reat- fire month, for 25 0.50 in; \oil a fimily of E \ burner) nerssns. Ironing mach- One month, for 10 0.20 I n _ _. fl "i "‘ 188 e l-+;ly ol 0 Sewing mach- One Lonth fr. 0.5 0.01 ine a fawFly of a persons. Toaster 3L0 1:23 , for 3 0.06 a I‘mil" r: 5 persons. Waffle iron Ore month, for 2 0.04 \p q I .1. L Farm equipmen,: Earn venti- 0nc month, per 2.5 0.05 lator cow. 3;ttle wash- 1030 Bottles 0.5 0.01 or Brooder (for One ctlck 0 r 0.01 Chf-Cks) t 'r] o L) O .J ) H m 0 O H. H 0 01 O O O C: Churn *‘J Clioper (for One hour 0.1 0.002 horses or cows) ( Concrete One cu. yard of 0.5 0.01 mixer concrete. Corn husker - 100 bushels of 50 0.60 Shredder corn. Cre m senar- 1,000 lbs. of 0.5 0.01 ‘ a tor milk. {0 _ ‘W—I—-.—1-‘ _ . ‘i - - 'L'A“. n.‘n"d1. I: 1 "'" “q 5 Item Dairy water heater Ensilsge cutter Grain ele- vator (ore 1,0130) Grain seed cleaner and grader Green feed cutter (a used as b shredder) lso eed Hay baler Fey hoist Eotbed Incubator Irrigation pumps F‘- T~lking mech- ne L_J. J" 1. o O J. 120 t W .11 LA 8 ‘L C 0‘)!" 7? .L. Wflte (9t H r3 5“; Q. TIT“, Dre 1 m. _.u --. o [—J K.) '3 0:18 :110 nth 1,000 bushels 00 bushels Cne ton One ton One ton One sq. yd. per day Per set of 25 9563 One acre-foot of water lifted throuvh one foot. One month, cow per 1(.- 'x' -L. DJ . Ccn1surn3t- hr. ion per unij. l h;- {‘3 O N) o o l...‘ ()1 ()1 3 Ton per 2/ per unit 0.10 0.08 O O O O O (D Q n m o O (0 QB ‘tfi'vj—m t'j w ,; —-— T f- ‘3‘“ d— d‘— 4“ Lilk 0071in5 Paint Snrey- er Poultry house lighting Poultry wat- er warmer Straw cut- ter poultry Utility 50t- or (5 F.P) Water pump (iecp well) Wool saw 7’ Q t One month, for . 3'7" . -qw ,. .. 0701 - UL) LEA; 05:11 -‘ ,.x‘ W .0 r .1. (31‘s L J. 1.1..- 1.11 (18113.7. 1,000 Sq. ft. 1,000 One tenth, biros Ore month, 100 hens One hour of on- 0ne cord of wood '07 1-. ..0 Consunnt- . 1 ’\ Y‘. J—xjn L-.- O rn‘t. Pr. I‘ 30 ’«J {.4 l0 0" M _- 2.1-? ‘v 1,—— yu.’ . ‘3". 0x.- I. P v._ ., 191 The Present posit—1'm of ru-al electri— fication in ize feu eta es: The fact that ru a1 electri f:ication he as lade a rapid progress as compared to other world has ieen trought out in ‘ i ‘\ 1. \ .—-‘ : - r: . graph on the neit page inyicat from the early days in 1323 wh. latiors of Electricity to A¢ri port pertaining to t‘e rural e The steepness of tax curve oi indicates its impetus received due to t‘ :e Iederal assi sctance procre ssive countries of die C.) culture made its first re- atistics H (D C Cr. ’4 L—‘o ”J FJ. (3 D C’*' F Jo C) 3 (J) (‘t‘ the graph in the recent years or rural electrification and the e forts of the EVA. the intensi y of rural In ntensit3 of rural electrification 1n dii eriéll states: The following table shows electrification in the v i01s data has been obtained fr om tre the Edison Electric Institute ('5 o; Censu.s defines a farm thus: states of the Union. Tie 'U.S. census fi statistics. The U.3. 12m°eau "any trggt of lane of three or more acres used mainly to produce agricultural products, or any pM es of tiree acres or tenant devotes 1‘s entire tiwe less, there the owner or thereon to a*ric11t are, or the annual value of agricultural prL educts exceeds :250. (yote: Poultry ané énme raising, floriculture and horti- culture and similar pursuits fall within tris classifica— tion.)”V The tendency of the utilities is to relax this definition and consider anv individual unit of farm wiether ::.l't A\ 105 the 3,7,5 i :2 on El ec tr? e ) ’3 v ‘0 (1" $1 L‘f‘ (D (D O O t) *5 K {‘5 0'. cf 0 4 '1‘ CD > I '- pJo i—J i-’° I ”a. 'T Usrns Percentage of a:e of To. op ?s* s "lectrified Larns Electri- .. .. 'v , 1 .- . - ‘ftste tor“. 11 ‘-"v‘,)" 3 Lo. 71, '«-j.;)X f’wem, A18. 2‘1-w_),\ K31 "(13,330 53.9 Ariz. 1?,199 0,700 65.“ -o: :97 43,500 o z . H ‘— . zo,200 103.. (I) O :3 .13 0 {3 L”) V L I C b O _ O - O C. O Oivbt-JQCMQOKU .J‘v. \. Del. 0,53 “,400 38. 31a. 07,300 25,? 0 57. Ta. 253,753 30,500 37. Ida. a , 03 $3,000 05., Ill. 20_,231 140,000 67.3 Ind. 170,201 1&0,100 01.5 Iowa 200 703 l51,100 ”2.0 “ens. 43,775 4",??? 7_.2 15. 2i~,0'1 71,500 20.5 La. 170,000 iu,000 36.7 Le. 43,201 24,100 55.7 4d. * 47,355 23,000 60.7 “ass. 4?,051 27,200 50.5 hich. 179,673 65,500 02.0 hinn. '00 771. 100,000 52.4 1 33. 264,704 55,200 21.5 Ito. 24A1,3t ‘ .30,EV?0 Z€3.6 “01,115. 87,.26u 1:21,'7~.O :.-..3 Let. 111,005 40,900 CC.5 :AFTVQ 3,43,) 1,303 :‘193 L.F. 10,215 13,70.~ 71.2 1.5. 21,530 25,300 91.5 ..i. 23,010 3,300 27.7 L.Y. 153,355 127,20c 72.0 L.U. 301,175 115,100 $0.6 3.0. 00,010 V,100 10.2 0hfo L25,ZUJ 132,300 85.5 Jkla. 172,071 £2,000 21.0 Ore. €1,200 53,500 02.? Pa. 170,309 154,000 75.3 I C . . . . O U I n I o 0 I l o I v . C O n I I u a o a a O O O a . , . . . . . v a r ' . p . . v . — v a, r r . r O. a V ’ w I v . . . . . . . . o . . . _ .. p p r . . . . , p o. . v .1 o O u a a . u . u e s o o n a v u b n U . a a o n o a o ‘ ( I I I I D I I o _ ‘0 1 [If-I13 4'». . . lll (N [.4 CL) ,L. 1‘ f3 . - “. - 1 7‘ - -' ’- - —“ . .r. -D C- “'13 . :J: *3 - a; \4 T‘. . _“‘ V - F _ {W '1 1‘ P! 'V 1 ) + ‘ V. r| OI r. ‘3 " v. fl , - .. . 9- x! - o - -31 , - _FJ..”_1..':'V. -' 1" 3 'JJI-CL:L'.VI_'.- +941. ’ ,. '1 ,.-\.. “A. "1 tr-\« ”’07 «.- \b . o -1, , \ b. -.‘, -,— .1. . w- " \ . ‘ q {”7 '7 .;..._0 -,---~ ~,J.'./ 'J’OJ —- I-v - :r-y ‘ ‘ V b 1 .*3 ,, “dd 70 7 J o J . ...«. - ’ -I - ’ Us. 0 T“ ’ ‘ ”‘1. i‘ 7. qnn 1r {3 J o -. o \4 - ’ 9. 'v‘ ’ . '1' :1 Lg . v ‘ .. .'" '7 "‘ -‘. r‘ " ~‘ ’ “A r ’2‘ n LE. 1.1..-. Lat. v ,QL)‘- ‘1’ v - \ w . .1 a '75m ‘x" ‘1 ’5. ~/\(\ 7.»: oz ~ ‘X. L I;’\J, V'D J-V-"U’ L'x' \’ L J. 'r 77+- “V ’- ‘ "1 .- . 1 ”\- I'\ On, ". .4 'a‘E In. He , '. *'\ ~—’ .sq-c' J“. Q TT*— ," - A A1 1 ra [A nirxl ,-. ." r.‘ '.,0 ~(,- - .. ...I,‘Z.-JK.’ 1.4.9.... ‘rp 1 Hf‘ .-\q A r) a fin“ [1'7 '7‘ A. .Ll-.,'..L..* -L,k.- ’. ‘:.4.L a.; a: am: "A dad “7 0 1‘ LyJ.-. .-V,J-(t. A ,- _ _'..4., r . v 1 n1 './“ " ' rmq 7r? ’7 ' 1.. \v 0 4.‘ .- ,5‘JU .. ' x ’99 -'~.I '..-‘-_".'\J '.-.'° 1" 'i "xfid 1 "z " 4 "\ r7: “1.8. .1.¢_,- «9"-','f.\-O 114.7 M. 1 .. -' " A A ‘ 1 r V I , |l 3“ . —b ’her v ,1! -’3 ‘L'J. ‘ rT" 4_ j ‘ 9 r V C. ‘ Jun 1."!v \-..‘- T. ‘ \A. V .— .. .. q — —- N n+p~ ‘ awn &, 7 And no . , .4 V ’ . .L - ’k. KI>J ’ ’ v ’ _~ - 1 k .H "“1. v- - . 4 ‘ -\ 1 5A — —T A . 1— a ' » 1— - r 3 J ~v . fl . '1 \ v. 3 (\5 i .4 f r t' ' >’r I,‘\ ,I ‘) , - s e 1 . 9 3:. — $ .1 a L L -‘L F | - I L _ - A - A- U -' K4 L 4.- .1- LI- 3 .L O \ O O \ - ‘ o u y a -1, .. _ ,I x l_ ,‘ ., t L -“p: t c. - _ A ‘-.. n.- q .1 A -\ 01" -4. .. ‘_ ti TL .1. ‘.’. .1 K4. 118'C1’ ”Calgiub. It £63.11! "'4'. ~— - .1- ' .. - f" ; ° ' L - l‘ _ J- 1- - _. .- ‘ - 1 ‘ . ‘ \ » r‘ \ . - . -. p P r ‘y - i? F._ \1 1 4.: U c.-9. - L. “-BKV’T t r39 at. 1afi99: . :n 1- - v. - ‘ ,1- h ”"' L’» 3 1 -4 .- 1» ( ‘\ x . A. ,. '\ i v V _ v x v . J , ‘1’ ‘ b, k; ’ L ‘Q . L- K 1 V x I . — _ ‘ {.1 L _._‘ 1w SJ o) U C 8‘ . __ L -. ‘ 1 c I1 . ‘ r‘ 1 ‘u e‘.€. t1 (:N ){W r 73"). _‘ 0:1. “HY! ‘ r ‘ +1xg Y (\Yun(‘.~,‘\ '1'r3 - c, a . £20 I -‘ A. ’ A. ‘rfiA- V '-‘-L- .L .L -a L." » ’ ‘ - V . I, La '\.\, 1 ' ° ' ' ° _ 1_ I O ‘ 1 ~. _ Y} “ . C! I (1 “l . ('1 w . ~- ‘ .. e -I- O C L - -_ .1 C \A J. » J ‘ La ..... l..I I .- . J. l _. K 3 E: I I. t‘ .1. U k e c (‘ AIJ Ljn .0 ,. 7- -, - 1 .- "‘.9 .0 Lufiufie 01 rurrl eléuf? L 09*203 . 1 ‘ ' -\ —° 4—- ,: U L .-- tlf1‘} LII- .L {veg :1." t‘ 3.1 L: ’1'; : {D (.0 c..- O (1) Cf J) "3 LJ ‘ 3 ta ‘5) 1...: "3 (3 r‘.‘ ,J J 1 J F. 1.4. cation has any future Hf mup ”x r... w. «w»... a“ b. 304nm ' [iipilim 4 I I J.” lilrlll «U ~.v l n a S e I. Liv ”L owl—a a t t 3L calm .1).le 0.1.. a u e n... h V. O O C n .__. C o 3 a P S e C P k a bv.‘.‘uol..e s "0.1. .u.“nt011-+ a fixLSojtk and a v a a f .0 g t .1 a a i a a h a C s r ah .r F x FC 3 .I.. l .1 ,1 S C P C r. .0... t R 8 Ci 6 C a S S u ,1 -o a 9 e e C C P. v . 60.1,..TCW; 902a 5“881516.10aaiVJ.mv.hh 1.0 S .0 .3 Z a L 0 z a. m-.. r . “.1.-. a 73.1 .1 v-.. h 5 S t v... a t f. -U. a b I. L c: b. 11 Pl u _. 0.11.) R -. I r“; 2 .L C .1. S 8 Has .v W. W .w w ..l Til .. A .1 l“. T a o a 61 c1 .: C u. .w -. a. n .1111 D e e e e e e O Chk r e Z ._A..“1..C-VCL .; if?! “ “LT“... y“ mg...“"11."L."..n.v...:w...OOP. 9 . w .9. . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c. odo..1.o. .oo . Sumac. t oo......u...VC?.08o a..-..-.ul_1._.h.|. E 081.10 0E o oooSChC ohxyv 3.7.6 «<4 1.. n; n. no nu w. n. 1;* nu 2.“ 1-. N“ no no w.» nu Qu .nu rc .1. ._. .-+ Av mu ad by 0 o o o o o a»; tn w. 4 Ana‘nrflpvflbm.vhsu..L».-\~w‘n‘.-.—.vi.... “.ILHLN..I.“...A....“ ...u-;p..1......1¢.\|..vu.\..?..4. PXOP O C .r‘ ,1 1:18 1am. arol C .L..- n U *h 1‘ 61A; ”mont ">66: 0 1.1. ehas gt" '—\q' A“: f‘ L) T T7 v r: .1. - 0 V8 0 S o 't ah TV, t o ‘T 53.0 ' 8. 1:" U k, I |l .‘i. 1-': 0.4. 1' 197 2. To ur much effort is tel: :Ut T" the Government .2 nd ire utilit:?€s in pronotind the development -_-J_-_?i'.,-. '~. c-€ 1*ncal fjfltJbfl_l]A3at1(Mq. . 5. low do the lponle react to the efforts of tte Government an; t1F atllltles in the ewe lvy‘CLt oi‘ rmlrel. elx?cf1‘ii.lcf"icrl? .Géfirdlflé the first question, the rational importance of rural electr??ic:tion Lao alrea;' y been trou ht out in M the “rece jng cha;;ers. The second question is considered in tte later para- graphs. As rebards the tEirc cuestion, the reaction of the majority of tEe ’eolle Is evident from the rap: 6 pro ' ress éw of the rural electrif cation in the Enited States wi.hin C1- :5.“ (D "3 ,ast 25 years. There is, no dozbt, as in all new development work, n amount of opv sition to the efforts 0 of tre COVernment anj the utilities in the clectrificction of the rural areas. out there is an overwhelming major; ity of the people supporting these efforts. How tte second question regald1r.‘3 the efforts by the nd the Governxent. rhese efforts ha ve been {1 CT ‘0 H P. d- (D U: n; *r'fi W [HI C+ p. m H H ‘4 discus se ed bel‘ore. They are constantly aimed at: l. Heouction in the cost of electrical enerry supplied in rural ar 2. lodificetion of the laws a‘fecting the extension of electricity to the rura 01 areas in the different States. ‘ 3. Research in t gn of electrical appliances and equilmzen nt ’V USES. d" < :J (D HO P $3 I4 J ,1 4. Education and training of the farmers 1n the method of u 3 the newly devel.ped equip ent, fam_lisr.1 Zin5 them with the research activities of the Governncnt and the utilities, and obtain— frg their coo ergtion {Fe fie elopxent of rural ‘1 :3 F :1 H1 -) (D m |.. 2 ’ 3 .1- m 0 ’— (D C) 0 <1 G "5 a: (D m (.1. m H ._) Lu q 5 (D c 1 C+ H. H H- (.1- i J. (D L2 '4. :3 a . ° 0 , a, , :.. 1,. " r“. a . 0 ttese Ioar direct: us go r Lc—i.-nsnc ihe cooperation ‘1 'x C‘ x. "' \r' . - . a . of tie Aueric I societJ rt ALr‘clltiral TanL€€PS and e ° ~ 3, —‘-4- r. - ' : -‘.~ I‘ iarxers' orbanizatiirs is cccr-red in iie elfdrts of the -‘ -‘ {'1‘- a ‘ ‘ .) p h ,-.D ‘ : r7 0 —? ‘3 fl“ " (K '\ t ,3 M ,‘ I h _ . W" \ Gonernrtnt. a. crit. o.u rEsation le~_es r in. Unrela- ‘.‘ ”‘0. . 0.33 ,‘ . _‘o‘po 9 1 ". rent e:.¢rts in L081 sleetfi-1cat;on, is tie ”ca. An 1 « - a '.. 2— - e_asorate c scr-;tlcr L -J the results of trese joint effiorts are beyond the scope cl th-s work. An illustrative summary of tiese efforts in World tar ii p 2: ~- 3, -. x - -1- .. — 1 . r ‘» “GClClan -L the coat oi electrical l- . _3__ energy in the vzn‘nwgs s a-e : During t. 1346, the rate of electri- d cal energv haxe been reduced bv several power companies almost all over the United States. This reduction was '\ “16 mainly because of the removal o. the federal m P]. ('1 pos excess profits tax after Yorld War II. A few of the in- stances of rexision and reduction of rat schedules are Cited here. ln Arizona: Central Arizona Light and Power Co. has reduced the rates of electrical energy by nearly 10.2 percent as follows:y Energy Consured: Rate: Q'- BirSt 12 Kobe hr. ;1000 Next 103 r.r. hr. 3.‘¢ per n.w. hr. ‘ . .. w. - .Ole r: . '(5‘i-.'"3 -A‘. ‘; er ;.v. hr. 6 -. ' 'zfi r' 7.: n , 1.8:)t L:V L—.II. 1'17“. Ci.:—Sg{ / , ; ~ ~ P -P i... 0 I’ll“. O.er 230 n.7. hr. 1.5, All enersy censured for heatfrg wrter. 1.25 per H.T. hr. lropc sed rates: Energy CorsumCd: Rate: ”irst 12 L.T. hr. 80.0; ext 13: “.7. hr. 2.55 per K.T. hr. Over 230 1. . rr. 1.5g per a.w. hr. All energy 0 ns.red for heetinc water. 1.0# per K.Y. hr. The Tucson C98, Electric Lith and Power Co. was ordered by the Arizona Cor oration Conmission to reduce the rate schedales effective Larch l, 1246. The company to reduce the rates } o I ias been ordered by t11e Co-n further beginnfina January 1, lBeT. in Arkansas: m Arkansas— i souri Power Corp. has increased the rural lines by nearly lQO percent and reduced the rate for rural customers by nearly 50 percent. The monthly minimum charge per customer has been reduced from L2.EO to $1.75. In Colorado: The Lunicipal Electric Plant in Colorado at Lamar effected a reduction in rate schedules by nearly 3 percent. '— The minimtim chgwr e was reduced from 21.2: to $1.00. Tne re ezised rates were given effect from January 1, 1946. H. the rates for Colorado C4 Also the municipal {lent rev se 3 brinbin? atout a reduction in the annual electri— cal tills for tre hone and commercial users to tte extent In Georgia: Carroll Electric lotterslip Corp., Carrollton, Ga., have reduced their rate schedules. All electrical energy *1 over 200 K.V. hr. pe month will be supplied ; 1.5fl per wr -.- Q n.1. nr. under the revised rates. Also Water 1d Liqlt Comufssidn has announced a 10 54 x L {‘7‘ percent reduction in rates of electrical energj. l4 7‘" 1 _ , \ illlrn'i.: The following commanies have reduced their rate A. scledules fixing 5f 9 h.*. hr. for the first 25 K.K. hr. 1 r- . consumed, 35 a K.T. hr. for the rext 75 n.F. hr. and 2s 1r ‘1’ 3 IL. .. hr. p 1y $6 I I v v . hr. for electrical energy consumed over 100 n.W. er month. The Covxonwealth Eiison Co. The Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois. Western United Gas and Electric Co. The Illinois Northern Illinois Utilities Co. The Central Illinois Public Service CO. The revised rates will bring about a savings of near- ,500,000 to Illinois users of electrical energy annually. In Louisiana: 1 Gulf States Utilities Co. which covers parts of the State of Texas also, has fixed the top rate of electrical power consumption at 42¢ per K.W. hr. as against the previous top rate of SEd per K.T. hr. This reduction in rates has been given efiect since January 1, 1946 and made State applicable to all the consumers supplied by the Gulf s System in both the States. . m: c-mih-gw “u_. I C‘C‘h‘] 3.. \_’\.' u- “’0 L—-—. H- In I The Union Electric Co., St. Louis, Lo., has reduced the rates and simplified in the rates schecules. The 1“ power lines oi this company extend to sane of the Illinois State and Iowa State coisu ers. The revised rate system will lave only two schedules, one for urban users and the other for the rural users, instead of the eight schedules eristing previously. The savings to the customers will be about 10 percent of their electric bills. In Oregox: hood River Electric Cooperative has effected a 24 percent reduction in rates charged the hone consumer on the farms. For the city dwellers in the city of Hood River, the revised rates have lowered the cost of electri- cal energy by 10 to 2 percent. Portland General Electric Co. and North-Western Elec— L—Jo tric Co. have rev special offer to corrercial consuming large quantities of power. In Virginia: Virginia Electric a Power Co. has reduced its rates for various consumer's purposes to the extent of nearly $1,368,000 anrually beginning April 1, 1046. The reduced rates will save a total of ;%10,000 for residential con- '730,000 for commercial consumers, 936,000 for '1. Stone rs , T "(N s ,o¢,OOO far 2! municipalities (for lighting purposes) and other State Institutions. N) O [.4 -sed the rates for electrical energv with :r the North- tes effective (0 y :3 - f‘ H- "3 C } ‘° , 3 "D ’ [7' O *5 if") 3 o F'- O t CD £3 a (D (“f (D F I {D ‘ ‘ \ .1 ‘1 v -'. ~ , ‘- . g ,1 2 ~.« ,4 ‘ . nese are only a let illustrations Ci reduction in o .3 ‘ _. - . 3- _‘ ... — ‘." . -‘ .-. i~ 7‘ . a ‘a : 1, - ‘1— cost. leagues, . sc.:'al ;,.Cr States line Ioano, ‘ ' ' ‘. a 3". ‘v" I _- ‘. Cniban, new 1:.9XJCO, L). o ‘ _. ,. 'r-.- ‘ ._ .‘.. .. ’ Indiana, Ioua, next» h“, lilylani, l -' «r ‘. . w, 1. n 3 My ‘.— f o - r ~ ‘ 2 w new lOPA, Mort“ carol- a, Ollanoua, touts tarollha, fetinessw an? TEi'IfC'FJ, “he rate.“ of electrical energy have * ' : t' - e . ~ .1- n noniflca ion o lacs o-Icr*n'ng ru 31 J. _. g. a ‘ p _' 3 - ' o n- 1_ ‘ .- elECLPlLln-a‘. ”W; -_I tel. v. - 1 J94. .J C 1-:‘00 "‘.- “A 1 r v.1 . -. 'L' n‘Ar ‘1‘ .)A 7: A #‘f‘ L‘ A "fi , d f 4.140 lUllL «vil.g . t.) U:-C\J\ ' w.._._...... \ _ LS; , -' LaJ. {an S O . - .. - .9 . L -. A, -1”, C ., V l _ 9 Ix; _ ,0 _ curr nt lcbislztian towards rural e ectri ication. In "evz'V‘IVf: A Will was lutfw” end into the h‘usc to abolish the Lew York State foyer Lotiority. The bill was not passed. it or illl his tossed t; onand the low 'urn City Ad— hinistrative CodJ. This authorised re Lew ior: Ci y Hater S““’ y ”can“ to prrmii the use of water for boners- tion and sole of electrical crerdy subject to certain O O Y) xc't * t‘r‘V‘fl l Pu Tic .L‘--’|-.'.k; o L ‘ 2 1 V .- _“ \ J. -. _. ‘ .7.- 2 ,‘ .' _ 1‘ V 9 ,. ‘ CEH' oy one ‘ear L-C Cos -nposinb sowerc oi the c ties 01 '“C “x— :1. | }AH soc Icvxffork C adv}, up tfi‘2{.nofil Cit if .153 > roe:i‘r3f Cgross operatinb isoone vi utilities. Tn "‘ ‘ n n 0 4... - -.uuo An not vs“ Latoya Ty I”, aft} teneril Arteglly excrfit- in; tFO sale (quit’lity 'H;'; ':t In cities of le“s lieu; 3,33v fifkalStLLT f? H iLJ QLKLC Clfllfl QH‘?U take Zr Virrinia: cl Eh Zers ?:ix1 ~wxc ':_tr'x;icefi‘ ini.) Lhe T---se ‘Lizli a tion to impisihg auditi-;al licence ta; u_u3 Water, heat and po er conpan-fis. The pill was rejected hy a vote of 10 t3) 5 hp" Lie :ertc lig'aioe uihflflittCU. L U :eral C“"C. 13 L1; r=03ut leoislation in the various states will indicate that while rural electrifi- cation has a fairly strong opposition in some states lik~ Kassachusstts an” Sew York, it has been salesmen in other states lil-ze California, If"ck‘.igan, Ohio, Oregon, Stan, Washinbtin and others. In tne states of Alaoaaa, Arhansas, -' 1'. . . - ~ I r . :-----.s-1- A -_x. . (3.0, c'-.LA-VU\4_.L’ --..'-.41.|;.\D' .~~ ’- - - F -. .fi- '3 - '. , ' " . .fi 7* - .‘-'v- " \'~‘- . Ac- increase taAation on the electri a1 enerbv con uueu 0y -‘ \ ~ ‘~.. 2 v- I! . -" cw .‘\ ,u \ L F 3 -‘ . 1‘ _ Ls, . a 11‘3LLVCC ‘J.L(3:1 .Ll‘ talNB.LA—Q-L lI'll-wits bljarLL—lifkk to 1.11-8 U100 LJ»4——C?~.l A - — . v coopesatives. *1 .A- 5.51. 1., t1. .1“..- .. ’\.. 19n4‘13,‘ 1 ~~G C: 1.: .01.]. KJ - . _—. .1 . Q \4 ‘1 A _. {4.1 \J _-.- 6 .._§.‘ ‘1 L‘I I..‘ :j& J- . 1 ’ _ fl ' , \ T .. . . 4- . , .. n . n 4 \ I It I ,.L.Ll- Alf/H, -_, Z.-.L..c \‘IL‘L- 3 6:..uo _‘4. ‘L A.— ."'-. ,- 4—1» 3 ~0'V‘r ‘..!\-. --v y ‘ . (‘1 fl 1” I up. fl _ ‘ _. .ij' 1.“. fl ‘_ “.1. _- u-.. Eloy-L‘Ab ;-len xii LA. u..-LJ JL‘LIJ’L} €1.CDLJ-J-.LULLL, " ,- ~ . 0'1 : __ o 1 f ' +fi N V__'_* 4 Fl Ln ~‘ fiy~fi , 0"“ . t. .1 “L_'_.LJ‘3_“.JS all UVJI‘ Ul-’ u-_ 'J-LL whatbu lldtb DO ‘._ , \‘Cat- .- a. a!» n - z. , - . I~.-» -. viz-'1 ~ 5. '- ' A. -\ ’3 3 . l~ luterestud in the l provcant in Qeélou ;; mlectrvggl .- -« 2 Z : V‘. ‘ ". 1‘ VIC: ~ , . Our ' ~ 1 - (a 1‘ A. . — . . 3'4P14-3113€38 8.1.0. 631' .L'-...‘<--IA.U ‘u’a'll.;C..L HJLlld. uO .J-DSC elllc ‘1'.’..t f : '5 _ ~ ' 1 \ A ‘ _ ‘ ‘ . T'\'I ‘10“~ -"-' ' ' ' th ‘ . 1 ‘ 4.1 .- -'_"|"‘p. .L J1 “Qt-J ‘—- o‘ '»-‘ . , .1. —‘ -‘ A.-‘J . ". .4“; L 4 s' l k f _;_ i' » JLu " 0 1 o u w o vr {"1 ' TV""| ‘1 ' ' ’rT" '-." "a ‘x‘ 34.1.. .211 .LO‘] pOA'Tl ‘ 'v-- -5 l~ in U- v.1. \-L'ISJ-L).-IV\A o —. o a H‘fif m ‘ fir *- n 1* ,‘1‘1 J-“ ‘ s 1 A; 7. ‘- '..AQ :8 a») .1...s'\4.._\./! Jr- \J. C L; )l L I ’_ . :x ___J WU b} p ‘3 r‘ -~ ’g‘-“V'\"1’."f‘.'-“:3Y‘ 3' - ‘. y} (3 n ’- ~-V\ n W) fix A _.Lb .75..-- ; K V - . "4 V3 is. L\JSJ_0LL {1 . (-r' O 11‘ ‘N .‘I ‘ .: ‘.'\'v‘lr\ \ Q 0 a- A ~_-' —--.1-4. \ - . A x r won 1"" V1 ~1 "r‘ w" \or? ‘ ~n a ..;-la;.g.e.u_et .. a xh.qL ea (an 14.8 -.a 3 —, - H u- ~‘ ' - —-" - A - '1“. cc iaster __J’xJJ)Z*?u Peshaa “Pb;Pd Ly a a" - -l nix“. tli‘gd. T A1 o — n C' all {1“ ’. A A-.. t a —‘ ‘ F} - "Vj. I" ‘ |'\ ' ‘ ‘ IHl-fi :1 I 7. "f 1r)! 1' J. b l "U L; ‘(t .J. ELLL .. L415; - Buti \ L». 1- , .- . -. , 1-2-, -7! . 3 ..,._- ~. c: a u\.1cl\,*'3 carve A a lag-a s urn-o w;J..:.C.Li l ‘r" (12("11 )1 i\‘\ .-,,_T #r-fi,‘ t C‘L.Ju H+.JC.LJ_L/au.p‘u _.1\.~ C....LL1" o ; I! g;ts “clc;ng Ccrg., chO, a. x - . q - ‘ ~ 3 00' 1 3 -. >. " ‘ ‘2 - k “ O ‘ Mas anuxanced a Léu l‘anoas blaSUlC mat Li“. I ’ rt" ' 5")!“ _ .u. Excerimeuts ave in f*:Q.ees at tie College for 'Le aeefibn of an electric fr ?108. Tke ;rlnc’gle of operaticq cf thi rediane infra-red radiant evergy to the an the area. Fr°Tect~” “V L" -. .. if“. Ir. J - o 9 "Y\ t“ r "s "‘361 ‘ . ‘\ ‘h‘ A; LJL .hL——C_L The plastic Once exfceei L '3 . ‘ a L_ “. 3 ueV;c3 as to [—J ff: ,‘1 Cr Cu 9'! Cu C) (J y. o VCI A. "r‘jfi 1 ‘4‘. O LU; 1 511' u. t». An experimental electric frost pre- Vortion device developed at the Alch- i an State College. The device con- 5 sts of two units of heating ele- n s glaced under semi-oval aluminum reflecturs. The two units are placed alongsiue each other. Each unit con- sists of 4 sections placed end to end. The heating element for each unit is continuous (Courtesy: Iichigan State College.) 0 & m 01 (fl,- r‘ DQ‘J r..‘ ,, o _ w . . $— _ 4W 1“ o L p ‘ ' n 4- ' _ .. 71 r. _ .. 1 t ‘ '3 1r , \ v ,v A. 1 a .LIA‘~- C ’- '. C .L 4,. .--»‘AA‘tJ\‘, .. ‘ Y.’ [l ‘.'..|. '_I,.t1 1 ‘,»H,. ‘E\ ‘14:. [1 t” L. :1 .4. I xi. ‘J - - J- 3 . A ° - L— ° —. ‘ - L‘ f. . .. . -‘ 4‘"! .‘ 5x . IV ' \y‘ 1 _ r N v _ ‘ r‘ ,\-\ \ YT ' ~ _. 1 LJI‘EU’ vr A‘- U-L“— l ‘1 K-ifi—A— - or ‘ - J J— .J U- ~ J \U I‘- J- -J ' --‘J av ‘4 O-:.~._, -1 H .Lrgi —-. l. .- 1-’$.I.E> . ‘5 .. d x.) (.1 -— 0 ’1 _ _. _ "8 1 .. ' 0 _ '1 _ _ . J_ ‘ - ‘ f1 1 ,fi" fi C u + - .\ ‘ - - '3 -. f v e w _. w') x ‘3 ,' C .. ‘ 4t; C‘)Lls_l tb \. .c s- L -J_;. " . L. ' '. -1. L4 let.) .1 .a‘\1 ..~-2..t-u ‘ L K" Ut- ”tx‘u 32.4 #1». , ._ ° .7 . .J—' 1......) My. 30'] J 4.”; one uggcr aiac wit” atanialh Pail-cte:s c 1 “ ‘--‘ ' O ' . ‘. \ "~ " ‘ 1 ~' ‘ oval 3.3‘8. ite sect sis 338 a“.§trtrl PP lests un- . ~ L - 3 . ., . - - 1 fl fl- , h n, L tuflb tge ’ee iyp Ftemtnt~ ace as_u* LJ LCJL ir_- “no 5?: “i. Jlesc unit; ;.0 e' 'v: EAjthlVG in tleie gre- sent stabc frt‘ *3“ g'i.s if v°‘T o" tl:ir initial as well as cpervtiqn cast. Ioanwnile an til—Lcat a 13:6 of frost prevention unit 1 o 1 v o l L W I . ,~ ~ vx ,r‘ ~ - ‘ '.‘ . 'N ‘ ‘ ._ .. . P ‘ r _ _. ‘ ‘ - ‘ " .9 ;as tee: teriectefl zn.c- it_li;ea aeroslne oil in radiat- I‘ 5" -O' L‘, 5‘ ‘ “'-‘.-.’N’1 neat enerb; to tne Surl‘UYlI-glub ct .VJ 2 C o .D C) C (D b a: ‘4 *4 an 3 *9 Cf F F4 m l ings, plants and the Soil. T V T - rn pew u°°sev' .-' .L T a ,H x J " i‘ ." L : . L a .w.: 1 in “lanLielc, -.u., 9% hluPa Vl018u lamp MLiCfl d83- - v 1 7' . ‘ . \ , - '9 1" o. ' -: I‘ ‘ . it- ‘I . - A ‘ ' — 1 ’4 -' ‘ - ‘1 - 7 H -' '— tPon nitcnen tasters- p3; hitchen stetl Las tea“ as slaved. t' . 17 ‘- In '0"! _:_o7‘;-: ‘L ' 1 5 a ,n »» ° Lx + . ‘ . UTA- B? l“ LLB 90“ nae 086:: A fressurc c cger With a H . . w ‘ yr ”’v . — ‘ ‘ ' - ’7 I ’- "‘ V I "‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ " '. ’\ cesl-.-*e" by a m: “sci in)“. it Ll‘ow. s 8;-1 enuerlzes tle q w ‘ '~1 - r ‘ , ‘h. .‘r‘\ r 1 ~v r y -~ I ‘ WW r - V. ‘ I”. A thermo-alarm sésten :as seen aevelagea ~u seine an ‘.. a . a...3. P... .h 3.. ..~ .0. .- '7— ‘“ 1 tne Lease anc as inexgensive t” install. it Can aiso he ~ a '- 1 \s qr .-. Ular tiff: s;ste¢. 0 ‘V\ ‘i~"r\. *4 U~A—|). .— A new true of electric we hing machine in apich the from 20 to 130 naps The eobart ire battery-charger ens used on the farm ft General Elecir announced a new typ . J A 1‘ ‘ A i 2 J- .‘ - ‘ inseead oi elnb a¢ te'ee '“ a tub, n Clevelsn , “his. Tt is encected to 1 1 A J p .;e 611 u et' 1mer. . ,thcrs 30., Troy, Ohio, hes developed \ on e LED-volt sin le phase line. t“ers 30., has also see are—welder which may be conveniently .’ ._., 4 ~. - —m G I) ~ " 4'1 . r\ ~y- I" h Hell no flhu wettery eneréinb purposes. is Co., at Cleveleni, his, has -:'de. it is designed for normal lBO-Volt period following 30 (D LL H I-‘° H) (D U 'f 1,030 hours. ‘rents 9n; the rrogress in the short rld War II, are but the result of cooperation among the Governments, tilities and the farm- ing population. Th of rarel electrifie Educaticnlzmnd train The last phase H n5 tne benefits of is that of the spre of the eetter metho e3 are all indicative of the progress ation in the near future. in; o? the ferrers: of the Government's effort in extend- 4:! rural electrification to the larmers ad of the education and the knowledge ds amen: the farmers. This is done p of the U.S. Extension Service. of the Extension Servise in the “nited 1 1|: "'2 -_ "'- >—r.p-flu~_.m~—-' A rams, announcements of weather forecasts, holding nectin :, conferences, short traininb courses for farters, CC‘lfltV a ll state fairs, demonstrations, lecturers, etc. anu extihition of movies or any visual E 77 L. n 1. .- 3—,: t. : 1 - aids. 4-“ Clu 3 -rr seas nee - rls 18 an interes ti 0’3 activity of tie Extension Service. Th Extension activ ties in the Cnited States have bier srr‘alizei h“ C. B. '...l“ M‘ U) .4 ;;' lJo -th in his book, "The Agricultural Fxtension Sys tem of the United States", puhlished in 1350. The utilities greatly assist this effort in education n of the farmers hy publication 0; information bulletins and Q ioe books; by holifng rimoistratisns and taking part in s; and by ehhitition of lt.tr"tive r ovies, Pictures, nodols and other visgnl sins. The efforts of the utilities are similar and parallel to those of the Cover ment. Flee e of utilities in the IVA fro ;rels: During the Jast cecade, REA has been the principal organiVation in the field of rural electrification. Cem- bined efforts of the 2?. and the power companies in the extension of urel lines and education of the farmers have facilitated the ta31 oi rural ele ct:i_fi c,tion which the IJA took uroo its e1o to perform. There are several erocrams of development in prorress in tre various state a O 140 A few nstances of the wort lfl progress in the different states will illustrate What niece tte utilities occupv in the T A develor1ert and extension progress. '— '2) O t t: '11 ( - n k. }._1 i.“ O .7- ind., has a plan in pro greris for changing the distrioution voltages from three-wire, 2500 volts to four-wire, elFO volts in the municipal electrical installation. This will enable an increase in the areas served at present. Also the Board of Fuhlic Works, City Hall, Jasper has under way a plan for al“’tions and extensions in the local “.1 - ,\ W. rrL'r...‘ u. municipal steam generating O 7: (I) '10 f3 *‘5 5’3 H F1 *4 d‘ P. The EVA has allotte ‘ the Iondr c, t 0 w a 1...,- neutership Corp., Ianvulle, an., a sum of woo,000 for the construction of new rural lines and electrical installa- tions in the rural ar:es covered by the nemhership of the Corporation State Board of Education has aporoved ple.ns for ex- pansion and imfroveoerts in the existing power pla nt at the lowa State Collebe, Axes. The cos is estimated to be nearly $700,000. The ad :tional installs tic-n3 will add to the research and eum‘ stional fem ilities available at file college. T '. .en -,-9.nS E S: - w .10 The KRA has mace an allotment of Je0,000 to Leaven- worth Jefferson Electric Cooperative, Leavenworth, Kansas, _ ‘4 ‘ieann—p 3.4. for the installation of new rural l nes and additions to the existing line n tn (0 i- ‘- LT) State of Lenses. '7- ‘f V .V‘ or 1 \ I? O _ xix/alt] (ILL r. .— L The IVA has allotted the Tlening—Lason Rural Electric Cooperative, Fleminchurg, 13., a sum of #330,000 for the construction of new rarol electric lines, generating stai»ons, etc. an; imprcvomeqts :4 tie existin“ installa- [ ? LO tions in ine state. t In Louisiana: i Sewerage an; Tater Toaro, Yew Orleans, La., has a i l 9 plan in progress for the expansion of tre waterworks power iv station. . _ j . u_ _ The ALA has mane an allotment of WEOO,OOO to Jefferson Davis Electric Cooperative, Jennings, La. for the electri- ,‘S .--J CD CD (‘1' {CD c-r (D O ,1 fr- m «r. r-" (P fication of unelectrif. q A Jew power house has been planned Ly Ludlow Lanufac- turing and Sales Co., Ludlow, Kass. The primary urge for the installation of a power house comes from an exist- ing lLCSl textile mill. r4 Hinnesota: A new 7,500 L.U. plant is being installed at Foot eke by Otter Tail ‘ower Co., Tergus Falls. The plant is J. expected to function in 1347. Ihe estirated 008t- n 0 i ‘ ‘ ‘ "" '.- "u ’- 4‘ "‘.' ' - ‘2 '.— "n t - -1 w ’\ . ine rlens ft: increaSlnb the capacit» oi the munici- 9 a . 3. .0 *2! .\ . .9 ‘ 0.,“ . j . , , pal plant in “inneapolis, Linn. are uncer ma}. 2l1 v1 _ .er (‘ ’__ 1- : 1_ i- ’ g ‘ 0 1r _0 T‘ O .0 it r O _“ ihe hater and ni LL Co “lesion, Virginia, iinn. has plans for improve ‘.erts ari autitlo is to the local muni- Luring the year lfié3, the gTA has allotted “545, 000 to COOJeratives in the State of ,lule ota for the con- struction equ: Leert as ‘ollcws: Central Kinresota Cwoverative Po uer Association, Clements, Ifi nn. ,245,000 x ’1 1 | L 0 ~ 'q‘ 0 neu.Ixnaa.nleccrlc CL»-Lerstlve, ‘3 .1 .. j ‘1 3 , xn’ .Lexi Lgll‘a .. 2..-].S, . -A .". 'r JVV’O‘IO .° -. "' . Lake LeLicn one erot l? P- F- O o_ If". 9“, S .A ,‘l nlec ricsl ADSUClatiOH, Pm an v. A; n. $100,000 r71 vx-Tfiq ~. ,3 _, 1 . T J— “ “1 3 . 4-. lie nu Les allctaeh * e Consoiisetea siectcic C00;- 7‘! 0 'H . ~ 3!, epgt,ve, “exaco, LO., a sam of $130,000 for erecting new additional equipment in Six more ETA distric s will be served by a new trans- mission line from the GXlSthb installations of Central necraska Public Power a Irriéation District, Hastings, Ikflo. The rmxv transmission lfjua;is planned to ruflxa'vay . .2 . 0 we ~_~ ' *3 r" A 3. ior further extensions lion tne “ortn llatte iransnission trict. The project in hand at present is estiwated to Constners Public Power District, Lincoln, Teh., has ("4 ~ A (' ~ 0 ' -""‘n ~'-‘ V S I” "_9. "I" ~" A Llannei out a i ite- Jsar enta«s i on froLrii bebinngnL 134 A” '.- 11...}-s-n .— I l ' Pt1“(r\(\,1"‘+' "‘ "“‘7 "A“ n "(3') 2i Y» 73- lnr a .1 v. ;-.€ 3:14.... I ’L. -4“ 1. 0 all; .100 , *‘A‘LLLJ, A6111... ’ 1610 13—1-84“. (D ., n W) tfi‘,--: " “‘3 »rtn-Jestern niectric Co., Lortlanl, Or 8 pla y a 0 l4. . . u ,. rv at 110,030 volts. T19 cost Will he “ RTIV ”039:000- ‘0 'Jo \gtion l ne (.0 Several additions to Jistrl T“ rpo‘.'\\“e’?fie_}. _'._.'L *'\4L-d1 Us.) 0 H l ".1 . 1. -‘ .0 _r.\ .~ 1 r , g 1 The gown CoaLCil Ol Clarasvlile, 1183. w- renev in5 tne street 115% t installation on modern 1 ‘D U] C. In Tex er and Li5ht Department of Trrwnsville plans an «o C?- ”‘u A -? n : ‘ ‘ 2 ‘ ‘ lsao is in tne nei5h- tiers to tie Leneratin5 station 118 ior installation of aadft tio~ al trer*w“ in on lir nes Operet- have been planned. enn. has plans for extension and improvement in tne muni cips l steam-electric H '5 :‘D‘ J] ‘J l ,, s —+ n Public Utility Districts have in progress plans 10? extension of rural tre nsvission and cistr Ni M‘tion line — .9". a. --1 In '.,‘Her:;.lnb: -‘ - 1-1-1 1 /\ ~‘: fl ‘.",1 | -. .' , 1‘ L y" - — fl . the oureaa 0i neclanetlon, oenver, col., has in tro r-J *4 $0 rt ' O U :- fl ‘1' 7 .4 r- ' "\ I‘ ”N. an" " 2 n oi new Ut,033 volt transnission lines '3 (D U) U) H. b C ‘1’ £0 C" ‘ 3 re., ‘isamAvh— 2. -' 1 - . - -‘ ~ ‘ J . - 1 ~ ‘1 ; ‘ ‘ . 7 ’ a~ C. ‘5 ‘ .' ‘ ‘ . :‘r-.; .1 ab——yr S M- ‘- 1—Z +. C rt; I- a «.0 +.’ \\}J “ LP‘: ‘9' _ 1 $ 1 ’ '_O _ : _O‘ 1“ 1 Y‘ ‘0 \ '3 i , ' ’- UI'O . , a h '1 “1 I“! f 1. .4: t4 1' .. 5""(j1 ‘.I’l.~ ‘— as 41“. 4. L10 finPVm 1‘63 ““‘"“‘F"‘W""‘ C‘ P" '3‘" far (3 .~ 1. _ J a. .— .. ax . N; . L .Au,’ lg “3.1 AA __L‘ h) \_‘;l . : C 'J S 213 "\.~v 7‘, -.. s at ;‘;sen pa., 0 ‘A ‘ J'D‘Cto we Goveryhent as well as tVe utilities in the -. ‘ P .‘.3- ,— ‘A n . " fi‘“ Iv' ‘3 1‘ VbPiAJS SLQtE‘So .- r w .L\‘ L1“, 8‘? 9~v_ o If “Vul, -14.-‘S"' 1.. - l,° .9 .n .5 ‘ x: ’L! 5- 0 11 tease the lasltu‘“ -t t-e “2-13Jics occagy L the r-Q_ " ‘ . _ .0 . W- 5‘ ”‘4 . _ ' ‘, _9 ‘ F3~Tx I. _ ? _ue c.Jxx;sive sirveaszcnnnincted b; the .uux7hsxe re- “.1 ‘ '- A "r V L‘ ' “ r ‘V I. s -\ silted in the :OSLWEP :lazs ior coutle ‘_ " a .I r.‘ -‘ <1. ’- .' \ ~~ . oi IT ‘3]. Azfixrlcs. -Efa re.\)*t fl 3-5 . *s {1 ‘~ v - ~ "~V'.v ‘\ 4"“ T -\ -pstuar IPODTJ‘S Li eye Lnl o—J C d- .3 *3 p) C“. ‘3 J. J. O r . H ( . r ‘ .L-( J (D \- 4 (.4 r7 .LJ >— ‘0 3’) \D ,l‘: l o ; 1 :4 ( z .43 (.11 c; the electrical . R "‘ "x _ I ' ' ‘ .’\'v “U“‘ .4 _". .' 1 fi, ' "f D Q~ lines to S,o¢ ,OOc rural ctnssmers u_tn n tne LBAt ll e - ,\ -.‘ V -V .v. .' rural line» two 0 usawnrs 'Jll rot '1. 'A‘fl “II r't, A,“ 5"- 1 '1‘. V _ . -‘ "-Lr-'-Lo: 'uéb :5-vacv’d i0? Ellerwllb Lu. electric C »V ‘-.2.¢75...~-.u.‘. q ‘1 -- ~ 2 .. gfieaar expex;xture J] woh“ I;‘ 1" \ ~ ~ ~ ‘ . 4“. ‘ .. n ‘1' ~ . ‘ ,1*."~.q \, .._;_ {AA -ljlilll t U .‘fu‘3 .. ALITE‘ 14:5”. La“. 02‘s" 1"” 1'C4 "H ."~‘I~1r.'- '.\‘. 5.“. ‘1“.“‘ :‘v' “"F "‘ 91.56:: ._ J -_.'~.x .5..-L, ,-_. -QLA _-..‘ .L—p_f_a.b-kl.~£>v n... »_ _ L- v ‘- e '1‘. 1 1' " - " ‘r c (‘2 " e ‘2/ ~~1L C [311;Lec L. e'x‘. .1A‘ é... : 1.; .a. . t: . 'J.~ \|..) S’ UA- 1' PD’I: v J 'J .I,~“ .6 .‘ -‘ n u ‘1'. *‘t 1) ‘ a) fit 3-) )r ‘ 0. ‘\ -' \-' ’) 1" fl eh}. I 3.4. 43-1..1; 4:6 4.9.1.3). _' u u '- Ln V'l’) "£13 ”‘1 d ' 1 - 0 V ‘ ‘ - n —. ~- - .-.-. 3 . ‘ —~11 ' . F. . - .h.;\1 L“) tal CJX: C ..b‘. s .1. V“ UJA— 53 —~ UH‘AAL ¢ I.) L)\‘ in son A?“ “on «~90’v: v—:« v0 s : ~ #1- 1 — e\fi LL truss vn.w -elefsl allci Put: -5- c.e u .s— sin _-__ I ;~ \- 5 . ‘ . ";’l ‘ 11." fit; 5 1 - _.' 0 '~ 5 . . 9.5 V J i ~ LL" ~ U u.‘ r.,\‘." “1.“ .5 " 4‘ L "‘ t' . t1 \‘1 .4 A 7' ‘q *iAV .LJ.“ 1 (1‘) (i Kat/14' t‘al *‘179 ’.J ' 5“,» bal- -. 9" "x « -,‘,,‘ t) — m‘~.r1 w1~ - elEctrlii‘a ltL -n g:\_;os . ills 5-(:r 1‘ 4-‘ -- H 1“ fl .° J L, . 1 a ,- Cl use lnLeW—pnre- -e-h_ nub s i_.l.*:. I J- '1 .2 5- - A, _. . ..~ I. f I " "- dd ’\",:'\ n" 1 .‘I. .9 t0 'JQL .4..- y'— , t-,.(: .- L) -_L .lj...1u_a, J4» , v’~-\/’ IIL‘LLLI I. “ V_ a V“ x 0 J_ r 1 I"’)"/‘""- “"fi .1. ‘3‘ 1A,\_‘ t {J t;.e .5. ‘x tQ L LID 'v‘J'... l 'x/‘I'..¥a‘ U L-l v “bgv‘i_’ut ': AA-_~S u ‘ LL11}; 4.5 ...L' {1“ .4. _._'\,’..'. to lie Lil e‘Vi".." 1:3-ts 'to ifl;e ZQWA xglfcl. 9‘ till June 30, 1343 b“; -.;L;~‘ ‘. .- \..n e U‘i;. tilt-LV‘B ~~ ‘a - ~ _ ‘ . a - g 1' y: «nuorai: Jutltlg Lu of rural H) C) '3 ’ ‘3 SD "j 9" ’3 a ‘ 577 as uh,b‘\dv, ‘4‘ ‘ . -. '1 . a. '* .. - - 4- - _ 3 - - ' , l 4 . 1 4&1 1 '5 - .h-A... {‘11. C 1-- .LL)quL .-..A.--" 4.1.4th ‘44.. 0‘ re'_i'\.¢._;l 9L1 “L ru“ V‘ ”’f ‘- fi fi ' v'\ - state s ..“I‘3 to a a 3:: Cl 101‘ “n “9m 2 v 1 ~ A - . ,. 1‘. . ‘ .- ’_-. ~~ ~< 1 a 1‘) .. , "‘1 ‘ - - :2, :- e C C ‘. V e uh: F) U l-) «L .. -_ n; \- *1 .h * A L, _— J :1 I. LtJ -‘- LL t‘ V \l I . ‘\ O O 0 r" "V?" ’5 1 fl' ' " ‘I 1 “ L A; F ., '5 _..-e *‘Lbeb Lac...__. L1 1. ‘- -“ . ‘ 1 H“ firs ‘ C I" e il ccr -n es- lollsss -OllHTS F (f.: ”f“, !" Add 1 'A tn 0 ‘3 n 513- lbz‘vo 3"‘¥ +JJ’VO:~OO b,OOu,OQQ ,9 9 -. 1' "T "\r‘ '1 . "‘. ’5 ’W’W ‘W 4" “fin .3? a. I . '_/' , ~1\.,-'~J J. , .- n (a , ‘\J“."\J , 01".) ‘ [IK’ , '4' _ E-V' - .,',. ‘V' 4m V“ ' "n '1 f‘ ”‘7 (\f‘fi r: an f'\"\“\ 4;: L... if I , ‘iv‘.’ 0 I, ~.'\ \1 .L'J ’ x,» \z , 'V‘L-y u, .1wa, ‘J'._,'\,' M ‘. —_- nth an "Ad Ad". P7"." n’fi a; {-1.0 U, "4’ OHIO l,‘.- J .1, J .\, I ‘Jy!’ \ ‘1‘, hi“? 1 - (:d‘q «A. .' i \f“ fi“ 1"" “I ~ ‘Al'n\r“ qur‘l. .J .._. u’»\.\- U,..\.v u,-\.\/’~.¥V l.,l’_\~.,\»\_ Tc1 " ”‘fi 7fi\ 1 “F“ on“ ‘A don .r~ .J-o L."v-v Unv .L’xw.v,v~.'4' wk; ’\VV 3 a 1 ’ss _ n.m no 1 Vin ran 45 *a. ld’lun 4., V \ V ‘- ’w II‘;I\I’\_,l\-O L,‘ I\J,‘~.‘\,l~_J n, ”o The " “do ‘ on do ‘en den L C. u», xiv; lU,J~..’\; LU,- -v,3- v Q,x_-\Ic',~.'\\! ”Fl " TC “id -’oco “WW 1 71o n so“... U,J-v-/ ,«ukv v,"~\v,‘~-’\‘v ,-x.J,"‘g "‘ . ». ."4 ‘ """\ .‘ "W n - "AA AAA +11. ‘3. ’ A ~-\'/ (’L’ -k/ l"), J “J ’ \0 "v__' \_:\1, ~_-'\ V: —'_‘,'W "‘9 f‘lf‘fi qfl f‘ A,nllr--\ na‘A\ u j: - _.L;_'\... Lx'i’V--’\.’ u,\.KJ\J l\J,L"\\.',L-'__J -’gig.‘,t.)’qor) I “1 ,1 004- 1(931 1gn— 11VQSQ¢C1L require; 3 gts sggflrc L: géars 0f Low pwqggax recglvc 1%“ 9 :12??L?;ELVI LelaZCu (“3V7c“ 1f.:s f,“fliif_ “u-Ea: 1”“? 4' Lfiilcys 2311835 w _, 'nn 1“ ““0 .1 A“ 003 w him an JC‘Iad 0.1.,~.-'U .. , ~v,---\’~\V l,\\.\,-'\». “my r" "<5 1 “a 5 AN' 000 F an” nan 1-0.1.. ~1,L\J..» -’u~ .~ u,~..1\..,\.-u ./,\\,-./,\.~-v “3. 10,30? 0,000 12,000,030 5,300,00 Le. 57,.00 ;,0“0 13,00C,000 3,100,000 .. "nfi m A!" fi't". m," firm-w ..€. 4., "u H\ \ 1V" ,."--'\ luQ,V\.'u - :11. ."33: l,~\J‘3 ",SCC’,:\"13 833,033 I935. -- -- -- -- lick. 15,700 3,000 4,000,000 5,600,000 Linn. $7,700 11,000 23,000,071 0,500,000 .15". 03,300 1,0'0 12,000,000 3,500,000 To. 112,000 1:,000 $7,000,000 13,000,000 Lcnt. 10,?30 2,000 5,100,b~0 1,100,000 TeL. $4,700 0,800 11,000,000 2,300,000 59v 30 100 300,00. 05,00 ‘.V. 4,300 500 1,000,000 907,000 1.5. 00 Sip 300,000 130,000 T.1. 3,200 1,30“ 7,00;,DCK 1,150,000 .3. ;,£00 1,00? 3,000,00 030,000 1.;. 71,200 3,0C0 1Q,000,001 10,000,000 1.2. 1.3,:I‘JG 7’3: ;,:H:Q,Or“\ :,OiI\;C,r-‘~OQ Obi 10,300 0,50. 5,000,000 2,050,000 0119. 77,700 1;,000 20,000,030 13,800,000 Ore. 13,30 2,500 5,000,000 L,QCC,C:L P€Iif;. 1?],2C'IO E',QCO 5,300, ‘7‘0 k3,L.\JO’OC)O 4.1. -— ~- "- _:- 3.0. 31,000 5,730 7,300,000 3,300,000 :3ng j-’:,YTOO 0.3,:‘jv C" COO’OL‘O 1,750,000 Tenn. 37,9ch 5,0,0 2,000,000 4,600,000 flex. 157,400 30,003 50,000,000 16,000,000 'Utah 2,500 £03 750,000 000,000 ‘jt. 11,033 :03 1,50'J’OCO 1,350,333 $3. $0,200 4,000 3,0u0,000 €,V00,00q ’Tgsh. 10,L00 5,000 a, 03,000 1,750,000 17. V,. 3,230 SUM 1,000,000 380,000 in5. 54,400 ' 7,000 12,010,;00 0,700,000 1?,3. 0,000 2,000 4,000,003 1,300,000 12:23:15. 0 3 :0? 400,000 30,970 v‘ '. “HI“: :(1 :30 1,’:‘:‘|\ j-é‘fl 550‘ (1,“? 271‘?" 0,71 " L U.S. and lerrf- 1,??0,300 202,000 403,750,000 175,153,000 tbrifis L J. C) This tentative program of the 001 calculatea to ai‘ ' J - O \ .._. W“ 4,7,..- ,. ’ H... -1, \ -' \ iv stslliz1rv tag Lat10Pbi econu u raring Lge gresnyt 1 (D 3 H. C) (L ) A) (D O . ‘V ' ' \ . ~. I‘ - v +— ‘a— ~ . —- r‘ anon C t1r4011 mlf'Ct 311 ever own pa 16¢ (0 c1" {0 ('f' (‘D (A m‘ 'm‘. I f1 «I ~43) ~ ,3 ‘ -. .3- w ‘1“, 1- 4 a. . . ,. "1 ,1 . 4‘ .9 . . *t “J11 tron? c p _1Vu a1L fa hie aheir;cy3u and br*Lg - o _. n 1.3 - ‘ ,. ~ ‘, 1 . ..° 1‘ .° ‘- tke LeLe ;ts C; Lge elect? 291 ”of on: :fltg;n tue reach 0 ,‘4 9 -2 O ;‘ -‘ ‘3. ~~ --.> I“ ~. '\ ‘5 . ,-~ .9 ‘ 1 ~ ~u. -. — . -? o; p:ll;CJS 0* ifnhur: .w‘uw Li? 3 st w“ Lw3+t electr3LL- 2 cethn. Tin *rnfir+9hvn if 1’0 flfh~9 "”?‘P9 G cf .A ‘- LA purcl rinc_y'ff-w"‘: ' (Lt'FIal ac naflv: In“ v fi-r -' a“ ‘V J .1 '. "‘ " “ L ‘ ’* Lue CJI‘lf 2 ‘49” a; \3'+-Y“ 13 t;4 lnL€“*~hTB‘d r '5 I ~. n ‘ V! . ' V " l ,- 1 r ‘ ‘ \ f: '. ‘ +3 " _ - '. . ‘ vc_uitt g, c -Uspb 9 _‘p-d u“ (LLLtLre “m over 0‘ LillJQD ; ’ f COnIQPC. “fi »£‘T ‘uw” '”’ “C” C 3/1 Villjcr1*'sfi-“ears of r u i. q I ,,\ ‘- ....'. ‘ .11 — .4‘-9 ‘ . .V‘, ~. +— ‘.n ,‘-,~ ‘ .3 Kurt, m“ or wwfll :“gy-gfi €Mu$uyncnp to Twe finer;cgr Webgr . ——.—-.<7..h,. ‘4 .- 1 ~ . -- ,‘u v *2 - . rlfi‘” . W '9. ‘. 1 u ', .--. ‘3 1 -- tau return LU anteraxs. -re PuraL ,24meries m¢1l Lane 7 “" 'I .- 1 1 q I . . ‘- a . ' " ’ 1 "‘ W‘obn’ss. 4t .n¢* .6v 1; ate uncertfia1139'.on 0* larbe I“). :3 :rtanflalwi of 1.‘vin C) ‘ \ - 1 1 . -_;.‘ 1 V" ‘R ', ‘n‘ ‘ ". . 4 " ‘_ ’3 $> '4 ‘ '. 3 . I“ ‘ anu.hfit1mate-w tv eLganCS tun pcoaodjc, soc;al an“ caltural PI‘OgresS Of the nation, »‘-4,—~«l 7‘ .¢ ‘y T'l u o—. -‘.‘, J A. U o 0 - (‘Q\\(_‘7 (‘1 00hr" t" uan“ nfi' r ”W"f\ 1 ‘ 0 cs .. - ¢ . - - VC—J *-\A.._. Ls- {:3 yrvfiljgh. -t; .g. \L- Cl. "’- ‘ , A .‘ r" ‘ ‘ I" ' ‘ o"w ' 'L‘ ‘ ‘, ‘ W "\ ,1 J- - lfi OPQGP ts reallue the umbl“lJQLS cl electric iv 3 A A, v: 4 no . .. .. '1. 1 , ‘ ° ' \v la”e a bese‘sl plcs_ye ;- tne aurlcllflugfitl congltluns - A V1 . 9-"- !. -‘- , yr m ' 1, ~ and the ftp Lrs' lnle ls tae cnuntn3. Thws csapter tnere ireisin5 ezstlmnmilin5 fEuWn crops, Iwwl £35 cattle, \ f3 . 'v‘ ’1 2 ' '2 " ‘ '1 ' ' ‘ ‘ v ‘ ‘ {w r LEUVJJJQD ca.rg "secs ce, TfCC siuxyb 3nd,:“ws er sthn1 of O Cl Tte subccstinent Of India extends over an area 1,531,400 square miles or 1,012 illion ac res e.p;“eyi- Instely. It extends nearly 2?00 miles Icrth- 8%? th and 22000 miles East-Test at the widest we Ilts. lt Les 8 “ep- 111stlon of 339, ,003. The count“" as a whole is diV1d- L—‘o (XVI? 0 v- n). Cal into three nail rug 1. Iomntainnus ”e510 n covelwi ” t e Forth, Herth- west, Ifort11egst, Southwest, and parts of the So tresst ix: Inn:l . (‘\ a. Submcntsne region c0nsistin5 f table land 'bout 1070 feet to 3000 feet in attitude cover- in5 the whale cf tle Southern peninsular area csl-led the Deccan pleteaull and the land lylng on the scvdels cf tle mountainous region. 3. A5ricultural plains consisE125 mainly of the 5rest Indo-Gangetic plainlb lylnr letween the two great rivers of Infifa viz, lnfius are Ganges. This plain covers the west patt of tle Iorthern and Central India extendih5 westwards alcng t? IWQ1"‘?'r‘ *n 1" T - ;. .x-o U... .9 _.- $‘ 1.‘\$ ‘v-r ,‘ ‘3 +- L-..p L4"..-'.L.4 s..- L; ".. . .-\ ’. ‘ A n.s rzb (N CH 0 T1"; 8 tot el (3 L11 t ursb 030 acres be: ses Sores m”t Cf tYiS finly £1T,Q? The e i 111 us. 1 r a i :“1 f‘ s. l sirectien acress the co viz. June to fictcwer. , ‘ '1 . , T' —‘. . wi;us eiew frnm tori es showers of rain in the bulicci. e5riculture is between 15 to 150 inche less tram 15 inches, as swsters or well-irriaet U The soils are gene . p -- -: A 1" | w. v -: rle ntv 0i 1.;tr‘UUE 114331;. 0- 0 stray-growing LeEuminoc “'1 wfi ”-337'".1 hr: prrtw-r “n 1f\7"‘ I-K.nh0 4.4. ', _ dul'. -tu ‘..'ar\ g awvdé a“ ,-‘ ”5‘ 0 _' ’1‘ ': Ie Isrc~s ~bier. ise late if J \wn‘fc‘4'n a u. ', 7;." Vo'r" Nag] L-u:J.u'VC,‘ C'- A. LC; -_ c.8JLdIl 3).: -s _, 'V 7 ‘ ° gm, .0. ,, ‘Cpletee. _rS-ges 5;!8 larbe '1 o '3 x 3 “L .r _ .3. -913, t'ere (1e wel.e3s scattered eue,r” le area 0; the country is e53,0TQ, l is received mostly from tte wen- 1te Southwest to the Iortheas Lu1tr3':iur"“ tile airtie1‘2232ifi_s, In the winter tenths, the menscen st .0 Southwest causin5 li5ht eastern parts ef~the souttern genin- on tre Lex pe5e.) The rainfall en less stem cue inch to ever 450 erent parts of the countr'. The C ., -p #1, . e -? " -:- ‘A ‘ - u I" A is tee areas havinb aunusl rainfall s. In arees where the rainfall is r5 Lscteris fsvrd in the roots Ji ‘ ' A“. If: -A‘24Efl .Il‘llI'I! ; MAP OF IMMA SHOWING ToPoGRA 1H ‘ " "— V- ’x 1 -- 1~~ 4-~ - r\.. H ‘. -- "i: ~r Zhe' tar, frtm sane, lesert Sells 10 to :eavg rlacl '1’? ,_ .,' w .. Cotton Soils.""‘U :esmaes, trere are patcles of meaium r‘ o ' fi , 0 ' ‘ 1 8 . , "lea Sc:ls"l‘ a a the rm,1 'Dorest 30118". E)0€pt fer chrlizeQ ;atch€s .- met areas in tue regions 010 heavy precipitation, the land is generally classified as v . - -. , =rv Lani' as a a net t;e "Let Land" in most of the Europ- ean counW ie es and rnst "arts 3; the U. o. A. One of tke l P° problems of acri ‘ltnre thereicre is conservation of so 8 (.0 -« -, 1 . ,-. . '.' '~ 1‘. - "fl .1 raw :‘ '~ -°. . ~ ‘1 a» . meisttre as acaiast iLe eraeicm O; drainage oi elce 3 ‘ ~ . h. —, ,. _9 ,0 water in two mfiPquah a;& finer car soils. ivy) soil and Tfiue to The alwcst unlimited varie y‘o climate, nearly every chj known to agriculture can be {Bronx-n in one. or the other art of India. The various lci nds of feed grains, oil seeds, fibers, dPJbS and nar- CCtics, s ices and conniuerts, vegetables, sugar crops yo suid fodders are QEQFQ the crops grown in Ind; . The two tuiéor fond crops 0? tbe country are ri e and wheat cover- [—10 05: 69,000,000 acres and 20,000,000 acres respectively 0 n ('1' o m the total area of 187,000,000 a c ’5 ’D ,3 under food CPCDEs. Among other food crops are zillets, sor shur‘.s, ). 1 O O bcI‘ley, pulses‘” and co n (naiz (D 9“Hsons and retro” of CWVPYITQ: The w-de variation in the cultivatien PP actices as su11:ed.to the different soil and clinatic conditions, ,1» . ‘- ‘ naaeas -t almost inpcssrtle tc state a general metioe of h . o .l . ‘ O‘cffiplng for Ineia as a wnole. Over a large nsrt Cl the ’1 in“. ’1' aslnv I? {‘1 N Ll - .. 1, -. - -_.. 4'- fl ( V. m _l ,‘ , n 7, .m ... h , .3 ' countr3, roaster, UJo sei.o:s oi cros;iny are recc3sized (1) From the month of Lay to tfie middle 0” October. This is tie rainy season in India called ere nonsovn season. lhe crops grown during this season are lLCdlly called tte 'lharif crogs'. This seassr is also calls; rte 'xharif season'. (2) Brow tle r’aflle o: Octcler to tre beginnin3 of Lay: This is t'e nor-rainy season in India. The crops 3rovn nir5n3 H's season have to de- pend mostly on tEe sri moistnre retained by the soil sitar the rainv season and partly on ari’ficirl ivri33tion. These crors are called ' This season is also called such as certain types of sor3hums, t‘rae-r nay be harvested by the end of Jan“ery. In that case hot weather crops such as ve3etables <3P c,her irr: "tea creps may re sown in the month of iNebruary followin3 the rabi crops. These hot Jeatker croys r-u _ 1n . " ‘ ._ AA ‘ ,- 1.. \ "\ V‘ '2 "‘ 3 rhts trere are t rep seasons oi C‘OU in3 l; J i 2 5 ‘ tile 'ktarif season', the 'rati season' and tre 'hot weather the farm operations connrise the usual se«q‘t ales of plgyni clad crxshin3, arrowin3, nenuring, sowi n3, weed- -3, 13a; (or inter- Cwlturl” ), irriraticn, anglication of fer— L- -? . V 1 " ' P1 -.\ -- ’ - ts—llzers vherever nece CSSEPJ, ;ar\e tln3, tiresnin3 in ‘01‘ certain cr-ps, srecial treatment 0; the soil is necess- 8.11“ ‘0 F ’ 5 ex" -. 1“ -\ a...\ q ion 1 rwner 3rost1. 3.3. snices, o~1ainen s, 3a3ar . rt w ' r; Cetus, 'tooacco and vebetaele crops lice potato,20 suranbl n.__n-——-——..‘_ V_,————.___.— 0 na‘ ”(‘5 .. m a I § _..! 511. u. The fsrr ttldis3s are 3enerally small. fiften only a L—J. few acre fields are ield or f llei by a Earner. There is a terdency Ci tte fanners to idvest as little as possible ). in permanent structures, :9chiner*, farm roads ans farm- - .2 . fi‘° V A, 9, ‘ 'I... --,~ 0 3p - feicino. animal on. ° is mestL; tees 'cr drait. -anual l—J {DD )J I) *3 I. '0 (0 “I: ’3 D f“) J) *3 "3 r’) L c.‘- J "S (D O ' -J H7 :3 P- '- O (3 i. J H ya (5‘ O "S Q (_.. (D d- O *- J F! F40 L‘) O \J U} C1- of the letter. All LLe farm onereticns are 3enerally Fragileil juigxtlv tg' a ieiwrers' iiflfllly’lflllCh.EiltLSI‘ joiiitly owns a piece of lsnf or works on a ”arr for a landowner, later ”fph'TfWfiiely one trird if Lte total produce or in- core therefwow site tie {Fewest cf ‘e crcns. Tithir +31” irco e, usually the iarrer is to use his own irple— ZQ‘LtS and draft animals secessary for raising the crops. This system o“ is“ o"*ers 'nl for”ers to ether with other .;;ist_’_;i3 =:'?-,f’ects in land tenure system and i t‘re lens 0 : - .°. . 1 t "”1 _ -. x 1.-. are..- .0 ,o interitance, lag resulteu in -uC ira3rentatlon cl land 1N31llHVS an; (as reaucei ’Fe stanisris P' liv [f‘ v 4~. —. . ‘ ‘- -. I s . ',' ‘. " , ~ ‘ P \ .‘ - q ‘ v‘ : .- .. 5‘ . ghe a3r_0alceral isol,:ents uses are osteilg Jeri -en- “_.. >~-‘ 0113 r‘ ’7 o-‘r 1 "n ”ct?“ ' t (‘ r 1" ' 9‘1 ’° “(3 r‘ rwr'i‘ ) Q.-‘vL w;. ‘I _.e ls; CC’A-A. '. 1A0 .1 JI‘ . ...A-ed" PV ‘4. _... v 5 .-.. 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C 1.1, G S P o ._ .1 L . . aw“ .‘ y .0 . 9 .1. S A.» e 1. .1“ _. .V , u .. . t C C V 0.; h... 0.: . 1 1? “A. A1“ 3 + n J n: i. 9 2.. L n. 3 o 9 fl. ._ . w- _ 1 .r... 8. T r.“ .b :1 .. m U K. e .1. 1 1 . - t 8 D ..1. .J r T. n h... l n +4 ._ ._ D. e e n. w P. 9 n w e h v... a J. a C u C e C r n 1...... S . L S t d. O b, e no t n. n m t H e 10 C k t ,n. P E. 3 S S l h a .1 p H e e t C t w .. a e m 1 t d ..L C S m . n C .1 m .. a ; .. t. O E e v ... .... C n. e C O t w w“ W m S a C 1 n h t u 0»: LI“ fl ‘. f. TD’W ‘2‘ \r-v ‘2’ IL; F t 4“]! r1 0 .,, 1‘3. .'- ,f,‘ " ,1, ,3 lhe electrscel ener;i l.r:t are to as u‘ea for lighting and irllsrrial “ r.fses early in tie tmentletl Ghth" in the var"rs gartc a; :r;;a. CGIBTCthQ 0f electric plant 0; aw: fiedn;tace in Iniia - rather in the entire Past, was inaugurates in l¢02 ;n the iysore State25 on the Cauvery Kiye:.36 This plant is sit at ed at Swasamudaran ans was started primarily with the or of supslyinfi electrical nDWer to the Kolar Gold Fields, about 92 miles awaf from tLe site. The plant tas since expanded. About 50,000 lighting and p0 wer custolers are su3plied w_‘_th 4C 000 killawatts from this plant ar present. Tesid 3, there are other sraller hydro-electric statlons CD in the Kysore State such as the Shinsa falls plant pro- chlcing 17 900 k.”. A new hydro-electric station to nro- L OJ C O (D 15 R J M C) D O b ¢ t O . ‘i (‘3 r—r 4. r—vJ } 4) I» 10 vrst instance has been planned 0 9 . . r- at the J05 Falls~“ wnére a natural waterfall 0F 9J5 leet m‘ . 1' " . ve L‘ ..vv ”1 l.e electr1eal tran311351on system in the ngsore Q . . .gbate connrlses Bro mlles of transmisszon lines ca rry:1ng :;££L_:f1ectri c ener*v in Tombav Prevince: 'The treats st hvdro- e-ectric undertarc H158 in India are centefl?ed in Eonba” wt*c. {.0 ’ v.1..L- ’ T ) :35 {Lb f—Jo a_'s greatest ran“ facturiné mu... 9'“? .‘ TI‘TY'. (‘0 ('0 -ondon, among ..qu n" . 4‘- va‘rj T‘ I “e. lne late :Joro-slec- -! l . ~r. r«» Tw --. .r ' -v v vrr- ‘ — 1” w trlc fi.eu -zs n_ulted lave several r5130-electrlc ,ro- . ‘ fl .' ‘-\ 5 ‘. 1".$ ~~ r (3 A‘_ JJCtS or sege.es 1 other .up_lglzb nearly s,OO?,oOO c..pacity. Gut o? tgfs total sugyly, lLO,?dU I.T. is used 3J1 cotton mills 5nd titer lactcrfes in the vicirfty of l Y_~' -“ v, T - " R' "‘ "‘ ~ ' ' ‘ <- xo‘ T)? ;-CXuoaJ. 4n tlx“ out ezvx ‘iTLS a; ”onsay';.n3vfinee , m v .. ... . .J . v .'. I _. "T _O ,. fh. , fl - .stem ls annervlr 9 mile? to a rrtlsh :PlQ Swstem. -) 1 w L ‘\ I. V T?:e iorttern to" a; "rld chte' T'll receive 3+3 sApolv €IMCM tie exint’rfi “fideo—electrdo treks besides the two _I.. .10 - " _ n \J newx hydro-electric stations to be lastalled at Treaderdena (‘vx q "_1 4.- _‘ '—"LL'\.4. £18 Uf l“. v 0 Pt . The Chael consurers of electricity in combay are the IBOnfioay Electric Sugpl; and Iremwe” Conpany (3.3.T.T. Co.), tlle ‘EOmtay taroda an: Certral Thfll gallwey ( .°. 3 Q.;. :jlér.), the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (C.I.P. Ely.) Eufléi the city and suhunbs supply compan.es in the neibubor- hood of for-flay. TC ectricitf in t‘m’s part of tre country ‘ noustr7al purposes and operating F“ S 1136C largely for ; (D (‘9' ( J O C" CD (1) p. (D CO H 1» .‘3‘ (.1. ...). TS ( "1 m N 9.) {11 O C?‘ ‘ T‘ (D "3 stJWBetcars, railroads n). . :3 O"; L10 .1? N O ._ .fi 4‘ e r V'“ § ‘ '- vElceu CLLSUMWtLON Eli derard. lhe uresert rate for u- L (D H (D O (or W F0 O (D 'r._l O :5 (D '“5 F4) 0 “'3 l K )J . r 1 - w .w 7 asurlal purposes avers; O.c2 CD (I) Q.) Err-i. "r;— \ arna“J eel .... T2. (Co orly ralle 'one un’t' o? )«ph-..‘v) e} "‘0‘, . Plectr’c“l T‘WL? it ”adres TrCVince; . no ., x-‘. 3- ‘\O~L "“ ~ cl t‘e e.;_: nu T-rts l cos k _ndwe, LVdro-elec- tfli‘ “1 "‘r'~+‘fi - ‘ " w‘.‘ " W i F; “w1~~s--'<-.n(‘ '3‘“ "0 731m ~1 r a l 1' 5 fl.) .2. b -'..-':\'.;. ‘JD ‘J;...; u 4.13 :-~I.2 - _L -' . _...‘.<*4 '-_. 1".L. “. 5....) r‘Ik“ “311 _‘L, n 4" °fi ,.=“-“ [\A'V" :5 state 0;. ll b v ,JlVL: n. * ’f' " ‘ 1 ‘ T: ' I "' u 1 L . fl " ‘ : <, ' An .adr-s, T Q x‘ui”8 -.JrC-l-echlc scheme utl lze' ? '3 ‘l o ‘w '2 1A A". .. :_ -1, , "a _ .. 8 1&11 I ~;A~J :t- ”via &'1‘ -3 *ue Tassere cl 3Vara r I 7“." . 4' ‘ .-', I.': 2 h. v“ P r“ ~ A —! I. Q. Alger 1n cte txlpunl pistrlct. ite power ls betoraoed , - fl - - r- .- 1 - ‘ x. at 11, .0 Jolts, o0 c,clo" an‘ stepped up to 110,003 volts . £ , I ., fl '5 M, .... o _0 g L, LDPRS o; tr;:,-wr.crn. lhe transmlssicn -s done on 5 ”V L A, r- - .. on " ...:2 '7': " ~- , Ixengflnls -1 'll _-..., .s .L... €.\l to -l.t. ‘trrrc Wl :3 on 4 m x T)- v- ‘ v 7" r “ ‘.. ‘:— ‘.- r-x‘ -‘ : ]_lnes. lh, ,dnflwfl Téiro—Electrlc Sgssen nas devellneo 1.1. (‘T‘ m p 0 w f—J O 1 I .° V . .°.‘. _, - :u ~- -..- a? n 0:“roaratlvel; r2‘. 1' slnce one L, 1nnln. Ol filqnt in l?23. At the Lettur Power, t 115(300 volts, SO c;cles, 3 ptase and stenged an to 00,000 1' - . _, ‘ 3 x F . ~ “Olfts and 110,090 volts :cr transnlssion purposes. The plzlrlt is situated alcn¢slde tTe Kettur Stanley Dam whisk i in 1‘} L -.L _ 0 801’" D g 0 rs“ _,\ ‘ f M o ‘ "‘* AA“S c». be Trovlnce. 18 1.98;: 109;; of tllgs T201??? house t~~ ”° 1?€aCH d l” 097 I.m. 1"?" ~'. ‘- Ite FV'W‘WC: T"‘0 “ .:n3 jrst sterfixxl 0;»:aifirv1 ‘3 13:3. Cflea p‘“fl',_‘:r0 c-xqfrrses tflfiwss vert'cel.:dtits of 5 g‘::-, 5? C”cle _ércratsrs. Ore m>re Lcrcrstcr ur t is L: to chtrllsz. ”1e power *“gse ls sltueted at the fort cf L‘c T"""stO' Tells clongslde the Psyaxes(s Tex across t“e Tsm“rs?&rni Iiver in tie Tiinevelly Eis- _‘ . . ,- -‘ ,:‘—. r1 - . A . lue CQVJPLDOFt x- _asles has unler consideration the two Pretlnccs CI Teiras sac Orissal. Tre Plfirt will “ 3 . ‘ ‘ ‘ o 1' w .. (— -r cu _, o o ' have an ,rstellF“ cs-aclt3 Cl el,730 s. . lnltlelly : . ’ A? \ fl . '4' 4'"? A fl *fl 3 ‘ .ncreaslng to l .,U,O _. . as cue QGmahQ lor electrlccl .. . " .0. , .9 - bower incresses la t Ose c *trchs. ~ j .ulectricitf 4n firsvarccre guatP: n- In the State of Truverccre,“b electrical energy 135 -— ,-_l 0 IT) 1 I 4 fl Q s, private cerpanies daring s - g A _- a \ {5‘11 a'-“;~ r- 'V‘,Y“ L) (1‘ en hr, (3 \Akl 4 KA. £~L-~—L L) \A . ~- 'the past twenty years. in 1940, a Governmen controlled TY ‘ J a 2; .S O I D I._J (D C) (1" *‘3 F}. O C) [A 4 (i: #- (D i 3 '3 .1 F4 k" L C1- '0 "d \‘D H ....) F- <1 (1') (7 'J) H c' I 1 a ‘1 O l :71 f...) CD (2 I tr‘ic System came into Cperation. The power station mas ttrree grits of ll,000 volts, 3 ftssc, 53 cycles alter- '3. o .—. . l - rm *" -° .. . n<'t-r sets, eec? :,dv0 r... cereCLtJ. Only th sets are H ‘ s ‘ 3‘ ‘\ v- «73*, a‘ ‘ ‘-:- . _... 11' (Zorste t use thus yrchulnb e tr :1 ellect;qe c2 C - a AAA 7' *L 3 " 3 . . ,. - . -1- ..L f.” (‘2; (j ’ ~J O Q L (: +~JiA~n~J Set ..LS 1‘88; as ‘1 Qtarllk )T". W‘ ' Pg: "'" fivn! (‘V (w: (‘3 '9 U - ‘V‘o L .f‘ fl man Y? 'V ‘1-2‘ ’3 -‘4 ffit‘ "' ”WV“. 1" . *LQ-1AQU LL11. J.LJ (.«411M 0 u ‘u 9 .2 q'xs ‘J 0‘16- -..\ (.1« -' 1.n;;:;._ Solon . 1"!" Q ' fi“ " r‘ '\ 1 1 '\ .t—sa nrl nY‘f‘V‘n ~ - r a ‘ , - +1 —’ Q. ...,"_: 9._.'4 _\7 e '1' ._ . .ILlV ' .AD pv' 11'. 011 ..8 J.--“ i»): CPQ .... _ . ,l a . L- .” - fl 1“” r“ “ 3 - ‘ . ‘ "51L9 and tie .tnye covaru:ent is -llve to the 1nc;ee.d U) 1" Q J O v“'""“***'*-¥ "’ -. . ,H _ ' ‘, f- - '- . .. - ,. r -‘.' '. . ~ ‘3 {are 1» E? “-5:.="v?1 VF ‘..‘~—‘.t.€.[‘ lT3.- 131-0 water -| - “ _ _. .. _. _. 1 * ._ 1o~~r~oo vac-4.x: "7’ 7"}"1M *M :WW ""+',1";T‘l rhr‘ 0- n .9“ :ok UL.\J x'KdL — ‘- NJ —‘1 ‘_ ...-.-* >0, -- tn - .U_- a}... - 'J- . ..J -mU __~.r C _k..e Cr.\_-LJJ.‘-. l v I ' 1 L 1*. 0 V1“ ’1“ ’1 t > r 1" c ' a " 1 r 3 f‘ vfiYIv (31". 3 fl '1 P H" c" ‘I 31" V1 1'“ ' -Ce 3 cr~~ ..- | av ¢ QM; u U&..—r ‘J~OL.‘£bt-L\e CIR—I‘Loltl- 5.1.3 5 4- (D I? (1' Q1 .‘1' ‘D o a . ,5 * 1 l1 ff: ,, -_ W To: . a Lower updbfi I“ .l” ' °~w 's #1 Gauge ulvers Te K) F“ {L ’0 (U .‘Q ‘ui~ _a ‘A .-Vgl~ 4.~\.k --..a—L .-.-A. _.. .'\J o ‘M _-. O_,_, .2 D A, A. .. WA ., owl entine Cercrotvuu uh ts lor local supply. llese . ’~ -.-~ ;, .1 1 I—., ‘t , - ‘ r" ' s ' *~‘ ;-'\ fl “ I‘. v "x - q ‘- scte as aze rcre lun‘?LCLL necesse cl tre ceveloywehc -‘.- N , ..-. . r- ‘. \ r'm- - . “brat rev .e eAr_¢tec lrsx teem. lre soverngents 01 sas- ‘1 Cr io .J “' o ‘tete“‘ have under coNSLde :5 r. Ck 1 ‘. f P - m- ,\ - - : VF 9 v 'w— s:cbcse~ ior as} tsunel yrscgct on of thro-electric-ty 11 still"1r' the raters o; LFc Yiver Indus peer t?e town of A- {5' -. .1,‘ r 1_ 'Y' ,. ‘ .9 5 A ,. 0 L1 . - , 4 xvirdrercal. _ustsllat er 'l use COWer houses at Paualbem, Axlartrsg er; Tfllewrurcv an; 1 large scale scheme cf ,ro~ dLLL$ini elxzclvifsltg' TIN/C €192 refnér:.a13 ‘l“? *11r°v* ‘rrq~ab, 3 “llQLrlttttrU of thc “ircr *r‘ s are also roger csvswdow— :2;E§1:ricol fewer ”n +19 T;:;a? Province: Tr fue -lrja“ Trov°nce*, tle hfiro—electric flvrts €34: Lst on The '7‘; 2.923.132 711;)- Ivaerc. fL'he :‘11-;“'?:‘i:f.>?.~;"_t at. « I}: A. . ..f. - —' ~ .- -- L a » ,1 1*. 1— 1 - ._, 01» -- .w "“1. roger 1.12- c, _ l f- f c: H c v £30..-- l “-114?” --le ... - .' 2 , 3 v . ‘- h '1 "Y A 1 .- _ ...‘ .. ' 4-“, “ ’ ~ n -‘ _ ,- , ("I _A -l- F_.LL1. ' 3' i- _c'I- "--‘_ v-1,” As v--3 I 1m“? :14"-t at '2’ final". . A "l “(\f‘ '- 0" r. ‘_ 0 , 1 7 A u ’0 A“ __ ‘ l- '7', 1 AAA _‘ v . L . ‘3 , a . l .. 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C} Is.) ‘-- Laf‘ Lza-;.«-' ; —.|_‘-'-e $.27 U-.-'..'.'. 1.433 9V?” 5117 .7 ‘7: ‘— 0 "f‘ «'3—— , _ I \\ .f- F‘ r. -.~ .‘ 6‘ xv '2 ~-.-\a DP‘.' (.1- .3 PI- fi :1 C .n - (o ‘ t. “3 .L y. ‘4 ’ LV ’ ‘ I V I L . 1 . q . ...\. ’ ‘ A»; -‘ ‘A—' L ‘ _ (_'. V I _. - ‘_. _'_ "‘ ‘. _ A . j . i v n ,A n. r‘ ‘- « ,». .- —' I A ~ —. - ~~ ‘ I: ‘3 -. {x “‘ -. v-- _ c~.e ~l Llece ciar.eo cwil- re lelL er gercelved. Others . ~v_ " " ‘1 o o '3 1 1 [I E .. - _o o o 7- are ever beqonn 1 ‘ ll.1ts 0i live; LePCCptLbllltJ. " ‘ a . 5‘ A - - * 1 ' ~ - ‘Q ran .as ‘3 c eilxrts tJ 9L?Tt leSQ 0-33093 to his needs aid “artl; t) egrrt “'Ls:lf ti $7909 “rfnbeb. Fy reason cf ¢€O\T(TL{Q“1 Jecqretirn gnu by Virtue cf cul- tural; linLufstfc an; religifiws ties, *er "as refit separ- ated into large _.~n Q I Heaple talke; of as racicns. '3 d- i) ' ‘5 L n 5‘.) 4 (D *5 (D L) 3; H (4‘ (D {.11 p. "S CL J *9 .5 ”D ’1’. l m . D n a a ' h a lie ei.orts cf c Lierent L- ent civilization an; §86TQCS of progress of tie fiatfrrs. The pecyle of india censtitute a nation comprising nearly one-fifth CI tic ntal population of the wcrld. Thfs nation occupies onlv ”me-thirtyseccbd of its total area of the wcrlc. Its land ferms a HE C? part of tre (...). orient. Histcrical recmris and tLe Ecolobical lindin 0 proved tlat the people oi India had the earliest be in:- .. ings of civilization intie worlc. The recent excavations "z 0 1r 0 ~‘ ‘ U ‘9 - r ‘ - q 1' _9 . _ _. .g at 'ioknr-Jc-Lurc' lane taaen tue estinated anoient (T Civilization Of India as far ack as 5000 or l”,OOO g.C.dl ‘ 1 '7' _.n Y‘stcr'c~l tn“: ?9Ufim 3 tie -rd'en _L.‘ Tr\c"‘Y“\ .f‘U. .. ‘A'. . - .- .\ - :A 3'” 3 Lu . ' Tre €3QJQ we Fhl cultwral stirrlwrlt; 0; tie tr :rt . - .. , ‘ - ,. - .1“- - lfl t£€ < sffht 79~+ :93 ~*.u 'ull sci: [teebec u; tKe ~ 0 'v , _I‘a . 1 ‘ ' rlsts “938 ;l cell -csl c“ rt: 'l u’9 neqejn e 4°o turn; be marl flags, ”031:22'11'17' the ancient eccrorrjc wsrlfi raster; E3 tie ierzxs, tbe Chixese Fmfiire and the nffen Fxgire estetl’3Pe; estensive trade relaticrships in tFe ecsiern r“; H“e fer eastern countries ircluding Japan, Phillipire Islands, Central Asia, ersia an; the a . e - east ccest C; South Afr;ca. l Attracted by the lofty keibhts of tte social end (D C 91’} '0 by :10 develepment, the liedle ,err rulers intege; the n rth western and central p rts ,. -- ~ 3.9 r: . w n ' ‘ a“ -’ .--' - «V. ,-~ 1.. u: lnuia. -rere "es u ser1es Vi inveslcns. AMOIQ tie 2 -~ ° . ,3 .. _... ‘ A "' ‘ .. -: r. I‘m“ A. 3 . princ-pal innaeers cele the ,orgjllan, n-3Lau, Persian and ,1. n ‘ --. ‘1 4.x ‘ °fi7 .°-.« . ‘v _- ,A Free“ rulers. ,GL3 Oi eyese litasiuns uzre cheracrerlZee _ ‘ _o . "I .- .. : yr ’ A 1 O 5 ‘ _'£ ' -u __ _‘ _ r‘ .. ey lcotlnU c: wealth, LJJtPhCulOH e art are Veahefijug of the folitical unity of Ine-a. ’1 ”I. v -1 -‘ «.0 . . 4,. \A V“ _gJ_ . w‘A’wo \.. llie etieerce cl tie ecovmr _.c firesierlQ; Cl l lula ..w d 1.4 .. ‘4 fuund in the h storic accc"nt of the ' .3.- ‘ .LS \' .L V7 J.'\Jl" C) ,V in. :‘5 (D J C. (+- *5 0') <1 T) '..J ('0 C) H.) | -0 (‘3 H (D Q ” ‘J r) I--' C s. m C C. U! i " ' '5 rD 03 {n a ..3 '_| *3 2 I-i CD 5 "Z‘ (I) u '1‘ F. O ( Fis “00k app area to west reagers like fantastic stories. 3 m ‘ .- -~~ —! .1 ..~ 4— 1’ ..‘ 4., _ ,‘ , 7- ‘ ~ '_ _ 1‘_ *w0 centuries lane? “DH3VQP, COluMUhc was Iaclletel ey ‘ . A ‘ -\ -~‘ _ _°. W - _.' ,‘v ,0 -.. _R ‘ .arco Pole's acccunts pi China and INUJQ. ,9 set cut for lag-=33 an I 0 ° .. ’ a , 3. " , ~ . '1 1 v 9 n — r --- x .2 1. .. , Vx - .~ V.. to, ‘ r “V (133-. « ~LV) '\ _ t C) .9: Tail: 9 a“'\: *1 1- C: '- \--‘ {I .A 15:1 -w .L'K', C uLn ‘4 C ‘ \r \J J— ‘J \A I.» (— .; — LI 8 ’ ‘-V IL ' \i _‘ f‘ —A," -- worlo oi ltfiflgo Tjni 51 t“ fr “g"txrfz l "¢‘l t ‘*~ 5.: Vinsofway tf‘e ‘Srem‘i, 13914th of, Trolls? an; liter .f"..T.".l;_T'€a.; ‘rusiness :"en actively'l ALI ;sri ': tr-o n. vw }L:R%3:Q. in the struggle it" L e ;:"r rw, ‘3 trons relfit"ors in ‘itr I.L. a, a ~‘1- ‘ e ‘7V*"Tr0:c. ‘rigiorxz, ii 6 'j?il33311 oniryerw; Indian O r‘f‘ had I 0‘ “‘5 U) 0 F a) f I 6 ‘T‘ H. (’1 f. (D 'J 5 '. J. (A H- I--’ ’D (D U) HI! *3 O :3 T CO Inc rivalries suing tre native rulers whose unity had been sglit up by the mWQCle eastern invaders, and internal warfare, rw sented an easv opportunity for the Englishmen to vein a stronQ foothold on India. They started xith tie irrtificatios of their business centers and nroeo up in COH“h9PlDS the wnole country. d‘ Ho 0 :5 O H: (‘5 D *5 ('1' (A 1 u I I- as a na lliteracy, famines and relibious strife amend tLe people. As pointed sat in the first chapter, efforts have been Kade from tire t: tine, t3 inprove tke condition of the people. These efforts have Iaileo. It is not within the scepe of this work to discuss the causes of the failur is I" .9 .' ..L of these efforts. Sn ice it to say that no previous efforts have been of enough magnitude to relieve the poor conditions of the pee H: C) tam-.m- I“) file Co"ern ert Tr‘”rn* “° Jectuor cl eve-l m“ ent, -' r‘ I 1,": : 4 ~ *1"- ‘4; \ A. ‘- _l— /\ I Q C .9 » v _ fl . ’» .‘r‘ ’1‘ " ‘ 1 ‘ ’ '1 Turing l mil-11f), J o '0‘.‘E‘l‘1_3r~'f“.t r‘l Inoia malice-a out '7 .\ ,,. ‘ 'yu ~ ‘ , \\ —‘,— . ..‘,~. A T 1. . m .. . v a flevelon ent .'ovr;y for the whole tf inoia. lhis gro- .‘ .- . .A .. - . v .. . . .‘ x. , : .. . L ler GICGJ; an: Ptt“w1:3 in lie »est at inorcvlr. tre .. o , ‘ 1 0 .9 fl... ‘ I- n . '1 - . v, 3- "P : vi _ . r _g ___H o 11 J71 rib COI./.L l \I'I,f~ ‘ , , L'- I—‘C \_—' 1" o it 4-8 ‘~’.‘S€a [SW-““B'Plly on the oeveloosert of industry as well as a '7 37') t‘r "'7 (31 (3 «Va 01""‘ I‘ , “V! ..(I. 9.9 _‘\,V~."I-[~‘«-. '- ~' . 8| Vcnltnre, on ~norOVenent V‘ 1 .5 .5 l— J. on is es:,ntial. Improvemer .m- in tie netlofls ml ficnpot — 1— '7 . .‘ - x .‘1 . - . — - -.. A ~ 1 -. '5‘ w 1 isle netsods ti :fql'Cthfl inolties grlxarilg tne mechan - . ' ‘~ - ‘,-, 1 A ' . - 2 - ‘f‘ q r ZatJJNICfi‘ikwr'.o. 'or nec;anizition, the oresenoe of some source of never on tle farrs in essential. In tte present age, electricity f rnishes tte cheapest source of power» Steag cover is considered as far too obsolete for~ * '9 ~ -° . .- .. . v. -1 n. is , 'beins JKtVQRWFQQ C; t.e lav s. "0 Tip p.716! '30 19?? "' A 1 t‘ne :s.‘ C»A-s':“11-’\A ~‘--I ’ - To examine tke possinilitv of successfully electrifv- t. p:., o lye ones,;ons have _.P H ...) ‘f' - J ) (D l") '1’) *1 L: ,l L J F! V» I {‘- 3.1. ‘o H b- ..J F C) i.._l -J a: , S D l. filet or t ere is enough use for electrical or ctr r waczinery on fa s 23. Thetier the ianrers in Inflia have enongn financial nocns to efforfi electrical irstall- ations on ite “arms and take aorantsgw of the electrical methods. t we enough natural resources to generate ele c the rural are 65 w p .‘FT TC) yo. (Q 4. Wfietrer the courtrv can sun 1? 2 nd “reduce ‘ en firmer l _ at lo". rates v.t?in ‘Le financial reach of tne frr~ers. 5. Zhet?er tle farwers Ce? ta Le adrentege of tte electrics“ hotness :; e. of tteir illite r- \—\ _— J ,3 (1 soy Scr: (\Z‘ye 0p tJlfli‘? 1:17“; of) t: 0 61F’Ctr‘4C31 !' — 'x [_V .. ,. ",1' .' O 4'. (3-4 .. V u L-(».' 1‘ 0 As to tEe c estior of Whether trere is enoubh use for u electrical farm rsct’rerr in Toflia, there is considerable difference of coin tfi. as oescrioei +4. r-f- s F5 L. to 5 '1‘) r:- O 1 Q1 7‘5 C‘- (D '1 \o the Tattoos of a ricsltural production are still more or less :rimi tire. Tre ordnaerts opposed to tie use of elec— tlice- NECK very on f e fa”rs Fave stressed t“e fact tha India is Prirarilv an agricultural cowntry, trat nearly 75 nercent of the yeAple are engages in a;riccltural : A a -.A -‘.. , 1~ ' .'- x3~, 9 ’\ ,: occunatisns, sri trat t,e lrtroonctioz of mecrenlcal met} ' Iv 2 '.- " . r V w . . ' ~"- ‘“ ‘fl _- ‘3 . 0 ‘~ -.‘ ' ' J‘ - 11 cmls V.ill_ cnxuvw Cn'lllt3h8 x}. t;-e .JNalell lain erws OLlu to enr- (fl, ‘ " - .3 “ . A \ .p " Y" . . ‘2 ‘ «~ '2 olo :ment wn;cn will in; t3 i,c alreedg 8X19 in; problems tions. Leerinr tle econosic implicazions of meclanized Q oe for a mocert, it csnnot_be Llexfed that tie I 1 .. r I” \ " D J '. I 1 1". A - 1 7 fl .‘ »c an *ue farts will reslce toe Luars of L3 {/3 C) (.1 F3 9‘1 ( L l f C C C \ 0 _- .. -‘I- - - 13 .- ‘K 3‘ ,- - ‘ _ . were, increase tne return from tre larns and eliminate the druflqery ans toil of tre farmers' work. Tne farners ,0 7 . - . ~ t—-. .- ° 1. . I .f ..- that till he aisplecea s; so a4 izetion, s onla at; tlll ‘- A. ‘ ‘ - -- - . ‘M - 1‘ ‘ “.2 .. in the «roinarg caurse, re L‘re tgan atscroeo .n Mwier 3.31M“ «Danie-its“ I" . sides 1&2L;?C;fl ci‘ t? ‘s Jule if ifxa'xill {sirl‘tfrk fi“iftcinw Pfi“ la*chslw ” D t‘P L riclltusal HSQBfn Q x.) V L “is felfi' cl” :." affrui ”'73 ‘;l*'cx;f€l;' crezate efijlcvneht fcr L70 rural regulatics and ?e s solve ('0 F). D \ t.) 7’11 V -. . C. " l \ ’ I ‘1 \A_ \ . N11 ~-v O \ (‘4— t_ w _‘1 . ~ , _I f! 0 ‘ . _. 1 nl ‘ Y‘ _ a ‘ I —~ _ (- . n\.\\~ (\ ‘ (x‘ r- ‘1 fl . ~ '\ 1 ur _-.C -‘L4_t ‘1..- k- In. 89 s , '1 IV ’- "\ .L .'.._‘. j ‘ ...1 _ I- -~. g. ’3 v3.1 g) ‘ - L +_ _"\ rs ~ - O +_ 0 fl _ “1‘ o _ _ +_ 0 _ TI "‘ " V‘ ’1 . n . 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This has been part1; ;-ecrd::l 3? *‘1 Seowxd Cket”er. Also it 7&8 beinq vwv‘n%f\A J‘n; alcr~‘ f w“ l1- ‘gfe ..oCW: til t Ihieie.l-:s treyeuloos ”no“ “eeo T * e}? r“;5xetiot of LVFPo—ele'tPl power. Tie “33o.ss on :5 tie glestfon as to Wiether or not Ingia LL; g’equto netgral nescuroes fer “te profrntion of electrloel ~‘¢?¢y to teeilitete 1:16 ustrla l “Pogress and adoption e: “e“len’CEI Yetto S of yrflaeetion en Ird’en fatrs, constftztes a separate subject of udy For tke perfoee of t1‘s work, It 1:56MMN111 to teke tge oo1“1rw;1 of tité'vztiorlt'es. Aftev a s rvey o? the s uroes of electrical 21errv in lgdla, 1.. J. K. Teares, Electrlcel Aiviser to the Govern- ment of lnt a Pegorter l? 1921 tlfiJ a minimum continU011s wdter pnwer of rverlt 37x . llion klllowaets With a . 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