THE COLUMN FROM CAUFORNIA Thesis for 1110 Degree of M. A. MICE-{EGAN STATE COLLEGE Clarence C. Ciendonen 1953 This is to certify that the thesis entitled THE commY FROM CALIFORNIA ' presented by Clarence C . Clendenen has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Arts degree mm Major bfiswr Date M. 2% Iq5- 3 0-169 ABSTRACT At the outbreak of the Civil War California was so isolated from the rest of the Union by distance and the innate difficulties of communication that the State almost constituted a colony, rather than an integral part of the Union. The population, drawn from all parts of the country, represented a cross section of the population of the older States, with Southerners in about the same proportion as they held‘in the total population of the country. Since'the admission of California to the Union as a State, how- ever, politics had been almost monopolized by the Southern element in the population. All governors, all senators and representatives, and the majority on the legislature had always been members of the Demo- cratic Party, and in Cengress the Californian members had always con- sistentlylsupported the South in all partisan issues. F NeVertheless, upon arrival of the news of Fort Sumter, the legis- lature immediately passed a resolution affirming complete loyalty to the unton." The withdrawal of the Regular Army garrisons from the posts and forts of the rar Westi during the summer of 1861, left the Overland Mail Route completely at the mercy of the Indians. Consequently, late in the Summer of 1861'the War Department issued a requisition on the Governor 01 California for a regiment of infantry and a small regiment of cavalry to guard the Overland Mail Route. It was specified that the command of ‘the‘force was to be given to firevet Major James H. Carleton,‘lst Dragoons. These units were organized, mustered into the Federal service, and com- i. :10»! I; an” hianolirhfl mafl Ljviu in - ”film: 11;; wimmmi 3J3 Hm; angular- r;::J 'Iw J's- ,‘(Kulx’m I» fi_-~H..-I.i.:I;:z':-;- Jig-Mil FLJ';E$ ; l 1:; n (J'rl. txvring> ,{I() i.;<;_LIJ 1(Ia; Litii‘ 9d: 1, Homisldqng 9K3 in 1a font Rania ‘I9;53 :33 Hudglt(mxifl f one»: ark) JlugflI: Hi .jf'.’:jrum’.) 9173 "l — w)fi ,031;:;. a an rumirxi Lu 1 an? Bfulfiifliljfi) mi Jinxmyfo u:o.ltnfi. up: .4! Luaiicnuanom Mil; ,i-z‘I'Jiiftz. Imus i-.'1t_.3‘l.:‘.‘)2 III; , Nam-()0 a"; J bmi 0 aumyom flood atnwln -u03 ind auo'm:m nninuoiileu 343 - r ’.-V "H r c. I'h-s. A-) .32UKKLl neaijdzxg ifs mi -diLQl 0&3 ,TSQmuI 3:03 10 even odi To lsvl | , , ti: 0:} I ,:£.\.{w.[ Oi*9{qm03 :‘,r;i...z'rl'i'}.n 1101311102 has ejanq uni maul enoaidung zmwfi 1LIHTOL E,;.:.:I.'. i;i‘1 1.33:1 mil "to J'rwr'i’rmguu or": to hem. ‘f'i('.f)'i .43 ‘ifirffirtll‘; aizi .21; 2'"t_J(:0'1‘J 912'3‘ 1") :‘r'trtq be.” u.) '.-;:ii'1.);'31':s ,:;9-l.lUI)U'! --zi.ts;".t. 5):?! lo 22.32:;"M3 {nil eaoaauqa'x mu; ,oinwfi 11.1.; .‘r1:13-['io'.-U unadjuun 0133 CH .i?ii Kl motions soiruu“utnvu an} 03 bonufcnjn need 13d Jeni 389" buu'r'fi'rxiuu ,uu'znl (.'5;\)JH£‘E!,53 31:11:; :vlaoh ',.. ' . Z.~'.. ‘. “(Uldrzfiin Elia.) 'IO- , Because of the tremendous distances involved and the desert char- acter of the country in which the expedition must operate, the planning and preparation for the movement involved problems of unusual difficulty and complexity. ;Car1eton spent several months in assembling necessary supplies, equipment and transportation, and in training and condition- ing the tr00ps.‘ The acquisition of indispensible information presented great difficulties, and took a great deal of time. The frontier post of Ebrt Yuma, near the mouth of the Colorado, was gradually transformed in- to.an intermediate base, and plans were made for the establishment of a forward base at the villages of the agricultural Pima Indians, in central Arizona. A8 soon as wheeled transportation could move, after the winter rains, the eastward—movement of troops commenced. They were moved across the desert in small units, successively, because of the small amount of water obtainablezin the desert wells and water holes. Covering forces were pushed eastward from Fort Yuma, to obtain information, and to give timely warning of any westward Confederate move- Ient.' These patrols established intermittent contact with the Confeder- ates: in one contact, the entire patrol was captured, and in two there were.sharp skirmishes. .The contacts gave the Confederates information as to the approach_of powerful forces-tron the west. Tucson,.the intermediate objective, was occupied without opposi- tion, in May..1861.r_The wear and tear on vehicles in the marches across the deserts.o£ Southern,California and Arizona, necessitated a lengthy halt at Tucson, for the repair of tranSportation and equipment, and the accumulation-cf an additional reserve of supplies. During the time at r . _ ._ , ' .. ' - ; ., .,: .A,,r. H ,_.. 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'1» , r,., '4'; on ‘.. c C , '1 :Ju . 10.- it In: -0 U‘."l'1)r2t3'I .LLLJL...’ ,_. -’- '. ’1 . ntsufna< .. :t '1 01‘ !;.~'; 1‘0 rzui'j gImnuorm Tucson, the town and surrounding areas were cleared of suspected Confed- erate sympathizers and undesirable characters, and a military government established, in the absence of any civil government agencies. The Apache Indians had, this far in the operations, given no trouble. Shortly after the occupation of Tucson, a small party carry- ing messages for the Federal forces in New Mexico, were attacked near Apache Pass, in Arizona. Two of the party were killed, and the third member was captured by Confederates, after having successfully escaped from the Indians. By some unknown means he managed to get the substance of his messages to the Federal commander in New Mexico, in spite of the fact that he was a prisoner. A strong cavalry force was pushed ahead from Tucson to the Rio Grande within a short time. Stragglers from this force were killed by Indians in Apache Pass, but the force reached the Rio Grande on July 4, 1862, and established contact with the Federal forces of New Mexico. In July, the main body of the Column from California, as Carle— ton's command had been designated, moved eastward from Tucson. Carle- ton himself arrived at the Rio Grande early in August, and after co- Gordinating his forces with those under General Canby, Commander of the 'Department of New Mexico, proceeded to reoccupy the military posts of the Rio Grande valley that had been abandoned to the Confederates the Preceeding year. This completed the mission of the Column from Cali- fOrnia as defined in its original orders --to reopen the southern Over- land Mail Route and repossess the posts of Arizona and lower New Mexico. 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"' '- .- 5" I "-" 4' - (l'-' 'I’Ju ’I: }.'ri.B g Jlju 4:12 “1. U “.5112 ‘..‘-.‘.'a‘.) ..l, (J.. .‘ f).‘l 3-: . ‘u' J'I'I'ff'; -{.I9“"1£|1 “()J n. - gri LO TLUHBmeJ .(dnnu iETUH'O TLJHU sand; diiw 850301 a=fi unlinnlhuu 1, v‘-“~- '-’- ; t" . I, (vs: ~ \..' .‘ 'l~ l “ l' I‘ 3,7 "y' . ‘0 ' “ {.h) d.) 74‘)“ |.’ 1‘1: .L LL": 5)! I "-.o.J~‘ IN}- T XII} .J~.'..‘-U‘-" 42’. J1 I ()x '-: ADIII V'."" .}_‘) 3 {{r’rl'IJ [11(“’(1 v‘ . ,-. ..- :‘ , .- .v. -. _ - ,,._ ,,.. v ' .. My N, -. ....' :3 .- L‘HJ t.U.J$-192)'~i}1i;k‘-J fl.J UJ .~‘.‘1:.....:...I. (Irish! I11} 3»!‘.. "-.I.[I¢J‘v’ {)O'IIIt,I} (-141. 9“} ‘-:{QLT.LO€1 (may! xfsnfij ;pg guyflwzinu chi insiulriwufl LLMYY .1u39; (y t_ooccrtfi wavU CubLJUufi 2d: 'u ,ur;-;I—— :1 d'n: jnx‘jit. all ;fl_f*x.i;az an sinxw .{;.;iXJ-2Ic': 'h’FJII I “.-I :f1x_).\li'... JJ F M ' 3!..1' ’c "u 0~ "‘ i)...‘ 91;.qu Mai: hfrfsi *J'?.,ee L. 3 Cu 13. s--'v , - .nr” -3 5'. 1::3J Jiflhfl'r'D'T .ixu) xwftd '>;.'1 ‘;:I (.1 ;:';:-~.. ‘ E f C? lilt)’ . ;a ;. i xvi, 531'." , i.i ._i , '. “n i::;;.3 :_(».- 52.; , i)‘).i 1 L4fl .,..;r ':;a. J'rzrnzn with that Department, and lost its identity as a separate military force. It had not fought any spectacular battles against the Confederates, but it had made a definite contribution to final Union victory by guarantee- ing against the extension of Confederate power to the Pacific Coast. The The natural obstacles and difficulties of climate and terrain which the California volunteers had had to overcome, probably transcended the natural obstacles and difficulties faced by Federal forces in any other theater of operations in the Civil War. " .L (- a 41.32- .. j J I t {C u. 3 fr“ IPJ a T. 9 ct u. . .l. . s I» I. D D . 1 3333197 I _. .VJ . r? THE COLUMN mom CALIFORNIA I-g ‘1‘. v. ‘< ~-.. 5 ".‘q the e- 'V . ..-. .. . {- Partillurulfilinen{ of the Requirements of ' i n, i... 5' ...r." I 'uli '3‘ . Degree of MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY 1953. ‘1 , l (0 LI Carnot! 1 Hts-J}: 7 y ‘ yTli'J\) lo .L:.-n;i.':€.. :uIJ OJ 133316;“.12‘ U'LUJ i if?) ."I' u ’ ' s u 0. .i lo J '.'..ii . .‘,‘. .24' Q '._ l J s_.1 1‘{.. ' v I l“ ‘ ‘v /‘ T " 4 V -J §~ 4 . a .. . J. H. Carleton Commanded a Column in March Across Arizona. From a photograph in the National Archives. l. IA! 7“ X»? 1 I (W V. PREFACE When I was a schoolboy in California, more years in the past than I care to recall, the text book on California history used in the schools laid great stress on the supposedly romantic Spanish period of the State's history, and on the roaring days of the Gold Rush, but made no mention whatever of the period of the Civil War.. Years later I found, in some source long since forgotten, that there were California units in the Army of the yotomac serving in the quotas and under regimental num- bers of eastern states,but still I found no mention of any California forces serving in the war under the sponsorship of their own State. It was not until, one day, while browsing in the Library of the United States Military Academy, at West Point, that I discovered that the State of Cali— fornia had_made a contribution in men to the Union armies as great in pro— portion to her male population as any state in the Union, and a greater contribution than.some states to which history has given full credit. The story of the California volunteers in the Civil War has never been adequately told. This paper is not an attempt to tell the entire story,e-it is an attempt, rather, to fit one small piece into the mosaic, and to show_that, even though the achievements of the California forces in the Civil War were not spectacular, they were solid, and made a defin- ite contribution to the final Federal victory. The problems of supply and intelligence which faced the responsible military authorities on the Pacific Coast were of infinite difficulty, and the very country in which they were called upon to operate was an enemy of tremendous strength and Power. Li. a-.- ~.. v ..v T' ,'..L - _'. ‘ - ->-. ‘v" '--.u ‘ r.. 'r »l') .5..Ir’ LL.‘ I J‘JX:J ‘ JI..".(". “1.1.. ‘11-) ‘ 33'. I'.' 4.)“ Y"'1-.-.‘I.-_Lu'. 5"“ bun. ' __ .._ v~ .,.. ‘. . "mm“. .| -.r- -_ 1' -.'_. . -; J.J‘aW'."1 .‘__ 7):,(_r ,( £93 U1 J I.” ngiJQJ. 33.3.; ”[1.1. ...- h. 1. . ... . . ,, , .J. . " , L. ,7 ."- I a , , . -: L v .14 .f. :t 0:.) 1H.) 1.3 “L1L'J“:J.l c. UJI...~. up} ii in L”J *w h”ifi*f 9d} 1» nuveJth LUiJHUm on ;.-.!‘.-.- (31'3". {3; .3 r. 2. T.’Tl'."i.;li’. 31.:9(:.J;.‘1 on; i y ‘(I 9!. ;s r ‘»- . 'q 1‘ . .-\ ‘.‘ : I ‘. - ". o 4~.on. 3 - . . ,- .: ,,, 1.-.); I lime emu-”Jain n 4 J .u 1:13.: 1 , . 7* ~_r' -'r. _—. I ' I ' -' y z .’ -‘; v‘-v ' up. {Jullfl c; '. ..3 "I“ .‘4...J '1‘.- .’~. 1.". . LI). (1.; v": Ln“! (1.1.) .01 L": . I}; 3;“..“13'11'. f).'.t‘ll‘.’.’ .’ 31; b":) ,'_ ‘ "‘ ,fllrm Jun arzw {strip-J 5;. J a.) run: (at uhiJIJIAJ.'J..5I.'-.;:_‘/ s 91 an Ling! .rs'n'xwl , m: m-J o.“ J .' .-‘v‘ . , , . .‘V . ,,'v I, f . . '4 ‘ '1 EJJLJC‘. VLF; EL. ..\) all. 1.”..1‘ , OJJJIT if)“ (‘3 {1“1..,'1\)\1 - , 'L ' ' ,m . .'... ~- - l -‘ .‘ l .- ' f. .37 '- '~-g . prosaic E..,'i..'..- uJ alum... p.03 1::.:.J more“ $1410..) .‘3 Jcimuex: ;:-, 3m"; T—zi menu; a'LxIT .HOJ '.;IeJ-:;u,32.:l'-s .Uozi ;: an» ill oJ ,xenini ,quuiis up at ii~-,vuuja :-:1:12;"Iva-Emmy: 913 {Emmi {="3V'J ,ina'J v.1 LIL: t-J this "'2. '(erlj ,1!;;.11r)r23:)t- j”.-. J‘z'zz 0'11)?! um. flu'i'.) :D'i'J‘ {Ii .‘(zoi‘fW Invent". 1.5511 1.413 0] rm.'£ju.ii'£i‘mm (in 'iljuu'wx'jl'f'i :‘JIIJ .991;er (Lilli-.1 93110;.jillujni MP. ’33; ,1‘3 lunrllif; OJnI-zmm .LO (rim-v Janos 91.13.23! anus-.1-) l... ‘J.I.:‘.'£‘J(,U o3 rmqu [wills-J 9'. m1 'i-MZJ ii A broad picture of military operations in the Far West has been drawn by masterly skill by Miss Aurora Hunt, in The Army of the Pacific. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Miss Hunt for her gracious per- mission to make use of material included in that book, and to hope that I have succeeded in filling in details which are beyond the scope of her work. My thanks are likewise due to Dr. Harry Brown, of the Department of History, Michigan State College, for criticism, assistance, and for keeping me in the straight and narrow path of research when my feet showed a tendency to stray from that path. My research would have been impossible without the assistance of Mrs. Henrietta Alubowicz, Reference Librarian at Iichigan State College, who has been infinitely patient with my demands for locating unusual references, and has never objected once to my fre- quent requests for inter-library loans. Colonel William J. Morton, Lib- rarian of the United States Military Academy, very kindly made certain rare items in that Library available to me, and had his research staff dig out information that I could not have located otherwise. Finally, my deepest gratitude goes to Mrs. Hilda Donovan, of the office of the Professor.of lilitary Science and Tactics, Michigan State College, who never lost her patience or temper, even when I said, "Hilda, I've re- written the last twenty pages. They‘ll have to be typed again.“ . " \ - a wvr ' ' .-, v JAM c; 1 adwu '.‘. 'l 1'- J Li afl‘ ’7 . A‘ ‘ ’ I H I: . m ' 1 J . . . 1 .. fl . . ( .‘ * ‘ n. - "~ ‘ v I r. '- ' ' . .-- J. -J.? --» - . (L ,4... . .21 1L-. 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' J " , . )- .:):-" Ii '5; :J:).t2 ita~l ‘C':1:3.i 1-3.. 11:1 '1. .‘zfltJ'1" way. an] I .-J i.; .:.15:1 . .;u'4r £1.10 .'IUCfl193";O {.oq/)L::3u °.u.i Jtarl u.r.u1; “.Hi‘l'fi'f' ‘H ‘fli :nLI u.) ail/3H iL"{‘-.'7';‘ .L'kfflfif '.'_;31"“."'3 (-134 J l":\" iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In addition to acknowledging my indebtedness to the persons mentioned in the Preface, I must also express my thanks to the people and business firms who have extended to me many and various favors. To Mrs. William Thompson, of Dewey, Arizona, for permission to reproduce pictures and use information in Pioneer Days in Arizona, by her father, the late Dr. Frank C. Lockwood. To Colonel N. 0. Thomas, of the Uffice of The Adjutant General of California for certain items of information not available elsewhere. To Colonel Thomas M. Spaulding, U. S. Army, Retired, for calling my attention to the existence of Carleton’s unpublished report of 1863, which had been included in Colonel Spaulding's manuscript Notes on Cer- tain Military Men, in the rare book collection of the Library of the University of Michigan. To the Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California, for the photostat of the letter written by Carleton to Don Abel Stearns. To Mr. Marco Hellman, of Los Angeles, California, for permission to use material in Sixty Years in Southern California, by his father, the late Mr. Harris Newmark. To Mr. A. H. Greely, of Hoboken, New Jersey, for information on the use of camels by the Army in the Southwest. To the Department of Library and Archives of the State of Arizona, for permission to use material in “The Unpublished History of the South- west," by Colonel C. C. Smith, in the Arizona Historical Review. To W. B. Conkey Company, Chicago, Illinois, for permission to use .‘ .‘t .I ..:-. , .., . .. .. ... ,' .‘ .,- ‘ .‘ ,~. ' ~, (J. _L}‘.' '41.; .)J 1‘. 11.11.} lit. . .1 .J ‘~- .L?- J .'.w. .L ‘J_.'.:.L~-!J‘: inj Li: 3.11.;11J. Mi! v . . ' . x' . -. ’. .1 — - ,, ~ . ' . ‘., — cf".- . ' . . ' \v- . v‘r ' -- 1‘ . - .‘ ._ ' 1 v .v -o .\i ".'.4..,,.. 'L-., .' ,,.-a . I..-) ,1 .-1-1 ~'.11 '\)J J... ,4‘1‘: J L"! 1‘ )--I'l C.‘ .1" Ca..../a’[£'.-,‘. 1 1‘5 1 - , r . . r . p ' ' I I \ I ‘ . .Fl’ s ..|/ 1! L: _._, t a. "5; l ' ‘ \n a. A ’ ‘l. '1' 1‘1 l. l|t4|ll.l ~ {I .'_- at. K" 2'11 ”if-“‘13“ 211' -';'.§' '1 . L. 191 1':‘.11.1...'.~"!:11nii 23;...- :’.:11: aeuujrai -..'1111'.1.~':.._.:'1 . (.7! ice}: ,1“ A;'-.‘:'."{ . 1". .1. .: _..1 1121.11 ' a; " 1.1””111. - ‘11.; 10 , ..I.:u(11f'-" .2) . ..-1‘.- 211).;- 41‘ . 1' .1 -: 2.1 '.; ' 13:71. :11." 4-11 .213. 1:13. '3: ..1.-.:..'.. 1I.§..(:J'.‘J;) '1= .1. ain't-:1". Z 11;.) .2. ‘1 :.;.,'I 3.1-7. ,i. (2;. ‘u. 51 ', 1 . -. ." ,jjyxii...£1_.'1‘. .:“; 74;... 111"; 13.11.110.- (11‘ L ‘ In‘ 'v I 4‘ 1 .‘ V l "1‘11 ' - ‘ ‘\"l'.' I“. "'V‘I ‘- " A "‘ v T" 'I ‘ b a!“ UK: , ..a. 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To the Rydal Press, Sante Fe, New Mexico, for permission to use material in Turmoil in New Mexico, by William A. Keleher. To the State Historical Society of Colorado for permission to re- produce certain pictures and make use of material in Colorado Volunteers in the Civil War, by William Clarke Whitford,D. D. To Major General William E. Bergin, The Adjutant General, United States Army,'who kindly had a search made in the Old Records Division of the Department of the Army for information on Carleton, West and Shinn. To Mr‘ Frederick Hill Meserve, of New York City, for a picture of Joseph Rodman West. To Brigadier General George W. Carter, The Adjutant General of Maine, who kindly had the files of his office searched for information on Carleton's career as an officer of the Maine Militia. And finally, but not least, to Misses Elizabeth and Mary Perkins, respectively of Baltimore, Maryland and Eugene, Oregon, nieces of General Carleton, for information on him which I could not have found in any other source, and for invaluable leads as to where other information might be found. . --. . . 1 .s—I‘ - _ . ,1”... . .A‘Jm .3.—1‘:—_-‘ . .- - . 1 .. .i:';> ' -‘1 ,'1- II' , 1' Jr. . ,c. 1'31") $91~ .111 1.11’1 .. ,i-1?-'1-‘_"._'i' "L 1: 11'. lil‘i‘,.J*'Jf1 .. 3 1:1": ,5 1:: .111 in 15.?2111' 3 '..'1 1.: sum: 3.- 1T 111’ _:;j 1:: {L ;,. "vj .222 .J in 1' ‘.:1-.'I 1"..3 l."l'7:7";’: ”.r Inf" 5"? ‘1'; .12 ." My. 1 '1L 1:. FL. ‘{~ ._‘Y_'1 117:2 2- fir}. "1'-‘2.'_'1‘ J; ,:"L;2 21:5" ..‘.L '- .-’ .3: «13137.: i1s'-;'t;:.‘.'.> “.115 all 0'1 .2 3'1nozfl 2 of} :1 .Hnr '1.scu a ban {Innix odw ,Qr1g duuu3 1"; ,.1 11:1" 1",. .1) 1211;33:1'131'4 1.11 111131". 9:13 10 31:211.1:?'11:.";=: 01173 L I) 1 r" . 11-) :1-1-1'- w i m .-:"1 513--.} iii-7’ 17-1.? 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'IeuJo .i‘um'o'l so jrftfrm INTRODUCTION Nothing is easier than for the historian, years after a campaign, to point out where the commanders involved, and upon whom rested the res- ponsibilities of the campaign, made mistakes. There has been universally a failure to recognize that a commander must make his decisions upon the basis of the information actually in his possession at the time of making the decision.~ The success or failure of a commander's mission, and the actnal lives of the men for whom he is reSponsible, depend upon the sound- ness of his decision, The narrative of the Column from California is told entirely from the point of view of the Federal side, in an effort to bring out why the decisions were made that governed the organization, mission, and Opera- tions of that force in the Civil War._ The information given as to the Strength and movements of the Confederate forces in the Southwest, the attitude of the Apache Indians, the natural obstacles to be overcome, is only the informationknown to. the rugged Maine Yankee who bore the burden <31 the reSponsibility. Consequently, there has been no attempt, in this Paper, to show the reader what was "on the other side of the hill," ex- cept as it was revealed to General. Carleton by the various means of as- 3enbling military intelligence which were at his disposal. A critic has recently objected to certain official histories of oDerati-ons inflorld War II on the grounds that they deal almost exclu- sively with planning and supply-wand most of the parts devoted to plan- Ililngare concerned with.planning for supply! The critic overlooked, or ‘as ignorant of the fact that the success of any military operation de- (I. 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E if. .' 1),“)3 9-.1- “1.1“ — :11 ,. _. -, it .. .. -.'— 4 t-" -t. .'~ ' - . . -- u Lu;dfl1~ . x .1. id u. in cnUDUUn uni JLLJ ._ai UuJ to Junnnn L and filing. vi pends entirely upon the successful operation of supply arrangements. Sol- diers must eat regularly, they must be clothed, the sick and injured must be cared for, equipment must be kept in operation, vehicles must have fuel, ammunition expended in action must be replaced, and a thousand and one items must be kept moving forward until they reach the hands of the sol- diers who need and use them. A Civil War force could not operate without adequate supply any more easily than can a modern force. The Civil War soldier needed the same quantities of food as his Twentieth Century counterpart. The weight of his ammunition was scarcely less than the weight or ammunition needed by the modern soldier. The motive power for the transportation was sup- plied by immense numbers of horses and mules that could not move without adequate amounts'of grain and oats, any more than modern motor vehicles can move without gasoline. Horseshoes wore out as rapidly as rubber tires, and a horse that is lame from lack of shoeing is as useless as a motor truck‘with a flat tire. - The commander of the Column from California was faced with a sup- Dly'problem that was probably more difficult of solution than the problem 'hiCh confronted any other Federal commander. California was still some- Viiat of a frontier state, producing very little in the way of manufac- tuued articles.- Between the area in which the force was organized and ‘trained and its ultimate objective, lay a thousand miles of almost unin- habited, almost waterless desert.) Except for the relatively small amounts Of food and forage procurable from the Pima Indians, or from Sonora, every Ounce of supplies and equipment for the Column had to be transported from Southern California. Consequently, an inordinate amount of General Carle- I “ ’ v "‘ v V;' I ~ -' . ' . " t-I' ’ . f"'; " ' a ' “i ' 1 L :’ " I u. ; ." 'r'\" — L_._)i_/ .r,qu.11. -.\?.>'¥‘-‘) _ 15. “C \",‘,_3 _. .1 J :I- ' L. '4 L9" ' "3 L 4(- _.’ ’J- L.) o.) I .‘ r] V," :. 1'. . 4'.‘ . ("A Jé-iI:.'.:i :_-‘I_,.": .L mm: "2': 512 :;:- .:.~o.~..ir).1’;- 9d Jul-31': v». 3 . L'; ;~ 1 :1 ":r 1' '1") 'h-‘H i. 2.191!) ‘ ' - v ‘- '. ..- v 7.x I r' : \.r v r . .I c ‘ .‘ g. r. '4 0 "v “ I ( ALA/[1’1 fJ‘1’:|!1 3‘L.’-n.. (..‘; J_\’.AI.:'.‘.I‘/ Q [TI.).L3{o -l~‘ (, ‘11 j‘_ l) ‘1'.' :07 .) 1( L 53‘.) Iii-I) 1N! JQJ L0 Chard 003 fuynm Qwri liJzn Dynamo? _nizum $193 on 32mm await afar; gimp-:73: 21:3,».ng ' E‘s :IJ.:.'{i: alt-.my: 3m". .. :u :3 13'1“]. arc}. Jflrfiu.) n -“ . ' ‘ v 'r s L'. 3., , w‘ '-- '7 t :r' ‘ .- -. ‘-- '3 ‘I ~ -. v ‘u'.' o :-r .. ‘I- x .J HINDU“ L‘. LU ( r. . . .A‘. ..'. ‘J .' C-l'. . U V101 (I I JiJUId 3 life.) ILL IJ 4'1 ad: ') U “fl. ‘ »-? ‘0. r". 'c n .. ‘»¢no , o' I" ‘ ."‘ 0 “-w 0 o " P a ..‘ " -. . . . v ‘9' ‘ 0" Jf’, L‘H: £2. . . .f 1.8!; 30.11-»!0 '1‘.11..J‘.-?4_!L) I;J".~..o..‘.).. A tax“ c113 £00.; lo L‘.‘.‘.j ..JfLL: f) 9111...: "I 0 (w? JGI. 1:051}.f..":1.r1..:.~£: 2m :J‘r;;,..‘_'~'.: of) .“5'3‘3’ new vluzrwn'; 23:2?! nui'flrcm ..'-61.; atri -.j-';": 2.52: :.r:IJI~;;':'.:-.m._-_: :ir'mt 61.3 22:: "loans; ovijmw O'T'l .'.;sj:f'r.{oa r3105»)!!! 9:11 {(1 3.53:: 7-".’L4.U 30;; Linus 32.13 malnm hm; 8.98.7.4: lo 31;)de <:-:-‘:rm:m.slr ‘3'! builq asluifiov voJum {wuham mud: 030m {us ,2330 has fiffl"“ in ajnwomn ejnxnehn E>;r-:;z. r101: Jn-roiw.’?i '20.".10 its 1) ”fII’W'I'III'JO [Him-I H. " I fl ' 7‘ v' ' ' \U ‘I’ ' ' I r vu‘ wv - r ' .~ I. 0 ~ ¢\ 9 '~ -. '" ' . r0— ’1 ' v‘u I -.:...m..m 10 {Mi mi. 11 anfn . 1:. ,.11:.::. .0... ,oihja 1'.l..‘r-o;-. 1; .0 Judas ' -1 ,~ ‘ ‘ .'u' r v; v .l‘r 3 - --' . .-:'r - . fi '. .‘ ‘ ‘ . ‘ ‘ ' - - ‘ " ' NIL!) b-:Si:Zu._ I.) «1.53 N C'-) 1“,; l.)-::; .‘fu. 11.! [it L‘J'IL JdJ [102) .‘.J"..",.. .l-‘C’JJJ‘LJ'TB “02113 f‘. 4‘ I ".r " '- \ r ~ \ « - ’7‘. .- , ’i '. '.. .' .. - ‘ .'... ' , ' ' _ '. ‘ . -..-nu Je<.:.r:!_h 1:: aux... ..r...r.L'r:rJJ 1; ~/ .1 .w Lszr. ’0 9.:j:.:..!..’: in air. ."I..". f-eruL'IJ m. .,., . " .y _ ," ,' ,3 F ‘ _ , :_- "_ _ __ .~ ~r] J, .7 y; 7, " .1“ _ ,._, " r ' '_ v r..Ji.'.-'.‘..:-:.. lilifi-Z ."’.)‘.‘!Jul‘r_‘.."; '._...:' ’. .1 J"{.).):‘.L. ..J"'.)'c'“)|: .a-:-..i}’1;;.:.l.:/l ..7:.;).':‘[;..G ,1.‘33.’".$!; ' "f " 9: r‘ ' — I‘ u " f I. ' " -‘ u - V. y .'L ‘ r L v "<» r ‘ . *_‘ '. ‘." , ‘ . " . \YA-'l a) .- r‘r 4..)1-1JC .2. 1‘.;.L if) 'Lifzam,_ lIL $J!£A‘_\- __J..J 'l\_,‘i' ..‘; :._l ..IJ-_‘~')":‘I '__. )~'I( 1 ..‘r,,,’; :C"‘}. to ‘J; .r a 15...? i ) J1-._!w{... £511.? 1" :u :lt h.-. [.1131] . [rm ..'.,._ff"r).lf.“.-. .'TBHJHLt vii ton's time and attention were devoted to problems of supply. If supply and the attendant problems are mentioned a disproportionate number of times in this paper, it is only because the history of the Column from California must necessarily be the narrative of the plans and efforts to Iaintain a large number of men in an area in which there had never before been so many men at one time. In the first flush of enthusiasm after secession, and the initial successes of the Confederate armies, many of the leaders of the Confed- eracy held grandiose plans and hopes for the future. If they could seize a foothold on the Pacific Coast, they could replace the United States as a Pacific power, and there was no limit to the empire that the future might drop into their willing hands. ~It cannot be proved, but there is little doubt that the conquest of Southern California was the ultimate objective of the Confederate forces that swept into the Rio Grande valley in the summer of 1861. The final extinction of this hope was ample justi- fication for the existence and the Operations of the Column from California. ‘It has been the writer's hope to show the political and diplomatic background that called into existence the force of California volunteers that subsequently became the Column from California. It has been the Writer's further hope to show the steps by which the plan for reopening the southern Overland Mail Route developed, how the expedition was plan- ned.-trained and actually operated. It is hoped, also, that the reader can realize that the operations of the Column from California, although 1nVOIVing very little combat (and most of that against Indians, rather” than Confederates) was attended by difficulties that could be overcome on1y by the most careful and exact planning and training, and by almost V ii .13). :‘r. )1 : H? :‘.A no.» * - '2; r. 1-..?" tails i: ;.; z zit c'. 33:3 7: ,: -;:.,:~r’;..;,:. 2.3;. ..‘ " ) ‘1 f: .2; " .1 l: -.. "if; *'.:.'3 U" . 3:1." -J:..‘ .u'J l.~'113 ., ..1 I” . L ~. . ' ’ a ' .. ' '. '. ' . .. . ' 'v .L . ." 1‘1"“; ‘.. ;.‘.'_-'.. 1111.; J) -".(); '1 "(J. 1:“:i.{ gu‘:= z':-;:I,_ -: . ;:-;<>:f:1 rar?t \vr>s22: L:J’ €‘e3Cizi '1.J:Ei'-:r2. 72’ L‘J.i'tv1 -r:.=‘;i-'_ :: 2»; acid: may. 1,113“ 7 ,i:-.:«.».'».-‘..rvjcf': 951w}? 12.1.1.2 ;:x:l‘;i”u'10 {112311.115 w. azii Tflzflflfi an: ind? ,Q.?£ ( Ugo? .i #1 .hojrz“ o yiinuins his funinwi ,L': 1.7 HAL] .53 .53.: -.fii. '3'?) ["01" 5;:JJ» L} .'ij I") (-2.; v'IJL'rz, .-.) 9:13 3“."- .3 slip-y; 11.63 '.-‘“..'J '.’ ..7,;:;'i.r.. J...--' A) in. 5 L: .2 :u'; 3:1...) ind-15";- uijjii. 1;li ,zujvity-irzf 9:": 325er m ;, 1.3:.5: Jun? :- L z.“ LT) mi r~-:-:".‘>..315 3.3:; (3.! s':-,m.i‘-o'i'r1~.:1) “but . «a ? ..;;:J r"; ..ir-z;.I(j :rx . .s Jr.u l ,1 cfir“) J%:'u. or~3 wl' \;irna superhuman physical exertion on the part of the volunteers composing the Columns In order to avoid confusion in the mind of the reader, a word of explanation is necessary regarding certain usages and terminology employ- ed in this paper. Military English, like civilian English, is subject to changes over a period of time, and the words and phrases in common use in the armies of the Civil War would, in many instances be as unintelligible to a modern soldier as so much gibberish. For example, in Civil War times, the word 22222 was used for almost all activities directed toward gaining information of the enemy. In the letter from Colonel West to Carleton, quoted in the Appendix, West said that he had been on ”a scout. . .to . Gonzales Ferry.” A modern soldier would have said that he had been on a reconnaissance. Throughout the paper, Civil War terms have been re- Dlaced, as far as practicable, by their present-day equivalents, except in direct quotations. -The official designations of Civil War volunteer units were so cumbersome that they were seldom employed in any except formal official Communications.y It was the invariable practice in conversation and in all informal communications, to use, "First California Infantry," rather than "First Infantry California.Volunteers.” It appears that it was Usual to write ordinal numbers in full, rather than to use numerals. (e.g., first, rather than £33,) Under present day practice in the Army, Arabic numerals are always used to designate organizations below the level Of a corps. Hence, in this paper, ordinal numbers of organizations are indicated by numerals, rather than by spelling, except in direct quotation. At the risk of appearing pedantic, the writer has chosen always to .'9‘ _,., ) o ‘ v I I .1 Ar. '. .'" " c o -‘.-' " .- \¢7 -J ' L 4 kl '1 ..' '1' , ‘\" 5‘ '7 . . T u'. r I I. J.) J.) _ .4‘. v. i, . .; , . r y . I .. '4 I! A'1 ' ..’ .l L i I ’ - .. ‘-'-- lll)’f¢ A-(AII ~ 1’ ‘ I 'l , I’ .f ' 3.. J A - .l .‘ .' .LJ . r. , . L \r . . A, .r. ".,.1 \/) n.‘.) ,5 '. .1. L J.,\_} ‘2') :IT.‘ ' '7')l‘ a) .5 . . . u DJ- .4 --. y I 0 _". r\ . ‘ (J . ,)7)[a A .45. .‘.. "‘ ‘ ‘.L‘.)L c'l u. l , . 7', .' . J e.‘)...J 'k1|11;’4.¢.1J . .t . ... . . t - '. . \JIA s) 1.5—". L») - L .J (-1- l-' . I In: .'5 r ..J_ 4.4" .b ..A‘:; 1 I r r. «33 . ,. I..[ A'.!): {A\I.L\ll)'4 A . ‘ , . yr 'x. c' 3“. , J J J.-I , ,1dl ..- l .. '~.' ' " *1“ It .- CA«~ 0| J .L 041‘ -I -« ') - r m' '. . -l'. 53.1.17. 1,: ' v [to-7 “ 'f? - . . 3 .- ..u J 12. . ,l . i'r l 1‘ y . . , . J -/J. V‘.‘ 'r‘}.‘ -‘ -"c 'v _ . '*"rr\ ‘ ’r‘ _\ '-J - [10‘ «‘ ol‘l :.43| I n / ~ -.: , ,\ I, - .'1. 1. I ‘ ..K);; I 3. ; L . l ' ' ‘ .\- \ . — ' ~ ‘7‘? \ v [I . ..' ‘ ~J U ‘D' V. 'II .. 'J' r-\ E. urs’j‘ :--' n no .1 r“ ,’ .3. ’...., I' _ . .. I‘d! . . 1 L). J7-~l Li.‘ k ..l ‘ .5 ' 1‘... .1 I“ a.‘ J- -'v'lc !- - '§ I \ ‘ u: , L , ‘1 .a L. . . J .L- J I ' I J L..- ..1 ' I 1‘ " '. . | x) . ‘ 1|. (1' v...:. 4. I .I :- .§ ',~ A . . v f\ ‘4‘ [..‘- .T.. . '.) ‘u_ . ‘7 .‘ in .J 7) l ' I! ' J 2‘ I : :,,.‘., r w, - V' {..‘J- Ki. ... K‘ _ , -.Ja A ‘ \)_i a , I " 'l 1 ' J 4 .J a- '~ .I .'\' I . . ‘ l J .1. , '7 r ' u ' ..I ' ' ‘.'l .'~ __' . l ‘ - , r . '4 1.. .. J V 1 v ' . ‘ 2 ’ 4L1.- VV ) L . y \ ., - ~~ {I'- ,o’ v- {A . .A ‘,.I :,.w .: 1! : ‘ i 0) ( -.~ I ’ ‘4'1-1 . c 'r. "a ’ ‘ ,._ . if a; - o-xl ’ B {J tan] L‘IiiJ I .‘imn' '1? I a '\ ‘(uvn L; . . \ L .— r1... , ‘JiL-‘J---v l J " ..'V 3-? .Uilli :3 7.. .11. :4- Ta 1.! In? ‘A- ,Q.. 7.!) 3 .: L.) 4.; f) i rmmuu :2) .LJ: ‘1'.-" I. f'I;.' ‘.‘...1‘ #1.; ...: ' . 'J a- J -.‘, u. ' t ' ' Til cL'.".';3.". r i 14.: m. : [1.19 ' n . v x ‘- -. ' ' ... . J‘J‘~J4( uni. . i L .'J "IL'ILJsi E 'J‘JXJ 31’..- ,I-J C n I ' . u 1 _) t‘ J A.) r 1' ; .: ..‘ .J 301: r1 -~r: r; (:3 ., . 4 . , , U r: I" 1‘ d 1 \ L" .-' ’t I 'l" if: J 'J :T I . U ..“1 .‘~ ..'L‘QLILI . l. - r ' : ‘ .. 11".“ . 'J' J (I; 4.'¢..L«~1 'I a, r . - -. A. .‘Y"'.I'.\'.L f1) Lla;\n,‘l) ,‘.' ’ 9" 2:)": H31". .1.) . . . ‘i- - - . 1%. (3.9 '24:.L '33 ‘ 1.3)..Islk] . I K . - - ‘ ' '| . '- ..Efl0_.iil.fl11.j) :JzJi‘KIA) ‘11 V -: ' '. ' r. 'u ”.11. '. ink) .J.'. I ' l ". " ‘V‘ v. ~ --" ‘~. 1);“; J1.) J ‘.A;.H,.--...'iJulnlJ J L ,i..."I\)i I. is -. - 3. .s . J15". 1:1 5.-.; iii 1:213 "no 9‘? f a”)? J. e".u"u ..E' t!;.l ‘ “ .' $71 ' I 7“ o (J) . .'._v . I; . i':"‘;;17:'1 Li L 5.1,; " '- r u - sow . . ,uq' 0') I. .-o .. . , I I .. u , — '~ -3::.'- . x.-.-J.:.:;~:-_:rr 0 '_ 7 m“: 1:; 3 fr. ix refer to the units of the Column from California, fully, as lst Cali- fornia Infantry, etc., rather than as lst Infantry. It must be remem- bered that.the union Army as a whole included at least thirty~eight in- fantry regiments which bore the designation of lst Infantry,~~one from each state and territory that furnished tr00ps, plus the lst Infantry of the Regular‘ Army.% Strictly speaking, under old military custom and practice, the latter regiment is the BREE. one that is entitled to be called simply the lst Infantry. Many writers who have written upon Civil War subjects have not understood the position of the adjutant in a military organization, and consequently have not understood why General Carleton took such pains to write to Major Richard Drum, or why Lieutenant Cutler could issue posi- tive orders to Colonel West. Reduced to its simplest terms, the reason is that the adjutant is responsible for all of the commander's official Correspondence, and at the same time is the commander's official spokes- lnan. Carleton was writing in detail, actually, to General Wright, and that to Major Drum, and Lieutenant Cutler did not issue any orders,--he Huerely transmitted the orders. There is a world of difference. One further and minor detail of military usage, which may puz- 218 some readers. There are certain high officials of the War depart- nuant whose titles, by regulation and by long-established custom, are Caxfltalized entirely. Thus, it is customary and correct to refer to :E§§_Adjutant General, not the Adjutant General, and IE3 Quartermaster General, rather than thg_Quartermaster General. For the sake of consis— tency, this usage has been followed in this paper. This paper is in no sense a complete history of the Column from ‘ I § t ‘ (If: -- r' ~f 9. r. .; ..‘ .' n ['i(‘.' v a ., :- of.” s ' . A .’V I ' V I‘I ”(‘1 ,_ ‘ .\ a .I . U ') - It I '. fl" 3 ,, .. .L \t'_; .. . ' At C. . 1" . .1 . ‘ ’ q I . __ .r. a» . 4 I . .-, u ‘: f ‘4 ' I ' . ‘1 I v (if V I A 1 l . ,r ' - L '.L ' I I A ll §- \ , .‘t. _;’ '3‘ t | Ir") ‘ ': ..r.:(.: '\ ',‘;r'er _' ' "n “I SERVO . 9.135192 -."~ 3 l ‘3 £11111"! . ‘1 I, ' :- Tr. . 7i ‘. " . 'f Y. ' 3 " 9; v." " '1'» "U \ " ‘. .. ,. t" ' r‘ I '7 5‘; l f:( '11: .‘... 1.5 (I) f n, c .7 ‘ jncrofueid '- ‘3 ft Visa :-,: '3 1" n. r’t o ,- L . t t‘ I. . . . .g u I . --. , , 4'1 .0 (In .m. J!) "IULIEH .1“ ‘J "M“: ,J . U ..l ()4 Q . . .9. V '0 I}. }. ..'r O , _J 5 r t ’ ,. a.” I b a}: '7 x I, , 1 .;..¥"'I,£ "fry i 4.1”}: .. Exit.“ (mar 9.13 1!: mm . . , - . , ' .3 L . . ’ H M} r H vs?" rum} W t ' 3 .'t :r ..' ' '- - , sv- 9M 3'; .5 r. l T" 3.} ”r ~ " F- ‘ ‘~~v - r *0 l fr . no. . '. v‘ .' '7 I ‘- "... '11 I 1. 'uk . ‘7‘ ‘4 .f5,4.£’ ._ ' I.‘ '3 ‘l 7?? K.“ ”I "1);“; "J ‘34: -’J.’_YL"' a" 1' 3'331‘71'.’ 1):!sz (nth? '3'"; -';‘.‘. .Ii. ' "ry't‘n: “r: wit ".0 nn_i‘;’ir':w ""1" or:s'«"'rr‘,‘wr a 1."? arm-1' {Won‘v'ro' m: :Htrr uwsl 'r.{t!'tox..'p:-:{so Lr': °:\- mar“ '77'1"')i:.5' model“?! 03‘ 0111'? (- -(5 '--,.,‘ '\ . - 'I w- v u '.v ‘ I h m: r: .1» v P411...) (9.? e-9.,:0 'JVLJ :1u°_f7’."i ;‘. mju'fhn sr'i isn't 12?. h . " I I ,,"rgm soc.x»::>9 'frjoh "t rdLWIww any nojeimhu .num 2') is”: :.-‘E:wid hm: ,mu'sx"; '10; 1.2M 03* 30v. " i J“: .:T . '3'1'JU'TO 5'53 5 9'3? “TL” ;‘.":'1‘3 ‘ff'JZCM .7. to This? "(Winn F‘r'.“ 't’::-’ “:1". Ctr-H '. ‘ ..' ‘r r. .. ~' Vr“ v“-r.-.’~ I l'» 'I r .i «r! (tum) 0. u r.r1 .r'.:*J.'.’"{_!." mm. 9.3 i ' .. .. ' . .7 5' . '... . . :rrr: 1101,)!;Iz.a_‘-_.' m..~[,£3 CC"! .. trim! y-a & A ‘ - .. \ .. , , y :m 411 '2. ' . inn .If'ftu' ear: ’I« l- "l . .~ .,' ‘ i, .'A - , _ , f‘ ’13K;'1‘-‘~_""‘f; fa . .292; 1':'1I-;°'I ,IT,’.9?~Tfu‘ fawniioi we‘ (min; LL, ,:'_-'rf-=.J F; "LT/3C5". (3'! III 7'1 'Z'KV‘CY .jf' A California. There are many gaps in our knowledge, and the dry pages of ,the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies in the War of the Rebellion contain glimpses of fascinating fields yet to be explored. There are hints of combats with the Indians that were not reported, the vague and shadowy outlines of Carleton's intelligence service needs clari- fication, anthhe figure of Carleton himself needs to be shown in its true perspective, as one of the outstanding figures in the history of the South- west, before the story of the California volunteers in the Southwest ap- r proaches completion. L, . ‘4' A- h ., ' . ,, .‘,‘ .,,.,., , ,1,‘ ¢~ ,,—‘. ..,( 3:1' .n 1 J1. I , ,, ,-L , f ,1. .l.[ ' ’. ’ l-a.‘ .' ’1‘ . 1 .jll‘. -'.- l J L.) F u- . ‘A I . x - ‘ l . f -_l n n . ."J ‘1: ‘ min-d2 ‘..J 5.1m: " J .1 J0?“ Jr. -3 1:11} " v I- f, ' ’\ 0.. » '.\ ‘ ‘ " -. " v. 'v I I I" .' ' U: . ' c. vol? wrist... Io enwmii '1- " u ' f' r H. r": I - . -' .- .-. . .' . .—.- ' . 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Prior to the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1&8, the frontier had march— ed steadily westward from the Atlantic, always maintaining contact with the settled regions to the eastward. But within a few years after the yellow sand had been discovered, a large population had flowed into the newly acquired territories on the Pacific. The population had, indeed, increased so rapidly that two new states, California and Oregon, had been added to the Union, but they were as far detached from the main body of the Union as any colonial possessions on another continent could have been. Although by 1851 communication between California and the "States" was fairly regular and certain; the routes and means of communication were still substantially as they had been in 18h9, when the westward movement began to gain way. The easiest way of reaching the Pacific Coast from the eastern states was by the sea, by way of Panama or Nicaragua. There were regular sailings from.lew'YOrk for Panama. The traveler crossed the Isthmus’of Panama on foot or by mule, and reembarked for San.Francisco. Heavy freight and large shipments of commodities were necessarily trans— mitted by the long voyage around Capt Horn, taking months in trans 11;.1 It has been estimated that one—third of the emigrants who flocked to California in the decade following the discovery of gold took the sea ..L :3" x; :. .Hnn Jiiib -&T “f (If: . o1? T, A;i.~ KJIJ "a,din, Lfisun.t 1, a: ge:n'¢ u_cinb an} o fir; ans dB BCHLZK A x-cwef 'Lr gr .. f n_ioi:aa at .Jidr wgun lily loci in ydiiga cfiJ a? (o 2 find . 'as‘ir St 1‘ L‘niViC {LavoiZua saw it .ELIT?i*I£CJ r brain —u-n3. Vat 2ai'rsgu :ifi , sli n} iiifi a'ee oJ a in bio* '3 gmevrneIW on: 113371;; 3:55.": a -. :‘ti- r'rs.‘v~._,;i;":- rJ'C'3'VIin3 gunners“ on: non"; Stringed v.1: sums be ad: 23;;h Riser war a Hinjiw Jafl .J”.w.csa on? c: ancfi"‘” "side 3 adj er“ (5:1 ,JJ i7 med H! Axi;i:g 9:131 B ,b9"9V90815 109d bid base wallet .4. _ni _r:m n iJsL.O g on? .oi?igs‘ add no aeimod"i"9J beitrnos viwen and .ruiefj has riuutTiLau ,toxsja wan owi Jed: viniqni ca L388?TS“I ujn: on: ;-u1 b9norJab 7:7 s emaw van: 3nd tnrh'rU add C3 isbbs need Jno:idu.3 tedtcns no anhiaaoaaoq Ieinoico gas as acinU add to {bad .mood av9d b'”: ”nm'.;fi“ 2?: has afnmc’iiafi seawaad fl£ITSOIHVHMLD iSQI {d {H.i an.A n i;e:i'. non it anaem has CSJHLI odd ,nisdieo bus delugei vials? an: gmewdngw edJ Isriw ,Q#o£ mi need bad {side sviiardnm Ma’a Tilda 919w :i -ua‘ onJ :xihosri to zcw devices on? .gsw fling or flfl“95 nunsvcm ,; and: L T; a 322% i0 {3W {0 tags Sid yd 53w 893333 niedase add 301: Jaer ,caccio t3L3.r"3 orT .arsmifi :o' flmLY won moi: agnliisa mainuem 915w etenT (J5: nsrf figfi act nen~r .oh: unn ,ei‘; gd to ice? no amused lo aurddel 96¢ ~amau$ xfiifibavec9n 912w anLtiLchco he aimomrida 9;TS[ has dfi"i91? {VBSH J.fifaraud Hf enqx«fi *sinfj ,.u'F :rmf 3n one ofiszyv excl 9d: vd beidtn tax“"13 pix 6J3£2_?m9 add 10 biICJ-efic sand Etna I383 need and JI .sea crud SQWJ§.LiL"( it were on. -3 £M.J II ch -1 sit399£>snl$ Iii Jirrnfii in C) (u route. It was, however, relatively expensive, and the great majority of those who headed toward the land of gold were going in search of their fertunes, having little or nothing to spare for the purchase of their passage. By far the greater part of all emigrants followed one or the other 'of'the two principal land routes. The northernmost route started at Kansas City or St. Joseph, Missouri, through what is now Nebraska and Nyoming to the vicinity of Salt Lake,.thence across the deserts of western.Utah and Nevada to Donner Pass, and directly into the gold-producing country. An alternative route branched southwestward from Salt Lake, across the Mormon territories of southern Utah, terminating at San Bernardino, California. € The northern routes had the disadvantage of not being passable ‘through several months of the year. Draught animals could be fed by graz- Jing only during the spring and summer months, and during the winter months iihc wast.p1ains of Kansas, Nebraska and wyoming were buffeted by blizzards that could not be faced, even by the hardiest. ,The passes of the Sierras inure completely blocked by snow and ice many feet in depth, and there ‘fiere very few~places where stormebound emigrants could find any sort of Shelter or food. «-Traveling by wagon or horseback was possible in the spring and aumnnrpnonths, but there was a formidable hazard in the roving bands of Cheyennes and Sioux, who regarded any weak force of whites as a legitimate 'Drey,_and who were particularly interested in the iron tires of the wagon Wheels, from.which a superior grade of arrow heads could be easily fash- ioaed.2, rThe,hazards of weather never closed the southern route, but it was , gfi.: .5- is 3‘ ran two (sr'a. 1‘9 XLfkifflr-T ,;:»~r'd .735 J: .9; :5 u o_. "e :2“ e “2 xvi “ sin. '4: Lo ~q:n at v at“; wax;wfi cflw 9°ff“ it- ; " 53;:h'ixg 2M1; um 5. a kt} 2._1n’;n in, $1.?531-,.nivrsr ,aern_*t' 1 - a; ) 5131.1}, .‘ "71.“. .9 I.--” -c ..‘“; “.3. ';:—é;5-'Lf +1.; "15'; 2f; Lean-1 .C*J;C1 f~~i£ Ln:L Trig cw: 9fi3'1(.'rmfso .5132,L .J. In xJLU denial is Lgirs'“ 93st} J3C‘Uifid3":n an? ' g9ia£s3v fifid a: gni: 'L can n:;e“-~2 ”cu ai 3&3” fijbCTflJ ,Itacaa aiM Jana L as a “vet his fisJ“ mueue“ 'c 3ST“GW3 odd Latina sonsni .9331 died eJ::U 37i333~93la an flu‘nxcs ,r13.;tud bion an: Oink gitosaib has .oaaq J def"; ‘:1.~*.:--;.;f .9: aim; an” :21: '1'5 (Lib-LI $1136. man! btstasdevoa Ends-new .rftu iLLsO .cnibwsmcofl an in: dLJnaimunJ .flsiU nisfltuea Ji£58bdg his” Jan LL 2 n3fl°TQLaib and bed BQJUuT misfit: n efiT —:n:' gt :32 so bingo 3l3“ino Ln raid .1591 and 20 eddnnm Ismsvsa fig and! aiincn zed :w an; gaidub s .erjnom nuance bus goings and 3.ieub L[-:u int .u Nerigg v; 3J3;-L;j stat =51. U;.cxw has sflesmdsn {aodflffl to en '3 iasv on can; i an: is 393351 emf Jteibird an: to Have .beos oi Jon Liven dead (were 3141.; ,1in pi) (II J‘s-3'1 14;. 2'. not has wane "5d nezicoiu' {loin-igmo 919w .; 31:3 (as not? hires aid: gins based w: mcda tedw asosiq we? .137 919w .boo? TO medians LJfl ;nimqfl end mi eiJiaa.q new Aosueaiod xo nc3 v, 3c pniisvsiT to amend 3:1v01 3d: a: nixxsfi oidsbimiri n asw 313d: dud ,adincs tenets air ti; 1 a 39 nafiuw 3c 0910. any {or #0535331 one >1Uoio bus aonn‘ ;od3 HC'nN an: is semis not: on; n1 as3nezani fiimsirsidnSg anew cfiw bus ,391q -Lers L1;3;D Lg cites shred WPTTB To short marteqxa s aoldw *O"“ ,eiocfiw Q '.beaci 88W 31 3;- ,:j at ntwanra 95: has in raven I“HS“‘W In abm11341' hundreds of miles longer than the northern, and offered handicaps and perils of its own., It let southwestward from St. Louis, or westward from San Antonio, to El Paso, thence accuse the deserts of Arizona (at that time synonymous with the area of the Gadsden Purchase) to Fort Yuma. From Fort Yuma the traveler could go either northwest to Los Angeles, or west to $an Diego. pIn,either case, he had to cross the grimmest desert area 1n.lorth America. ‘The_danger of death by thirst was always present, and from.the time the traveler left the vicinity of El Paso until he was al- most within sight oleort Yuma there was constant danger from prowling bands of Apaches.: Years later General Crook referred to the Apache as rthe tiger of the human species,’ and the Apache was as formidable an obstacle to westward movement as were the much larger tribes of the northern.plains.~ J _From.the outset the problem of communication with the new state on the Pacific Coast received careful study and consideration from the government. , Exploring expeditions mapped and surveyed various routes, lund the relative advantages and disadvantages of northern and southern .Ffioutes were argued in Congress, becoming somewhat of a "political foot- hiifllr during the course of the arguments. By the Spring of 1851, how- firwer, serious_attempts had been.made to provide for regular mail and Comioation service. Overthe southern route a road, of sorts, was Qoqpleted seven years later, in the fall of 1858. Dania Butterfield's Stages made trips between St. Louis and San Francisco on regular sched- ‘lles, taking usually between three and four weeks for the trip.3 An elaborate organization maintained relay stations for frequent changes of draught, animals and to enable travelers to get a very small amount ‘1 n1-ng'xw:'m- .7' J .1 n‘f’- 0"wf2.wrwf..” 3?1 Si .nwc a1} :ltfu" C - C 6:1 :LR .'x 22. ‘1‘, (.3 ”’i 3.-. “W. I L; 01.13:}. ~19“. ”“3 . "3:3 1 l" L .I' .‘t l.» fiffa $183. ' L ”3- .f 31; i 03‘ :3:-;.“"i’. a a ‘33 finzfi n :{EXB :JJ'I‘J'VI a.ruzwuxr";a :y ii on 2 ”T .::i°;x a d (J Jecwhc" m 1913:? 0* 8;:05 arg‘tsii ;d3 smnY itch JIJTLE 52:513‘ Jarr;viz;s a'ki CEAYtH (,T Eexi gr! .¢,1~i sevi ?9 111 .C fink: (L58 (:3 3,3 .’n*.uaw agswfr new (a;ifi: \o if cf 33 intisb or“ .53119 n fiJTCH n' ' I, 7-""v.‘ Yul-- ..' l‘ ' | ~ M ' ." o -9 r- .- .r s ‘ 0‘ e " ‘. .0 ‘ u n.1nL-Q mtzi L3 as» Jsargn u JEJ 3:9{3 maul +11. , '— .‘ '_ y ..' -.v~ . _ l h;_;. main-21 ma coe.snns. fire LLJ diL“d .e, flfivwaau salad aha; ne‘séa A , r . . . . , - ‘u .- ~ — .‘u .‘ ,‘.. . . I . .-, I ' '-, .L ..' -.' I ' ' ’ Ln .Qm73 :54 is. c.39w :.«i ,ns 931:; neswu d x_£5gau nn.£LJ .asiu I '- ' .-’ ‘ n" :" ’-"'\ F! r"\ 7" ‘ . y, \'-+Vv'r »w\.- v .v 4...! u; . . 1U; (..‘- .L-J—Js-U‘c. Xi'an“? .. DvJLJJJu {1,3..hfli l!( .fuk':..l..1£2_‘ {F 93b 1".” l.’-._,_’_‘ ,{r ’v ' 7 !' '-- I. ' ", r " -L f. f r ' "' s"'- s‘ M "\ . ‘ ' ‘ ' “ 3.4 ' ' . ‘4 jaws s Lnéng Emu. L J,- Lu c--rc.sz. aidnau 03 can alanine uh tszn do of rest. A few scattered military posts reduced, but by no means eliminated the ever-pressing danger from hostile Indians and scarcely less dangerous bandits.— Raphael Pumpelly, an internationally famous mining engineer of the period, who traveled extensively in the new territories of the south- west has left a picture of travel by the stagecoach that makes it clear that it was not a luxurious means of travel and was not a method by which weahlings could reach the Far W’est.L The problem.of rapid transmission of urgent communications was still unsolved. Important news was weeks old by the time it reached the California newSpapers, and government communications were habitually sent by the roundabout way of Panama. To solve this problem, in the summer of 1860 the firm of Russel, Majors and Weddell instituted the Po y Express—-a means of communication that has since captivated the imagination of historians and romancers, and has become almost synony- mous with the wild West. Starting, initially at St. Jbseph, Missouri, with a western terminal at Placerville, California, relays of riders gallopsd'from.atation to station. The service was expensive, and, like the emigrant trains, was subject to interruption by blizzards and Indian raids, but was still the quickest means of sending important messages ‘that‘had been devised.' The news of Lincoln's election was sent by tele- graph to St. JOseph, and from there to Fort Churchill, Nevada by gal- lopers, in eight days, although.the usual time for the run appears to have been about twelve days.5 “In the twelve‘years following upon the discovery of gold a large papulation migrated from.the eastern states and from.Europe over the ten- v . - _ ' V'. . ‘1' " ' _' L. . _ _ 7. ' . . . . , r0 \J \ Iv“ v _. -) \’ ‘ : ~ . rr _ I ‘ ‘- r._ .‘ ' ~o .. A y: .s 1‘ « . s. or - turf: .- y 3 ~.. \‘V‘. 17 4" .~" -4 .-‘:s); -.n. o n ' 4 ..L '. ‘1 ‘4 an > \ a . a- 4 j -—' , .5. kn . .’ .A i- -f D ..‘ J.“ l u r, -§ . . n g. 11 .Jill" l o . .i — .~ - . o < . - .- , . . - l! ~\ J .w .. -. > . n . ...; Ip‘ I. “L, . :. - .‘ ., f‘ - r »'r I. T a J ‘..’_1 ' 5.. \ ,i . ~ -.-.vJLT( .L\. ..‘-i i--..\‘L.{ {I 1 ’ “‘.I ‘L~i.=‘-'-' ' ‘. ‘ F:0 c, ' _? \, $- .- v if ~r~ 4", r. -\r~' - ‘ '7 .n- . I . 3‘1: .u-. . tee a J an hunJKl 3‘23 L is L. 'In ,Jcl-e s: ‘3 ‘- \ - (- r «- -, u . --L - «4-.- L~ I" - E ... \I r u: ,th n '\ ~ ..q n“J LA -axf'u “ an d i, e u 3- e=r Ju“m , r . )7? .J L[‘-. ..’n': .L'I‘CCr £523 .1»: it s? .53.)... 'C.‘ i I'i---}.:-v-o. B gCJ)’ " 31' +151 p - . . V" r'A .9 . _r . . .-. — ' .Jauh axe 9&u 23:31 in £0 at" Lisow -.. .. ,. . ‘_, . n. ' ', . .7 .- '.. - . 'rn ; ‘._..f .. mi; um "i , it “knit-1.....“;P’f‘fli in __E‘."; _t= I'XSIJC'IIT, 51F”; ' ... ' - - ' .7 - , -“. _.,\y r. \ c w_- . .‘ -k ’- -~ ' e 0_- -;~ . .. ... F '3‘ J.» at; ..':- 3 3.83 a", v-J- (111;? \|, I"; "In "JBJE‘II fia.b\a1“"\;‘-1I ILJQV ‘L 'L-CAJ l-LIU . . ’-'3"T ':‘_ , a, ..'..I‘ {.'Y:: .. .r‘ in: . ‘TV‘ .‘r. " '2' '. _.. ...q ‘. '3 5"Q .4..- , __ 15% till: .Lt — .~ L.-‘-,!.._ .L J Juli la, I ...~ .-I..LJ , a ‘..“‘-. " ' .t.., .. ,. . ., ' F... . ..' .~'.'. . .xe_cuuc SJAJ u¢i(3 LT .axedei in mew 3N:-5W~Vfi1 91¢ vi the“ . _-' x - ’ P ' v‘ gqlicn; iithSa Len emu £1 .1 sewn in me?“ 431 ”09 ~ Weir's ..- .i ,. ' -L .' -- ._...‘ a -.., " * .quxjgss be: r Cpfi can: naturirnum (o .5 “Page s-«cne-qxn XUCQ ‘ f ‘ A " v '1 ~ . ‘ ‘ .' “ -\. ‘ . . C r.‘ ' .‘ P '\ :"-‘~ .4 " +3” an ethane auJ hps (aneuflsmci has anb£"C38'd *u nr urz. Ski .m_vuzh .i: is giieiitnl nniimscn .Jeew riifl an: nsjw c.cfi ;u 3 slow .BintciiisD ,eiiiwieonii is lenlzie: ntndciw s finrw {effzuw«iaa emu: sor.¢x,e snfi‘ .ncjxisge fd'rtytissa :wrri he¢r11257 3,1e slid an n IfULZTfigfi oi is jgua sew ,rninti inezgime so: ,. ..- , J. "a r 1". -rr 1". ".-'-..’ 7.....'.--'. “:Ju az'w {1' {or-9.13:; .5 film/91,! 1...]. f} hing)” 5’01. .33 .-I.~."‘.‘.D [11‘3” UfJJ 35’...)- . UV :- r ”j: ‘. ,.' ..s. . ., R ._ ....”r‘- " , ‘ ,. ,- n-w .. -' ;;"l Q 'Li-L.[J.'. 1 1.:3 U?‘ DI Lu 3“';3‘i\.r ..IK."A.I. this '_ .1fiaq8- L1 00’. I j l'r‘stf‘f‘ .\r»-" "..' .-..-' - ..,.. - ". . ,- - ' .. . '—- r. -.A_ J~.(.'- .. . »C.'I‘,_'»_"..4§3 h, 1!. {.'l'rf '21-." _-'. 17‘ .....J1 1):: CI“ 1,113. .f{,_t‘.f..(.'d-.T.E~G -A 36-1431 IJ.:_" -' {A {1’} Q ET‘VJf I ah evlsw; Juoen naafi awed , _- ._ . - . ' L . - r - ‘ 4- \,'-'~ I l" “he“ ’-LJ.L-‘ E‘IAJ U1 .U , 1‘) u' .LLK - 8.i~89f‘ 94£"Wu t div fl - - - ' ., ‘ . . ... .- - , - -» -. a. .L - ". , ‘ .~ . '. - '- " .. i 9 EH J". “no cut.Jd 17: a“; ”L- . 2i 'vafi U HrlJfinll'q uous routes which have been described. In California, from a few thousand Hispanic Californians, with a mere handful of American settlers, the p0p- ulation climbed until the census of 1860 indicated that there were almost 380,000 people in the state. The population included representatives from every one of the older states, and from most of the countries of Europe and Asia, as well. It is impossible at this date to say what pr0portion came from the North or the South, but it would appear that the two divergent sections of the country'were represented in California in about the same proportions as their respective populations. The people of California reflected the political prejudices and aspirations of their native sections of the country, but it is clear that to most of them politics was distinctly O secondary to making a fortune, or at least to making a living. The new state constitution, approved by Congress in 1850, forbade slavery, and was adopted without any noteworthy opposition.within the state. But one peculiar fact soon emerged. The Democratic Party easily enahmed control over the state, and practically all of the elective and appointive political offices were filled, from the start, by men of Southern origin or of Southern sympathies. Any detailed consideration <>f'the reasons for this fact are beyond the scope of this paper, except to point out the influence and power, from the outset, of one indivi- t chual. ; The first senator to represent the new state in Washington was ‘ william.M.cKendree Gwinn. 'fie was born in Tennessee, studied medicine at {Eransylvania University, but had abandoned the practice of medicine for 'Uhe more glamorous practice of politics. He had been a member of the I V O r. _ A. '7' . . _“ .__ . c . ,r.‘ . 7. ,4 , .- . ‘Va a». .\ * ' .7 .-’ a? r . p a 'UL“. _. .'._r-4-.,JJ FL.) -"J . “i“; A. .J-! -1" Gw‘u: ( L LIVLL :vJ.J ... — j-‘it u-‘ AA\I s v. ‘ ~.IR~I I o — ( ~ ol-¢J\ s d.- ‘ nu‘" 30 .~ : I I ‘ l| r _ '- -L ' , c rr ’V 1 ' ‘ k -‘n J. l ‘J‘ II: 1” -3” 4 J . 11“; L23 .u--J Llr—LUJ‘JA) 1:13az‘yxngm mansion; n (Cnlgiqawq =3"? . r _I'_ ', . I h, .,. r ‘: .I\ . - h \ 'c-c' -v r to vfiJ .u 3fl‘u nti. has .cadsta ZflUl ('2 v ,. ,-.L .L. -.' . r r.. ' it"gxgt,u 9.3; 81.“? is sioj‘e 3;: a: 31 Jeni lfiwtuu fiizow 3i dud ,dJMua add 10 etuuciiIeS n1 hoineesiqsi 919w {tin so .qteq an? .acolisiwqoq svltseqaai atom: to anc?iszlqss Ens ssorbr-ern izoiriivq Jean 03 Jedi 15913 33 Jl Jifi ‘EfijfloOD aesai on re ,snndioi s rniflat od gunhccooa I “ncS E" sevoqun ‘urxoodifu in 93338 idiiw soldieoqoc fiflfidCWSJOH (no 3.tnilw bs¢,cbe sew .hozrene ncoa dos; astfzsel sac :gfi — .‘L“In‘ \~.- " I .-‘ ’ “v Q sszcaeig buL , .23 a an s‘c Ioid n09 Lamina 7.. r r an -.. n. (434.411 9'1:sz 231.1 "1 L1- ‘JSEJIRG sdj'nxri: C [-3. I‘JILLH 9‘lumi ((11.53 dieinga misdisoa to 10 static nioddyca 10190 ems 3581 8153 to: encased add lo (ESWOQ has we owl Jr and duo in; q C3 .isub jflSBSIQdi L3 iOJsfisa $811? SdT ‘ magi sew 9H .umiwfi setnnoXuM msiiil} Teutnnrse hen doc tvfiiawsvrnU ninsvfw:ns~T r-uo :o omisscst 310107311 31cm and 'House of Representatives from.Mississippi, had been United States Marshal for the Mississippi District and had held various political offices in .fiississippi and Louisiana. Migrating to California in 18h9, he had been prominent in the convention which framed the state constitution, and was elected senator by the new'ldgdslature, even before the state was formally admitted to the Dnion. From then until the outbreak of the Civil War he was the one constant factor in the California political situation. All federal patronage was in his hands, and his voice and his vote in the Senate were consistently on the side of the South.6 None but Democrats ever held the office of Governor, the legis- lature wasconsistently Democratic in majority, and only Democrats repre- sented California in the Senate and House of Representatives. Although the new state was a free state, the Southern element in Congress soon found that they could count on the vote and support of the Californians 'in all controversial issues.7. While this did not at all reflect the true feeling of the state, the voters were so far distant from.the political centers and so busy washing gold from the gravels and so busy establish- ing farms and ranches that they were more than willing to leave politics to Gwinn and his group (gang would probably be a more accurate expression). wWith such a pro-slavery group dominating the political scene, and With two-fifths of the electors_of Southern birth, it was widely believed that in case of a national rift, California would secede, and either side with theSouth, or establish a "Pacific Republic" and maintain a benevo- lent neutrality toward the South. The danger and probability of this event occurring will be discussed in the next chapter. Since, however, California adhered firmly to the Union, any consid- ,2 ' ’ N '4. .’ . . . . f , . ' ' ‘ a ‘- .w _ v, , V r ‘ .. a _'r~-\ - - ._ '3 v a~ ; .~ . v ( '1’ u r r ' " r gavel’ji a... ,l_.(,.\¢' ‘Jliu '...Lu u ~".\.~i D~.:\r-‘J J ...LJaJK-‘nJl 1 J. v \.' .fk .. u-LJ J (11.1.” i.:.i.fb\ .‘J .. .. . ', " ',,.. . . .-.; r. 3 r - . M :.r I. . ' ‘ij ”J 1}}Au' sI“:1.L3J JiL—(Ji 3J-AJ\."‘-' Caxlelo'x L. 1'1. :1) {IL’LSI tr). 8 -‘ o r ‘ * ~‘ Iv -- , 2 u. ' ‘v-l I r‘ '-'- r -— r .i ‘ l. -3 u n U n31:::jL-‘~ l J4n\ L-aL Afr \J 05'» V' ..r- o- 4'- - Jinn? 1: ~-L‘—d ‘1 C ;.‘ .zr.‘ . -- in (I ..J,\_ S ,,- ... M ‘_ M- ..‘. .' . .~ .N ._v :1; m I... -.' Li. a J. . :3 l. .-.an' '_.' A c a.‘ .«_ 1. .:.,r 7 1 r1; .: 1h I.J. :1 :5q ..3- -‘* r ”r 3 "A 4' . ..n " x .'c ~4- :1.) b )i. all ~ N “a LA t I. x! H‘ ...-..-1 A a c1 sail J o \‘lvlJv. ‘ V. '7‘ ' ’ - l - 'J F V‘ ‘ . u I‘ L: '~ . , ." '. ' ‘ D :21“! 1.9.0 {1:25. have and UL k r.’ 00:34 at. HALL‘LJA/em 1:113 {Him 'r‘ “ 'V “ v ‘3 -‘ r ‘ '\ 2 . F .'fl r"’ ’ r ~ ." 0' ' A t" ‘ ." I ,' £1...)qu (1‘ {SJ 1. llLIwc.‘fJ Danak tl-LJ'\. .L(.> (3 34:4.“ L E3113) 1.4%"; L 14...: Jf‘J'sa SAFAT -. v~i -. ~-‘ . ..-- .r- -'\ l " J .e.s1mn lU adefteu in: mi JlJQZS sjsuuns.nto 1w-sl»t , —— . , ' — p . . o P‘ v' ' ' r \ .‘- . ' . . LS‘L‘L 2213.! In“ 553.313-: LL}. {"1 Dim»- :J‘Jm'l 'L:[\-"N asfivclE‘vJ'la was 7 r,.'.-.' (..' “ti,” ‘ r ...l ... ti... .'L Q . sfvnu nainw 3;9. s ,n il- and .c Jan “(load and :u some (1'. ‘5 a- ‘4 . , . .r“ .. r~ :,_-::. ,. a '-L .. - ._ : , -'1. ,. run Nb Ghlud add lo :dua dds on“ a: ens-.9 nnx(iu1u 8 b4 jesct Jain and ZBDpflCDSZ a: inst"--fiza guts as is not: ~lTHJJH mead ossd bi cw dad: flees s h Jusesdq evsd blycw .- r' .r'..- ' 51 sizallsvs sci f7 0 he I: (D {I q. v.3 O (‘6 14 0 .4 Z I P (0 .aasd as: at sesact nine sisvsia at? add 1*eszi a; vine ”£192 Bfirf3519MJE AC9 swsa 92~nw 3 . 'fi' 5! 1 4L C‘d-‘.’§)\JI4 8 c— . ..‘ V . . a" ,‘ fa'. ' Ari“ J. ‘v . :led'Z,‘fiVui,3 3.3 +CJ-JLIA') Li“ C““ 9835‘?! $519114 {'1~ ‘E-kllu‘ ux“fl .C.‘ 10 [It ;1 drinw ” naulaD n3 1' 6 clips act? axons? uwo Jsdw (J an: '. '3 .. , j ’ f'., . '.\ 1 _ -.‘I . . ,. .. ' ~r,'. 1.2 B £1220; I)" *q UVLI; DJ-: 1"" LEI-4 ‘SU'IL'L UaI‘JZQ‘LszLIXCO fl 1):)! \)3 aIBJGHEIS 9d? .n<:3pioa “noted decals asicciq tififiiifi - ” " ‘. . 1 r -' v 1‘ '— c ~| - .l ' ’. .'- " ' ~ P a ‘ . \ - , r ' I f. , J 3i». .3 Chi ”bi-J :73} {MIL J‘s: I '10 y f..:. 1. 1! ..u) E‘IC-I‘Ngfii' 3‘.‘ IL.‘ 1. .6 l0 . ‘ .. ' ~‘ ' ' O ‘ . a -r g ' ‘ ‘ " '” " "I .. ' ' 'L ‘ 1" 0' ' .-—‘ . 4 ‘ u ’ Sin-'3 J2 («.113 1C" bcl'il .‘3 111.93 .-u '13..'.'11{3'.v 9111' o ‘~;'..chf!3';1li . 'u. ‘ v~. ~ ' ‘v -\ .‘ A v -<"-r- P, f . w, --.’ ~' “' . ' - . \ - - . r , ' 0 £5 do 35” 3.3.A19ba, an: H;HW sari 3 J3 .dfilfifiln vhj has Q L... . '\ C+ I] H. n ‘01 L.- r; U) L” f" 1 .. h p. .0 ( (a 3‘. C (- (.1 I.) I 6 FA- 4. 0 <4 6 ' \ (4. impossible. Considering all of this, it is not unreasonable to suppose that the forces which occupied and held the Southwest, standing between the Confederacy and any hope of reaching the Pacific, actually made a material contribution to final Union victory. Indeed, it may not be an exaggera- tion to say that the successful reconquest of Arizona and the subsequent occupation of New Mexico and Arizona may have been the fine division be- tween the surrender of Lee at Appomattox and the dissolution of the Union. It is the writer's hope to show the detailed planning, the laborious prep- aration and the rigid execution by which this was achieved. .‘5" ‘Joi'v rtc-itaU Isn't" (.1 misfxdi‘miav , -. . .. 5 q -- v; ..r ,1 c 3,: .d was {..‘13 "CD.JT::."3.‘L;(.J \J wlaassnrs 91. 3333 gas 0* arid ' *» 3‘~-~ -.n.'~ n.' 'y' "n »'.‘-~—-. « ..a.‘. 4..“ LSD V~~.L... .3-! W3 ; A" ff. l ilk LDL‘. 38 89.1 ".C‘ 'Ii‘éb.";3'.'-"' ‘r: in") (1??an NOTES - CHAPTER I. 1. John Haskell Kemble, "The Panama Route to the Pacific Coast," The Pacific Historical Review, VIII (1938), pp. 1 - 13. 2. The exhibits in the museum of the Fort Laramie National Monument include a considerable number of arrow heads fashioned from iron taken from wagon tires. Personally noted by the writer of this paper in the summer of 1952. 3. Rufus Wyllys, Arizona, A History of a Frontier State, (Phoenix, Arizona, 1950), p. 125. h. Raphael Pumpelly, Across America and Asia, (New York, 1871), pp. 1 - 7. 5. Arthur Chapman, The Pony Express, (New York, l9h2), passim. 6. There appears to be no authoritative biography of Senator William .MCKendree Gwinn. The main facts of his life are given in Harper's En- ggglopaedia of Americangfiistory (New York,l905). His personal remin- iscences were published serially in the California Historical Society Quarterly in 19nd. His power and invluence in California are demonstrated illiflijah R. Kennedy's The Contest for California in 1861 (New York, 1912) and his favor with the Southerners in the Senate stands out in Mrs. ‘Virginia clay-glopton‘s memoirs, A Belle of the Fifties (New York, lgou). It appears beyond-doubt that Gwinn was devoted to the interests of his adopted state, but even more devoted to his own political career and to the South. l ' ..- I _. 4 r .7- 1 ’9' 4 Tw- 0L1. ”.ZfiCIZEUCLJ 25; u-, .2 sisja ,3 eifii:.a. i 51 it up” ii 23 phi Evde hxtdneo s 33c“;fi a; 1 rinuz fir? 3923 " gash 1221 new fi"933 Jun 10 menafifiw {lovi:;;.q c6 .5 r; c n.9d and dud no 1““ 3.; TC .iléi 11 acan eJd mun? vhvsea -1::un un° hazins Lb 119V {Ljnpioi nae 915w aisle edd n} amealfiisgnua mvc7ej. .nc ”J an: is a:aa“§Jat and CJ trend: last 3 SJUJFJJA 3 OJ realm :‘n 3.1;” on: in .fifiJLWUH .ngyz :miflr at 1331 919w an ‘.sh 92.; ion To c: Hid ELIZ£:.fi0JC ens .u aides axw firing and Jnfld hovuilufi 3313 add 30 .§_ FiLuLSCE excites 115d: nievr; has ancialoeb tied: Sign LCH*LE as sin ea A: 3:33 aernoibnl eijsiisvs at an svhsbivs doua 9L3 ‘sczv; ovxd dngim sjsfia and EC eadsjebs“nuL-(mq ed: Jedi viliidtaaoq a: chajfs 8.0I198 s sham to .silcuqad oldies? sistsqsa s 20 acidsmmoi a“: d'vw n\; enpgnco RI ansnzenjuch 953 “t phiotuqu as Jedi 1c {03 Ch ‘ I' Lu q ‘0 O V ' '7 -r ' n"- I I :- ~ I '\ "w .-~r.- 6" r '\ ' r T“n'q is:IJ.loq lie .ecnaae-ia s eased end , ... ‘. " ‘ o. .a ' I_ I ‘ ... 1’, ed as JQLCD cu csw emeni has .Jnln; v nits aid bedCnge iisarifi HEWQ modsnofi Jedi Juwch .. . . . _ .. I r. ’ 1 I .. - a. r ‘ 0 n" 0 ~ ' : mien: Lekusq vifin-oumo .n.J mixes" a; ,9 xv ciH c.w wr?~°«cna " awcc and "0 r=r° on e' “I 'J \4v-‘ .3\ . [U '\J\) ‘ J‘s. . CH .1. \.(,4 {403 a. V “, K» ..‘ r .v e, - ”Q .3 ~' r P:_ ‘. z ’ . '- r 1' -‘ ': leqzaiunq La“ deltas .n thb I DTBJ‘o u\vi as r J» ' f. ‘4 . _ 0 - o r-r ' se' ease n1 .slilu hx- 31.1351 4ynxyaa s to I '* "o ‘ ' .~ ... - — ‘I - l‘ . r 1“ - .- snl 31 ’GF tenant n-34uvvh 34' .m Cliuuq23d ! '3 8 13 j‘ ’94" v‘r‘ -F ’.o ‘t .‘I‘ V“ “ I F‘ .“ "‘ 3 7‘" ’ "1'1 ‘3 avg: atltLJ J.+IIA 1L.\/ a. K. 0‘ H1. £, 3.. Al-LA'.- 11 I»\ *Idfll L‘f CinsqaiH avidna o o'soso 95s 1:- .eioded -0 Rafixd adj at 8.81»! ..p.) .,U u NP- ‘afi sfii susdw SfifidT iejqnbs "" 3:13 blofieaipd h ¢b~em (ado O A by‘ i ed 1 3A .bevieoem LN Ucidsmxol eii bejsoovfis ‘33 \d 31198 emew acinU i9vt353xoa“1rsfi o eayrH ll speech to the same effect.2 Nevertheless, within a few days after the news of Fort Sumter became known on the Pacific Coast, it became apparent that the majority of Californians had little sympathy for the Southern cause. There were mass meetings of loyal citizens, and on May 17, 1861, the Legislature passed JOint Resolution No. XVIII, affirming the State‘s loyalty to the union and announcing its readiness to respond to any requisition that might be made for the defense of the Republic.3 But the resolution was not passed without bitter and outspoken Opposition by Assemblyman Dan Showalter, of Mariposa, and other Gwinn supporters. Although the.secessionist element were clearly outnumbered, they war. not devoid of hope. It was believed by many that the Unionists were toe.intent upon their own'interests to do more than render lip service to the Federal cause. In many places,.particularly in South- Crn California, there were sporadic displays of the Grizzly Bear flag Ind the Confederate f1ag.h‘ Certain.newspapers were outspoken in their denunciations of the President and the Government in editorials as vitriolic as any published south of the Mason and Dixon Line. A prom- inent‘clergyman in San Francisco publically prayed for the President of the Confederacy, and it was known that the Knights of the Golden Circle were organised and active-. Loyal officials had plenty of reason for anxiety? ,- ‘ -. In addition, the Commanding General of the Military Department of the Pacific,‘and in direct control of thelslender United States forces Onwfihe Pacific Coast, was a well known Southerner, Brevet Brigadier General.Alhort:SidneyzJohnston. ~He arrived at San Francisco and assumed .Jfi)-19 3:22 543 03 df39;° .-.' . I f‘ --.-. '.Q "-~. nv‘r .‘ if can-Le“ - ."r‘r V (fl ' "1' -'f:*‘ A’ " -"({-"" 'r' l- t; .m o .. . it, awo'fl ..‘i . fun -8 d 1.931} :. .H 1..u.t..w , :;;.'._-’_Lf1. u .-::‘\/.3VI . v ’ 4 ‘0 l ' '1' ‘ "r 'P ".‘ -.‘ I ' ' 'r ' Ir " h, . 1):] 3-” 3:3..3 '1‘ ' -.L 2.. 9.12:" 5d at {jaw J Lu it - 9 :3 no mm. {1.1 :1!“ . :1.) r' v‘ V I ’I . '\ " e ' .-‘ - . r ' . I p . '— 4 .< o . '- - ~ ' ' ap.-s“ar nI-ic: ..- l .\ ' "it in 321° .JPJLlo :3 Lflfili:-f) e‘uiéxwoo earn ~ « J - -, f . J r. ' . ‘ p' ' 1 v-L’ ‘ r! r' I .- ~r ’ c' - T. ’- t!“ - f I- . , f l' , _ a on“ o: mJLLLLL a silos and ,riutftro .ilI.x .ah 1(13.lvo34 JnIob noses“ ‘1', q | r :- .'- r ‘ -r¢ r T F ‘, {.0 -_\r ' 4- r :.\"'V ;- - .m‘hor ‘( hf i-r‘ "y my“ t‘. 2 I- U u I. w n. .i.\JJ.L a. . ‘1 v i4 VI ' f. \ ¢ 1 ~ r1.. "- '. 'oJ-f . €3.4- ._,-1n~-‘I1‘ (snlcx. .LHIJ {trim E ' - — 1‘. . ' —. - :4. ' . , . r: ' : ,‘ ' ’ -, t.. ‘3' 1.1 i .1) .U "“"I -‘1. f :LJLJ . 3-1-. ' "“ " ‘3f;o .L.‘ ‘3:;f-‘.'l ”H‘. :HJJ' 'IC . 9w . F 9L? JIIT‘I- . - ..." ,. —.., —: ‘ . ..- A, ' +'» -,.. - ,. -r i ,. ' _ - . L-’ ran - . - , libs tilinulh. _'::.t._x 5d fixtldllkx (1»l [1941L.C3c3\:,l( .A'E Trifltl JUCHU W biiaadh' J’. [I anaiaqq a nhiwn fiadSC CHIS .sawqitmu EC ,193L8W0fi8 god; ,hglantrx,uo (Eigglu 3:5w run (is deinoisaezea efii dgioddifi u:::ncimu Inc Jan: gong to bevelled asw SI .sqwd 30 bitw» b Jan snow 91; 13*nsi anti smom ob 03 ads: Ioéni TWO 11'sni acq; Jae int 303 919w -no u: of ”Casiwoiitfiq toast“ 7 than nI .earso lemons? odd oi nfivwoa 7:19 mart gissimf sit i; easiqajb closmcqs 913w SEDEJ .sruzmoEILsO nus fifozj hi nsflvna::0 915w atnquhwei n_Es+“9D A .zsi" hiscaho a God? has as aisiuoiibs n1 insmnusvcn end has Jash‘asml on: in auoldsionmnsb ~m:1r A W: J noxIG has final. em to diuoa beneficuq {as as oil iijiv an: moi begszn glisoilfitq asaionszfi no? mi snuvrmelo Juan: nxhlcO on: 10 83L;11fl odd dens nwnhfi saw it fine .mosfieho"nr0 ad: 30 :3 f \ C: C" Lu D 3. t. f‘ 'V C H .... J 'W ..‘.- C F .1. 0} L h ( 5 .4"0 owed .sviios has basins T? 313w 913110 a C .V'srxns 13L ‘uirius-gfi Vinjiiji as; is ££”wfi33 nhltx 300 add not tibbs GI v ( lav safari asfsfz oeoinfi “ as i;o;3 Io lozdnr- :oomib n: has (Gilles? 94+ to toihx*;ufl Javsws .tuanvata nwrnx i; ow s new {33303 oi‘io fl ed: an o stxaas has FCBJSiSIE asC is hevrmts 9H nItL VenuLP dmsdlA ismsnsa P... Ea ‘z. 12 command of the Department on January 15, 1861, well after the secession nmvement was under way in the eastern states, and before the new adminis- tration had been inaugurated.6 His assignment to this important post was widely believed.to be a step in a deep plot by Floyd, the pro-Southern Secretary of War, to place secessionist sympathizers in positions in the ndlitary forces, where they would be able to do the Southern cause the nmst good. By the time Lincoln was inaugurated, the Government had al- ready had an object lesson in what could happen in such a case, in the infamous surrender by General David Twiggs, of all of the troops, posts and equipment in the Department of Texas. The new administration lost no time in making provision for thnston's replacement by a northern-born officer of undoubted loyalty, Brevet Brigadier General Edwin Vose Sumner.7 As a matter of fact, Johnston was a man of unimpeachable honor, and far from.planning to turn his command over to the secessionists, had taken prompt steps, after his arrival, to assure that the forces in the Ikpartment of the Pacific would get be surrendered. He had immediately reinforced the garrison at San Francisco, and his orders to the command- ing officer at Alcatraz Island were positive and unmistakeable. "He (General Johnston). . .expects and orders you to maintain your post and defend Alcatraz Island against all efforts to seize it, from whatever direction such efforts may be made."8 Close friends of northern sympa- thies have recorded that Johnston was deeply hurt at the evidence of lack of trust by the Government, and there must remain in the mind of the historian the possibility that he might have remained loyal had he not been summarily relieved of his command.9 :7; 2 an.) "is-.12 L' 11.93%} ,lw .1. . "'1 affix-11.11% I1": JfitatT'J'1.5.-;-_xi 7.3[13 .0 ."-r‘..'.="'r.1Cfi ,3 - ' . . .. ,. .1 -. .." . -. .-. . -' $- .. . .. .'. . .. -, . -. ~a;LimWL drfl and 915 an DUE {aauiua nuaJcsa an ii an new WJqu was 3n3 975m fiv ' -Lv~ -' - ~-' \ 4*“ ;- r1 .-r\' 1‘ ‘- +V‘1g-M‘fi‘v ' 3'1 . 1.1 O. I " " IV IV" ' 'I ' " r .'I' I (' a. ' + -'<’ ¢ 0.33. d .. L: 3;}.1u)...--3L1:"..L all": Lu‘ sa-Jl-’--l: £905 8.1. J'. '13.. Li , Jeni [19. .3 f'..:.(. “(219sz yrre - .- _ ‘. . ' .. .. ' .v 'I —.-~. r . ."r - . 1 ‘. ~. n ’OJHUQ'M13 an? .czmiz vs dci qaao s r: ane b :. oi Lavarisr * n.1w pad I a.q n2 caesiudauriva ie‘usiu7“‘9“ scale CJ .IsF 1c gasdausad LdJ uaxsc 31:33 «a as: an L: side 96 ti;ew Ken: etenw .399101 IlBJILI“ -13 be: :flz’HIGUFO 9M3 pheasmuynevt 35w n1 sail 9L1: edi {3 .bccr Jain '39 5 here at flagged hisu: tsfw ni uceaai inside he had {3' an: era .cg.ctJ 933 To lie :2 .a~:'wT bivsfi isaaneD {a not"ea"ra aromstnl o in xdasqafl and mi dnemqirpe ins 3v} naijivouu fniinm n3 9.13 on Jacl ncIJBIJ at Lijnfsw wwn aflT ,firiegci osjqwchnh to 29:3 to Hard-naeuimcn s to daswessiqsi a'ncdcaan \- \1 . 'rf‘ O? —. ‘.tenwnd eacV uiwna isinnafl asiungiua davaad 1 err-‘1 t' W‘lr' ’p'. y- ‘: , A-fln , .V~ I , 'u‘ :‘T ,3. " ”‘6 t W o ' ,Icnsn 913nu3ieciind -c sea a wa 3.3ann u .tse- 1o 18338m s as can .aixincieaeuea and c: anxo 3n3~339 sin mini 03 sniansiq mom: 951 has eff ni 39939cuc mist .33 ., fl, -.. ‘. ,-..-. - 3.. .. 4 V. ' fin .eius k3.,ai-m» .ns atluracq Stew LALlaI sexisulA as as. m' I? O ‘3 r-v- - . L -\ 3 " Ru" .3 3" r s I 3 - .— 0' r- -." Lu 5 .7 I. r I "J .. is" Mifm'. OJ‘ 3.!ng c. LEE/1C .IL‘SE.’ dd‘LJ-CTXS) . . . \£.e=3'4..ildf.L L8 i'lflLm 3>v~3ver ngE {ii 93:93 C: e 10 ?9 lie centers shasial enuresis b.9295 ~squga flfififij13fl to ataeiti eaciD U".9bau 3c vnm adxalta dents uriioazib 1C sunsnive 3a.? is .ILd “1.9" saw no: nnCL Jan: behmoc=t vsd said: to trim 933 .i flfififii fawn sijni has .Jflfimfifi V30 933 {d HUTJ to final ed hsfi legal benismew Sxflfi 333:3 an tend viiI:CEceoq 9n: nsiaoicid as: f‘ . 1 /& .bnsxnis aid 10 bsvailei 'iiasmnoa need ion General Sumner arrived at San Francisco on April 2h, 1361, having left EeW'York secretly. He assumed cornand of the Department immtdiately, and in his initial report to The Adjutant Ceieral, two days later, he paid tribute to the excellent condition in which General Johnston had turned over the command. His report indicated that he considered that the secessionist threat in California was serious enough to require care, but that it could be met by prompt and vigorous action.10 The orders issued by his command during the next few weeks started the concentrr- tion of the scanty forces at his diSposal at points where subversive elenents were most likely to be active. He hinted, rather broadly, to The Adjutant General that he himself would be more useful to the Govern- ment in the East, where there was more action than was likely on the Pacific Coast.ll He issued positive orders requiring the immediate dis- charge of any disloyal civilian employees, and sternly directed that Government property would never be surrendered to rebels.12 In the South there was strong hope that California might fall into the hands of the Confederacy. A little later in the year Lieu— tenant Colonel John R. Baylor, who commanded the first Confederate troops to invade New Fexico reported, "A party of citizens from Calif- ornia, who have joined my forces, reported great excitement in Calif- ornia."l3 A few days later, November 2, 1861, he reported positively, "California is on the eve of a revolution." The resolution of the Legislature made it certain that California “muld not formally secede from the Union, and the concentration of reg- ular troops at such critical points as San Fre.cisco, Los Angeles, and San Bernardino served to deter any overt acts by secessionist sympathizers. J ... I . I x I I I h‘ .- . } 1 \ . I- | l \ . ‘. ' \ . -‘; ( I \ j. .4 “'T'. (I. [“\ ‘ ... a 'y , -< l i '- ~ I F' l .. _,_ - 1 3 -‘J ' I v, 5 ‘ . . r I - ¢ . . ' J ‘ , I w 3.. 3 C‘ I l A' - Y . . .- .'. I I ’1 - "‘ . —". . - L. L A f ‘ ' I ' 1. q . l ..‘ " ! f 'u - ‘r a a v J . ' " L ‘h L ‘— ’ C '. 3. - .L . . r-- g“ .L x ...a u . J v .1. u r V L- s n ,. r '\ l ‘ - A t - '- ,< v I r o ‘1 ‘ . ..l . v 1 n . o l. . . .. , ‘V . x. C J ‘ h I I ‘ 3 D -‘ 's .' ..' .-I . - u o I 3‘ U ' >4 . a. «A. . . r "H - V l t ' I ! .L, J r A‘ ,3 , ‘y I v} . r' - 1 a . - K - V . I \ .‘ F— , '3 'v‘e "a L. a l J» ’. - 3-; ‘ u ..x'L ..L 9 33. lr‘I' -’s ‘ a F)_\ ; If,‘ .. 3|- .‘t' »v ".l , s .0 F .3‘ .‘- a. :- V ." .." r. f' r n L.) '1 Throughout the war there was, nevertheless, a feeling that there was danger on the West Coast from subversive elements. In March, 1863, the: Commandant of the Mare Island Navy Yard reported the discovery of a plot; to seize and destroy the Yard.1h As near the end of the war as January- 1865, General Grant wrote to Major General Irvin McDowell, who was in command of the Department of the Pacific at that time, that the pre- sence of Senator Gwinn in Sonora, in the service of Maximilian, pos- sibly indicated the existence of a plot for an uprising in and invasion of California.15 And it was as late in the war as 1863 that the amaz- ing affair of the schooner "J. M. Chapman" occurred. One Asbury'Harpend- ing, an avowed Confederate sympathizer, who held a commission as captain in the Confederate Navy, Alfred Robery, a British subject who was said to be a nephew of Jehn Bright, the English anti-slavery leader, and' several others, quietly purchased and fitted out the schooner for a. privateering voyage. Part of the plot was to capture one or more of the Panama mail steamers, and the plotters even h0ped to seize San Fran- cisco and spread the Confederacy to the Coast. As completely insane as the plot appears to be, the privateering part of the scheme was not im- practicable, and if it had not been discovered and nipped in the bud, a tremendous amount of trouble and damage could easily have followed.16 General Sumner, knowing of the existence of a large number of Confederate sympathizers in California, and without a chance to know the depth and determination of the Unionist sentiment, could not afford to take any unnecessary chances. Early in May, 1861, within a few days after his assumption of command, he issued orders for Brevet Major James H. Carleton's company of the lat Dragoons to be transferred immed- LL 3!?! Off I r‘ 7' - -r'- v '* '7 I "' v ' ’ . ’-' l I * r‘ 4" . R ' "‘ a " I I ! - ... '- 'v’ vrvl‘ \ Uvzlaj I I..L~—J‘... L.‘ t 1.-..-.1. .-:JJI9"9¢1 ( (II-"J :‘fitan‘J IL)“, 613 UcIC.‘ ‘JC -‘1 I '.-t ~‘l J- L- -—~ r; -'—r .4 ..‘, A- '- .5. ---" -; _}' .... ,-. a». -, ..‘.i..l.~'.::‘. Iii .ao.".;—~L.€=l:3 3VI~113V~JJ8 AliC‘Il gunk/J $3.23“ 91!: (Ta. '1! “.$L , ., . '_' ' .- . -~ . .. '3 +1 " ‘ .' ' t. Adi wnJ .o ins 34¢ 1593 as *.J7nz :43 wetness one axis: CJ V' 1' “1'... h ..L.-..‘..- .\.-' -._._-..1- -r «I .. 4.. .- .~ _. :L.A :A n;..i isinnna jghfia oi a Law Just“ lazunuD .KJV szJ .omti JanJ 33 siltnad an: to JfitL 3”scol and 9m bfismmoo _. ‘ - l--. '5' :__.'I..-‘- g: ..‘" . ' : r- " ‘ o I"_ .‘v. _ v-, r. ‘ i- (Salli 1;,lsa'as'l JC- PVTL v1.98 9!“: .Il ._ ."’ {THU III £111le '1(.wJ£‘II‘.k. JO SDII‘JE‘. Jul :33 mi t.nfia uqJ us to? Jciq s ;o someJaIy xe sdJ be Jazibnl {idle -°; 5 at: Jsfl! Edfil as 15w e;J mi onL as saw 3: bnA ”*.£Tnuo;i133 10 v. - , ,~ n . I . , . ', . .P:;n;n {was and .remlwosc nsmqaflO .A .L' 1onuodoa on: ?c Tier? gm: airings as aciaainmco s Eian o“w .zssianmwga erIehelucu bevovs as .gni IE' “'3 833W " .1..., re ‘ o O - duh . I": .0 'IC .L .110 S'IZIY‘; -, , ”v ‘ I I v '5‘ ‘ fl}- - '1 J. ..‘)(A ..-‘e 'c; 3 9513 GI: i ‘13f JFK-7‘11 8.9."? 9 p. ‘ F ’:"" Q ‘ LIL".1 31;: w: \u‘ :fiw shaggy“ nuiJififi B ‘t sogfi oom:liA ,vvaV 93b abs nrO ed: at asai {a vsiv—ijns rh.iiIn3 Sii JdIl :8 hurt to ".enqan e 33 03 anemones :flJ Jur beJJIl has based: Iflq midstup .319? do Lemevsa 15 ago amrJqso 03 sew J21; edJ lo 315% .eysvcv pnizeoisvtxq ‘Lsa 03 based cave ausjgniq efiJ has ‘ememsede £13m emsusq add .qsolcvo 3A .323 0 ed: a: vocaobsdnrD edi bsotqa has 09219 ‘4- ' 4‘ 0 fl' 3“ I I. emunga 9! 1 tnimaeisvrmq ed: {so (J aureqqn Join ed: at beqqin bus heuevnoaib used Jon find if 31 has ‘9idsciiosmq .DeNLiiOE even Eifase tires Sffinsb :ns sienna: do anoms auobrn,ami is... ’ - ' ' 'r ‘ " " r'l' u '4. ' "- ." ."I' r \ "' '-vv~ ‘ r ’V e '7' . I. .o liumbfl e is: e lo sonatcixe sea It iflJnPflX ‘19Uauu leashed ma: wgnfl OJ . ' - . vb '«vv ' “-1 r“ ' 2' .f‘ ’- r- ' 1 n. ‘ " 'I ‘ eoneno s 3Jb;u;fi has (siiic.ilza Hi aisaidssumia stxsbexnoO Lo nothnlmmsJeb has d3 ab .‘flr .,,.,‘ ,- ..',..'r . - ' . ’ s nanlw .lxgi (Ind n: tiibx .aoonsno EZBBBDQQUHU {as aarJ >3. -. ~-. I. r- bu ' h» .' v n. "a seufi.* "T- aln._c Sung c ad Qo.‘z.m.a.oo lo negfnluass std 193.3 ~Ierui hsmfiekareij a: :3 8&077£"T Jal Edi i0 ERFQfiCD a 'n’diitsO V 'emfi .fimezmz 32m: .5 33 58a .umg :30 on» mo 955 m5 ”Boom moammc< mom l5 iately from Fort Tejon to the vicinity of Los Angeles.17 Two companies of infantry which had been stationed at Fort Mojave had already been ordered from.that place to Los Angeles, and Captain Winfield Scott Han- cock,‘the Quartermaster at Los Angeles, had been directed to make ar- rangements for the movement. When the assembly was completed, Major Carleton was to command the entire force.18 As in all doubtful and troubled political and military situations, lurid and hysterical information poured in to Department headquarters from well-meaning people: On the third of June, Edwin A. Sherman,“ the editor of the Weekly PatriOt, published at San Bernardino, addressed a letter to General Sumnef, giving a disturbing statement of affairs and conditions at that placei‘ Sherman, who appears to have been a distant relative of‘a Sherman who was destined to become famous in the next four years, informed General Sumner that he had been threatened with violence because of the pro-Union policies of his newspaper.' He stated further that the unionists of the locality were expecting a secessionist uprising at any moment.19 There were probably other items of informtion which did not find their way into the pages of-the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. i(It is a commonplace that many of the mbst interest— ing and important items of military information and intelligence are never committed to paper,'or are destroyed immediately after being read.) General Sumner obvidusly felt that he needed confirmation of the situa- tion by someone whose Judgment he could trust, and.who could evaluate the situation dispassionately and with an experienced military eye. On July 18th, heaccOrdingly‘directed Major Carleton to “proceed immed- DJ { 5... ' v ‘v- }. ... 3 \ ..- ( r H p. ( ,4 ~ + I'v- .) O F. < '1) "3 Q 0 L4. :3 O P) l ‘ l a: 1 in W. - .L-I ’ r. 'r. - fiC-w - '\ ~v 5”. r ,'v ' \v ..‘ r- .-‘ _ r;\r :.' . 3’ . . 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( ”(a .R./.o\~ )\’n9*\*v ~'--r:- A\‘ 'r' r. r ' o ' -\ ‘l" '~r' .Sr' v gin-iseaoae L 4n1350qxs 319w gdrisocl ed: -o ate ixl-InU uni did: deflate? ..'. 1*.3n9mom {no is pniaiiqu 3m bib (Jiliiw zrtia‘sm mini ":0 2.51937: 'isriio ii“; a.- o'cq e'mw S'IQIIT one nciih en: lo abdoosfl 1:19:10 933 to 3% sq ed: odni vsw Tlfidi but? ~dsifinuni scam ed: 30 Efifim Jan: Businncxm.o s 31 JI) .aeinuA sintsbsinoO 8T3 sonsnliiadni has acijs .ritrn" Kassiilm to email Jusddoqal bus gal (. s31 gated 19313 gisssirsm i bozvifsub ems 10 .isqsq c3 headlamps TSVSH ~rzoia and 3‘ ariasnzfixnuo inseam ad Jodi disk xism ivdo TflflLfi3 Isasnsa JJSMIBVQ Lixco cdw fins .32L :3 blues 9d imam ,LJL eacdw ansanoa {d noii .sye EYSfLLLK heuiui'r sq”3 ns ddzw has viadsnoiassgai‘. noiiswdis and -£3WRi fiuaooig” oi medalisfl XCLSM bafoeuib vigaibioo 38 9d .rHJ‘ I KILL a0 iately to San Bernardino, in this State, and while there and in the vicinity make inquiry into the political complexion of that part of the country. While you are expected to make a close investigation into the sympathies and_opinions of these people, the general nevertheless desires you to prevent as far as possible any suspicions as to the real object of your visit."20 As will become apparent_later, Carleton was not a person to waste any time. Although he did not, for some unknown reason, receive General Sumner's order until July 2hth, by the last day of the month he had completed his investigation and forwarded his report, carefully classified as,"Confidential.", (Such a report would undoubtedly be classified as fTop Secret" at the present time.) Carleton had inter- _rogated,Edwin.A. Sherman, and had.prepared a lengthy estimate of the Mormons, who, at that time ,1 formed the major part of the population of the San Bernardino area. His report left no possible doubt that the situation was dangerous. . .,.Thetp0pulation of San Bernardino is about 1,500 souls; 1,000 of these are Mormons. The rest may be made up of some few respectable Americans, of a good many Jew merchants, who control the business of the town, and to gp with the side that pays best for the time being; and_ than.there follow adroit horse thieves and other unprin- cipled and desperate men, gathered into that point, as . well from.other parts of California as from Utah. There .is a.large sprinkling of that latter class. Ybu can Judge a man whose character is such he could not be tolerated in '> t :1. . a; 7 ' .'-. f. 4— .'.»- .' “.- -.-~ , v .' o" :13“; I‘LL-1.3 ' 59.-“- 2. A”; uh- (.-., oiLJ 1.1. . 1!- 1.41 . .1 ..-, x 3 ‘.—-i‘ f- I. r ~ an *,v* \ HLL' n 1~‘=¢?. aw~ A’~' ~:, ~: C‘v~ v3:~?w%w a v (u' t -- -)o..‘-v .) ..éva s ‘11- - .. ...»)--- -‘- ~-.,. ‘» si 1"A)p“n. ..'-.-~ . .nd \ ’ 7‘14: 1: l1 3 (r J +m r .1"! ‘i- 'r. ('1‘ f" (x [LJ'L‘I‘A'P (.j i).‘.|;i‘l-. ‘I,‘jy/3 'fi': (4 £i( ‘yr r r" "V; V'ow "fl“; ~ q . - . -. .x . . ...,a Ar"- 0 ~ ‘- . ~ w . .... ua - 4 ..a-. . "\ . \— -‘ I > . 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'+ 1- ' r-‘t ' . 1“," " ’lqr ‘1 l’ '\ .' ‘(J---‘.-a Jd LbJ u ~ J2! ."1 I (.4 'u ,J'Ju: Lv.‘ L. ' AAIB flC-[~. “A; ; 3VIIL C. Lu L u . ..‘.ELLC‘J L5H ’i " ' ‘ " — - r, ' -' xur J- r ; q~.- - -'_ '9 I o— {s '<'V ’ :‘ '~ r JJ L-J9du.:hu: 0*“ w dayca; a no 9) .IBIJuu Lined as bol-tsasga I (4‘ - :- ~ ‘ ;\ 'r' ”A,” I ~~ ' ' r I "k‘ . ” I“. 'l.‘ m:' ' ' ~JquL Lb“ qua ;.,¢ \.QJL3 fnueszl 3p: 33 39:39” qgfl as 591*188319 A _ M34... ,..r v " .. .. . r .. W ..,._ "3 - r” ¢ ., 3...; :L 9.32.. was vii-final s xxx-".015 Ag and has ‘1: ‘:x'¢3fl(¢ .A rum/d ”94:2,. u: l) r F I‘ 4 . 9-4- f , -. - , :- .. ‘ ' _.., .,- 9- . . \ ' w x -v nu;u»*»1.g 9L3 ;o 3153 IJLBJ on: penny; kSula 33d: 38 ‘cm: {aura rt .VL .l..“. J. 4 _ -" u; '. -- ;. ‘ v 7 ' ' .\ I ..’) SHJ Judd i-uuo sic: obq Ln 3-91 tags: aLh .£efis anpugnfiafl nan ed: - A: , ~ .. -. ' J- J 3‘ o taxi/19‘ FDR-J (13704 HL-'L-.vJJC .-' 4.8 3 .-.. ‘ " >' '3 r .- x .'"1 bu\t JquB 8: onxbtsntafi mag 30 maxisiuqoq 9L1. . . -: .. H‘ r - I . ;u OUU‘L ;a;Lha .aaummcfl 915 eaefij 9356 90 {gm $391 ddT W‘u {USE 5003 B 13 QLEOITSLA elxsdzauesx Kat ante to qu CJ bflfl ‘nwod eAJ 20 aaemiaun ed: 1013309 cdw Kafnrnfiaam U4 35$: eita via dew Cg H ,a a i amid adj 101 $33 was {jniua —fii"¢nu tsd:r Ems cavainj 931;j $10135 melci “ a? ‘Jnjoq JnfiJ Lint rafiedxn: .H'A esazsqaob L53 Lsiqro vuJfiT .JETU :um' as siu121;453 Ea aiisq deJL maxi Lisw 9,5“; as 513 .fizais 153331 :SLJ Kc LntLfia‘mqa 9?TSI s at mi hajzxaiuj 9. :”fi b;r 3 an duxa at 19353fi£fi3 Barfly URL 5 Utah. New, the Mormons, whatever their professions, hate us at heart. . . .The Jews, as a rule, have no love for us. The outlaws hate, because they fear us. To these latter any change would be congenial which by hook or crook could - be made profitable. All but the few respectable Americans would set us at defiance to-morrow if they dared to do so. . . .21 Carleton's final conclusion was that the presence of a Union force in the vicinity of San Bernardino was essential if trouble was to be avoided.‘ In this he was seconded by Mr. Sherman and two other mem- bers of the community.‘ " *In the history of the Civil War in the Southwest, and of the savage Indian wars that followed upon the expulsion of the Confederates, James Henry Carleton occupies a dominant position. He is a controver- sial character who created a host of enemies during his lifetime.-- enemies who were active and vociferous, and who, by innuendo, accused him of all sorts of crimes.- His name, to this day, is anathema to those sentimentalists who deplored the expulsion of the Indian from his an- ceStral hunting grounds, and do not have to solve the grim.problems of protecting Caucasian settlers and travelers. It is worthy of note, however, that the worst open accusation made against him is that he was "rigid," and eompletely inflexible, once his decision had been made. "'He was a native of Maine, and had served as an officer of the Maine militia during the "Aroostook War." At the end of that comic spare Operation, he had entered the Regular Army as a second lieutenant in the lst Dragoons.‘ He had served with distinction'in the Mexican War, although still in a Junior grade, and had been brevetted to the rank of 3 . ‘ ' _ ",1 n I 1 "(L ~‘\ 0‘ ‘ 9 {n {I} A + - I 9.. L'Y \ v ‘ 4‘...’ I ‘14 - z‘ I“ e 1'. E I .4. \r ti‘x ‘1 O . .1 a J r > . F1 + v c \ . . r (- . I -u j . - 5 v a \g (J was no a a ‘ .Jd‘ J- \i‘ u... u L2.‘ J5 .1 99” ’ H1 I e 0 av ix'fil. Uv-l (4|! - . " . -.' L ...: .. . ‘ - . . - - .. . .. . m 4 . 1 Q r I ' 'u 5' +_. 0 ‘9‘! L «L v‘u‘jx. .4 a 1 9 ‘if- J * ‘ - ..’. -Sd ..‘ A i .0 - .a‘ o 1,. \‘u. .r: 411' |rO t) ‘ .‘l I‘ . ,. 0"" - 4‘ ' 3' -. r ‘ V“ P -'~..l . v p L .-.. 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' .. .=c~ , .c-efL;:J5-fl\J erg: .0 angel m}g::3nJ HLQI fetnigic': Jan: 811. IHLJXJI canvas H "‘ ._ f ("\ '3 F l of _';,j I ,3 TT 4"L“1:“\1"‘;‘ ~. “..‘;th .... r . “‘ " as" ‘,,. I:‘1[ 9n". a? - _,‘_‘,V (31- {I .v S C‘,. 3!. .flLz.-.\ .Lkl('.‘ g L —.l‘,. .._. akvuJ L CV.L'\’1~. JO 4 nCJ.;-1A19..y ('1‘. -l K; . “E U , —~.arida.:i sin 3H1 as ')i :;3 30 fine“ s is as"; 0dr msdsnusno 1313 on . cc~aunJL as .ejw has .83LTfi-iOCJ has avidss 929w ciw a:inens as 93 c: sasddsn at .vsb Bide n3 .smsn at? .a3miis EC 2319“ {a To mid 3 betoigai cdw afaiisdnsmidnsa .5 aLBLCOTC mix: end as: e e: av: n 3(fl ob has (sinner? yuiiflufi 131:8 .efrg 7w wjva w ai JI .313i8V513 hrs afieinza nsicaeusD ynriasiciq 9d 33;: :1 vii tQKIQ's sham ntizfaJc:s macs t ““4 en: San: .Tvv:W(d . 1 . . .. - ' aha“ mafi. bin at lass sin JUNE ,9it;xrifis: 11013.qr 9 ans .ufjlx saw . . ..zrm . .... ..,.,, :: ... w .. thxl {V 2.1] :21. 3.. . r: r103 (is) E J‘Ja .3d )8}; axltfb :1... . :31' .a 0 9V I'd-En .8 8;.N' 13‘}; . .. J. ..'—L H - .- 7? .. _- . -; . H . 4. .. .. - rt v.9! ~21.- '. . ..' 1'3".) 1C) 5:39 511$ J G. e ...L. w. .2‘ :)C‘d ' UC C'.-DL OH is; “I,“ I B.?:u.£.i.l :1 9:11.. : I..~.uv t '.L-.-. L -' (mesa .6 ..«L‘. .3 3.". 252;; an... 5-32.)?7.) 1,511 8d .L-C--u3'i:":0 B'I‘DL ( a A .' 1‘. - " . ‘ '._L 0 I, ' , a _ ‘_“ _ . 1,-“ —.- .- .1.~ T .“.n “03 n: n.-;~L;uiis r.:w LJJH)J sin 9H .azr; at» 331 an: at O O utnr' i IHUL s n: Lilia d”uon3is ~t' v ’ r , I ' l I . ,:‘- 1” T \-L hf. - .-.». . ,-- k ,, . .. " dlnw . u’l.‘ 'u-J .JJUH ‘l L if: :1 3k: ‘3..- J .y“::~ \- '5 maJor for his services. During the intervening period between the Mexican war and'the Civil War, most of his service had been spent in the newly acquired territories. He had conducted an investigation of the Mountain Meadows Massacre ("The Indians had blue eyes"), and it was unquestionably as a result of this that he had acquired the strong distaste for Mormons and Mormonism.that manifests itself in the report Just mentioned.23 At the outbreak of the Civil war he had reached, by routine regimental pro- motion, the substantive rank of captain in the let Dragoons, and was the post commander of Fort Tejoi, California. Because his Civil War services were rendered in a theater of war that attracted little attention from the contemporary public or from.subsequent historians, he remains an obscure figure. Nevertheless, it is certain that he was a leader who spared nobody, including himself, and who shrank from nothing when he believed that he was right. Had he served in the Union armies in Virginia or Tennessee, it is not beyond the bounds of possibility that he would be one of our famous military heroes. But it is not conjecture to state that he was a man whose driving determination and inflexible will power contributed much to making the Southwest what it is to-day.23 Carleton's report added to the reports received by General Sumner from various other sources, plus a succession of incidents none of which.was too important in itself, were all taken as indicating that there was real danger for Union interests in California. To-day we may regard the danger as having been exaggerated, but the responsible author- ities of that time had to base their decisions on the information which they actually had.. We must not ignore the possibility (or probability) that they had information which we do not have, in spite of the perspec- I ' ‘\ ‘ ’ o C Q I I .‘ , — ..‘.~ .— , - ... fl v”( vr—r ‘ 4 r- o~ r '3 , l ' ~9- 4- ..-;H _ -.o n- a- . o r in nonvv"3-l 33. quT-l .eoo-:3t- “in :.. acts“ .0. ' ‘ r o r . . a :- ' ‘ ‘| I .‘ v I ,lu 1 a“; 1’ 3L3U? 333. 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J Ld(:\' I SW an8 At‘ FL 1 \l 4.“ )LIJ 11.811163; :1’.‘1 b‘jB -t;w irxmsriiei SfiifuCT Li .fisihmfii and 32 15h liviO odd 30 assmdjuc add 343 cow Len .3noogsul si :33 mi Limigso 4c inst sviénsseuue so: ‘noijom 893:1“3C 33' Livifl aid oausunfi ”01 -‘ii£hO dofeT J“L’H 10w)Ln£wm<' Jacq AITI n513m0333 sLJtii OiJIETJJB and: saw is issssdi s at 53*ebn91 913v rs amiaxei ed .e:s.1c:e?d JRJJpvafisa mVIL 3v oiidyq {ismrqrsjnnu sfid (on 63.511 a saw ed 35nd misfiso ai 3i .aaeiedimsvefi .smutil 9313200 9% nodw QNLJJCE mail hflflTfiQ cdw has .1leanldw “ 13;;10ni .vbooon oszsqa s: Leimis main? sit at carves ad L5H .dugiz sew ed fans bavsfisd J55; (siikoigacgpio abn,za sci om.jud Jon el 33 .eseaonmaT so siniyuiv .aaoion {assiiim euonsl are Io sac sd bixcw ed k.) ,4 d D :2 o <+ o h *1 Cd h I q h. 6+ C r H hiviub sacdw has a asw si JsQJ edeja OJ {3 J Y. '- .~' +. -.L ' - I— 4- ‘1" .'- ~,-. ‘L!' V -' r v. ’-~ 9". v '- f.— si ui .33» Jeewd.i.u ng g5.2.83. c3 “OJ. odjdiiJnLo 39.c' Liiw ”-o~- .*~ . : - r :- . r '- -3I-q ..‘ ~ 4- -.‘- -, :,‘; ' .. ' r .' r' - Iblflfiua v. Loviea3t anlgfiefi Sdu LJ Leona 31.333 8 a JslrfiO " ‘ - " " . ‘ ..‘ 3 ~" r~ ‘ o 'r: ' v - v '4“ I r:. ‘l‘ V' ’ ' x ' anon d3h3ul3nl .u noiaaaoona s a'iq .nsoincs Tango asoiisv hdfil isnLud .‘3' . _ .L.‘ ' :- . ‘-. r - ‘¥ ’.,q 1. \-.. . .1 rs- r0:- uLJ: :Lijfluiifil Cm njflxf lifi SHOW .-lchl fit jfiflfTCgflI 053 Bafi dSI.W iu -'I .a ---“... ‘ ...____ .-—l A» 21 8- lEi§:,'pp- h3h, uu3, tun, the, hh8. ,, 9. Mrs. Winfield S. Hancock, Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock, (New York, 1887), pp. 68-69. 10. Rebellion Records, Vol. L, Part I, p. #71. 11. Ibid., pp. h73, #75, h76, h79, #81, not. 12. Ibid., p. #86. 13.- Ibid., p. 716. 1h. Rebellion Records, Vol. L, Part II, p. 378. 15. Letter, Grant to McDowell, quoted in full in the California Histor- igal Society Quarterly, 13 (193k), pp. 3o-u2. 16. War of the Rebellion - Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies, Series I, Vol. II, p. 122. Also Aurora Hunt, The Army of the Pacific, pp. 305-310. 173 Rebellion Records, Vol. L, Part I, p. #75. 18. Ibid., p. 1+73. .19. Ibid,, p. #96. 20. Ibid., p. 538. 21. Ibid., p. 551. . u '1 1': 1 II ‘ :r ‘ v R °- T r‘ oL’r f(*+"lJ ' Tl'lfi‘ . C?iV‘ ‘ P: +. . T't ' o " .. OJ ’ “A“ —- -L. ‘r J- .. ' .‘P 0‘ ._ "- ‘ n '_ vu .-‘ r :.(-: o f’\4 ‘- r_ .. -1 . " b. L. - : \ L 3 F JG 1 '. Q " x. J. ’1 of; ‘1"). -CJ .0 .‘t o‘\ Q 0 \fl . L". #1 n(. n 1 .p~41 .(1 . .Pl‘ I . O I o r? 0 H... n C I 7‘ . (‘fi kw .sfF .q .II 3769 .1 .igv .Cr100&3 a 11£e=ei .#I 9- m”-‘-’ “—4 ‘0' ‘5“. _. -" .on A]..(."..u r ..‘ -.|-.'— a f.” '1 i r‘.‘L.' 1’ r‘,.__ . .H‘ ‘* ' {f‘ '2 -5.J¢l5 v.4;v:zr.; : J n; lib. n1 noocup ,llaa and oo Junta .moidod .ti .Sfi-tfi .qq .(vgtl) El .xlredxrng vision? Iso *m-‘“_ ‘14—...“ 33329.“'5.D Ffib urinfl iii Ff RFICHQW Isiff‘70 - ncille mi vii To tnw .OI aft 1? Q‘Tk 91W ,dnyd smozuA csIA .S§I .q .II .ItV (I aainefi ,aofvyfi oi‘fnsq ~Ilr -Q {I iisfi ti .laV . b one? n(t£iscefl .VI .- .-_—— . —..—-—--—. .€T# .q ..bijI .CI ..--w .6\# .q ..51 I .QL ..- Fir“ .‘ , .15? .q ..LITI .IS 22. "Carleton, James H." Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography (New York, 1888). James H. Carleton, The Battle of Buena Vista, (New York, l8h9), passim. "Special Report of the Mountain Meadow Massacre," House of Representatives, 57th Congress, lst Session, Document No. 605. 23. There is no authoritative biography of James H. Carleton in exis- tence, although Miss Aurora Hunt, author of The Army of the Pacific, is preparing one. There is a lengthy and thoroughly hostile interpretation of him in Turmoil in.New Mexico, 1816-1868, (Santa Fe, N. M., 1952), by William A. Keleher. \r r. . .-- v 70‘~ 1 ‘ r u .7 . . ," . r . '. r. .I I. ’T o. . ‘I . 4. ’. '- ' I ( ' . I t ‘ ' 'I '. I ~ " .T .' ’. " 1“ .1. I.“ o ."J ..‘”..I. L! 0 li\ \. '-- L-f‘. a: ..‘; J . —- " ' a. 2. '..~' ...-«H. ‘1: =,- r'l 3: '-‘ 1h 3'11 «.13.: JI‘Z":‘=-i«." of“..( 71:...- .<;J‘ ..' .31 IKY ‘2:.:92-i£fi§iti: ,sz3;sn JET .aaeu;nc$ fiJTQ .avvifrfceczugr7 ”( eanrfi at.u ML u SB-WEL .h an ~. *~ vdgru; :: orir~.11.ft’n V“ a; *“9MT .CS 1 L 3: r mffr L..- x 5+ 3.“ ‘io tic-1:." £5 .3i‘i,"~" 311211111. 2:35.51 Ii ..';rzz': Ls .931123 ‘ | .... ..a .. ...... .... -....._._. ......— J.---...... ...-- --. .. ' “Lav-.-' -" .. .I ' .. '4- ..1 . ' .- 'm .— .. , o'arnr allucfm min iciono ens Lnsinsl a at o'enl .ano gniusgszq .— .3 . ... h ,. ‘r; ' a T r7 ,'., ..r LI. -.. ’5 ., .. .\, . 1': ' '. -. '3 TL . f -fl (91 F ‘LL) .'T'L'krw. ..Aix-fl x~m ml {fcrscT n1 mid .o . IQ .. . \ .-- .. ..'. ~»—v<«._.. “enhm—o- - --—-—“-D -—..-.. -_.¢p.—.---~o_— —..——- ('IE‘ '. T- ‘I l ..v .'- . . 'Isn'.)_.-f)u o ("i i .~(.‘.1. LA.- 5 " HAPTEJ III. VOLUCTEERS AND NISSICH”. Weeks before the guns of Charleston opened fire on Fort Sumter the slender communications wiich tied the Pacific Coast to the "States" had become even more tenuous. Cn March 21, 1861, when Secession was al- ready an accomplished fact, and before the new administration had had time to find itself, the commanding officers of the military posts on the southern mail route.received a Jar Department circular directing them to furnish military escorts for ". , . the Butterfield mail con- tractors, or their agents . . . from post to post through the Indian country while the company is moving its stock &c., from the present mail route to the central route from St. Joseph, Ho., to Placerville, Cal."l Early in the summer of 1861 the decision was made to withdraw all Regular Army units from the western posts to the eastern theaters of war, and the nail situation became even more critical. 'Without the presence of troops there could not be even a semblance of control over the Indians, and it was remembered that only three years previous the Hermon population of Utah had been in open revolt against the United States and against Federal authority.2 California was not included in the call for militia for ninety days service to "suppress combinations too powerful to be suenressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings," that followed the surrender of Fort Sumter.3 It was patently impossible for troops from California to arrive on the East Coast within ninety days, and moreover, it is highly doubtful if the California militia could have taken the field ..‘. j' i‘ '1 "I J 'l I’L- ' J.. ,1 .‘ ;-. ¥ . .‘ .'- . -a _ ‘J J \' o . ... , . )7 J ' C ' . ‘ .7 t ' L7 ,‘1‘ " x J I ‘7 - l ..' ~ , - ... . a y \ N 7 K ‘ ‘ i l ‘ J J) v I I fl . . \ . n {3. - l .. , , A ‘ ;._'7 a . ‘ . . ‘ .. ., .l.. ‘ I . + t » V ‘ ' l ‘ 7 . .0 . . a . I 1 , - i ‘. ‘w A.‘. .‘,I u ‘, — ‘ .- , l ‘ .L ,. ‘ .- P 1 g . ‘ . g . l x . l , -I ~ 4 .7 , z' u . Q -‘ N , \ ‘1 ‘ ,’ . . . 7‘ ~ " . - A L ¢~ F x 1 u 7 ‘ A I 4 n I . . I! -. . . - 4 - ‘ ,s ,c I *V C r. 1 “a L o I g, . L " I u 4 l \ . . . , > I ‘0 ‘u .. 7| - . ‘- in .' rr" ' LI. I it .1. ._ J - 'Q '\ f‘\ ' "\ V ... . -'- H ‘ O . ' ‘ \ ‘ II " ~ N t .‘r l L l v I I ' ‘ 1 \ ~ } "Q / I y . . x r‘ .... I r .'l\ "J' J x L: r . .' - 4 I 1‘ I. l l t 0 ~. ' . ‘1‘ 7 g ‘ 1" I in any condition even approximating combat readiness.1+ But with the withdrawal of the Regulars from the mail routes and the perpetual restlessness of the Indians becoming even more threatening than usual, it is doubtful if anybody was surprised at the receipt, by Governor Downey, of a message from.the Secretary of War: WAR DEPARTMENT, July 2%, 1861. GOVERNOR OF CALIFORNIA: The WarsDepartment accepts for three years one regiment of infantry and five companies of cavalry to guard the Over- . land Mail Route from CarsonValley to Salt Lake and Fort Lawrence.- Colonel waits will be put in command of depart- ment at Salt Lake City. General Sumner will detail muster- ing officer to-muster in the men. SIMON CAMERON, -Secretary of war. On.the same day a despatch was forwarded to General Sumner, inform- ing him of this requisition for volunteers from California, and stating that "Blanks will be sent by steamer."5 ‘Two days later General Sumner received another communication which, among other items, directed .him to "Iuggest to the Governor of California the prepriety of making Major Carleton the colonel of the infantry regi- ment. . . .It is desired that Major.Carleton be placed in command. If any one else is made colonel of the infantry regiment, he will be deprived ..6 of his command. It is evident that Carleton was in high favor in the War Depart- ment, for those are strong words, and it was rare that the War Department ’“O W H- I ‘x ..s £‘ 0 ..‘ 3! ."2 5.. o fix-I“. J ... .1 r." 2" . (“5? r :J. ‘u'i'A .3."; (:5 {:C:\'A.j ..‘ y;:1ta;3.;sni :VndU n5412‘ r g';' 1 an: :uji an‘ u; 839$€:u313a*T is use 7.1; enJ '. s . .'. . | _"‘ ' . ..‘ . .‘ ‘.t". "_ . I... ’1» ' ‘ I .-_ . ' "r m , 3.i. -W an» 35 Lgs}.,vha oat gfwtwnm -f 19-juiwfi a; if .le'au urn. '_ r~ -'r-' - s v -r~ - - . Ft - ~ '1' I e - - 4- -. as :“Ifi. in.) .F’I-"'..‘.‘::3‘-('. 9-33 .C'L'? {333:3J‘341 .8 LC' (igu'firi'k'j 'IxC'ISV‘.O’ 'A r (..‘, r 9-} r'v .-., '. .‘rvy-.'r» :J‘IZI. ~J QILLI.:) .1 . fruit; ”..‘! vL) ..-. - ...—L .'.‘ ”Jr ‘ -1 _‘,. .,4' ’ 1;} C c:sau eJZLJ to- ne39-2u Ju3£31£331 men snl ‘3‘.~~'4- b'q‘P'.”v ’ I u" I- ."'p.\ ‘6 ‘ . 4 T“'l"I:’-"‘- Ir (.\ v"r b1 ‘ ‘3'? '91-." 3- ' r ...LAJ J‘.':-.‘ '\\ V!“ A."- 3- a.‘ ()1 'Ll-D‘IL--C~J M‘J’A 1.1. .vln IJJ.aL l.’ ._ .' '-~ ‘ -‘.:~ ‘ -3. . '1 - 1' '- r“ . ... r . '. a‘. _ r1 |_ -‘. 1‘ ‘ I, 31‘: one aura ole“ e3 vollaV uce~sJ ntii sine. lied Lani ad Innelcu .annetwsJ )—- -:einsn io bananas n1 i’q ed liiw s: ~uofa u lissso lilw sauna; IETQHQD .mdtD axed Jinn an Shem n1 isfaem ed 3931 Q. .uim ed .HHSLXAD HOMES .151 is { risuosh gtefini .ugnjtg Isrsncfi e3 hatirwuoi new dodsnaeb a gab emsa and KO . ..-;.,-. ' ' .- ‘ .- n- . -'-o .' \' l f _ - — \ .'fi I -'- uml . p .- fl . r'. p...l:: ens ,einteiliid morI aisanylov Tvi ntlefsi.psi aid: :0 aid :31 2 o \I. .msmeada vi inns ed Iliw efinsfi" Jedi daijw nnijsaingisee ianone Lovisssi isnmi3 Leienea maisi avsb ewT rfnt(iilsfl Ce deniovca 9d: ed Jeanne." Cw m, d Lefoavin .ameJi indie xnmms ~3'Hi {1333;n1 add is fancies edi nfifsfieD itLeM anlflam So {Jsjiinq add .i q. ed: fisti'eb at SI. . . .3nam C... , - -..M.,.... :. ,-, r , . Ll .Lan-uto n1 Lies"; 9d :-JafieJ -Cun ~ ~" . *7 "- ‘ ’- " v‘ ,r I ‘ -'- ‘lr ' rr- .o — ' . " ."L '§ . ." -¢- ,“ x .- . - .UE. .o 3. IIIJ wJ .Jngniyn. L- we ni sLo .e I ”rite stem 3; sale are {as 5. 0| :3 to Q 5 '1 G) H L... n) C. .-. ' . .‘ _. v' ,.- .. _. ..:-. - .4. ,' . LL. . _-. -.- “an- 2:. s13 .--: '1. 1.: 1 .-.-.._-ii at and n. eel 35L: J...e...-.rs a! u ,‘ 4.1,-..‘4. ,. . f' .. one. .1 1.21 17.1 1.33. ‘2.’ 3 ".21.... K I)- ' " exam saw in one 23bi(w gnemsa sin sardi in: ,Jne. 25 even suggested to the governors the names of persons to whom commissions should be given. The exact time at which these communications were received in California was not recorded, but on August 6th General Sumner sent a hurried message to Major Carleton, at Los Angeles: "Turn over your com- mand to Captain Davidson and repair here as quickly as possible. By order of the Government you are to command the California troops on the plains, with the local rank of colonel."7 Carleton turned his command over to Captain Davidson on the tenth, as soon as he had received the message, and set out at once for San Francisco.8 On the long, hot, dusty, rough stage coach trip from Los Angeles to San Francisco he must have given a great deal of thought to the training and organisation of his new'command, and to the mission given him of guarding the mails against Indian raids, and insuring that the Mormons‘would not work against the interests of the Union. Within a few days after his arrival at San Francisco, however, further messages arrived from.the Secretary of War.--messages which were destined, eventually, to change the entire situation and mission. A message so important that it was sent "By telegraph to Fort KEarny, and thenoé by pony eXpress and telegraph," was transmitted to Governor - Downeyzr‘ WAR DEPARTMENT, I‘Washington, August 1h, 1861. Hon. JOHN G. D0WNEY,H Governor of California, Sacramento City, Cale: Please organize,'equip, and have mustered into service, . r r , ,. ‘ f-"‘ ~ . . ,. A I a ,o ’n... - .-. . . '\ . l 1: J ._ 1.0‘ a“1~ ‘j‘ ‘ A -' .’4 '41 3“] .I‘A‘ I! . “r ‘ 1+ ‘. f r fG—L . .Cc “9‘ ‘3 2' " Pf‘ 0 g ' '\ ‘ ’ 1‘ -,\ ~ '-,.r. , A. . , ‘\;-. ‘14 4'. .3 “ 3.!1 - \fl-I’-.- L o t" ‘1 1') ‘ K k k ‘ ..’. ' " .' on, .1 3'.) Igh ‘- a1|3 . t r -. e- v- 7 ‘f \ a —-r 1, 3 ..'r' - a 'lj ' - l.;_ ”M L ..‘ ‘J-J’:J_\.' u -.‘C‘KE‘. )‘-.; H ; " ... ~—-' 9‘. L ‘. ‘~~ ‘ - , ’ - ‘At ‘r .L—‘i' —311Jt ' [J\ ‘J U '.-;«- 5. —“~ :1K' 3 ‘ "1': . _(‘ u.l ' v" _.-_ v- r; Ila ".‘.\ a} . - r; a :J l: .. . u - 1. DH: ’ amrav' a. .eU Ho?' 31 Jon 33w fiffi”mfij;9q iOfefl ' ~~aF T! a~ if“ ;3 v y “I“ ("f: . ..,: -.fiw'. .-, l f . A i .-d . mnahfvsl nietqu c: burn a .(3‘ aria-..'» r.) a: ems 22“.; 3(1:.1.;:'mv~r,f: CUTS Tm “Ir-ab't': .lxflfibv -o fined Lanai and difw .aaistq an: \afl nixrj'fi 0i TSUF Lr=a o: std hand 3 n' Unfit..“ ’ 'ea imus .Ifijflatmf adj'iua gall qfi+ I35 9 vi;991 Lad 9d a-' 0J3 n :‘r:" .1r*"' g t,-: "" ‘ 33591) 3183')” “garb ttori . n.i ., e Hoyt: even :1. ..'; 52%. if. 14.3: k ‘1' £113 “’ 31'11.‘ 3 as nous as .dgmoj :3. 9d: 0U .cocrnnsm Jana 9i coefousa? and c: asle- ,b'flJ"".lt'D WSJI 6.1;: 3C, flnThHPI hue ‘K‘Lilxi GT‘J hissinissmo , r.JJJ: r; I :1 1 J t r- 7 ¢ 1 Va .\ \ one inintsx: iarlm a tied: fjih ”La-J It], Rjfifl';0fl‘(fi? r" ,finjah‘V 1. adj 03 i¢3.-: Lid nev.:*- - e 3 doniers flicw JLn bi! 9' ..zta"“n.~s""-‘i nix; 3'.” L‘x-‘fi'i'm 21:5 mfi.“ RH saaén— . 3,31 9113’ .335 aveb .m(?'“' , we? a midi: “ »nt'aeab sni moi? Levin": as 5833 median“ ..'-«213'. Bm: 91:7 - o'ijfsma 541i: '.-‘=3.,!I.'«,=‘i':: (if mi" Caninqva Jun .gchn? jani o3 fi,;u,a’. 3" ViD C“ ' sues saw it ... 4..) ' A u I/f‘fds 4LT " 1.395 919w 331i: dill that: -Qmi Ca agraaem A .Histrwisd bus as 9 Iaxa vxch {c eased: fins VHL_T*Hi-‘ CQHVOG I'— ., " .’\-‘.. .0 ":l:\)[) 01L, f. .. -. w . '7 .-...B'LLB rise 1:. eusa' at.the earliest date possible, four regiments of infantry and one regiment of cavalry, to be placed at the disposal of General Sumner. SIMON CAMERON, Secretary of war.9 This requisition was confirmed by a letter of the same date, but forwarded by slower and surer means, and El a second letter the following day.. Again, the Governor was requested, for some unknown reason, to give command of a regiment to a particular individual.10 These messages contained no reason for raising such a force, nor any indication as to what General Sumner was to do with the tr00ps thus to be placed at his disposal. But a communication which left Wash- ington on August 16th told General Sumner what his new mission was to be. A personal note from.Lieutenant General Winfield Scott, the aged General- in-Chief of the Army.told him. Yen are to command an expedition into Texas, via Mazatlan, ,to be.composed of two batteries and ten foot companies of regu- lars, one'regiment of volunteer cavalry, and four regiments volunteer infantry.. Brig. Gen. J. W. Denver will be associated with you, and take with you Capt. R. L. Ogden, assistant quarter- master. ,A requisition has been made on the Governor for the volunteers. Communicate with him. Particulars by mail.ll The confiirmatory letter of instructions, also dated.August 16th, but following by a more leisurely means of transportation, gave General Sumner a broad and vague mission, stated in the most general of terms. His force was to land.at Mazatlan, march through northern Mexico to C"J.- Lip? :. ”.1: .1 a“ 'iVL .—1 .L-V to 1’fin Tvratiu.xe oak: 3r: 1...; .'p 41.3 T :11 L. "m; 17.3“ ,',',._L'.'-‘;‘.-u LL- 3!!“ 1' 9": Sam '32.; .'1iL‘L‘L?:"': Lacie-1.1:.D 10 E 3 “JG Kg“£‘ ‘33.“: fee 'J . ,1” 3.1%.) :i .5112 one“ ’; 14.3321 :3 0 £21-. a? 5 :2 2:15;.“ noLJL =11” r ,: abiT ’1. ‘ .-' ‘ 2.0.1531. f;-:;;‘,;.-.‘-‘.:; r; ‘2; £151.63 ,_ '"1 .297; W“ rim: 'T'WCJCE; \13 oe’fiftbwto -J .n-ry a fin maria; nine 1,? .bafiasrgnm new Tontavra so? ,nfsyA .weo UL.£BJJJ lion caiuoiinaq s c: Juanimea 3 i0 iznsnmvo avi; ,azzifi- 8 {use snjciiw ': nae-seem on omits ”Home 301,8? new 9331'? so” a: 9n3 nJLW ob oi 83d 1.,n1xa LamonsO Tsfiw of EB naijsoinnt yes 103 -n an :‘sL dridt n irroinnmmuo e .H .isarzsio sin is beentq JG (3 3533 .-d uJ siw ucinaim wen ski ‘ssw Tamera isuansfl tL*T nJQi Tar;ufi no ncyzmi «Luzon-.3 ts=s an: ,Tiaxfi 1L21i uIJ Tswana? JHLSSJLGIJ mhal 930G isnramsq A mid £2.33. \(fii’h‘i 9153* .10 fairiC‘n‘Ii ,msi.T33sN e17 ,arxofi (:21 ncisinouxs as onsmmnn o: 313 ULY - on 'u afiinsq“oc isv afT run aoiiejtad cw: fie boaquoo ed L3 as, «i l'u Lon ,mst13 Tssinriov to Jusulxet one .3151 1939Ioeass so iiiw svnvfl .? .L .neD .3115 .vu3nrtnl toeJnJLO' --.<:~.J"I.;~'vp Justices .nz-iz‘wfi‘; ..l .3 .Tqu in»; ("3.19: 934m 5‘128 ..101“ mm as: TL“ acntsvcfi at no obex: nzaj as d noijietqpsi A .1933 x : .il.mt gs zmmsij mi :3? .wrn fiti sjsoin;mnc0 :soiqzicv .ncoi gen:oA oodsb eels .ansiioxijcai to *eidfi vmea iswmtTnoo an? Lac»: 9 97st (noise:1(g:xsai Lo an3w1 Elainaiei omen s {d 3niwtiicl 3rd ."aeT To Lemons? T.om nfiJ pi mesia "a: sin enrsv on. besifi s 11nmu8 OJ CtanP '1 i- 'Iffi'uj 'Ifaii'i I .. d:u;mr...e£ as -E Ts busi or new 9970? eifi 27 western Texas to regain the posts and public property in that State, and"draw off insurgent troops from.Arkansas, Missouri, &c." The last sentence of the order directed General Sumner to turn over the command of the Department of the Pacific to Colonel George Wright, 9th Infantry, upon departing from.the Department.12 -As we know, the expedition against Texas via Mexico never took place. Since, however, the preparations for it had a direct effect up- on the military and political situation on the Pacific Coast, it is of interest to digress briefly from.the main thread of our narrative and trace the idea of the expedition from its probable inception to its unlamented death. After a lapse of nearly a century and from the scanty records available,it is impossible to determine whose brain first conceived the idea of attacking the Confederacy by way of the west coast of Mexico. It is certain that the unknown author of the idea was a theorist who did not.understand that existing maps of northern Mexico were vague general- izations,*showing "rivers" that held no water and "roads" on which the natives dismounted to lead their horses. An operation such as was ordered would be most difficult to-day, with modern air and motorized transporta- tion. With theranimal-drawn transportation of the Sixties, the expedi- tion would have been headed toward certain failure and almost certain disaster.V As a.pure conJecture, it may be surmised that the project originated:in.the brain,of an armrchair strategist of the same kind as those who, in recent years, have designated themselves in the press as “military experts.9, Whoever he was, he had immediate access to high places in the r ' w’ . » 5 ‘ -.. $ a so ‘ r. — + ' v .21- ..': J I u {Jilin K. ’ t’ .( ‘L‘l ‘ a.) (.1 Mini 5: 1 .1 h ~ 1 J‘ 1: o.-Io :1. 1 Q v (TIE-ALT fl 1 - .4 3r 9" ‘ V ‘ F :f‘ H o‘ . t. ' v I. 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Wei 0: 31:12113ib Tsom so binow «ibucxu ed: .sslsxia on To nCTJRJquLHSTJ mwsmb-lnmkns ed: aarw .norT :tjaJ'iso Jamuis Laws s'i xiia'l misfit. so brunet-“T habsed need SVJt‘vfi biuow new Tcsgotq snT Ted: b “‘r"i 90 13* TI .smuiootnoo sun; 8 3A .msjaesib m3 oni: area on: To Ta? edszja Tisr‘o -u:s as to stand ed: at hsdonkglao as 8.334 9A3 31 asuisamsnd beds: L‘WI sh s.sd .atas$ Tossed ni t011w saniT ' . .. .L n. r ..33 . 337.9593 we... .ih. Al . t. , ‘ _ ,__ ,~ - . ,_ 1. -~ ., . .- ..; , I .. r—’ and hi Sofia a Aiid 0T 8? .29::a SJBIOSHML ban on .sz 3d i949<flfl 2d Government. On the 7th of May, 1861, very shortly after the fall of Fort Sumter, the Secretary of State sent a note to Sr. Matias Romero, the Mexican Charge d'Affaires in Washington, in which he stated that the United States contemplated concentrating a force of tr00ps from the Pacific Coast in Arizona. (It is quite likely that the General-in~Chief had not beeninformed of this.)' This, Mr. Seward said, could be most ex- peditiously done if Mexico would consent to the force being landed at Guaymas, and marched overland into Arizona through Sonora.13 Sr. Romero lost no time in transmitting this request to his govern- ment, and informed the Secretary of State the next day that it had been 1“ done. On June 3, 1861, a few days later, Seward followed up his request with a dispatch to Thomas Corwin, the United States Minister to Mexico, on the subject of a rumored Confederate attempt to seize Lower California. Corwin was directed to give this information at once to the Mexican Govern- ment, and at the same time to ask for permission for United States trOOps to enter Mexican territory if necessary} ;' 'SeCOndly, you sill assure that government of the cordial cooperation of‘this government, and will ask its consent, if there shall he need for the intervention of our forces, so far as to prevent the invasion, by the insurgent citizens of this country, from being made effectual. . . .15 In the meantime, the President of Mexico had transmitted the re- quest of the United States to the Mexican Congress, on May 3lst.l6 ’The Mexican COngress met in secret'session on June 20, 1861, and by unanime ous vote authorized the peasage of United States tr00ps through Mexican u ..'.31“ 153"“ ‘.;‘J*<._'.Z ”W .'- 3 .E,-. 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LC bWBBBQl 9dJ bBSLIOCJTB SJwV dufl 29 territory.- In several of the Speeches made during the secret session it was pointed out that the eXpansionist tendencies of the slave-holding Southern States would constitute a grave menace for Mexico, and that Mex- ican interests required support of the Union Government.17 The Minister ofForeign relations, Sr. Luis de Palacio y Magarola, immediately forwarded a dispatch to Washington, although Sr. Romero was not able to 1nform.Seward of Mexico's consent until August 26th.18 It is probable that Mr. Corwin may have obtained immediate information that Mexico had acceded to the request of the United States, although such a fact is not reflected in his published dispatches until the one of August 28th.- By that time other interested parties were also informed as to what was in the air, for Corwin informed the Secretary of State that "Mr. Pickett, commissioner from what he denominates 'the Con- federate states' is still hereyr. . .Mr. Pickett has learned that Mexico had granted.the United States the privilege of marching trOOps through Mexican territory tOrArizona.V19 Although Corwin probably had nothing to do with originating the project for a troop movement through Mexico, he was enthusiastically in favor of'it.r In the same dispatch he dwelt at some length on the ad- vantages that would accrue to the United States: Guaymas is the great port on the Gulf of California from and to which shipments are made for the States_of Sonora .and Chihuahua, and also our territory of New Mexico, including Arizona. It is,therefore, reasonable enough to conclude that United States trQOps from California could be landed at Guaymas in seven days by steamers, and with a safe passage . | I ' \ "- —v" V L ."I L5: "-1. C 1‘ . _‘ .7' ~ I .‘l I "‘ -.' F.‘ f L' 52' "v {‘1}; . ' L31"; ‘31. .11. o V'f-‘i I. “i- J ' . -.. ' i ' - a ' t . ' , a . J. :- , .J--. 4' "' 31‘ 3 .v' 1' x 1 :7 « ' I” | 1:. -‘ . n£1~\‘ 4 .‘ ..‘} ‘v u} . 3 \f. ‘I t ‘y.....(. l (J‘* ~ ." - ,, -L -- ~,. 'A . , o , r -, §v~‘ -c- '. — . r. — , at, 1' L. " i9: .534 on: it inf‘ 1:; . A-ii ;.s a cf..-..m u.»dn a-fi's; Vichi a F ..J- 'r n r -~ 3‘ ' ' ; r v \ { . 0 ' . r r‘ 1 r g - . r. - ' ...U'-« , _., t; 11 w.u! -“.q :g\ 311, a .S-‘hl .9 ~: . 9' o..l , szic r ,_ .. .. ,. -. ,, i . - _ ,. , ‘ - c .. , -. 'f . , ». - -,\.- rm ' i .i — g, ta .- - L'.‘ I-) .. J I . .2 z 3. . ...E‘fgd'l 1‘1 . .1 f'h '1'. .. 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'- n -'~. ‘ J - .- -~ ' .- ' is ilimCLoLLigtflfH' dud 9' 'l””4 n deJ .9:_evcu gram: 3 to. injartq 12- .-.‘f.' r (‘f ‘ .C~(F .'3' '1 if“ 'I” reft; — .~, ' {V'Ifl's'LW‘fi I- TY " "I I '5‘. n' ‘ 07! r i'. - ._- ..’.le A x; (\‘J i. u-A v74- ~‘gl Ute-7 \l'd—‘j- l) - a «bad-J‘JG' ) allbd 9:\" L- . \p‘A. .Lka ¢\-"\ b +. 1 ‘_ 1'. r i...‘ . . KI. . .L '4. .L ._ :89u3u Lecimd on: oi abiODB n-\ w seas a..scniv . . a . a v ’ s r _ "\ r4. \ .V‘ -.‘ ' I ,;n. --irc 13 -ixu 0rd 1; Jr-q u?31, uni at av.utL£ -'; .‘- l‘ - v ‘ '. ’ J 3 x I . '7 ,\ ‘ I’ s I, 'v ’ ‘ c" exam. -. w’ anus». ,. or J '1‘. - as“: e 1., 3i“:- i 41.2338 {1:17er (,5? one 11x2; . - L.. ’ ... . ,. “..’ ’V‘. r, ‘ ..’ ‘ ‘r .. - \' ‘ I. ' l" _ I, . '1' 'r‘ P 1";le J. Dni . viii}: - .'i J: .L , '1‘" .1, ~‘ '1 -.."; 'Jsc'aK L CAL-£5 I-JIJJ‘ L jl.‘)£..‘.ol f'.‘-.- I I. 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Upper California, Oregon, and Wash- ington.Territory could furnish a respectable force for all these purposes, which could be conveyed by water to Guaymas, and from thence by land, over good roads, to their prOper ‘points of operation. . . . .I am informed that recent discoveries of min- eral wealth in Sonora and Chihuahua have invited large bodies of men from.California to those two States. It is suspected that they are of a class easily induced to unite With the southern rebels. . . .I suggest whether a prudent forecast would_not invite our Government to raise in Calif- ornia and Oregon a force which should pass, from Guaymas through Sonora, to our possessions in New Mexico and Ari- zona, for the purposes suggested above.20 It will be noted that all negotiations and discussions had been conducted with a view to landing at Guaymas. ‘There is nothing to indi- cate when, or by what means, Guaymas was transposed into Mazatlan be- tween planning and the composition of the orders for General Sumner. A glance at any map of Mexico will show that Mazatlan was several hundred miles more distant than Guaymas from.the geographical objectives of the expedition.” Speculation on this point would, however, be a sheer waste of time and effort. General Sumner, immediately upon receipt of his orders, loyally :y'“'1;252 u‘-:'+rfd ix: wi‘i="§fikfli evi 1LMLI a: 1t3’.£at‘vzea .1“ vol yifs 323 union sew mew —ni Jiczf£::L*iqrrfixr<; >L3‘ x‘ LTI“Yl at 331.; on .rn: 333:! dari‘n “id -2" 2::n iflu:fida; Satvt n L“ Jgatxe ,OLLXrM eiv vwern uH.n C an: Li L. 'atzfl c3 w'ijjigc/o eXT” .mgn.eu ladenou c} '3nl .8 .M d: +£naLi A‘iw .-tg ’11: ilfw I--.E .V. . . .Jarai in .Jnesetq and do? bewascnga 'Hiu : :nzin'co. . .pnidfhaqxe and :01 “L aHzaa JsdJ a.=w 31 ciw am aw LTL' slate £153 T012 Jaiina nevus Urfdiwaffi ed: 33nd Lisa a} 31 ~eia s ::n Li (cos :1 a need swsi biocw at :dwab use shoved .ooi:xsfl IO! . . ... .. . ,. . . fi<£3¥.‘”€1 PEA Jitexo \'ad££ LA 9“: nsnada 193J1w1 svsn UlUCfi was .ms;ae 1‘*Fs 'fflf gisnsttii°ya ; a dis o~aw doifiw ,3namnuaxgfl Laxahsd and 35 {v .xwfl Jam mi 39:29 3“ua eu‘va> .rer and the n.E [L'H is fisafisb ed: 2; E 3“ aka (3 muscle was deceit 13w ed: 'uigrifid an ad beuswu a n31 w -- all; sfi: at 521:: 5ffiTf”i £30 8 3c ncigo; T; -.b 10 asaqeb sdT .da:o'3 - 'r. a; 91.} , .‘LJLI'W'E en'i 33" low". nannies cum! LII. cw critxei'i artisan-n. ”:0 econ .s-tn;<.ii50 n; oosixoa adj disease arfiaxga .“ “3 531211" and Jasq 32. do a" naijisgqxs ad: -,‘ 3 rave +1 'fitlaiaucz 15323 {ianiwenmI .enii5;3a moil 72? Bfifik dad: Paiwcsd pwfi *1 —.e'ul 9);: ;3 Ltd togaza in'anvfi .nzfaein Lifzsfinsi aid or 31351; gjd :3”H1;U nusf ban 5% .bws indies saw an H2331 an: ul;:eaas oi again sést #190210 -: ”1’330‘8 7' 3;; tier) {:1 2115:) days ct: 1mm aw?) oricj' rfJEw digszzc 3 OJ tain difficulties which are hard to appreciate in the twentieth Century. General Sumner's headquarters were at San Francisco, while the Governor was at the capital, in Sacramento. The two places were several days journey.apart, and neither the General nor the Governor was free to absent himself from.his office for any lengthy period, during such critical times. Governor Downey issued his proclamation calling for volunteers under the new requisition on August 2%, 1861, and was of the opinion that everything that could possibly be done to hasten matters was being done. He informed both President Lincoln and the Secretary of War that the first requisition, for a regiment of infantry and five companies of cavalry, had been already filled, and that "no doubt. . . .after the election (September h) the last requisition will also be filled."27 It would appear, however, that the Governor had been incompletely informed or that he was unduly Optimistic. The records of The Adjutant General of the State indicate that by the end of August only two out of five companies of cavalry had been actually mustered into the Federal service, and eight out of ten companies of the infantry regiment.28 It was true that enrollment was Open for all units called for under the first requisition, and a start had been made on the others. Recruiting preceeded much more rapidly in some units than in others, and it was not until the very end of the year that all of the new organizations were complete.29 Although the invasion of Texas by way of northern Mexico never took place, nor did Carleton's regiment ever guard the Overland Mail Route, it is not too far-fetched to consider that these projects have — . — ". -. - -‘ - r‘ '< , .7. - v . .. .A‘ ' ~- . ... I ‘\ -o>l v v r I" ‘ Fo' “ ‘ ‘\ ‘\ 3' r. I IV. — v, I, P .0. - ‘73 .IL “H ’L/ '.'...-, -=’..s. .‘n ,. \‘v‘f-I. Jlivy J 1 Huh: JJD T‘ 1..) IV '5: -..-U luJ,‘r, .3): u (L ..’."lu‘l g0 .LJD-“11‘..\J " s - . . — . Jr"! . ' 4- ' - , . r. I: r ‘ r $ . 9 r, _ _ \ r ,fi: '1 F a .1...‘ - J, I' J -a 9 ; ..‘ H L: J. ' C l'u U 11 .: 0‘ \J ... ‘ ..'- - 94‘ 3.- Q Liza .L (1.4.: 9-. B (35W 0" ' ‘l l' - v 4‘. .1 r~ ~ .‘ ' ‘ ".r v '- - -. 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(‘l‘ .r-‘\ ' 3‘ c ' "L I “‘L '. ‘ ‘ VJ" “' ' .- Q «...-3‘ vhf.- Lannie. .o 2.1-- an t” ..’-833' e..£:._(oz.l an... 911.: .e: lamina... "I /_ .. ‘ 'g. — —‘ .' . p f i -r' - ."" . ~-‘c J l' l J ' i, '. -..... Lexi...) 3.».th Jul!) 7...); £19.“) ex... .JFLOn‘IlC'JflE) c.8113 BLISS“ 813W JI ._ -~ . " . ' , , >: "u g r ‘0, r ‘i . -',' 1 , ‘ * .~ ' . y " - .azim:c and no visa L954 pen JILJE 5 ins .nolsiZL pad is: 1 3i use .atmnic at and; aaihn em.e a: 3151;51 910m Room bobaoccmq '37 ~sl- .—--,-.¢- '7’ '." '7‘ -r 'o ‘ . - ~~ur I r r ‘ r- . ' .5 ins lo «3“ 3;J -0 lie Jeni apex and Lo one Lmuv an: iIJnu JCH .eqaiqm o stew .‘ .- -r.. r -. - ‘, ' ‘ r 1' I- I :v‘ t ,‘ .l I .'vr . 'L 'V 'v.-" “-‘I '-.)..),L I'LLJ‘ l1'a3;.u{ .-\. )1 .L‘u' VJEW ‘vvxj 81.93;}..1‘0 L:(.£ (11‘) vf'fl €7.10 [1‘ .-l\:isd ... A- f . A“ '| . l“’ av ' s '4 A- . f. -- ' ~. .."v ’ r' '-‘L 04- .- . w ' . ~ ‘ lien bcsiic.o on. inug aura shim- a- a nc.ol;5J bib zcn ‘eoeiq A {-I .-_ 1, . (f .. A.. 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I .fJiw' 7. .'U.‘ -. .-. .-———-. ) r ‘ j ; A' of ‘f‘ ..' ‘ r‘ I- _‘ . . - -. 9 - I ‘7 I ‘ " o l ( I 3;}..14. vLI ...!_\.“J g ?-I’f.j.J9.C-’ :Ir II.J.IL‘--.F- OL-J -..- 23. gpig., p. 620. 2b. Epig,, p. 620. 25. .IEEE’ 26. Ibid., p. 62%. 27. Ibid., p. 603. 28.» Richard H. Orton, Records of California Men in the War of the Rebel- lionI 1861 to 1861, (Sacramento, 1890). Orton was The Adjutant General 1 . . ' . - of California at the time of compiling this book, which is almost entire- 1y a reproduction of the official records of his office. Hereafter re- ferred to as Orton, California Records. 29. Ibid., passim. 37 ‘ C I I HT 7‘, . .‘«~ c .1. ‘ s L 3. 0L. .\ r u 1 if“ a /\‘J all . u . - sf'l) ‘- ‘r. .i‘ F'J. . \;. a. . - ‘ 0“ .'1 0'1 ( o: I 1: ox El . . -_ ....C i'.' .- {fr}. .‘ 2* “" "2 2:- s? ~55 *“-~v“iifu if sitiici .ncxiu .H hxruc.n ..s ‘)...' . t- JuJ ...Iil\ 1.... J... . -. .e . .. . - - ...- --.—_- ..‘-v“..- . -’- _ a—.q_ -..—.----. » -...‘ --- ... o ..... ... . - - M ..‘-uh- ..—.—.~-—.—... . '._ .... 'A r‘ a r r. rm _. ,4. _ ‘ . f .‘ .§ Wow‘ ..' .r‘ _. ' ‘ ‘ “‘- ' ”I f. “L” -"- ”‘3‘. f'.‘ ..‘ ( I‘ l '- t. l : ‘ JJ l~JI>t-l) I ‘ .L“.".a .)L.‘. ..‘K.’ UH :J\! '4‘ (3 'Jllt {)1} A. UH! ..o\ k.‘ l.\.’ U L’\.‘ - L t ' VH‘ ‘ .. \ 3i C: Lfi'i ,thL .——-—.-—.—- . - -~- . - 4 .2 .u'rr: H a +»n~Fs a? doiflw .Hco; sin: rniliqmco Io amid on: as sinieiil-0 -o _. . u o .- , _ ' r .. ' +n(-o- ‘tilwf 'l .- . ..' ‘ .. a u . N hrr r' 1 ‘ t‘u‘I" +';' .r‘ V. - -91 ‘5 '3' '13:)..133‘; (1' o 971': i (7 Off: lb 31.3. 9:3 l In; . .i. .. . U ... m A; 1.. I ~ -“~ ' -‘ . \. o‘. iii'3a13; {051' I 0:8 ”—9-— ..'..- )5; CHAPTER IV. A NEW MISSION. While the recruiting officers and the individuals who hOped to be officers in the new units by sponsoring and raising companies were engaged in trying to attract men to the colors, the Unionist officials, and particularly the Commanding General of the Department of the Pacific, continued to watch the political situation within the State with the keenest anxiety. The results of the election on September hth left no doubt that the majority of the citizens of California were for the union and against Secession, but there was still considerable doubt as to how far the voters were willing to go in support of an active war against the seceding states. The election also proved, if there had been any doubt, that the southern end of the State was overwhelm- ingly pro-Secessionist in sentiment.l MaJor W. Scott Ketchum, in command of the small force of Regulars which had been stationed at San Bernardino reported, ". . .the Secession candidate for the State senate, is without doubt elected. . . .The Se- cessionists are much more numerous than the Union men in this section of the country."2 General Sumner, writing to The Adjutant General on September 7th, discussing the eXpedition through Mexico pointed out that "The great and unaccountable success in Arizona and New Mexico will no doubt embolden them.(the Confederates), and it is by no means certain that they will not make some attempt in this direction, and if they should ever get an organized force into this State as a rallying point for all the secession ’ ' IT \‘ . _. 4' ,A.L .0 I A :f :- “r .- a"\ '1'”! m 7" ‘. q'i n"1—r. ..J. -'A..-! {_;A..J.> s... I .' ‘31 L | uni-D d J..- . \J sao‘v J ) av- .\ A- L ‘ I I f , , . ¢ . ,V y ... .~( . s r) , 5 y A-F. r. y 1 L on n "I‘ r - ~ ‘ I‘ ,2 ‘t H. l ' :.I.J y; {SI 1 DL'IK was -4U ‘f‘l- C\I.J..A-I_ ‘5 \_A - 1...; L I (l ‘3 . - '.." an! . . ~. -~.‘,: ’ . .- r - ’ ' r "O ' ‘ . - ~O‘ ~ _ a; I J- -. ,' . vr . \ ,"- ‘0 ._-T-_r stem $.an war mm . ‘3...) (3-3 F: “1‘ Jaguars v.3 3,111 L'IJ m- taxi», ..9 v..v-. .-u-.a~ no ,"3 ~ ieflwiqu Bid edst adJ ' :NJ In sum :msgai and fie £3-3n53 jniCnnnmaJ en: vixsjwoiimaq has €f affix 3:53; and rihdiw nriéciaia lfCIIILCq and donw cJ baLHLJUCQ '31 azfl tn::~d,nl n; H’ijzoio aid 3% adihzat sfiT .gjaixns daunaax and is; 313w s:_1u1£iaL 3o anasiiir add in {Jimagsm an: :31: Jacob .bvs oifiststiants ilida saw a: a: duo .noiaaeoea insists has ncixU ~77r33 as ;u jlfiggba ni c3 cJ gniiiiw stow aaoicv and 191 de Cd as ’1 ii ,bsvcio owls acidosis an; .sejsda snibusas and dad'sfs new I 10 has niedjuca and dad: 13,:cb was H993 bad ' ‘. . r ‘p":- v ,x(, -‘ s.v '7 . ' r'- a .~ - r. -r v +“ u‘ - \.-: . I n is flQiUl Lie a uni :c blames: ai {mun:s-x s3.:i .W mogsx ; H a - . .. fl“, . ..‘ _ 4” . - '. . n , . . ' ', any. . . zisazria. guiuisni-fl find is DDHH13838 “990 bed darn» six. . . .findusis dumvb in fidiw al .efsnea visit and col adnflibnso '— - ,—~ r .'ry: 4- ' . 'v 1“ .‘vc I ' " " " "r . F: .‘ " rs . W . . ..J‘..-3?. ($1.410 ('1‘- (131‘. leuj S‘IIJ LIBfiJ’ 8..\.'l.‘:_.it.fl S'ICJ‘. LiDi'lfl 9'18 Zioifiula 191') S ”.vadnuoo and is "'\ L'“: 'r. s r!“ . - .’ ‘.’P I " v _"'_, I s \ .an dnss bps eni OJ raidiiw ‘YSAKYU iszsmen J. :2. .r (x h i \ ,. 2 d) F)‘ rag; on} ten: in» hadnigq co XJR dfecmnj ncidihecxa add gniaaucaib OLHL'W 3"1LJ14-5 Cxfl iii-W 03 C191”! WETT/I £317.33 Jr‘hi’lSC'LA ..I 3895‘3‘13 i'I-JBIIIJJCPSI-{PU} element, it would inevitably inaugurate a civil war here immediately."3 The grim news of unaccountable Confederate successes in Arizona and New Mexico complicated and added danger to the situation. Late in August a letter had reached Lieutenant Colonel George Andrews, 6th Infan- try, commanding the isolated outpost at Fort Yuma. The letter had ar- rived across the wastes of the Gila Desert from “long, lank, leathery and genial" Ammi White, a native of Maine who had established himself as trader and operator of a flour mill among the agriCultural Indians of central Arizona.LL Pima Villages, August 23, 1861. Lieut. Col. GEORGE ANDREWS, Sixth Infantry, Commanding Fort Yuma: SIR: Inclosed please find Mesilla papers, containing full accounts of the proceedings of the rebels in Eastern Arizona. You will see that they have possession of the entire Terri- tory. Twenty of their troops are at Tucson now and 100 more expected within a very few days. The following is an extract from a letter received from the mail agent at Tucson: The mail between Tucson and Mesilla will st0p for the present, as the country is under martial law. In case of any demonstration in this direction I will promptly forward the earliest information. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, A. M. WHITE. . . - - . . . --. - , ! - ' r . , -. . ° :1" . a . - - . :7. - ' . . . , ' ..\_ p ; « ‘ ‘. / I! . w - v- ‘. ' 1 . Pf; \ r- f .1...‘ ..-- . .1 Fl. v - .(:. ., . , .3d 7, - a :1 A: -.).i_ - \f . k i L" I - . u“! 31 C A ‘11- ~‘.jl ,,-' - -' ' -, . .p', . .'-- ' . -. v. - " .‘. . \ if g .7 _ ..‘ 4‘: -." , {I 9‘ i .: 1);.” «L ul.’( 1.‘ Lg '. i :4. w‘ \ .I t" T). ' ' .‘a1.'.'_; .'JA‘w... ’V 11....-. “HUD ('J¢XLJ '1 ‘l‘. l .0138 ' ' ..' I ... - - . , .\ . ,- - ' ' F , ‘ . . m . . ..' ' Y .- ' x. ,e F_ ‘ ’ . r J. . . ,. .1... la\."(.' 7;?” "a ‘AIJW :3 ‘ if? .‘, All Is. x g..-.'.. ‘v'u .. -L .' ’[A' jar .' ~‘r{"’l “13‘. In}... B C -}(: 'bva a ... . Ja-r um -. ' 4 ' ~ - . .. a. ‘E‘ 4 ~. . .w «1;, w .1 1,19, 9 H .13,“ mgr ,1 m, uf’d c s. .717 -. at Sam? ' $1.53.”, \ O MAJ w. J --r J 'l n 1 . r . ' r . + u -+ » ’ I 51...; i ..z. .13 »_ . .i. i " - MW) a. 14. w 12: .r ' ages-z». 0:1; carrier. Luv '1 f -"‘v".' -'-./~('-° I‘m, --*-'~.:- u'.‘ - ; .'.- ... ° h" ‘4~~ Hutjvwm rat'y-‘o *r »‘ "re? van f~ 14..»‘rj'«-. l A’- it“-J.A.V~‘.-I\J'-\’ 1 AL.) “‘1." -x’l.‘[-‘Jz. .3.! ... ‘ L- All; 8 , -a\ ..u'at- ‘Ma I. a.~.‘-r..v3 4.8 - ’- ,', J , y 0. , -9- .-~- , .. ..- - .lC ; .;n sfiu uA .3”,€lill buiq ‘1 .2..- 2.1 oJ.‘ L! OCL‘ , *7 . L ‘ I .’ IN '\ ' ‘- “‘ c: ' 9 ’x "I ‘ t t I f ’ ii “L“;rfi; s .BTJ3;' sill ~. .uf. eceaiq Ln>\i3ll :’Iu , ' ’ ‘ . "‘ -A l s 7‘9 . . A - ' I“ o - . .Lil . : ':_~'- ='~i.—n_*ra~'x m. 51.: (A: at c .. .m beenuq and” .10 Bani-LOGS ~ii~wr 911349 add in n issuance evsfi van: find: 993 Iiiw ucY 3i"; CLI has w'n nach 33 can avvcmi 119d: Tc VinawT .{Tci .ags? wol {19v 3 n;5.jw baicegxa :cr:cuf Jr dnaxs Lian ed: goat navieoet medJai s not? an; vcfi «+3: iiiw siiiaafi bus noaurT sewdec Ilsa SET :3 b t } - t a. q a} “‘1 t1 ; ." 3.7. {D C; D ‘5 1 C0 "1' . -.4..- -.~. A gaunnco SDI as ,3nesutq .. . _ ‘ r- .. :4. - . ' ‘. .17.. ?' "if.[tt '1391:[1x;3 a... air ‘":9 ‘;l:'. "13 ..- .- 4, , ..- - r. '. ..-, . - u.r as c_:xtn:;L,'L..b .ipuu.,ds;auacz.\gifv v‘fl -~.- ‘1 -‘ .L.‘J', -’ 01‘: I}- omfi>ma 0: e: .3 Q. «:2 inst. .. V ...:\§£ ...a . . ..s ...I Swag. . ... {2.33,}: . 3.3 , hank-.... £35.... :3. ‘—We are out of postage stamps, or I should send in the mail.5 What had actually happened a thousand miles away, in the valley of the Rio Grande is, to this day, almost inexplicable. The Regular units being withdrawn from several small posts in New Mexico and Ari- zona were being concentrated at Fort Fillmore, near Mesilla, which was the only considerable town south of Albuquerque. The troops at Fort Fillmore late in July, 1861, included companies from.several different regiments,'and numbered almost seven hundred officers and men. For the place and the time, this was a very powerful force, and it comprised an appreciable fraction of the tiny Regular Army of 1861. The commander of the post of Fort Fillmore was Major Issue Lynda, an elderly veteran' with a creditable but undistinguished professional record. on the evening of July 2h, 1861, Lynde received information of the approach of‘a Confederate force into Mesilla from the south. What followed is best described in Lynde's own words: HDQRS, SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO, Fort Fillmore, N. Mex., July 26, 1861. SIR: I have the honor to report that on the night of the 2hth instant a deserter from the Texas trOOps was brought in by our picket, and he informed me that a large body of mounted men, between 300-and #00, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Baylor, Texas trooPs, were moving up the river, and that he left them at Willow Bar, about 12 miles below the post.. Presuming their object to be an attack on the post, I immediately ordered two. companies of the Seventh Infantry from San Tomas, and kept the ’ F I" .- ~b ' - —f' . 9-. A" u , ‘ (I t . .-~v ’- . , ‘ ' 1., ~- .. l’ - I I i I II: :.\a , ...; - II 3I .L A . I t1 _. “1‘4 '4‘- —.a J _ l . - - 'J - \ {A -L tfl' \. r . e Luézli "....f A" a. ‘~ -.. ..,., ,.._ {‘1 ,, f‘, \, A'f , J. Q ...,,‘ -"7‘.- _,. f“ ...nq El‘r" it‘lrh' L LAm‘V -..u [.J. 9 LINL! t...’_q...-... ..-..i 4‘ .iu a.) J- '... . i f_. (.-'.i.“34~v._". -..‘ L \ a..1 0". -.c', ( Q C t“ _ L3 P w' a P‘- ‘4' H Q Q (4. p ”‘3 —‘I 0 C7 :2 27: b C. n \—-‘c .1. '5' *3 L 9-3 C) u _" .. .. ' . r’P O r—- " ‘ ‘ 7‘4 7’ .v . _ fl " . . 'VI"" 7 Q. ~ .. '.- O ni~x -nr fix A we. a: of--. lists inz-.ve a I- nu}..nfi-v gqiad aJtnU CO _ .9. P ~;r-.-_ '7‘. «v-v'.IJ ’— + '- L;"~\'. «~,~ \ - ' J Au “Jinn a:ll-odd then .:.,'_--u .1.2 3 Ng-viinuante ~n:ct evsw en's V‘- J'L-TZ'd 3's SgtC'lJ ad“) .9. 9'12}! no“. ’10 1'3 x a {mid elder-Jump o 'gizzo arid .. . an. . ,- .. - .. . : .". :— ’.‘-‘: ~ .. . r . ' Snfliai-lu £319.93 m". JUiUntfitfl uenuisni ‘io-I (gL.L nl eds. smynilii ..'. .. r" ' - .. - .'-'~-'-‘ ’- . A... — C, -, . .. 4. ....' . and u«: .mam has filffi-.LK rem/n,i my.ea Jaomis nflfifinmifl t: .aunsmiiam beeftgmcu :1 Ln- .aszcl In“1owtq {19v 3 saw aid? .orti and has eosiq isthmus e on? .icai 3C gqu Tsiprafl gut: and to atlases? sissicsiqgs ns namedav 1119;;9 an ,anngd easel icgsfi 85w avnmiiib drcn SC Jana add is .buccam Inaa‘aaaicmq bsdaiugnitnifinn dud sidejiismo s njiw L. neidnmtctai bavisoei ebuzl ,Iéfii ,flS ‘inL to animate and n0 e;w .anLa sdJ mom’ siliaefl can: somci edsmsbsfinofl a do dosochs and f :abupw HMO a'ebngl at bedimoaeb 333d 21 newciiol r\r. V ' f -" “Pt r‘nr‘“r.;:’- "’ ' . "‘,(""_/"") V‘, ini'? {U‘JIA-.-u\1 ilk-I" 1d. a-Jlr :‘ I! ‘ £1 ...}.lk'w ~‘ ‘L? ’w .. ’ r‘ ‘\ - ‘- '- .. r“; ,-... lo I ,0. kins ..X®& .h ,etruil-i 31c? ' ‘ l'\ Lids en. .0 35 in and no jsdd Jacqei a: mound sci svsd I :FIU :nr {d a: :ficrcmfi new xQCCid asxeT and mcmt iejmoasb s instant .msz; n<:3‘:1:'<_;r: ’10 {not} 9&3st .8 GMT: 9:11 benxmffnfic ed .I'Ln's .392531q .maigei Iwu;i(O-dnsnodusid lo bnsmmwo msbnn .00# bus 025 noswdsd magi J‘ei ad 35nd bns .msvii and qu inivzm anew .aq<013 86? T v .- I‘d acq 913 w I‘ 1196 aaiim SI tacos .nsfi wciIiE is CH. Lemetmo visdaihem.i I {dead an: as inside as so oi dasLdo ad: 'qad bus ,3surT n58 mttfi viznsunl dinavsa and lo aeinsgmco Al garrison under arms_until after daylight, when mounted parties were sent out to reconnoiter. In the meantime the enemy passed up the opposite side of the river through the town of San Tomas, where they captured seven of my command left behind by the bat- talion of the Seventh Infantry in the hurry of departure. After extracting from them.what information they could with reference to the probable time of departure of the trooPs of Fort Brecken- ridge and Buchanan, they were released and joined the post. All prOperty, public and private, belonging to the command was seized and carried off or destroyed. About #:30 oiclock p.mm yesterday I moved in the direc-_ tion of the town of Mesilla, where the Texas troops then were, With six companies of the Seventh Infantry, one acting as ar- tillery, with the howitzer battery of the post and two companies of rifles.‘ One company of infantry, with the band and conval- escents, were left to garrison the post, under Lieutenants Stivers and Ryan, Seventh Infantry. Dr. Alden also remained behind.. My command numbered about 380 men. About 2 miles from.Mesilla I sent Lieutenant Brooks, Seventy Infantry, A.A.A.G., forward with a white flag to demand the surrender of the town. He was met by Major waller and Colonel Herbert on the part of_the Texans, whopreplied that if I wanted the town I must come and take it. I moved the battery forward and fired two shells at long range, but_they burst in the air short of_the object. The command continued to advance. .slowly towards the outskirts of the town, while the battery, r . 2r 4—- . , , 23:31.3 Lash; a nudw .deii‘r. 133.3 LIJHV ants 195nm uvaitmsn nssasfi v one and e itnssu :33 HI .TsJiCnALCBT OJ doc :rms. anew a...) 13.-2‘; rtxco.‘ an: (1;, '- ('1: 13‘ 3. {'1 ed: 9M2 :‘ni‘thtgGO an: qu ~Jsu and ”c hnimsd J1;i Dnamwco an 10 saves isfudss) fiend emsnw 3 | A a {turd en: mi 213nxtnl ndnavad add a nciisd evacuate? nsiw Disco 19nd nofdnnmcizi dexw man: mvu” pnitnsvcxs 0 aQuUTJ and lo emudvnlsu i3 3x13 aldnuomq Gui H3 lid .éaaq ed; DenioL 2:; 59333193 319w tend .fsnsdncfi £38 ayhln asw bnsmmca an: a: gaijnoisd ,eisviiq has stiluq .13 sq<1q .bavoujaab 10 333 Latinas nus baniea -D;1'1’.tf) 2.113 r): r._~..v.-<~.:.1 I warrants. .1. .(1 X201 ’r' .‘v 0&1"- 31100;". .emsw news 83a 23 asxsT snd- msnw .siite :M in nwcd add is .ctd -ms as raises one ,guJusZnI dsnavaa euJ Lo asinsqmco xia ddiw eefnsgm u ow: has sang and 30 {2333.u we'dtwcd and ddiw .vusiltd -Isvncu 'JKB fined and ndiw {gidnsini in gnnqmoo enO .aeifiii lo sinsnodueil vsbnn .Jacq 9i: onetime; 03 dial eusw ,edaeeae carjgweu caLs nan-A .Ti .vvdnftri fiduavaa .nsvfl bns amsvida .nJA Ct swede bemadmnn bnsumco {M .bnidqd {Luca dnsnejuaid dnsa I siliaeM most eeiim s dquA uflfimab 03 :nil exifiw s n::w rmswmci ..D.A.A.A {gainsfht vdnsve2 has maiisw 1(if £4 pd Jam esw 9H .nwcd and lo usbusmmna add ‘J Li Jedi bsiiqai cnw .ensxsT and Bo itsq and no 3130133 IsnoicO Via-33.03 stir i‘rjvdiz‘. I .31 airs: one zmco 3am I awn: arid twefiisw 1 hi dam d {and and .annsi 330i is aliens ow: 63211 has DT'VTOI CH ecnanas oi haunt Taco b.91n:: sfiT .323: o and Eo diode mic and .viaddsd end slinw .nwpd and La admijaduo an: ebmswod viwcia #2 which had to be moved by hand, was working through the heavy sand. From a cornfield and house on the right we received a heavy fire of musketry, wounding 2 officers and h men and kill- ing 3 men. As night was coming on, and the fields and houses on both sides of the road were filled with men, and the howit— zers useless, except as a field battery, owing to the diffi- culty of moving through the sand, I decided to withdraw my force and return to the post. The march back was uninterrupt- ed, and to-day I am fortifying with sand bags, etc., in anti- cipation of an attack. I have sent an express to Captain Gibbs, ‘ directing him to return to Fort Craig with his command, as he cannot Join this post now. They have possession of the road 'above. 'Orders will be sent, if possible, to the commanders of the troops from.Forts Breckenridge and Buchanan to take the nearest route to Fort Craig from a point where the orders reach them. .A re-enforcement of 100 men Joined the Texans from Fort Bliss last night. Their force at Mesilla is nearly 700 men. I am hourly expecting an attack. The loss of the enemy is re- ported 11 killed and wounded. Part of their horses were stam— peded by one of our shells. “I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, I. LYNDE, Major, Seventh Infantry.6 It is obvious from the tenor of this extraordinary letter (which was addressed to the Commanding Officer of the Department of New Mexico), .'I" . - . ' . ~— . .. -- t e .- . ~ . . L ~ v3. - — ‘ .I i ‘ x"f.'_e' ’1 - 'i . ..- r.- . 31 '5: \‘N .33 . .- 1 . I35 ”’ -. 11...- :z‘w , - , -a . ' - .. - ' ’ r. . '" ~ L! c I: V (I. I _"‘ C \d’ I! P ,"4. .\ \I .'. ( f.. H‘ ‘1 f |1~~~: J’li ,‘ 1"-( ' g" \ '1 I f..l.“.; 9. ;~ ‘ ‘ ' I ’ 1v '. . 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' ,~,' .—‘ ..‘ . - . 5. ..’, \- a I a $ r .- _f I, - a ' 2d 8m .dhmdnffl agn nJi ,ie A C7‘! (J n: JG: 74 MIA snidosxrb - I f l’ v - 5" '.-‘ 'r o.- +> .‘I - '. pr. 1 p , _ bee: sn' .c n. a.nedu, 328. Egfii .kmn on.” elni mic“ J mass are art co ant c3 .siefsaoq 11 .Jnsa ed iirw BTOhTO .svcus e313 5: "'53.?” n3 mensrfcnfi' bus 3* Li'tn;:a2izr.a-1€I star}. mot? aqoomi and "Ic- .& More; 37;,uc an: atsnw iniuq e not? @1513 31.? ct sJUOI Jaeissn . man}? :31; mod; snsxsT an: basing man 001 To JusrsQXCTHG-ST A .nsfi b_} {ITRGH 1i silisefl J: 9370? tieoT .dfirla Jeri asIIH ~si a} finssa 233 7c sari sdT .flusdds as Enidusfixa “Inwod ms I I a 1" . '9' v o .- 2 7 F. '3 - \r. yr 6' r“. ‘3 A' c. -Is a Slow can; i .93 F 3-3 M 4 .bsmnucw bus boilifi LI bedicq .JQSVISR JKQLCBVC 139g ‘VfiuflJggcesq xzqv {11$ .ms I - ' .. . . 3...’ ‘1 . .- ' ' ..’. .. . " “XLK1327fifijgv sent .0 unqu ~n3 near 8J1 vco st :1 ‘.- . a; '. ‘ 4-.- ‘ _ ‘,- (V -_~‘ ,-_ qr r," 0-”! r, ‘ fir; . '_ a . ‘ '. < ":‘V -»'- "4"- Y" VITr‘.‘ A‘.‘ 311141332113 71".; 7.22“.) L3 '1.).".[ - - .' 3:1 (In-Edifir'h J 5.13 i J Dd?! - that poor old Lynde was demoralized with terror and was already beaten. Consequently, it is not surprising that, over the protests of his officers, he decided during the night to abandon Fort Fillmore and flee to Fort Stan— ton. The next day (July 27, 1861), his men and horses began to collapse from thirst and fatigue in the late—July temperature of San Augustin Pass, and the elderly misfit decided to surrenter ("to avoid the effusion of blood"), again over the bitter protests of his officers.7 The writer of this paper has personally seen men and horses drOp from thirst and fatigue in the sand and sun of the identical area in which the events Just described took place. Pushed, however, by a commander who would not have been deterred by the "effusion of blood," the maneuver was not interrupted for a moment. . Immediately after Lynde's surrender Baylor issued a flamboyant proclamation, announcing the annexation of New.Mexico and.Arizona to the Confederacy, and proclaiming the establishment of the "Territory of - Arizonaf, with himself as Military Governor. He immediately occupied Fort Stanton, which was abandoned as soon as Lynde's surrender became known, and.urged the Confederate Government to send a sufficient force under a competent.commander to make good the permanent occupation.8 This was the news, the arrival of which caused General Sumner to cast anxious eyes toward the sensitive area of Southern California, and to issue a curt and preemptory General Order to all of the tr00ps in the Ibpartment of the Pacific: GENERAL ORDERS,; HDQRS. DEPARTMENT or THE PACIFIC ,- No. 20.., ) San Francisco, September 3, 1861. No Federal troops in the Department of the Pacific will . ' . .. .. - ., ..... .' - '*.. .-"‘ - L. i..:. .. .. .‘r' (..': .f.; 1‘. "a )x4J\)' “..'. L,"alhi 'A3\l ; \IAPJJ.\J. 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CL .3 3‘1 .ins~cm s It” haiqydfiadn- ixsgcruni; r hub if tcigsq mahnosits s'shqu 1:313 viudsiiawyi 953 c; ; .zita has CJixuM wan to n Linxanns onJ iniunhvnxa .uuiimreioau; -5 vaLJitisT” and :o shardsrlc 339 and inimisisoiq ins .zcozebsjnce Jt-i E331”LLC uiajsibsmml 5H .1"HTGVCQ vTeJIIiM as Iisamtfl Criw "shes”xA .nm an amazed moonsti a a'ahnfid as ates as Laueonsds asw nolfiw (nodnsih L gs.vj sniot snotsfiira 3 boss 03 :namndsvnh sjszsra?n60 91$ Lsxin Ens .n:tjs,isno JflJffi tog sf box; SPAM c3 fishnsznro 3"939QFC3 oJ tonm,m LSITLEQ ceases nuinw -o LEVITL* ej: .awsn ”d3 33' aidT YFQ (Binut‘iinU Huedduca La RnfiS avifiausa 9&3 tT'wU arm? aJCi'Tfi 3859 I . “- -. . ,- ... .. .' ' "~ n I'- p q r o h P . ‘ A - 1 .’ a r‘ o 'J u r‘ - uh; at as..aJ and .: lbs «3 13n,o lbiufvu yuv.aise;q ant u1”9 a area at ,. r~d ' ' . o .I I . .r ’<‘ . - - 4 V '9 "‘ Av ‘- I: 2. 4- ... ‘- -- "F I. 1. 35.1251 .Mm. -e no.3rm-.e. and hi awn-“r lei..e- I}: ever surrender to rebels. E. V. SUMNER, Brigadier-General, Commanding.9 Upon the receipt of Ammi White's letter, Lieutenant Colonel George Andrews, at Fort Yuma, realizing that his garrison was the only Federal force between the victorious rebels and the Pacific Coast, and painfully conscious of his isolated position, immediately requested rein- forcements, to be sent by sea, to save time.10 General Sumner had acted quickly, and on the second of September, the day before issuing the order quoted above, had ordered that two companies of the 6th Infantry, then at Los Angeles, "proceed without delay to Fort Yuma."ll Andrews was inform- ed that reinforcements were on the way, and that "In complying thus with your request the general considers that your command will be sufficiently strong to resist successfully any attack that will be made. At all events, under no circumstances will any regular force in this military department surrender to the rebels." If Andrews suspected disloyalty by any members of his command, he was assured that ". . .you will be sustained in any stringent measures you may think it necessary to take."12 The transfer of two companies of Regular infantry from Los Angeles to Fort Yuma.left the Federal forces in Southern California so weak that they would have been powerless if there had been an uprising, and to General Summer and his staff, an uprising was a very real possi- bility. The transfer of Captain David A. Russell's company of the hth Infantry‘from,8an Francisco to Southern California provided a small in- crease in strength, but it was a matter of robbing Peter to pay Paul.l3 . T,- J 'a - I - . -. - .rz-a-r-fii-vffll L... ...};le'j‘m". I, _: W943 ' "3 r ,2 '4. " 1 (:4 .\ O 5 . ‘ - " . . r. '. ‘. '— 2 -, A, r. . ‘_\l ‘. V, _N‘ u I ~.-s1l it's-11) ,Il fish L’ irifis lid ..‘. . ,_ .'4 * ,l 4', ".7 "J r‘ ‘ n . _- -, ‘1': 'J1 :T-L\1 r it"s} u ..‘L I: an Ant” 1... 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"- ‘0 ' >:( ' inbua;iu°J wlbulilh Bins nL vino- ailinsu fins ILJW 355HLJBHULI19 (n stun ." u r u;- U - . . _, g- ’ m - —. ‘ vA_ '- ~. — - 9 -. c .4 A '- ~ . ‘L ~ 0 .- . , aims in nus mi gilDKCla: nsJoecs>s aasLEn; 1- .sl3491 Sflo ed asbmsmuza . '. "-1' J. . .‘ 2.- ,.- V II .' To.-...- . ‘ ’ r ' '1 (#5 El LHMchflha so file up“. . Jeni QSL-dufi saw an ,bnfiwucc sin -c .r..-. .1. ... -. , - ' r.. - . ... - u -- .GdLg \q vis.aauen 33 Asia: um car somwsusm in? slits 1 L . .- 4', 4‘ ‘ r' -. ' ' r (."J ‘ " we.¢-\. .--c'."-,. 2 . .: r f -L .'Y',‘ QLJ 4-1: a: n3 0: Isi_$ w .- earns _ 3 (VJ -o 19.ansts ens "'v C“""'i' ; : -"r‘. ¢.'.\"—!' "‘ :4 ‘f ' ' ~ f~'( ,'. J: I! ‘2’";“0' ‘3'." 4‘ L'CA s~JLL.s.--.'~o -.'._L-Z«\.’ RAVI-x: «IL'J I. 83,-! .‘.‘.l 1)1~1‘\J1 ..2 \’ V ,- ~41 eL BFJY dflcfi CJ asiernfl ,t .. ..’. - . ' 7;. 2. ,... ‘ .,, -r. . ' '. ‘ ._.‘ - .- JJ. .1. .L 1,. ,ifilatfito Ls 3252 bed amend -i ssjlufwaq mess sved QlLoM Edna beds Lbs” " '* .'1 .". duv'. ‘ 7" ' . ’r 'I ’ ..J. 'P 5‘ . "" ' . '\ - ~-ac» , .L.‘.U’I ~. _.‘"\ s as.» ETHEJ-IV’”. as t - lf-JB 31...! “as momma Lee-area) (Jr the 1 u n I. f ' ‘ - . -\ -, .- ' P ‘— v - I. -‘ V- ? ... 4 I I .t' t‘ A ‘ —."0 -- £A\; T“ Uild I '1. $1.9“: L \‘4 .LJ. 3.2-.8- .l s (”i “.5: I F“): {LI-83 .r-v'.) J 1- '1‘) I‘ {'Jlijg'ij 9.11? ; Alum a s CfibIVCTq‘EQ;YiCQ;L%U fli‘df «w; OJ ceaitmurtd are rurti uninsfiml In the meantime, Colonel Carleton had been organizing and beginning the training of the regiment of infantry and five companies of cavalry with which he was to guard the Mail Route. On September 10th he received orders directing him to start his march for the plains on the twentieth of the month.lu There is an old, cynical, completely unorthodox and frequently true military axiom to the effect, "You should never obey the first order you receive. It will be changed." In this case the change was not long in coming. Only four days after receiving the order directing him to march for the plains, Carleton received another order, directing that without delay, he would move his infantry and cavalry to los Angeles, "Ihere he will receive further orders." The same order directed Colonel George Wright, 9th Infantry, to proceed to Los Angeles and assume command of all of the tr00ps in Southern California.15 There is noy’record of the information which prompted Sumner to make this move.‘ He evidently believed the situation to be extremely ser- ious, for on September 17th he wrote to The Adjutant General, saying: ._I am compelled to assume the high responsibility of changing the destination of the troops ordered to the plains. The dis- affection in the southern part of this State is increasing and becbming dangerous, and it is indispensibly necessary to throw re-enforcements into that section immediately. The rebels are organizing, collecting supplies, and evidently preparing to re- ceive a force fromtTexas, and the worst feature of the affair is this: They have managed to seduce the native Californians by telling them.that they will be ruined by taxes to maintain AV" ' kg ' ' L- F. ' ‘- ~-~ r‘r ..‘ .. ’- ':.~~ r'r -. ‘3 ~ w 4 -. v- .7 '7 ’ " W P' ‘ w ' "‘ ..': ' R‘ I r .- ,E. ..f..!: ...-“...:- .ix- .‘2 ’ J ff .. - .1 mi- 5n. 4.31. .3. . . ‘5-.1Esfi‘2--n 8. u if ~»r ' . ' , " ‘ r" .. ... - ' '~- 4 ..3..—,. . ‘4. '1 f _' é .- '+ I %. LEE“; .1 c i . {1:3 1...’E ’3 11 111i .: .. J' S -.a. .Y-v' 11119.41 .1 L we 30.121!) .51 u z-s‘ s I '1 ¢ . "a...’ . r ‘ ‘I ‘ V C}: J‘ . r1' 0" " -+ ma 3 .~' . ° {1‘ \ ' H l._,‘_;.3_ IA sluk’g. ' n J, 1;- a L) It: -.‘ ‘ .. \I L “A... 1‘. PJ‘VJ J ('1') ..I‘ 9.1% f‘ "’_ ' ' " ‘I 'L rt; F. ' : -‘ I ,‘v "i “..- 'v‘,"‘.l P. s I-( -. ,1 r 3'1" v - -.., -~‘ . .- . e. we N .r '3' \ a" . V r. ;. fa. VJASJL J."J 73;. J a$\ LL! -uJ.L...- 9.19' AV -1 s‘~~:$~1v‘w C- .‘ 3;»-.ud C”: ..Ilill r_ to;u'~.:-‘JLL‘ C19~1~i A " " 1' r " ‘1?" " i f o’ .' " :\ I-s' ‘ 1 ‘ ~s *JII. flu—F .3 J. g. ;l__"‘ 1'.‘}.s.) \.. LIJ'I‘HU “*1! 'J.._‘-l ‘ J.J ' ‘8-)L1- l (J . .../'4 s. .(‘a-L‘; 'u‘LL 0 1.31 r' “ r r 1' ‘-r‘ f‘ I ~ ' ‘ . ‘ ‘- ' ‘ ' g . " ;eJ1; a; J- I 34‘s 13\Sfl -mudC bu, .sr;_zs 91. t3 mcixs gustiirm 5:13 . - -~ . ‘ <.~ .' ' v i g r 'v ‘- if '1 ~.-g -‘A.- r- c --' - no - .1 . -' " '4' \“‘-'If ~11‘; {1.55.0 ..‘;I'nj 963.8... dill-2‘3- fii 01311;, L3»). 'J SJ lit 4 J L 0 9‘4 Jug-‘53.: .‘JC‘L .\ , ' , -_ ., 2 .LI— ,, '.' , ;-. , ._r ' ' - _. .-.°a - r - ., r. . . .. 0,. gin .iis.2.1n dent: and snivissez Tflolfl ages 1 c- zinc .gnineu n- .J “DIJ3:Z:* .“9510 denies? )evrecsi ncdalst .anisiq and is“ d““"m ,ssiu‘na and 0: {125133 has zeinsflni sin atom blucw an ,{sfsn dnusdiw "xsrrurc at 1“ . ‘. -~r.' .r‘" r .-~-:! H s '7‘ . v'-—~ ('70 . - , 3’ 3-19. -'eLLD 'I‘J. lo {Emits ‘2.»"1 .81 on ’13:".3 L}; ensue“: llfla 9f trim-W 3 :‘i235 b.s so 912A cal c-: bs.;9:1q c3 ,zmiasTuI use ,deIZH x1093 ’J “i. s.tniu? £130 nTedja:.C at BQOCIJ sdJ 30 ifs 30 -nmsd isiimbt doidw notismdcfini ad: is biased 'cs a: emsdT ~i9" giemeztxJ as 03 xinuuuvss sfid bsvsilsd viJnehivs sH .evmn sin: 33am :.nigaa ifszauefi dnsjugba ed? 03 5301w ed as“; msdmaJ'ea no me“ .auct .- -\ -.-—. .N. . 7 ..4- . r 'o. r - ,‘ 7‘ a "‘ ' '0 ' 4‘ v" \ v ' " pi unis J0 {uriisrscs .-s: n;ld sr£+ s-n L-eas es aslfrumse as I ...;- L (155 - . ' , y '. r. .. .. ' I .'1- it (3 weaver: git: urea-3.1.93.1: a: 4 ad? .antsiq en: oi redefine sq T?3 913 do acidsmrsaor and . . -' -.- a. v." J...‘ ..4. -: .... .. 2 .r‘ ,hisxerssi ai 9.3ua ale: -a drag niwfisuos add us urijoslis [-1- as BUL'CfiILBb tnr'ncssd sis closet err .yis:&inam.i acidsea Jami Oink aidemsarolme-ei - 3.». -. . .L...-- . 1 . - _ . 2- - is and is e~ru23, sszcw edJ one .s isT mo;i 991:- s evtso Courtesy of the State Historical Society of Colorado. Lieuto Col. John R. Baylor, 0.5.;lo, From Colorado Volunteers in the Civil fiar, By. William Clarke Whitford. #6 the war. . . . The only troOps I have at this moment are those raised for the Overland Mail Route. These troops are now ready. . . .16 The movement to Southern California, by sea, was executed promptly and without incident. 'On September 19th, Lieutenant Colonel JOseph Rodman West, lst Infantry California Volunteers, reported that six companies had arrived safely at San Pedro the day before, and were ready for the next step.17 The logic of events had changed the mission for which these troops were destined. Instead of guarding the northern mail route against hos- tile Indians or dissident Mormons, they found themselves guarding their home state against disloyal fellow citizens who were hOping for assistance from the enemy across the Arizona deserts. As will be seen, events were to change further the mission falling to the lot of the California Volun- teers, and Carleton' 3 original force, tOgether with part of the force raised for the expedition through Mexico were to be launched across the desert, to end once and for all the Confederate menace to California. .slmin; aura I p J. bohemwl is? x I J 9d 03 osew OJ earner auras“ ' fi~u~md3 nciJibsqxe an: has eono has an: :. 11 Math? 51. Juufire sin; 3; sari I is. 13 3;”: as? "“. . . .hfi*fit wgut a efi 5nirubr; Bo “safasI .fiuniiaeb 'toJJ gxiwgs:= POUL;QI953 ffiLo "sci .anfnm M troftsalo 2' anaibni 995.:3ican ur‘ ‘Nigij 310w pfiw Cassiais Welfa? isgciafb Janlfi“s ejeja 91;; aimaas .nega so 111w 3A .edieaob stoniwa and 330133 Enema and -n.;-v vi:t-tiip3 adj Es 301 an: o: fihilififi holealn em ~eftiwi s; at; 3 ed: in Jami ntiw media 03 .eoenl Larigiuo a'noteluefi has 1C3 b B'IE‘W 98151 03 .319295 NOTES - CHAPTER IV. 1. Horace Bell, On the Old West Coast - Being Further Reminiscences of a Ranger,. (New York, 1930), p. 72. Horace Bell was a pioneer resident of Los Angeles, and claimed to be almost the only person who left Los Angeles for the purpose of joining the 92192 army. Further evidence of the extent of secessionist sympathy in Southern California is given by Captain Hugh A. Gorley in The Loyal Californians of 1861 (San Francisco, 1893), p. h, .nd by Captain F. K. Upham, in e letter to the Editor of the American History Magazine, 29 (1893), p. 387. 2. Rebellion Records, Vol. L, Part I, p. 606. 3. 3359.,‘3. 6io. h. J. Ross Browne, “A Tour Through Arizona," Harper's Magazine, 29 (Oct- ober, 186k), pp. 553 - 57H. 5. Rebellion Records, Vol. L, Part I, p. 588. 6. £939.,'VO1. IV, p. h. 7. Ibid., p. 9. 8. Ibid., p. 20. 9. 1222:: Vol. L, Part I, p. 603. 10. Ibid., p. 587. 11. Ibid., p. 600. . . .. ‘ .- .- .- .-- , ._ - —. t_ . . .5 - ‘ A .- -L l‘\ -. f ’ a ... 3 . OJ‘SJLL "‘1 marzn r -. - u'RKJ a: . r , r a r. .ll.“ 4:5: H .1 “.-- - a4 — +— - ——-— ————.—-—-———— -_._...._.,.__..—...- .- Hm—H—w m*—— —-—-—..-— 4— “am—....- - ..' . 'r . F .. - r r ‘ .*: - .. t* c‘ ‘ , I'?. P -"A " ~~ 'vz\~ -. .' Jt'e. Ir J .A. '1-) )41( ..'... D d5? do‘f-fl.‘ UJJA -— .1 O a“. 0 K1 0‘ a I; ‘ v I. i s. I. 'I ‘t- ‘ ‘ l 5 ..-A.' A. , “ . n .: I 1 r .'.- - J ".‘ r ... ..‘- '-_ '~ I'- . .’r , an. uiui euw fluflfvfi Elmo BLJ udpllfi as La Luu‘“r3 has ,amfig f ‘ . ,,’ . .‘A .- . '-'n -‘ . -.'~‘ ’3 ..». .. ..JJ .‘ » 3;.urxvni'rmny;u: .vrus actxl anJ gn,'- A .o ee(gtnq a 1. .7 .' s'. . "'..'.-‘ _- ' . .. .1 : .. '1, . ' as nevi. 3L .inattiiLq n1~hJaou HI an.tL;e aginciatea a . -<-~:e s i .- ,. ,- ..,' --. " ‘8‘ ' .- . . t . _~' - ' .r r ... .-.:m ' . 1L (”04L.flh.q Us.) Ldul fl; arswui.'z«e.li¢w¢.l‘m 1 n1 XJ£-:J .A d LU niuu.m3 a - r .’ ‘~"""‘-d- ' - . < I. s.' .. ' ‘. l t . 'f v ’ 'u . '~' and -8 1.” ”u an: at TSJJbi a Cl .mLHqU .1 .r RnxJQLJ go the .J .q .(_& I c—' n If ' ' x I I - o -t i .q .ficf i) {u .exrxs“v1 v7r321” s"“t"cmA \ .-.—... *- a-n-u-II-nom - un-o-oo .... -...-- .__.. a- .89 1‘ .q .‘I dime? (LI .I.('V ,é.7"."‘f.o"’. 11’."’_.r..r.'>~t‘ ‘ft -_ ..--.-.-- -..—.-.--. . ‘ \ 0 1 a v H o - I .-— -i o; CS .Eflrft”flw 8"”fi183 .BHHSLIA dru018T munT A’ .enwrefi aecfl .L .d J —- v—sev—-’*.- ---“...Q ’r-'3 "1 ’V 'l‘{\ {4— '+H|K - €'\\ 'Hd ((9691 tight.) .{ud .q .I 318% .J .ltv (abuonsfi nrffiadu“ 3 l o\ .A .q .VI .L»v ..tt:; .8 f\ .\ .q ..bIgI .Y 12. Ibid., pp. 600, 611. 13. Ibid., p. 611. 1h. Ibid., p. 615. 15. Ibid., p. 620. .16. Ibid. , p. 17. M” P- in the history of the on, himself. Although a cone lorth, he I... 8. nat '- captain in the . to California « the San Francis M dun-us no United Sta \_~\ ‘\ .~. V.‘ ‘32 \i “.'j . *“K‘ \‘ \ ‘ . . .ifli .flhé .czr 5‘?‘T ‘V }_ T I 1H ('1 9-1 .» , °-.~~~‘ -. '7 , .'~~' «.- .t. ,. +1, ‘ . ’ .. " '1") .- ’,'1 r“ 3.- -: 35:...l .r 1'1 A - K H. -E. U I 35".; 9‘3 er—lik [‘1’ U {..‘JW Eff m.‘.l(.‘7 DQUd ..'L) o x‘ ..':‘J 0 L‘. Q o I: f.’- I o ‘. j: r0 ..‘w , ' ‘ .2, _, ,i ,4--. '- -. , . -. ., ... - r2. , r - - noJe-11' «J zinc gflCUSB itanutctn Jud n1 oncisexeib an: .o vmcfiain an? n: '- . f“ .9 —. . M 3‘ -~- 7- '1 - . - .- ~.~ ' 4" mu .\, P '- “ '~ -" I: . Sin} [.1 ”11.-3.3:. 1.99:1 her; a. _._". aid 2.: a 39.4.; SLK...:..-.‘. ..iemo s 1*. (“MIA . .ioamJI ‘ ’ —‘ 'nh ' ‘ n.-' V‘- .‘ ‘ - -«'~ .r '- . 1". .4 r :- " '5 "' ' ' r.’ B [Lil't‘h‘ J}. A.‘. 9.” .1541 HUDJIXK.4 911-! {£11. 1.»,th 0811.3; “I”, .1 ..‘ \: S‘ILx-fe; I“ Q Clo-(3N 9d ~ ..ny ‘A 0N I L. beihz In bad 9R .ameainricv blfimxio U ...3 o iofitaiG-bnsigigfi ed: mi nretcso Eo ifjibd has tony“ asw ed eefifiii ed: :nimub has ,E+OI n1 simmcfiiisO cJ 1-15a Jflflufiq ;; Rani sdi L3 sect SH .fneux”0 sooimq oraisnsmfi REE add (D Ens .bLFiaiLOJ Ci beniniei ed 15w ed: 19$.A .tsw IivIO ed: animub Isis“ g .3] i~ig I ociieq ed: gnii:n snxiaiuod m3 1 dodsnea 853538 bsjtnU sew .1“ ‘ a A A ll f; J ‘ V V'y“\ .Q \“\\\. g ‘ ‘ ‘ \ q ‘ |'\\\.‘ :3: "AA 1 _l. -______3 I x: ~ ...«1m\_\.a+;e . ..er ‘\>‘ !‘l. r“! ON; IV".“‘I!,"”.‘\\\‘.. (OH/“'4‘ \. “\V \ .3, J“ ‘h‘. ...,,,~ '. " ,;~”,,:,. . ’tf, ,/ I . . / ' ' ///,, §.\«.\fi\ . .- . ‘ ‘A \ p x "u’rl h ”N K \ \\“~" . _ - ‘ "\A \ ~ «N ' "4“ TS“: ' [M 1' One of Baylor's Texas Rangers. Courtesy of the State Historical Society of Colorado. 49 CFAPTER T SOUTHEM CALIFORNIA AND SOME PROBLEMS Pew civilians and norm military men have no true concept of the daily problems which not be met and solved by anofficer holding the responsibility of high- coxmnand in time of war. To meet it is a matter of ordering troops hither and yon, but the man who makes the actual de- cisions is likely to find his tins and attention occupied by unromsntio and prosaic details without which the movement of troops is impossible. General Sumor found it necessary to write to The Quartermaster General, in Washington. on September 20, 1861, ironically pointing out,» I"l'here - are some things that are next to impossible, and among them is to raise on any without nonoy.‘ it the same time he expressed the hope that The Quartermaster General would make no contracts to Washington for the no; pertinent of. the Pacific. ‘ He was evidently of the heretical Opinion. re- garded with extreme disfavor by bureaucrats, that the sen on the spot can negotiate a better contract. than can a control office thousands of .11.- amt} . _ . Meanwhile, disturbing informtiontontirmed to come in from Southern California. Clarence 3. Bennett. of San Bernardino. had written a letter addressed to the Secretary of State, in which he gave in detail an alleged plot to seize the southern part of the State and proclaim adherence to the Confederacy. Bennett was a graduate of West Point. Glass of 185% who had resiyled from the Army and engaged in farming. His report gave the appearance of being oaremlly considered. and was not at all Insterioal in tone. However. one is led to wonder just why V E’IT'LCC’ ,J‘s'rsy . .... Ie-o‘fi‘,~ M.‘ A v'-’A-~- 3 (—5 D ' , P . ‘ .A $174112 I; 4. "1.1L ;-3 :, _.','.‘-‘1'._-.B '2'f'aw ..' (~‘.~ .' K"i3 4.1": L01 9:: . ' ' .. ~. '\ - - .'- . .. ' .. . l 1'... " r ..T“ .I if; - -I L J; «.ll‘fv;‘.l,Lt 4.3.1 I"b u :‘I.J ,, -.J...-..:;f,:’1 E’J .L._.__;_II’ 3i. .“ ;v.,.. ".\.' 'v.-.c...‘3’,-».l' \ ‘ .'. . . \ ' -- .' V -,3 C1. -u". :3. 3 df."...J .x.:-.. .‘ .T‘J.-_t .V' \.-.‘.J--r..~ 'J 32;.) '19.; {XI 3 . , . I I '7‘ v , . ' o . . v . _ ‘7 _ '. | - ‘7 .‘ r‘ ‘) ‘. ‘ . L. 'V r\ (x . v r v- ('0’ ‘4 ..L k , .‘K 4. au‘ 4» 'A3 $41. On) .4«- I -'AAJ -k. ta- 1 .1 'aiI. 7!-r1. .uf. .L - ’ ~V - \, "I ' -~ r7 '1' ‘ \ ‘-".! ‘r‘ .- '- I'. -r/ ‘1’ "r a! .'j ‘9 ‘ I I , '1 r‘ -- - --‘,'-.‘" .JJ-i. u- -,*.. ..-"3‘1’-..;( K.’ .1!,.{. ;-'...' .3 11’2.“ .-‘-u‘ 1?-L .‘lU L‘..=_Jlb\ J.-.. a I;‘f‘_.i-8 ”53¢; :~- g; j:_ z». .5.-q'..‘£5.-.z‘r>~;- .5 TJ J'- --’.t « If ."A ' .'er‘ "Wk. W 'J 91¢)? . ‘,-<3“;'-a;fr.zir . ' 'o :- ~- :‘ - {—4 , - _ ‘ . --.1 - i 'v . ‘«‘-‘-v~.' .-‘ ., .~. 'I 1' . '4 '- __.' N; ..-<_ “2' L- V-J t '4- .1.-Ji. 17)-? 1- 1 "....L-l.iur 3‘ Cd \. -V ‘Jfl’ 3!)“, 31: [If—.134 (LL~._.£ _ '- ‘ . .- ‘ o I . ‘ I .7 v .JHJ .-- 7 I. .1.‘ nfl‘r", 'fi.h.£vo.:( -.r . _ _ I -' v ., I I - IT — \4' v ’ r~ r . 1 ; n g (- ‘P‘wlr ‘ \ r o J‘rq". . I: f‘ I s. .. 1-1 . -. A 0", )1} (4:41 .‘ - \ -x-J [up .1 .. ...L x; . k 4 3,. \ a". x) LA..J 91‘ lukl ' . .I, _, \ .,. . ".N.-..'- r '.u .; ._..' . I ‘ -\ .41“ 1: _ ....-‘.f.+.: . ..I- LI: - PM; 4.1 I» rm: 14L r1 ..4... L 14-11, ..1 1914!. A JB’IJLISL' Cum” ,7'. ,,'. ‘. ., : .' ' ,. .. . 3... ‘r‘ ~.~~'* . .. .. .- ..7 ' "\I(A».-_L.-/ 3-x\.‘ .I.7.L.'.._.~': .“l o -' - i'i}.'\ W 1.7;.“ 1.‘ -.’-H-115») Il'L.:-JAU k" '4 r14 I:(.I8'A,.lt 0-. 1.1 aim)“ L ... . .1 v”. . ,. 1: .,r . ' -. .--.. °' -.'.;- I.Jff,..::.'(.;x 5.35;: .'E-J- ..1)il--'., [Li'lgd .8 It») ’..§‘J~..‘-4. 8411‘.) U: l-:‘\.'3‘3“..[1) ZULLQLB " . .- tr . Maw» - A 1. . _-- . ;‘ - ',— ,.-.'.-.' ..,,--. f, :.....'..l ... III ‘ ”..' Jr‘ J C . ~. _ u..- L14. ‘ IJJJQJZ SID-8.;(i 4‘1\ k)\j- I; -'J,!i‘n’ C: _ (.1 J: ‘s' r ' u l I ' I 1 ' _ r- v - A . vfi ‘II , 'fi _ o ...-‘1 .. o \4‘ . -' . 7 1“." Jig Q L; :l:_.$t.~o _ A ”L‘_ \ _. I l.’."!‘,'" ' ' "X ' ' I" l,—') . . 0 A. Q 15“ i1.“ L.L3..(._ .11.} o .4.\ . o ". '7: .~.-m‘-.-- «Hf ‘ "'4’" ‘1 '-v~.- 'Nc"'II 'J. 7--' o I ..‘..v.*\ a - . t4 L III-T3 4 ‘. {Law I 'v n La‘n o u I \. y‘ to +31! -. .;l DJRLH - _. . . - ,. . . . ;. , . ~ ~--.-. ~ - .rx ' :|‘(' -, J , . ‘ ‘ 1‘ (”A r .r . I J n . >1 _ .— —‘ ‘. ' . u ‘1'- .‘ . ..‘ . , ..' J _ _.,\ v7 _ '~. _‘4; L ... A-J -1. ._ k. d;— ‘-- U - I '— \'¢-¢ -.' 15b £J(_, C d‘CI. . LA‘._I' A\r5-\' J . r‘ r. v . I -r . .) D I u ‘— r ’\ l" o ‘ I _ . ' ‘ —._ ' ‘ '. ‘|- (a. fi ‘ l I- . v 1L4. "' A. Q -"JI-E’a I La '- I} U Jvl'.‘.Kl €215.) p [131‘\J: t G :. ‘J - ““'-‘ ' 7" §'. ' ’D ' ..‘ ‘+ ‘ f . | I“ v‘ o I l ‘ '- C - ' A I 1 . r \ I - 1v 1 r , rr , r I. , - -- A a \'4-.:-v ‘— U 11‘..¢.\J- L- L (1-}. (J -.1u.l '1’ '.'fl-:3 t-I‘ J‘L Ur V‘J. I ‘ 1U 'k 2 b _ o o 0‘. o ' "' . ..‘ ' ' ! Yr? ' r ‘—‘n ‘v '. -" '-+r :‘Nr 2. x» x. I. M Li. X, -1. _ ...;‘.J-.m 'L; . -. 11-x- ..' 92.! IO , I r r l ' ‘ - ' . ' ‘ ”4 . l ' - . ‘ v - c~ , ‘1 r k - . .. \ .1 I u I .'.;.£i '7‘. -‘ZLJgH H: 4‘ ') . L"; ‘ sJ.‘ . u ‘ 4.A-" ' . ‘ '.‘. D’Kv".’ . ..‘-( v ( "u ‘t \ the Southern part of the State and it is there they expect to commence their Operations against the Government. YOu will take such measures as in your Judgement will most effectively crush out this disloyalty. It has been tolerated too long already, and I desire that you will put a sudden stop to all demonstrations in favor of the rebel government or against ‘our own. You will please establish a strong camp at warner's ranch and take measures to make Fort Yuma perfectly secure. - Ybu will probably find it necessary to place tr00ps at Visalia and Santa Barbara, but I give no order for this. With the exception of the camp at Warner's, I wish to leave the dis-' position of the troops in your district entirely at your own * discretion.‘ If it should become necessary to re-enforce your command I will do it at once. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, E. V; SUMNER, Brigadier-General, U. 5. Army, Commanding.“ Colonel Wright arrived at his new station and assumed command four days later.54 His first few days were full of activity, getting ‘the new headquarters established, familiarizing himself with the situa- ‘bion and giving the necessary orders to carry out his missisn. The es- ‘tablishment of a new'headquarters is always a time of trial and confusion, find.the headquarters of the District of Southern California was probably no exception to the'rule. Colonel Wright sent the required formal an- nouncement of his assumption of command to the Assistant Adjutant Gen- eral of the Department on the day after his arrival ateLos Angeles, t -. , ,1 ...1. —. ‘ - 'I . , 6. a. . s - + .- q- ‘ u 11 -.'?) ,1 '1- 9 (..z. ~. .1. J1 : 7:3. 1 .7i--J _-.a a '-.'.’l u"‘.‘1:1sJo.- Cale» I _, -. '«I *d- -‘- r- ! r. ' "' tv" .. '. ~ ‘L‘ . " "“ I LN L . " ' ” L-"- w 951s . hi "‘ .L‘: (4."an II- -C‘Q '11 vii-J 9'7“". 3' 3 ‘ ’ .j‘. "v‘ “"v‘ '- PLV' 'L"/' ~ -" r1 (‘ v "t '0 .1 \ "rrf"r s, 1 'J- r (--I ‘4 .L‘ r L -. 1 \J -:.'(. XL .4,_._.. 9" \J-.'~.' s ‘ ' .'L‘ -. "Va L. 1. L00" C.j ALJ',".I."3‘IL “-1! d Jd‘klu " fl -' ’ fl - ' .-_ f -. . -. o” ' . .5. . “c; .,J ,3is:>l_s fish: all Jl ..sl./ i3}: nLLJ VIC d L"? 111w .(E Jeni 931235 I has ,g qui; J a slicii1Jo” :UTDT sdl to maisT n: antidnfiaa- "13;”3 UL fimru 330332 3 [3 1.5339 eacelq Iiiw UCY Iwo .o'uzaa hiss».vau 5:?! 31.1 953m t3 astzassm 93:3 has idlaqiv "s LLCLTj ennlq LJ “:3” ovn 3: “all viesdvuq iltw ’3' ’?.CE’T{" {arid} -. '1' Hb.- L C + :ELZgA'fi' I t r._‘, . » - . " ' .L ‘ ' r ‘v ' c r ~y- 4" o .. 15w.g J13 gliizisx s uiuLluil '.‘i“']( 9'1 ('3' "'1.r.-L.«3‘13‘7fi ‘P. 9 . 9 Oil L} 3' -_ .. . .-. 9'....;. gins use Jnai,xxu.'xxn%- .Elifflfi. ’nbfldnl. ‘ 1‘ ) " .€E\f.IIF-‘ J'J . I" .'rd.A\fi‘ guru bsxuaas has pin 7 -_ ' ' ' g V «q’ h! - r 9 rs - .~ ~ I E: .LL‘m IC' A. r" I D‘ 9;;3' 311'. r. v... ~' ~ces fur JflPR Jusjarce. sci 0s I r * f I‘ , 0- ~ -\ . . -Y — . asliii. 3&1 32:» is» 1“"{0 air. 1‘: on eat? I 3 'mautss LI.) '1. 9310 '3 9 a: In {BTLCIBK is 5:85 and 1( 1c: .01 4.. 'Y ”I“ LN» Ole' (L£u“3u ?-n- *A“ .. P th ‘." :33b .usdnlldajae starts giasssosn ed; abiv ELL 82213318 "-b S gas To 331' 'c' .eiui ads c: .13. , ...," r4. \..' ii.) ."CILJ...’ gnu TB)? "maiusugr “II.“ .4 if! crab avast ucY I At". 3 rp set! "an 8 '13 ins 'ida ng,eaa aid is her: .119! ~.' “is: «37. a +n3.nec HA. 0451' éaammr) '.- 3 Legal“; axsb 1w- d W‘L‘f 3111 me: P M ad: has 8"." )J'lfiiiinflflff” ‘ strideaxs cc (LT?! 20 Lame 52' and then he probably spent most of his time during the next few days ' organizing his staff and familiarizing himself with the situation and with the problems upon.which he would have to make decisions. It was not until the seventh of the month that he found time to write a report for General Sumner's information. He informed the De- partment Commander that the reports of disaffection in Southern Calif- ornia were greatly exaggerated, although the situation was sufficiently serious to require close attention.- He was sending Colonel Carleton's command to Warner's Ranch and Fort Yuma as soon as possible. He was encountering great difficulty in purchasing suitable horses for the cavalry, and those offered for sale to the Government were not worty the prices demanded.i (It seems that profiteering is not strictly a modern vice.) ColoneI.Andrews, at Fort Yuma had received an intima- tion‘that his command would be relieved by volunteers in the near fu— 6 ture. ' Colonel Carleton had arrived with the remainder of his command several days previously, and.had established them at Camp Latham, which he had founded, near Los Angeles. The movement from.Los Angeles to ‘flarner's Ranch and.to Fort Yuma presented difficulties. To move a command across the mountains and deserts required wagons, in large numbers. The hastily-equipped volunteer regiments did not yet haVe . wagons enough to carry all of the supplies and equipment that would be needed on a march of ten days or two weeks across the desert, with sudecient food upon which to subsist for a considerable period of tine after arriVing at the destinations. 0n the ninth of October four ' companies cf the lst CalifOrnia Infantry were moved toward Warner's ~_, , s .,_ V ' fr - - y , A f .1 a . a? . '9. a ‘ .. Jv...) W ‘ _' .'g :1 ‘31..) 1-4. m. - ‘_' - .. i. i ’h " 3 . . .the ‘9 “Jr .ud‘.‘ 1:1 '3“ q M 3 1 Ls-L) ; .. . \ n- 7 Ar (pol : A ~ ~' . ~ -" r l l . -; . p ,' (‘ . \ :o- f‘ I ’- ' v ._.' ;-.. "~ ' .5 V7 v, -‘_\ ‘- ~' « . 4"" l '- “-9 of" "iLr-J n‘ .u.‘;’ 1| '. c ‘ -. ‘ Ida- I’I -L-4' I. ~L L ». .. -.4. 1- a ..‘. . .0.’ .~ ‘1' . A -. U ‘La --11 -.A-J.&_Ln0-‘ ..- ' ' ' . . -- .. J - . ' ' . r 7* ‘ 7‘ [0 . ; 0 . I . '1 V 0 ,1 L A. 3:61;, ‘JJ I i: l ‘I - 5 ’11 J-LL’L ‘7’ § - 3Jv‘-t: -' .1 ‘1’ 'fi ‘I 1'“ 'v o‘IJ -:lg*f ..JI ' r-‘i-v ‘1'.“ 'v ' «, '-'.--- ‘ ‘. ‘ .. I ‘ r -+‘ 4“ ". " A. 0' 4 ‘ l' ‘1. -.' 3 .J .,; 21,-, 57:1 ...-';.~‘... 1.. Fix .1 “NJ .\.I HUN.) J‘Bd .11.; 1.1.31. .J’JI‘I RSV dJ. ~ . ’-- . ‘ - 'n' . :— -v r' - ' 4 -' r"-' . . v '1“ '~ r: u'-. .a I . - ~‘o “ -- . " ;.’-_.u 5.7.14 i L...’ LL !; 1- 12.”. .J'uCJ .. .‘3- ii ' LEI. c’. 1":1L .-J-‘_. 1..) 1'91 ’9 ’1 -. J i-Jt. 3'1 8 931 TV \ . .. . .,.,. L —-'—L .i_ , ...! .J._. , _ 1 1k no .2 ..fi 1 ti“: u 3i»; 'IJIJITQ: Lab.) u.I'JI.. . ‘ '. i , .. ._ '.-,. ._ '. .. '.. ‘ :. ..' . fl. , ‘_ ‘ ' ,. a gniui- 4H3 saw ..iusxwth; 3H} dguiii-fis ,roJSfie'.chu;'¢irs~Ig ;~xuv.sinio 1 . . '. .r ”.. A".I‘ . , ,.. f; ...r... ..‘ . °- -4 . .. -, -. a .L- J‘;*_ 4.2. .) J5)“: J.‘ u . ".3.-fizz: 851'} 5.3-... o Lt .L Ulli‘jda 3d J-'.' 531.3932. u.) But 1 11:8 7'. .‘ , -.. - i. -. . .~ , - r - . - '! "..' v I: ‘ V- . — r-. 31 " - ~ I,“ ' ~ ,r'u . r \J [a v' \\~1. I J :_.--..'-(.33 ".4" L2 i$£-I.~’a Qn:~a 31;: L. a. \T j. skiff) [a .arT-A.l 8 1311.11) U (f: LII-(J ”-1 13 . J. l‘ ' w‘ - ' ~ ‘ P. ' ‘ "" ." Pa ~- - I‘. - rd I . ‘ ’ \ ‘ " 2. t 't .‘ ' \ . " a" ‘ ‘ 91¢ it- .nnymhi UlJflul-a in-sum‘ui»3 U- gJi.:¢: is us:&3 Efd'LfiJh999us n i. "' . ..-’ "-. . . I , ' ". ~‘ ' -' ‘ '- " 1* '1 :"W' J( 3‘: 3'13 .. {J .. “JP-Irifiv Li) :5 ‘1»; '- 3' 9.1-»; 3 3..\ - #91:) .. 1.0 gaUQj . .11 9 {1.1.8 . 9 J ‘ u sv 51-. "‘ '- I" " 3" ' w.‘ -- r .'r‘ 'fe-r _’- - A -r- n“:.". P v \ - v ~ - I .r v - - ' s ‘ljmizja 30h si enliveu-337q JBMJ aisoa SI; .Du 33493 39“ HQ 5&3 , ..', - ‘...2. - ..‘r _ V" ., _-*' - , _ , ~‘, r.. ' '. -L ism: me new 53:1 ssh Smli 31(1 is .cWeiinA LfiHCLLO (.QCLV niwo.m 'f l".‘ " .' "L':"'IFI.1’ V t ' ".'F‘l \" 1‘ r 9.- ‘ '5'“: J‘ . A. " \;l leU 3113 f -. E: ..J'3c::.‘..u -1. ‘4 ‘5‘] l.‘3‘.":}.'...‘-:; 3. " u CI)J\‘d Elli" NIL/9 0.1.14 05 63 a It 6.91fl3 '- r» 3 . . n .s' . . he .i : '~ .' x‘ ' -~a "- '-. t '— r -. -. s - ' . ", . - r‘l 0.1:. .- c r. u.-.1 4.) mé-~.mi....e': -12: L.‘ w' {01:31'”. 1.1qu monies Larrcir t,- ‘ V r. (I 7' -. s ’5‘ -~‘ 'r-l .... ps-' - -.,' I. rv‘. - f r v y u- ,. r . I4...” 7. ..'"..‘JIIJSLL {H.130 thi- 11.31..) ..‘uGJ.-'..(-'.L'J\ 1‘.) f’d'i Lil: “CLBULII'V 91C: GMLD .LIIZBVBB - . ~ rrvll - ‘ u ‘p.‘ ~o l" - ...-.-' 1 l' ,-* N' 9 ~ . g - ' l‘ r- . .s aeisgufl and noii insms.cm gul .aohs(fla and data ‘bohn.ol med ed "’ r! r ,\ "'3‘ - “'. 'I i‘ “' , r: ‘. ' ..'. —- r. '. i s o;c: c; .3.-. :wi LLb nfshseviq hill i102 OJ the nasal e’ie T“ A 0" 1 .- u- - I —- ?. - .... .L ffi‘ ,—_ ‘ _ ... .... .. . ~ -1. ... - I.“ '. _ - e_;fl ni ..n the nuaiunsm status: has anisunuom has aacuos LESIMUD etsn 35m Com L1- a.nuni;ti uses wiav bnqqfupa vitiasd 9? .3 0.) P3 9 ; . L2 '71.". r ' ' " F .'+ I . ...- . ~I « .~ . , - - ~ A.'»' '. - l‘ v ' -- . —'.~ . 9 . A - I -'-' “laugh“, N—JZU Jfi..f.ij.1-.[r3§ 4:113" 8'..-‘!..:.'-.‘~..g.wi 13L“) .1.-... $18 {fish VJ U. (9.1!!) d‘I'x-t3'5‘fl -- ’4 'I" . - -‘ " " l ."u " " " \ " ‘ ‘ " " ‘ " '-- \'- ‘- ' . -'v I- - — fl. ‘ u: ~ ~. 31'” U" : "liddu L'LJ :JE.‘..'1C.‘.~’- riilfi‘fiw c-WQ" 'lf- 2 “an £1-63 .‘x.’ 11;; 13.2. .rJ fit» 133-511.)?! " I " ' 4 ' n I I . -A 'Y'n . . \ - - » ‘ .. - ,r. .... .- . .. _ , .. . . . ,. ' '. 'h , i... Duff :n,.c,-_.'i;-};.-iazzc .) s '12. 3....'_3‘.-I.G o3 n:...-..ww n 4. 3:1?1’3T , _. I14, ...l r\. .~'~v 44‘ I',.. .....V 2. - :4 ,r‘ ‘. '0 l... 3_‘._.I_: . ,v‘ _.. __ 0". ~ _ ' _ . J. \ . TBL'iJLJ :‘J .- (J auakAfl :‘ia‘d at; O Eff-..‘. Jvk)‘4‘L\J {In .14) ”fll'u' U33 _‘ ril- U'.t(- 0:28 inf-’\I -' 0'5 9- :1». j '1' . ' ‘3- i‘ ‘ 111‘ ~ I ~- v' - - .- ‘- r|'~ —I- . .. ’- ', . fr. - ." -' ' . — A ' .. _ <3 '1-‘11'.-“3'-' ..’rLIar..IJ Di'v' 1"; £3731? ‘g'4cflsoifi; ..‘,_..;;"I(__ frag} 1234; 3'-"‘ r" adjjnjfififgj Ranch, taking with them fourteen of the fifteen wagons at Camp Latham. Mr. Banning, of San Pedro, had wagons and teams for hire, at thirty dol- lars per day, but Carleton had all the reluctance of a United States Army officer in a relatively junior position to obligating the United States Treasury without the sanction of a much higher officer.7 (Such things have been known to "gallop across the pay roll" when the auditors fin- ished going over the accounts.) Colonel Wright, knowing that the tr00ps could not move without sufficient wheeled transportation, authorized the hire of the wagons and theme, despite the high price, and duly informed the Department Commander on October 10th that four companies had already moved toward warner's Ranch, and that Colonel Carleton, with the rest of his command, would follow as soon as rations arrived from San Francisco, on the steamship Senator.8 . We are reminded_again of the unorthodonhilitary axion\about wait- ing for the changes before obeying the order. On Octobtr 12th a hurried message for Colonel Wright arrived from Department headquarters: Come here immediately; by stage or quicker than by boat. I leave for washington in the next steamer. Denver is to relieve you, and then you go East. Order Carleton by express to send three companies to Fort Yuma and return with the rest._ Concentrate all the regulars at San Pedro and San Diego.9 , As soon as he received this message, Colonel Wright announced that he was transferring the command of the District of Southern Calif- ornia to Colonel Carleton, who formally assumed command on October lhth.lo ‘_‘ '5 - " '. '9‘. I: , .‘Z . 'V. a - if) J I -' 1" ‘§ (1.31.233; 3.117 . "I" 1.3 - {‘1'}; " 2': t . .131 117:1" . ". Z - . J . . .r' ,-.: f “'.. .' , ‘5 .* J : I ‘. -..‘;,= 55.); . i .. -.., .3 ..~ ..‘-a;x.-.‘JJT.‘1.-..‘;'1 ' 1'.) lie “...;1 .7L.7"._.'-1.J ..L: . \“f. L} I: -g L'IJJ 7.. - .3. H .4. a :.. . -'. .' .. x i. - .- u are, czeih. an ,nigs,il_, v0 Cfijuflkq liiflJU ml3.i;s;*1 s a- 2.2;... ‘-I . 4 r . \ '. - (fir ,- v n r f.-. . ‘ v. ’ ‘ ‘ v , -_. , - . r1 ..‘ [LL‘ld liq. 3-) ' o'.“."J. . ._._ 1.)... _,,L1'. {11‘ II .8 -L'.’ I:- -3s.':511)3 ‘ ['..I J"'_‘l“'-f"' L'l-‘a.-'.:_'L.L -_ o . _ rv ’ - r v r v .- r r fl . r‘ - -9 - u.t.J» . ~:J A:xs llu* «m. “P! t lass qvllun CJ nwurn -UJI “\Ld -, . - _ A ,: , Vrf , \ ... , _ -L . ,r '4. '., ‘43 ,_ . ." .r‘ c 31114.}! it 1' -11 .& 1". --._.‘_y«\ .1. Quin . i.) .11 1... p ,1 in“ =1 A ( Jlti 1H .[rfllfi‘lk-J , , . ‘.‘r .., 1'. : ..:.s. , . a . ;.. -' ; ‘ .-§ 1‘ ’._ ' ..t- .. J ...-.. .-.n -1... -.- ruin and ”willie-r... .8 . m I...» ..-/H; 2.1“: is 33-33..” .391. bit -oa j \'.-., 4-~ _—srr'_~...(.;'l :ng '\:\-v'.r.-'> ' . ..k 3 41.21.; .... 4.2;. ..‘-..) L.-.“ .. ..I” F:- I‘ C b; “5 :L . 3 .3": 3 h n' a {D .7 . (4. Q? g. h. p.) Q L ’1! .9 q. - I -' .'V "-r -“~' '. H ' ' \' v - u '4 d : ~~,\f' . ~ I‘ a’\ ~' ~ " "-t\~ '. ' -:. .u’ «I .'_. If; ‘.w‘. .-J :23.“ I J3Vfi-.'. what) 11.0 L} .; c. a: [lb-”ml: -.' LL") . 3.3113 1., .J . 'f 9 ..k. I ... [7'0 l' y : ‘,‘ _ . r K”! ' . . , ,.= . r '1‘ - J "— n : -.l'-" "--.'-“ s ' ‘ ; swims l.-/:.1.-;u..;...‘.<.:) on. .. O JdtJl :‘1'1'J' n' . .‘dl . I‘M.) -.L id.) lurk .Lk/v' In... 01.33 (d? 115.: -,.' . .....p-f-s .l- . ' 7- n'x. 1 -' _.‘ u" ~r+ '-— "'o o--'| I ‘ 0 ’ "t" ." (1.5).. :44, .'J‘JU C- SéJLQ J‘) t ( 33A 91A.‘.".L '.- flne J o‘.}, .A'. A. h,') - L- 3: Jr‘" 8.a('.": d-t‘ I 8:... 10 ."u a 38 "(XL—LC I I .3.... +- ”1:1. ‘__.\-'.'.:'I Ul.'t.'v":/ 11.: 2x3 ‘: :‘J\ $- '1‘ ,1 .'- . . .__' “... ‘ , ' .' '..V .1“ L.~*- "3L, 1" " IJZMH . t—‘l‘nj' as} [livitfl Dt')2"n.LlA-O'I gilt-8 :‘ll ‘ c y..- rsltiix a {£131 "a: 033’ n0 .toric an: gfiizsco 923390 aagnsds and me? an: .. ' . ..." ..‘: , ."1 . '... .1..'., 1," . .‘er . r 2 571'") ."'_.'L I p 61.8%. " .I17T'Ji..J {13(1le .M-Z. '. Lit) ii 1'18 .1.‘.._,_;,.‘, -W i‘JJC'in . '101 :3 313.38 3351‘. - V ' . -:'- l .s : ‘ . ‘ 'l‘r v” " :3 ‘ L - r, '. .L ,. ”A sad i is; p to 3 Sud Bu {KLJJSWnonni said ach methyl .zsmegxa Jxan and at no? .nrjtst at. sveol l .JSLJ C ‘. .4 , .1 r w k 7‘ , . i— a '.L \4 I L‘ y C ’.— \r o n! b: s '3» 1.. I P. ‘- ‘ v w- L. O .< . a (. ,_ I '- “-1- r g‘ ‘— r“ .1) A l.- a. O 1 C p—. ’- w .2 ‘\ L. 03 ya. '.I. -v‘ r In a. (- a—o , .r" -L '- . -, ~ I. A. . DJL'o ['1 I'."‘..( -I'." Saw; J'IL'. Cd attifib‘lifiz S ,J‘c"‘. 3179.3 C-o' BBJ'.“1{C‘ - f) ,‘ ' n ‘,' L‘ a " r - .‘ ,- . '.I. '- '- -\ .l.‘ _\ . .-n '—. ~. '- .’1.;};'J ”.151 ('LJ'Ji IL“)... J8 .I'IBAL' .’.;".. :Jfla .:-_L.8 Sim-..'Iuiluir”? .J .3.-3331 $523 ' ‘ " 'r+ ("'f '..I "k " ..'"" L". I. "~. \ o . \. ... or. . n - . a . . .-.”- Li’s» _, :u uvijfaiw an; :u D‘Jm“" an :immo exam: sew rd Jar - ~_..; ; ., r. .... . r.. r- .' ~4. r.. m ..-' r- -- ' . . "1"" -~"-~ —-J 1;. .-.J.'....._‘.(,‘l lei-,4. “1.41:; ('.iléi'itxi NEW ...k Jamil); Juli-cl--.) OI Eifi'ii) 5h The same order directed Lieutenant Colonel West, with Companies B, H, and I, lst California Infantry, to proceed without delay to Fort Yuma and re- lieve Lieutenant Colonel Andrews and all the regular trOOps at that post,' and Major Edward E. Eyre, lst California Cavalry, with his battalion staff and three companies of his battalion, to relieve Major Ketchum and the regulars at San Bernardino. A brief personal note, probably earlier in the day that the order just mentioned, gave Carleton a short warning as to what was about to happen, and also contained a disappointment for West: Los Angeles, October 1h, 1861. Colonel Carleton: COLONEL: I go to San Francisco to-morrow. Three companies of your regiment go to Yuma. Colonel West cannot go on leave. Must go to Yuma. The rest of your regiment will remain for the present at Camp Latham. Come in this afternoon, I want to see you. Yours, G. WRIGHT, Colonel, Commanding.ll Colonel Wright made a quick trip to San Francisco, and formally assumed command of the Department of the Pacific on the twentieth of October. He had Commended the District of Southern California only a short time after organizing it, but his correspondence and his orders throughout his tenure of the higher command leave no doubt that he ac- tually regarded Southern California as a critical area, and he continu- ed to maintain the keenest interest in events and happenings there. .. , .* .'Q .-'J-'I? % .51. 77 ;,7 L‘.‘ , :7:;‘ ; -L' ..x ,f ',3 'LJ.J;LI'_ . ':__E.I 1 9); 1 3'5 3.:i 'r'. ’i.; -a; - :3 '.;I' ”C Pan tqu :7 a (J ,giav jacu“w i--o'wc rf .bTInS a: sirmoifiij Sci .1 'L. 1 Q'uia‘ IF‘ U x'o'i’ '2 .i- “7 9.13 I 43 iii; vkwaz'rtfi. I'LV'foi) d..s.-:;"oj;I ;vxc_tL :: 1:3? 3,35 ;?.T iLtfi I gifi‘ ri;12a al.1"n5: ELJLJ ;!t.f . u-';.. -73 I ;;;:€;T '1' ”551 Lt.a .JtJ x -'in :«flafl s eil;z 1: ,:h:iL£;iro aid 5; atLfich c 53153 Dre 1 fits ..rtvwnvwwfl n52 Us 325;;fisi an: 24;; i mgr 3:; :~i; a: 'r fluxfifi El rsa'yj . .Eut -.dcvrrmz Ziiwziz‘ J a.; can .Suw Q; ;; xinzeu ‘zaia a stagitfi3 oxen .Qen1I35g: 3:”: TBLIC :r-nW TC :*~W'-1\.;~oi: s surrygiwo ca 3 one no; 5f o3 {- l'. .l. o' ~-¥-./, (a; F « .I'. ...-.r o...' .. o“- 5.’ I». w .".- ! '..I. “5.. .;..- -.~ 4.1.. tficffliTSQ isncigfl :.:2. .ix!’ ;=f':: féi‘fif““ .\;:;‘:'1' J —'\ t . 'V. 7' ii;"v3' [7;' , (5:? {1?' ll : ll. iii..:?7T7 .}.33_ at on 3o¢;so TB‘L ism LnS .M’YY 03 on inurliuv “Hog EC to; flifimCW iiiw snout it the; in Jan: ow? .eth «3 «n 33.1 spin I .rufxuere aged n- secs .'sudei qwz3 JJ dneeotq 653 .v g eon o3 {amicY ,WYWIW- .3 J"; .'y ..-. .r‘ r...‘l' . I,.'-.C».'LLJ'J:L.L(:.J ‘.L‘JIJL'CTD ;. fifltb 2.4 .“«¢jbf¢5? fis; :3 git; uninp 5 gram angitt lentirfi . fiifiijfi>Wu ud) no SI.LCJ 3:3 in onsmddsqva and 30 fna~'ao bofuess l KLZC mgr? Iiixo n*~:3!;a it dsitraifi in: Lebxamnoo in. 5H .usjoth ~Tl‘ :: win Efiiiflf“url-;LWLC.J 3’5 i'd .Ji 3n3411a_ o IJJ e n~?: dyad. ." 2' - v o - ’ v r n . 1 ~25 on the. serum on wage“ an““ Lo TJL’IA er- 1% swans: aii 33C:-Lomx3 ~;Ckan u an one ,F*”9 Ifif:;£7f e 35 eiwvcfiiirfl fifid'fUKE a: ";"fi“ vilrzj .srrfii a "'H0_'wf the aawovs a: 52969 :i daJxowi efi erdnffir cf Fe Carleton did not fully concur with Wright's estimate that the danger from secessionist sympathizers in southern California had been exaggerated. We have seen his estimate of conditions in the San Bernard- 1no area during the precedm‘, summer. The Unionist officials of Santa Barbara County now informed him.that there was a dangerous secessionist movement and.plot in that county.‘ The situation was rendered more crit- ical by the fact that the native Californians had been tampered with, had a cannon, and were well armed. Carleton strongly recommended that he be authorized to place Santa Barbara County under martial law, so 12 At the same that he could act legally against the disloyal elements. time he was forced to tell his informants that he had no trOOps avail- able for station at Santa Barbara.13 Immediately after assuming command of the Department, Colonel Wright forwarded the usual letter to The Adjutant General informing him of the fact, and further informing him that, "When I left Los Angeles on the 15th instant everything was perfectly quiet, doubtless attributable in a great measure to the presence of our troops at the various points. . . . ." At the same time he assured The Adjutant General that the new commander of the District of Southern California was well qualified for his position:YColonel James H. Carleton (is) an experienced officer, and well acquainted with that country and its inhabitantsflllJr In the meantime, the troop movements originally ordered by General Sumner continued toward completion. But all sorts of difficul- ties had arisen.- Throughout the Department of the Pacific commanders of all grades had to cape withaalmost insoluble problems of supply, which were intensified by the distances lying between California and ‘ I . "‘1‘“ _._._.._a > +- . ' -~ ' L. . . ' . - - . - >- ,—' ~ ’- h. L l.‘ " T l .1 i - c. ... '4 -_ l. .n. -v '1 .54. ‘ J I - J .. x J- - ‘ I" , : r -. . ‘r‘ ' - ' . o - . -1 l l. is s- .1 - .... . \; ‘ ' "-u’ ‘ \4 L.) ' ‘1’ _. a .- - I "ll—II t .a_' n (.Ln‘3 '. » a. ' " A ’3. [L— a. , _.. ; - ‘ - ' - ‘ , , .. ..' . ' ' , , . . ' ' A _ , . .. it i .'[A. 1 ‘ u- }.j 1.“. in! . .11.. 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'. ;.. , .- M... in lam...» “the... -. ea..- os‘ '19.. i231. is: a I on.» DJM'TLB‘W .. 3‘ 1. u- '.n' i, " .w ,' * " I, .: .. 2. r , -. .t ... r f l . -. .r r. do" ‘L 3.4 u.oi I HP“. .Johs ”i1 ,Aixzcin ionrx». inn ..LR. and .0 .. " L . . F ' '. - ' .o. T . - " -L ' ... , ,. .. - ’.— : . .. . , ' -‘."-£ .' 5...(.-J .AI‘-~."J1¢ (31:; -.‘.LJ ‘Ar 1") Q ~59.» 'C ".L‘J 2’23 - lw'il 85V: £3‘11.'.!-3X:-8V‘q jfanaf-IJ: IJJC {5113 .o ‘- .;-~ “*7 -.—.. -r o' . 'J- .. a‘( ~,-- - , ‘ jwu duo u U;u:d3lq :3o 03 smusssm Jest; s a: ' '-. ‘. ,_'.’.'1 ' “a ‘. ~.~ ~ I 4 ‘ .._ v..1 13;- L. .‘r. IV. Luci-ad) 9d '.E J. 97478 3h: 04% o c o o '— "' -- 0 '-~ _r '. n ,. - . 7‘, rs - f - r.’ ~' ..I ~p‘ .7“. vv-‘ « 4.1331,!) .iv.L‘.3'«' (33.x! $35.93!; Lilian [Ilzgflj’fuug- Jk. J'Trl'TJuiJ 92.3 .0 '1:1 bionic.) - q I . c‘ _ I a > , '\ TV _ ‘1' f- , '- 1' . . . o o . ‘. - , I v ’ ." . :7 r n n ’ - e 0' _. v f‘ v - f, . Q 'I- - - - f n #‘ L.'--.. l nu soi' ’ILJJ. L , '.n ' ‘.L KILL) [1C0 qillfid 01.; a .l.‘=.-"u LES". “Lt-3 ozl‘.».'-d-.dk-"U all: ‘41.” r_«-. .\-r 3-. ’..I-‘r. '~ #14 :- i" ‘_, -r vI'r'-r. Tprd- ’5’} ‘Vd 3"“ *N. '2)" 7". E'J-pfiv F C! u \.. .e .¢.v .L . . .1. G.) .1. a. 1.5 V“ ..UIA '. .I t H. . ..n .v. 1.1-. u l ..CJJA ,LV ... .‘J'N yin-Ll - _- .; I'..‘, ‘.I.” j , ‘-. " ' ( ' ‘“'f / V & . ..‘ 3 ; - I U - -~ ‘~.~-~~-‘.-f. l. in) 2.. .. )4 ~. ~ “ no . ..i .-a. , . 4‘11 1‘." .u and n 3‘7 '- r, -:-: '. r_, l I ‘v 4‘ ,-"—" rv,‘ 1' ‘ . 4 '7 n - L ' ~ v 3 -5~ »- ' . -‘ ‘ '- . '3 1.. . ..I (J (Lax; ..'V‘L4 “4-1x, \.'.' (.L 01;~ .... 21-1)? .) E- .'»J\'- .1“ r':-'r.(.'i.;\. 1- '1 A. "A " l 4.5.. ‘w {J ,. . t .. _ P, . , . .._.. r1 .r. .4. .7 . . . «r1 ' ' '4. \- r‘ , I 3‘ r I. ~ (_ Ft r r. r. ..‘ .»_‘. I . v r~ r r. - _ A . - r - . ,1, . , Liar. .. I j .. -‘- ..’-:1 .. ..‘t..\J 2V j-;c)a:;v a ..‘; '. J. F ’.I-T u J- J“. C .1 J . ..'. o “QC. .L'c JA \ «(in C}: I. J . ‘ ,-‘. - " -‘ ..— .u ._ '- A in r .‘ I f x ' -‘ - .-~ r. we 1 -r ..'-x r I '5 ‘ '-~. 5 ‘ ,. l ' h ' ’ .' will. . .1 -. ...: .41 21-1.\.Q,‘_..3’;,C .4 ..:.,.-..,_' . , in. pl 31;. ,~ ., d 13.35.; :‘3 :-3':_. -er , n, the sources of production. The expansion of the military forces in the extreme West from a few scattered companies of Regulars to a sizeable force of volunteers had exhausted the scanty stocks of military supplies and equipment on hand. Thousands of muskets had been shipped from Benicia Arsenal to the East earlier in the summer, and General Sumner had taken with him some 10,000 more when he left for the East.15 The acute shortage of wagons and teams has been mentioned before, together with General Sumner's plea for money. General Wright (he had been pro- moted to the grade of fiigadier General on September 28th, but did not know it until almost a month later) reported on October 2lst that ”the whole Department of the Pacific (has) been stripped of all the clothing we had to supply the volunteers now in service, and there are no arms suitable for cavalry service remaining in store.. We are now making clothing of all kinds by contract in this city. . . ."16 All echelons of command in the Department of the Pacific found themselves compelled to improvise, or do without and.to do the best they could with inade- quate resources and facilities. It was not the first time, nor the last, in.which.Americansoldiers have faced this problem. .It is not known whether General Sumner's request for funds and authority to negotiate contract had been approved, or (as is more likely) General Wright had boldly taken onto himself the responsibility of con- tracting for what was needed. But there is necessarily a period of time between the placing of contracts and the day when the trOOps be- gin to receive the supplies and equipment. _Thus, Major Eyrefs cavalrymen had to trudge on foot from.San Pedro to San Bernardino, and arrived thoroughly discontented. Eyre V ‘ ' I . \a( v ‘ ‘ v ‘ vs 7 If I‘ ‘ " ‘r: (yu ’ 1‘ ‘1V ..‘ . I ;‘ K .)1 a 4 _ y ,\ y n __.' .1 ti ‘ n x \i I' \— .' f, '4‘- ‘1 \ 4.51 - I \Jfi- X. \U ‘ J ..I ..'— . '1' «o '. .r rim,“ y'** c- ('0‘ +-..' . -. - .1 .7 x-. J. .u u . J; ‘ A -. - }l-w .a ..f. ‘. ' . . .- at. V . .C’ “)3 . - -_ .. _ v . - . 7 4 r .\ _ v. ‘ , . . ' ' g - ,vv ’ 1‘. " ") -1 -.r., ' Y' L‘.“'(.‘. ‘ Cr '.'./‘.3 'r’ ‘f " ' rind-V‘- _ .1 - L 51 \I _._“L .--J. ..’ (I‘l- \ \— _a t - 4- '| - \r l.‘ n ’. 1... koatt . -.., x g -_ a _ .. _ .- . ' - .2 - , r ‘ .. ‘- Tr'.‘ ., 5w ‘.' r~ ..- "r a 7’” .I I I‘ ‘ '..LJ 1 , ' I- ‘ l.‘ '1 . . L I. ‘ .. 0‘ ‘.“‘- L'. U'Li ’ A‘ _ .‘_ 8 J. - ' .~ '. , -.'. .- . . . r.,, .' ," , I r.. ... 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'.4 . . ‘M Inf a ,iiusQSu.3J oi ozone ”on .ooioen new c:.: To; .n1;oeud ...} g’ir 7:? $.13 :9 4w' 5;”? :ni: 1:23 .5ftixxsrr-5 '.o g;njrasii[ 0:31 {Leena 3.i 93:37 .iflomqfipr fins asiigq a 9&3 sv‘;nsfi 03 His and kQIL 3c.; :2 stout; :3 bed he gilfiVflC a'a:;n site .nvfiT «:3» .nnznecaoeeiy Lifirgtu.ni begirfis in? Kunffidsntzd “a: or cubei 57 plaintively wrote to the District Commander, "I hope. . .you will as soon as possible send the saddles, . . .as whispers are already cir- culated among the men that they are to be turned into infantry. That is the only thing I fear for a serious breach of discipline."17 (Few peOple in the present day Army appreciate how deep was the indignity of requiring a cavalryman to march on foot, like an infantryman.) Eyre also found that his command was threatened with a shortage of food be- cause of the lack of adequate wagons and teams. .Likewise, Major Edwin A. Rigg, lst California Infantry, who had arrived at Warner’s Ranch and established Camp Wright on October 22d, felt the impact of acute shortages of essential articles. Because of his greater distance from.any possible sOurce of supplies, he was even more helpless than Eyre in the solution of the problems involved. On October 25th he wrote to the District Commander: ".‘. .Mr. Barrett reports no quartermaster‘s stores of any description at San Diego. The train will leave for San Diego again on the 27th. I am.afraid they will not be in a ' condition to make as good time as before (seven days), from 'the*fact‘that a number of the mules are without shoes and can- not be shod either here or at San Diego. 'There are no shoes or nails at either place. we are also short of pants for the .eommand. Colonel West takes 100 pairs from here, which leaves only seventy-one pairs. Blankets we have none at all, and one blanket is not sufficient (in my Opinion) to keep the men warm invthis'climatea ... .Complaints of sleeping cold are made by the men.’ we have no woolen socks or drawers, and but 20h pairs 5-, .3 . . ouu= 9. . 1r ‘3‘. . . .Ptaf .uuz 31L! ;{~\n ; Lt'f'c n; as: n‘--a .3 u '1 ' -.- -' I 7 \ - fir ‘r ‘ ‘-. K ’-'~ *-\I 'v ( + 1" p D ‘ '4'- ‘.. o \.\'J. ...- U , ". All". _.. [\V' '.L? .JA'L- Via v 11:“ 33.3; "'.IN .1 2'.) \‘L—‘D '. .. '. ~, ' . -' ., .- ‘ ‘ ~ 3. . ~' ~\ ' .o .. s .: - -.. . .- - 'J. -. ‘ - f 1.. ’.1. C ‘.I... .115“ - ‘. '0 ’c' 1N I: .r..-_' i. ‘1'}; .511; 1331—" ‘1}— Q ..'.5‘ 131"" 9:"! _' {11' ‘:‘ -.‘)qu ( Rf n .'V v" IV~DI _ 'L‘ s r: . J .I' . f:u,t(ffu ' i- ‘1' ’8 B: p -.r‘e1". ‘ §fit \ 0.. an YVJ‘JAAAJ 4:4. ..l‘Al .JAAJ.-- Q J -- D. As ”a \J ‘1 11- (‘.L I -v -) 'Lab ALI’p-l 4L} - .._. -L. . t.-. 2. - -."‘ ' . '.. ' ‘ ~ -.- f. . . vj' I -,- .. +— ,' ... . T“u‘unt)lfl , ~v -. keno rand lgnnfaa was flOfi‘rgza‘.9Lf35 a :.rw~ftd8 _ -. . '3 . . ' . . y , . .. .a - ' .1... '1. .L -... 0. . ' .1. '7. ‘ c. -" 1A-. . x.“J..'LJ ..'. -...ul ...“ ...‘t .- u 8:)" 8-"1..-:\r'3 0.),» 5.6 .0 u 7.).31- J. 2).”. elf). J1 ' - V A I V -' r~ ' . '4 e ' .‘ - r r w ' I~ . ' v . IV.‘ ' ' , "\ " -\ .0 ' ‘.3 eat an (Juli. ;8 no QTTITq silicate ¢xn hurl eonndaln ufldnozu sin 9-» ‘ - .. .. . .. . - —~ .... -~‘\v , " '. h - . — . e.i.:nu a'shac14 A43 in fluiJJlufi )NJ h; at J nrfd seaiq ad 916: , . .-.r‘ .;. "4...... ._ q ,4. ~ , .- .‘_‘:‘ .' ;, :I92H..mtu .LL,JJ.T fnu Cu BJufW ed dJ-J deucuxo (1' . '- 0" , . -‘ A". l~v-_---t' \- . u- {L '\~_ -- - 'r' 1. —- —‘ L: J l U La -A - [u "l-A4‘-FY.L~)J L‘J: ’13 (II div“: 6‘ .3l de'fst-C .'Ib‘. I O ...;r "-3 .- . " :' ' . 7. .. ._ 'I ,. .. . - . ,.'... ‘.f .. and tr; e. an ilgw nus J 3”- .o.elfl and 3s noligiioeuo gas h :2 3-. r9 C {4. H .4 'r- i. I ~ (J "\ n41 \ I L '2 ~ ‘ ‘- yd ‘2 L. H C C. 1+ ..o! a L’) LO '2 <+ fa— t‘ 21 He " r; .3 d 0 [-— ' \ ...... (2(2... _ ' (Vi! 9‘54; 'Ir“. -‘3) 3|.) . L}'-' .133 ‘l '11 i I.‘”-jc ‘5 1......) q): :2" >5} {I .‘ Ck. ‘;£$.C‘o .'- . .. 'I '1‘ ,. ‘ Q‘r .\ ") ... . I ,.." y '- | v. -, a.-~ 1‘; N “..‘; J'l...a. .1] »‘-..’.‘>u4. [Lu J3 lC- ()‘lflf', '13 ..‘,“EJ :~.!1:3 SJ 3.ij ._l. ., ‘6 , ..'. ..I! (q ‘ 3" . . . _- . ‘. ‘ , ' . 3. - u Xv 3-5.. a: arrde cams are we .oollq desire Je alien 13 ‘ ' A, r- .' ...o .. - 2"." ,. ' i - —.. .. tr” "J "'"" ’. hire“ ' f, ' ‘1 "I’ll-‘48, (J. - -$- 3.01.30 38. .5, .L 311' JJCL‘O o uflflPG'IOD *‘"P ' a ... :vr-~ rnr~fi .- fi+"%rb“7 owf+vv q -.-.l -”. .-r.. .l,‘..l- ( -La—«k' AJ .7...) ..‘le [I .. a 0L. . ’ .1 CK. w- ..-L-Ls. I Lo .5..-;3 vfl‘u‘“ ‘L\Jfi.:' - :38 V ...;Ii ‘ u \ — ‘ 4‘ ‘ -.. I" N . ‘ - Lr‘ . u x . O J..mfi on. 'AN 3. (ML;:I”L g- r.) .n,?‘_' ;a d n or Jenna's '“ I. :' 5‘ f F! ' ' '- ' ' v" '. ’ .' c r f " .. -c 7 Ju- $.ai~. v [-1 er_J yn4_(;. .'_:,J_d . ‘ 8.1:.1‘.;_.‘r J. . . . (T) .‘f‘ ‘V. II) “IILJ NJ. of bootees. Overcoats also we have none on hand. . . .18 Mule shoes and articles of clothing were not the only sources of concern, for Rigg further informed the District Commander that ". . .the barley has been nearly all bought up by speculators, and h cents per pound is now asked for it." He concluded his letter with a plea by postscript: "P. S. Stoves for the Sibley tents would be very acceptable."19 Either this letter was transmitted with unusual speed, or Colonel Carleton was well aware of the need of tent stoves at that time of the year, for only two days later, in a routine report, he informed the Department Commander that he had ordered stoves sent to both Camp Wright and San Bernardino.20 Along with problems of supply with no supplies available, were the concurrent problems of training the volunteer soldiers and officers, and of maintaining a continuous alert in case of secessionist activities. The preparation of his comand for combat was never far from Carleton's mdnd, and the drudgery of supply problems was a mere part of the prepar- ation. Onrthe same day on which Rigg was detailing his supply troubles, Carleton was writing him a brief note, informing him.that the telegraph line to the "States" was not complete, that there had been a battle at Leesburg, Virginia, in which General Baker (late California political . leader, and Senator from Oregon) had been killed, and winding up with the adjuration, "Keep your command ready to fight."21 To Eyre, at San Bernardino, he wrote, "We may have use for your men at any day,” "22 and, "If-any'person fires into your camp, hang him, Incontrovertible evidence of the unfriendliness of the local population at San Bernardino was furnished the same day. Some soldiers ‘, ‘ . ,- . A_.., "i .‘ _‘.'°,.,..,.‘ . “- 7-'-'~ ”‘4'. v.4 ' ' I- ..‘ 7 .'J.’ u >f).},'..‘.a _L.'JAW.."llJ -\.'J- I'o’ C‘S‘Jg'd '.1 "<1 -1? 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West remarked,"My Greek makes an odd-looking letter of this, but it is very interesting to those that understand it."25 The writer has been unable to obtain any information whatever as to Carleton's early education, and of West it has been possible to ascertain only that he Spent some time as a student at the University of Pannsylvania. It is obvious, however, that both men were more or less familiar with Greek, that there had been an understanding between them as to precautions for secrecy before West left Camp Latham, and that they both considered that there was little danger of such a.letter falling into the hands of anybody who could read Greek. On Nbvember 12th West again wrote, this time a formal report addressed to the Adjutant of the District. He pointed out that the post of Fort Yuma would be helpless against an enemy equipped with Imtillery, which could command the post from.a hill across the river, ‘While the mountain howitzers included in the post's armament could be Ilsed.only at very short ranges.26 He also believed that three companies Of'infantry would be insufficient for prOper defense of the post in case Of'a serious Confederate attack. It so happened that there was enough artillery materiel available in California for the despatch to Fort 'Xuma of two heavy guns, with the necessary ammunition, but the length (of time, and the actual difficulties of getting them there constitute a story beyond the sc0pe of this paper.27 . n a n y o u - a . ‘ ' 9 ‘- p 4 :- r L ' , ,4- . b s ~O .- ( ..49 no I 4 "' f’ r 7 ’ -. Inn ..3- .. Lu. 7. - _,. '1 ai'. o. . 3 x a a. 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I J NOvember, 1861, found the Regular troops being transferred to _ the main theater of war in the East, and the organization of the Calif- ornia volunteers to replace them approaching completion. The location and movements of tr00ps within the State, to guard against local uprising by Confederate sympathizers had been completed. Steps had been taken to relieve the shortage of supplies and equipment, and the stage was being set for the next scene, whatever it should prove to be. \J"! NOTES - CHAPTER V 1. Rebellion Records, Vol. L, Part I, pp. 627-628. 2. Ibid., p. 628. Cullum's Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy (hereafter referred to as Cullum '3 Register) shows that Clarence E. Bennett was appointed to West PDint from New York in 1851. He graduated in 1856, served at various frontier posts, and resigned from.the Army on 10 September, 1860. He reentered the military service as a California volunteer in 1853, and was eventually brevetted as Colonel, U. S. Volunteers. He was again commissioned in the Regular Army after the Civil War. 3. Rebellion Records, Vol. L, Part I, p. 633. Cullum's Register shows that George Wright was born in Vermont, and graduated from West Point in 1822. He served at various posts and performed many different duties. He was brevetted to the rank of Major for his conduct in the Seminole war, to the grade of Lieutenant Colonel for gallantry in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, in the Mexican War, and brevetted to the rank of full Colonel fer gallantry in the Battle of Molino del Rey, in which he was severely wounded. For several years before the outbreak of the Civil Warjhe had been in command of the 9th Infantry, in the Northwest, ‘Where he had conducted several campaigns against hostile Indians. He was drowned on 30 Ju1y, 1865, in the wreck of the steamship Brother Jonathan, while a wig to assume command of the Department of the Columbia.» h. Rebellion Records, Vol. L, Part I, p. 6&3. ~~.a- a- J ‘1' ‘. ‘-n- ‘4'; - T v ‘v ‘ f n" f v f‘ l \ —. t A ‘l -. ‘ 0 K ‘5 ck o ‘1 - ..- b' 1.41 1 . A o ..‘..u ‘ x ‘ I ‘ ..L- ' .7 O ‘ -. AW--—-~ . .-.4--- - - u— v- . o — t . —a I . I . * ‘ r, I 4 I ‘1 ‘ . It "0! ’ J ' ' . v 7‘ L . ' V . ‘ _ A . A J . Ll - _ _. :‘J O \- a _. I \1 o I O --l 5 - - - A -‘O ~ “—- - — - — - .- ‘ - — - — d — —' C u- I.- -.— .- 9' *v- ...-uh . — —- t. . .- ».. ‘ -L .Q. l \, - r. r" -- '- "'"‘ " I “.'T' rri“ '2 ., r v v~ r‘ ..J -- ---' v a .U _ .-.] ' t \ . . L '4 \‘ .-71 ’ ~.-. . \ \.‘ -v- .s‘ .. - - .»— ...._ 'L H“ _ .. ...—.... .. - _. -..—...“... ...-.. .. ._—._.- ...... ......— ..-. .. . .L I ' ’ ' 4 ' - ' t ' r 1' ' I t v ‘ -\ . - l I“ l ' ‘ v r o ‘ o-q - r‘ . ~. y. r - . . l) g..‘.:J .'.. 1-4‘ CL. .‘ .I -N.».J 3.14 . a ‘L .-(‘3 _- ..’ v.1. . . 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H. _ -J‘" ‘11»- .L [..L 11;.) - 17...; -_-...~, ..C» 131.com. e11.- rri "'loflh 0, '10. 1.5.17 To.) ix. 0 -..-P. w .t. .- - , . - o ' L I—‘~ --.~ ”v ' - - — ' -. . . '.,. . ' I. ~ - - - F 0 ~- u- 0- r7 ‘ " ...:_x _. 1 ,'.~--.7 Lh-v' a Lift.) 9nk“t§" a'J-dL‘IJL if”; 1‘! JI: 'Ir ‘4. o D."II f)»: ‘L;14: i;)196 (1‘3“, 3-: "' ' v '4' 1 v F ‘ ~' “' I ‘ L ‘ ’ ‘ " —-. ' ' . ‘ ' I ,lw -- ’~- r— -- \ . L , p. . f ' r .- 9. .e.,»,-'...- » A 2- Jud CI [7.1.1.5 Al I.. .3 en; __... heinous) ni mean. he: ed arr ii .10 - H n- '-'- ' W" 7 :- >7. ‘H “‘"7 ' l‘ " “ '~ ‘~- 3‘ PM n f""" \‘f‘ ' r ‘ ¢\ ~ -. m0 j n ' .x' on r .' Y '71 o -. .7 _ ‘Arl. ...--.LJ-as -. ..'~ Uni.-. 3 le‘l. . '17:...) -JJ19; dd £33.) “LNG--...) Jun 9“ e 1.3r.\ ..rr -~. .. -. --.- - :Jr _. A» . - -. . , . l.‘ '1- _ '7 C _~:--.,._ «-’i.‘.J ‘3 . .<\, \r -'.. _ :.L"Ir :)I:J [LI Q '.‘L: '4. ? ‘ILJTJ Li; H' 1" _)11"v.‘-r-:-3 (28“ l_ , Q," _ .f " " - _ I I r ' 3113.413 22:21:..9. Cd” r7300: “3 align; ,n.r‘:{:‘.:3;‘.(‘L — -fi- . -~.‘. ..‘ ' ' V“ ‘ r." ‘ r r . .-.. 'C. -1 0'] (I U_.CL ' Olkzv 943'?':C‘r.)v‘l ' ' Jrrjk. J .N.... lo. 12. 13. 1h. 15.. 16. 17. 18- 19. 20. 21. Rebellion Records, Vol. L, Part I, p. 6H7. Ibid., pp. 6h6, 6&7. Ibid., p. 653.} Ibid;, p. 65h. Ibid., p. 658. Ibid., p. 659. W Ibid. Ibid. , p. 661+. Ibid., p. 665. Ibid., pp. 667-668. Ibid., p. 658. Ibid., p. 668. Ibid., pp. 669-670. Ibid., pp. 679-680. U ‘ I I , o ‘ K, ... - L I 0 I ‘\ r -’| r , ox.“- ‘ .kvo\- ’“1 71" .1. I) e .A o -v ... I ‘02-- L F’ ’- \'-" i- ,7 '0 l - H H {.- .t' O .L -- r 4 t O A. f ’V .01; 22. 23. 2h. 25. 26. 27. an... $2.12., 17-22., Ibid., pp. 700, 701. p. 708. pp. 710-713; p. 698. For the text of this letter, see Appendix I. pp. 719-720. 64 \l 4‘36: \)JL- ... x) ' I .!11 U 9’ ‘ .th- I .-“‘1 . -.. - O . .- . I. e _ _ ‘.— 41 CHAPTER VI THE MISSION CHANGES AGAIN In the excitement of preparing for and executing movements of troops across the desert, under the pressure of the continual struggle for equipment and supplies, it is probable that Colonel Carleton and most of the members of his command had completely forgotten by Nbvem- her that the force had been raised for the express purpose of guarding the Overland Mail Route. It is certain that General Wright was of the opinion that this mission had fallen into abeyance, for in a report to The Adjutant General on November 5th, he referred to "The First Calif- ornia volunteers, originally designed for protection of the overland mail service. . . ." and to "Colonel Carleton's intimate knowledge of the southern section of this State (which) makes it of the highest im- portance that he should-remain there in command."; It is possible that this report reminded the officials at Headquarters of the Army of the existence of Carleton's force, and the fact that the Overland Mail Route was then without protection from roving Indians, bandits and doubtful Mormons. On November 13th the following dispatch was sent to the Department of the Pacific: HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY, Washington, November 13, 1861. Brig. Gen. GEORGE WRIGHT , . Commanding Department of the Pacific: Will you please order the necessary force (probably one or two regiments), if possible under Colonel Carleton, to 65 K O f L\ A . ’ , ’ ’ j ’ r' " r f , r ‘ ".1 A e K x '.\l I A. - ‘ t1 _,. ‘ I r I f 1 f’ ( r Y ' ‘ 1‘ ‘ ; 4 w- “ I ‘\, _:v' 1 "\ '9 q " "‘ + f. ‘_ n - .. ._ '. t, 1 ‘ .LJ ‘1’, ' t- 4.! 4A. 1;; e... ‘ (i . . ;{.W.- Jv--X~) “.3 “L r l r 1‘ v * 1‘. } ”r n ,' , 3 r4 ‘.'. -r ’1': -—- “ ‘ + v- o r F‘ 4‘ r‘ . J A L. f.‘ ('4' I”; - I H -4 '3 .u 1" J\ 3.. '11 ~JJ:J 43‘1” ' t .L.*.4',’.D :3 u 1.15"}-.8 .A k 1.) r . - ~r 4 w r‘" .r ,1 . "‘ n V‘" e. n, r ~( “I f- r- n '1 '1 r) “1 ‘ .'fi : 1 .n W." ' L1 A. - ‘ .h k A a. v‘ \1 ~‘Jl—Io — g ‘ ..I-‘ (I J . O - .~ .. \J \J \J .‘nAAu e A. -l .... L a p. B — - ‘ _' * ‘ . a, ”1 ' 1 r I'- ,. - I“, -.f ;‘ L' . . .- i f’ ,\ "r f- -‘ ‘ - ' rs F! v .. z c , " [1.3 \J x: k; VJ "J — .J. 9. AL ) L-I»-.‘J. A n} . AK -) (41'. A. \J U _ -.'x‘. 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A .s. ,,. -‘o_.,,. . - r.” "Lli’VS-Llaju.‘ .L'J":.L~-e~} 4..."..12 {TI"$:—LJ ( --£ ( I 31"" ’-"‘I ‘ '1‘ n. k) .'1' 4 protect the Overland Mail Route; the number of trOOpS to be employed is left to your discretion. Please confer with Louis McLane about the location of the troops. GEO. B. McCLELLAN, MajorFGeneral, Commanding U. S. Armies.2 ' Although the insistence upon placing Carleton in command of the troops on the mail route, in spite of the recommendation that he be retained in Southern California, must have caused General Wright some disappointment, he took immediate action. The overland tele- graph was in full operation by this time, so it was possible to send orders to Carleton on November 18th, only three days after the General- in-Chief's order was issued in Washington. Carleton was directed to turn over command of the Idstrict of Southern California to Lieutenant ColOnel West, and to report in person at San Francisco, without wait- ing for West to come from Fort Yuma.' For some reason, however, Carle- ton did not receive this abrupt order until November 25th, over a week later.3 The receipt of the order placed Carleton in somewhat of a dilemma,as there was serious illness in his family at that time.“ Nevertheless, he acted with his usual promptitude. He did not think it at all desirable to leave Los Angeles without a senior officer pre- sent, during the several days it would take West to arrive from.Fort Yuma. ‘Accordingly, he hastily summoned Major Eyre to hurry to Los Angeles, and he suggested that Major Rigg should be sent from Camp Wright to Fort Yuma to replace West. This was approved by General Wright, and Carleton himSelf was authorized to delay his departure until the ' . , . ‘ , ‘ - --. ‘4' . - ,.'..-. 1 - ‘ ‘ - J "1.. - . ' c 1- ‘1. 1-" l. , 1.8.1.",57'0 my: 1 -.-m’ v, a v 4‘ . . I ..., ’1 I . LP. 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The eXpe- dition to move as soon as practicable, via Yuma. -The trOOps are ready and anxious. Guaymas should be occupied, army and navy co- operating. I have the force to hold the whole country this side of the Rio Grande. Please answer by telegraph.lo In the "full particulars by mail" which were dispatched two days later, on December 9th, General Wright elaborated on the telegram, add- ing that-¢._. .under the command of Colonel Carleton, an officer of great experience, indefatigable and active, the expedition must be successful." His concluding sentence was such as to force the higher headquarters to render a decision immediately, with the odds greatly in favor of approval of his suggestions. ”In anticipation of a favorable reply to the proposi- tions I have made, I shall go on making arrangements to move promptly when authorized to do so.'fll Only nine days later this letter was tersely indorsed: 1 If the movement in progress has not already been author- ized, please do so at once. GEO. B. MCCLELLAN, Major-General. The reconquest of the Southwest was under way. J'vfé, . ,_"* - J I." f ',: a h pun; :3r"“‘ Nd ' “a " :C 1 (:7 {’V ..' . «‘3; i- “3-“ ‘. '1" * .'3'.’ j' "‘I c;_'r.;:". 1'1‘“ 9:... I u ‘ ‘.1 c .1 : terJ '- 13 _n true 3 k3 iv 5‘; ‘ liué Ehrtrafin ‘ - i 2'» ;. w < t .. '. L T. v51 8':’£-[z:"i:r'.r.; Ii." —-9.3:’B"i3n.+';1. ! a ;“IW..J ?v o'iisjmdF 32:?“ 3:: 913 Jgam?“oi two aid 533w n.d)£fiuD ~uw.“u jinn awed: .5 u:J r ._~a2 o; vtotLifra “1 fi"933£f a fsrw - rra on? .aaiii '.L ””lerfT .ni«cT .JLQSMCLH aft q amtquonw ;:-'_-,;.';.i ’.‘Li'i‘ ....f‘; :‘i'; .1._"r:-:'.';-'- 84% none as ever 03 {IL-1J1!) ;'! -‘£3‘;232 5:3; MCZS‘,; lbgrro: iv". :”Cf£ aim Ufiflb .cna.ix s ?.ua~¢h£on ,_‘ --., - , ..; -_.-.. :; ' ..-. .~ '.. _ . ..r '4, . -‘. J j “if”: L C.. 31.4%, .2 ‘21."..17 ‘.‘Ju .\ ..-f‘f‘). ‘W ’..‘f’jl l f-QJ‘ 3‘-J.su I .: '{l IE T. -..L. .- ....-. .. r 4. . . .. 1“ ' . '..rr .- '4. .."z.x~ ‘tJ.C)\J ‘.v I '.s‘jv‘4~i.4'a.1-S filrjlj‘ 11!. Q - 5‘!‘J:':D 0-..),1 s/‘Iiv .‘ . , :1 ~,, ,.,..-g -_-n , it .Jf .nuati snow r:ig1 iImfi {d exolio drag Jinx oflJ i ,,.. I‘ ,. .' '- ', .. . l‘ -. r‘. _ .. 1‘ '. f_.._. .. ._ ... ..' , Jan. -o 1JL£3-C an {BCJULZSN iJKflLJJ go “nausea odd ruinu. . . :1 ..'”... ‘P , ___', ~r"' ‘..I fl. _" - fl --_~_.+ ._. . LEI t". tl): 14’3“? .3‘I u“ ’- ‘10. ..g‘ .. )7‘ ';‘.'l'. “h“, :11A-: 7 94". .’-..;3 ('i‘ln SL‘ l I\.£.1j~ {1.1. o A _ f '.f ..- “L'-"'V“L -. '7: T ?‘{ ariJ “-rer. r;i a;‘ (“‘UEZ e.IW':3oru33rLaa _rILEL I I .' ..’ Ar .q" r‘. ‘ r (J‘- fr'-_ .‘r -p i: ahaiwn iaxSDQO .udv TBURJJJU {IQ 'JJLA'IC 3 c. _ ..' , .. ,- -. . '- . . ... ..;. .. '.2. .‘i- .°.. , “4.:umj, 40 iCza r {llfivfi. 3.4 ahJ fiaiw .3lsss_nammt ncrulocb a -. . ~ — ,~+ ..r' ., ->\-. -- ' ' '—-—- i: \‘ll'.r(‘ (-;;'\I ".'k) ‘LA-(J'._‘ I (In a .’A5 I‘yl..\’J J .'.\ 1!( ! l-P“( ., , . ... .. . ,‘.k ..,. . \_._,.‘,, . i..-,.r-... . 3.. '.I. 5, I r \J-!-u .“..Lk-i ._, "Irki (‘3 nvftJ‘L'.‘ ......) L... (.3 .' 1‘..L-l.(i'_ .EC) (/14 .L ..‘} 10' ,9'3‘ ‘3 ‘.‘bi Al’u ‘ Y ~ 1 .39 on a: issfiiodsns naiw L 1 ’1' NOTES - CHAPTER VI 1. Rebellion Records, Vol. L, Part II, p. 702. 2. Ehid., p. 720. 3- 39191., p. 729. I». 11933., 'p. 737. S. 221$}, p. 7&1. 6. £933., p. 738. 7.' 121$}, p. 7h8., Hadji Ali, according to Harlan D. Fowler, gagglg to California (Stanford University Press, 1950), was a young Syrian camel driver who had come to the United.States with the second shipment of camels ordered for experimental use in the Army. He had adapted him- self to life on the Southwestern frontier, and was a noted character by the time of the Civil War. His name was commonly corrupted into "Hi- Jhlly," and after the Civil War he seryed as a scout with the Army in Arizona. He lived to a ripe old age, and has become the subject of numerous stories and legends. 8. Rebellion Records, Vol. l, Part I, p. 735. 9. $2323, Po 7&9. ‘10. 11333., p. 751. 11. Ibid., pp. 752-753. -fq ..I—‘3“ -- I .7- , _r| i N ‘ c1}. .' {‘2' 1 '1-) J."i'» ‘1 C . 32:1,. (HAUL 5 7L ,7, ’-.. ‘- 'A C A. ~. ¢ -l-; Lug.‘ 11-: .'in‘« 3‘93 ‘33.}. .. bulnxoa . . .. .7, JALLLI r N. Ln \ . on r .._’}\J .13.} ‘J.JL.L..3 ‘v’ i) I “T n" '. M 7" ..L J 7 . . ‘.X. \.) " (. ' 7.. , 1"» 4 r. n;, r-r'.r; ‘ . f . I' ‘ ‘5‘ -- \J'l. - L 9 .r. V l_ ‘rW ‘ I.( -I~-[. ~ . I .1. .LE, L F "i . .u|‘—‘-‘ - '_ obf“| ca ... 7.- e-s' Ii oi‘l'vI --.—.—- .G unLTsH Cd sniguunos . I ILbs aqw ,(Qf;£ .aaszfi gitemsvixU bmofinsdi) siemchllsO o: : fiJiw aomsjfi bejinu ed; 03 emoo bed onw movrmb Lorna '1 x..- .guTA and n: sen Lujnomtmeqwe To? bomsimo sienna 3 at v s new has {Toi;ncul azajuowniuca an: no - . LJDi Esjgnit "-‘o 32-33133?) 13:4". fiftif'WTUrZ mi? “”14 a; Si ii on all”? #«U g3 .ub o: Jn'ic I indw 9: Ella: L—S Lye .‘f i “w; “on _ -'m >~~ 5m 23H? ,s: fee c 81 3f 21 .3t CD 03 aidia H ' ‘ L. _ ‘ 0"21Fz;I\.’ 6‘." . .__\ ' - \-' yr ;~ ’ °.. F. ~-- '- .h ”V V '" :Lgn--y> a; x.1h .1 .'13 not \fn.fiiifi-:nmi gun :(?.i£-9430 .xi: ici .;;A;; To ;cimU Jfifliainjfi an: 3"»:mrir sad Tantra xns Hf Jeni 11'9Ii0 to 'o - " a ' 'fi I .- . ... .' . - n .. - . ~ ‘. p . r ‘ '. , . .h - K -0 -uiLu Jun3.1a2u ell .IHSWLUJJC so: \' affaioec s it: Efflfieaoon ., V-.. .. . '. . .7. ..’. ..'r‘.-: Mr‘. . ,‘ ..e. "L. - .4- .,,.' ' aberirzflrz by“ .fifl (as naviiio i»sda SL3 oi .E'D .iindu .u -sirO . t 'V—- I ‘ “- . ‘I .1 . “\ - ‘ ' r. 'I r ' . V‘ ' I .‘ . ’.- 61 ‘r ‘ I. 33...! '9 z.» fork.- ‘xfij' eOEZi WISH}: {LIB .m IRIS-.90 (‘..Lfi Man... ".11 'If;~.,.11-‘m F l . R ' ') L J I. * C+ C iu (..‘. ’.I. (—f L-a L. y '7 ' .- .'I - ., ~ .. ...“. o . ... ... 'v . . . “U -01 £3.” bin} ! 111,-.35919 ”log ILL c unflq » r . 2* .-‘ ., .. ,- v , .. ..r‘ . r . . r .»»a in“ Q-a .-«u as yl915“ »J ba::o:oi eta vans 3:0 .bovoicne .cbisa C‘ L. D- ’- L ’ . p C "w h I I- 3 \ I { 5 ' V { J' :3 H1 {7 n I“, H. .. E v h- ) TU 3 A O -u' ‘ A h C L‘ ..‘ Y D. ’3 .- ~. ' "' .,-,— ‘~ 5 - $- . 9' - -v"- .., ,H- ..' 1.‘ f' '. . '.f‘ ‘. ..1. , v. . . " ..‘.» J; xi. 0'). J} :1 Jr‘lj 113.; .8 '1',» I C (Ll/("(1) 15“)”, J..J.\'.L\.} .'f) “L'J.3£15LL!B”WO P. to insensfi a lo fins: efii Ho ~asw ternnm H . _ .. - 'V.. ‘r -. ‘ o_ ‘v ‘ I. - ‘ v ' r P D 4,, F "‘1 | '4 _ . ,-.. a .‘ ,. - ’- . . , ... ‘ . . ..‘ ,. ‘ ,. “-.‘ if... , .- .1.) ,_ -IWJ .--*i:i:t-' {.111 “Dali! .'.1. 01130.90 ISL-”UH 2:123 . 41.:P?.5-:3;.,‘Ei"if'ifi c. A' ' ‘\ ' —‘ ' ’- . ,'- -"‘ ‘ I r ‘u '1‘ ’- q. I. "1 '2. . .- ' " -v f 4‘ o . ' z u ‘ d,o ii dlLRJB» vuJ lib ool-ned 64w ,oU¢er£A hS ”in; nearirnsws iuew ~«31on B JVoh 1‘4” i slaw an :1 {Ja In on Tue .astflbut one BCHQJCCUZLT master, who handled the details of supply of clothing, food, forage and transportation. He would usually have a Surgeon, and if he were fortunate, he would have the services of an Ordnance Officer, who look- ed after the supply of arms and ammunition. The functions now performed by the General Staff (the four "G's") were performed by the commander himself, with only such staff assistance as he might improvise from among the officers under his command. .Carleton arrived back at Los Angeles on December 13th, after a quick trip from San Francisco, and'before the decision of the General- in-Chief as to the pr0posed eXpedition had been made. His immediate problem (after disposing of a party of dangerous rebel sympathizers whom Major Rigg's command had captured in the past few days) was to make detailed plans for moving a force of tr00ps across a country in which no body of troops larger than a small battalion had ever been employed before, and through which artillery had never been moved.1 Mention has been made of the difficulties of obtaining sup- Plies and equipment for the day to day existence of the body of trOOps that had.been raised. ‘Colonel Carleton realized, beyond doubt, that the difficulty of solving all problems of supply would be immediately intensified by the necessity of building up adequate reserves of all kinds of supplies and equipment.< Supplies and equipment are useless unless they can be deliv- ,, eredto the point where they are needed and when they are needed. (A point which is often overlooked by theorists who say that an enemy canbe defeated by superior industrial capacity.) Carleton must have thought deeply, and for hours on end, during his return trip to South- s ‘ - Lu-‘ '. :L'; ;. - a”; 339i. 9 ii ;:.L.c,:; :rKJ ,‘flir'u"; ? ”L : E .-. a ’--w- r 9 a, - .:!au fiavw 9E .ALIJ17%{_EILVf fcs - - ._ ‘1‘ ('11:C_:-L" 71 ,e‘; 'i'w 1's? .: a." "v: 2 e. if 9'23! Eu- 9'»: +5 . .3”‘fii.:""« '1. - 2 .s- z; . ,r* iJC_”!L ‘LT .rifidiii 4.2 $113 3 :59 1: '31: £13 ids 'TSHZES 39 my. 3.. ‘ * u; v .ii mg 319w {"a't” fi“‘i \LJ) 23nd? 1319:9l an: yd . ' 9; $3"? 1 o if —I as s'r;$r-;ir ‘ "is n:;; {Law diiw .fiiecrid .uus no? Lin neon, ausci-lc «a: extra ' t' -, ;‘_ 1. '3‘: . To ‘_ (If) a“ rind 5;"..1 £8 ‘1? it. be" "in firdelidu .N ‘T H 9;; ; na_afgqn or? 915 so :i :rxi33391 ash mLul qjui iii p 5 ci_fnozzi azh .9ism p995 ted not:in.—:“"s be::qo~q on: 03 an isidD-nt ”C9g‘fid-juga iafs' 8U314'fl8b 'o {imam e 19 sniaoqaio "91 e) meiuzmq of gin (ages we? sang 3H; at Leznqus had Ln‘Hioo a':“'fi uvisfl mcfiw a: ('3; co 5 a3ct93 BQOLTJ 9110? s int;om not anal: 9913539? seem 19-.19v9 bed mafiajdnc {Lima 3 z.ni i9 151 390013 30 "no or ds‘fiw . *.osxnn mono maven bed g"9iiidua dcidw appoint has ,9icled r-‘sfiin -qca *'~ia..o “n art;£hoi:tio an: 19 sham mass sad ncixnsfl :‘1'31 tr.-. ‘5;ch on; '10 wzzoiaixu rush '.-J V4331: ‘irIJ‘ 0'1 a‘nuw 3m 3 his 39.21."; rot: .ifisin hanged .Lssiinez FCJSlW 3 1:3nc oh .998 is an n93c and “an: ngJnirow‘i an JILL w vfiiqva Tr araiffliq lie "ntvfo *0 VJ iniifiio and [in c L'VQQ 9" edsrpazs cr ”manila” io xiiae so J9fl 9r: to Lsiiiursdut . .399 qiofe bn' i9”lgcwa 39 eonifl -ri£no as has {an a if: aialoni 913 Juana; p9 has aeiigcra .fso-en sun gdLJ rain “33 Lotgen one find: Lunar onion oi: oi hens grass as 3R9‘ :23 few aicizosnr go \“hOCldD’” cart; at Luifiw Juicq A) Van da“r fiDJuI“eC (.g“ionqnn inimdanbni uoimoqva {d heireisb 9d n93 "NJHLE oi git n'zie: aid ““vunu .Fna so auuofl i oi bus .fif 99) in'fl:di ern California. .As an experienced, practical soldier, he knew that his first problem, before any other could be solved, was that of adequate transportation.’ Consequently, it is not surprising that his first let- ter to General Wright, after his arrival at his own headquarters, dealt with a basic transportation requirement that would probably not occur to many persons in the latter half of the twentieth aentury --horseshoes and muleshoes. Writing on December 17th, only four days after his re- turn, he forwarded the following brief, but comprehensive estimate: HEADQUARTERS DISTRICT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Los Angeles, 081., December 17, 1861. Maj. R. C. DRUM, Assistant Adjutant-General, San Francisco, Cal.: MAJOR:. The following articles it will take time to prepare, and if they are not needed in this direction they will be needed on the Overland Mail Route in the spring, so nothing will be lost by having them procured at once. There should be prepared to ship to Fort Yuma two sets of shoes for, say, 1,200 mules.k In round numbers, say 10,000 muleshoes. They should be hand-made shoes and fitted ready to set. For this number of shoes there should be procured a plenty sic) of herseshoe nails of the pr0per size. The shoes should one by one be carefully inspected by a practical shoer before they are boxed. .Machine-made shoes we have no time or appliances or coal to work over into prOper shape en route.’ - There should be prepared to ship to Fort Yuma two sets of : shoes seen for, say; 550 cavalry and artillery horses, in- . - , . ‘ 0 I . . 'u . - - . - «, ' ’ n . , ." , ‘ I v _ - ' ' . V " .V‘ . . ' ,3 ' . . {‘.I ' r .91.. .‘ "'.2 -‘ ‘-m. if, . -.' . . ... .‘J ..11‘ '~‘ _- -‘J ~")1‘ * flt.‘ (‘3’. 0R( ' at... -.. I’"‘ I’ll“; IF fv'lfz' -' o. 1") ‘.‘r . . e. ,noi rs" [1'13 T’.‘ #u /.~ -‘ -( <~Pf " -.. loony _ \k"-plt‘J nu . ,9...— -..—. 7 .'1 r '~~' - u ' --v;-~A-‘ -,'-' m: "' ‘\ ' “7".) -‘_)-‘c.‘r.'rr\ 'L ”(33' b.1371} ‘ .r',i ,1 “.'.'.- .....11. J5 .L."'1.-.J...’... 1'.) -..: D (.41' ...J ~ J..~_J...5‘. (v .-. 9 *I‘ Q - w . - -}~r - . ' a - L r ”- " J? ' “ - ‘P ‘ .' "' 1.. "\‘l I ' '\ ’3'“ & ('3'" r. A ,‘HK‘ -‘ L. n ‘u ..'-‘uJ. . ‘ .I:r LN-L‘ ~ Y'I VILPHj 311.).1 ... .I - hue]: fi\ ' |' L P: '- 2';an ‘\) ..‘-"l . » r ‘ 1 ‘ 7' ' ‘ .\ - ‘ , ‘ . v . . . .. . , I. , . . - .. _~ .- w s- -- -. i.' f. ' J -_r; .lua 4«-,.g 3- ‘, 'Il«;. “Ira. ,in:-t '-9«~ ».v:i ..o L‘UJJ lfl.a .2.9‘min€_[. 0 ..7 ‘3 ‘ m9.) .'.\ " '_ .N.? “"—." .v 1‘ dvrl! n ..t-. N 131‘,"er .° r, 1 (s- . . Ji‘ 1_‘_\J ...! -.)V1.‘l a. l.§.l I .\ a} ‘ .5 ' Jv.‘ 4&1 . ‘~ )L-L_v ‘ f -‘ I r ‘ . ' , -‘ _‘ ’ A ," ‘f‘f‘i - 0 .' ‘. 4.. . l_ r‘ I. 30-”.3x) 9 (.'C‘5l 913.; 2’. a?“ . .LL'TJlf L“. -udfs b.” ”173331.3ol". .omsieuq C3 avid 9333 {ilw at as 31393 gnlwrliol 9AT '“C"T 99 Lliw was: soidoallo sin: HI hexajn its at“ 39$: ll ?; 1715339 08 tfinfdia 9nd of elucfl iiaM basinsvo sfld no r9999 *1 r r f. _’ ' I ’ ' "- "0 ' r "_-0- f: ~~ hiflrna atonT .9230 do hexnso~ menJ phiVsJ XJ 3dhl en lliw .. . ..-.‘ " . ..' . - .. ,7 l' 4 L ', . '. . - -- _ .15a .in? 3r we in 3393 (NJ evil JICd o3 qln: 03 hens.9aq So .— '7‘ , , ..'. ,- -.. " "~'\ " .. . . f... . Z . m" . ‘ . .g‘ui .;33\.43:l.:1 eel-{34. b;:3 .rYIQL.UJI Amulet lhl .85L[em.CXJ§.,[ v; . 7" --" ‘F‘ .- .. 'v- ‘-.0 ~ ’\ ‘ ' r“ F .3 " r_ ' 7 ‘ ‘ ' ‘ Y‘,,., .- n*nj i,& .-33 C4 3239: raidi. the a run enam~hurn 9d Dluufid C 0/!" ‘ , \I v ...I'” {a 8 ;~|‘:"£r.','—\.. ’-- q r -: Lf,’, -~'r) r P“ ... 'Jr:\ ‘ _ " f. N "(3' v I. \ -. ., “)1 J,_\- .. J. ‘11. .'.. J I. I. ..‘..I 3' p.) ‘-li .5-.,.rlv {J ‘14:; 4c, ‘-. )“LL'R f a . r . - - -._ , r- po '.r'“ r y-. g ‘ u -. . l' - '-,' ....~ "‘ " .r- V‘- '- -v v . 3' 22-10 I.‘-'-:-J' r1 63517;: Sui o gsci". '1 '.‘(_{x f.” Biz.) -0 ELL... 3“ .’T’L’Hda "5P 1 __ . - , .. “I r1.» ...- . . 4- ' ..-.-,.-.-,_. . . - .' 99L.9u T*(L3 is lio:.q 3 Lu Deuce;unc xll3-uls: a; 9’3 51 .- —. . ~s- ‘ - ‘ -. , .- - ..', ‘- .3» » . '3 ‘ .-' > ‘ r V :1 11):}.ic (miravsn €W!.; his (stun-eniruo£.1 .osamxi and t :3 ' ‘ I‘ “ r' -' ' 4- 'O- - - -- C -' I . - '.- . .94;~1 n9 auras 23, in odnl KJUU atrw oi leoo no .eoqsricc" HA... .. . .'~~..-' _. - ’.a ..—,' .. ~. .‘ - ,'- . ‘ ‘. a “-..-12..“ ;;"" ' '- '9 IL‘ ‘.L.J'ZY.‘V.! 91 1 f :T' "3 fl ‘ICT C‘. ”1.13"": t '. - - " . 3.3 CdfififlWfiL] en .flTLJ cluding officers' horses, say h,h00 horseshoes. These should be hand-made and fitted ready to set. A plenty of horseshoe .'T , nails of prOper size;should be sent with them, and each shoe before it is boxed shouldghe inepected by a practical shoer. I shall require 1,500 pairs of woolen overalls or trousers of strong material andflwell made, and 1,500 woolen blouses, and 3, 000 pairs of stockings, and 2, 200 pairs of good strong shoes. These should be made or get ready to ship to Yuma. This is all the clothing I desire to have at that point for supply- ing the troops while on the expedition. Each article should be of the best material.and'substantially made. In a few days I Will have prepared all the estimates for the supplies I need. hf_ s Respectfully, your obedient servant, mes H. amnion, Colonel First California VOIunteers, Commanding. EDITH-Jolson 8: Doble is the firm where the best horse and mule shoes can be bought, those that are hand-made; they should have toes of steel for the muleshoes. These have to be added by the smith in working-over the shoes ready to set.2 Before the detailed éstimates could be finished, Carleton.was notified by the Department Commander that the prOposed exPedition had been approved by the General-in-Chief. The formal mission was the re- capture of the forts which had been surrendered to the rebels in Ari- zona, and that the units'bf his command would be the lst California Infantry, the battalion of the lst California Cavalry, and a battery . V _ . r. , ~~ ~ - _ - N v V , .— l . .-. . . .. - -.~ ‘ J.l ..3 . 99-. A 3 , s l .- 1'. z .1 J ‘ i ‘ . A ~ .. J r' _ ' { ' f I_ O t} a _‘> _‘ . _ 'I F ’ '_. ./\ .. Lh‘g ..I i. ." ,t,).L‘.: .-‘ I . ‘ "i \4 J ‘L' - "1 ~4sld J l 5 J-“ 'J .'Ln L‘l-."L-J:.‘ 9d .1 , .\ _. If} V" .T' Esq . .— .3 ~ —- rr" 9 ') .,_~‘v ' r~ .1. r.» IT nf‘ CI ft in ' L. a -t. ... Iv . J - -AL\ J‘J.\ -- s-LL. \. ~' A .. a. -§- .l~:.L’..‘ a3'.l'.a ....) .-' U... D r , v- v - . . - : ' ‘ " -' . “i A 4 ‘ n .' .v ' ~ rs ‘. 0 w » “ '2 ' ”.7‘ .- 0 '1 AJ‘), .6 -..-. I. .L -.‘} L‘ ..I: 1; K.“ .- " :r£,: L'q-- 3‘“ 'e .1. ’( .. ‘ ...! 1. l3-Y‘1’. II J! ‘JL 3 L& J‘) , .. - ., .3 m,. .. . . L“ “I'VE: 31' A: '.1~., (21.5-17'3“ '.(1 I‘I"J,x \J' 'C.’ C'lJ £1? knJCQL SEIHII‘B'I igfifla 1 .33 .aeu Lu nei:ow Cufi,l one .92“? lluw has £81"??Sfl “0311? 3443s 3n: 5; ‘ a :w anisq de‘g fins ,egoéistja We eat»; oCh ; a; sin" ..6 NY on (.3 11a 03“ ‘..<""‘.‘= 11'“ '1; 9.55m: 30' nieces was?" ~3i”733 no: snitqs 6.3 +6 3.£d OJ 911399 I ..oJOlJ and Lin Li fja violins fined .noiginvgxu add no afiuw aq:.;j*gs" 9'] 9:11? \j‘ £95,- ~91 3'4rawf4 noiee'n Jha'u ; ea?‘ . fietfi3~nf-ixkx.1;3 e; ‘ag.b3YCTV; -inu a: ale 3: on: on 39-;Luaii nier bed nulhw euwofi ad? is a)! 5.1L lief) eel; 57:": oz. .CJJ'T‘r. *tr'...'..'1.r".._.-:,- uli '1‘; air :1 3113' Jedi 2:15: gun-07'. ‘3 b ‘ '7, . .113 H") Bi‘f‘.’11"r-i"l—.83 if. .‘ L3 "1,: J if”? 3:5“: 31“? ‘ a need 3 m . 509m .333 gdéu OF DIIOF—l OI! BHRUHII§.HPHJ§°U a 5315' :-Wc._.cohi.2:m CEQNLZOHS. “3-2833: mm??? 5.7.1:..an mafia Auo:mnm m3” rmammam, 721.14.»: Ze.m...:7.c anwnnlhr MN. 1-1.3.: of four light guns of the 3d Artillery, commanded by Lieutenant Shinn.3 He was also informed that 200,000 rations would be shipped to the north of the Colorado River immediately and that wagons would be shipped as soon as possible to San Pedro. Captain Treadwell Mbore, assistant quartermaster, would organize them into wagon trains and would be a member of Carleton's command}l Before this letter was written, steps had been already taken to prepare the battery of light artillery. It might be eXplained that at the time the artillery of the Regular Army was not definitely divi- ded into field artillery and fortress (coast or antiaircraft) artillery, as has been the practice for many years. The Regular Army artillery units were normally assigned to fixed installations, and when it be- came necessary to organize mObile artillery, personnel were obtained from.a fixed.post or fort.- Consequently, on December 6, 1861, Lieu- tenant John B. Shinn, commanding Company A, 3d.Artillery, was ordered to take his company to Benicia Barracks immediately and have it mounted and equipped as a light battery.5 During the next few days after Carleton's return to Los Angeles there can have been but little rest or leisure for the senior officers. Kerosene lamps and tallow candles must have burned at all hours of the night, and it is quite probable that Carleton assumed the character of a slave driver, as far as his subordinates were concerned. And it is more than likely that he drowehimself even harder than he did his staff: In only four days, however, the estimates were complete, and‘ on December let a bulky document was forwarded to San Francisco, for General Wright's information and approval.6 ‘ A - T N , 1 ~ I I _ r V ‘ ' r r :- a .— .’ r‘ r\ 0 ix ' I j‘- J n ‘ i I... " I V -‘ ’- l..:-J ‘ J C -‘I‘AJ - -ll'. ’ ’4“ .LI I -1- - .. - J U .. _ C - f 3 ‘ , . ~ .3 '4 .7 - ..‘ ' I ‘.‘T v . "j- ‘ ... r. ‘ .5 , ‘ D 2‘ ‘ 7v \ _ __ n « c 1-. \ 4' L; ’ ' _~ ‘ W; -1. s..Lu A? J\z'~J. x) xi.“ J: l. t «... A. ) l. - L) ,- J) - 4.41 ‘1‘ . . s .- - ‘- ' w - aw fl . .- r. r ‘ a. o— \ -5 V ' ‘r '7 - ‘0. - r —- '\ a, r4 \ .4 \J .‘ ) -A a w I -1 '- LA- 1 ‘ll ‘rffl t)- --‘. 3“ \V.’ -‘k. I I '9!" OI '1 9 \ fr. L’Dv) '.L .L \, s..\I .. .1‘ 4 _ . , ‘1 . r‘ . .... . . ,. _ .- . . '. -‘ . .. 4 ‘ . - ‘y, . t v , o .. 0’ ‘ _‘ ’ - .' .. . v‘ .r .- x. 5.1.. t, g. 12:. . f" .u "-.‘L 1.4-113. .1 7’_.'.' l I .. ...H J ..) .1- EH33 6.91:2 U3 9L ..'. SC‘ CT 8:; (Tux. c! .\. ‘ ;. s . '. F. . ~ -: ‘4 ‘1 v ,. l‘c . '- '-" . . -~ “ r v" . ,0 - s . I. ‘1‘! .~J.L. '-..»‘N' {.1 f.“ \-[QL+-‘ it...) .1" “"94 k. ‘3'“ E 1. -lr: J 93.-.!) ,-- r.(J LL-JL/w ‘19“ {.‘3: :BMJBI D Y '.I. .DNB.E)Q a'ntjslisO 30 raises npfgu gxgwilfi 433“ b3} u iJa .mefifiiwv 8:3 teJdai air: 0:310“ ian JfiflluinfiW an In f: 51 .tsniiiizs in ii 30 {asides ed: STngeuq of —E::; gltr;z;.sn 3TH 33w gniA dsivnui and do {telliizs ed: emEJ an: is f_._ V I‘ . . , .r._. - ,. .-." ,, . -.I: '. ..,.. --+ " '- -r. - . rull-3,a KJ,:;S is; he an Jentn) ddBTJTul one MKSIliulfi LLSIJ win an 593 ? gualjljis mnnA trivia. 33; .acsem {new In? eciiosuq and n3eé sad as -sz :1 nsnw fins .envidsilnient buril c3 benjlaci s {liflmtfn 933w etixh jifij; 339w ism ‘STQQ .{zslitjun slidom eaEn 3ND 03 {':.:3333n 9150 .eil .l&;; .u 113:9;91 nc ,;i*:m rpeax .ftof TO sec 3 hex: 3 s m 3: u 135;; sew .LUWLEEFTA mg .A “Qp.WCQ gnjnnrvnos .nnifa .d nduL Juana: .3f1u1m 3E even 3.5 Xi jjui,‘;mi amendisa sieinefi 03 "unites aid efisi Ci €.g39335d sugrl e as beqqteps has asiugnA 201 C3 GTLJB" a 'noJaIisO 193 3 a sh we 3Xsn and pdEIMI .a3ssi;.o TOlflJa an: is; ainaiei TC deem eiiili Jud need even use stand on: do GT'CQ lie is bendrd svnd Jain eaifi.so wells: Ens aqnsl ensaotox i" dejosnsno an: ganvzas neiaimsD Jen: eiundezq 331“, at it has .Jdgin ' ' I' ’ " ’r~ . " 0" J -s, v- f ’ ‘7'rr ~- C J. \u' L. J}; ..’. o -J "L, .f. )V-1“J Cl .‘Ifl‘ifuv'f {1‘ '39." - -.’ IC\:I.!3 'JLj (313 ”Jr-Bi as 9‘ ’39 V I LL) 3‘: 813 S ‘.-.- -l-. . — .- : v - :- ‘ “ _~‘r4 \ .f \v -. (I f - rx . 3- r: v - ' n . I '9 - <7 r F. ' , e_n o;3 ufl .hbr ”ddfnfl mere .laafirfl swede ed sent lunil mend atom tn ’ D I' C; {L110 CL . 7.4. ,.- an,“ '. - ‘. — ..--~— r ,. -.- -.' ..-;rx.’ - er. ”g, .. Tad. .’ L-.-.'-L....2'L'.. £141.: [13' 14 511-31": .i _ ("MW 3;. ‘. "'.Lu native .8 33.1-.) '1‘3k-...39;fl [IO .lsvc;xgs ;2; HCJ;“"%C n_t 2' ’TI"" Latenefl It would be of no particular value or interest to quote in de- tail just what was considered necessary for the movement of 1,500 men and hundreds of animals from the California coast to the Rio Grande, but it is of interest to show the tremendous amounts needed, and to see Just what some of these items were. It was obvious that the movement would divide itself naturally into two phases. First would be the movement from the coastal areas across the Mojave Desert (at that time usually called the Yuma Desert). During this phase the units must be entirely self supporting. Animal- drawn transportation could not overtake them to renew supplies from the Coast, so they must take with them sufficient of everything to last until they reached Fort Yuma. From Fort Yuma forward to the objective would constitute another phase, during which the tr00ps again must be self‘sufficient, with enough supplies for the entire march.. Before their arrival at Fort Yuma it would be necessary to accumulate there subsistence for consumption while the trOOps were at that place, and for resupply before starting the long desert march to the Rio Grande. Based upon the assumption that the march to Fort Yuma from the seaboard would require about thirty days, it was calculated that 81,888 pounds of food would be required. Ten days rations were added to this figure to take care of any unforseen delays en route. For the animals, Carleton requested that hhl,000 pounds of barley be shipped at once from.San Francisco to San Pedro, to provide for 900 mules and 550 horses for forty_days.q But since the 150 wagons that were to be ale; - lotted to the expedition could not carry all of the food and equipment_ plus all of the barley, it would be necessary to arrange to have 102, 000 pounds of barley deposited in advance at different points on the ~ _ . " . ”V,- “ T " Ln"... '1 ..'J; ‘J '13.; 1.9.; MUM si' '.c' L: ‘.W SI .3 “£3.E o :*~a .0» h-) 1 p'33:nz : z “ 3115.; 33h :s.w 33$; £193 :“ Pa 1 \.J I' .J czr.w s‘tzt .33 um. r'- e-x.iur 7C LF-d”uud fins ‘-\ - ‘1 ,\ I ... ’-i (4.: ~ .7; g. .. . .'i f." & 1"..0 W .. a; ’v 3 3" ’ \*..L-.‘: '. L; ‘31: :I 34:: I - “ J . u ’ .v’v '3 -\~ L, (r u .d K..- M 0- s I 9 ' 3 J -‘ Q4 (- uJ.)j I"\ a] t. , k' ‘,_1‘~ a gas: ,Is;u;L .,: [“1 ; L L .'J .k.;n.:" . "v‘J eshfd .. LIEx 3 arms :11 iiwus i-‘zm.o ;Xi "‘3 .u-.33«. 5:3 9' zfrsw :3~'l .asasfiq Cw: cfal { '<72-. .u :Y sin) t;fllm.. '-4I3.3. e.14: J‘U;* as) :r"'~3' ‘wiJ {' ark? ucr':fs -aC, fl 1 . ulfu~7 fflLi {*‘L"£d r'a'N" u Lr.< 9‘ =vv ‘2: 14"2’2.5 (' r. Igsmf' n!” ct tinfTTFC-.J’LI ." L 25:; axfi N'inm a: 31 91k 1 (J fi'9u 89w 11 fin-7 -i.aat -fS'Un‘: <23 'c :~‘. sdJ n) f 37:9}.3 999w 89332::.a enT LL TJ'Xi: :1” a-;;r e”r 9v h. “FM 3 3L,°‘3 ~VA “3V' " “i {3n'ifiiP or K; Jfiijpiupfi :9 L?;:{fi“3 391 3:9 Icfl*c 9d: fill/w tawu? 3103. 03 -L " .99';t 993 19 r‘“'"Tb :nJ 1H srnsv95 n‘ xm'Y 31cm 0+ bsqutda 4W": ~ "t- ~‘.. ( - ,-'-.\ ... .J- . r\ gr" '3 ( :+ ‘7‘ ‘.f..”,;'n‘ c4“ , n; “I, ‘ «.9.- J' 1‘13..kuib.g .A._j(143‘z 5..) )1. 1\. J} - ‘Ry C b... . L).x.. '1 LP; I '1‘. . .. .l-~IQ_. -_._‘.VB L-.; L 2 saw =.uxi *Arx CJJ'IL, £925 ‘,3J u'irhi9i 941.'”H3o8£ .a7T ofiflfigliifi gtJ"9 1.3 .aiguins 31325 nnj 'AILLT gfifisugoun 9C3 fixi: unijsbat {Leg @111 ‘Irs-u'chs "zafib’I an": 1.3"; .z":9f.-i£-'; envfrjitzb ~31 "w'é “(i3 {'if-vfn‘l'fii‘ 'T .a -f) a ,Li’L :Nl,‘ ‘- ~ .-. .. “)1! j" u,- g _ y- . 1 " ‘ f~ J .L . ',, T f— r. O Q- 5’5 _'_ If; I I 4r? A! i. ’\ I — .c . . , . “I r ‘ '98 .191 nnJ To; 399';L.pe bu” LU, "(P «..I 7‘ LL," n w. -L, 'I 7,, y'a“ r1 a"'~'."" ' aka ‘J .L'.) t‘ ‘IJJI‘! .... . - .- .1 J-- --.A. 0 ... ..‘-.fl~“to- {a $0 ,ayarlvw U Lqufi flu ‘Xeaw r959 a} 3 GLuu q LfftYiS 10 Leia: 993 :01 y9_:sd ;o abeoL . '3 .‘“a 'I! . Q ' Vi:‘43{h LL; ifs'r “£13 9"(2"“3 (3'F”“‘ fLLB “'""J ifiE c 95k h?' L nfnw hoaiunnnr {Faihqqtn Chi 10 #W‘q tduiif 9%: Fae x“ ”‘4 .fialfiTCfiTB Ldj 9 aa- 9;'3 3&3 swinging? L}: LoL on lode: 339; 52d; EL; ca 995w nintufiiisfi n] and ti 9:99J 83 "9)99n °"°v {J1 {Irma-9;": ..uuc. "t 94.3 2:20:29 J", jaci wid’ 11c: -:£rr‘.;.1.>«'s‘sbn.. mi “ " .3auu V9n 9‘*d; LJLBL in AC SBBQDEVC on: b:inom.<39*1n9jv£;£3 H‘fi afih Sfiiuq figidw '“ {fibiiinnnmfi V” IL L 7A ".9392 €79:n O Js~d T n‘nzsfi 9i :;«9; 3d¢ not? bsnitj-fi9 aj $?,n {#:13C'Iibu Lawftuafi ’17 <2 fin'r5x' I .J:, 3 1")” 99.x: Jfi f;9;7-';“ 3r; *7?W: 29 ,CXCVfIT of small-arms ammunition would be required at Fort Yuma, including such items as rifled musketball cartridges, buck-shot cartridges, Sharp's carbine cartridges, and percussion caps for each type of weapon.8 Three hundred 6-gallon water kegs would be needed on the desert, and at least 5,000 pounds of tobacco, looking glasses, knives, iron arrow-heads, red blankets and fish hooks would be needed to insure the good will of the Indians.9 At this time the armament of the California volunteers was still incomplete, so request was made for navy type revolvers (". . .revolvers, army size. . . .are unfit for cavalry"), holsters,'spare parts and acces- sories, and knives for the civilian teamsters. A Nor did Carleton forget other important details. He pointed out that he would need large sums of money, and that nothing except coins of small denomination would be of any use. These could be prepared for him.by the San Francisco Mint. He would need medical supplies, American horses (as distinguished from California horses, which were too small for cavalry use), good pack mules, and metallic pontoon beds, each with two coils of lariat rOpe.' ‘ The writer of this paper has seen a great many logistical plans and "G-h annexes" to operations orders, but has never seen one that was more expertly drawn than this, even though its form differs greatly from what would come from a present-day staff office. It is all the more amazing when it is remembered that this plan (which occupies seven and one half closely printed pages in the Rebellion Records) was, beyond doubt, the work of one man, and was not a synthesis of the thought and experience of half a dozen officers, each an expert in his particular Y - . ' -. r F "' . t. - r 1’1: ,n I a . o p .‘ J 5 Is ...Q‘- Q — — >1. ’3 o S' , 1 I .Lt‘J LLk)\l _; ‘ ’ ’3 L. .1. I ‘ seq!) J. . . 'u r, \ " y ‘ . —. ,‘ a ‘ v - - . (x,) :"3 , (‘01:, '- r¢ .‘ r .’u .- ;: +~Iug l r. r .’FO A l. o.l\ ...:l l , .3 I .‘J .l «J .L‘ _- 1 a)- .. a.Ln-.U . .; ' L J p C ,: ~ ~ . u .4! .L o - - , r .. , . ' . . ' - ‘ . ," - . — -’ - f . - . 1‘ ‘ :‘ , I . r'f. 9 h n ’..I‘L 4. 1....1. O ’1 7'! gill; ( '.I ‘.4 1;:J...‘ 1 IT ' ‘5' "J. 0 'ASJ’LV': 1 {0‘ IV “ (A -’ “do. ‘. ,.-.. -, : r.- .. ,9-.+ -. 4» .... . z ,. ~. . ‘ .. L ' ‘ A.» . LLvn o-.. .h, wleoflx u. L) saw so rt L. n)’~ p ', "' i ' a v -‘ ‘. F :- ' C A ‘ -' , ' ‘5, T t Q Q g l’ l'? _ ., Iii} 'V' ‘ 1 \/(1 L3 ‘LIYI -r.‘ .... ( l a. .) I) sin} ".3 .g‘T', U E113110.‘..'1 : a ‘ 9] \‘J‘ ... .i.:1f) 0:13- ‘ a ‘. : | . v 7'.- ._., '1 . , r. . '.V ~ -'v-.- 3' r: I! 9' r‘ ‘ n f " ..‘ i'. ,‘ . ' (1", 1. ‘- T‘ : ,, 'pvfi ~ c. ......) ' 1:: ’..u _--."..:> '3...."(.u ..‘"). '-.‘Juti. - .. Q \‘14. )Vfa-) AK \) .....l' ..4 4;.)0 o o 03.3.,0 \l.";b ”h. 4.. ..-. J _...:.r-.-.: . '.A. .~..; «..' ‘-r q t -l o 0.19“» ‘..:f -r-L‘ f.~UL.J.lV_Ll' emu ’1'“ A 811‘ {LA Llif‘) ‘ Ca?" \ a (+ ‘.‘ ' ' " I | I ' . ‘ “ ‘ ' I ' ‘ 'I' "c‘. . '- ' \ 4" '3' 'I‘ o ' " ' ..., .11 “This j; 95‘! o 5.4-: {Cf-(241.) Ills-j"? \-.'. .La-l c f. u. ' ..'-3.. {10L.~‘ [7.50 13.13 .1441 '. ' ..r.'.-.. -' .' r ... .~.. . ., H— ..." . . -, ...: ,' fLLtTJ 31:9va3 .q;i,i; {I J!J.J arm; .'gTLKJh is aunxa s,'1ic- (Jess: i I.h.vr er; d+u11 IN" {-.Aar - 'rr .~ . ‘... ‘ . .' .' . . 'Q~ .- ... -.’ ' ~ 3 'a. I f' - ... f. ‘. 1w} x4i£a€ a 9m DLLLD fiaefil .SaU mfg ih :d bl.-W uxffflfilhflfluh llfi.d .0 '\. . ‘ .- A. r .' - -,~ r ' ‘. ’- . . ..‘ '- “'1 ‘l' 2." ~ .r, . . '3' .r- . ’.- ~-_ ‘ , In lidsusi .aaign;.ii inc .mffl.fl93fl.-.;”.d 9h .cflfiav (LQIZIRB E n; n 3 vs sin! I' !‘ . r J f o_ I- ‘ I .‘ g P. I _r A ’, '_ a", y‘ I 0" o ‘ ' u v ' \ o lwm. are airw Lclnv .aeeicn srLdu-;iso mu-1 “final. did: 3 e9, 8981mm 7'... . , ,._" .' .. ., '. . .. .. . ' . .. -. ‘. I-=n dunu [49:1 lUC ILL (lLLMJHM fife .aeirr xocq refs .kflan {2:5 23 TFQ (\ - ‘.t 4 ’ . v I "‘ \ r' L \ ‘ .sqcx abuiai 4c BLLOO cw: .-, r. FM F.” L J '1‘, . ’ .. , _.., .-‘. ..Jn . , -f ‘ .-‘ ' r '1. ,l - HT (.11.. -LHL LL ._ ..‘-.r :7 k '. .)_'_ ‘qu..:5.lf.- Us A .2, - .8 :15“? 1: (3.1.31. 'I'TJOJJ'L-_ af.[13 JL‘ 1r’- in N ‘31‘ " ' 1 : -~' ." "‘ (A I ~ ‘ .“ ' .' . . a , ‘~- -v . ' .. , , ' r " ext J“Ao dun mesa saves can JUL :fi_ruo snrrieuoac Cd aaxanrs v-J its N ‘ ‘ \ t.'( .‘ . I I .'- r [_O . ~' .I ’* U‘ v ' \ ." ' ' r 0 -‘ .. . _~.q _ f c. J L l .L 3 5.1. l( -. n. 1, 'k. L s ..9 L‘ . (‘ Lug Lallt‘r CW?" 1‘ 'Y'LJ'fQCfa‘B 9115.7 J A “9‘ L J r r :- +I “r F r‘ ‘ ' a ' "’ t J . " . " -'- :_ ... lie 3i . .Jvi -c .. J4 rs- Nessa. s a "i 9.59 Llrrw u3.J I L ;( ' ~1' "' .‘ 1";0" ; “"1‘ 1 ' ra- "y'fr‘J d '{"+ b.)'\ I I "VI“H‘ " 3' r "I. r~'-nn . («-'J. A a ‘4 -.‘/.4.- h/ [$1. 4.»: (.1.-- 5....u A-«‘-P-41U ‘- 5’... UL l. ) \~ (‘ midi}. B r f‘ — '- ' - 7 ‘ '- _ ‘ — ° ‘ i ' . '- r h ' -rs I I L 12:“ ( - - ‘ . ' '1‘ '.L‘L-r I. ‘: 1 F-_ ."-’ f 1 ‘1'. fr. 3&4 V I ‘.U‘ I.) 'I :- ‘11 .-.}.IC ‘- --— t ’O-‘ _~* Oi” \ “S 'v . -k\ r .y' f ' :7- .cM\ 0"". N 4( op Mr" V 7" . ’1 .f‘ ‘v‘r \‘ emf“ 4‘ “I" . u-- s x .- t .L- \.4.._. L;-.\l . .1 u 11 u- v .-4. r (I. A». I”. ‘ 4 4'1-.C‘J \; ' .u‘.‘ 2|! 9‘ " t .12.: nautt oa‘coqou e ‘19 was .3 2aIu>$§ are ...x [.23.—...: .t . .. . 1 .....s‘} ...—‘.x...:\\. .\r.. V ,\ ..’;C I .5“ ..i field. It was drawn up in a period of less than a week, by Carleton himself, with only a few clerical assistants, and with all of the respon- sibilities of planning and command resting upon him at the same time. Although with the submission of his estimates and requisitions, the heaviest part of the supply planning had been accomplished, Carle- ton's supply responsibilities did not end there. On the same day on which he finished and forwarded his estimates to the Department Commander, orders were sent to Major Rigg, at Fort Yuma "to ascertain from one Rhodes, who is in the vicinity of Gila City with 200 head of beef cat- tle, what he will take for them." Rigg was also directed to buy seventy tons of hay from Yager, the ferryman, and was to try to obtain it for less than the fifty-five dollars per ton that Yager was known to want for it .10 Before anything could be done to start the accumulation of sup- plies and equipment, Nature intervened violently, and for the next few weeks the time and attention of_everybody was taken up almost exclusively with the pressing problems of living from day to day. It is often re- marked sarcastically that the weather in California is always unusual, and the winter of 1861-1862 was no exception to this rule. It was the worst winter recorded in California up to that time, and even since there have been few with as much concentrated rainfall and with such torrential floods rushing through the arroyos and ravines. 0n the last day of the old year, 1861, General Wright, report- ing to The Adjutant General of the departure of the first shipment of supplies for the expedition, said, "The weather for many days past has been tempestuous in the extreme. The floods east and north of this city k . ’ ‘ I J Lo ? r- f 7 la- x. ,- I 1‘ 5 ":w ,2. v D 1" L5. Iv J. .‘u (3 "1‘ C b I \D (1 5‘. '3 .. , {'1 4 (. y I 1 o— n a r I l (4 C g "V 'u p :1 P1- A: .~.“v fiflré and J8 .Ld avpu Afliiaai manurtu has gntuns;g 'o -pirifiJl: .4 «-,l;l n-u :* 9:.L Lf‘r a'f “. ncfi¢uovs lo nsijnadds has amid 94: axes I -.. g a. l ‘1' -sm naifio a d’ .vsb c: gnu firm. 3nivif 3. areffouq gnfasatq an: driw .ls*arnu axewis at sinuuillsO at a ddeow adj Jeni milsotdanezea taxman out arw if .alsz skid {d nuitdsuxe an asw Foul-ijji (o usdntw and has . 4 .. '-.. -] ~~ ..' 4.--' ~- r' -- "'4'- ' r~~.--' ‘9 ‘ v. oynie secs 2n» .-L-J ..LJ c3 qt s.n1u.iis0 Hi auJIUCJI 193LIW date . " ¢ v 3 ‘u - —« . f , ‘ ' '.v u v— r; - .. V I. - - . .C‘n . -i _ --.7.’ 31.25;. 1 .0”. 33231123521303 I131 " 8:) (1.: w 1.‘ J. ..‘: 13d 9‘4 851 9159f]? .' ' P 0 F‘, o ') ,. ' ' " r. QQ 4' ‘ t. I o "q ‘ I 1‘ \ .eafil».i 1..... . 1’s “0 IL, wand (rum.aw. BUU(J“i.LFJTfl311U3' n . . f . r. '- . - .. -.'. .. "J‘ *yri ta-.~ifis-.i-flln19u ..e.»l..irafic :1! and -3 {.u, Jul E sfld‘rfi) L . , ’. . J -_ ' ,. .. .... - . " ...r" 4 {m o , n l ' . .' F g " r If! l ' ’ .. r r, v . .- -, ~ J. A ‘.—.f (.1 k ‘1 . A - )i.‘) - ' . \. Llj»l JL. ....‘3 LL) )1: L4 \J."o..“:.+)‘k A’.‘ 3:; L 0d JgJ. ' i . h ' I- u . — r, 7"“ "..' .'If C." I \ "‘ 3"" ' rx ' {‘1' ( fir,— o v' f» v'V. “ +'-,’ ..D- Q, " .'5 . (4.. 1‘ d . JK“ ~... Ice .1 -.I"..'L.' ..‘ .' ll ('4' - N .I‘ ..1. t ..',, _'i .‘i (/.,'_Q"_.o‘_~\l“e 9a.; '12." Bit; '71, L'a 4 I 0" v (:4 -t f f. .-‘ ‘ ' _' fl ' 'q ‘ r‘- {'l" _‘I F I ‘ ‘.JIC [3.1.33 .0 1-3“1..1 ..fff) 3.....23 51A. (4.. 9.9; .1,- .9':j‘x;«. carg'J' r11 E‘;’(|_'I:B_~§(myyd' “and 80 have destroyed a vast amount of property and almost suspended our mail communications. The telegraph has not been in Operation for several days?11 The steamship Republic, carrying supplies and equipment (includ- ing the artillery that Colonel West had requested) had run into such a gale that it had been necessary to jettison part of the cargo to lighten the ship. The loss included the gun-carriage wheels, ammunition and several miscellaneous items that were badly needed at Fort Yuma in strengthening the post.12 A short time later Colonel West, who was in command of the District temporarily, with headquarters at the newly es- tablished post of Drum Barracks, found it necessary to request that firewood for the kitchens be shipped immediately from San Francisco. None was procurable locally (the immediate area was almost completely treeless), and for a week it had been "impossible to send an empty wagon one mile from camp, much less to bring in any loaded teams."l3 On the far side of the desert, at Fort Yuma, the Colorado and Gila Rivers had combined to do their worst. On January 23, 1862, Major Rigg reported that "Fort Yuma is now an island." The Colorado had risen six feet in three hours, entirely destroying Colorado City, and doing an unbelievable amount of damage. The post water works were com- pletely submerged, "Mr. Gageis billiard and ten-pin alley entirely des- troyed,“ and it was anticipated that there would now be difficulty in obtaining the anticipated beef cattle and hay. The only bright spot in the gloomy and watery picture was the fact that Fort Yuma was, for the time being, completely safe from attack, since it was entirely surround- ed by water.1h ~_a“ t .r:,’ - 32 h‘n the VI J\ W D firw'us 321V 3 503(7329“ Cv.d If. w.e: xvi Ir_i3;fi:g~is*i no" i i"? C.af:“jr‘*wlsd‘fnff . 4x;33P1:gmzm C5 £;?'be -' ' ’_' ”.L 3 .fr“ - Z 1:7:3 i) féf LP L_;r."~f a ; j“ 335'1'Iififi . "2} C ‘.':'- t? -: i-I::2 :2 4;!:3 5.;{1‘ ‘ I .- V ~... --..a.-_ -‘ .3 .1- a «41 .3: In": F; .i ‘\-:' :41.) f3". vex. deed [arxoL 3 3.5.13 "r: Lifts 9 .53 _;.'2 “J”: ”1 c3 c are an; “e 1"“5 braids); cr g'xs “can need brj :3 33d+ 019' .- v‘ .‘ ' -' . 4 u» . .' . - -'-.- -.,- ~1.‘~ .~ . r «i- A, .. .- " " °~ ,. #- .nn HI£JICJVJR .cIa-uw 9,Lil-bJ-ff7 ”LI bvouisnt Bowl en? .qjxa add . u ‘\ ’ I I v. v' ‘- ' ‘ r - 5 fl - ‘3 . I. ' I I 0 r ‘I . -', . " - r MI.anf Jzoq j: mflib‘fl vials 313V as“: avail atuansiiasair Ir.sxaa c.r.. Linsidtesxra 5.. 0 F1- I 3' a ‘ l a, C'. I. :4 f } 1 E A‘ if. L F- u .3 "o' W (4 , s Cd" C.) I"; O C+ '.J (- a} (5’ 3'1 (-4» ”:5 i ’v"/- \.-'1 4- ' ' - rv‘ " ‘Ir.‘- l' ‘ '4 g ‘ ,. O ‘ I V 1‘ \"‘~ -:9 {mean ago 03 an iIo erase HJIw .gliIRI<{ 33 uclmJ‘Id e“: .w Un&mr-$ -" -' ‘ r . ~ ..- v.-- o .~ ’- l - v".f‘. '..v’ - - .fl 1 t- . . ~- ' - . 1". . \‘ Fritz? dri‘f‘bnd'l 113 V'.rus' 3J'I_I;Q‘J:~.J:! 31 .ble'\ A Q. "L.'{: :twfihf \1 l ' F: ‘r V (BL K: EBIECI—EL-SJ >0 .osaio of" as? meat giedaibvnmi nonciuz an anodndifl add to? b60W9113 gi~Jqueyo Ja“mlfi and sums easil;gmi .d.) \Lisooi aims smoocmq asw eatM “Canw xo,ze on base at HidiCRTJL: need hnj 31 flsew 8 it? has .(88919973 ii”.ere;3 tnzsoi 133 mi shied c3 aaei deem tqwso mom? slim eno ‘18 {bemojoO and .emuY .25? in .31a 33 add is able as? add no .—z .u Q -r :2.“ . J‘Ju . s mxsvns . .g F .daamw died; on o: bani: mos b.2d HTOVIH Liia (.4 "v >4 ' ’ - - ' " '«- - .0 nvvr A I. ' - In 4' un- W hen cosaoioS enT ”.ugfiihl as won cl filul datfi JadJ o9.qusz LwI” .e I. - ‘ ‘ J .‘ h! ' ' f 7“ O " '- " ~ . " - ' ’ u 4 o. ...: 'L . ‘L r ' n; .KUTo cuszof.a galxtadcsh EIJTLJCS ,atucn aging or uSB' xia neei1 ... r "- -r- *.~ 1“... -- -. - .0 o. - vs -y. . r" '3 .r v, -' . .arq ..-. f...‘ '..iLzfl {3.11.}? 9114.544 1.43-33". 3'va (‘.‘LJL' . 9‘3-Efl-1‘LL) _'(‘ 3HIJUTAJ 91:333‘531 ““1 '.1' [3:3 5,5 ‘ Lb —'v’ * - . . ' .L. “ . ' ... —‘ " , 1 ' ' ' I - r .H" .‘- - -. . . " ... :4 -aeu 1;91£.m3 xiii» HI‘-th one Lmsrlitn a aged .31 .ufi‘lquVB Llijaij .'- - ~- v ',' f ‘ ' 2': r 1' " -'f '- r r 'o" “ ' r F "‘ "1‘ "u I ... -‘ \ 'q .‘ 'l - .n’ " - ... ' - -. r - a; gain I; is a. wan Li: 2 stand use: Jnuoqi; Jae saw d; has Mg\ 3 f .',.'. , ,g -L. ;. ..' .'« ”A. a' - r f'l ‘ .v‘r ‘ r 4 '4‘ I '7' ' ' ii I ’ ‘ I n. u ,4 .3! r m~'n ”ii If. 2L5 eludes 1399 atsclalj.1s 9.H aminisfac .J . L/. l,. . ‘1 ..'J I.» u‘ + r'(". “..'" he .7.” kfiyrn T-{T "Ln I .- «'~' n v' rum-3w 1- w- 3 v p' v? -r. - '- ~2 A; J" - f our“, *3 -"1- d ._ A \. C. n. s! .312- 4.1.x}- Cf)” .3 J q \ «14‘ 33-"? '18 LP. (I? O 'f Tefiew yd 51 California rainy seasons, however violent they may be, do not last forever. Within a few weeks the clouds cleared away and the roads began to emerge and become passable. Simultaneously rumors began to fly of an impending Confederate attack through Arizona. West, who was still acting as District Commander, thought it well to take steps to reinforce Fort Yuma. The condition of the roads was still so bad that he thought it necessary to warn Captain Thomas L. Roberts, commanding Company E, lst California Infantry, who was the first company commander to receive orders to move, to use double teams of mules on his wagons. Captain Roberts reconnoitered the route he was directed to follow, and found it still so waterlogged as to be impassable. He was placed in the unhappy position, for a junior officer, of deciding that he could not obey his orders, and hoping that his action would be approved.5 (Apparently it was.) As soon as the rains subsided, it became possible to begin definite and detailed arrangements for handling the supplies expected. Captain Treadwell Moore, Assistant Quartermaster, at New San Pedro re- ceived instructions as to the exact way in which the trains for the ex- pedition would be organized. Various incidents, from time to time, later made it clear that Carleton and Captain Moore did not see eye to eye on many things. The clash of personalities was probably of long standing, for in his instructions to Moore on February 9, 1862, Carleton sharply reminded Moore that he retained the final decision in all matters affect- ing both the trains and supply in general.16 Soldiers of all times have regarded the pick and shovel with the utmost abhorrence, and there is no doubt that the California volunteers '4‘ r . . , I ) I . r > v I ‘. '.‘v ‘ I. ' . ' '4'» “ ,. ‘ .~ ’ " ,r .~v -¢-~ --~.,~ ‘-,-'— + ’ ‘ '.‘. "- ., Erwin 27/1. . --f) .' .J.J ‘.I . .;.'i. ’u' Wat. B (13.13.» .'._*.:'-x 1, ...;~..L ,. '— — . . . ' — - 1 r -v ‘11 -‘ t . wr'*“ I] c‘ I 1'. \'v v- l.g_\ ‘ v 4‘, ._ N~ ‘ '.g r -~‘,r4 ‘a \ sjv ‘) I 5 a —- ' .l-(. 4 ...-r- '3 -' . I. I I(I. LI-aJ ,. ‘ nu 1. . J-' 3 .. u' 9 K v‘ A - ‘-K n NI 1 \ - ' ‘ « c .- r. " o ‘r. . r- . f -( " . 1 ‘ ‘ L r. +"l0 ~ 3 .‘ 'r "V - r I r- r L 'Y"'- ,- rv - ‘1 ‘s -a '. , ' u . ¢ ‘. . 1 f L « o t]. '. '1 . I . . 1’ I. L. . . k ' I ’a . .. \1 ‘ I . I ‘ . . . t) ‘4 - ' . - - .— v, ~ J. .-. [ - ~- -p ' d 7’ ‘I I - . ,-.- ~- .4- . -t -- 4'. u- '- —4 , . r ._ _ . , . ‘ . . I I‘f . ‘ r P ‘ r‘ n r h 'V f . .... fl; ‘. L -.1 g.‘ , j I; ~’4 . .../L L a; ,. ‘5 u _ j ‘ s. {-3 I h ‘ {Ii—A 114 J .. -‘vr - I- x._- \_. _ 1.1 . .1 - L“ . r ' 1 h r I. '- -\ r N‘ r r '" u 0‘ ‘\ N r '. . Q - '.("-H' ' I, ,’ 3 ‘X. J' .‘ ’ .3 41‘3‘ ‘ . OIL .‘v11"( 11. ['11 'JJ’ a: \’ [ti-17?, ‘. t}- \.J.J.“af¢"." "In jut - '- L1,. . . . .- . ... .1"- ,. . =.- .1 -. . r - 4. r 1‘" ‘ O r _ m y r v . f , 1 (y __ 'V... r. . 'f o_ , t- . P I: v; .fllv J, -»- x 4' l ‘.'_‘_..L. .3». .' ."s.r --‘ . J \“a ..‘. .. ."A.~.f 3} «J (.'l .\ INCLerlah‘....I fif:lfC1;_.[-_,-O UNA. . I‘ ‘ T‘ ' . - -’~. - -. :ao-w aw“ ~ 1: - , ., ~ 1:»: new: 01:11,» 1,... ft «m ;: --.- ‘ . 1' 0..-. .n. ‘.A..‘.a ‘ . &-..-.-1. ..\I ~.l~- ..4.~ ." ' .-~ ..x .. . 1,147.43; .1111; ‘r-‘t'JLLLu- 1.1+ 23.-1-? m in? 934151 0.3 '3: '17:: (3:101:91 3319110.; .. .7 . , .. -. " _- -. L ....r.; - -' ~‘. u , .', _~, 1 L! :1. 11.1.1» md 11.1.1.1 fjfi'fly 1: .a'rt’rm ' I‘-‘ r o _ . r" .' -. _~ _- o r ‘4 0‘ J. . Q _ . ‘~ , 3.11.2711 . 9-,151. -. 1:11, 1:: .71 ¢ ":‘7 La v.8 3(115'1. 9113‘ as n (.3- 8-. 1' A '«*~-.«— _._‘ 1 '-"«—~- r~'-" 4~~_--- - . , '. '9- —r ' ~. '. 7. r O A . ‘.I J.» ' 4' - 4 ('.I-T)---~‘.-_4‘a‘8 .- .-‘] ‘tli: J—f—ls. Id : ‘~ 4 ‘1‘»; . :M 1‘ .... flu!)- l.'.~-8 r};3-‘~.1..h.r‘.5 l J“11.a \-"\t.h;IJ~’-3 E‘-\‘ I, ,' . v ': ' k .' ~T :\ I o ,_ .~'~ ~~ - 0. ". ~ uvo '.4.- ..-- - y .. ..v‘ t r V r l'.‘ V -- A'z -. -11» . 1.. WWI J :. . 19-»; -.v'“£w!'_1.‘...-;v. Jun 1 L...?.'-. .9':( . ‘4 1.19.7. 3:111. {zifit'md s . \J .. ' ~ ' ' . _ . ' 1 ' -_ . ..'1 2. ' .1 I P. , - r ' _:, " " ’ ' «:13 :.=.".J '1 ._ 319.33.} 5211.3 “Ruin-3 11-. \vai J:T=.-:‘}~.3 ..md k i :13 71's. .'C. 97"381‘11 E‘s—:11 -* " .‘.+; 3F ’_‘- ;‘ I“' "m. ‘ p-, N ' r,-"~er- d" .rfjrrfl 03' ( -.¢ (.1 '\:“- . .V --WC ‘..j' - r, \ _J.3 2. .“ A -I‘Jv4.‘. 0‘ “..AJ- v \. ‘1 .atc‘fid . x .. - t CI'.4 ..'-n1 .. x $-_._ ‘4 -" .L ... _. U 0 A/.-L‘.-.,£i E 1. 51'» n9...) Lw HC' .LJIJeq . . ‘ - ~- \ .‘r ,, I - .. .t ." V .. ' I r ‘.r I""‘ ' I d “I f; 1 an (...- 3'4"; 9:; .121 r...) 9122 SJ.;STL1;..‘., .2133 ut-rzalim) 3.2.4.11 5.1.9.19 J1 9:151". P 71 . i , I 0 . .: ..'... .I.‘ L'“1 Pt I. ’- ‘ *U 3 .3 1 . ".—L'. r .. ... . r w " -._'T'1 .-. ' ' ,,.. o 1: c.‘_1 s, .- .' .L.‘w!l'.x.;".' ‘q -.‘; dr.J‘44_’J by; 9 d' {Ti-11¢ Hugh... ~7;“‘°3 aawgJ- If: at w Ffi'bm; Fr :‘ mfi* ;”fl‘o?x -n ~~n‘ nw ~V LL~~'M . . ., ... -u -_ .4. 1. ,4---.- -- - J. -.‘._-. ..I 4 ..o. -... ‘.I J A. (LA... A~\'.-.I 3». ‘ll‘ .'J .. ‘C‘v- . ..--‘ ~ I .S. .J ( ;;.J..£-'-r-3:‘Eut. 111'. 1",-?;.:*‘ a; 311:3 .z>.L".';.;;°_j arid ..f-‘f’d 7111 1‘51 114.". i 5:1; w: L'B'ZLP'J'I sued 212-"ch 5.1:. “‘0 c.'1$':'r.£-~'.n 231.," "gm- iv 1:.3‘:g:-."ii...-:C 95E: 31333.3“ :J'rz- Lb :11: a}: 91211.7 :. ,;+i‘:{1‘;‘1'i'iii_'f.s 32mm; C 1.. m grumbled as loudly as Caesar's legionaries when they were required to use those implements. But the roads that had been washed out by the floods had to be repaired for the later passage of the expedition, and companies from San Bernardino and Camp Wright were detailed for that un- p0pular but necessary duty.l7 After the rains of that season, movement of the wagon trains would have been impossible without extensive re- pairs and reconstruction of the rudimentary roads of the time. ,tWith estimates and requisitions submitted, and with preliminary steps taken, Carleton devoted some thought to evolving a plan which would be flexible enough to meet uneXpected changes in the situation. In the mid part of February, 1862, he submitted, in a somewhat lengthy letter to the Department Commander, the prOposed organization of his supply system, and the locations of the basic installations: l. To_establish his main depot at Fort Yuma for all classes of supply except beef, and possibly flour. Fort Yuma to - be garrisoned by two companies of the 5th California In- fantry. 2.. All supplies to be shipped to Fort Yuma by water. 3. To establish a sub-depot at the Pima Villages, in Arizona, guarded by one company of the 2d California Cavalry and one company of the 5th California Infantry. A train of wagons to be assigned permanently to Operate on schedule between Fort Yuma and the Pima Villages, to maintain the a level of supply in the sub-depot.18 With this simple organization Carleton believed, and so reported, that a large force (1,600 men) could Operate as far east as Fort Fillmore ‘ (5 - r r \ a , r ‘ 1 '- l: . ‘ \ L ‘ f . r 1 r: ' , f7 .. ‘4 n‘. _ K1 3 . v _ 5 . ,l ... Cl 4 a- 4 a.) _' -.I ) t.'_L -Jl" ... .51.) g -1 .a'. _ . _ . v ‘ 7 y ‘ ~ V "x A V! ‘- ' .— I' I _ ' " " . ' ". r ‘ .‘.' ’ ' ’ ‘ .. a. s - - t- 3 ,IL . ' k4 J'fi fl : ‘J I k. l 1..) I e. - 14.x -4; d . on u '..u .1 .. .L 11 A ’ \ J I O ' + O .‘V O I“ l - : 1 ~ ‘. ‘V ’ L ' l'_'-( l _ I ‘ "I - C l r x" u '5“ "' ' Q U .L- ..- -. ,- V-{9 . -4 <4--c.d:r x ..-i ~e.e 1k,i , 1.lir -. ZJL ('u tier e_e ’ i’ ‘0 ‘" "T ' ‘i'fl ‘ V 1‘" " “V. I ft ' ' I‘ 'C‘ " :" "IY'. If a' _"-- u ! ' '7 .’a : "" I; ‘1 J. I- J. ‘ 4 “V. L: 1 I'w‘ I.“ ...) s. I. u J&.L; -). . -1.‘ -x.. L . .. r. - i .\ , I 1 0 IF. - J V P . . — . . .. ‘., 3‘ .. , ...... , I‘L ,. , ,, ,) er, .' I ,‘ r x." ; ‘0 . .k. ..." .‘a n $.u "J (4 . '1 fjs.~J 2.9;)..1" o g.” k 1 L ‘CIUJ5weI Ur J ..LJJ.) .PJLJ axe ?. a;scu wufijw~miin1 and Lo nniifiificine'au and “1 41.}i.'. niiw ans ,bsfidiusga CJREJISIUFST has angsmifsn $31! aviuw me’ s ri'les a: in”..mJ 9"Ca nejnvao modelirJ ,Jvisi .mniqxgqfia afif at a 'atdu wzfi'9;x~nz J~.1 ed a «she eitireif ed ..-; II‘VI. 3;: {war-:2 1: It? “3.23.11 ti; '5. 9d (IS-1“,}. .‘gjtsir'xfs'fi '.o trsc,‘ b.;... :3. aid EC aridssfns'xu :2agg.uq and .ttunfifim.3 tnsnimsqud sit c3 19 :enxiJmiixdani L an' In: 20 an iirsci ant has .me‘ape g aezasio ILL In? nmr? 31»? is Stash miss aid daiidsdas CT .1 e: sun 3T,d .assiE "C.Kaa.vm JL “no [ nc.ai Ea .3-;32s eel OJnl £915 IBOBSCO an mail ev.r Vl-~u {329‘ aid Jan: Jan: raises has eteJieUpbssd 19L3i_:i adj fiery OJ :sch has natmrdqo me even Jen . .'r ., 17V .3 VP. furry; :Iq "('10 "A U!» Q ..‘}.i“-\, tins. n) - .4.- --:‘L'\ A’s‘ a“ A u/wlfi ' CA4..L—a—Llu \b( ' " , '- p.. _ ( ‘ p e. . ,f ... r 'i", :__ I '. o-I. ‘..~ r‘; ',... ,Vr,_T .' u’ 1;. «swing. 0.4;» :.'-'.t.:'1..= i 51.3 Jamal 'I:?_...'[\.I‘I(.‘O -L.: if." L'( ‘C .1: zilliufhle H” ‘7' \ \ I 'I 7,»- ,e .-,e ./”'\ L‘ ‘ . “v" ‘ f. ,v uY +r- f“ r " ‘ a r 0"“ J ‘v I" --‘-J ‘ ""! '-‘ ,:L\ " \.-‘..~ -' I -1-—‘-' ‘yS-J'al1'. 9 Q nFT-JJ u 1w (..'. ..O 9. ‘11-.. J Hi; {1: C:,'?. ..‘/..'i_, per day, you will readily see that unless you ship more to New San Pedro at once the supply on hand will be exhausted, and we shall have none to take with us on the road. We should have ahead the number of pounds indicated as being necessary at New San Pedro in my estimate made in December last. When may I expect the money? The teamsters will all quit soon unless they are paid at least a part of their wages. Abd-el-Kadir said with a plenty of barley he could cross any desert. So can I. I am, captain, respectfully, JAMES H. CARLETON, Colonel First California Volunteers, Commanding.20 r . v C ‘t- s P .- (4 C.- , I r (I s . r t ,- \ >4 I I"\ r n. r O c' t *— V ) ‘7 "' ""J". I V r I "f- - ' ‘ I ’ 4 ”I": #1' ’ .-': T‘ “ .L -‘ ’ ..‘"l<‘0"5 .' {...—'.A.“ ' .~-b D. "7;. (,1 n l. .~- .'~ - .\ “-) - ‘ . Lo . . . , . . . ._ ,’ . - .. .. .~ ' { . -_ I _.- I ‘ ‘f l" , si' 7‘ . 2‘ (- Av “ a- .\ , . .I-*‘/\ .. . ' . _'_. '~-A.~‘; y‘z‘ a) ...-'. . .5L.LT .. . 5 .4 . x. ’.g ‘s.\. J ‘11 (f1 .53 1!. .'.4_f'.‘ t. "r ‘ 'l . I V b J ' ' ‘ f‘ " r" ‘I’ ' " ‘ . - - _; 1-? l ‘.; ‘A' r,‘ ‘. u. .‘ -J .' . .. . 'VJ “ - ..‘-3 M. o -'.1. _ . , A L- .3 “unluu . 1. VJ. .,,\ ' ..u- ¢.I\_1¢.5.I .. .. . A). ..I C I. i. ,_ H .4 6;. ..I l f F- (l- l- l 1' ‘ p I 1' I .r' (' '- \— “ 5 -( .2 F 32 I. u (.4 f. I: .,~,. u H ,. \_ ~’. I 'I ' I. 4- ,I "I: r . _} ' a _‘ " J. y_ I ‘ _ I", J. 4 - .. ' L. ... I.) ‘1 o L; ’ U -. IA. 31v .. . u ~ wk '1 (.1 :‘J. 02 A ..'-.39“. :‘T: \t.‘[‘u r f‘ ' r - r— A . ~u r -, f‘ “ u ‘ ‘. V + r . o -!t r - er \Vx ..I-‘1. lbl‘q '5 ‘ '- 1 hi \ ..’ .11 V04‘ ‘5‘\’ ‘ -u ' 'uftjfikr B .l --‘. A 1...”, .I nsz, ,_ f' .rl' r .3., - r 4‘ tfiQ- q ' .‘ I Q ‘.L‘.‘ -‘ .u L, “It-’\; (a?4.: ' (I- ’JU 'mJ-L’5' (I .b ,2 . -- t -, -' o: .‘ .‘ ' ‘ if: I ' H ‘. I r. s-fil \ , . d f' t “In“; 1’}. LE“ . . , "- ., 4. . . r " q! ,, -';r.r) ”gr-,1 - -7 '- r» o’ (”Chili‘s u‘ 1U u :1 .2 J‘.}\:.1I-'.Ll- 1 334.1. .H -I..J..Lfl\ :1. ..'L '.L 1'. “VJ.“ \J NOTES - CHAPTER VII 1. Rebellion Records, Vol. L, Part I, pp. 752, 759, 1&5. For the capture of the Showalter party, see the next chapter. 2. Rebellion Records, Vol. L, Part I, p. 769. 3. _Ibid., p. 772. u. Ibid. 5. _lhld.,p.,766.l John Brognard Shinn was born in New Jersey, and grad- uated from.the United States Military Academy in 1856. He was assigned to the 3d Artillery upon graduation, and served on the Pacific Coast and in the Indian country. .In 1865 he was brevetted to the rank of major for his services while with Carleton's expedition. He left the Regular Army in 1870, and for the remaining years of his active life he was a civil engineer. He died in l90h. (From Annual Reports of the Associa- tion of Graduates of the United States Military Academy, 1916-17-18, p. 38.) 6. Rebellion Records, Vol. L, Part I, pp. 773-780. The detailed esti- mates are well worth a student's time, to indicate the care which was exercised, and the foresight that took account of practically every con- tingency. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid., p. 77k. 9. Ibid., pp- 775, 776. '13 1L8’ T-r 7 ~. r‘. m JV; 1 '_:"IIII~ I O _ .1 lo... ‘ .J-."\ ii 'VIY «33$ .o; (I 315% .J .iCV .ii1eisd nriilc a“ .i -— -_—_— ....- -—... ,3 - _’ .a 2 - .. . ..s. .. L' .3 w,— .1.oq.no uXSU or: and (u 15; 1e Lfk n. QLJ .o '7 ' . , in r -7' ' Ir ~. ~ .7 F .’ ‘ F .I I- ('1 ox L?! 0'; 'I J 11“? {\l 0...: V n r‘af". 1‘.‘ t ’.. Li...“ A. o :a 1"! r V‘! T C 0.), ‘ on. Q a - .... o" -.-. '..-I d 9",.» I o .....'.' .N-» “ . .. - 3 ‘,... . -, .1," :3, 1.1 . .tnis (amaziah a;ai n1 [ILNU .1o. ruifmi.21-nnfi,.id r¢n.a ..x‘. ..i ,.f.t1I .3 6. .' _‘ 0‘. _ -. _V»~ -'.‘-:q :_ ‘ .. ‘ ‘ VA _" .—L' ro_‘ ' . 14"...) r ‘0 y‘I ' _ .- ‘ ‘ . ”-1.11 1.3-..‘5 8.7:}! 1.21 .Ca-g-l 1‘11. 2,211.2...JA giLolli‘A (:3uIJUKt 59.11110 Bil.) II; 'ii [J‘JQIII' 1nitlefi and: 61 .-J .ncIJiiuqx: a'nctslusfi ddiw silnw esoiv1oa std 1c“ In #i er: n: $91198 has .noliscts13 noqu {taili313 b5 ad: (3 fxxgmxio xns1 ehJ oj bssiavs1d saw on Edti cl .{131L2 co nsiM I and hi a saw ed 91:1 svizos aid .0 a1sev guinra.s1 and 1c? bns Cf 2 Int vw1A icoaefi 513 in sivogsfl Lawnnfl mo1?) .JDtI at both 9H .1oantjna Iivlo ..‘—..-..- ...-o» ~~-- Li X'i- oi oi .Lfififflfi {fiatii'fii 893853 hsdtrfl efiy 3C as subu10 “0 acid .a— Id) 1,11.33L 94T .OCY-EYT .qq ,I 3181 .J .LcV ,3nwccefi n.3rIHUwR .O ’_.a”‘." 1n n;:.J 9153 and edso'ont 03 (9.111 '3 a GHFJQQB s d31ow I1ew 91:5 assan SJ .__-‘, .u 413:3 Llinoifios13 lo Janooos x903 dad: inniao1ol adj Los {Lfliifitfxfl .von91nii 10. ll. 13. 1h. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Rebellion Records, Vol. L, Part I, pp. 780-781. Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid. , Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Do 792. pp. 8227-523. p. 826.:“.F y - pp. 815-818.“ pp. 829, 832, 837. pp. 853, 8?;2 PP- 853, 8E5. pp. 873-8IL. >$ p- 809Lf ' p . 974:. . . -\ I CM: 4. “I - ..r" I v a ' ‘ .. l t.‘.bw= n‘.‘ ‘ -'0' a ‘M- F‘— f" - o ..-.L -i .-.. h...-. ( A QC. ~88 . n". n ”3,; .2 OJ 1‘ . . C‘DOJJJ‘U . C . Call: .3 on O ... ‘.‘OUOF‘ m. C; lb.3r470+. t £0.7JX Saw I .‘an 1403z< 7 m In 0 05064.4- J3¢SO£O ...... .33. ......» .... chi-L‘Jddb‘ . Ju— aAfld.Ldf_ . name...) 35.. W a O 4 r 7 a: n 4 .mmouaom mo >pmdnm> m Scum “wean; may >3 umawgaoo _ .82 £2895 zmmeom mo “22 mzHHSo CHAPER VIII OLOAKS, DAGGERS AND DAN SHO't'IALTE; At the beginning of the last chapter a story attributed to General ‘Onar Bradley was quoted. with a brief summary of the duties or each of the staff officers mentioned in the story. It was also nenticmedthat such a staff organization had not yet been conceived at the time of the Civil War, and it was necessary for a commander to center in himself the multiple functions of the modern staff sections. Consequently, Carleton had, of necessity, to be his own Assistant Chief of Staff. 6-2, and to plan, organize and coordinate all of his own military intelligence projects and agencies. I It may be explained that 'military intelligence' is a technical term. which comprises, in general, all information which is of military value. This is a broad expression, which can be simplified by stating that for . particular commander it includes all that he needs to know about the enemy, the country, the climate and his own or supporting troops to enable him to make a logical estimate of the situation and a sensible decision. A t . '11‘ this statement is analyzed into its constituent elements. however, it will be seen that military intelligence is an extremely com- plex problem, seen for a relatively small force with a restricted mission. Needless to say, everything that can be learned about the enemy is use- ital—his strength,’ organization, location. movements. condition or his equipment and supplies, his intentions and plans, the persmlities and capabilities'oi' his'lsaders. his morale and esprits—all these are or in- 87 - .‘e-yefi? "r-r..l-e‘ . . ~ . »" In . a .5 2 ... A.‘ I... t ..1., -'— . -"~,—... -’ '., .’ '.‘. r v 0 ,PJ. oJ Lnaudiaecs Y1oee B IC;\n“D Jun; Jae _o finiLufihed 8L _ '. . -.’" v. s 0- 3- ' 2'.I'. ,. ..., 5 331325 .me .0 \13..La iei1u £ 3.3x .soJ0hp saw ycibi1n 1:;0 Is1u~£ Gain any 31 .210J3 6;? x: bsfioiinem c1ool“'o 3“3ea odd lo dose 10 fisvieumco need 391 ion find nofijerin331o 12333 3 down Jen: be. Hoif::m OJ fiCEflB L09 3 101 $1.33930na 32w .Ii f.n .15 I IiviD or: 20 e.'3: J an. 33 g f .nuoifio.e 123:3 n1oboa 61i.+ 30 e1oifor"& eiqiiiun e13 Eleccid mi 1oJHeo 3:2 in O Jn'fniccA are aid ad of «Y :23 econ 30 .hni Hoieltec .giiroupeanoo ~ mvc aid 10 I53 eignibaooo bne eatnngro .man 03 is .S-u .3 £33 to 5 ...-2| .esioscgn has aioeto1q cone gii' e mi Q1niliim Ineimfiuet 3 cl "eoncgiiioini t1séilim' ind: be n3 'eiqxo ed V1m 33' :uuiiin do at doinw 50135510113 {Is .Ifi1onon at .coai1vieo dcidw .m103 gniinés {d ieifiilqnia ed fine Joint .mciaeo1gvc bco1d n at esfiT .euisv rmnfl oi sheen e2i Ju~J Ila secular! 31 tebm £;moc usiuoii1sq n 10? Jfidd :2J1aqjvc 1o sue a: x :e 63.&:Wi1 £3 .Eminnoo on: ,Ymens sd+ ducds ['3 8 fine aoitszic eI‘ E0 93:11:30 Icofigoi 3 eirn 03 Mid elders o: sqoozi .noiaioob eidic* d c: .mqnencie Jweuiif snoo aic oeni baavi ‘I ‘n ans at JaumanJa sldi ll ~1oo 159301320 me a: confinii 10 int v1ciiitn 33$: flees ed IIiw J: .Iuvewci exoi aim beJoZ;JceI 5 iii? 01101 Lines qicviieiem c 10? move .ucidovq xoiq ~33” at 31359 ed: Juois bem1sei ed use 3333 anifijxxeve .Qpe oJ aaeibeefi aid E0 moiJLLmeo .aéwcmsvou .moiieooi .noiisn;nng1o .n'nge1ia 2L:{—-I:fi has aoiéiinuoa1eq edi .anniq has anoiinsémi aid .aoiquuc ‘30 Iumqiupo ~ai 30 915 on em I IIs-$iiizeo 5:3 eie1om sin .9 rebaci aid to aei.i£idngno termst and importance. Information regarding the enemy does not, by any means exhaust the information which a commander must have. He must have information, as complete as possible, about the country in which he is-going to operate. He must know the road and trail net, campsites, ester. points, availability of supplies, streams and stream crossings, the-nature and attitude of the native populace, and everything possible ahent‘theiclinats and veather; When it is role-bored that the greater pant of Arilena-Ias almostigxplored in 1861, that no body of troops larg- er than a snail battalion had ever penetrated ,into Arizona, and that there was almost nothing hnonn.ahout the Confederate forces or their setivities,*it can be seen that the problem of assenbling infornation necessary for thestpeditien was one :of extreme difficulty. ‘Concnnrentlyweith measures to gain intelligence of the enemy and of th‘399993r?3!"t co sessures to prevent the enemy penetrating into-our»een.areas and to iprevent information leaking out. 'PremJthe first the problen presented itself of preventing the escape esstssrdxef Confederate synpathizers, both to keep then from augmenting.the strength of :the Confederate arnies, and to keep infor- Istien~’as tn the situation sin California fron reaching the Confederate high cemmand: -It happened thsttthe first serious operation, undertaken hy.theatroopszef:Carletonisuforee,vss to prevent the escape to the Confederseyvofr Den Shewslter, with a group of pro-secessionists, theseLsctivitiesevithin the State had caused anxiety to the Unionist officialInfernarcensidsrshlevAperiod of tine. lheeslter had been a proninent figure in California for sev-l Oral~years.n Ibc'as a native of Pennsylvania, but in politics he.had 1d ,Jon asob {mane gfir p.ib1xgo1 noijsmwnan .aonsi1oqmi has 38919) jaum 9H .9vnd qum qsbnnwmoo s dotdw not35m101nk 9d} jpusdxe ensom yns dokdw at {:1nuno sfit funds ,sldiaanq as eielamoo as .noktnm1otnt evsd ,ao*iaqmno ,Jen 11513 hrs ban 9d? wwnx Jeum 9H .sjnqeqo o! gnkog at 9d .ayniaauuo mssxja bns amso1ia .aethnua To {jilidsltsvs ,eJntoa ueisw E ; eidtranq pnifijq19vs bns ,933Inqoq evijnn 9d: #0 ebthJJs bns equjsn 9d? 2 1935913 9d! 35d: bswedmamsm at II nde .ISflJBBW bns ejsmtlo ed: juods ‘ _ 1'! 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Since the legis- laturerhad already refused another somber the privilege of explaining his vote, objection was raised by Charles Piercy, a Douglas Denocrat. Showalter considered this to be a personal affront, and in the result- in; duel, Piercy was killed instantly.1 It is unfortunately true that many of the most fascinating details of military ”intelligence and counterintelligence are not re- corded; or-the records are immediately destroyed. Consequently we have*no-record of Showalter's movements of activities for the next few months, but the context of nuserous documents included in the pages of the libellion Records leave no doubt that he was kept under constant surveillance, of which he was probably totally unaware. larly in lovehber, 1861, Carleton received direct information from 'J'. £1.1ar'ner,‘ the owner of Var‘ner's Ranch, that a party was await- ing Showalter's arrival at El lonte.2 This confirmed information that Isjor' Iigg "had pretiou'sly sent in.‘ On the sane day on which Warner wrote to Curleton, Louisiana—born Lieutenant Colonel lest wrote from“ lert Thea, stating that he had captured some very significant letters ‘ free a messenger on the road.‘ (unfortunately, the letters have never: been found in the records.) A few days later Carleton received positive intonation: that“ Shoealter was in Los Angeles.3 ‘ -‘* ‘ '\ unknown to Showalter and his friends, the net Closed'quietly and'secnrely about them; and early in the sorning of Hove-her 29th they —n1q 9L91J39 120m 9dr )0 "ant! gjnnq' 9d: bew011n1 {linsjalanoo eyswls baoqifibm maul enuisfaiyol 9d} f0 1edmsm a 88' SH .axnuoomefl Quevsla .uninU ed! on qusgn! to n011u10291 ed! noqu sisdob ed: at has ,YtnuoO ~31;s[ odJ sonic .orov aid nlsque oi Jdgt1 9d: behnsmeb .1681 ,28M or Quinta; re 10 eyeItvtrq ed: dsdmem nsdjnns beanieq Yb88118 bad e1uj51 way—— .1u1oLnsU aslguod s ,qo1erq aeI1£dD yd b92181 asw not3oeydo .eiov 81d —31uaen ed: at bus ,Jnnuiis [snoadsq a 9d 0: aid: beuebtanoo tleswoda 1 .lensJenl beIIIx asw yo1elq ,Jsub pal nniiuntoasl Jaom ed? 10 {mam 3nd: and: tlexsnu31ofnu at 31 I“ 5.0!! so 7‘41— —91 Jon 913 sonogiIfafnt1eJnuoo bns eonegtIIeJnl yrsjtltm 10 aIksJeb 9w {lineupeanuo .boyoujaeb {Isiskbemmt ens abxoosx ed: 10 .beb1oa we. stn ed: 101 aertjvltoa 1o einemevom a'neilswodd lo b10991 on evsd 10 aegnq 9d: at bobufoni ajnsmuoob anousmun lo jstnoo 9d: Jud ,adinon JnsJanoo nebnu jqol asw 9d Jed: admoh on evsel sbqooefl nollledefi edJ .efiswnnu {113103 21d5d01q asw ed dotdw to .93051119v1ua noIJsm1oln1 Jeexfb b9V19391 noteIusO .1881 .aedmevofl at {1153 -Jisws enw yjusq s ind: .donsfl a'19n1sw lo wenwo ed: .1en15W .$ .L moat Jedi notinmuoznf bemdtinoo aldT 5{93mm 13 is 15v1113 a'xsjlswod? ant qsnwsw daidw no ash emsa ed: n0 .n1 Jnsa yIauolvsuq had 2313 1orsM moqi sjnqw Jaow IenoloO insneJueIJ n10d~snslafuod .n0391150 01 9301' emsjjel Jnsoiltngta Q1ev emoa b91u3qso bed ed Jsdt Eurasia .nmuY inn? nevsn evsd 2193191 edJ ,zlsJBnujnuinU) .b301 ed: no dsgneeaem s m011 evtjfaoq bovisoow notel1sO 19381 azsb we? A (.ab10091 ed: at bnnot need €891930A and n1 anw 19313wod? ind: nothmuoTnl {Ilskup boaofe Jon adj ,ebnek11 aid bns nailswndfi 03 nwnnfinU . qsdJ H309 medmevon xo pntnqom ed: n1 yluss bns .medi suede {lexuosa bna 90 found themselves staring down the muzzles of the loaded carbines of-a strong patrol of the lst California Cavalry, commanded by 2d Lieutenant C. R. Veilmad."Showa1ter loudly advocated resistance, but he was over- ruled by his companions, and the entire party was taken to Camp Wright. [In'spite of protesting that they were peaceful miners, on their way to , 1. ‘.‘T h. _ i -.‘, w'i ' " ‘ .. . Sonora, Carleton ordered them taken to Fort Yuma for safekeeping. There they were required to take'an'oath of allegiance to the united States, and were eventually released." ' The incident was unimportant in itself, but was of importance in closing the sources by which information and aid were passing to the Confederates from California.; It proved, moreover, that the training vofwthe volunteertroope had progressed to the point where they were capable 'of .diflinoh'laa”i;}1§os effort, and is illustrative of the “responsibility resting 3565 Carleton's shoulders simultaneously with .the responsibility for training, supply and preparation of his forces. Intellighnce'measures'wore instituted simultaneously with sup- fl I .k., ply measures, inh'lé'thd'.srry planning stages of the expedition were not 1'nmqi..amy'-“mi-1.351; mixed. concurrent an the submission of an" ..usg't.”o£'ti.. supplies that'vould be needed, on man..- 21, 1861, ~ cdric-{oa’auai-Juo'a'i letter” to ninja:- Rigg, at rort nun, man's; h1- ' to obtain information inhediately about the heef cattle that were avail- able in that neighborhood. ' He also wanted information about the grasing ' in the vicinity of Fort Yuma, and this item of information was so im- portant thatduigg was instructed to send it to District Headquarters by special express. Rigg was admonished to "send a scout who has good 9' Judgement. . .to examine the extent and quality of the grasing. . . . 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Keep them under lock and key."5 Military information for an expedition in preparation comes from “dons scones, not the least fruitful of which are persons who have lived in the areas in which the expedition is to operate, or who have contacts with people who have access to the country. This was as true in 1861 as it. is in 1953. A long, friendly and gossipy letter, on December 23‘. from 'Oolonol J. ‘1'. Warner, full of compliments for the audition and training of the California volunteers, gave full news about the country. and the latest news and more about Southern syn- pathiaers escaping from California for the Confederacy.6 ‘ _. For nearly a month thereafter. the dry pages of the Rebellion m include only bare. hints as to what was happening on what has; heensalled the “hidden front.'“ It is ohvious that mjor Rigg was in. correspondence: with severalpeopls in Arizona. and that the trails to the eastward were, still open. A scout. Keene. whom Carleton had mi named fru Fort Imus tonnes Angeles,‘ was on an undisclosed mission. the nature of which was unknownto Rigg, and was not disclosed to Colonel ‘ Vest. who was temporarily. in. com 9: the District for several days? ‘ unnMa-ns ”politics of Arizona that had not fled‘to ‘ fl9fi.m,m hauler troops were removed and the posts abandoned. were ”“13 aruanfedorate (in their sympathies. There were, however, a few Mien men raining, and likewise, there were a few Union men _ scattered smug the mines and ranches of Sonora. On New Year's Day! 1862. me Peterzhrady wrote hurriedly from Altar. Sonora. to L. J. 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