.u i . u“. .. .. .m , .5533" 1 if ' my ‘ Y L, M £1219: «‘5 r \ x.‘ ’V‘K‘. Q 1‘ p. “m a: VI! 2 can“: ‘ 1'2. f 9' «Win- “.Bfixwz: n H . ,t‘ . A4 ( m ‘ Sgt3‘z"‘q fir 4“ ‘GE?’ l *{Kfiflfizfi :- a?» m: , may .,, . .., -... . 4.: 715753: n w V973. ‘ k. $332214» w “Kw-Mr ..., N {9.x "- to... f‘ \4,A r v. «m $113318 . ,9... a“. x ,- ‘47 THESIF fifl NURSERY PRACTICE IN SHE FERTILIuING-AID IROPAGuT IOII OF SEEDLINGS A THESIS SUBMITTED to the GAADUA‘“ FACULT’ MICIIGAI. STATE COLLEGE in partial fulfullment of the requirements for the DEGREE OF 1 TEE 30333333 Gmy . WI {/0 3 D9fblifford ‘——-~ 1929 Nursery Practice in the Fertilizing and PrOpagation of Seedlings The major part of this thesis deals with the effects of fertilizers upon young seedlings; the purpose being to determine as nearly as possible the best fertilizer or fertilizers to use on the seed beds at the Michigan State College forest nursery. Also, to determine the relative effect different fertilizers have on different species of trees. Experiments of this nature have been carried on at various tree nurseries in different parts of the country with varying results. Different soils require different kinds of fertilizers as well as do various kinds of plants. It has of late been proven that the effect of fertilizers on the same soil give different results, varying with the condition of the soil, how the soil was prepared, and the time of year the fertilizer was applied. These factors have a marked effect on the growth of the plants. It is not advisable to go to a dealer and tell him you want a corn fertilizer, wheat fertilizer or tree fertilizer. It is necessary to know the nature of the soil and the conditions under which the fertilizer is to be used. Almost any fertilizer will help any crOp, on any type of soil, but that fertilizer may not be the best to use. This study has been carried out to determine the best 94654 -2- fertilizer to use under the special conditions found in the seed beds at the Michigan State College forest nursery where the beds are prepared in a very uniform way upon a rather uniform soil. The soil is a gravelly loam, with some tendency towards a clay. In 1924 Professor Herbert carried on an experiment with a large number of fertilizers at various strengths. A few of those that gave the best results were used in this experiment on other seedlings. The fertilizers used were horse manure, poultry manure, ammonium sulphate and muck. Fifty seedlings dug in various locations in the seed beds were measured in order to obtain an average seedling grown under average conditions. The trees were carefully washed to remove all dirt possible without destroying the roots. They were then measured and weighed in the fall of the first and second year. Most of the experiments were conducted upon white and Norway spruce, but white pine, yellow pine, Austrian pine and European larch were treated with one or two different fertilizers. The tables give the results of the experiment. The trees are arranged according to the best development which did not always happen to be the largest seedling, for it is not necessarily length that is wanted, but a compact, bushy root system with many fibrous roots and a good healthy top. Seedlings from four beds were weighed and measured. The first batch of seedlings were from beds that had been fall sown and did not receive any fertilizer. The second seedlings were from beds that had been sown in the following spring and treated with "hip bust". The third batch of seedlings were from beds sown the following spring and treated with poultry manure. The seedlings from the last bed were Spring sown and were not fertilized. The results of the first year showed that plants from the beds sown in the fall had the best root systems. The beds were uniform in height, color and density. (Plate 1 and 2). This condition remained the same in the fall of the second year. (Plate 3). There was a very much higher per cent of survival and germination in the fall sown beds than in the spring sown beds. The beds treated with "Dip Dust" produced plants with compact root systems and healthy plants with good color. (Plate 4). They were not as dense as in the fall sown beds. They were more evenly distributed and more uniform in height than those in the beds treated with poultry manure and in the spring sown beds that were not fertilized. These seedlings continued to develop during the second year better than the beds that were not fertilized or fertilized with poultry manure. (Plate 5 and 6). The beds treated with poultry manure made a very unsatisfactory growth during the first year, in that the trees did not have a healthy color, nor were they very thick in the bed. (Plate 2). The seedlings improved greatly the second year, but only about one-tenth as many seedlings could be obtained from that bed as from the fall sown beds. The roots at the end of the second year were compact and the seedlings in much better condition than they were in the fall before. The spring sown bed that did not receive any treatment gave very marked results as compared with the fall sown bed that received the same treatment. The seedlings were sparse, uneven and not as well colored as the fall sown. The root systems were not compact. (Plate 6). The results of this series of experiments show very plainly that white pine should be sown in the fall to get a full stand and that it does very well when fall sown without any fertilizer treatment. Iowever, the seedlings could be improved by a light application of Dip Dust or poultry manure. Dip Dust apparently has some fertilizing value or else protected the plants from damping off, thus producing healthier plants. While poultry manure did not have much effect upon the seedlings the first year, it would undoubtedly improve the fall-sown plants. Spring sowing of white pine is poor practice owing to the delayed germination resulting in a poor stand of uneven seedlings, all of which goes to make them costly. enwpm Room.mp009 powmfioo sepaeom mono Hadw.wpoop powgaoo HHoo hnpamom cofipwcfls 19mm Moog humbanoaoo Room moose Hoaoo gangsta e poq.eep as cflnpnmpoon powmfioo empdpfinp unflo hanmbm mwnwawmom “boy powmaoo sepawmm sesame: .msom Harm mxswaom nsom waflhmm madswa_hmpadom meow Harm peaeafieeee oz naom maflnmm noNHHHpHoM oz ssom wmflmgm endure hnpadom pace men pommaoo mpoog Hmmflaflpsmm oz psofipwone me.ea eemm.a mo.ea eeH.H stow cqooom mee.e .mmoa. mars.e oma. emm.s seem. Hmo.s need. monqu .maw genera eewfle; fleece anew pmnflm mZHm MBHmE nm.m cm.m mwma.m mmo.m m¢.N own.m meomH semeeq mmoe wmom. mmwf mmwo. moo. @mHH. oomo. .maw Pgw H 0 ran... ma.aa New. so.oa «no. mm.e ammo. News.e see. woe.e ammo. mem.m some. mogodH .mew- neweea sesame mpoom c ' u! A E : . . . I - ’ u .. .. . I ‘ ‘ ’ c u _ ' n. _. g L I. ‘ ' ' :- r u I . ‘ . enwpm Moog hso> mpoos mzosnwm hams pom dawpm Harm Hoaoo woos mpoon pommaoo mxswaom awom mqflhmm mmmfiaflphmy 02 page gem finmapwone He.na mmae. om.m some. ea.na ammo. me.m see. meoQH .mew monodH .mew epmeeq pamflee genera unmet: prOB mace “p.noov Meow emooom msz MEHmB Hm.e acme. s.e ewes. mmmqu .maw seamen sewers mpoom WHITE SPRUCE Beds of white spruce were treated with poultry manure, ammonium sulphate and horse manure and one bed was not fertilized. The bed treated with poultry manure produced slightly the best seedlings the first year and the second year the seedlings were much better than those from the other beds. The roots were compact and well covered with fibrous roots. The seedlings made a very uniform growth and had a good healthy color. (Plate 7 and 8). The bed treated with ammonium sulphate produced seedlings the first year almost as good as those from the beds treated with poultry manure and at the end of the second year the seedlings were well developed with compact root systems, 'but the roots were coarser and the fibrous roots not as well (leveloped, nor was the growth as uniform as those in the above tied. (Plate 7 and 9). The first year the bed treated with horse manure pro- duced fairly good seedlings, but the development was not main— tained during the second year. The beds were uneven and the tOps did not have as good a color as in the above two beds. They were somewhat better than the seedlings from the bed that ‘Was not fertilized. The roots were fairly uniform but were somewhat lacking in fibrous roots. (Plate 7 and 10). The bed that was not fertilized produced seedlings \Nhich varied greatly in size and root deve10pment. The beds ‘were uneven and thin. The fact that the beds were thin accounts :for a large amount of the root develOpment of these seedlings as each plant had more room to develop than the seedlings in the other beds. (Plate 7 and ll). The results of these experiments on white spruce show that poultry manure and ammonium sulphate can be used on seed beds to produce a good stand of seedlings with well devel- Oped root systems, and larger seedlings in a shorter time than from untreated beds. ‘ The use of horse manure will improve the seedlings somewhat over those not fertilized, but the improvement is hardly great enough to justify the eXpense. Beds that are not fertilized tend to produce fewer seedlings of uneven growth and having a spreading root system that is apt to be injured greatly in transplanting. apronm ccchU .mpoos wmoa hpo> wcmflaflpnow Pom mmogp mam» moppmn soda #0: HmmHGOO mPOOm Hoaoo eoow mpOOH powgaoo mpoon mSOMQHw 3mm hump paw wpoom so mmmommhp om mpoom mso upoasq Powmaoo HoHoo coow mpoog powmaoo noaoo @000 mPOOH powmaoo mxnmaom hemfiaflpneo oz mhfififla mmHOH mpwmmadm 35;qude madame.hmpasom a .l. momflaflpsow o masqma mason wpwmm lash asflmosaw mmsqwe kngSOm pumapwone ee.ma meme. me.ma mam. me.ma ammo.H ms.mH moan. stow cmoomm wowm.m came. meow.© meow. wwm.o mmmm. wmww.m omoa. memomH .maw epmsmq pemfle; Hmpoa Meow pmHHm Mopmmm meHmE NO.¢ NH.¢ W LO 0 Q1 (1‘ (-1 . LO ¢HON.H mononH ermeem mace mo. mama. N LO LC) r) o maoo. 0mg Dwflmwflma.» ee.e qt Cd 0) L\ 0 Q1 mmH.m Nwm.m mmsodH npwnmq wmmn. Ham. wmad. wow. oamo. @000. 500. ammo. .msw pemflee I. ' .. e a - .. - - I- . . u r . - ' ‘ ' n . .. l- n. o . . . n o - u n n. . u . .. o = “ * ' ' .- __ __ _ .- . a - -13- NORMAY SPRUCE During the first year of the experiment some of the beds of Norway spruce were boxed and some were not. Part of these beds were transplanted last spring so comparative re- sults cannot be given for the second year. However, at the end of the first year all of the beds that were not boxed produced better seedlings than the framed beds, (Plate 12), for they were more even in size over the entire bed, whereas in the framed bed the seedlings were tallest along the edges, decreasing to the center of the bed. (Plate 15). This is due to the fact that those along the edge had more room being able to send their roots into the path. Also, the frame shelters the seedlings along the edge and thus they grow in a moister situation. The beds of Norway spruce were treated with the same fertilizers as the white spruce, except one of the framed beds which was treated with a mixture of horse and poultry manure. In the open beds treated with horse manure and poultry Inanure, the results were very similar to the beds treated with :poultry manure, giving a more even stand and better colored tops than those in the beds treated with horse manure which were ‘uneven and had a yellowish cast. (Plates 12, l5, 16). The seedlings from the beds treated with ammonium sulphate were larger and heavier than those from the above two ‘beds, but the roots were not as divided and the root hairs ‘were in bunches. Perhaps the seedlings were every bit as good as those from the above beds. The results were very close. (Plates 12 and 14). -11.. The bed that was not fertilized produced seedlings with long roots, well divided, but lacking many fibrous roots. The seedlings made an uneven growth and had a yellowish cast. (Plates 12 and 17). The bed that was treated with both horse and poultry manure (one year results) produced the best seedlings of any of the beds. Norway spruce seed beds can be treated with horse manure, poultry manure or ammonium_sulphate with equally good results and with a stand of enough better quality seedlings to pay for the extra cost. I"J its.“ mpoom anon 1nfiw are Snob was wuoa mpoom mpOOH powmaoo Hoaoo coca .mpoom mdom npflg mama npws mfioos mnmsn .mQOH mmfi usoaamh omwflaog .mPOOH msoapflw soy .hnmsp pom mwwflaom macaw thc .hgmse mpoon msoapfiw Sense .mmoq wdonnflm esp absentee mpoon.mommw mute owwflaom mammemm neweafippea oz madame hapadom osdswfi ommom was SHPHSOm Meagaflenee ea we won .wmog mprQHSm.ausoafid ® .HSHHGSH 0 m .HOm omsnwa.>HpHSom meSpmeB ©Nm.® ¢Nb©.© m50.® Hwam. mama. mowa. mdom cmawmm mwm.m wflwm.m ¢b¢0.© mono.© monowH sphere “moon ammov HNOH. ammo. mHOH. .mew gamete Hepoe Mobmmm Wdamoz omO.H wmnm. om. wwmm. mmmm. Nmmb. mmgomH seamen .eeew Fatwa wmoa. ammo. wmbo. wmo. mmmo. ammo. mmwo. .maw imam...“ mooa b®.m bmb.m HON.© mwm.m bad.m mom.m momqu flpwqu mwoa. nwoo. memo. ammo. owwo. wnwo. ammo. O flaw phage; I" .- " ‘- v A ¢ . t ‘ ‘ - o 1 n n _ . . s a a . . I' s . . - I ' . - t- . u . ' ' I c .- . -15.. ,2 I. ll1l-I‘.‘J.O.h...... cmwpm a Space mm pom was wobmmd anOHU mpopm mm epsomw coho mm pom .mpOOH powgaoo mpoom powgaoo 830m w mmpm HOHOO @000 message ma mpoom muonnflw powmfioo mxnwamm madame empom madame SMNHSOm cpwanSm abwsoeaw psmapwohe mH.mH ©@.NH mob.HH mo.¢H monomH epmeeq Hence Amcmn mmmov Mobmmw wwamoz ammo. me.H wme.H mmmm.a .mEd sashes ©©.m mom.m H©.¢ mononH mpmmoq .Hwow wdoomm wwwm. oww. wade. fiber. .mew gamer: ma.m m.© m¢.m momqu nemeeg mmow. mow. mam. mmmw. .msw phage; p.200 b v ‘- v- o o o a I v . .. I .. ~11 u p - ~ - :. - —l4- AUSTRIAN PINE Only two beds of Austrian pine were treated; one with poultry manure and the other with muck. Throughout the two years the beds treated with poultry manure produced the best seedlings. The seedlings from the beds treated with poultry manure had well divided root systems with numerous fibrous roots, while those from the bed treated with muck were more even in growth. Both beds were of good color. It would be better to transplant Austrian pine at the end of the first year because of the long root system which by the end of the second year is hard to handle without severe damage. There is very little choice in the two fertilizers and the one that is most readily available could be used. The seedlings in both beds were very scattered,owing either to poor germination or not heavy enough sowing of the seed. (Plates 18, 19, 20). -15- Hoaoo doom mpoon mwoq Sense pow pap mpoon wnoq poaoo doom m90p.%nmdp .wQOH mpoom mxswaom roam madame hapadom Mess madame hnpasom Pumapmmse OHm.mH ommH.H mwb.¢ memo. mom.w mwmw. HbH.mH ©b©.H Hwb.m n¢H.H mm.m mam. meow cmooom oo.e smog. esnm.H mama. emme.e ammo. eem.oa when. weo.H mamm. Hos.m HNHH. mosowH .maw mogowH .mew monomH .mew Season phages semeeq panama Spaced pawns» Hmpoe mmom mpoom meow pmnflm msz szmempw -l6- YEILON PINE (One year's results) Only two beds of yellow pine were treated; one with horse manure and the other with muck. The best seedlings came from the bed treated with horse manure, but with muck a very close second. These seedlings have a long root system as in the Austrian pine and were transplanted at the end of the first year. (Plate 21). -17- crevasse HHmB mm pom pap Hmmwoa gov was mpoom mpoom comm mums news wnoa mpoom mxnwamm Mesa 0 gfiwfi 0 m HOE pmcfipwmme I «Inullu III...|' . memo.ma same.a moe.HH meme. monqu .maw shaman Newman Hepoe SE. SE mmoo.m mmm.m monodH gememq meow mmom.H mwfim. .mad sense» mwo.m wase. eso.m ‘swom. menocH .msw epmqeq preamp mpoom -18- JAPANESE LARCH Only two beds of Japanese larch were used in the experiment; one was treated with horse manure and the other, as a check, not being fertilized. (Plates 22,23,24). There was a very pronounced difference between the bed treated with horse manure and the check bed. The seedlings were larger, had better developed root systems and color than in the check bed. There was a pronounced difference in the seedlings at the edge of the bed and in the center with both the treated and untreated seedlings, those at the outer edge being very much larger with better developed root systems. Measurements were not made on the larch the second year owing to the difficulty of getting the entire root system and also because the needles were falling off. It was still evident, however, that the bed treated with horse manure was producing the best seedlings. The difference between the outer edge and center of the beds was even more marked than in the first year. There was almost one foot difference in the height. {There were several spots in the center of the bed where all the :seedlings were dead, due to lack of moisture and crowded condi- 'tions. This crowded condition forced the roots to go deeper fwor water and food with the result that it was impossible to dgig the seedlings without destroying some of the roots. The Japanese larch should be sown only about a third at; heavy as it was sown in these beds unless this resulted from 811 exceptionally high per cent of germination. The larch should not be carried over the second year 3J1 the seed beds, but used for field planting at the end of the first year . Room knob HOHOO wflw hflmdfl mw POQ mPOom % eoom Hoaoo 1_ «hflmfip mm PDQ whoa mpoom “Semen mpoom HOHOO doom mwmwaom.ham59 maoa mpoom mMHMSmm Ahmpmeov memflaflpmoe oz Acmeev mcmflaflpmow o: Ahepmoov masses ammo: Armamv madame ammo: pumapwome mmHH.m ammo.mH memomH QPWQQQ come. omme.e oamm. roea.m wawo Oommow .wa weflomH awpoa momma emmawmae oowo. Snow. GOOH. mmow. omsw Pflwflmfi 00.0 on.s mum.o mmm.e meaonH flpwflmfi muoo. mmbH. NHHH. mbmm. 0 “EU sewers 33013013103 03 zxsstoth n; s33n Considerable difficulty has been experienced at the College nursery in getting basswood seeds to germinate within a year. A series of experiments were conducted upon basswood seed in an effort to find some war to speed up germination. First the seeds were treated in various ways to soften the seed cases. The seed was treated with nitric, sulphuric and hydrochloric acids, some were soaked in hot water, others in cold. Some were placed in hot water and the water allowed to cool and freeze, then reheated and refrozen several times, but with no results as the seed coats were not softened except in cases where the seed was treated for a prolonged time in the acids in which ases the embryo was injured. After the treatment the seed was planted in a greenhouse, but after a ‘period of four months no germination had taken place and in a czutting test the seed was either dead or dormant. The fall seed was picked from two trees and promptly 3Jlanted in a greenhouse flat and placed under the bench where tune temperature was around 500. The soil was kept moist. A Ctrtting test of the seed was made at the time of planting to Sena if the seed was fertile and to determine thether or not tile outer and inner seed coat was hard as is the case in stored Sensds. A cutting test was conducted on five seeds from each tI‘ee and both gave 80 per cent, or four seeds were fertile. In n£> case was the inner seed coat so hard that it could not be Glrt with ease with a jack knife. After two weeks a cutting test Wesmade on five seeds from each tree to determine, first, if thNB seed coats had hardened and second, to note any change in -21- the kernel itself. These cutting tests were made every two weeks as long as any of the seed remained. In no case had the seed coats hardened and the kernel remained as it was when planted for a few weeks, then it gradually begun to swell and the endosperm started to develop. At the last cutting test several of the endosperms had broken through the inner seed coats. In no case had the seed coats hardened and all the good seed had started to germinate. In the mean time, Professor Laurie of the Horticultural Department was carrying on eXperiments on the rest period of seed and found that by storing basswood seed at 700 for 3 months and then planting it no trouble was experienced with the germination being delayed. Professor Chittenden of the Forestry Department found that by burying the seed for one year a rapid germination was obtained with a very small loss from moldy seed- PROPAGATION OF BASSWOOD BY CUTTINGS Owing to the difficulty of getting basswood seed to germinate, an experiment was carried on to see if it is possible to produce basswoods from cuttings. In 1927 Professor McLaughlin conducted some experiments with basswood cuttings, placing the cuttings in sand. The results were negative, and the cuttings seemed to decay in the soil although some of them developed Ileaves. This year the eXperiment was repeated, using three (Irfferent soils for the experiment, namely; sand, fifty per cent saxud and peat, and acid peat. Along with the basswood cuttings, -23- cuttings of purple willow and pOplar were used, as these last two strike root very easily from cuttings, they were used to show the effect, if any, of the different soils upon the root- ing of the cuttings. Twenty-five cuttings from last year's wood of basswood, willow, and poplar were placed in each soil bed. Those in the sand were placed erect with at least one bud beneath the soil. Those in the sand-peat and peat were placed horizontal and covered with the soil. These cuttings were.placed in the beds on January twenty-first. In three weeks the willow and pOplar in the sand-peat and peat showed signs of root development. Also a few had indications of callouses. The basswood were unchanged except for some decay at the ends. In another week the willow and pOplar in sand- peat and peat had several roots, and small shoots were deveIOp- ing. Those in the pure sand in a few instances showed indica- tions of root development. The basswood remained unchanged except for decay. On March twentieth most of the willow and ;poplar cuttings in the sand-peat and peat had well deveIOped 1?oots and shoots as plates A and B show. Only about half of ‘the cuttings in the sand had deveIOped roots, and these were not an: well developed as in the sand—peat and the peat. All the bEISSWOOd cuttings in pure sand were decayed at the end that was 131 the soil, while those in the sand-peat were decayed somewhat. NI) roots had developed on any of these cuttings, and only a few ir1 the pure peat showed any indication of a callous. The Iwasults were negative as far as obtaining sprouts from basswood (Hittings was concerned, but the power of acid peat in stimulat- ing growth of roots on cuttings was well demonstrated on the Will ow and poplar . mpoos ammoampme mom mpoop cmmoao>oe mmsHPPSo m pap Haw mpoos womoaopmc meHpPSO m PDQ Haw mpoon copywpm cw: NH mpoow wmmoaoboc mmsappso m pap add 5 mpoon ocmoao>oc . mwsHPPSO m #59 Had Psoamoao>oe oz psmsmoacbcc oz cmmsoaawo gem MmmB Spam>®m mpoom msoaaso 0P Mo msoflprHesH copmwpm m>mm meow scam mpooa wo sOHPwOstfi . ocpawpm mpoom was .wmmsoaawo 3mm anew was Adam mPOOH Hwnc>mm oomdoaaso was sch “momdoaaso coow .ccpmwpm mpooa 3mm pwom BOHHHR wsflppwpm mpoom .mcmfioaawo Bob cqwm any a so momdoaawo woow msflpmwpm mpoon .mPOOH asam>om «momsoaaso 3mm dawn was pmmm Bow s so momsoaaso doom was msflpmwpm mpoom mpooa ammm>ow .mcmSOHHso 3mm pwom Hwamom pamamoao>c© oz pamamoampco o: gnaw pmmamoao>oo oz pamamoampoo 03 made was pmom pmmamoao>o© oz psmsmoam>cc oz pwmm Moms apwaa same assay Haom eoflsemwmomm dooammmm soaqH: ,maqmom .moosmuam so wozHambo mo magpmmm Plates 25, 26 and 27 show the effect of peat on root production. From the effect on willow and poplar it would seem that if basswood will sprout it would do so in the peat. It may possibly be that older wood should be used. It does not seem probable that a tree such as the basswood that reproduced from Sprouts so freely should not reproduce from cuttings. PLATE I First Year Seedlings Figure l. Hhite Pine treated with Dip hust.‘ _L‘ Figure 2. hhite Pine spring sown, fertilized with poultry 1:1anure . Figure 5. Figure 4. PLATE II First Year Seedlings . , i _.____-— White Pine spring sown, not fertilized. White Pine fall sown, not fertilized. Figure l. PLATE III Second Year Seedlings Lhite Pine fall sown, not fertilized. PLATE IV Second Year Seedlings 5:!!! Q V/f/ \* 4 a . i \ [5/ w o‘k / /,' p§§§lfi\ , x \\ \ Figure 2. White Pine treated with Dip Dust. ? PLATE v Second Year Seedlings FM- Figure 5. White Pine spring sown, fertilized with poultry manure. ‘ PLAT: VI eccnd Year Seedlings Tigure 4-. 1.4-1419. Pine spring: sow- Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure l. 2. 4. 5. ‘t'a'h j. t G 1:11 i t e White Uh i t e White PLATE VII First Year Seedlings Spruce Spruce Spruce Spruce Spruce fertilized with fertilized with fertilized with not fertilized. not fertilized. horse manure. ammonium,sulphate. poultry manure. PLATE VIII Second Year Seedlings Figure 2. White Spruce fertilized with poultry manure. PLATE IX Second Year Seedlings Figure 4. White Spruce fertilized with.ammonium sulphate. Figure 30 'PLATE 1 Second Year Seedlings Lhite Spruce fertilized with horse manu re. PLATE KI Second Year Seedlings Figure l. Zhite Spruce not fertilized. 4| Figure I. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. PLATE XII First Year Seedlings Open Beds Norway Spruce not fertilized. horway Spruce fertilized with poultry manure. Horway Spruce fertilized with ammonium sulphate. Norway Spruce fertilized with horse manure. PLATE XIII First Year Seedlings Framed Beds Figure l. Zorway Spruce fertilized with horse and poultry manure. Eigure 2. Iorway Spruce fertilized with poultry manure. Figure 3. Horway Spruce not fertilized. Second Year S Figure 1° lorway Spruce fertilized with ammonium sulphate. PLATE KY Second Year Seedlings Figure l. Horway Spruce fertilized with horse manure. PLATE A Second Year Seedlings Figure l. Uorway Spruce fertilized with poultry manure. PLATE XVII Second Year Seedlings 1 Figure l. horway Spruce not fertilized. PLATE XVIII First Year Seedlings Eigure l. austrian Pine fertilized with poultry manure. algure 2. Austrian Pine fertilized with muck. Wh— PLATE XII Second Year Seedlings I I , "A ‘12)}, \‘x A! \“h' A// :"li \M (A ’1 V, ‘~ 1 t _, I'x/ Figure l. Austrian Pine fertilized with poultry manure.. PLATE XX Second Year Seedlings Figure l. Austrian Pine fertilized with muck. PLATE XXI Fizst Year Seedlings 7 i , .\ i i \ // \ — 5 ’2 \ x' \ l —— 4' t. «. ‘\ > >. Figure 1. Yellow Figure 2. ‘ Pine fertili jcllow Pine fertili f‘. V d ed 2" with hora manure. z with much. PLATE XXII First Year Seedlings —_ _.-__-__——_.._____ ____ . /\J’ . __.——- - ‘- Figure 1. Japanese Larch fertilized with horse manure. Figure 2. Javanese Larch 10t fertilized. O.— PLATE XXIII First Year Seedlings feriilized witn horse fianure, r H CH, b'zdo I nese arch ferfiiiized 11th horse nature, can nr *3 ‘QC. PLATE 1:1;IV First Year Seedlings Figure 1. Japanese Larch not fertilized, edg o? bed. rigure 2. .a= eee larel not fertilized, Center of bed. Figure 1. xi" ure 2. Lil;- uu'e 5. w-rs L ”'Ur .. ‘..‘_).L~.'v..i. Poplar lar PL Arm-1 -"~ 7.: .LJ.': 4-45.3- nus :ropa3ate 11.... pro. .533 C S 133'. "DDS.“ '_‘.1| Q! 9‘ D: O CO i": .. H {3- C1 (D f3 0) h'J F" 03‘16. Q--G. 81:; 7383. =. . 1 -eat. ELATE XXVI nropafated in pure sand. and peat. Figure l. gillow cuttings 3- figure 2. ”illow cuttings prepagated in sand Figure 5. Lillow cuttings propafated in acid pea.. 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