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A Survey and Plans

for a

Sixteen-foot, Single Coarse Gravel Road

A Thesis Submitted to

The Faculty of
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE

’5

OI

AGRICULTURE AID ABELIED SCIENCE

By

G. I. Coan A. J. Grossman

Candidates for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science

June 1954

 

 

INTRODUCTION --- ------- — -------------------------- - ...... .
CENTER LINE SURVEY'-- ------------------------- ------------
ESTABLISHING BENCH MARKS ---------— ------ ----;-_----------
TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY ------------- ------------ --—--- ..... -

CROSS SECTIONS -nu-n--n----------

SOIL SURVEY ----

MWORK nu.-------.§
SUMMARY OF EARTHWORK ------

SECURING RIGHT OF WAY G-fl-ODO-h-

s ----“---‘-‘---------

SPECIFICATION
SPECIFICATIONS IN G

ELEM ---fl--U‘-----'-O’---

‘-----‘fl--'---"-"------

DETERMINATION OF COST ----- ------

PRICE LIST unna-n-oIQ-a-n-u-

QUANTITY SHEET onus-unnauuna-nnn

ESTIMATE COST SHEET -----------------

n ------ nun-inun- nnnnnnn cc---- 0—---

VIRTICAL CURVES -..-..-..-..-..

BIBLIOGRAPHY --;.

PLANS -l'ndacvnanun-u-u

(0

18
19
20
23
31
52
33
34
35
38

AC KN OWLED CLIENT

With deep gratitude we wish to express our appreciation
to Mr. E. A» Finney for the help and advice which he has
given us during the preparation of this thesis; also to the

C. E. Department for the use of their instruments.

INTRODUCTION

This thesis consists of a survey for, and design
of a single course gravel road from the north quarter
section corner of section thirty-one of Meredian Township,

Ingham County, to the Townline Road running along the

south side of said township. This road would be an exten-

sion of the road known as South Cinder Drive.

CENTER LINE SURVEY

The center line of the road was to be run directly
along the quarter section line of section 31 of Meredian
Township. The North quarter section stone was chosen as the
point of beginning, and the stone one-half mile south
served as a point to establish the line. As a fence ran
down the line, it was necessary to run an offset line of
ten feet to the east. To accomplish this, the transit was
set up over the North quarter post and sighted on the post
one-half mile south, and a ninety degree angle was carefully
turned off; this was repeated a number of times to get it t
very accurately, then a post was set the distance of ten 3}}

W.

feet to the east. The transit was then set up over this :TSI
point and sighted back on the original point, and the I
process of turning off the ninety degree angle repeated.
The line was then run south, and when a point opposite the
one-half mile point was reached the distance to the original
mark was checked and it was ten feet so we continued the
line for a half mile more to the Townline Road on the south
line of Meredian Township.

At intervals of one hundred feet from point of

beginning stakes were set and.numbered to serve as points

for taking cross section notes and for points to be used

in the taking of topogratho

 

ESTABLISHING BENCH MARKS

As a basis for establishing bench marks, the
Coast and Geodetic bench mark No. 170 was used. This bench
mark is located in the northeast corner of the school yard
which is southwest of the southwest section corner of
Meredian Township.

A line of levels was run from this point to the
line of our road and several bench marks were established
along the right of way to serve as checks while taking
cross sections. For bench marks large stones, solid posts

and a nail driven in a notch in the side of a tree were

used.

TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

All tOpographical notes were taken by use of
angles and stadia. Instead of using South as zero, North
was taken and the angles turned off in a clockwise
direction. All objects that came within 100 feet on each
side of the center line were recorded, and shown on the
plan view. As this is all farm land there was very little
topography. What there was, consisted of fences, a few
trees, and the outline of two large muck holes which ex-
tended on both sides of the road. One extended only a
short distance to the east of the center line, while the
other extended only a short distance to the west of the

center line.

 

’cnoss SECTIONS

Using one of the bench marks that Was established
as a point of beginning, cross sections were taken at every
100 foot station and at all points where a marked change in
elevation occurred along the center line. The cross
sections were taken for the proposed width of the right of
way, or a distance of 50 feet on each side of the center
line, and at as many intermediate points as deemed neces-
sary.

To obtain the distance out from the center line
that the elevations were taken, the distance was measured
by the use of a tape run out from the center line and
. perpendicular to it. These cross section notes were used
to draw up the cross sections at every 100 foot mark or
other necessary points so that the volume of earth that

would have to be moved could be computed.

SOIL SURVEY

In order to determine whether the soil along the
cross section of the proposed road was suited for the
foundation of the road and for the fills, a soil survey was
made. This consisted of taking a sample of soil from the
prOposed right of way wherever there was a distinct change
in the texture of the soil. where there was to be a cut, a
soil auger was used to obtain a sample of soil from the
grade elevation of the prOposed road. Where the soil was
below the grade elevation, a hole twelve to fifteen inches
was dug and the soil scraped from the sides was used for the
sample.

A soil analysis was then made on each of these
samples. The results obtained from each soil analysis are
on the following page. In the two large muck holes, the
depth of the muck along the cross section of the prOpcsed

road was also found by using a soil auger. The greatest
depth found was 17.8 feet. This data was used in computing

the amount of muck excavation and also the amount of soil

required to replace the excavated muck.

 

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EARTHWORK

After the grade was established the cross

sections were plotted and their areas determined with a

planimeter.
as follows:
10

O

2
3.

4.

The typical cross section of the road is

Sixteen foot roadway.

Four foot shoulders on each side.
SlOpe from edge of shoulder to
bottom of ditch, l on 4.

Slope from bottom of ditch to
surface of ground, 1 on 1%.

All ditches two feet wide at the
bottom, bottom of ditch being two
feet below grade line.

The volume of cut and fill was computed by the

end area method allowing twenty per cent for shrinkage.

A Mass Diagram was made in order to compute the

amount of overhaul.

 

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a...

Fill to Replace Muck

ShrinkaIComputed

Muck Excavation
na Area[ Volume

 

Cubic age Volume
Feet 4 Cubic Feet

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27 + 00 78.70 5955.00 20 4722.00
28 + 00 254.60 15665.00 20 18795.00
28“; 50 585.60 15450.00 20 18540.00 I
29 + 00 587.00 19265.00 20 25118.00
29 + 50 954.80 55545.00 20 40215.00
50 00 1061.50 50415.00 20 60498.00
50 50 950.20 49792.00 20 59750.20
51 00 271.40 50040.00 20 56048.00
51 50 94.50 9147.00 20 11076.40
52 00 55.00 5258.00 20 5885.60
T52 50 00.00 875.00 20 1050.00 -
58 55 0.00
59 00 120.00 2700.00 20 5240.00
59 50 429.00 8255.00 20 9882.00
#59 60 651.00 16200.00 20 19442.00

 

17

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Muck Excavation Fill to Replace Muck]
2nd Area Volume Shrink- Computed
Square Cubic age Volume
Station Feet Feet j» Cubic Feet
40 - 00 780.00 29020.00 20 54824.00
41 - 00 1020.50 56855.00 20 44226.00
41 - 50 968.80 29840.00 20 55808.00
41 - 60 720.00 25552.00 20 30598.40
42 - 00 192.00 18240.00 20 21888.00

 

42 - 55 0.00 5560.00 20 4052.00

 

SUMMARY OF EARTHWORK

Total Out
Total Fill

Twenty percent shrinkage allowance
11,553.34 “(339).-

Available cut for fill \"
Fill yet required

Excavated muck
Fill required to replace muck

Total fill to be obtained from
borrow pit

11864.69
11553.34

13864.01
11864.69
1999.32

16639.35
19967.22

21966.55

cubic

cubic

cubic
cubic

cubic

cubic

cubic

cubic

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yards

yards

yards
yards

yards

yards

yards

yards

()

'(J

19

SECURING RIGHT OF WAY

It is possible to secure the 100 foot right of way from
station O-*OO to 26-t44 for 100 dollars an acre. The total
100 foot right of way from station 53~+ 5 to 52 + 80 is owned
by James Hulett, Sr. This right of way will come about 50
feet from his line fence. The land for this right of way can-
not be secured unless this 50 foot strip from station 53-r 5
to 52-+ 80 is also bought for 100 dollars an acre. By buying
this strip along with the right of way, Mr. Hulett'will also
sell for the same price the 50 foot strip from station 26‘t 44
to 55-+ 5 which is yet required to have the complete right of
way.

This 50 foot strip which is not used for the right will
be given to Mr. Wells, whose land joins this piece, as a part-
payment for the soil obtained from his land. This is to be

on a basis of 100 dollars an acre for the land and 28 cents

per cubic yard for the soil.

20

.f

S P E C I F I C A T I O N S

SUB-BASE

All soil within one foot of the grade line which
is indicated as unsuitable for a foundation shall be re-
moved and placed at least one foot below the grade line of
the road. It shall be replaced with a suitable soil. No
payment will be made for the work here specified, but com-
pensation therefor shall be considered as included in the

contract price for excavation.

REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF MUGX.

All muck shall be removed on both sides of the
center line to the point where the side slape hits the
original soil. It shall be spread uniformly in these two
low places outside the right of way. This work shall be
done at the contract unit price per cubic yard for excava-
tion.

BORROW EXCAVATION

The quantity of borrow excavation, measured as pre-
scribed in the Standard.Road and Bridge Specifications,
Division 2, Section 6, shall be paid for at the contract

unit price per cubic yard for Borrow Excavation.

MISCELLANEOUS EARTHWORK
All excavation and embankment called for at

intersecting roads, driveways, and inlet and outlet ditches
shall be included in the earthwork quantities.

21

BITCHES

All ditches are to be turned out at break where
fill is more than two feet, there being no ditches through
the marches or where the fill is more than two feet. The
bottom of ditches at all points shall be two feet below

grade line.

SODDING

Sodding shall consist of sodding all side slopes
over five feet in depth. The contract unit price per
square yard for sodding shall be payment in full for the

work here specified.

SEEDING

Seeding shall consist of seeding all shoulders
and side slopes less than five feet in depth. This work
. shall be paid for at the contract unit price per mile for

seeding.

OVERHAUL
Overhaul in excess of one-half mile (after de-

ducting one thousand feet free haul) will be paid for at the

contract unit price per yard mile. Overhaul less than one-

half mile (after deducting one thousand feet free haul) will
be paid for at the contract unit price per yard station.

GOVERNMENT CORNERS
A11 government markers or the two quarter section

markers and the half mile marker must be preserved.

22

GUARD RAILS
Guard rails shall be placed where shown on
plans, being designed.and installed according to the

specifications shown in back.

UNFORESEEN CONDITIONS

Any unforeseen conditions arising shall be
performed by the contractor working on the Job and shall
be paid for on the basis of direct expense plus ten per

cent for profit.

SPECIFICATIONS IN GENERAL
All specifications must conform to those of
the Michigan State Highway Department which are shown
in the back. I

25

MOW—9- 10-29

24‘

MICHIGAN
STATE HIGHWAY DE PA RTM EN '1‘

I926

Slandnrd Road and Bridge Specifications

it’epI-ilitmi——September, 193$).

 

DIVISION 2—EAR'l‘lHVUR K
Sect ion 1-ht‘lcnring
Section 2—-(_}1'Ili_ii)ing
Section iii—Roadway I‘lxcumtion
Section 4—-I‘Imbnni<ment
Section 5——--_Iiispos:li of Surplus :HHI l'nsuiiniiie Material
Section (L—Jlorrow Excavation
Section 7-—-O\'("i'il:liii
Section 8—--Subgrmie
Section 9—»Shonitiers
Sect ion 1(i-——Sui.)-imse
Section ll—Ii‘rimming,r and Ii‘inishing' ICm-th Grade
Section ]2——-Finni Ti’Iimnng and (‘Ienning Iip

Section]3 Fine hauling

 

 

Grover C. Diiinnm, State Highway Commissioner
Victor R. Burton. Deputy Commissioner

Frank D. Fitzgerald. Business Manager

 

Clifford E. Foster, Chief Engineer

25

Div. 2, Sec. 1‘2

DIVISION 2~—EARTHWORK

Descriptionrel‘larthwork shall consist of all clearing and
grabbing, removal of structures and obstrnctions as indi—
cated or directed, roadway excavation. borrow excavation,
embankment. overhaul. disposal of surplus and unsuitable
materials, preparation of subgrade, placing of sub-base.

shaping of shoulders. ditches and slopes. trimming and tin-
ishing. line grading. grading of all intersecting roads. drive-
ways and approaches. and any other items necessary to
complete the grading of the roadway in conformity with the
lines, grades and cross sections given on the plans.

SECTION l—CLEARINC

l. Description—l‘lcaring shall consist of cutting and
properly disposing of trees. stumps, brush and other vegeta-
tion. occurring within the right of way. which interfere with
eXcavation and embankment or are considered objectionable.

2. Construction Methods.-—All trees. brush. shrubs and
other vegetation which occur within the limits of cuts or
within the limits of fills less than three (3) feet in depth and
which are not designated on the plans or by the engineer to
be saved shall be cut off at a height to be easily grabbed
but not more than three (3) feet above the ground.

All trees. brush. shrubs and other vegetation which occur
within the limits of fills three (3) feet or more in depth
shall be cut off at the ground level.

Outside of the slope stake lines and within the right. of
way, all trees. brush and other vegetation which are desig—
nated on the plans or by the engineer as objectionable and
all hardwood stumps shall be cut off level with the ground.

The contractor shall carefully protect from damage or
injury during clearing operations all trees. shrubs and other
plants which are designated on the plans or by the engineer
to be. saved.

All trees must be felled toward the center of the highway.
where merchantable timber shall then be cleaned of limbs
and tops. All clear and sound logs having a length of
twelve (12) feet or more and all timber from which pulp
wood. posts, poles. ties or cordwood can be made shall be
considered as merchantable timber and shall be sawed into
ll‘llfs'ths as directed by the engineer and neatly skidded along

the, road for the Use of the abutting property owner. pro-
vided, however. that. the contractor will not; be required to
cut. logs into less than twelve (12) foot lengths, pulp wood
and ties into less than eight (8) foot lengths, and posts into
less than seven (Tl foot: lengths.

All stumps. brush. waste logs, limbs. tops and other debris

resulting from the. clearing or occurring within the right of
way shall be piled and burned in the center of the roadway
in such a manner as not to injure or endanger public or
private property or be of objwtionable appearance. Such
burning shall be done only at times when standing timber or
cut over lands will not be. endangered by lire. In no case
shall stmnps. brush. waste logs. limbs, tops and other debris
be left in windrows or piles along or within the right of
way.
3. Method of Measurement—(Wearing shall be meas-
ured in acres computed on the basis of units 100 feet in
length multiplied by the average width of each unit. within
the lines between which clearing has been required. So far
as possible the 100 foot units shall be coincident with the
survey stations.

4. Basis of Payment—If the C'Ontl‘act contains a sep-
arate estimate and unit price for "Clearing." the (1)“th
“mi; price Der acre shall be payment in full for all work
spt-mtied in this Section. ”thorwise, the ('Onll'act price for
Earth Excavation shall be considered as includinll.r payment
for the item of clearing, » -

SECTION 2—GRUBBING

l. Description.-~Grubbing shall consist of removing from
the ground and properly disposing of brush. roots. stumps.
logs. rubbish and other materials occurring within the right
of way. which are. not suitable to be left. in the road founda-
tion or are considered objectionable in appearance.

2. Construction Methods—«\r'ithin the slope stake lines.
all logs and other timber more than three (3) inches in
diameter, brush, roots. stamps and rubbish or other material
not suitable for road foundation which occur within two (2i
feet of the proposed road grade shall be pulled or otherwise
removed.

Outside of the slope stake lines and within the right of
“‘fll'. all pine and other resinous stumps and their roots shall
he pulled or otherwise removed to a depth of at least, one
(1) foot below the ground. and all brush, except such groups
as are. ordered left by the engineer, shall be pulled or
grabbed.

All holes resulting from the removal of stumps or brush
outside the slope stake lines shall be filled with earth and
levelled off.

. The contractor shall carefully protect from damage or
injury during grubbing‘operations all trees, shrubs and

other plants which are designated on the llan '
engineer to be saved. All brush. roots. logsftimlqiei3r rabbit]:
and pther debris shall be disposed of in the same manner a
specified under "Hearing." If. in the opinion of ti):-
engineer. it is impracticable to burn a portion of the mate;
rial grabbed. it may be disposed of by placing it in heat
piles at least. three hundred (300) feet outside of the right
of way. providing that the contractor obtains and files with
the Department written permission from the owner of th .
property upon which the material is piled. (4
_ 3. Method of Measurement—Grabbing shall be measured
in square rods computed on the basis of units 100 feet i1
length multiplied by the average. width of each unit wit-l i1
the lumishilctfi‘cexiogllich grabbing has been required, so flairl
as poss e 1e foot uni s s 2 ' ' I ‘
survey stations. t. Ill" be coincident with the

4. Basis of Payment.~1f the contract con ' ..
estimate and unit price for “Grabbing.” thing'ifn’iriilgflf;$?
price per Square rod shall be payment in full for all wo it
specified under grabbing. Otherwise. the contract price fI \.
Earth Excavation shall he considered as including mm» ‘m
for the item of grabbing. ‘ 1' ' mcnt

26

Div. 23. Sct'. 3'4 7)

SECTION 3—ROA 1) WA Y EXCAVATION

l. l)escl‘iption.—-l-Ixcavalion shall consist of the removal
and satisfactory disposal of all material ncccssnry for the
preparation and construction of thc roadbcd, embankments.
slopes. side ditches. gutters. trenches. waterways and
approaches to intersecting roads and private entrances lakcn
from within the limits of the work; the removal and satis-
t'actory disposal of all surplus and unsuitable materials
encountered itt the roadbed: the rcplaccmonl of any such
unsuitable material with satisfactory material: the breaking
up of all gran-l. macadam. concrete or otltcr surfacing
material which may be iii place on the old roadway aml the
satisfactory disposal of same as hereinafter spccilicd.

'3. (‘lassilication of Excavation.——.\ll excavated materials
will be classiticd under either l-Iarth l-lxcavatioti or itock
lixcavtttion unless othcrwisc spccit'n-d. Lodge rock in place
which requires blasting for removal and boulders of one-
ltalf til-gt cubic yard or more itt Volume will be classiiicd
as liock am! all other materials as l".arth. Hid pavement
will not he classllicd us Rock.

3. (‘onstruction Methodsmln general. all suitable mate—
rials removed front the excavation shall be used in forming
the necessary embankment. subgradc and shoulders and iii
such other plates as may bc dircctcd. .\ll rocks and bould-
crs uncovered in excavation or found iii the right of way
shall be placed iii cmbanknn-nts as lill material. provided
that the embankmcnts are of such depth that these rocks
or boulders can be covered with at least six Hit inches of
carlh. .\s tar as possible. all such rocks or stout-s shall be
placed under the shoulders and not under the metal.

.\|l weeds and other vogctation shall be cut and
properly disposed of before the ground is broken for excava-
tion or any embankment made thereon.

During the excavation of the roadway. the sides of the
roadbed shall be kcpt lower than the center and the surface

L‘fI'H SS.

shall be maintained at all timcs in such condition as will
insure adequate drainage.

The excavation shall be conducted in such manner as will
insure against removing or looseningr any material outside
of the required slopes. and any such material which is
rcmovcd must be replaced ill a manner satisfactory to the
engineer. In blasting rock. side slopes shall be left with a
reasonably uniform face.

Where excavation is lit rock. the rock shall be removed
from the roadbcd to a general level of the rock at least one
(it foot below the clcvationof subgradc. with no points of
rock projecting above the general level nearer than six tti)
inches to the elevation of subgradc. and it lill of suitable
malt-rial shall be made over this surface.

.\ll intersecting roads. approaches and driveways shall be
properly graded as directed by the enginccl'.

1. Method of .‘lcasm'enietit.—~-.\ll roadway excavation
shall be mcasured ilt its original position aml the volume
computed by the method of average end areas. Measure-
ment shall not include any excavated material used for pur-
othcr than those designated. except as provided in
Section -i. Division 1 ttndcr “l'sc of Materials l-‘ound in the
Work." .\lcasuremcnt shall not includ- any material exca-
vated beyond the limits of tltc required slopes. except as
pl‘ontIt-tl ltlttlt'l‘ “Borrow."

IN N 'S

5. Basis of "ayment: This work will be paid l'or at the
contract unit price per cubic yard for ”l'Iarth Excavation"
or "Hock l-Ixcavatiou". which price shall be payment iit full
for all work specilied undcr Roadway l‘IXcavalioll am] also
for all itmcs of work spccilicd under the general It aiding of
l‘Iarthwork for which no separate unit prices are included in
the contract. Such payment shall include full compensation
for all equipment. tools. labor and incidentals ins-essary to
complete the work.

SECTION ri~EM B.\N KM ENT

1. (‘onstruction Metliods.———l~2mbanktncnts shall be formed
of good sound earth. stone or gravel and carried up full
width. Materials shall be deposited in layers of not more
than one (it foot itt thickness and each laycr shall be
thorouuhly compacted by dragging aml rolling with a tamp-
ing roller or by some other method satisfactory to the
engineer. \\'hcn cmbankmcnts are to be constructed on
existing cmlmnkments or hillsides. the slopes which the new
cmbankmcnls will cover shall be plowed dccply or deep
steps cut, therein before the tillinf.r is done. in order that the
old and new material may boml together.

All portions of the prescnt travelled way within the limits
of the. new subgrade which will be. within one (ll foot of
the surface of the completed subgrade shall be thoroughlv
broken up to a depth of not less than six Hit inches. I .

\\'hen embankmcuts are constructed of stone aml earth
the stone shall be properly distributed and tho intpl'st‘ii-p;
completely tilled with earth. No stone four (4) inches or
more in diameter will be permitted within six (ti) inches of
the subgrade.

All top soil or loattt encountered in the cut shall be placed
iii the shoulders and slopes of embankments as far as pos-
slide.

ltt winter grading. frozen lumps of earth shall itot he
placed nearer than twelve t 12) feet to the center line of the
grade and objectionable quantities of snow and ice shall he
removed from the surface covered by the embankment pricl‘
to tanking the embankment.

\\'hcnevcr considered necessary" by the engineer. lills shall
be built to an elevation above the grades given on the plans
an amount sullicicnt to allow for settlemcnt and insure :1
completed roadbed at proper elevation. and this lil‘UVi-“W

ftln- settlement Slitlll in IN) Wig-e be considered {IS a change ill
1‘) HUN.

2. Method of Measurement and Basis of Paynieiit.~—'|‘hf‘
work specified under “limboukment” will not be paid for
tl‘ll't‘t'llyolilli the payment for "Earth EXcavatioil.” "lim‘k
luxcavullolt." or "Borrow" shall include compensation for
such work.

SECTION 5——DISPOSAL OF SURPLUS AND UNSUITABLE MATERIAL

‘ I. (‘onstruction Methods—4f more material is taken
trout the cuts than is rcouircd to construct the curb-tur-
lltt‘llls. as shown on the plans. the excess material Qll'll‘l lie
used in uniformly widening the embankmcnts or slr'tll be
tit-posited where the cngim-er may direct. The plat-intr of
unsightly bites of surplus material on the sides of ll -. T ‘ i
will not be permitted. A h H “W

.\lo excavated material shall be wasted without lif’l'1”i5""i‘m
ant \yllf’n so wasted it shall be disl'tosed of as direct“d "5'
the cnginccr.

'l‘he debris resultin

. g from the removal of old pavement 01‘
drainage structures-

_ l l . . if considered by the engineer as unsuit-
.fl tofoi use ill the construction and if no specific direction-Q
"' ”S (ll-*ltosal are included in the plans or contract. shall

he placed in neat piles at, least three hundred (300) feet
outside. of the right of way and the contractor shall tile with
the Department written permission from the property owner
for Slit-ll (lispnsai.

All muck. peat or other unsuitable material occtlt'l‘ittg‘
within eighteen tlm inches of the surface ot.’ the rmpiired
stthgrade shall he removed and such material shall not be
placed in t‘lllbttltklltt‘ltis but shall be spread uniformly in
low places outside of tlte slope stake lines, or otherwise dis—
posed of in \vt’n'kmanlike manner as directed by the engineer.
provided. however. that shoulders aml slopes may he built
of a mixture. of sand and muck in the proportion of two (2;
parts or more of sand to one t 1,) or less of muck.

All logs of six ("tit inches diameter or more occurring in
the roady': ,’ and commonly classed as "(.‘orduroy“ shall be
removed if they occur within three (3) feet, of tlte proposetl
subgrade. All brush amt other material smaller than six
tii) inches found embedded with the corduroy shall he
removed and properly disposed of with the corduroy as
specified under "(‘learing.” Section 1 of this ltivision.

2'7

Div. 2, Sec. 5-6-7-8

2. Basis of Payment—«So payment will be made for the
work specified in this section but compensation therefor
shall he considered as included in the contract prices for
l-Ixcavation. Borrow or the items covering the construction
of drainage structures. except as follows:

ta) 1f the contract contains a. separate estimate and unit
price for “Removing Old Pavement," this contract unit price
per square. yard shall he considered payment in full for
the removal and satisfactory disposal of all old pavement
as specified herein.

(h) It the contract contains a separate estimate and unit
price for removal and disposal of “('orduroy.” the contract
unit price per linear foot of material six (6) inches or more
in diameter shall he considered payment in full for the
remo 'al and disposal of all such corduroy. and also for the
removal and disposal of all brush and material smaller than
six (at inches found embedded with the corduroy.

SECTION 6~BORROW EXCAVATION

l. Description.——.litirrow excavation shall consist of mate-
rials. suitable for making emlntnkmcnts as hereinbefore
described, obtained from borrow pits indicated on the plans
or designated by the engineer.

2. Construction Metltod&~——Bm~rmv shall only he resorted
to when the materials of excavation. suitable for use in the
etnbankments and grade. are insttllicient for making such
embankments and grade. in which case additional material
sltall be secured front borrow pits designates! hy the en-
aineer. All necessary borrow pits will be secured by the
Department at no expense to the contractor. unless other-
wise specified.

No material shall be removed from borrow pits until they
have been cross sectioned and measured by the engineer and
the contractor shall notify the engineer of the opening of
any borrow pit sutliciently in advance to permit of such
cross sections and mmtsurements being made.

All borrow pits shall be left in a neat. and suitable condi-
tion to facilitate the accurate measurement of the material
used and shall be properly drained. .

3. Method of Mcasurement.-—Borrow Excavation shall be
measured in its original position and the volume of material
moved will be computed by the method of average end areas
or such other method as may be recognized as standard
engineering practice.

4. Basis of Payment—If the contract contains a sepa-
rate estimate and unit price for “Borrow Excavation.” the
contract. Unit price per cubic yard shall be payment in full
for all work specified in this section. If no such unit price
is stipulated. the quantity of borrow excavation. measured
as prescribed above. shall be paid for at the contract unit
price for “ ‘larth 'l‘lXcavation.” 4

SECTION 7—OVERHAUL

1. Description—4)verhaul shall he considerml as the dis-
tance through which any excavated material is moved in
excess of the limits of free haul as stipulated below.

2. Method of Measurement—The limits of free haul for
roadway excavation shall be determined from a mass dia-
gram by fixing: on the volume curve two points. one on each
side of the neutral grade point. one in excavation and the
other in embankment. such that the distance between them
(“titals 1,000 feet. and the included quantities of excavation
and embankment balance. aml all materials within this free
haul limit shall be eliminated from further consideration.
. The distance between the center of gravity of the remain-
lnt: mass of excavation and center of gravity of remaining.r
embankment. less the limit of free haul as above describml.
shall be the length at overhaul. and the quantity of over-

haul shall be determined bv multiplvin ' '

. ' . . . g the vardtwe 1n the
retaining mass as above described bv the len nth n y. -
haul in IN) foot stations. . g or the met-

The distance between the center of travitv o . -
borrow excavation and the center of zfiavitv. offtltiltliergllltltsi 01:
embankment. less the limit of free haul as‘ above descrihgld.
shall be the length of (‘tverhaul for borrow Motivation u' 1
the quantity of overhaul shall be determined bv multiplviirg

the yardage. of the mass of excavation -
overhaul in 100 foot stations. by the length "f ”‘9

3. Basis of Payment—~11? the contract contain
arate estimate and unit price for “Overh ‘
unit price per yard station shall be paid
contract price for excavation or borrow.

” s a sep-
aul. the contract
in addition to the

SECTION 8'——SUBGRADE

_ l. l)escription.—-(m all contracts which include surfac-
“jtl Operations. the. preparation of the subgrade shall con-
‘ilst 0f trenching the earth grade as prescrilwd on the plans
and fitting it, to receive the surface or base course. material.

2. Construction Methods.
(1!) Formation of Subgrade.—~Roue;h grading shall be
““"ll‘tleted as far in advance of the surfacing operations as

possible and the earth grade shall b . -
in Section 11 of this Division at liaglt'eldile-half W»

ahead of the surfacing operations. except that on 5.) mile
“no“ include roadway excavation as well as surf (intracts
surface of the earth grade. need not. be trimmed clllseli'gtlgtl:

two-tenths (2/10) foot above ( ,
earth grade. )1. below the Bronte for the

ed as stipulated

28

Div. 2. Sec. 8-9~1t)-11

The earth grade shall he trenehed aml all tile. rot-k or
gravel drains ltet'ess:tl'_\ for the proper drainage of the snh-
g'rade shall he installed. The suhgrade shall then he
trimmed to eont'orm to the lines. grades and eross set-tion to
t'et'eive the road tnetal aml shall he rolled with a roller of
an approved type weighing not less than thrre till tons.
ltolling may he omitted upon the orders of the engineer it'
the material in the snhgrade ean not he eompaeted under
the roller. 'l‘lie suhgrade thus- formed shall he maintained in
a smooth and l'olupaeletl eondition ltttlil the road lnetal shall
have heell plat-ed.

No hase course or snrt'aeingr material shall he plaeed on
the suhgrade until the suhgrade has heen eheelted and
approved by the. engineer.

(h) Suhgrade Mats—“If the material eomposing the snh-
grade. for gravel or ernshed stone roads is sneh that it might
impair the quality of the hase eonrse material hy mixing
with it during the t-oustt'ttt'tiou operations. the engineer

tnay order the surt'aee of the suhgrade eovered with marsh
hay, eedar hart“. wet straw. tine hrush or suitahle soil. This
naterial shall he evenly spread over the suhgrade in such
quantities as the engineer tnay direet.

3. Basis of I':I,\tueu!.~ -’l‘he eentrael unit priee t‘or Exea-
valion or l"ine Grading shall he payment in full for all
work stipulated in this seetiou exeept as follows:

13' the eontralt eontains a separate estimate aml unit priee
l'or plaeing suhgrade mats. sneh unit priee shall he. mu-
sidered payment in tall for furnishing aml plaeing sueh
mats. If the eontrael does not eontaiu an estimate and unit
priee t'or llltlt‘lllL'. snhgrade mats. the furnishing of materials
in slot'k piles along the road for sneh mats. if ordered by the
engineer. shall he eonsidered and paid for as extra work.
The lahor ot’ taking sneh materials from stoek piles aml
eons-trill ting the mats as direeted shall he done hy the eon—
lraetor without extra eompensatiou.

SECTlON 9~—SI-I()ITLI)ERS

l. Descriptimi.———tm all eontraets whieh inelude surfaeing.
shoulder work shall eonsist of hnilding. shaping. eompaeting
and maintaining until aeeeptanee that portion of the road-
hed hereinhefore defined as shoulders.

2. Construction Metlto¢ls.~v'l‘lie shoulders shall he eon—
st rueted of good sound earth or other approved material
and rolled with a roller weighing not less than three t3)
tons. or otherwise eompm-ted as direeted hy the engineer.
and when eompleted shall have the eross seetion shown on
the plans.

In the eonstruetion of gravel or hroken stone roads. the
shoulders shall he huilt. during the preparation of the snh-
grade. and het'ore any snrt'aeingr material is plaeed. to a
height not less than the edge thiekness of the first eonrse
het‘ore it is eompaeted. The. inside edges of the slttillltlt'l‘s‘
shall he. true in alignment aml shall he maintained hy suit—
ahle hoards plaeed vertically against them. The hoards

shall he removed after the tirst eourse of stone or graVel
has llt'l‘ll spread and lit-tore ally l'olllllg‘ is done. Before the
.seeond eonrse is spread. sutlieienl material shall he added
to the shoulders to hringr them to a height equal to the
height ot the manual t'ottt'se llel'ol'e it is t'oltlptlt-tt;‘tl. and suell
that the shoulders when rolled shall have the cross set'tieu
shown on the plans.

.‘lhonld the eoutraetor prefer. he may hnild the shoulders
at one operation. hetore any surt'aeing material is plaeed on
the snhgrade. so that when t-otnpaeted they will eont'ot'tu to
the (l‘t‘s‘s‘ seetion shown on the plans. However. it' the
s‘ltul'ltlt'i‘s are so huilt. they shall he reshaped after the tirst
hoarse is rolled and het‘ol'e the seeoltd mouse is spread.

3. llasis of Payment. ~~Xo payment will he made for the
\\ot'l{ speeitied in this Set-tion hut eompensation therefor
shall he eonsitlered as inelnded in the t-olltt‘al‘l llllit lll'i"“-"-
t‘or l-eravalion or l'iue (trading.

SECTION 'I 0%.“ If B- BASIC

1. Descriptiom~Sttl>-liase shall eonsist of approved
gravel, stone. slag or sand plaeed iii the exeavation made hv
the removal of unsuitable suhgrade materials where indi—
eated on the plans or where direett‘wl and as speeitied herein.

2. Materials.—-Gravel. stone and slag shall meet the
requirements of Seetion 4. llivision 12 for “ .travel for Suh-
lase.” “Stone for Suh-llase" aml "Slag for Stihllase.”
respeetively. Sand shall meet the requirements of Set-tion
:4. Division 12 for “Sand for th-llase.”

_3. Construction Methods.—ITi'tstiit:thle snhgrade mate-
rials shall he removed and the est-avation shaped uniformlv
and thoroughly compacted. The snh-hase. material shall he

spread evenly aml tltol‘ottg‘ltly eompaeted in layers of not
M't‘l' six' Hit inehes in thiekness. and all interstiees shall he
tilled with gravel. stone or slag sereeuings or other approved
material. The snh—hase shall he huilt to the. elevation re-
quired for snhgrade. All eompaeting shall he done with a
roller “'t‘lL'hing' ltot less than ten (1”) tons. or sueh other
lllt'lllod :us tnay he approved l)_\' the engineer,

1. Ilasis ot' l’aymeut.— This work will he paid for at the
"Him-m" ""l‘ l'l'lt‘t‘ llel' euhie yard for “th—llase." whieh
priee shall he payment in full for all exeavation. furnishing
the materials (unless otherwise speeitied l. aml eonstrneting
the sulthase eontplete :ts speeitied liet'eill.

SECTION l.1——TRIl\‘ll\IING AND FINISHING FARTII GRADE

1. Deseription.—~When the. (rontraet inelude
not surfacing. the work of leveling. tr
emnpleting the earth grade readv
ineluded under this heading. ‘

. grading hut
unnnngr and otherwise
for ata-eptam-e shall he

2. Construction Metl1mls.—-All irregularities
made smooth. all hollows and depressions tilled
ditches and waterways shall he. smoothed ‘
the entire roadway shall he thoronghlv eomtmr-ted aml made
uniformly smooth and true to the lines. grades and or”...
set-t'ons required. No stones over four tt‘l ltlf'ltes in diam—
eter or other nnsnitahle material shall he left within“
(t3) inehes_of the, surfaee of the grade. MK
'All debris and ruhhish resulting from the eonstruetion
w 01k or oeeurrtng Within the right of way shall he eleaned

shall he
all slopes.
and trimmed and

‘H' ”lill lll‘Ul't‘l'U' disposed of. .\nv roeks and stones 19*"
”m“ ”WW-'1” “All ("lthit' yard in. size. whieh eannot ht‘
plat-ed in emhanlmtents as speeitied in Seetion 3 of this Divi-
sion. shall he disposed of as dlt‘eeted hv the engineer, pl'tl-
\‘ltlt‘d..lttl\\'t‘\'t‘l‘. that an average of rift-V mm euhic (“MS
per mile for the entire projeet will h(\ the maximum quan-
tll’)‘ ot Fork and stone required to he so ('letlued up Wlthtlllt
additional t'ttltl]lt'll.\'tllltt||_

3- ““515 "f l’ilfi'lllt‘llt.-—.\'o payment will he made for thé1
“"‘l'k Nllt‘t'itied in this :s‘ea-tion hut eompensation therefor
shall he. eousidered as lllt'lutled in the contact pl'it‘e for
I"Til'ilV-‘ltltlll (‘Xt'ept that the disposal of surplus rock and
”"11" ”N defined ahove will he paid for as extra work.

 

29

Div. 2, See. 12—13

SECT’ioN 12——Fn\'_.\ L TRIMMING AND (:LEANINQUP

l. Requiretneutr—l’reyions to at-eeptant-e of the work
as eotuplete, the slautlders. slopes. ditt-hes and waterways
shall he trimmed and made eompaet. unit'ornt. smooth and
true to line, grade and eross SW‘HOII. All debris and rultluixh
and all loose rocks and stones from xix (t3) to eighteen tIM
inches in diameter resulting from the eonstruetion work or
oeeurringr within the right. of way shall he eleaned up and
properly disposed of. Any sueh rot-lo: and stones. whieh ean-
not be disposed of as speeilied in Set-tion 3 of this Division.
Shall be disposed of as tlireeted by the engineer. provided.
htgnvever. that an average of fifty (30) cubic yards per tnile
for the entire prt'rieet will he the maximum quantity of roek

and stone required to he. so eleaued up without, additional
eotnpenxaliou. All weeds in the right of way shall he eat
and lutrned hy the eontraetor hel'ore linal at'eepl'ant-e of the
[n‘oiet-t, 'l‘he :llun'v operations ineidental to trimming: aml
eleautnu‘ up will he eousidered ineidental to the. conlraet and
not paid for as ex ravalion.

2. Basis of l’aytneul.—-—Z\'o tmytneut. will he made for the
work spet-itied under this heading. but t'tb]|l])l‘llS:lti(|l] there-
for shall he eonsidet'ed as inelttded in the contract priees for
l'th-ayatiou. exeept that the disposal of surplus roek and
stone as delined above will he, paid for as extra work.

S ECT ION Iii—FINE GR ADING

l. Description.-~I“ine grading" shall consist of the opera-
tions specified under Set-Hons. S. U and 12. when the other
operations required under Exeayatiou and l-‘Imhanknteut
have been completed under a pt'et'ious eontraet and when
the contract includes an estimate and unit priee for Fine
Gradin'f.

2. Construction Methods.——'l‘he work shall he done in
accordanee with the above speeitieations for “Suhg‘radef'
“Shoulders” and “Final Trimmingr and Cleaning,r I'p.”

3. Basis of Payment.——'If the enntraet contains a sep-
arate estimate and unit priee for Fine Grading. the contract
unit priee per station shall he payment in full for all work
Kpt‘t'ilit'tl in this Set-titan provided, however. that the maxi-
mum amount of (‘Xt'tlYtliiUlL ineludingr trenehing. required
under lhi< item shall not ext-eed thirty (3“) cubic yards per
one hundred (toot feet. Any exeess above thié amount
shall he paid for as extra exeaxation and any haul of over
one thousand (Lotto) feet. shall he paid for as overhaul.

 

 

5O
UICHIGAN STJTE HIGHWAY sari T QUE

1926 - STANDARD HOAD AJD BRIDGE SPECIFICATIOQS

DIVISION - 4

Section 2 - One Course Gravel Surface

1. DESCRIETICN

This item shall consist of a single course of gravel constructed. as
specified herein on the lirept-ired subgrade and conforning in all respects to the
lines, grades and. cross sections shown on the plan.

2. MATERIAL

The gravel shall meet the requirements of Section 4., Divisicn. 12, for
i"Gravel for Gravel Surfacing." (Unless otherwise shown on the plans or in.the pro-
posal.)

3. consraucrlca Hornets

(8) Placit’tg and Compact ing. - The gravel. s all be spread uniformly in a
Shade late? on the prepared subgrade to such a depth that when corpactgd it will
have the thickness shovrn on the plans. Over-size stone must be removed from the
gravel at the pit. The placing; of gravel on the roar? which co itailis over—size stone
and then i‘elltOVi'flf; the over-size stone by means of forking; or other methods will, not
be remitted. To secure a proner thickness of the layer, the contractor. shall use
Side boards and center board of a height equal to the required depth of the 1005;;
layer and shall spread. the gravel flush with the tops of these hoards and to the
required crown- The :531“avol shall be. of a uniform mixture anr‘ density when placed on
the road and, after it has been uniformly SPPGMH it shall he harrowed with 3 Spike
tooth narrow and floated with a road drag or grrrier until the surface is free f'p0m
waves and irregularities. Th :3 harrowinttg and floating, altermted with rolling
With a P0113? Of a 138111.731“? type, shall be cont initial until the gravel is thorourhly
“mmacted and has the PeQUiPGd line. SPadG and cross section, except that the
ha-PPOWiRCi Shall not be carried on at such tifffiis o to such an extent that the fine
material will be separated. from the coarse material.

(b) Maintenance During Construction. - If there appears, after the road
01‘ any portion thereof is opened to traffic and pricr to final acceptance of the
road, evidence of ruttingj or undue loosening: of the stuf‘ace, gravel shall be added

where necessary to fill depi'“jSSiC)nS and the road shall be rolled and floated until
the surface is firm and even.

4. BASIC OF PAYt:iEI‘l'l‘

This work will be paid for at the colt-hr‘ttgt wait grice per square yard
(01‘ per cubic yard. if the preposal so specific" : ”'5‘ ‘--"'.1c Course (travel i-‘a.1rf€:1<:o,‘i

measured in place, this}, price shall be payment 33.3.? ft? inflating... the materials
1(illnless otherwise speCLf'iec‘) and construct in? the surface cozglete as specified
erein.

l~qu74

31

DETERMINATION OF COST

In determining the cost of the road, the
list of the unit prices was furnished by the Michigan
State Highway Department. They represent the average
unit price for over a period of nine months. This

average was taken from contracts awarded by the State High-

way Department.

32
PRICE LIST

Earth Excavation ------------------------ $ 0.30 per cu. yd.
Overhaul (Earth Excavation) ------------ - '0.011 per yd. sta.
Muck Excavation ------------------------- 0.25 per cu. yd.
Borrow - --------------------------------- 0.28 per cu. yd.
Overhaul (Borrow) ----------------------- 0.01 per yd. sta.
Gravel Surface (1 Crs. 6") -------------- 0.55 per sq. yd.
Gravel Haul ------------------------- .27 per yd, mi. / .
Corrugated Letal 12" ------------------- - 1.55 per L ft.
Guard Rail (Cable) ---------------------- 0.50 per L ft.
Seeding --------------------------------- 50.00 per mile
Sodding -------------------------------- - 0.16 per sq. yd.
Miscellaneous and Engineering ----------- 10%

Concrete (Class A) ---------------------- 19.40 per cu, yd.

Land ------------------------------------ 100.00 per acre

I____...........--nIIIIIIlIllllIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'IIII'

33
QUANTITY SHEET

Earth Exeavation ----------------------- - 11,864.69 Cu. yd.
Overhaul (Earth Excavation) ------------ - 2,322.12 Yd. sta.
muck Excavation - ---------- - ------------ - 16,639.55 Cu. yd.
Borrow ------------ - --------------------- 21,966.55 Cu. yd.
Overhaul (Borrow) ----------------------- 167.56 Yd. eta.
Gravel Surface (1 course 6") ------------ 9,586.67 Sq. yd.
Gravel Haul ------------ - ---------------- 3,128.90 Yd. mi.
Corrugated Metal (12") ------------------ 155.00 Ft.
Seeding ---------- - ---------------------- 5,280.00 Ft.
Sodding --------------------------------- 3,758.76 Sq. yd.
Concrete (Class A) --------------------- 11.2 Cu. yd.

Land ----------------------------------- - 12.2 Acres

 

ESTIMATE COST SHEET

Overhaul (Borrow) @ l¢ / yd. eta. ................
Gravel Surface (1 course 6") @ 35¢ / sq. yd. -----
Gravel Haul @ 27¢ / yd. mi. ......................
Corrugated Metal 0: $1.55 / 1:. ft. .................
Guard Rail (Cable) @ 50¢ / 1. ft. .................

Seeding @ $50 /’m11e .............................

Concrete (Headwalls) @ $519.50 / cu. yd. -------- ~-
miscellaneous and Engineering ------------------- -

TOtal COSt -------------------------------------- -

34

$ 5559.41
25.54
4159.84
6150.65
1.67
5285.55
844.80
209.25
452.50
50.00
601.40
217.28
1955.26
21489.25

1220.00
22709.25

 

II....IIIIIIIIIIlllllIIIIIIICIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'I'IIIIII'I'III

35

VERTICAL CURVE N0. 1

 

 

87nd?
577LM?
877L9
. O ‘
Elev. K - (73°59 5 p70 51 ' 873.05
“1:: = 0’ o I- ‘t 8 r)
a 5v. F .113 03 2 7 .19 - 872.57
W = 872.57 - P :2 10 = 0.47
careers AT
25 ft = 47 = ~03
13
50 ft = %} = .12
73 ft :.~2—1-#£I = 25

ELEVAllOfiS AT

+ 00 = 873.59

+ 25 = 873.25

1 50 : 872.97

+ 75 : 872.73

9 + 00 a 872.57
+ 872.46
+ 872.43
+ 872.44
+

U1 [‘0
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II II

IE
M

872.51

0
0
ll

10

 

 

——

36

VERTICAL CURVE NO. 2

S 774, 251-60

STA 241-60 87—426

 

 

Elev. K a $848; 81839. .2 878.29-
Elev. H u.§35-39 * 3182§2. : 878.59
, 2 .

VH = 878.59 - 878.89 = "-30 .

OFFSET?!) AT

25 ft. = :17?“ = -.02
50 ft. : :tEQ = -.07

75 ft” am 2’. ~16

l6
EIEVATIONS AT

24 + 60 :: 878-48
24 + 85 = 878.56
25 .1 10 :2 878.61
25 1. 35 = 878.73
25 4. 60 = 878.59
25 + 85 3 878.54
26 + 10 = 878.A3
26 1- 35 :: 878.25

26 + 60 878.10

 

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'IIIIIIIIIII

37

VERTICAL CURVE NO. 5

6‘ 774.4I+
' '577L43+6E>

‘SZAu¢Z+5D

Elev. x . 26557; 259533 .. 866.48

Elev. H .. 866.48. 865.71 _ 966.13
2

VH " 866.13- 865.77 " .36

0225325 AT

25 ft. ~41? - .02

50 ft. I45? " .9

75 ft. 82.11522 .. .23

ELEVATIOIA’S AT

41 + 50 " 355.57
#1 + 75 = 866.140
42 + 00 = 866.27
#2 + 25 = 865.20
42 + 50 3 856.13
42 + 75 : 865.15
43'+ 00 : 866.18
43 + 25 ' - 855.25

A} + 50 3 $5938

38-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Elementary Surveying by Breed and Hosmer
Railroad Curves and Earthwork by C. F. Allen

Standard Plans by Michigan State Highway Department

Construction of Roads and Pavements by Agg

 

 

 

 

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FIELD NOTES

 

 

WEI—ERR
THE FREDERICLIQF’VST V.
_ u—

EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES FOR
ARCHITECTS. ENGINEERS G SCHOOLS
P. O. Box 803
CHICAGO

 

 

 

 

   

 

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